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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The New York Times Current History: the
+European War, February, 1915, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The New York Times Current History: the European War, February, 1915
+
+
+Author: Various
+
+
+
+Release Date: July 20, 2006  [eBook #18880]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT
+HISTORY: THE EUROPEAN WAR, FEBRUARY, 1915***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Linda Cantoni, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net/)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 18880-h.htm or 18880-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/8/8/8/18880/18880-h/18880-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/8/8/8/18880/18880-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+The New York Times
+
+CURRENT HISTORY: THE EUROPEAN WAR
+
+FEBRUARY, 1915
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE PRINCE OF WALES IN WAR KIT.
+
+(_Photo_ © _by American Press Assn._)]
+
+[Illustration: FIELD MARSHAL PAUL VON HINDENBURG,
+
+Commander of the German Armies in the East.
+
+(_Photo from Brown Bros._)]
+
+
+
+
+The New Russia Speaks
+
+An Appeal by Russian Authors, Artists, and Actors
+
+[From the Russkia Vedomosti, No. 223, Sept. 28, (Oct. 11,) 1914, P. 6.]
+
+
+We appeal to our country, we appeal to the whole civilized world.
+
+What our heart and our reason refused to believe has come indisputably
+true, to the greatest shame of humanity. Every new day brings new
+horrible proofs of the cruelty and the vandalism of the Germans in the
+bloody clash of nations which we are witnessing, in that neutral
+slaughtering of brothers provoked by the madness of these same Germans;
+in their vainglorious ambition to rule the world with violence, they are
+throwing upon the scales of the world's justice nothing but the sword.
+We fancy that Germany, oblivious of her past fame, has turned to the
+altars of her cruel national gods whose defeat has been accomplished by
+the incarnation of the one gracious god upon earth. Her warriors seem to
+have assumed the miserable duty of reminding humanity of the latent
+vigor of the aboriginal beast within man, of the fact that even the
+leading nations of civilization, by letting loose their ill-will, may
+easily fall back on an equal footing with their forefathers--those half
+naked bands that fifteen centuries ago trampled under their heavy feet
+the ancient inheritance of civilization. As in the days of yore, again
+priceless productions of art, temples, and libraries perish in
+conflagration, whole cities and towns are wiped off the face of the
+earth, rivers are overflowing with blood, through heaps of cadavers
+savage men are hewing their path, and those whose lips are shouting in
+honor of their criminal supreme commander are inflicting untold tortures
+and infamies upon defenseless people, upon aged men and women, upon
+captives and wounded.
+
+Let these horrible crimes be entered upon the Book of Fate with eternal
+letters! These crimes shall awake within us one sole burning wish--to
+wrest the arms from the barbarous hands, to deprive Germany forever of
+that brutal power upon whose achievement she has concentrated all her
+thoughts. Already the seed of national pride and of hatred, widely sown
+by her, has awakened a magnificent growth. This hatred may spread like
+wildfire among other nations, and then will resound the voice of those
+blinded by wrath, the voice of those demanding vengeance, the voice of
+those repudiating everything great and beautiful among the creations of
+the German genius to the rejoicing and for the benefit of all mankind.
+
+But let us remember the disastrous results of such a course--for the
+black crimes thrust by Germany upon herself by drawing the sword, and
+the outrages in which she has indulged herself while drunk with victory
+are the inevitable fruits of the darkness which she has voluntarily
+entered. At present she is pursuing this course, encouraged even by her
+poets, scientists, and social and political leaders.
+
+Her adversaries, carrying peace and victory to their peoples, shall
+indeed be inspired solely by holy motives.
+
+_Signed by:_
+
+K. ARSENIEV, I. BUNIN, A. VESSELOVSKI, NESTOR KOTLIAREVSKI, and D.
+OVSIANIKO-KULIKOVSKI, Honorary Members of the Academy.
+
+F. KORSCH, Regular Member of the Academy.
+
+A. GRUZINSKI, President of the Society of the Amateurs of Russian
+Literature.
+
+Prof. P. SAKULIN, Vice President.
+
+Prof. L. LOPATIN, President of the Moscow Psychological Association.
+
+N. DAVYDOV, President of the Tolstoy League of Moscow.
+
+Prince V. GOLYTZIN, President of the Literary, Dramatic and Musical
+Society of A.N. Ostrovski.
+
+S. SHPAZINSKI, President of the League of Russian Authors and Composers.
+
+I. KONDRATIEV, Secretary.
+
+I. POPOV, President of the Literary-Artistic Circle.
+
+S. IVANTZOV, Vice President.
+
+V. FRITSCHE, President of the Council of the Newspaper Writers and
+Authors' Association.
+
+V. ANZIMIROV, Chairman of the Board.
+
+JULIUS BUNIN, President of the Literary Circle "Sreda" and the Vice
+President of the Moscow Society for Aid to Authors and Newspaper
+Writers.
+
+N. TELESHEV, Chairman of the Moscow Board of the Mutual Aid Fund for
+Authors and Scientists.
+
+A. BAKHRUSHIN, Chairman of the Board of the Literary-Theatrical Museum
+of the Academy of Sciences in Moscow.
+
+JOANN BRUSSOV, Member of the Committee of the Society of Free Esthetics.
+
+P. STRUVE, editor of the magazine, Russkaia Mysl.
+
+N. MIKHAILOV, editor of the magazine, Vestnik Vospitania, (Educational
+Messenger.)
+
+D. TIKHOMIROV, editor of the magazine, Yunaia Rossiia, (Young Russia.)
+
+S. MAKHALOV RAZUMOVSKI, and D. GOLUBEV. TH. ARNOLD, Prof. N. BAZHENOV,
+Y. BALTRUSHAITIS, A. BIBIKOV, BOGDANOVITSCH, I. BELORUSSOV, Lecturer D.
+GENKIN, SERGIUS GLAGOL, MAXIME GORKY, V. YERMILOV, V. KALLASH, Prof. A.
+KIESEVETTER, E. KURTSCH-EK, V. LADYSHENSKI, A. LEDNITZKI, SERGIUS
+NAIDENOV, Prof. M. ROZANOV, Prof. M. ROSTOVTZEV, A. SERAFIMOVICH,
+SKITALETS, (S. PETROV,) I. SURGUTSCHEV, Lecturer K. USPENSKI, L.
+KHITROVO, A. TZATURIAN, Prof. A. TZINGER, I. TSHEKHOV, Lecturer S.
+SHAMBINAGO, N. SHKLIAR, and I. SHMELEV, the representatives of the
+Publishing House of the Authors in Moscow.
+
+RUSSIAN PAINTERS.--A. ARKHIPOV, Member of Academy; A. ALADZHALOV, V.
+BKSHEIEV, V. BYTSCHKOV, A. VASNETZOV, Member of Academy; VICTOR
+VASNETZOV, S. VINOGRADOV, Member of Academy; S. ZHUKOVSKI, M. ZAITZEV,
+P. KELIN, A. KORIN, K. KOROVIN, S. KONENKOV, K. LEBEDEV, S. MALIUTIN, S.
+MERKULOV, sculptor; S. MILORADOVITCH, Y. MINTSCHENKO, L. PASTERNAK, V.
+PEREPLETTSCHIKOV, K. PERVUKHIN, A. STEPANOV, Member of Academy; A.
+SREDIN, E. SHANKS, and M. SHEMIAKIN.
+
+F.O. SHEICHTEL, the President of the Association of the Moscow
+Architects, Member of the Academy.
+
+REPRESENTING THE GREAT IMPERIAL THEATRE.--U. AVRANEK, Ancient Artist; K.
+ANTAROVA, L. BALANOVSKAIA, A. BOGDANOVICH, A. BONATCHITCH, N.
+BAKALEINIKOV, K. VALTZ, R. VASILEVSKI, P. VASILIEV, S. GARDENIN, A.
+GERASIMENKO, E. GREMINA, E. DAVYDOVA, A. DOBROVOLSKAIA, N. DOCTOR, E.
+KUPER, M. KUZHIAMSKI, A. LABINSKI, V. LOSSKI, E. LUTSCHEZARSKAIA, N.
+MAMONTOV, S. MIGDI, A. NEZHDANOVA, S. OLSHANSKI, V. OSIPOV, N.
+OSTROGRADSKAIA, V. OBTSCHINIKOV, F. ORESHKEVITCH, O. PABLOVA, TH.
+PAVLOVSKI, A. PRAVDINA, V. PETROV, G. PIROGOV, E. PODOLSKAIA, L.
+SAVRANSKI, M. SEMENOVA, S. SINITZYNA, LEONID SOBINOV, E. STEPANOVA, V.
+SUK, TOLKATCHEV, TRIANDOPHILION, P. TIKHONOV, A. USPENSKI, N. THEODOROV,
+P. FIGUROV, R. FIDELMAN, L. FILSHIN, TH. SHALIAPIN, V. SHKAFER, and F.
+ZRIST.
+
+SMALL IMPERIAL THEATRE.--S. AIDAROV, &c., altogether the signatures of
+forty artists.
+
+ARTISTIC THEATRE.--N. ALEXANDROV, &c., altogether the signatures of
+forty-nine artists.
+
+THEATRE OF KORSCH.--Director, Mr. TH. KORSH; regisseur, A. LIAROV;
+representatives of the artists, A. TSCHARIN and G. MARTYNOVA.
+
+THEATRE OF NEZLOBIN.--A. ALIABIEVA-NEZLOBINA; regisseur, N. ZVANTZEV;
+representatives of the artists, V. NERONOV, E. LILINA, and A.
+TRETIAKOVA.
+
+MOSCOW DRAMATIC THEATRE.--Director, I. DUVAN; the regisseurs, A. SANIN
+and I. SCHMIDT; artists, B. BORISOV and M. BLUMENTHAL-TAMARINA.
+
+THEATRE OF MR. P. STRUISKI.--Director, P. STRUISKI; regisseur, V.
+VISKOVSKI; M. MORAVSKAIA.
+
+CHAMBER THEATRE.--A. KOONEN, N. ASLANOV, A. ZONOV, and A. TAIROV.
+
+OPERA OF S.I. ZIMIN.--Director, S. ZIMIN; the regisseurs, PETER OLENIN
+and A. IVANOVSKI; conductor, E. PLOTNIKOV; representatives of the
+artists, M. BOTCHAROV, P. VOLGAR, V. DAMAIEV, S. DRUZIAKINA, M.
+ZAKREVSKAIA, V. PETROVA-ZVANTZEVA, V. TZIKOK, A. KHOKHLOV, N. SHEVELIEV,
+M. SHUVANOV, and the whole orchestra and the chorus.
+
+M. IPPOLITOV-IVANOV, Director of the Moscow Conservatory; ancient
+professor, I. GRZHIMALI; professor, A. ILIINSKI.
+
+P. KOTSCHETOV, Director of the Musical and Dramatical School of the
+Philharmonic Society; A. BRANDUKOV, Inspector of same school; professor,
+A. KORESHTSCHENKO.
+
+Y. VASILIEVA, President of the Actors' Aid Society.
+
+
+
+
+Russia in Literature
+
+By British Men of Letters.
+
+     The following address, signed by a number of distinguished
+     writers in Great Britain, and intended for publication in
+     Russia, appeared in The London Times on Dec. 23, 1914.
+
+_To Our Colleagues in Russia:_
+
+
+At this moment, when your countrymen and ours are alike facing death for
+the deliverance of Europe, we Englishmen of letters take the opportunity
+of uttering to you feelings which have been in our hearts for many
+years. You yourselves perhaps hardly realize what an inspiration
+Englishmen of the last two generations have found in your literature.
+
+Many a writer among us can still call back, from ten or twenty or thirty
+years ago, the feeling of delight and almost of bewilderment with which
+he read his first Russian novel. Perhaps it was "Virgin Soil" or
+"Fathers and Sons," perhaps "War and Peace," or "Anna Karenina"; perhaps
+"Crime and Punishment" or "The Idiot"; perhaps, again, it was the work
+of some author still living. But many of us then felt, as our poet Keats
+felt on first reading Homer,
+
+      "like some watcher of the skies
+    When a new planet swims into his ken."
+
+It was a strange world that opened before us, a world full of foreign
+names which we could neither pronounce nor remember, of foreign customs
+and articles of daily life which we could not understand. Yet beneath
+all the strangeness there was a deep sense of having discovered a new
+home, of meeting our unknown kindred, of finding expressed great burdens
+of thought which had lain unspoken and half-realized at the depths of
+our own minds. The books were very different one from another, sometimes
+they were mutually hostile; yet we found in all some quality which made
+them one, and made us at one with them. We will not attempt to analyze
+that quality. It was, perhaps, in part, that deep Russian tenderness,
+which never derides but only pities and respects the unfortunate; in
+part that simple Russian sincerity which never fears to see the truth
+and to express it; but most of all it was that ever-present sense of
+spiritual values, behind the material and utterly transcending the
+material, which enables Russian literature to move so naturally in a
+world of the spirit, where there are no barriers between the ages and
+the nations, but all mankind is one.
+
+And they call you "barbarians"! The fact should make us ask again what
+we mean by the words "culture" and "civilization." Critics used once to
+call our Shakespeare a barbarian, and might equally well give the same
+name to Aeschylus or Isaiah. All poets and prophets are in this sense
+barbarians, that they will not measure life by the standards of external
+"culture." And it is at a time like this, when the material civilization
+of Europe seems to have betrayed us and shown the lie at its heart, that
+we realize that the poets and prophets are right, and that we must, like
+them and like your great writers, once more see life with the simplicity
+of the barbarian or the child, if we are to regain our peace and freedom
+and build up a better civilization on the ruins of this that is
+crumbling.
+
+That task, we trust, will some day lie before us. When at last our
+victorious fleets and armies meet together, and the allied nations of
+East and West set themselves to restore the well-being of many millions
+of ruined homes, France and Great Britain will assuredly bring their
+large contributions of good-will and wisdom, but your country will have
+something to contribute which is all its own. It is not only because of
+your valor in war and your achievements in art, science, and letters
+that we rejoice to have you for allies and friends; it is for some
+quality in Russia herself, something both profound and humane, of which
+these achievements are the outcome and the expression.
+
+You, like us, entered upon this war to defend a weak and threatened
+nation, which trusted you, against the lawless aggression of a strong
+military power; you, like us, have continued it as a war of self-defense
+and self-emancipation. When the end comes and we can breathe again, we
+will help one another to remember the spirit in which our allied nations
+took up arms, and thus work together in a changed Europe to protect the
+weak, to liberate the oppressed, and to bring eventual healing to the
+wounds inflicted on suffering mankind both by ourselves and our enemies.
+
+With assurances of our friendship and gratitude, we sign ourselves,
+
+WILLIAM ARCHER,      J.W. MACKAIL,
+MAURICE BARING,      JOHN MASEFIELD,
+J.M. BARRIE,         A.E.W. MASON,
+ARNOLD BENNETT,      AYLMER MAUDE,
+A.C. BRADLEY,        ALICE MEYNELL,
+ROBERT BRIDGES,      GILBERT MURRAY,
+HALL CAINE,          HENRY NEWBOLT,
+G.K. CHESTERTON,     GILBERT PARKER,
+ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE,  ERNEST DE SELINCOURT,
+NEVILL FORBES,       MAY SINCLAIR,
+JOHN GALSWORTHY,     D. MACKENZIE WALLACE,
+CONSTANCE GARNETT,   MARY A. WARD,
+EDWARD GARNETT,      WILLIAM WATSON,
+A.P. GOUDY,          H.G. WELLS,
+THOMAS HARDY,        MARGARET L. WOODS,
+JANE HARRISON,       C. HAGBERG WRIGHT.
+ANTHONY HOPE,
+HENRY JAMES,
+
+
+
+
+Russia and Europe's War
+
+By Paul Vinogradoff.
+
+
+     _The following letter to The London Times by Paul Vinogradoff,
+     Corpus Professor of Jurisprudence at Oxford University,
+     appeared on Sept. 14, 1914. Prof. Vinogradoff was invited to
+     return to Russia a few years ago to become a Minister of
+     State, but on going there he found the Ministry not liberal
+     enough for him, and returned to Oxford._
+
+_To the Editor of The Times:_
+
+SIR: I hope you may see your way to publish the following somewhat
+lengthy statement on one of the burning questions of the day.
+
+In this time of crisis, when the clash of ideas seems as fierce as the
+struggle of the hosts, it is the duty of those who possess authentic
+information on one or the other point in dispute to speak out firmly and
+clearly. I should like to contribute some observations on German and
+Russian conceptions in matters of culture. I base my claim to be heard
+on the fact that I have had the privilege of being closely connected
+with Russian, German, and English life. As a Russian Liberal, who had to
+give up an honorable position at home for the sake of his opinions, I
+can hardly be suspected of subserviency to the Russian bureaucracy.
+
+I am struck by the insistence with which the Germans represent their
+cause in this worldwide struggle as the cause of civilization as opposed
+to Muscovite barbarism; and I am not sure that some of my English
+friends do not feel reluctant to side with the subjects of the Czar
+against the countrymen of Harnack and Eucken. One would like to know,
+however, since when did the Germans take up this attitude? They were not
+so squeamish during the "war of emancipation," which gave birth to
+modern Germany. At that time the people of Eastern Prussia were
+anxiously waiting for the appearance of Cossacks as heralds of the
+Russian hosts who were to emancipate them from the yoke of Napoleon. Did
+the Prussians and Austrians reflect on the humiliation of an alliance
+with the Muscovites, and on the superiority of the code civil when the
+Russian Guard at Kulm stood like a rock against the desperate onslaughts
+of Vandamme? Perhaps by this time the inhabitants of Berlin have
+obliterated the bas-relief in the Alley of Victories, representing
+Prince William of Prussia, the future victor of Sedan, seeking safety
+within the square of the Kaluga regiment! Russian blood has flowed in
+numberless battles in the cause of the Germans and Austrians. The
+present Armageddon might perhaps have been avoided if Emperor Nicholas
+I. had left the Hapsburg monarchy to its own resources in 1849, and had
+not unwisely crushed the independence of Hungary. Within our memory, the
+benevolent neutrality of Russia guarded Germany in 1870 from an attack
+in the rear by its opponents of Sadowa. Are all such facts to be
+explained away on the ground that the despised Muscovites may be
+occasionally useful as "gun meat," but are guilty of sacrilege if they
+take up a stand against German taskmasters in "shining armor"? The older
+generations of Germany had not yet reached that comfortable conclusion.
+The last recommendation which the founder of the German Empire made on
+his deathbed to his grandson was to keep on good terms with that Russia
+which is now proclaimed to be a debased mixture of Byzantine, Tartar,
+and Muscovite abominations.
+
+Fortunately, the course of history does not depend on the frantic
+exaggerations of partisans. The world is not a classroom in which docile
+nations are distributed according to the arbitrary standards of German
+pedagogues. Europe has admired the patriotic resistance of the Spanish,
+Tyrolese, and Russian peasants to the enlightened tyranny of Napoleon.
+There are other standards of culture besides proficiency in research and
+aptitude for systematic work. The massacre of Louvain, the hideous
+brutality of the Germans--as regards non-combatants--to mention only one
+or two of the appalling occurrences of these last weeks--have thrown a
+lurid light on the real character of twentieth-century German culture.
+"By their fruits ye shall know them," said our Lord, and the saying
+which He aimed at the Scribes and Pharisees of His time is indeed
+applicable to the proud votaries of German civilization today. Nobody
+wishes to underestimate the services rendered by the German people to
+the cause of European progress, but those who have known Germany during
+the years following on the achievements of 1870 have watched with dismay
+the growth of that arrogant conceit which the Greeks called ubris. The
+cold-blooded barbarity advocated by Bernhardi, the cynical view taken of
+international treaties and of the obligations of honor by the German
+Chancellor--these things reveal a spirit which it would be difficult
+indeed to describe as a sign of progress.
+
+One of the effects of such a frame of mind is to strike the victim of it
+with blindness. This symptom has been manifest in the stupendous
+blunders of German diplomacy. The successors of Bismarck have alienated
+their natural allies, such as Italy and Rumania, and have driven England
+into this war against the evident intentions of English Radicals. But
+the Germans have misconceived even more important things--they set out
+on their adventure in the belief that England would be embarrassed by
+civil war and unable to take any effective part in the fray; and they
+had to learn something which all their writers had not taught them--that
+there is a nation's spirit watching over England's safety and greatness,
+a spirit at whose mighty call all party differences and racial strifes
+fade into insignificance. In the same way they had reckoned on the
+unpreparedness of Russia, in consequence of internal dissensions and
+administrative weakness, without taking heed of the love of all Russians
+for Russia, of their devotion to the long-suffering giant whose life is
+throbbing in their veins. The Germans expected to encounter raw and
+sluggish troops under intriguing time-servers and military Hamlets whose
+"native hue of resolution" had been "sicklied o'er with the pale cast of
+thought." Instead of that they were confronted with soldiers of the same
+type as those whom Frederick the Great and Napoleon admired, led at last
+by chiefs worthy of their men. And behind these soldiers they discovered
+a nation. Do they realize now what a force they have awakened? Do they
+understand that a steadfast, indomitable resolution, despising all
+theatrical display, is moving Russia's hosts? Even if the Russian
+Generals had proved mediocre, even if many disappointing days had been
+in store, the nation would not belie its history. It has seen more than
+one conquering army go down before it--the Tartars and the Poles, the
+Swedes of Charles XII., the Prussians of Frederick the Great, the Grand
+Army of Napoleon were not less formidable than the Kaiser's army, but
+the task of mastering a united Russia proved too much for each one of
+them. The Germans counted on the fratricidal feud between Poles and
+Russians, on the resentment of the Jews, on the Mohammedan sympathies
+with Turkey, and so forth. They had to learn too late that the Jews had
+rallied around the country of their hearths, and that the best of them
+cannot believe that Russia will continue to deny them the measure of
+justice and humanity which the leaders of Russian thought have long
+acknowledged to be due to them. More important still, the Germans have
+read the Grand Duke's appeal to the Poles and must have heard of the
+manner in which it was received in Poland, of the enthusiastic support
+offered to the Russian cause. If nothing else came of this great
+historical upheaval but the reconciliation of the Russians and their
+noble kinsmen the Poles, the sacrifices which this crisis demands would
+not be too great a price to pay for the result.
+
+But the hour of trial has revealed other things. It has appealed to the
+best feelings and the best elements of the Russian Nation. It has
+brought out in a striking manner the fundamental tendency of Russian
+political life and the essence of Russian culture, which so many people
+have been unable to perceive on account of the chaff on the surface.
+Russia has been going through a painful crisis. In the words of the
+Manifesto of Oct. 17, (30,) 1905, the outward casing of her
+administration had become too narrow and oppressive for the development
+of society with its growing needs, its altered perceptions of rights and
+duties, its changed relations between Government and people. The result
+was that deep-seated political malaise which made itself felt during the
+Japanese war, when society at large refused to take any interest in the
+fate of the army; the feverish rush for "liberties" after the defeat;
+the subsequent reign of reaction and repression, which has cast such a
+gloom over Russian life during these last years. But the effort of the
+national struggle had dwarfed all these misunderstandings and
+misfortunes as in Great Britain the call of the common fatherland has
+dwarfed the dispute between Unionists and Home Rulers. Russian parties
+have not renounced their aspirations; Russian Liberals in particular
+believe in self-government and the rule of law as firmly as ever. But
+they have realized as one man that this war is not an adventure
+engineered by unscrupulous ambition, but a decisive struggle for
+independence and existence; and they are glad to be arrayed in close
+ranks with their opponents from the Conservative side. A friend, a
+Liberal like myself, writes to me from Moscow: "It is a great,
+unforgettable time; we are happy to be all at one!" And from the ranks
+of the most unfortunate of Russia's children, from the haunts of the
+political exiles in Paris, comes the news that Bourtzeff, one of the
+most prominent among the revolutionary leaders, has addressed an appeal
+to his comrades urging them to stand by their country to the utmost of
+their power.
+
+I may add that whatever may have been the shortcomings and the blunders
+of the Russian Government, it is a blessing in this decisive crisis that
+Russians should have a firmly knit organization and a traditional centre
+of authority in the power of the Czar. The present Emperor stands as the
+national leader, not in the histrionic attitude of a war lord but in the
+quiet dignity of his office. He has said and done the right thing, and
+his subjects will follow him to a man. We are sure he will remember in
+the hour of victory the unstinted devotion and sacrifices of all the
+nationalities and parties of his vast empire. It is our firm conviction
+that the sad tale of reaction and oppression is at an end in Russia, and
+that our country will issue from this momentous crisis with the insight
+and strength required for the constructive and progressive statesmanship
+of which it stands in need.
+
+Apart from the details of political and social reform, is the
+regeneration of Russia a boon or a peril to European civilization? The
+declamations of the Germans have been as misleading in this respect as
+in all others. The masterworks of Russian literature are accessible in
+translation nowadays, and the cheap taunts of men like Bernhardi recoil
+on their own heads. A nation represented by Pushkin, Turgeneff, Tolstoy,
+Dostoyevsky in literature, by Kramskoy, Verestchagin, Repin, Glinka,
+Moussorgsky, Tchaikovsky in art, by Mendeleiff, Metchnikoff, Pavloff in
+science, by Kluchevsky and Solovieff in history, need not be ashamed to
+enter the lists in an international competition for the prizes of
+culture. But the German historians ought to have taught their pupils
+that in the world of ideas it is not such competitions that are
+important. A nation handicapped by its geography may have to start later
+in the field, and yet her performance may be relatively better than that
+of her more favored neighbors. It is astonishing to read German
+diatribes about Russian backwardness when one remembers that as recently
+as fifty years ago Austria and Prussia were living under a régime which
+can hardly be considered more enlightened than the present rule in
+Russia. The Italians in Lombardy and Venice have still a vivid
+recollection of Austrian jails; and, as for Prussian militarism, one
+need not go further than the exploits of the Zabern garrisons to
+illustrate its meaning. This being so, it is not particularly to be
+wondered at that the eastern neighbor of Austria and Prussia has
+followed to some extent on the same lines.
+
+But the general direction of Russia's evolution is not doubtful. Western
+students of her history might do well, instead of sedulously collecting
+damaging evidence, to pay some attention to the building up of Russia's
+universities, the persistent efforts of the Zemstvos, the independence
+and the zeal of the press. German scholars should read Hertzen's vivid
+description of the "idealists of the forties." And what about the
+history of the emancipation of the serfs, or of the regeneration of the
+judicature? The "reforms of the sixties" are a household word in Russia,
+and surely they are one of the noblest efforts ever made by a nation in
+the direction of moral improvement.
+
+Looking somewhat deeper, what right have the Germans to speak of their
+cultural ideals as superior to those of the Russian people? They deride
+the superstitions of the mujikh as if tapers and genuflexions were the
+principal matters of popular religion. Those who have studied the
+Russian people without prejudice know better than that. Read Selma
+Lagerloef's touching description of Russian pilgrims in Palestine. She,
+the Protestant, has understood the true significance of the religious
+impulse which leads these poor men to the Holy Land, and which draws
+them to the numberless churches of the vast country. These simple people
+cling to the belief that there is something else in God's world besides
+toil and greed; they flock toward the light, and find in it the
+justification of their human craving for peace and mercy. For the
+Russian people have the Christian virtues of patience in suffering;
+their pity for the poor and oppressed are more than occasional
+manifestations of individual feeling--they are deeply rooted in national
+psychology. This frame of mind has been scorned as fit for slaves! It is
+indeed a case where the learning of philosophers is put to shame by the
+insight of the simple-minded. Conquerors should remember that the
+greatest victories in history have been won by the unarmed--by the
+Christian confessors whom the Emperors sent to the lions, by the "old
+believers" of Russia who went to Siberia and to the flames for their
+unyielding faith, by the Russian serfs who preserved their human dignity
+and social cohesion in spite of the exactions of their masters, by the
+Italians, Poles, and Jews, when they were trampled under foot by their
+rulers. It is such a victory of the spirit that Tolstoy had in mind when
+he preached his gospel of non-resistance, and I do not think even a
+German on the war path would be blind enough to suppose that Tolstoy's
+message came from a craven soul. The orientation of the so-called
+"intelligent" class in Russia--that is, the educated middle class, which
+is much more numerous and influential than people suppose--is somewhat
+different, of course. It is "Western" in this sense, that it is imbued
+with current European ideas as to politics, economics, and law.
+
+It has to a certain extent lost the simple faith and religious fervor of
+the peasants, but the keynote of popular ideals has been faithfully
+preserved by this class. It is still characteristically humanitarian in
+its view of the world and in its aims. A book like that of Gen. von
+Bernhardi would be impossible in Russia. If anybody were to publish it
+it would not only fall flat, but earn for its author the reputation of a
+bloodhound. Many deeds of cruelty and brutality happen, of course, in
+Russia, but no writer of any standing would dream of building up a
+theory of violence in vindication of a claim to culture. It may be said,
+in fact, that the leaders of Russian public opinion are pacific,
+cosmopolitan, and humanitarian to a fault. The mystic philosopher
+Vladimir Solovieff used to dream of the union of the churches with the
+Pope as the spiritual head, and democracy in the Russian sense as the
+broad basis of the rejuvenated Christendom. Dostoyevsky, a writer most
+sensitive to the claims of nationality in Russia, defined the ideal of
+the Russians in a celebrated speech as the embodiment of a universally
+humanitarian type. These are extremes, but characteristic extremes
+pointing to the trend of national thought. Russia is so huge and so
+strong that material power has ceased to be attractive to her thinkers.
+But we need not yet retire into the desert and deliver ourselves to be
+bound hand and foot by civilized Germans. Russia also wields a sword--a
+charmed sword, blunt in an unrighteous cause, but sharp enough in the
+defense of right and freedom. And this war is indeed our
+"Befreiungskrieg." The Slavs must have their chance in the history of
+the world, and the date of their coming of age will mark a new departure
+in the growth of civilization.
+
+Yours truly,
+
+PAUL VINOGRADOFF.
+
+Court Place, Iffley, Oxford.
+
+
+
+
+Russian Appeal for the Poles
+
+By A. Konovalov of the Russian Duma.
+
+[A Letter to the Russkia Vedomosti, No. 231, P. 2, Oct. 8, 1914.]
+
+
+The population of Poland has been forced to experience the first
+horrible onslaught of the wrathful enemy. All points within the sphere
+of the German offensive offer a picture of utter desolation. The people
+are fleeing in horror before the advancing enemy, leaving their homes
+and their property to sure destruction. An uninterrupted line of arson
+fire shines on the sorrowful path of the exiles. Their fields have been
+devastated and furrowed by the trenches, their animals have been taken
+away, their savings have been wasted, and all their chattels destroyed.
+The prosperity of millions has been destroyed and men have been turned
+into homeless beggars without a morsel of bread.
+
+The flight of these people is beyond description. One cannot fail to
+realize the stupefying horrors of such a deep and overwhelming national
+calamity. The strokes of fate have come down upon the people of Poland
+with a most merciless cruelty. Shall we gaze upon these horrors with
+indifference? Can the Russian people remain neutral witnesses of the
+sufferings and privations thrust upon the population of the devastated
+country?
+
+The Russians are making heavy sacrifices for the war, but in these
+historic days we must speed up our energies still more, we must double
+and treble our sacrifices. Let us not forget that despite all our
+sacrifices, despite all our sorrow and alarm we are not deprived of
+peaceful work, we have not been drawn into destruction as the people of
+Poland have been. Without further delay we have to hasten to their aid.
+
+A widely organized social aid must be brought to the fleeing people. We
+must provide them with shelter and food. These victims are flocking to
+the central provinces of Russia, to Moscow, and they must be assisted up
+to the time when they shall be able to return to their country. It is
+necessary to ascertain the degree of their distress and to help to
+provide them with the necessities of life in places already cleared from
+the enemy by the aggressiveness of the Russian Army.
+
+Of course, the main duty in the regaining of the prosperity of Poland
+lies with the Government. Only the Government is able to stand the
+expense of millions required for this task, only the State through its
+legislative organs is capable of creating the social, economic, and
+political conditions making possible the reconstruction of the
+civilization of Poland. But we also owe a duty of help, a sacred duty of
+immediate sympathy to those stricken with disaster.
+
+To carry out our task we need funds. In submitting this problem to the
+Russian people, in calling upon it for the solution of this tremendous
+and pressing issue, as far as possible, I herewith forward my little
+contribution of 10,000 rubles for aid to the people of Poland suffering
+from war.
+
+A. KONOVALOV,
+
+Member of the Duma.
+
+Moscow, Oct. 7, (20,) 1914.
+
+Note.--Konovalov's appeal met with a most generous response. Not only
+individuals and charitable associations came forward with funds and
+food, but a large number of Russian cities organized permanent aid
+committees for the benefit of the war victims in Poland. Street and
+house-to-house collections were organized, and considerable funds have
+already been collected. Not only Russians, but also the Armenians, the
+Jews, and other nationalities of Russia have shown a deep and
+substantial sympathy for the Poles.
+
+Prince Trubetskoď's appeal emphasized the political side of this
+campaign of succor, while Mr. Konovalov has given prominence to the
+human side of it. Prince Trubetskoď's appeal follows.
+
+
+
+
+I AM FOR PEACE!
+
+By LURANA SHELDON.
+
+
+    I am of New England! A daughter of mountains,
+    Wide-stretching fields, broad rivers that smile
+    With the sun on their breasts. I am of the hills--
+    The great, bald hills where the cattle roam.
+    The peace of the valleys still clings and thrills,
+    And the joy of the tinkling fountains,
+    Where the deep-creviced boulders pile.
+    I am of it, New England, my home!
+
+    The tenure of conflicts, the feeble thriving,
+    Are lore of the past. Now the giant peaks
+    May sleep and sleep. Their watch is ended.
+    The beacon towers may crumble and fall.
+    So well have my people defended--
+    So well have they prospered through striving--
+    Today her triumph New England speaks
+    In the mantling calm that envelops all.
+
+    They have come to New England, the woeful invaders.
+    The hills attracted, the valleys lured;
+    They have sowed their seeds of disturbance and fear.
+    They wrought for destruction, but all in vain.
+    They were told that order was master here.
+    The hills turned censors, the streams, upbraiders.
+    No war of men should be fought, endured!
+    They need wage no battle for peace again!
+
+    Like my native hills, my strife is ended;
+    Like my sleeping hills, I have earned life's calm.
+    The sun that smiles on New England's streams
+    Bids human conflicts forever cease.
+    Let those who must, writhe in their dreams
+    At thought of days with horror blended.
+    For me, the meadow's gentle balm--
+    I am of New England--where all is peace!
+
+
+
+
+United Russia
+
+By Peter Struve.
+
+[From The London Times.]
+
+     Prof. Peter Struve, editor of the monthly, Russian Thought, is
+     recognized as one of the most acute political thinkers in
+     Europe. He was one of the chief founders of the Constitutional
+     Democratic Party (the Cadets) and was member for St.
+     Petersburg in the Second Duma. He is also known as an
+     economist of great erudition.
+
+
+PETROGRAD, Sept. 16.
+
+The future historian will note with astonishment that official Germany,
+when she declared war on Russia, was in no way informed of the state of
+public opinion in our country.
+
+This is all the more astonishing because not a single country to the
+west of Russia maintains so close a communication with Russia as
+Germany. The Germans, better than other peoples, could and should have
+known Russia and her material resources, her internal state, and her
+moral condition. When she declared war on Russia, Germany evidently
+counted, above all, on the weakness of the Russian Army. There was
+nothing, however, to justify such an estimate of the armed forces of
+Russia. Certainly Russia had been beaten in the Japanese war, but in
+that war the decision was reached on the sea, and after the fall of Port
+Arthur the land war had no object. The Germans have probably convinced
+themselves already how superficial was such an estimate of the forces of
+Russia, but in reality their mistake was due to an entirely superficial
+view of the national culture of Russia and an extremely elementary idea
+of our internal development. The Germans did not believe that there is
+in Russia a genuine and growing national civilization, and did not
+understand that the liberation movement in Russia had not only not
+shaken the power of the Russian State, but had, on the contrary,
+increased it.
+
+Not understanding this, they thought that any blow from outside would
+tumble over the Russian State like a rotten tree. German aggression, on
+the contrary, united the whole population of Russia, and by this alone
+strengthened a hundredfold her external power. This, of course, would
+have been the natural effect of any attack from without upon any sound
+people or any State that was not in decomposition. But in this case
+there was something else. Such a war as this could not fail to take on
+at once the character both of a world war and of a national war. That is
+why in this struggle with Germany and Austria-Hungary, elemental forces
+united in one impulse and spirit both the Russian Radicals, with their
+tendency to cosmopolitanism, and the extreme Nationalist Conservatives.
+Nay, more than that, all the races of Russia understood that a challenge
+had been thrown out to Russia by Germany that morally compelled her, in
+the interests of the whole and of the various parts, to forget for the
+time all quarrels and grievances.
+
+This showed itself in the most natural and inevitable way with the
+Poles, of whose national culture Germanism is the sworn foe. The
+well-known manifesto of the Commander in Chief did not awake this
+feeling among the Poles of Russia, but simply met it and gave it
+support. Equally natural and elemental was the patriotic outburst that
+spread among the Jews of Russia. In their case the political and social
+Radicalism which we always find in the Jews turned by some sound
+instinct against German militarism, which had shown itself the chief
+cause and occasion of a world catastrophe.
+
+The German declaration of war on Russia at once dispersed all doubts and
+hesitations in the many millions of the population of the Russian
+Empire. Some may put in the forefront of this war the struggle with the
+uncivilizing militarism of Prussia. Others may see in it, above all
+things, a struggle for the national principle and for the inured rights
+of nationalities--Serbians, Poles, and Belgians. Others, again, see in
+the war the only means of securing the peaceful future of Russia and her
+allies from the extravagant pretensions of Germany. But all alike feel
+that this war is a great, popular, liberating work, which starts a new
+epoch in the history of the world. Thus the war against united Germany
+and Austria-Hungary has become in Russia a truly national war. That is
+the enormous difference between it and the war with Japan, whose
+political grounds and objects, apart from self-defense against a hostile
+attack, were alien to the public conscience.
+
+There is one other consideration which cannot be passed over in silence.
+In Russia many are convinced, and others instinctively feel, that a
+victorious war will contribute to the internal recovery and regeneration
+of the State. Many barriers have already fallen, national and political
+feuds have been softened, new conditions are being created for the
+mutual relations of the people and the Government. There is every reason
+to think that some members of the Government--unfortunately, it is true,
+not all--have understood that at the present time of complete national
+union many of the old methods of administration and all the old
+Government psychology are not only out of place, but simply impossible.
+In one question, the Polish, this conviction has received the supreme
+sanction of the sovereign and of the Commander in Chief, and a striking
+expression in the latter's manifesto to the Poles. Further than this,
+the actual attitude of Russian Liberals and Radicals toward a whole
+series of problems and relations cannot fail to be changed. Thus the war
+will help to reconcile and soften many internal contradictions in
+Russia.
+
+How far we are, with this state of public opinion and these perspectives
+of the internal development of Russia, from those fantastic pictures of
+civil disunion and revolutionary conflagration which were anticipated
+before the war and have sometimes been, even since the war, portrayed in
+the German and Austro-Hungarian press! Our enemies counted on these
+domestic divisions, and they have made a bitter mistake. Constitutional
+Russia, precisely because of the radical internal transformation which
+it has experienced in the period that began with the Japanese war, has
+proved to be fully equal to the immense universal and national task that
+has devolved upon it. The national and political consciousness of Russia
+not only has not weakened, but has wonderfully strengthened and taken
+shape. As one who has had a close and constant share in the struggle for
+the Russian Constitution, I can only note with the greatest satisfaction
+the striking result of Russia's entry into the number of constitutional
+States, a result which has so plainly showed itself in the tremendous
+part that Russia is playing in the great world-crisis of 1914.
+
+
+
+
+Prince Trubetskoi's Appeal to Russians to Help the Polish Victims of War
+
+[Russkia Vedomosti, No. 231, Oct. 8, (21,) 1914, P. 2.]
+
+
+A new era of Russian-Polish relations has begun, and the noble
+initiative of A.J. Konovalov, who has donated 10,000 rubles for the
+needs of the war victims of Poland, offers a shining testimony.
+
+Up to the present the Polish people have had relations with official
+Russia only. The war has brought them for the first time into immediate
+touch with _the Russian people_. Thousands of Polish exiles have gone
+forth to our central provinces. In Moscow alone there are not less than
+1,000 former inhabitants of Kalisz, to say nothing of fleeing people
+from other provinces. Moscow, of course, attracts the largest number of
+these unfortunates. Some particular instinctive faith draws the Poles to
+Moscow, to the centre of popular Russia. To my query why she had chosen
+Moscow among all Russian cities, a poor Polish woman, the wife of a
+reservist, said:
+
+"I was sent here by the military chief. 'Go to Moscow,' said he. 'You
+won't perish there.'"
+
+And indeed in Moscow the Polish exiles have not perished. They have
+found here brotherly love, shelter, and food. The municipality of
+Moscow, numerous philanthropists, both Polish and Russian, are rendering
+them assistance.
+
+It is needless to describe the impression made upon the Poles by this
+attitude of the people of Russia. A prominent municipal worker of the
+City of Kalisz, with tears in his eyes, told me: "Up to the present
+moment Poland has been segregated from Russia by a wall of officialdom
+erected by the Germans; now for the first time this wall has been broken
+down, two peoples are seeing each other and feeling each other."
+
+A tremendous process of mutual understanding has begun before our eyes!
+It has barely begun as yet; for what has been accomplished by Russia for
+Poland is but a drop as compared with what still remains to be done. It
+is not enough to help the Polish immigrants in our central provinces.
+Our help must be carried to the provinces devastated by the German and
+Austrian hordes. Right there the scenes of misery make the hair stand
+upon our heads.
+
+Let us realize that the City of Kalisz alone has suffered not less than
+40,000,000 rubles in loss of property. Representatives of Polish
+municipalities with whom I had opportunity to discuss the situation told
+me that in the City of Kalisz there is no longer a single drug store,
+nor a grocery store, and there were about three thousand of them before.
+
+There are numerous cities and villages where everything has been
+pillaged by the German requisitions. Horses, cows, food, even
+mattresses, have been taken away, and for all these ironical receipts
+have been tendered: "So much worth of goods have been taken; the payment
+for same will be made by the Russian Government."
+
+Owing to the destruction of the inventory and the stock in the villages,
+there is nothing to till the soil with, and the fields have to remain
+unseeded.
+
+Poland is indeed the Belgium of Russia. Belgium is aided by England and
+France, but there is nobody to help Poland except us. The appeal of the
+Commander in Chief has promised, in case of Russian victory, the
+political regeneration of Poland, with her own religion, with her own
+language, and with her own self-government. But before the political
+regeneration we have to think of the saving of the unfortunate country
+from starvation.
+
+_This must be above all our national, Russian affair._ Let the
+exhausted, suffering people of Poland feel that the people of Russia are
+their real brothers; let them see that our words are backed up by deeds.
+Perhaps in this way we shall forever clear away their ancient distrust
+toward us, a distrust which unfortunately had ground in the past
+relations between Russia and Poland.
+
+We are not speaking of a commonplace charity at the present moment.
+There is need for a help which should mark the beginning of a historical
+change in the lives of both peoples. Both peoples should not only
+silence their material sufferings, but they should draw a spiritual
+comfort from this great historical trial and make it a source of their
+moral vigor.
+
+They should feel that their sufferings and their sacrifices have not
+been in vain, that no matter what their further resolutions might be the
+popular affair should by all means be carried on right now, and that
+irrespective of the outcome of the present war one tremendous result has
+already been accomplished. The Polish affair has already become a
+Russian national affair. And this means that henceforth there shall be
+no discrepancy between words and deeds in the relations of both peoples.
+
+The whole might of the people of Russia and their ideals, expressed by
+the Supreme Commander in Chief, shall be the bond for the Poles,
+guaranteeing them the realization of the dreams of their forefathers for
+the resurrection of Poland.
+
+Let us Russians prepare this resurrection and help it by all means
+within our power. Now or never the aid to the suffering people of Poland
+shall grow into a national Russian demonstration. Let all Russian papers
+throw open their columns for subscriptions for aid to the people of
+Poland suffering from war, without prejudice to their religion and race.
+As the funds will be forthcoming, a national Russian committee shall be
+organized to take charge of their distribution.
+
+Let us not fear for the modest beginnings. The tremendous wave of
+sympathy and love which has now swept over the Russian people can create
+wonders, if need be, for the success of the Russian national issue.
+
+Let us hope that wonders will happen even now. I myself witnessed in our
+neighborhood the following dramatic scene: The small provincial City of
+Kaluga was getting ready in August to receive the wounded. Unexpectedly
+it got many times more than at first had been contemplated. The wounded
+had to be placed on the floor, without straw, without linen, without
+food. But within two days all were comfortably placed, fed, and clothed.
+_Unknown_ persons secured straw, other _unknown_ persons sent
+mattresses, linens, and pillows, _unknown peasants_ brought food from
+their villages.
+
+All this was done as a matter of course, without a previous concert,
+without any organization, through an elementary popular movement.
+
+This elementary movement which can heal the wounds is needed at this
+moment in most tremendous proportions. It is not a question of a few
+wounded individuals, not even a question of thousands of wounded, but
+the problem of a whole wounded Polish nation.
+
+Let the great Russian tide of sympathy rise to its aid, without a
+previous agreement, without a previous organization. Let this impulse
+show Poland her protector--_Russia, the liberator of nations_.
+
+This movement of sympathy for a brotherly people shall be our guarantee
+that our coming victory over Germany will call forth the triumph of
+light in Russian herself.
+
+Prince EUGENE TRUBETSKOI.
+
+Moscow, October 7, (20,) 1914.
+
+
+
+
+How Prohibition Came to Russia
+
+Interview with the Peasant-Born Millionaire Reformer, Tchelisheff.
+
+[By the Associated Press.]
+
+
+PETROGRAD, Nov. 18.--There is prohibition in Russia today, prohibition
+which means that not a drop of vodka, whisky, brandy, gin, or any other
+strong liquor is obtainable from one end to the other of a territory
+populated by 130,000,000 people and covering one-sixth of the habitable
+globe.
+
+The story of how strong drink has been utterly banished from the Russian
+Empire was related by Michael Demitrovitch Tchelisheff, the man directly
+responsible for putting an end to Russia's great vice, the vodka habit.
+
+It should be said in the beginning that the word prohibition in Russia
+must be taken literally. Its use does not imply a partially successful
+attempt to curtail the consumption of liquor resulting in drinking in
+secret places, the abuse of medical licenses and general evasion and
+subterfuge. It does mean that a vast population who consumed
+$1,000,000,000 worth of vodka a year; whose ordinary condition has been
+described by Russians themselves as ranging from a slight degree of
+stimulation upward, has been lifted almost in one day from a drunken
+inertia to sobriety.
+
+On that day when the mobilization of the Russian Army began, special
+policemen visited every public place where vodka is sold, locked up the
+supply of the liquor, and placed on the shop the imperial seal. Since
+the manufacture and sale of vodka is a Government monopoly in Russia, it
+is not a difficult thing to enforce prohibition.
+
+From the day this step was taken drunkenness vanished in Russia. The
+results are seen at once in the peasantry; already they are beginning to
+look like a different race. The marks of suffering, the pinched looks of
+illness and improper nourishment have gone from their faces. There has
+been also a remarkable change in the appearance of their clothes. Their
+clothes are cleaner, and both the men and women appear more neatly and
+better dressed. The destitute character of the homes of the poor has
+been replaced with something like order and thrift.
+
+In Petrograd and Moscow the effect of these improved conditions is
+fairly startling. On holidays in these two cities inebriates always
+filled the police stations and often lay about on the sidewalks and even
+in the streets. Things are so different today that unattended women may
+now pass at night through portions of these cities where it was formerly
+dangerous even for men. Minor crimes and misdemeanors have almost
+vanished.
+
+Tchelisheff, the man who virtually accomplished this miracle, was a
+peasant by birth, originally a house painter by profession, then Mayor
+of the city of Samara, and now a millionaire. Physically he is a giant,
+standing over 6 feet 4 inches in his stocking feet, and of powerful
+build. Although he is 55 years old, he looks much younger. His movements
+display the energy of youth, his eyes are animated, and his black hair
+is not tinged by gray.
+
+In Petrograd Mr. Tchelisheff is generally found in a luxurious suite of
+rooms in one of the best hotels. He goes about clad in a blue blouse
+with a tasseled girdle, and baggy black breeches tucked into heavy
+boots. He offers his visitors tea from a samovar and fruit from the
+Crimea. Speaking of what he had accomplished for the cause of sobriety
+in Russia, Mr. Tchelisheff said:
+
+"I was reared in a small Russian village. There were no schools or
+hospitals, or any of the improvements we are accustomed to in civilized
+communities. I picked up an education from old newspapers and stray
+books. One day I chanced upon a book in the hands of a moujik, which
+treated of the harmfulness of alcohol. It stated among other things that
+vodka was a poison.
+
+"I was so impressed with this, knowing that everybody drank vodka, that
+I asked the first physician I met if the statement were true. He said
+yes. Men drank it, he explained, because momentarily it gave them a
+sensation of pleasant dizziness. From that time I decided to take every
+opportunity to discover more about the use of vodka.
+
+"At the end of the eighties there came famine in Russia, followed by
+agrarian troubles. I saw a crowd of peasants demand from a local
+landlord all the grain and foodstuffs in his granary. This puzzled me; I
+could not understand how honest men were indulging in what seemed to be
+highway robbery. But I noted at the time that every man who was taking
+part in this incident was a drinking man, while their fellow villagers,
+who were abstemious, had sufficient provisions in their own homes. Thus
+it was that I observed the industrial effects of vodka drinking.
+
+"At Samara I decided to do more than passively disapprove of vodka. At
+this time I was an Alderman, and many of the tenants living in my houses
+were workingmen. One night a drunken father in one of my houses killed
+his wife. This incident made such a terrible impression on me that I
+decided to fight vodka with all my strength.
+
+"On the supposition that the Government was selling vodka for the
+revenue, I calculated the revenue received from its consumption in
+Samara. I then introduced a bill in the City Council providing that the
+city give this sum of money to the imperial treasury, requesting at the
+same time that the sale of vodka be prohibited. This bill passed, and
+the money was appropriated. It was offered to the Government, but the
+Government promptly refused it.
+
+"It then dawned upon me that Russian bureaucracy did not want the people
+to become sober, for the reason that it was easier to rule
+autocratically a drunken mob than a sober people.
+
+"This was seven years ago. Later I was elected Mayor of Samara, capital
+of the Volga district, a district with over a quarter of a million
+inhabitants. Subsequently I was elected to the Duma on an anti-vodka
+platform. In the Duma I proposed a bill permitting the inhabitants of
+any town to close the local vodka shops, and providing also that every
+bottle of vodka should bear a label with the word poison. At my request
+the wording of this label, in which the evils of vodka were set forth,
+was done by the late Count Leo Tolstoy. This bill passed the Duma and
+went to the Imperial Council, where it was amended and finally tabled.
+
+"I then begged an audience of Emperor Nicholas. He received me with
+great kindness in his castle in the Crimea, not far from the scene of
+the recent Turkish bombardment. He listened to me patiently. He was
+impressed with my recital that most of the revolutionary and Socialist
+excesses were committed by drunkards, and that the Svesborg, Kronstadt,
+and Sebastopol navy revolts and the Petrograd and other mutinous
+military movements were all caused by inebriates. Having heard me out
+his Majesty promised at once to speak to his Minister of Finance
+concerning the prohibition of vodka.
+
+"Disappointed at not having been able to get through a Government bill
+regulating this evil, I had abandoned my seat in the Duma. It was
+evident that the bureaucracy had been able to obstruct the measure.
+Minister of Finance Kokovsoff regarded it as a dangerous innovation,
+depriving the Government of 1,000,000,000 rubles ($500,000,000) yearly,
+without any method of replacing this revenue.
+
+"While I lobbied in Petrograd the Emperor visited the country around
+Moscow and saw the havoc of vodka. He then dismissed Kokovsoff, and
+appointed the present Minister of Finance, M. Bark.
+
+"Mobilization precipitated the anti-vodka measure. The Grand Duke,
+remembering the disorganization due to drunkenness during the
+mobilization of 1904, ordered the prohibition of all alcoholic drinks
+except in clubs and first-class restaurants. This order, enforced for
+one month, showed the Russian authorities the value of abstinence.
+
+"In spite of the general depression caused by the war, the paralysis of
+business, the closing of factories, and the interruption of railroad
+traffic, the people felt no depression. Savings banks showed an increase
+in deposits over the preceding month, and over the corresponding month
+of the preceding year. At the same there was a boom in the sale of
+meats, groceries, clothing, dry goods, and housefurnishings. The
+30,000,000 rubles a day that had been paid for vodka were now being
+spent for the necessities of life.
+
+"The average working week increased from three and four days to six, the
+numerous holiday [Transcriber's Note: so in original] of the drinker
+having been eliminated. The working day also became longer, and the
+efficiency of the worker was perhaps doubled. Women and children, who
+seldom were without marks showing the physical violence of the husband
+and father, suddenly found themselves in an undreamed-of paradise.
+There were no blows, no insults, and no rough treatment. There was bread
+on the table, milk for the babies, and a fire in the kitchen.
+
+"I decided to seize this occasion for a press campaign, so far as this
+is a possible thing in Russia. I organized delegations to present
+petitions to the proper authorities for the prolonging of this new
+sobriety for the duration of the war. This step found favor with his
+Imperial Majesty, and an order was issued to that effect. Another
+similar campaign to remove the licenses from privileged restaurants and
+clubs was successful, and strong liquor is no longer available anywhere
+in Russia.
+
+"The second month of abstinence made the manifold advantages so clear to
+everybody that when we called upon his Majesty to thank him for his
+orders, he promised that the vodka business of the Government would be
+given up forever. This promise was promulgated in a telegram to the
+Grand Duke Constantine.
+
+"There remains only now to find elsewhere the revenue which up to the
+present time has been contributed by vodka. There has been introduced in
+the Duma a bill offering a solution of this question. The aim of this
+bill is not the creation of new taxes or an increase in the present
+taxes, but an effort to render the Government domains and possessions
+more productive."
+
+[Illustration: decoration]
+
+[Illustration: ADMIRAL SIR CHRISTOPHER CRADOCK,
+
+Who Went Down with His Flagship, the Good Hope, in the Naval Engagement
+Off the Coast of Chile.
+
+(_Photo from a Kodak Negative._)]
+
+[Illustration: ADMIRAL COUNT VON SPEE,
+
+Who Went Down with His Flagship, the Scharnhorst, in the Battle with the
+British Squadron Off the South American Coast.
+
+(_Photo_ © _by Brown Bros._)]
+
+
+
+
+Influence of the War Upon Russian Industry
+
+[From Russkia Vedomosti, No. 260, Nov. 11, (Nov. 24,) 1914, P. 3.]
+
+
+     _The Russian Ministry of Commerce and Industry has lately
+     published the preliminary results of an inquiry into the
+     changes in industry which have occurred during the first two
+     and one-half months of the war, Aug. 1 to Oct. 14, 1914._
+
+Altogether 8,550 of the largest industrial establishments, excepting
+those of Poland, have been investigated. These employ 1,602,000 workers.
+Of those investigated 502 factories employing 46,586 employes had to be
+closed down entirely, while 1,034 establishments with 435,000
+wage-earners have cut down their working force to 319,000. Thus about
+one-third of the total industrial wage-earning force has felt the
+effects of the war either through total discharge or through diminished
+output.
+
+The lack of trained labor power and the failure to obtain funds have
+affected 222 establishments with 58,000 workers. Lack of funds has been
+very severely felt in the Baltic provinces, (there, especially, in the
+chemical industry,) affecting fourteen establishments with 15,701
+workers. Altogether 132 establishments with 50,000 employes have cut
+down their operations, and of these 30 per cent. employing 15,000
+workers belonged to the chemical industry. Also twenty establishments of
+the metal working (fine machinery) industry with 11,000 employes had to
+curtail their volume of business. In other industries the lack of labor
+supply has not been felt. Evidently only the industries requiring highly
+qualified labor have suffered from this cause. The shortage of fuel
+forced 108 establishments with 49,000 workers to diminish their output,
+and eleven establishments with 3,000 workers had to close down
+altogether.
+
+The lack of fuel was very severely felt in the provinces of Petrograd
+and in the Baltic, owing to the stoppage of the importation of British
+coal. Of all establishments closed down for this reason, about 60 per
+cent. belong to the provinces of Petrograd, Livland, and Estland.
+
+In other regions this want was felt less severely. The output of coal in
+the Donetz basin and of naphtha in the Baku region has increased, and
+the decreased demand for fuel owing to the diminished production has
+somewhat lowered the prices of naphtha. Thus in 1913 the average monthly
+price of light naphtha in Balakhany was 42 copecks per pood, (two-thirds
+of a cent per pound,) but in September, 1914, it was 36, and on Nov. 5
+it fell to 25-26 copecks per pood, (13 cents per thirty-six pounds--a
+little over 1-3 cent per pound.)
+
+The main difficulty in the fuel supply lies, however, in the inadequate
+transportation facilities.
+
+The next obstacle in the way of normal development of industry is the
+lack of transportation facilities. This cause alone forced 223 factories
+with 128,000 workers to curtail their output, and fifty-six factories
+with 5,300 workers stopped production.
+
+But the most disastrous effect upon the Russian industry has been
+produced by the diminished demand and by the lack of raw materials. For
+lack of market, 671 establishments with 219,000 workers reduced their
+output. The greatest sufferers have been the building trades and the
+industries connected therewith--structural iron, cement, (concrete,)
+brickmaking, &c.
+
+The railroads have suffered greatly through the cancellation of
+registered orders and by the stoppage of further orders from Poland,
+also by the military mobilization.
+
+During the month of August, 1914, the gross earnings of the Russian
+railroads, both State and private, were only half of their gross
+earnings for August the year before.
+
+The unexpected prohibition of alcoholic beverages has almost ruined the
+liquor industry.
+
+For lack of demand 83 textile factories with 95,000 employes have
+reduced their output. The lack of raw material forced 103 cotton mills
+with 188,000 weavers to cut down their output. This makes 40 per cent.
+of the total cotton mills of Russia. Similar reductions have occurred in
+the silk, woolen, linen, and hemp industries.
+
+The Ministry has withheld the data as to the exact nature of the raw
+materials wanting, but it may be surmised that raw cotton and dyestuffs
+are among the chief items.
+
+Among the remedies suggested are better credit facilities and the
+resumption of interrupted intercourse with friendly and neutral powers
+for the securing of raw material.
+
+
+
+
+Declaration of the Russian Industrial Interests
+
+[Russkia Vedomosti, No. 217, Sept. 21, (Oct. 4,) 1914, P. 5.]
+
+
+Referring to the abundance of donations forthcoming from the industrial
+interests for the victims of war, the Council of the Conventions of the
+industrial interests declares its confidence in the ability of Russian
+industry to bear the burden of war cheerfully and whole-heartedly.
+
+The Council finds the proposed measures of the Government for its
+financing of the campaign insufficient, and promises to come forward
+with its own project of a special single property and personal war tax.
+
+Then the causes of the war are summed up and the importance of the war
+for the industrial interests is outlined. The chief cause of the war is
+assigned to the irreconcilable economic conflict between the German and
+Russian interests created by commercial treaties favorable to Germany.
+
+Victorious Russia should dictate her own economic programme to the
+defeated enemy. Without such a result all sacrifices made will be in
+vain, and will fall as a heavy and unbearable burden upon the shattered
+economic organization of the country.
+
+The industrial interests desire a war to the finish, and they say:
+
+"Let the Government know how to cultivate in the future among the people
+the conviction that the war will be brought to an end, then the task of
+finding the means for carrying on the campaign will be greatly
+facilitated; for no sacrifice is too great for us for the overthrow of
+the economic yoke of Germany and for the conquest of economic
+independence. Nothing but strong will and determination are needed."
+
+     The Council of Industrial Conventions is a permanent
+     organization corresponding roughly to the executive board of
+     the National Manufacturers' Association of the United States.
+     All big industrial interests, like the mining companies, the
+     textile manufacturers, iron manufacturers, are represented in
+     the council.--Translator.
+
+
+
+
+A Russian Financial Authority on the War
+
+[Russkia Vedomosti, No. 167, July 22, (Aug. 4,) 1914, P. 4.]
+
+
+     _Prof. Migoulin, member of the Council of the Russian Ministry
+     of Finance and the author of several works on Russian
+     indebtedness, in his article, published immediately after the
+     beginning of the war and evidently written before the position
+     of Italy had become known, thus sums up the war situation:_
+
+The moment for the declaration of war has been well chosen and carefully
+planned by Germany and Austria. Russia had her hands full with the
+numerous labor strikes and poor crops in certain parts of the country.
+
+England had her troubles with the Ulsterites, and the President of
+France was absent from his country when the Austrian ultimatum was
+handed to Servia.
+
+Austria had already mobilized large numbers of her troops in Bosnia
+under the pretext of manoeuvres, Italy had a partial mobilization, and
+Germany was preparing herself for a grand army show.
+
+The German strategists are looking for a brief campaign. But they are
+mistaken. Even with the capture of Petrograd the war will have barely
+begun, for Petrograd is only the frontier of Russia.
+
+Our troops are numerous and well equipped. The vastness of our country,
+her poor roads, and her severe climate are her defenses. The French
+frontier is strongly fortified. A quick surrender is unthinkable, and
+there is no reason for surrender, for the war will continue to the
+bitter end.
+
+But a long campaign threatens Germany. She is a country with highly
+developed industry and with a tremendous foreign commerce, the breakdown
+of which cannot be compensated by any territorial conquest. A war of
+Germany against England, France, and Russia will stop her commerce
+entirely. It will be impossible for her to export her goods and to
+import foodstuffs. Her manufactures and her commerce will come to a
+deadlock, and unemployment will threaten her cities. All the victories
+of her army will be of no avail. If her enemies draw out the war for a
+year or two Germany will be exhausted. We are not talking of the
+possibility of a German defeat, although Germany is not invincible.
+
+The gold reserve of Russia, France, and England amount to about
+350,000,000 rubles, ($155,000,000,) while the gold reserve of Germany,
+Austria, and Italy is only about 160,000,000 rubles.
+
+The gold currency of the first three countries amounts to about
+7,000,000,000 rubles, ($3,500,000,000,) while the gold currency of the
+other three is only $1,500,000,000.
+
+The food supply of Russia is inexhaustible. Her industries are working
+chiefly for the home market. They can only win by the campaign. The
+curtailing of food and raw material exports may benefit her home
+industries by cheapening production.
+
+In case of a shortage of war supplies Russia will be able to get them
+from neutral countries--for example, from the United States. But where
+will Germany get them? What shall she do when her stock of saltpetre
+runs out? For the time being saltpetre is obtained by all countries from
+Chile only.
+
+France is an agricultural country which has large supplies of food. Her
+manufactures are poorly developed, and they are working for a foreign
+market which will not be closed. Her resources are so large that she
+will be able to stand the campaign with comparative ease.
+
+Owing to her insular position, England will lose but very little through
+this war, provided she is able to maintain the supremacy of her navy
+over the German fleet. The British merchant marine and her manufactures
+will gain quite considerably.
+
+The public credit of France and Great Britain is inexhaustible, and it
+will not be restricted to Russia, while she is an ally of these
+countries.
+
+
+
+
+Proposed Internal Loans of Russia
+
+[Russkia Vedomosti, No. 222, Sept. 27, (Oct. 3,) 1914, P. 3.]
+
+
+Prof. Migoulin has submitted to the Russian Minister of Finance a scheme
+for new internal loans to meet the extraordinary expenditures caused by
+the present war.
+
+It is proposed to enlist the support of various groups of capitalists
+and of small property holders and to obtain from them about
+2,500,000,000 rubles, ($1,500,000,000.)
+
+Four different loans are contemplated. Persons desiring to invest their
+savings at a small but sure interest rate will be able to buy the
+certificates at a 5 per cent. loan. These certificates will have a face
+value of 100 rubles, and they will sell at $90. The interest rate will
+not be changed within the next fifteen or twenty years. Therefore, the
+actual interest rate will be 5.56 per cent. on the original investment.
+
+A 6 per cent. loan will cater to those investors who like to place their
+loans at shorter terms. The certificates of this loan will be sold at
+premiums. Five-year certificates will be sold at ninety-six for a
+hundred rubles face value, four-year certificates at ninety-seven,
+three-year certificates at ninety-eight, two-year certificates at
+ninety-nine, and one-year certificates at par. This loan will be free
+from the interest (coupon) tax, but not from the income and inheritance
+taxes. In case of success one billion worth of these certificates will
+be issued.
+
+For persons interested in the changes of values upon Stock Exchange
+different loans will be issued. In the first place, no interest-bearing
+ten-ruble certificates with a large number of winners will be issued. A
+considerable number of these certificates will be redeemed each year. It
+is proposed to have one winner of 200,000 rubles, one of 100,000, two of
+50,000, one of 25,000, about fifty of 10,000 rubles each, some 3,950
+"chances" of from 100 to 500 rubles each. The whole loan may amount to
+100,000,000 rubles. It is to be redeemed within fifty years.
+
+Should this loan prove a success it will be followed by another of equal
+amount.
+
+Finally, Prof. Migoulin proposes to obtain about 200,000,000 rubles by
+selling 4 per cent. Government bonds in fifty-ruble denominations. This
+loan, too, will be equipped with the winners at the annual draw for the
+redemption.
+
+The first of the proposed loans will be realized soon. The Government
+has decided to obtain 500,000,000 rubles at 5 per cent. This new loan
+will increase the present debt of the Russian Government of
+8,838,000,000 rubles ($4,500,000,000) to 9,338,000,000 rubles. Russia
+has to pay 370,000,000 rubles annually for the interest on her debts.
+About one-half of her indebtedness is due to railroad building and to
+other more or less productive expenditures. But the other half of her
+indebtedness has been spent on armaments, wars, and other unproductive
+items.
+
+Russia's new budget is about 3,500,000,000 rubles ($1,800,000,000.) The
+interest on the new loan will increase this budget only 6 per cent. But
+this new loan increases again her unproductive debt and places a heavy
+burden upon the taxpayer for whom the Government has prepared many
+"surprises" this year.
+
+The possibilities of _internal_ loans are not very great. During the
+first month of the war about 380,000,000 rubles of savings were
+withdrawn from the banks. Of this sum only 76,000,000 were redeposited
+later when the first excitement had passed. The rest of the money
+evidently was either used up for production, for consumption, or for
+private storing of ready cash. How much of this money will come forth to
+buy the various short-time loans no one is able to tell beforehand. But
+the big manufacturing interests are craving for _foreign gold loans_,
+not for internal paper money loans.
+
+
+
+
+How Russian Manufacturers Feel
+
+[Digested from Russkia Vedomosti, No. 266, Nov. 18, (Dec. 1,) 1914, P.
+6.]
+
+
+The manufacturers of war supplies are making large profits through the
+war. All they need is Government advances to buy their raw material. The
+Government permits them to borrow from the State bank upon Government
+orders for war supplies. The only difficulty lies in the extent of the
+credit. The Government would not permit borrowing more than one-third of
+the amount of its orders, while the manufacturers are asking for
+two-fifths.
+
+The manufacturers who are using imported raw material and are working
+for the private consumer are suffering heavily from the war. The lack of
+coal, of hides, of wool and of cotton is threatening Russian industry
+with a crisis. There is a great want of hydroscopic (absorbent) cotton,
+since the only factory for this product was in Poland (City of Zgerzc)
+and has been destroyed. Lack of dyestuffs and other chemicals is
+hampering many other industries. The importation of tea and coffee has
+been curtailed considerably.
+
+Russian cotton mills used to get 45 per cent. of their raw material from
+the United States, since only 55 per cent. of their demand can be
+supplied by Central Asia.
+
+Furthermore, this Asiatic cotton can be used for the coarser grades of
+manufacturing only.
+
+The war has cut off the American supply altogether.
+
+Moreover, the manufacturers need cash to buy the cotton available. But
+they have none. They have already applied for some hundred million
+rubles gold loan from the Treasury, but the Government has promised them
+only about eight million from the new loan.
+
+The wool manufacturers are faring no better than the cotton interests.
+The only way to get raw wool seems to be to ship it from Australia via
+Vladivostok. But the lack of foreign exchange prevents them from using
+this source.
+
+The tea trade of Russia will be paralyzed soon for the same reason.
+
+The big manufacturers see only three possibilities of remedying this
+situation. The first would be to export gold, the other to export
+Russian commodities on a large scale, and the third--to get a gold loan
+from Great Britain.
+
+The first proposition is impossible, since the Government will not
+permit any exportation of gold at this moment. The second proposition
+won't work owing to the demoralized transportation. Thus the only escape
+from a serious national crisis seems to lie in a large foreign gold
+loan.
+
+This idea is favored by such prominent manufacturers as S.I.
+Tschetverikov, G.M. Mark, and A.E. Vladimirov of Moscow, the first
+speaking for the wool interests, and other two for the tea wholesalers.
+Mr. N.A. Vtovov voices the same sentiments on behalf of the Russian
+cotton mill owners.
+
+
+
+
+New Sources of Revenue Needed
+
+By A. Sokolov.
+
+[From Russkia Vedomosti, No. 171, July 26 (Aug. 8), 1914.]
+
+
+Russia entered upon the present war better equipped financially than
+ever before in her history. But it is evident that her ordinary
+resources will not suffice, and the Ministry of Finance will have to
+find new sources of revenue to meet the gigantic expenditures. The
+Ministry of Finance has begun the usual banking and credit
+operations--the supervision of specie payments, the issuance of paper
+money, and the discounting of the Treasury notes in the State Bank. In
+addition to these the Ministry is ready to turn to new taxes.
+
+It proposes to increase the tax on tobacco and to raise the price of
+whisky. Both are desirable objects of taxation. The tobacco tax has been
+relatively low in Russia. Only the poorer grades of tobacco have been
+taxed 100 per cent. ad valorem, while the higher grades have been taxed
+at a lower rate.
+
+Any increase of indirect taxation can be justified only by the present
+emergency. We should bear in mind that already three-fourths of the
+Russian revenue raised by taxation comes through indirect taxes. Further
+increase of these taxes will inflict new heavy burdens upon the poorer
+classes, who in any case will have to bear the heaviest burden of the
+war.
+
+The present historical moment is of such magnitude that it can be
+compared only with the Napoleonic wars. But at that time also the higher
+classes had to contribute to the war expenditures. In 1810 an income tax
+was put upon the landed nobility. Wishing to make it appear that the war
+tax is a voluntary contribution, the Government levied it according to
+the declarations of the taxpayers and refused to listen to informers as
+to tax-dodging. The tax rate was progressive, with a maximum of 10 per
+cent. All incomes below 500 rubles ($250)[1] were exempt.
+
+It is to be hoped that the great memory of the year 1812 will induce the
+well-to-do classes to contribute their share to the expenditures
+inflicted upon us by the war. An income tax and possibly a temporary
+property tax should be accepted by them.
+
+A. SOKOLOV.
+
+[Footnote 1: It should be noted that the purchasing power of money was
+then approximately four times higher than at present.]
+
+
+
+
+Our Russian Ally
+
+By Sir Donald Mackenzie Wallace.
+
+
+LAIDLAWSTIEL, Oct. 5, 1914.
+
+The Publications Committee of the Victoria League, which is endeavoring
+to enlighten the general public on the origin and issues of the war, has
+suggested to me that, as Russia is now in alliance with us, I might
+write an article on her recent advance in civilization and the ideals of
+her people. To condense satisfactorily such a big subject into a few
+pages seems to me hardly possible; but, considering that we are embarked
+on a great national undertaking in which it is the sacred duty of every
+loyal subject to lend a hand according to his abilities, I cannot refuse
+to comply with the committee's suggestion.
+
+To many thoughtful observers of current events it must seem strange that
+in the present worldwide convulsion we should be fighting vigorously on
+the same side as Russia, who has long been regarded as one of our
+natural enemies. Some worthy people may even feel qualms of conscience
+at finding themselves in such questionable company, and may be disposed
+to inquire how far we are politically and morally justified in thus
+putting aside, even for a time, our traditional convictions. It is
+mainly for the benefit of such conscientious doubters, who deserve
+sympathy, that I have undertaken my present task; and I propose to place
+before them certain facts and considerations which may help them in
+their difficulties. For this purpose, I begin by examining the grounds
+on which the traditional conceptions are founded.
+
+If we were to question a dozen fairly intelligent, educated Englishmen
+why Russia has usually been regarded as a hereditary enemy and an
+impossible ally, they would probably give two main reasons: First, that
+she is the modern stronghold of barbarism, ignorance and tyrannical
+government, and, secondly, that she threatens our interests in
+Southeastern Europe and Central Asia. Let us examine dispassionately
+these two contentions.
+
+As to barbarism, there is no doubt that in the general march of
+civilization Russia long remained far behind her West European sisters
+and that she has not yet quite overtaken them, but it should be
+remembered--and here I appeal to the Englishman's proverbial love of
+fair play--that she did not get a fair start. Living on an immense plain
+which stretches far into Asia, her population was for centuries
+constantly exposed to the incursions of lawless, predatory hordes, and
+this life-and-death struggle culminated in the so-called Mongol
+domination, during which her native princes were tributary vassals of
+the great Tartar Khan. Under such circumstances she could hardly be
+expected to make much social progress, and she was further impeded by
+difficulties of intercourse with the more favored nations of the West,
+from whom she was separated by differences of language, customs and
+religious beliefs. It was as if Europe had been divided into two halves
+by a formidable barrier, which condemned the unfortunate Russians to
+isolation. The herculean task of demolishing this barrier was, as we all
+know, begun by Peter the Great. He built for himself a new capital on
+the northwest frontier of his dominions--the beautiful city on the Neva,
+recently christened Petrograd--in order to have, as he expressed it, a
+window through which he might look into Europe. He looked into Europe
+with very good results, and his successors have done likewise; but the
+demolition of the barrier proved a very tedious undertaking, and it was
+not completed till comparatively recent times.
+
+The laudable efforts of the Russians to make up for lost time have been
+particularly successful during the last fifty years. Immediately after
+the Crimean War, which some of us are old enough to remember distinctly,
+a new era of progress began. The Czar of that time, Nicholas I., whose
+name is still familiar to the present generation, was a patriotic,
+chivalrous, well-intentioned man, but unfortunately, as a ruler, he
+belonged to the mailed-fist school, delighted in shining armor, and put
+his faith largely in drill sergeants. Even in the civil administration
+he fostered the spirit of military discipline, and he was at no pains to
+conceal his contemptuous dislike of the self-government and
+constitutional liberties of other countries. By unsympathetic critics he
+has been not inaptly described as "the Don Quixote of Autocracy," and
+for thirty years he remained faithful to his principles; but toward the
+close of his reign, in his struggle with England and France, he learned
+by bitter experience that true national greatness is not to be found in
+militarism. This salutary lesson was happily laid to heart by his son
+and successor, Alexander II., and the more enlightened of his subjects.
+The period of triumphant militarism was accordingly followed by a period
+of national repentance, which was also a memorable epoch of beneficent
+reforms and genuine progress.
+
+No sooner was peace concluded in 1856 than premonitory symptoms of the
+new order of things became apparent in St. Petersburg, in Moscow, and
+throughout the country generally. To all who had eyes to see and ears to
+hear, the war had proved that if their country was to compete
+successfully with its rivals, it must adopt a whole series of
+administrative and economic reforms; and there was a general desire that
+those reforms should be undertaken as speedily as possible. The young
+Czar took the lead in the work of national regeneration, and he had the
+good fortune to find sympathy and co-operation among the educated
+classes. For the first time in Russian history--for on previous
+occasions the efforts of reforming Czars had always encountered a good
+deal of passive resistance--the Government and the people were anxious
+to aid each other, and the main results may be described as eminently
+satisfactory. Three great reforms deserve special mention--the
+emancipation of the serfs, the radical reorganization of the civil and
+criminal courts, and a great extension of local self-government.
+
+By the emancipation decree of 1861, which had been carefully prepared by
+liberal-minded officials in conjunction with local committees of the
+landed proprietors, the millions of serfs, who had been habitually
+bought and sold with the estates on which they were settled, and who had
+known no law except the arbitrary will of their masters, were
+transformed suddenly into a class of free and independent citizens! Next
+came the reorganization of the judicial administration, by which a
+similar beneficent change was effected. In the old times the civil and
+criminal tribunals had been hotbeds of bribery and corruption to such an
+extent that a satirical author had once ventured to write a comedy with
+the significant title, "An Unheard-of Wonder; or, The Honest Clerk of
+Court!" Now they were thoroughly cleansed, and during some half a dozen
+years, when I traveled about the country in search of information, I
+never heard of a Judge suspected of taking bribes. The lawsuits, which
+were previously liable to be prolonged for a lifetime, were curtailed by
+simplifying the procedure; trial by jury was introduced for criminal
+cases; and the condition of the prisoners was greatly improved both
+materially and morally. Some of the new prisons were quite excellent. A
+big reformatory, for example, founded by a benevolent society in Moscow
+and largely supported by voluntary contributions, seemed to me the best
+institution of the kind I had ever seen.
+
+Regarding the new system of local self-government, I may say briefly
+that I was very favorably impressed by the results. The first time I
+followed, as an attentive spectator, the proceedings of a Provincial
+Assembly, I was fairly astonished. It was in 1870--only nine years after
+the beginning of the great reforms--and already the local affairs were
+being discussed, on a footing of perfect equality, by noble landed
+proprietors in fashionable European costume and emancipated serfs in
+sheepskins. Some of the peasants were very able, unpretentious speakers,
+and in one respect they had an advantage over some of their former
+masters--they knew thoroughly what they were talking about. While the
+frock-coated young gentlemen who had finished their education in a
+university or agricultural college were often inclined to deal in
+scientific abstractions, their humble colleagues, who had come direct
+from the plow, confined themselves to thoroughly practical remarks, and
+usually exercised a very beneficial influence on the discussions.
+
+The favorable impressions which I received from this Provincial Assembly
+were subsequently confirmed by wider experience, especially when I
+worked regularly during a Winter in the head office of the local
+administration of the Novgorod province. The chief defect of the new
+institutions seemed to me to be the very pardonable habit of attempting
+too much, without duly estimating the available resources. This
+illustrates a very important national characteristic--intense impatience
+to obtain gigantic results in an incredibly short space of time. Unlike
+the English, who crawl cautiously along the rugged path of progress,
+looking attentively to the right and to the left, and seeking to avoid
+obstacles and circumvent opposition by conciliation and compromise, the
+Russian dashes boldly into the unknown, keeping his eye fixed on the
+distant goal and striving to follow a beeline, regardless of obstacles
+and pitfalls. The natural consequence is that his moments of sanguine
+enthusiasm are frequently followed by hours of depression bordering on
+despair, when he is inclined to attribute his failure to some malign
+influence rather than to his own recklessness. When in this depressed
+mood the more violent natures are apt to have recourse to extreme
+measures.
+
+By bearing in mind this national peculiarity the reader will more easily
+understand the strange events which followed close on the heels of the
+great reforms which I have just mentioned. Alexander II. was preparing
+to advance further along the path on which he had entered so
+successfully, when his reforming ardor was suddenly cooled by alarming
+symptoms of a widespread revolutionary agitation. Many members of the
+young generation, male and female, had imbibed the most advanced
+political and socialist theories of France and Germany, and they
+imagined that, by putting these into practice, Russia might advance by a
+single bound far beyond the more conservative nations and set an example
+for imitation to the future generations of humanity! The less violent of
+these enthusiasts, recognizing that a certain amount of preparatory work
+was necessary, undertook a campaign of propaganda among the lower
+classes, as factory workers in the towns and school teachers in the
+villages. The more violent, on the contrary, considered that a quicker
+and more efficient method of attaining the desired object was the
+destruction of autocracy by revolvers and bombs, and several attempts
+were accordingly made on the lives of the Czar and his advisers. For
+more than ten years, undismayed by these revolutionary manifestations,
+Alexander II. clung to his ideas of reform, but at last, in 1881, on the
+eve of issuing a decree for the convocation of a National Assembly, he
+fell a victim to the bomb throwers.
+
+The practical result of all this was that for the next quarter of a
+century no great reforms were initiated, but those already effected were
+consolidated, and some progress was made in a quiet, unostentatious way,
+especially in the sphere of economic development.
+
+A new period of reform began after the Japanese war, and this time the
+reform current took the direction of parliamentary institutions. At
+last, after much waiting, the political aspirations of the educated
+classes were partially realized, so that Russia has now a Chamber of
+Deputies, called the Imperial Duma, freely elected by the people, and an
+upper house, called the Imperial Council, whose members are selected
+partly by election and partly by nomination.
+
+What strikes a stranger on first entering the Duma is the variety of
+costumes, showing plainly that all classes of the population are
+represented. There are landed proprietors not unlike English country
+squires; long-haired priests in ecclesiastical robes; workingmen from
+the factories and peasants from the villages in their Sunday clothes;
+one or two Cossacks in uniform; Mussulmans from the Eastern provinces in
+semi-Oriental attire. The various nationalities seem to live happily
+together--Great Russians, Little Russians, Poles, Lithuanians,
+Russo-Germans, Circassians, Tartars, &c. Almost as numerous as the
+nationalities are the recognized political parties--Conservatives,
+Nationalists, Liberals, Radicals, Labor Members, Social Democrats, and
+Socialists. Great liberty of speech is allowed, but the President has
+generally no difficulty in keeping order.
+
+Thus, to all appearance, the Duma seems exactly what was required to
+complete the edifice of self-government founded fifty years ago; but we
+must not suppose that a Constitution not yet ten years old can be as
+strong and efficient as a Constitution which has gradually emerged from
+centuries of political struggle. In other words, the Russian Duma
+differs in many respects from the British House of Commons. One
+fundamental difference may be cited by way of example. In England, as
+all the world knows, the Cabinet is practically chosen by the party
+which happens to be predominant for the moment, and as soon as it fails
+to command a majority it must resign; whereas in Russia, as in Germany,
+the Cabinet is nominated by the Emperor. This is, of course, a very
+important difference, and all to our advantage, but it is not so great
+in practice as in theory. The Czar, though free theoretically to choose
+his Ministers as he pleases, must choose such men as can obtain a
+working majority in the Assembly; otherwise, the whole parliamentary
+machinery comes to a standstill. Such a deadlock actually occurred in
+the First Duma. Smarting under the humiliation of the Japanese war,
+attributing the defeats to the incurable incapacity of the Supreme
+Government, and believing that the old system had become too weak to
+withstand a vigorous assault, the majority of the Deputies resolved to
+abolish at once the autocratic power and replace it by ultra-democratic
+institutions. They accordingly adopted, from the very first day of the
+session, an attitude of irreconcilable hostility to the Cabinet, refused
+to listen to Ministerial explanations, abstained from all useful
+legislative work, and carried their strategy of obstruction so far that
+the Government had to take refuge in a dissolution.
+
+For this unfortunate result, which tended to retard the natural growth
+of constitutional freedom in Russia, the Government was severely blamed
+by many of its critics, but I venture to think that a large share of the
+responsibility must be attributed to the unreasonable impatience of the
+Deputies and their supporters. In defense of this opinion I might adduce
+many strong arguments, but I confine myself to citing a significant
+little incident from my personal experience. Happening to meet at dinner
+one evening immediately after the dissolution an old friend who had
+played a leading part in the policy of obstruction, I took the liberty
+of remarking to him that he and his party appeared to me to have
+committed a strategical mistake. If they had shown themselves ready to
+co-operate with the Government in resisting the dangerous revolutionary
+movement and favoring moderate reforms, they might have made for
+themselves, in the course of nine or ten years, a very influential
+position in the parliamentary system, and might have greatly advanced
+the cause of democracy which they had at heart. Here my friend
+interrupted me with the exclamation: "Nine or ten years? We can't wait
+so long as that!"
+
+The Second Duma was shipwrecked, like its predecessor, through youthful
+impatience. Among the Deputies there was a small group of Social
+Democrats who attempted to prepare a military insurrection, and when the
+conspiracy was discovered there was great reason to fear that the
+Government might adopt a reactionary policy; but it happily confined
+itself to some changes in the suffrage regulations and a dissolution of
+the Chamber, followed by a general election. Since that time the
+parliamentary machinery has worked much more smoothly. The Duma has
+learned the truth of the old adage that half a loaf is better than no
+bread, and on many important subjects, such as the preparation of the
+annual budget, it now co-operates loyally with the Ministers. In this
+way it gets its half loaf, and the country benefits by the new-born
+spirit of compromise.
+
+Before going further, perhaps I ought to warn my readers that I am often
+reproached by my Russian friends with taking too favorable a view of the
+Duma and of many other things in Russia. To this I usually reply by
+taking those friends to task for their habitual pessimism in criticising
+themselves and their institutions. Naturally inclined to idealism, and
+not possessing sufficient hereditary experience to correct this
+tendency, they compare their institutions with ideals which nowhere
+exist in the real world, and consequently they condemn them very
+severely. The impartial foreigner who wishes to form a true estimate of
+these institutions must always take this into account. In spite of the
+impassioned philippics to which I have listened hundreds of times from
+my Russian friends, I am strongly of opinion that the Russian people
+have made in recent years considerable progress in their political
+education, and that they will continue to do so in the future.
+
+But how is genuine national progress possible so long as the great mass
+of the population are grossly ignorant, conservative, and superstitious?
+Here again we must beware of adopting current exaggerations. To begin
+with the peasantry, who are by far the most numerous class, we must
+admit that they are very far from being well educated, but they are keen
+to learn and they gladly send their children to the village schools,
+which have been greatly increased and improved in recent years. Another
+source of education is the army. Since the introduction of universal
+military service every unlettered recruit must learn to read and write.
+A third educational agency is the peculiar village organization. As
+every head of a family has a house of his own and a share of the
+communal land, he is a miniature farmer; and, unlike agricultural
+laborers, who need not look much ahead beyond the weekly pay day, he
+must make his agricultural and domestic arrangements for an entire year,
+under pain of incurring starvation or falling into the clutches of the
+usurer. This is in itself a sort of practical education. Then he has to
+attend regularly the meetings of the village assembly, at which all
+communal affairs are discussed and decided. To this I must add that he
+is by no means obstinately conservative. Habitually cautious, he may be
+slow to change his traditional habits and methods of cultivation, but he
+does change them when he sees, by the experience of his neighbors, that
+new methods are more profitable than old ones. Ask any dealer in
+improved implements and machines how many he has sold to peasants in a
+single year. Or ask any director of a peasant land bank how many
+thousand peasants within the area of his activity are purchasing land
+outside the communal limits and farming on their own account. If you
+desire any further information on this subject, ask any liberal-minded
+landed proprietor who takes an interest in the prosperity of his humble
+neighbors to describe to you the small credit societies and similar
+associations which have recently sprung up in his neighborhood. Nor is
+it only in agricultural affairs that the peasants have manifested a
+progressive spirit. If you should happen to pass through the industrial
+districts around Moscow, you will see many gigantic factories, which
+employ thousands of hands. Incredible as it may seem, not a few of these
+were founded by unlettered peasants, whose sons and grandsons have
+become millionaires.
+
+Let us now go up a step in the social scale and inquire whether those
+born in the mercantile class are as progressive as the peasantry.
+Formerly they were regarded, and not without reason, as extremely
+conservative, and certainly they used to show little sympathy with
+education or culture; but in recent years their character has been
+profoundly modified by the ever-increasing influx of foreign capital and
+foreign enterprise. The upper ranks at least are now being Europeanized
+in the best sense of the term, not only in their methods of doing
+business, but also in many other respects. Their homes are becoming more
+comfortable and elegant according to modern ideas, refinement is
+gradually permeating their daily life, and the sons of not a few of them
+are being sent abroad to complete their education in universities or
+technical colleges.
+
+Compared with the peasantry and the mercantile community, the clergy as
+a class do not show signs of great progress, but I must do them the
+justice to say that they do not obstruct. Toward science and culture the
+Russian Church has always maintained an attitude of neutrality, and it
+has rarely troubled the adherents of other confessions by aggressive
+missionary propaganda, while among its own flock it has systematically
+fostered a spirit of humility and resignation to the Divine will. This
+helps to explain the wonderful tolerance habitually shown by all classes
+toward people of another faith. I remember once asking a common laborer
+what he thought of the Mussulman Tartars among whom he happened to be
+living, and his reply, given with evident sincerity, was: "Not a bad
+sort of people." "And what about their religion?" I inquired. "Not at
+all a bad sort of faith; you see, they received it, like the color of
+their skins, from God." He assumed, of course, in his simple piety, that
+whatever comes from God must be good.
+
+Why, then, it may be asked, is this tolerance not extended to the Jews?
+They complain, and apparently not without reason, that they are subject
+to certain disabilities and exposed to persecution in Russia. Thereby
+hangs a tale! Peter the Great would not allow Jews to settle in his
+dominions on the ground that his single-minded, ignorant subjects could
+not compete with a naturally clever race endowed with a marvelous talent
+for money-making. Under his successors, by the annexation of Poland,
+several millions of Polish Jews became Russian subjects; but the policy
+of exclusion, so far as Russia proper is concerned, has been maintained
+down to the present day, so that, throughout the purely Russian
+provinces, Jews are not yet allowed to settle in the villages. If you
+ask the reason, you will probably be told that if a single Jew were
+allowed to live in a village, all the Orthodox inhabitants would soon be
+deeply in debt to him. In some respects, however, the old regulations
+have been relaxed. A certain proportion of Jewish students are admitted
+to the universities and higher schools, and such of them as pass their
+examinations may settle in the towns and freely exercise their
+professions. As a matter of fact, a considerable proportion of the most
+capable barristers, physicians, bankers, &c., in Petrograd, Moscow, and
+other cities are Jews by race and religion, and I have never heard of
+any of them being persecuted. Anti-Semitic feeling, so far as it exists,
+has nothing to do with religious beliefs. It is confined to such people
+as the trader who suffers from the competition of Jewish rivals, or the
+peasant who finds that the money-lender, from whom he has borrowed at a
+high rate of interest, exacts rigorously the fulfillment of the
+contract. The pillaging of Jewish shops and houses which occurred some
+years ago in certain towns of the southwestern provinces and was
+graphically described in the English press was due to pecuniary rather
+than religious enmity, and was organized by political intriguers.
+
+In order to complete my cursory review of the various social classes
+from the point of view of social and political progress, I must say
+something of the nobility and gentry; but I need not say much, because
+their general character is pretty well known in Western Europe. They are
+well educated, highly cultured, remarkably open-minded, most anxious to
+acquaint themselves with the latest ideas in science, literature, and
+art, and very fond of studying the most advanced foreign theories of
+social and political development, with a view to applying them to their
+own country. Thus it may safely be asserted that they are unquestionably
+progressive. They are, in fact, more disposed to rush forward regardless
+of consequences than to lag behind in the race, so that their impatience
+has sometimes to be restrained in the sphere of politics by the
+Government. This brings us face to face with the important question as
+to how far the Government and the Supreme Ruler are favorable to
+national progress and enlightenment.
+
+The antiquated idea that Czars are always heartless tyrants who devote
+much of their time to sending troublesome subjects to Siberia is now
+happily pretty well exploded, but the average Englishman is still
+reluctant to admit that an avowedly autocratic Government may be, in
+certain circumstances, a useful institution. There is no doubt, however,
+that in the gigantic work of raising Russia to her present level of
+civilization the Czars have played a most important part. As for the
+present Czar, he has followed, in a humane spirit, the best traditions
+of his ancestors. Any one who has had opportunities of studying closely
+his character and aims, and who knows the difficulties with which he has
+had to contend, can hardly fail to regard him with sympathy and
+admiration. Among the qualities which should commend him to Englishmen
+are his scrupulous honesty and genuine truthfulness. Of these--were I
+not restrained by fear of committing a breach of confidence--I might
+give some interesting illustrations.
+
+As a ruler Nicholas II. habitually takes a keen, sympathetic interest in
+the material and moral progress of his country, and is ever ready to
+listen attentively and patiently to those who are presumably competent
+to offer sound advice on the subject. At the same time he is very
+prudent in action, and this happy combination of zeal and caution, which
+distinguishes him from his too impetuous countrymen, has been signally
+displayed in recent years. During the revolutionary agitation which
+followed close on the disastrous Japanese war, when the impetuous
+would-be reformers wished to overturn the whole existing fabric of
+administration, and the timid counselors recommended vigorous retrograde
+measures, he wisely steered a middle course, which has resulted in the
+creation of a moderate form of parliamentary institutions. That seems to
+indicate that Nicholas II. has something of the typical Englishman's
+love of compromise.
+
+So much for the first of the two reasons commonly adduced to prove that
+Russia is an undesirable ally. I trust I have said enough to show that
+the idea of her being the great modern stronghold of barbarism,
+ignorance, and tyrannical government is very far from the truth. Now I
+come to the second reason--that she has repeatedly threatened our
+interests in the past and is sure to threaten them in the future because
+she has an insatiable territorial appetite.
+
+That Russia has a formidable territorial appetite cannot be denied, but
+it ill becomes us Britishers to reproach her on that score, because, if
+we may judge by results, our own territorial appetite is at least
+equally formidable. Like her, we began our national life with a very
+modest amount of territory, and now the British Empire is considerably
+larger than the Empire of the Czars. According to recent trustworthy
+statistics, the former contains over 13,000,000 square miles, and the
+latter less than 8,500,000. To this I may add that the motives and
+methods of annexation have a strong family resemblance. Both of us have
+been urged forward partly by rapidly increasing population and partly by
+national ambition; and both of us have systematically added to our
+dominions, partly by colonization and partly by conquest. As examples of
+colonizing expansion we may take Siberia and Australia, and as examples
+of expansion by conquest we may point to Russian Central Asia and
+British India.
+
+Fortunately for the peace of the world, the two spheres of expansion
+long lay wide apart. The Russians, as a continental nation hemmed in by
+no natural frontiers, naturally overflowed into adjacent thinly peopled
+territory and spread out very much as a drop of oil spreads out on soft
+paper; while we, being islanders with an adventurous seafaring
+population, chose our fields of colonization and conquest in various
+distant regions of the globe. Thus, until comparatively recent times, we
+had no occasion to come into conflict with our rivals, or, to speak more
+accurately, the two nations were not rivals at all. Now, it is true, we
+have approached within striking distance of each other, and there is
+some danger of our coming into hostile contact. Of this danger and the
+possibility of averting it I shall speak presently, but meanwhile I must
+make a little digression in order to anticipate an objection that may be
+made to the foregoing remarks.
+
+Some conscientious inquirer, while admitting that there is a certain
+resemblance between British and Russian territorial expansion, may
+reasonably point to some important differences in the results. The
+expansion of England, he may say, has resulted in spreading over the
+world the benefits of civilization and freedom; her more important
+colonies have grown into self-governing sister nations, who are showing
+their loyalty and affection for the mother country by rushing to her
+assistance in the present crisis; at the same time her great Indian
+dependency and her Crown Colonies, which do not yet enjoy complete
+self-government, are likewise showing their sympathetic appreciation of
+the blessings conferred on them by the central power.
+
+In comparison with all this, what has Russia to show? Not so much, I
+confess, but she has effected considerable improvements in the annexed
+territories. The great plains to the north of the Black Sea, which were
+formerly the home of nomadic, predatory tribes, have been brought under
+cultivation; the tents of the nomads have been replaced by thriving
+villages, flaming blast furnaces, great foundries, and fine towns, such
+as Odessa, Taganrog and Rostoff; the Crimea, whose inhabitants once
+lived mainly by marauding expeditions and the slave trade, is now a
+peaceful and prosperous province; in the Caucasus, which was long the
+scene of constant tribal warfare and where the well-to-do inhabitants
+were not ashamed to sell their young, beautiful daughters to the Pashas
+of Constantinople, permanent order has been everywhere established and
+many abuses suppressed; in Siberia, which was little better than a
+wilderness, there are now thousands of prosperous farmers, railways and
+river steamboats have been constructed, and the mineral resources are
+being rapidly developed; thanks to the improvement of communications in
+that part of the empire, Peking is now well within a fortnight of
+Petrograd. Even in Central Asia there is evidence of improvement; the
+Russian military administration, with all its defects, is better than
+the native rule which preceded it. Such was, at least, the impression
+which I received in semi-Russianized territories like Bokhara and
+Samarcand. Thus, while we may be justly proud of our achievements in
+imperial consolidation and progress, we may well regard with sympathy
+the efforts of our rival in the same direction.
+
+Apologizing for this little digression, I proceed now to consider very
+briefly the danger of future conflict between the two great empires
+which have come within striking distance of each other.
+
+This danger, as it seems to me, though serious enough, is not so great
+as is commonly supposed. We have many interests in common, as our
+present alliance proves, and there are only two localities in which a
+future conflict is to be apprehended. These are Constantinople and our
+Indian frontier.
+
+Napoleon is reported to have said that the nation which occupies
+Constantinople must dominate the world. The present occupants have
+proved that this dictum is, to say the least, an exaggeration, but there
+is no doubt that if Russia possessed the Bosphorus and Dardanelles, her
+power, for defensive and offensive purposes, would be greatly increased,
+and she might seriously threaten our line of communications with India
+through the Suez Canal. This danger, however, is very remote. So many
+great powers are interested in preventing her from obtaining such a
+commanding position in the Mediterranean, that if she made any
+aggressive movement in that direction she would certainly find herself
+confronted by a very formidable European coalition.
+
+An attack on our Indian frontier is likewise, I venture to think, a very
+improbable contingency. There may possibly be in Russia some political
+dreamers who imagine, in their idle hours, that it would be a grand
+thing to conquer India, with its teeming millions of inhabitants, and
+appropriate the countless wealth which it is falsely supposed to
+possess; but I have never met or heard of any serious Russian politician
+capable of advocating such a hazardous enterprise. Certainly there is no
+immediate danger. When the European struggle in which we are now engaged
+is brought to an end, the nations who are taking part in it will husband
+their resources for many years before launching into any wild
+adventures. Moreover, our position in our great Eastern dependency has
+never previously been so secure as it is now. The Government has long
+been taking precautionary measures against possible troubles on the
+frontier, and in the interior of the country the great mass of the
+inhabitants are prosperous and contented. Hindus and Mahommedans alike
+are learning to appreciate the benefits of British rule, as is shown by
+the fact that in the present crisis the native Princes are generously
+placing all the available resources of their States at the disposal of
+the Central Government.
+
+An additional security against danger in that quarter is afforded by the
+character of the present Czar. His natural disposition is not at all of
+the adventurous type, and he will doubtless profit by past experience.
+He will not soon forget how he inadvertently drifted into the Japanese
+conflict because he let himself be persuaded by ill-informed counselors
+that a war with Japan was altogether out of the question. We can hardly
+suppose that he will listen to such counselors a second time. Moreover,
+he showed on one memorable occasion that he was animated with friendly
+sentiments toward England. The incident has hitherto been kept secret,
+but may now be divulged. During the South African war a hint came to him
+from a foreign potentate that the moment had arrived for clipping
+England's wings and that Russia might play a useful part in the
+operation by making a military demonstration on the Afghan frontier. To
+this suggestion the Czar turned a deaf ear. I am well aware that in
+semi-official conversation the foreign potentate in question has
+represented the incident in a very different light, but recent
+experience has taught us to be chary of accepting literally any
+diplomatic assurances coming from that quarter.
+
+On this subject of possible future conflicts with Russia and of the best
+means of averting them, I have a great deal more to say, but I have now
+reached the limits of the space at my disposal, not to mention the
+patience of my readers, I confine myself, therefore, to a single
+additional remark. The conflicting interests of the two great empires
+are not so irreconcilable as they are often represented, and the chances
+of solving the difficult problem by mutually satisfactory compromises
+may be greatly increased by cultivating friendly relations with the
+power which was formerly our rival and is now happily our ally.
+
+
+
+
+Confiscation of German Patents
+
+[From Russkia Vedomosti, No. 235, Oct. 12 (25), 1914; No. 273, Nov. 27
+(Dec. 10), 1914.]
+
+
+The conference of the representatives of industry at the Ministry of
+Commerce and Industry decided that it is desirable that the Government
+should confiscate the patents granted to Austrian and German subjects
+for inventions which may be of special interest for the State, provided,
+however, that the patent holders should be reimbursed after the end of
+the war.
+
+The conference found it impossible to abolish the trade marks of German
+and Austrian subjects, for this would hurt the Russian consumer, who
+could be then easily cheated by false labels.
+
+Two conflicting opinions prevailed in the conference. The one held that
+the commercial treaties between Russia and Germany (and Austria) have
+left the question of patents out of consideration, while the other
+pointed out that the commercial treaties had granted to German subjects
+equal rights and privileges with Russians as regards patents.
+
+The decision seems to be a compromise between the two.
+
+A delegation of the Moscow Merchants' Association, consisting of Messrs.
+N.N. Shustov, I.G. Volkov, and A.D. Liamin, will soon go to Petrograd to
+petition the Ministers of Finance, Commerce and Industry and of the
+Interior for measures against German "oppression." The delegation
+intends to ask for the revocation of all privileges (franchises) and
+patents granted to Austrian, German, and Turkish subjects and for the
+granting to the Moscow merchants of the right to admit foreigners to the
+Merchants' Association only at its own discretion.
+
+Finally, the delegation intends to discuss with the Ministers the
+special fund created recently at the State Bank for the settlement of
+payments to foreign merchants belonging to the warring nations. With
+this fund Russian merchants are depositing money for their matured
+notes. Thus the payment for foreign goods is now better guaranteed than
+before. The German merchants are taking advantage of this arrangement,
+offering their goods to Russian consumers through their agents and
+branch houses and commercial agents located in neutral countries.
+Therefore the new arrangement helps rather than hurts the German trade
+in Russia.
+
+
+
+
+A Russian Income Tax
+
+Proposed by the Ministry of Finance.
+
+[From Russkia Vedomosti, No. 225, Oct. 1 (14), 1914.]
+
+
+In the long list of new Russian taxes the income tax is the most
+interesting. It is still only a drafted bill. The Government hesitates
+to press it. Perhaps the Duma will take some steps to make this bill a
+law. Its main provisions are as follows:
+
+All annual incomes of 1,000 rubles ($500) and above are to be assessed
+at a progressive rate ranging from 1-1/2 per cent. on 1,000 rubles to
+the maximum of 8 per cent. on incomes of 200,000 rubles ($100,000) and
+above. All persons engaged actively in the present war shall be exempt
+from this tax.
+
+All persons freed from military service within the last four years are
+to pay an additional tax equal to 50 per cent. of their income tax,
+provided the incomes of the parents whose sons have been freed reach
+2,000 rubles ($1,000).
+
+All persons freed from military service having incomes below 1,000
+rubles ($500) are to pay a uniform tax of 6 rubles ($3). A special war
+tax is to be levied in provinces where the whole population or certain
+groups of the population are freed from military service.
+
+Note: For a poor country like Russia the minimum exempt from taxation is
+very high. The large number of able-bodied men in war would cut into
+this tax considerably. It has been figured out that the special 6-ruble
+tax on those freed from the military service would yield about
+13,000,000 rubles ($6,500,000). The total revenue from this tax would
+hardly reach 50,000,000 rubles. Commenting upon this bill, critics have
+proposed to reduce the minimum exempt from taxation from 1,000 rubles
+($500) to 750 rubles ($375) and to cut out the special 6-ruble war tax.
+
+
+
+
+PING PONG.
+
+By BEATRICE BARRY.
+
+
+    Faith, hear our soldier boys a-sighin'
+    'Cause Major General John O'Ryan
+      Won't let 'em dance!
+    The hard-wood floors he's goin' to rip--
+    They may not hesitate or dip;
+    I'm told that he was heard to say
+    They're 'sposed to work and not to play
+      Ping Pong!
+             Ping Pong!
+                    Ping Pong!
+
+    No more about a slender waist
+    Shall arm in uniform be placed.
+      He looks askance
+    At signs of happiness and mirth;
+    Soldiers were put upon the earth
+    To sweat and dig in hard dirt floors,
+    And so prepare 'emselves for war's--
+      Ping Pong!
+             Ping Pong!
+                    Ping Pong!
+
+    I cannot say--I do not know
+    Whether the boys would have it so;
+      But if by chance
+    We should engage in carnage grim,
+    And harm, alas! should come to him--
+    Would they feel sorrow then, or bliss,
+    The while they heard the bullets hiss
+      Ping Pong,
+             Ping Pong,
+                    Ping Pong?
+
+
+
+
+Tools of the Russian Juggernaut
+
+By M.J. Bonn.
+
+     Prof. Bonn is Professor of Political Economy at the University
+     of Munich and German Visiting Professor to the University of
+     California. The following article by him was published on Aug.
+     8, 1914, in the first week of war.
+
+
+As long as hostile censors muzzle truth there is no use in discussing
+the European military situation. Where the ingenuity of American
+newspaper men has failed it would be presumptuous for any one to try.
+But the question, Why are we at war? can be answered fairly well by
+anybody conversant with the facts of the European situation.
+
+We are not at war because the Emperor, as war lord, has sent out word to
+his legions to begin a war of world-wide aggression, carrying into its
+vortex intellectual Germany, notwithstanding all her peaceful
+aspirations.
+
+I may fairly claim to be a representative of that intellectual Germany
+which comes in now for a good deal of sympathy, but I must own that
+intellectual Germany, as far as I know about her, thoroughly approves of
+the Emperor's present policy.
+
+She approves of it not on the principle merely "Right or wrong, my
+country"; she does so because she knows that war has become inevitable,
+and that we must face that ordeal when we are ready for it, not at the
+moment most agreeable to our enemies. If intellectual Germany wants to
+develop the moral and intellectual qualities of the German people she
+can do so only if there is peace--real peace--not endangered by the fear
+of some sudden and treacherous aggression.
+
+We approve of the war because we realize that such a peace was no longer
+possible. Some of our critics are trying to show that we wanted a war,
+as we wanted the colonial empire of France.
+
+We have, indeed, refused the demand made by England as the price for her
+neutrality--that we should not be allowed to take any part of France's
+colonial domains, even in case of complete victory.
+
+We refused this stipulation, not because we were after those colonies,
+but because a so-called neutral power tried to impose conditions upon us
+she would never have dreamed of asking from France.
+
+If we were hankering after conquest we would have made war long ago. We
+would have done so during the Morocco crisis, when Russia had not yet
+recovered from the Japanese war; when Turkey was still a mighty empire,
+ready to take our side, overawing the Balkan States and threatening
+Russia; when Rumania was our ally and when France, trying to swallow up
+the independent States of Morocco, but put herself morally in the wrong.
+
+We refrained from war not because England supported France. The
+developments of the last week have shown that we are ready to face
+England, too, when needs must be. We decided for peace because we were
+convinced that no amount of colonial aggrandizement could compensate us
+for the dangers and horrors of a big European war.
+
+Our diplomatic methods during those days may have been brusque and
+annoying, but our aim was peace. Though we are held up continually as
+the disturber of European peace, driven on by a mad desire for
+territorial aggrandizement, we are the only big European nation which
+has not increased her territory during the last twenty-five years.
+
+Russia tried to steal the Far East and is now going half shares with
+England in Persia. England annexed the Boer republics and is playing
+with Russia for the Persian States.
+
+France has taken Morocco; Italy, Tripoli; Austria-Hungary has formally
+annexed Bosnia.
+
+Even little Servia, who is praised just now as the most just and
+God-fearing nation, has succeeded in wresting a large part of Macedonia,
+inhabited by Bulgarians, from her Bulgarian allies.
+
+The only conquest we went in for was an exchange of a strip of West
+Africa, which we got from France as a kind of hush money, for her
+Morocco policy, England, Italy, and Spain having taken their payment in
+advance.
+
+We have led no war of aggression for new territories, and we are held up
+to moral contempt by all those nations who have taken their shares.
+
+We went to war because we had to keep faith with Austria. We do not and
+we did not approve of every step our ally has taken. But our idea of a
+faithful alliance is not that you can chuck your partner whenever he has
+made a mistake, but that you must stick to him through good and evil.
+
+You may upbraid him privately if you dislike his methods; you may give
+him a fair warning, but as long as your bargain exists you must stick to
+it.
+
+And our alliance with Austria is not a mere piece of political strategy,
+not an unholy alliance like that of republican France with despotic
+Russia or Anglo-Saxon England with Mongol Japan.
+
+Our States have a common history. We are, as far as the Austrian Germans
+are concerned--about a third of the population of Austria--the same
+people. We have, and that is perhaps the most decisive point in the
+alliance, nearly the same position on the surface of the globe.
+
+We are both inland empires situated in the centre of Europe, surrounded
+by many different nations, all of whom may bear some grudge against us.
+
+As long as our joint frontiers are safe we can stand back to back and
+face calmly any unnatural confederation like the present one.
+
+We concluded the alliance with Austria because we wanted to safeguard
+ourselves against foreign attack; it has turned out the alliance has
+involved us in war. We might have avoided the war at present if we had
+broken faith with our ally.
+
+It would not have been difficult for us to find some legal quibbles,
+like those which Italy, following a policy of very sober national
+egotism, is now earnestly exclaiming to all the world.
+
+If we had done so we should have been knaves, but we should have been
+fools as well. For surely nobody can believe that the forces
+antagonistic to Germany would have ceased to act if we had left Austria
+in the lurch.
+
+Neither France nor Russia nor England would have changed their policy.
+They might, moreover, have tried to make Austria join in some future
+conspiracy against us.
+
+There are three main causes to which the war is due:
+
+1. The French have never forgotten their defeat in 1870 and 1871. They
+have always been thirsting for revenge.
+
+2. We are at war because Russia thinks she has a mission on behalf of
+the Slavic world; she feels that mission can only be fulfilled by
+smashing Germany, the bulwark of Western idea.
+
+3. We are at war because England has returned to her old political
+ideals. She means to enforce anew the balance of power and she wants to
+cut down Germany to that normal dead-level which alone, she thinks, is
+consistent with her own security.
+
+As far as our antagonism to France is concerned, we have always looked
+upon it as a regrettable fact which time, perhaps, might do away with.
+We are just enough to understand that a country like France, with a
+glorious past, a gallant spirit and an undaunted courage, cannot forget
+the blow we dealt her forty-three years ago.
+
+We think we have been right in retaking from her Alsace-Lorraine,
+belonging originally to the German Empire. But we look with a kind of
+envy upon her who succeeded in denationalizing the people of those
+provinces to such a degree that we have not yet been able to make them
+Germans once more.
+
+We have always regretted that the two most civilized nations in
+Continental Europe should be rent asunder by an unforgotten past.
+
+We hoped that the creation of a wonderful African empire might in the
+long run soothe French national feeling. We should have been always
+willing to come to an understanding on the existing state of affairs,
+but though there have been lucky statesmen in France who tried such a
+policy, public opinion was too strong for them. French people preferred
+to sacrifice the main ideas on which their republican government is
+based and made an alliance with Russia.
+
+Religious, national, and political oppression in Russia against Pole,
+Jew, and Finn, against workingman and intellectual, is propped up by the
+help of liberal thinking France, whose conservatism threw a Western
+glamour over Russian ill-deeds.
+
+We have regretted more than words can say it that France has annihilated
+herself as a power for the moral improvement of the universe by making
+herself a tool of the Russian Juggernaut.
+
+We read in the papers today that after a small frontier engagement in
+Alsace-Lorraine the signs of mourning were taken off from the statues
+representing Alsatian towns on Parisian squares.
+
+We know in our innermost hearts that they will have to be attached for a
+long time to come to those three emblems of human progress for which
+France is supposed to stand, liberty, fraternity, equality, if our arms
+are not successful.
+
+We realize that the gallant spirit of the French people has furnished
+the mainspring which has made this war possible.
+
+We honor her for her courage. For we know well enough that it is she
+alone among the partners who runs real risks. We know that she is not
+moved by sordid motives. But as we know her unforgiving attitude, as we
+knew that she was helping Russia and egging her on against us; that she
+was instigating Britain and Belgium as well as Serb and Rumanian, we had
+to take her attitude as what it was; as the firm policy of a patriotic
+and passionate people, waiting for the moment when they could wipe out
+the memory of 1870, putting nationality to the front, sacrificing their
+own ideals of humanity.
+
+Would France have given up this attitude if we had not stood by our
+Austrian ally? Would she have broken her word to her Russian friend if
+we had been a little more conciliatory?
+
+I think we would commit a libel on French honor and on French patriotism
+if we assumed that any step on our part could have prevented her from
+trying to redress the state of affairs produced by the events of 1871.
+
+[Illustration: decoration]
+
+
+
+
+Fate of the Jews in Poland
+
+By Georg Brandes.
+
+[From The Day, Nov. 29, 1914.]
+
+     Georg Brandes, Denmark's critic and man of letters, has lived
+     in many European countries and spent the year 1886-87 in
+     Russian Poland. His books on "Impressions of Poland" and
+     "Impressions of Russia" show his interest in the political and
+     social conditions of the Russian Empire.
+
+
+The war raging in and out of Europe does not give the experienced much
+reason to hope. The immense mischief daily caused by it is certain
+enough. The benefits which are believed to be the result of it and of
+which the various nations dream differently are so uncertain that they
+cannot possibly be reckoned upon. Before those whose sympathy was with
+the deep national misfortune of the Polish people, there rose the image
+of the reunion and emancipation of this tripartited people under
+extensive autonomy, and most probably under the protection and supremacy
+of a great power.
+
+For the present we are far away from that goal. Poles are compelled by
+necessity to fight in the Prussian, Austrian and Russian armies, against
+each other. Not the smallest attempt at emancipation has been made
+either in Prussian Posen or in the Russian "Kingdom" or in Austrian
+Galicia. We might even say that the dismemberment at present is going
+deeper than ever, as it is now cleaving the minds as well.
+
+The only indication of a future union is the manifesto of the Grand Duke
+Nikolai, the Russian Field Marshal, to the Poles, issued in the middle
+of August. It began: "Poles, the hour has struck in which the holy dream
+of your fathers and grandfathers may be fulfilled. Let the borders
+cutting asunder the Polish people be effaced; let them unite under the
+sceptre of the Czar. Under this sceptre Poland will regenerate, free in
+religion, language, and autonomy."
+
+And it ended in the following way: "The dawn of a new life is beginning
+for you. In this dawn let the sign of the cross, the symbol of the
+sufferings and the resurrection of the people, shine."
+
+How clearly this manifesto, with its surprising love of liberty, its
+pious reference to the cross, bore the stamp of having been enforced by
+circumstances, and how accustomed one had become to disregard promises
+from the Russian Government of full constitutional liberty and the like,
+as those given before had not meant very much either in Finland or in
+Russia itself. Still the manifesto, as a sign of the time, was well apt
+to make an impression on the great masses who had always heard the
+authorities stamp as criminal plots, as high treason, what was now
+suddenly called from the supreme place "the holy dream of the
+forefathers."
+
+The purpose of the proclamation was probably, above all, to prevent a
+revolt in Russian Poland the moment hostile troops invaded it. On the
+Austrian Poles the manifesto seems to have failed to produce its effect.
+As these Poles enjoy full autonomy in Galicia, and for a century have
+witnessed the severity and cruelty with which their kinsmen in Russian
+Poland have been oppressed, they received the proclamation with loud
+vows of faithfulness to the house of Hapsburg; nay, all the _sokol_
+societies which in time of peace (keeping a decision in view) had
+trained their members in games and the use of arms, placed themselves as
+Polish legions at the disposal of the Government against the Russians.
+But that was not all. The Ruthenian inhabitants of Galicia, one-half the
+population of the country, founded _a League for the Release of Ukraine_
+and flooded Europe from the 25th of August with notifications and
+descriptions hostile to Russia. The founders did not withhold their
+names. They are D. Donzow, W. Doroschenko, M. Melenewsky, A.
+Skoropyss-Joltuchowsky, N. Zalizniak and A. Zuk.
+
+And it has very soon proved that, in spite of the proclamation of the
+independence of Poland, the Czar, at any rate, includes East Galicia in
+Poland as little as the inhabitants are regarded or treated as Poles or
+Ruthenians. The Russians were hardly in Lemberg, before this town and
+the whole of East Galicia were called in the orders of the day old
+Russian land and the inhabitants described as Russians, whom their
+brothers had now come to set free.
+
+What impression the imperial manifesto made in Posen can scarcely be
+proved, as each hostile remark against Prussia would have been punished
+as high treason.
+
+The German Emperor has, however, no less than the Russian Czar, been
+courting the favor of the Poles and trying to win them through promises.
+One month after the issue of the Czar's manifesto, a proclamation from
+von Morgen, the German Lieutenant General, was displayed in the
+Governments of Lomza and Warsaw. In this the following sentences are to
+be found: "Arise and drive away with me those Russian barbarians who
+made you slaves; drive them out of your beautiful country, which shall
+now regain her political and religious liberty. That is the will of my
+mighty and gracious King." Knowing the passion with which the Poles have
+hitherto been driven away from their soil and persecuted because of
+their language, we learn from this proclamation that the German
+Government has felt the necessity of outbidding the Czar.
+
+As far as may be seen, the Czar's manifesto made very little impression
+on the intellectual in Russian Poland, who, of course, received it with
+much suspicion. The masses in Russian, as in Austrian, Poland have for
+some time stood passionately against each other, hurling accusations of
+treason to the holy cause of their native country, until a new party has
+now been formed which is politically most unripe, but for that very
+reason has an enormous extension. Its password is this: "We do not want
+to hear of Russia or of Austria; we only want one thing: the Polish
+State without guardianship from any side." In other words, we want the
+quite impossible. Political oppression for almost one and one-half
+centuries brings its own punishment to a people. In such a people
+political skill too easily becomes local patriotism, or it remains in
+the state of innocence.
+
+Of what use is it to begin singing: _Polonia farŕ de sč_? That Poland
+cannot become free by itself is evident to anybody who has any political
+idea.
+
+Still I am inclined to say, never mind the forms which the Polish
+independence and thirst of liberty are taking: they seem to pass like a
+purifying storm through all Polish minds. Many times before this has a
+glorious future risen before the Poles--1812, when Napoleon began the
+second Polish campaign; 1830, when the Poles were buoyed up by the
+sympathy of Europe; 1848 and 1863. But hardly has a change of
+established conditions appeared so possible and painful barriers so near
+the point of falling, as in this great and dreadful crisis.
+
+He who for a generation has been busy with Polish and Russian affairs
+can therefore, without much difficulty, imagine how many young Polish
+hearts are now beating and burning with hope, expectation and the most
+noble aspirations.
+
+Nevertheless, the state of affairs in Russian Poland is at present more
+desperate than it has ever been before, during war and revolt; and this
+is not due to the pressure of the conditions or the horror of the
+situation, but is due to the Poles themselves, to the overstimulation
+of the national feeling which sends forth its breath of madness all over
+Europe and now whirls round in Polish brains to drive out magnanimity
+and humanity, not to speak of reason, which, on the whole, has no
+jubilee in Europe in the year 1914.
+
+I dare truthfully say that for no other people have I felt the
+enthusiasm that I have felt for the Poles. I have revealed this feeling
+at a time when they were not the order of the day, and only very few
+shared my sentiments. I pronounced this feeling long ago, but it had
+slight effect in drawing the attention of the Poles to my writings about
+them or in winning their thanks. The Poles did not discover my book
+about them till ten years after it had appeared, and when it had been by
+chance translated into German. To write in Danish is as a rule to write
+in water.
+
+It would be very ungrateful of me, on this occasion, when I am obliged
+to use sharp words to the Poles, not to remember the indescribable
+affection and kindness they have shown me in Russian Poland as well as
+in Austrian Poland. Among them I have found quite incomparable friends.
+
+For a long time I have therefore refused to say an unkind, not to
+mention an offensive word. As far back as in 1898 I refused so
+absolutely to make myself the advocate of the Ruthenians against them
+that the Ruthenian leaders became my bitter enemies, who never tired of
+attacking me, and I was mute as a fish when Björnstjerne Björnson, not
+long before his death, upon application of the Ruthenians, attacked the
+Poles, fortunately for them with such unreasonable exaggerations that
+the attacks did no harm. (Björnson maintained that the Pole as such was
+the devil himself as the Middle Ages had imagined him.) I knew better
+than Björnson what might be said against electioneering and pressure on
+electors in Galicia, but I remained silent because I considered it
+unworthy to attack a people which was in such a difficult position and
+which was able to defend many minor injustices committed by it as
+self-defense. I considered it especially impossible for me to attack the
+Poles to whom I was bound by honor and toward whom I bore the warmest,
+most sincere sympathy.
+
+It is therefore with no light heart that I write these lines.
+
+Denial of the rights of man to Jewish subjects belongs to the nature of
+Russia. Now and then Europe has been startled when an uncommon massacre
+of innocent Jews has taken place, as in Kishineff, but all have known
+and know that Russia stows her Jewish population together in the Polish
+outskirts of the realm, stows them together so tightly that they can
+neither live nor die, denies them the liberty of moving, the liberty of
+studying, even the right of school--and university--education beyond a
+certain (too small) percentage. Only such Jews who hold a university
+degree are allowed to live in the capitals of the Empire. No young
+Jewish woman is allowed to take up her abode near the universities in
+Petrograd or Moscow, unless she has been enrolled as a prostitute, and
+it has happened that the police have made their appearance and accused
+her of forgery, complaining that she did not carry on her profession,
+but was reading scientific books instead. If a man is, for instance, a
+doctor of medicine, he may take up his abode in Moscow; in case he is
+married his wife may live there with him. But if the couple has a
+two-year-old child, the mother is not allowed to take it with her into
+the railway carriage and let it live with her in the capital. For the
+child has no right to live there. If this right is wanted a detailed
+petition must be sent in to the Governor General, in whose power it is
+to grant or refuse it.
+
+In a few of the cases where plunder and murder of a Jewish population in
+Russia have taken place, the outrages have partly been excused, or at
+any rate explained, through the almost incomprehensible ignorance of the
+peasants. Russia's most famous political economist, who at the same time
+is a great estate owner, has told me himself that when the elections to
+the First Duma took place he was informed that each of the peasants on
+his estate had voted for himself. He asked them, surprised, what they
+meant, and explained to them that in this way none of them could be
+elected; but they answered with the question, "Does not each Deputy get
+so many rubles a day? Yes. And do you think that we should let so much
+money go to another if we, perhaps, might get it ourselves?"
+
+The same prominent estate owner told me that one day he asked some of
+his peasants if they really had partaken in a Pogrom which had taken
+place in the neighboring parish--he could not believe it, as they looked
+so good-natured. To his astonishment they answered yes, and when he
+asked them about the reason they replied: "You know it very well." They
+then explained that they had killed these Jews because the Jews had
+killed their Saviour. He: "But that was so long ago and it was not they
+who did it and it did not happen in this country." To which they, again
+astonished, exclaimed: "Was it long ago? We thought it was last week."
+It appeared that they had understood from the priest's explanation that
+the crucifixion had taken place then and there.
+
+Under such conditions one is not surprised by any outrage. But to see
+the hatred of the Jews spread in Russian Poland, where people understand
+how to read and write, that must surely fill one with wonder. The great
+number of Jews in the old Polish Kingdom originated in the days of
+Casimir the Great (1309-1370), who out of love for his concubine,
+Esther, opened his country to the Jews and made conditions favorable for
+them. Since then the number has increased, as the Czars locked up all
+their Jewish subjects there. So they have been living separated and with
+a special dress like the Jews of Denmark at the time of Holberg. They
+have, however, felt and suffered as Polish patriots. As early as 1794 a
+regiment of Jewish volunteers fought under Kosciusko; their Colonel fell
+in 1809. In 1830 the shallow Polish national Government refused the
+Jews' petition to be allowed to enter the army. As they then ventured to
+apply for admission to the Polish public schools Nicholas I. punished
+them, allowing 36,000 families to be carried away to the steppes of
+South Russia, where the regulation for the enlistment of children
+overtook them. All their small boys from the age of 6 years were sent to
+Archangel in Cossack custody to be trained as sailors. They died in
+multitudes on the way.
+
+The evils which befell all the inhabitants of Poland regardless of their
+creed for some time suppressed the hatred of the Jews which is always
+lurking in the masses. The great men of Poland checked its development.
+Adam Mickiewicz, Poland's greatest author, went so far that in his chief
+work, Poland's national epic, "Pan Tadeusz" (1834) he makes a Jewish
+innkeeper one of the most sympathetic leading characters. He is
+introduced in the fourth canto as a genius in music, the great master of
+the national instrument, the cymbal; and Mickiewicz makes the
+culmination of his poem the moment when Jankiel before Dombrowski
+himself plays the Dombrowski marche, symbolical of the whole history of
+Poland from 1791-1812, the year in which the poem takes place, the
+Napoleon year.
+
+In the year 1860 the equalization of the Jews with the Catholics was a
+reality in Warsaw, and when, in February, 1861, at two large public
+places in Warsaw, the Russians had shot on the kneeling masses singing
+the national anthem, ("Zdymem pozarow,") the Jews felt impelled to show
+their national feeling through an unmistakable manifestation.
+
+In masses they accompanied their rabbis into the Catholic churches just
+as the Christians in crowds entered the synagogues to sing the same
+hymn.
+
+This last feature, the processions of the two creeds into each other's
+churches singing the same song, made such an impression on Henrik Ibsen,
+the great Scandinavian poet, that again and again he returned in his
+conversations to this as one of the greatest and most beautiful
+experiences he had ever had.
+
+And now under the whirlstorm of madness which nationalism has driven
+across Europe, all this is lost; nay, from a religious reconciliation it
+has been turned into flaming hatred between the races.
+
+
+II.
+
+In 1912 the election of a Deputy to the Duma was to take place in
+Warsaw. The population of the town consists of between seven and eight
+hundred thousand. As among them there are 300,000 Jews, the majority of
+the electors, it was in the power of that majority to elect a Jewish
+Deputy. Because of their Polish national feeling, however, they gave up
+this right, as they wanted Warsaw, as the capital of the Kingdom of
+Poland, to be represented by a man who not only in spirit, but also by
+race, was a Pole. Of the Polish committee they only demanded that the
+party concerned be no enemy to the Jews. It proved, however, that the
+committee in its arrogance would not deal with them at all and proposed
+Kucharschewski, a pronounced anti-Semitic candidate and a man who
+publicly declared that he desired the election to the Duma only to work
+for the extermination of the Jews of Poland. By the way, it is strange
+to notice how the word "exterminate," which thirty years ago in the days
+of Bismarck and Eduard von Hartmann as _Ausrotten_ was subject to the
+curse and condemnation of the Poles, has now come to honor, and how
+easily it passes their lips.
+
+As the Jews, of course, could not vote on such a man, they urgently
+asked the committee to propose another candidate not inimical to them.
+This reasonable request was refused with coarseness and Kucharschewski's
+candidacy maintained. Because of that the Jews were obliged to look
+about for another candidate of Polish family who was fit for the
+position and was not hostile to them. In spite of numerous applications,
+they did not succeed in finding such a man; at the last moment, when all
+attempts had failed, Jagello, the Social Democrat, declared himself
+willing to accept the candidacy of the Jews.
+
+The only thing in his favor was the fact that he was of pure Polish
+blood. As their leading men all belong to the higher middle class, they
+did not share his views. But the state of affairs forced them to support
+him. Lord Beaconsfield used to maintain that the natural disposition of
+the Jewish race was conservative, but foolish politics, instead of
+encouraging the conservative instincts of the race, forced it to cast
+its lot with the most extreme elements of the opposition. It has proved
+true here.
+
+Jagello was elected.
+
+The leading men in Russian Poland, who, as a matter of fact, through the
+whole new century, had fought against the Jews, although secretly, for
+fear they should forfeit the sympathy of the intellectual aristocracy of
+Europe, used this electoral victory of the Jews, which had been forced
+upon them, to throw off the mask and openly act as their passionate
+enemies. The so-called co-operative movement developed during the last
+twelve years, and in itself nothing but a fight against the Jewish
+commerce, under a different name, now changed into a systematic and
+cruelly effected boycotting of the Jewish population. In private as in
+public life, the openly pronounced password was: not to buy from Jews,
+not to associate with Jews.
+
+At the head of this movement marched the intelligence of Poland, among
+others some of its most famous authors, avowed free thinkers as
+Nemojewski, nay, as Alexander Swientochowski. Literary life presents
+many changes, metamorphoses, which in thoroughness are not very much
+inferior to those of Ovid. A good deal is necessary to make one who for
+one-half century has witnessed the want of character among writers feel
+even the slightest surprise. But I should willingly have sworn that I
+should never have lived to see Alexander Swientochowski a nationalist,
+he the most uncompromising adversary of nationalism, who endured a good
+deal for his conviction, to see the poet of "Chawa Rubin" an
+anti-Semitic chief. Not only does all that Alexander Swientochowski
+wrote rise against him, but also the words, the powerful words, which
+issued from his mouth in his palmy days.
+
+The whole Polish press placed itself at the disposal of this movement.
+Young Polish louts were posted outside the Jewish shops and ill-treated
+the Christian women and children who wanted to buy there. By means of
+the well-known Dumowski a new paper, Dwa Groszi, was started, which
+simply urged pogroms. It soon came to bloody struggles. Polish
+undergraduates killed an old Jew in the Sliska Street in Warsaw. In the
+little town of Welun peasants poured naphtha on the house of a Jew and
+put fire to it, burning a large family. Similar acts occurred in several
+other places, until the Russian Government stopped this pogrom movement
+in order to prevent the Polish nationalism from getting stronger.
+
+The Polish priests in the villages incited the people from the pulpit to
+boycotting of and war against the Jews. After the sentence in the Beilis
+action the Polish newspapers were almost alone in publishing on
+circulars the information that Beilis had been acquitted, but that the
+existence of religious murder had been satisfactorily proved. Nay, the
+free thinker, Nemojewski, wrote a book, in which he maintained the
+monstrous lie that Jewish religious murders are facts, and traveled all
+over the country with an agitatorial lecture to the same purpose.
+
+Under these circumstances, the Jews in Russian Poland turned to the few
+men whose names were so esteemed or whose characters were so
+unimpeachable that their words could not be unheeded.
+
+Ladislas Mickiewicz, the excellent son of the great Mickiewicz, who had
+passed his whole life in Paris, first as a publisher and translator of
+the works of his father, and then as a Polish patriotic author,
+convened, together with some other prominent men, a great meeting at
+Warsaw to restore the inner peace. In vain he begged and besought his
+countrymen, who had enemies enough otherwise, not to act as enemies of
+the Jews, who had always been their friends. No Polish newspaper gave
+any report of his speech.
+
+All this took place before the war. The provisional result was the
+economic destruction of the Russian-Polish Jews. But now during the war
+the glow of the bloody hatred of the Jews has blazed out in far stronger
+flames and the Russian Government has as yet done nothing to subdue or
+quench the fire.
+
+During the mobilization several Polish newspapers, for instance, The
+Glos Lubelski, brought the alarming news in heavy type: "In England
+great pogroms against the Jews. The English Government does not check
+them." The paper was conscious of the lie. But the question was to set
+an example to follow.
+
+When the lack of gold and silver began to be felt the Polish newspapers
+accused the Jews of hiding the valuable metals. On closer examination,
+it was found that many non-Jewish business people (for instance,
+Ignaschewski in Lublin, a very rich Pole) were withholding whole bags
+full of gold and silver coins, for which they were punished rather
+severely; but this was not proved against a single Jew.
+
+Furthermore, the Jews were, among other things, accused of having
+smuggled in a coffin 1,500,000 rubles in gold into Germany; and the
+protest against the accusation entered by the representatives and
+ministers of the Jewish congregation at Warsaw was printed in Russian
+papers, but not in a single Polish one.
+
+All these things were preparations for pogroms; but many others were
+made. The anti-Semites printed a proclamation in Yiddish in which the
+Jews were called upon to revolt against Russia; they took care that this
+proclamation was put into the pockets of the unsuspecting Jews in the
+streets of the different towns; those who had distributed the papers
+denounced the party concerned to the police. Everybody upon whom the
+proclamation was found was shot.
+
+At last the Jews were, as in the Middle Ages, both in word and writing
+accused of having poisoned the wells. If some Cossacks or other Russian
+soldiers died, the Poles accused the Jews of having caused their death.
+
+The chief accusation was, however, the accusation of espionage, which
+obtained general credence and was used both when Austrian troops came to
+some town or village and when Russian troops expelled the Austrians. The
+result was the same. A suitable number of Jews were conscientiously shot
+by the Russians as well as by the Austrians. There are, however, lists
+of those who really have been unmasked as spies. A Potocki was among
+them, and had to pay for it with his life; but no Jewish name is found
+on these lists.
+
+The accusation is, however, always believed, as the Jew has, for about
+two thousand years, been characterized as Judas.
+
+The legend about Judas may without exaggeration be described as one of
+the most foolish legends of antiquity; that it has been believed is one
+proof among thousands of the indescribable simplicity of mankind. Few
+legends carry like it the stamp of lie on their faces and few legends
+have millennium after millennium caused so many evils and horrors. It
+has tortured and murdered by hundred thousands.
+
+According to the supposition the story is impossible. The supposition is
+that a man in possession of superhuman attributes, a god or a demi-god,
+day after day goes about and speaks in the open air in a town and its
+neighborhood. So little does he make a secret of his doings that a short
+time before he had made his entry at broad daylight, welcomed with
+exultation by the whole population. He is known by each and all, by each
+woman and each child. So little does he want to hide that he walks about
+accompanied by his disciples, preaching day and night, sleeping among
+them. And to think it should be necessary to buy one of his disciples to
+denounce him and deliver him, to betray him, and that--for the sake of
+the effect--with a kiss! Indeed if he had hidden in some cellar, then
+there would be some meaning in it; but as things are, those who seek
+him need only ask: which of you is Jesus? He would not have tried to
+deny his name.
+
+Judas is then not only quite superfluous, but an absurdity, the origin
+of which is to be found in the desire to place the black traitor
+opposite the white hero of light and in the hatred of Jews arising among
+the first Gentile Christians, who later made the world forget that not
+only this straw-doll, Judas, but also Jesus and all the Apostles, all
+the Disciples and all the evangelists were Jews.
+
+Nevertheless, in the conception of the rude masses this Judas--as he was
+called--has become the Jew, the typical Jew, the traitor, and the spy.
+
+Still as late as in the last decennium of the last century, Capt. Alfred
+Dreyfus fell a victim to this old foolish legend.
+
+And now it is again rehashed against the Jews in Russian Poland.
+
+The pogroms have, by virtue of these Judas accusations and the many
+other dreadful accusations, spread all over Russian Poland and there
+they are spreading more and more, while Galicia as well as Posen has
+proved susceptible to the incitations which have not failed. Many
+hundreds of innocent people have fallen victims to them.
+
+Here are a few instances from many:
+
+In the town of Bechava, conquered by the Austrians, the Polish leaders,
+among whom was a very well-known estate owner, applied to the Austrian
+commandant, accusing the Jews of secret connection with the Russian
+Army. In consequence of this the Austrians killed a 67-year-old man
+called Wallstein, and his 17-year-old son. When, after a short time, the
+Austrians were driven away, the same estate owner accused the Jews of
+the town to the Russian commandant of being in communication with the
+Austrians, having delivered to them all provisions for the purpose of
+depriving the Russians of them. In consequence of his accusation, many
+Jews were shot and their houses burned down.
+
+In the towns of Janow and Krasnik the Jews were accused of having put
+out mines to destroy the Russians. The Jews, and among them many
+children, were hanged on the telegraph poles, and the two towns
+destroyed.
+
+The town of Samosch was conquered by the Austrian Sokol troops, those
+beautiful slender people whom you do not forget when once you have seen
+them train in the capital of Galicia. When they were driven away from
+the Russian Army the Poles accused the Jews of the town of having been
+the accomplices of the Austrians. Twelve Jews were arrested. When they
+denied the charge they were sentenced to death. Five of them had been
+already hanged, when in the middle of the execution a Russian priest,
+carrying an image of the Virgin in his hand, appeared and with his hand
+on this image took the oath that the Jews were innocent and that the
+accusation was all an outcome of Polish hatred of the Jews. He proved
+that the Poles of the town themselves had supported the Austrians and
+that even a telephone connection with Lemberg could be found. The seven
+Jews were then set free; five had already been hanged.
+
+In the town of Jusefow, the Jews were accused of having poisoned the
+wells through which hundreds of Cossacks had lost their lives.
+Seventy-eight Jews were killed, many women were ravished, and houses and
+shops plundered.
+
+Similar events happened and still happen daily by hundreds. Greater or
+smaller pogroms with murder, rape, and plunder have thus taken place in
+the districts of Warsaw, Random, Petrikow, and Kelts.
+
+Only a few Russian Governors, such as Korff, in Warsaw; Kelepowski, in
+Lublin, and the Governors of Wilna, Petrikow, and Grodno have spoken,
+although too late, against the pogroms, but neither the Government nor
+the Poles take these warnings seriously.
+
+Eyewitnesses have told me about Jewish soldiers in the different
+lazarets who have turned mad, not through the unavoidable horrors of the
+war, but because of the pogroms they have witnessed in the towns they
+have passed. They mistake those they have seen murdered for their own
+relations; they imagine they see their own mothers, sisters, or beloved
+ones in that plight. They are always raving about the same thing.
+
+The pursuit of the Jews by the Russian-Polish anti-Semites is the more
+invidious under these circumstances, as 300,000 Jewish soldiers, among
+them many volunteers, are serving in the Russian Army, and as the
+self-sacrifice of the army and the Red Cross hitherto has been
+immeasurable. In the great congregations are special hospitals for
+Russian soldiers--regardless of their creed--founded by Jews and with
+Jewish money. Not a few Jewish soldiers have already won the highest
+military distinctions, nay, a few of them have even received them from
+Mr. Rennenkampf, the Commander in Chief himself, who used to be a
+zealous anti-Semite, as the Russian Court on the whole is passionately
+anti-Semitic. The manifesto from the Czar _To my dear Jewish subjects_,
+which has been printed in the French newspapers, has never been anything
+but a fabrication.
+
+While the usual accusation against the Jews in Russian Poland was that
+of sympathizing with the Russians--for which they have no special
+reason--Mr. A. Warinski, who in Russia is classed among the black ones,
+also called the true Russians--in "Politiken" has made the charge
+against them that the German attempts of gaining the Poles "have only
+had the effect desired on the Russian and Polish Jews, as these
+elements, because of psychological relation with the Prussians, feel
+disposed to place themselves at the side of Germany." This accusation
+and the arguments for it might express the culmination. The Jew shall
+and must be Judas. If it cannot be accomplished in one way the opposite
+way is tried. Mr. Warinski does not say one word about how many Jews
+have gone into the war as volunteers out of pure enthusiasm for Poland.
+They have not been able to believe, as I for my part cannot believe,
+that the last outcrop of nationalism in Russian Poland is more than a
+temporary epidemic.
+
+How could Russian Poles in the long run be unfaithful to the only powers
+they have been able to appeal to, the only powers which took an
+interest in them? How can they who are fighting for their liberty after
+so many years' ill-treatment be willing to seize an opportunity to
+ill-treat the only people who (to its misfortune) is in their power, the
+only people who have suffered far more and twenty times as long as they
+themselves; and the only ones who are too strong to be destroyed through
+any ill-treatment? How can the Poles, who were at times ruined as a
+State through the treachery of their own men, want to fling out the
+accusation of treason against a tribe which has never betrayed itself
+and which even in the deepest abasement never betrayed the only Slavic
+tribe who in the Middle Ages gave a refuge to its children?
+
+I suppose that the Poles will maintain against this appeal to them that
+I, whom the Ruthenians could never bring to make any attack on them, am
+now, because of my descent, speaking in favor of a matter, which is very
+unpleasant to them. My personal descent has so little influenced my
+proceedings and way of thinking that during the whole of my public life
+I have been subject to continual attacks in national Jewish periodicals
+and newspapers as the man who denied community of descent and supposed
+community of faith.
+
+This Spring during my stay in America I was continually attacked in the
+American Jewish papers as the callous denier of the Jews. It was
+nonsense, as is most of that which appears in print, but it proves at
+least that it is not on behalf of my blood but on behalf of my mind that
+I speak on this occasion. My sympathy is not with the Jews as Jews, but
+as the suppressed and ill-treated.
+
+I am the man who a generation ago wrote: "We love Poland, not in the
+same way that we love Germany or France or England, but as we love
+liberty. For what is to love Poland but to love liberty, to feel a deep
+sympathy with misfortune and to admire courage and combative enthusiasm?
+Poland is the symbol of all that which the supreme among mankind have
+loved and for which they have fought."
+
+These were my words and hitherto I have adhered to them.
+
+Shall I have to feel ashamed of having written them, now that Poland's
+future is being decided?
+
+GEORG BRANDES.
+
+[Illustration: decoration]
+
+
+
+
+Commercial Treaties After the War
+
+By P. Maslov.
+
+[From Russkia Vedomosti, No. 207, Sept. 10, (23,) 1914.]
+
+
+For reasons beyond my control,[2] I am unable as a member of the Free
+Economic Association[3] to participate in the discussion of the methods
+of raising money by taxation for the war expenditures. The political
+group to which I belong may not give full expression to its views. What
+follows is my personal opinion shared by several men.
+
+[Footnote 2: Mr. Maslov, who is a well-known Russian economist, was
+arrested shortly after the beginning of the war on suspicion of not
+being loyal enough.--Translator.]
+
+[Footnote 3: The Russian Free Economic Association is one of the oldest
+scientific bodies of Russia. It considers at its meetings proposed
+taxation and various questions of economic policy. It is but natural
+that the proposed new taxes should have provoked ardent discussion in
+this association. How the war taxes should be levied (direct versus
+indirect taxation) and who shall be the taxpayers, were among the chief
+topics discussed at its recent meetings.--Translator.]
+
+The attack by Germany is not only a menace to the democracy of France
+and Belgium, it not only threatens a political dictatorship by the
+Prussian nobility over Europe, but is a danger of far greater magnitude
+than these. For the first time Europe is in peril of having her
+commercial treaties determined by the sword. Up to this time even the
+smaller countries have been saved from such a violent course, and
+European capital has been obliged to restrict itself to the oppression
+of Asiatic countries. Now for the first time--in case of a German
+victory--Europe stands in danger of having her commercial arrangements
+forced upon her by an iron hand, and is threatened with being turned
+into a German colony. For in the case of a German victory no power in
+Europe will be able to withstand Germany. And Germany will deal without
+ceremony even with Austria.
+
+On the other hand, in case of German defeat, the foremost capitalistic
+country, Great Britain, may not menace Europe for two reasons: First,
+Great Britain holds to the policy of free trade; second--and this is the
+main point--she cannot support with armed force her policy as against
+her allies.
+
+In the meantime the danger indicated above threatens economically
+backward Russia; her agricultural population may be ruined, her
+industries may be destroyed. An unprecedented situation has arisen for
+Russia. All the social classes of the empire are deeply interested in
+the repulse of the armies of the Kaiser. The working class is just as
+much interested in the existence of Russian industries as are the
+employers. The peasants are in no lesser degree interested in the
+development of agriculture; the killing of industries and agriculture
+like that committed by England in Ireland centuries ago is a gloomy
+prospect for all classes of society. If France and Belgium are
+threatened with a political oppression then Russia is threatened with an
+even more terrible economic subjugation. Such is the situation.
+
+The poorest classes of the people are taking part in this fight with
+what they have, with their blood. It is but natural that they should
+expect that the material burdens of the war will fall not upon their
+shoulders, but upon big business.
+
+It seems to me that in discussing the sinews of war the Free Economic
+Association has not considered fully the psychology of the masses. And
+yet this psychology has a decisive influence upon the war, and is bound
+to be unfavorable to the war, if the masses of the people feel that the
+financial burdens of the war are to be placed upon the weakest
+shoulders.
+
+Considering that at the present moment our supreme duty is to repel the
+German invasion at all costs, I think that this duty will be better
+performed by putting the economic burden of the war upon the shoulders
+of the well-to-do classes, for we have to reckon not only with the
+taxpaying capacity of the mass of the people, but also with their
+psychology.
+
+I regard it as a great mistake that the important problem of the most
+economical methods of spending money raised by taxation has not been
+considered.
+
+P. MASLOV.
+
+
+
+
+THE WOMAN'S PART.
+
+By MAZIE V. CARUTHERS.
+
+
+    Beside my ruined cottage, desolate,
+      The children cowering 'round me, mute from fright,
+    With tearless eyes and brooding heart, I wait,
+      Watching through all the long, the weary night.
+    God of the homeless, look from Heaven and see!
+    Out of the deeps, a woman calls on Thee!
+
+    My little ones, they cry all day for bread,
+      And, 'neath the shelter of my meagre breast,
+    Stirs one unborn, who must e'er long be fed--
+      Another babe to hunger with the rest.
+    Madonna Mary, hear a mother's moan!
+    Pity the travail I must bear alone!
+
+    The tasseled corn would plenteous harvest yield,
+      But all the crops are rotting in the sun.
+    Where are the reapers? On some battlefield
+      They fight for nought and die there, one by one!
+    God's comfort be upon them where they lie,
+    Sheep to war's shambles driven--who knows why?
+    Death and destruction walk by day, by night,
+      Men's blood is spilt and sacrificed in vain,
+    While women wait for tidings of the fight
+      Who may not even sepulchre their slain!
+    They say "God's in His Heaven"--but, instead,
+    'Twould seem He is asleep--or, maybe, dead!
+
+
+
+
+A PHOTOGRAPHIC REVIEW OF THE WAR
+
+_CONSISTING OF A CAREFULLY SELECTED SERIES OF THE BEST PICTURES OF THE
+WAR PRINTED IN ROTOGRAVURE_
+
+[Illustration: decoration]
+
+[Illustration: Shell Opens the Wall Surrounding the Convent of the
+Little Sisters of the Poor at Nieuport, Belgium, Exposing But Not
+Damaging the Shrine
+
+© (_Photo, International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Middle-Aged and Elderly Men in Response to the Last Call
+Leaving Berlin for the Front.
+
+(_Photo_ © _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Louvain Peasant in Flight, Conveying His Sleeping Child
+and His Possessions on a Wheelbarrow.
+
+(_Photo_ © _Underwood & Underwood._)]
+
+[Illustration: "Bridge of the Arches" Over the Meuse at Liége, Blown Up
+by the Belgians to Hamper the Enemy.
+
+(_Photo by Boon, Holland._)]
+
+[Illustration: French Artillery Advancing Through Chauconier, Near
+Meaux, on the Marne. One of the Houses on the Right Is Still Burning as
+a Result of the Bombardment.
+
+(_Photo by Paul Thompson._)]
+
+[Illustration: Ruins of the Cathedral at Louvain (to the left) After the
+German Destruction of the City. In the Background is the Hotel de Ville,
+Which Was but Slightly Damaged.
+
+(_Photo_ © _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Belgian Soldier Turning Sadly from a Mere Lad Who Had
+Been Shot in the Fierce Engagement at Huy, and Whose Suffering He Is
+Unable to Relieve.
+
+(_Photo_ © _Underwood & Underwood._)]
+
+[Illustration: Interior of the Famous Library at Louvain.
+
+(_Photo by N.J. Boon, Holland._)]
+
+[Illustration: Cupola of a Maubeuge Fort Shattered by the German
+42-Centimeter Siege Gun.
+
+(_Photo by Paul Thompson._)]
+
+[Illustration: Trenches Dug in Paris in Preparation for Street Fighting.
+
+(_Photo--Sports & General._)]
+
+[Illustration: Battery of Searchlights from the Place de la Concorde
+Sweeping the Sky Over Paris by Night for German Airships.
+
+(_Photo_ © _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: German Soldiers Examining One of the Belgian Army's
+Concealed Forts Near Brussels.
+
+(_Photo by Paul Thompson._)]
+
+[Illustration: Sunken Belgian Battery Replying to German Siege Guns Near
+Antwerp.
+
+(_Photo--Sports & General._)]
+
+[Illustration: Belgian Armored Train in Action During the Attack on
+Antwerp.
+
+(_Photo_ © _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Belgian Soldier in Armored Car Watching the Bursting of a
+German Shell at the Attack on Antwerp.
+
+(_Photo_ © _Underwood & Underwood._)]
+
+[Illustration: Fort Wavre St. Catherine, One of the Strongest in the
+Ring Around Antwerp, Crumpled by the German 42-Centimeter Siege Guns.
+
+(_Photo_ © _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Striking Photograph of the Destroyed Shoe-Market Section
+of Antwerp, Looking Toward the Cathedral.]
+
+[Illustration: Belgian Men, Women, and Children Sleeping on Straw at
+Rosendaal, Holland.
+
+(_Photo_ © _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: A Captured German Officer Salutes a Belgian Standard,
+Though His Men Ignore It as They March Past.]
+
+[Illustration: Sinking of the German Cruiser Mainz in the Naval Battle
+Off Heligoland. The Photograph, Taken from the Deck of a British
+Warship, Shows the Cruiser in Flames and Settling in the Water.
+
+(_Photo_ © _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: German Prisoners of War, Nearly a Thousand in Number,
+Reaching Southern England.
+
+(_Photo_ © _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Belgian Girls Distributing Walnuts to the Soldiers Behind
+Antwerp's Now Ruined Defenses.
+
+(_Photo_ © _Underwood & Underwood._)]
+
+[Illustration: A Remarkable Photograph Taken on the Firing Line at
+Ernecourt. One Man Lies Dead, Another Is Being Tended by a Red Cross
+Surgeon, and the Second Soldier from the Left Has Just Been Hit.
+
+(_Photo_ © _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Huge German Siege Gun Used in Bombarding Malines.
+
+(_Photo_ © _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Scene in the Krupp Gun Works, Where Germany's Army and
+Navy Guns Are Manufactured.
+
+(_Photo from Brown Bros._)]
+
+[Illustration: Zeppelin Dirigible, One of the Great Fleet of Airships
+Which Germany Is Using in the War.
+
+(_Photo_ © _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Belgian Guns in Action During the Defense of Antwerp.]
+
+[Illustration: King Albert of Belgium Talking to One of the French
+General Staff in the Square at Furnes During a Review of French
+Reinforcements.
+
+(_Photo_ © _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: German Soldiers on Outpost Duty Near Antwerp Sharing
+Their Food with Little Belgian Orphans.
+
+(_Photo_ © _Underwood & Underwood._)]
+
+[Illustration: Nurse Reading to a Convalescent Soldier in the War
+Hospital at Calais.
+
+(_Photo_ © _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: A Red Cross Nurse Taking Down the Last Message of a Dying
+British Soldier on the Battlefield.
+
+(_Photo by Paul Thompson._)]
+
+[Illustration: French Artillery Assembled in a Square at Stenay, Just
+Before the Town Was Captured by the Germans.
+
+(_Photo by Paul Thompson._)]
+
+[Illustration: A Belgian Outpost in Action on the Battle Line Near the
+Franco-Belgian Frontier.
+
+(_Photo_ © _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Gen. Belin, Who Is Gen. Joffre's Right-Hand Man and an
+Important Factor in the Control of the French Forces.
+
+(_Photo_ © _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Belgian Sharpshooters Attacking from an Armored Train in
+the Vicinity of Ypres.
+
+(_Photo_ © _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: German Crown Prince and the King of Saxony Witnessing a
+Parade of the Ninety-eighth Regiment of Infantry Before the Crown
+Prince's Headquarters.]
+
+[Illustration: The Kaiser (at the extreme left) Witnessing the Parade of
+a Saxon Landsturm Regiment.
+
+(_Photo_ © _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: King George and King Albert Reviewing the Belgian Troops
+in Flanders. Immediately Behind the Sovereigns Are the Prince of Wales
+and His Highness Pertab Singh.
+
+(_Photo_ © _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Algerian Troops Bringing in German Prisoners From the
+Flanders Battle in the Canal Region of Belgium.]
+
+[Illustration: King George V., Queen Mary, and Lord Kitchener Cheered by
+Canadian Highlanders at Salisbury, England.
+
+(_Photo_ © _American Press Assn._)]
+
+[Illustration: German Motor Convoy Destroyed in the Forest Near
+Villers-Cotteret, France.
+
+(_Photo_ © _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Red Cross Nurse at a Hospital in Northern France Hanging
+Christmas Evergreens Above a Wounded Soldier's Cot.
+
+(_Photo_ © _American Press Assn._)]
+
+[Illustration: Gen. von Heeringen, "the Victor of Saarburg," on the
+Right, Talking with Gen. von Emmich, Who Commanded Before Liége.
+
+(_Photo by R. Sennecke._)]
+
+[Illustration: Bringing a Suspected Spy Through the French Lines to
+Headquarters After Enveloping His Head to Prevent His Seeing Anything of
+Military Value.
+
+(_Photo_ © _American Press Assn._)]
+
+[Illustration: Constantinople Crowds Gathered at the Mosque of Faith
+While Sheikh Ul-Islam Proclaims the Declaration of War Against the
+Allies.
+
+(_Photo_ © _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Japanese Bluejackets Coming Ashore Near Tsing-Tau.
+
+(_Photo from Paul Thompson._)]
+
+[Illustration: The Defenders of Tsing-Tau Moving to the Outer Defenses
+During the Siege.
+
+(_Photo_ © _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: German Gun in the Bismarck Fortress, Tsing-Tau, Crumpled
+by Japanese and British Shells
+
+(_Photos by Paul Thompson._)]
+
+
+
+
+Patriotism and Endurance
+
+By Cardinal D.J. Mercier, Archbishop of Malines.
+
+[_Copyright by Burns & Oates, Ltd., 28 Orchard Street, London. All
+rights reserved._]
+
+     Here is the celebrated Christmas pastoral letter of Cardinal
+     Mercier, Archbishop of Malines. It is the first authentic
+     translated copy of the now famous document to be received in
+     America. The letter has caused a worldwide sensation because
+     of its bold appeal to the Belgian people. Its publication
+     resulted in the detention of the Cardinal by the Germans in
+     his palace and a consequent protest by the Pope and throughout
+     the whole Roman Catholic world.
+
+     The first reports of the arrest of the Cardinal were denied by
+     the German authorities. Subsequently an official report made
+     to the Pope stated that 15,000 copies of the pastoral letter
+     were seized in Malines and destroyed, the printer being fined;
+     that the Cardinal was detained in his palace during all Jan.
+     4; that he was prevented by German officers on Jan. 3 from
+     presiding at a religious ceremony; that they subjected him to
+     interrogations and demanded of him a retraction, which he
+     refused to make. The English reprint of the Cardinal's letter
+     is copyrighted by Burns & Oates, Ltd., 28 Orchard Street,
+     London. THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY reproduces it by
+     permission.
+
+
+My Very Dear Brethren: I cannot tell you how instant and how present
+thought of you has been to me throughout the months of suffering and of
+mourning through which we have passed. I had to leave you abruptly on
+the 20th of August in order to fulfill my last duty toward the beloved
+and venerated Pope whom we have lost, and in order to discharge an
+obligation of the conscience from which I could not dispense myself, in
+the election of the successor of Pius X., the Pontiff who now directs
+the Church under the title, full of promise and of hope, of Benedict XV.
+
+It was in Rome itself that I received the tidings--stroke after
+stroke--of the partial destruction of the Cathedral Church of Louvain,
+next of the burning of the library and of the scientific installations
+of our great university and of the devastation of the city, and next of
+the wholesale shooting of citizens, and tortures inflicted upon women
+and children and upon unarmed and undefended men.
+
+And, while I was still under the shock of these calamities, the
+telegraph brought us news of the bombardment of our beautiful
+metropolitan church, of the Church of Nôtre Dame au dela la Dyle, of the
+episcopal palace, and of a great part of our dear City of Malines.
+
+Afar from my diocese, without means of communication with you, I was
+compelled to lock my grief within my own afflicted heart and to carry
+it, with the thought of you, which never left me, to the foot of the
+Crucifix.
+
+I craved courage and light, and sought them in such thoughts as these: A
+disaster has visited the world, and our beloved little Belgium, a nation
+so faithful in the great mass of her population to God, so upright in
+her patriotism, so noble in her King and Government, is the first
+sufferer. She bleeds; her sons are stricken down within her fortresses
+and upon her fields, in defense of her rights and of her territory.
+
+Soon there will not be one Belgian family not in mourning. Why all this
+sorrow, my God? Lord, Lord, hast Thou forsaken us? Then I looked upon
+the Crucifix. I looked upon Jesus, most gentle and humble Lamb of God,
+crushed, clothed in His blood as in a garment, and I thought I heard
+from His own mouth the words which the psalmist uttered in His name: "O
+God, my God, look upon me; why hast Thou forsaken me? O my God, I shall
+cry, and Thou wilt not hear."
+
+And forthwith the murmur died upon my lips, and I remembered what our
+Divine Saviour said in His gospel: "The disciple is not above the
+master, nor the servant above his lord." The Christian is the servant of
+a God who became man in order to suffer and to die.
+
+To rebel against pain, to revolt against Providence because it permits
+grief and bereavement, is to forget whence we came, the school in which
+we have been taught, the example that each of us carries graven in the
+name of a Christian, which each of us honors at his hearth, contemplates
+at the altar of his prayers, and of which he desires that his tomb, the
+place of his last sleep, shall bear the sign.
+
+My dearest brethren, I shall return by and by to the providential law of
+suffering, but you will agree that since it has pleased a God-made man
+who was holy, innocent, without stain, to suffer and to die for us who
+are sinners, who are guilty, who are perhaps criminals, it ill becomes
+us to complain whatever we may be called upon to endure. The truth is
+that no disaster on earth, striking creatures only, is comparable with
+that which our sins provoked and whereof God Himself chose to be the
+blameless victim.
+
+Having recalled to mind this fundamental truth, I find it easier to
+summon you to face what has befallen us and to speak to you simply and
+directly of what is your duty and of what may be your hope. That duty I
+shall express in two words--patriotism and endurance.
+
+My dearest brethren, I desire to utter in your name and my own the
+gratitude of those whose age, vocation, and social conditions cause them
+to benefit by the heroism of others without bearing in it any active
+part.
+
+When, immediately on my return from Rome, I went to Havre to greet our
+Belgian, French, and English wounded; when, later, at Malines, at
+Louvain, at Antwerp, it was given to me to take the hands of those brave
+men who carried a bullet in their flesh, a wound on their forehead,
+because they had marched to the attack of the enemy or borne the shock
+of his onslaught, it was a word of gratitude to them that rose to my
+lips. "O valiant friends," I said, "it was for us, it was for each one
+of us, it was for me, that you risked your lives and are now in pain. I
+am moved to tell you of my respect, of my thankfulness, to assure you
+that the whole nation knows how much she is in debt to you."
+
+For in truth our soldiers are our saviors.
+
+A first time, at Liége, they saved France; a second time, in Flanders,
+they arrested the advance of the enemy upon Calais. France and England
+know it; and Belgium stands before them both, and before the entire
+world, as a nation of heroes.
+
+Never before in my whole life did I feel so proud to be a Belgian as
+when, on the platforms of French stations, and halting a while in Paris,
+and visiting London, I was witness of the enthusiastic admiration our
+allies feel for the heroism of our army. Our King is, in the esteem of
+all, at the very summit of the moral scale. He is doubtless the only man
+who does not recognize that fact, as, simple as the simplest of his
+soldiers, he stands in the trenches and puts new courage, by the
+serenity of his face, into the hearts of those of whom he requires that
+they shall not doubt of their country. The foremost duty of every
+Belgian citizen at this hour is gratitude to the army.
+
+If any man had rescued you from shipwreck or from a fire, you would
+assuredly hold yourselves bound to him by a debt of everlasting
+thankfulness. But it is not one man, it is 250,000 men who fought, who
+suffered, who fell for you so that you might be free, so that Belgium
+might keep her independence, her dynasty, her patriotic unity; so that
+after the vicissitudes of battle she might rise nobler, purer, more
+erect, and more glorious than before.
+
+Pray daily, my brethren, for these 250,000 and for their leaders to
+victory; pray for our brothers in arms; pray for the fallen; pray for
+those who are still engaged; pray for the recruits who are making ready
+for the fight to come.
+
+In your name I send them the greeting of our fraternal sympathy and our
+assurance that not only do we pray for the success of their arms and for
+the eternal welfare of their souls, but that we also accept for their
+sake all the distress, whether physical or moral, that falls to our own
+share in the oppression that hourly besets us, and all that the future
+may have in store for us, in humiliation for a time, in anxiety, and in
+sorrow. In the day of final victory we shall all be in honor; it is just
+that today we should all be in grief.
+
+To judge by certain rumors that have reached me, I gather that from
+districts that have had least to suffer some bitter words have arisen
+toward our God, words which, if spoken with cold calculation, would not
+be far from blasphemous.
+
+Oh, all too easily do I understand how natural instinct rebels against
+the evils that have fallen upon Catholic Belgium. The spontaneous
+thought of mankind is ever that virtue should have its instantaneous
+crown and injustice its immediate retribution.
+
+But the ways of God are not our ways, the Scripture tells us. Providence
+gives free course, for a time measured by Divine wisdom, to human
+passions and the conflict of desires. God, being eternal, is patient.
+The last word is the word of mercy, and it belongs to those who believe
+in love. "Why art thou sad, O my soul? and why dost thou disquiet me?
+_Quare tristis es anima, et quare conturbas me?_" Hope in God. Bless Him
+always. Is He not thy Saviour and thy God? _Spera in Deo quoniam adhuc
+confitebor illi, salutare vultus mei et Deus meus._
+
+When holy Job, whom God presented as an example of constancy to the
+generations to come, had been stricken, blow upon blow, by Satan, with
+the loss of his children, of his goods, of his health, his enemies
+approached him with provocations to discouragement; his wife urged upon
+him a blasphemy and a curse. "Dost thou still continue in thy
+simplicity? Curse God, and die." But the man of God was unshaken in his
+confidence. "And he said to her: Thou hast spoken like one of the
+foolish women: if we have received good things at the hand of God, why
+should we not receive evil? _Dominus dedit, Dominus abstulit; sicut
+Domino placuit ita factum est. Sit nomen Domini benedictum._" And
+experience proved that saintly one to be right. It pleased the Lord to
+recompense, even here below, His faithful servant. "The Lord gave Job
+twice as much as he had before. And for his sake God pardoned his
+friends."
+
+Better than any other man, perhaps, do I know what our unhappy country
+has undergone. Nor will any Belgian, I trust, doubt of what I suffer in
+my soul, as a citizen and as a Bishop, in sympathy with all this sorrow.
+These last four months have seemed to me age long. By thousands have our
+brave ones been mowed down. Wives, mothers are weeping for those they
+shall not see again; hearths are desolate; dire poverty spreads, anguish
+increases.
+
+At Malines, at Antwerp the people of two great cities have been given
+over, the one for six hours, the other for thirty-four hours, to a
+continuous bombardment, to the throes of death.
+
+I have traversed the greater part of the districts most terribly
+devastated in my diocese,[4] and the ruins I beheld, and the ashes, were
+more dreadful than I, prepared by the saddest of forebodings, could have
+imagined.
+
+[Footnote 4: Duffel, Lierre, Berlaer Saint Rombaut, Konings-Hoyckt,
+Mortsel, Waelhem, Muysen, Wavre Sainte Caterine, Wavre Nôtre Dame,
+Sempst, Weerde, Eppeghen, Hofstade, Elewyt, Rymenam, Boort-Meerbeek,
+Wespelaer, Haecht, Werchter-Wackerzeel, Rotselaer, Tremeloo; Louvain and
+its suburban environs, Blauwput, Kessel-Loo, Boven-Loo, Linden, Hérent,
+Thildonck, Bueken, Relst, Aerschot, Wesemael, Hersselt, Diest, Schaffen,
+Molenstede, Rillaer, Gelrode.]
+
+Other parts of my diocese, which I have not had time to visit,[5] have
+in like manner been laid waste. Churches, schools, asylums, hospitals,
+convents in great numbers are in ruins. Entire villages have all but
+disappeared. At Werchter-Wackerzeel, for instance, out of 380 homes 130
+remain. At Tremeloo two-thirds of the village are overthrown. At Bueken,
+out of 100 houses 20 are standing. At Schaffen, 189 houses out of 200
+are destroyed; 11 still stand. At Louvain the third part of the
+buildings are down; 1,074 dwellings have disappeared. On the town land
+and in the suburbs 1,823 houses have been burned.
+
+[Footnote 5: Haekendover, Roosbeek, Bautersem, Budingen, Neerlinder,
+Ottignies, Mousty, Wavre, Beyghem, Capelle-au-Bois, Humbeek,
+Nieuwenrode, Liezelo, Londerzeel, Heyndonck, Mariekerke, Weert,
+Blaesvelt.]
+
+In this dear City of Louvain, perpetually in my thoughts, the
+magnificent Church of St. Peter will never recover its former splendor.
+The ancient College of St. Ives, the art schools, the consular and
+commercial schools of the university, the old markets, our rich library
+with its collections, its unique and unpublished manuscripts, its
+archives, its gallery of great portraits of illustrious rectors,
+chancellors, professors, dating from the time of its foundation, which
+preserved for masters and students alike a noble tradition, and were an
+incitement in their studies, all this accumulation of intellectual, of
+historic, and of artistic riches, the fruit of the labors of five
+centuries--all is in the dust.
+
+Many a parish lost its pastor. There is now sounding in my ears the
+sorrowful voice of an old man, of whom I asked whether he had had mass
+on Sunday in his battered church. "It is two months," he said, "since we
+had a church." The parish priest and the curate had been interned in a
+concentration camp.
+
+Thousands of Belgian citizens have in like manner been deported to the
+prisons of Germany, to Munsterlagen, to Celle, to Magdeburg. At
+Munsterlagen alone, 3,100 civil prisoners were numbered. History will
+tell of the physical and moral torments of their long martyrdom.
+
+Hundreds of innocent men were shot. I possess no complete necrology; but
+I know that there were ninety-one shot at Aerschot and that there, under
+pain of death, their fellow-citizens were compelled to dig their graves.
+In the Louvain group of communes 176 persons, men and women, old men and
+sucklings, rich and poor, in health and sickness, were shot or burned.
+
+In my diocese alone I know that thirteen priests or religious were put
+to death.[6]
+
+[Footnote 6: Their brothers in religion or in the priesthood will wish
+to know their names. Here they are: Dupierreux of the Society of Jesus,
+Brothers Sebastian and Allard of the Congregation of the Josephites,
+Brother Candide of the Congregation of the Brothers of Mercy, Father
+Maximin, Capuchin, and Father Vincent, Conventual; Lombaerts, parish
+priest at Boven-Loo; Goris, parish priest at Autgaerden; Carette,
+professor at the Episcopal College of Louvain; de Clerck, parish priest
+at Bueken; Dergent, parish priest at Gelrode, and Wouters Jean, parish
+priest at Pont-Buűlé. We have reason to believe that the parish priest
+of Hérent, van Bladel, an old man of 71, was also killed. Until now,
+however, his body has not been found.]
+
+One of these, the parish priest of Gelrode, suffered, I believe, a
+veritable martyrdom. I made a pilgrimage to his grave, and amid the
+little flock which so lately he had been feeding with the zeal of an
+apostle, there did I pray to him that from the height of Heaven he would
+guard his parish, his diocese, his country.
+
+We can neither number our dead nor compute the measure of our ruins. And
+what would it be if we turned our sad steps toward Liége, Namur,
+Audenne, Dinant, Tamines, Charleroi, and elsewhere?[7] And there, where
+lives were not taken, and there, where the stones of buildings were not
+thrown down, what anguish unrevealed! Families hitherto living at ease
+now in bitter want; all commerce at an end, all careers ruined, industry
+at a standstill, thousands upon thousands of workingmen without
+employment, working women, shopgirls, humble servant girls without the
+means of earning their bread, and poor souls forlorn on the bed of
+sickness and fever, crying, "O Lord, how long, how long?"
+
+[Footnote 7: I have said that thirteen ecclesiastics had been shot
+within the Diocese of Malines. There were, to my own actual personal
+knowledge, more than thirty in the Dioceses of Namur, Tournai, and
+Liége--Schlogel, parish priest of Hastičre; Gille, parish priest of
+Couvin; Pieret, curate at Etalle; Alexandre, curate at Mussy-la-Ville;
+Maréchal, seminarist at Maissin; the Rev. Father Gillet, Benedictine of
+Maredsous; the Rev. Father Nicolas, Premonstratensian of the Abbey of
+Leffe; two brothers of the same abbey; one brother of the Congregation
+of Oblates; Poskin, parish priest of Surice; Hotlet, parish priest of
+Les Alloux; Georges, parish priest of Tintigny; Glouden, parish priest
+of Latour; Zenden, retired parish priest of Latour; Jacques, a priest;
+Druet, parish priest of Acoz; Pollart, parish priest of Roselies;
+Labeye, parish priest of Blegny-Trembleur; Thielen, parish priest of
+Haccourt; Janssen, parish priest of Heure le Romain; Chabot, parish
+priest of Foręt; Dossogne, parish priest of Hockay; Reusonnet, curate of
+Olme; Bilande, chaplain of the Institute of Deaf Mutes at Bouge; Docq, a
+priest, and others.]
+
+There is nothing to reply. The reply remains the secret of God.
+
+Yes, dearest brethren, it is the secret of God. He is the Master of
+events and the Sovereign Director of the human multitude. _Domini est
+terra et plenitudo ejus; orbis terrarum et universi qui habitant in eo._
+The first relation between the creature and his Creator is that of
+absolute dependence. The very being of the creature is dependent;
+dependent are his nature, his faculties, his acts, his works.
+
+At every passing moment that dependence is renewed, is incessantly
+reasserted, inasmuch as, without the will of the Almighty, existence of
+the first single instant would vanish before the next. Adoration, which
+is the recognition of the sovereignty of God, is not, therefore, a
+fugitive act; it is the permanent state of a being conscious of his own
+origin. On every page of the Scriptures Jehovah affirms His sovereign
+dominion.
+
+The whole economy of the old law, the whole history of the chosen
+people, tend to the same end--to maintain Jehovah upon His throne and to
+cast idols down. "I am the first and the last. I am the Lord, and there
+is none else; there is no God beside Me. I form the light and create
+darkness, I make peace and create evil. Woe to him that gainsayeth his
+maker, a sherd of the earthen pots. Shall the clay say to him that
+fashioneth it, What art thou making, and thy work is without hands? Tell
+ye, and come, and consult together. A just God and a Saviour, there is
+none beside Me."
+
+Ah, did the proud reason of mankind dream that it could dismiss our God?
+Did it smile in irony when through Christ and through His Church He
+pronounced the solemn words of expiation and of repentance? Vain of
+fugitive successes, O light-minded man, full of pleasure and of wealth,
+hast thou imagined that thou couldst suffice even to thyself?
+
+Then was God set aside in oblivion, then was He misunderstood, then was
+He blasphemed, with acclamation, and by those whose authority, whose
+influence, whose power had charged them with the duty of causing His
+great laws and His great order to be revered and obeyed. Anarchy then
+spread among the lower ranks of mankind, and many sincere consciences
+were troubled by the evil example. How long, O Lord, they wondered, how
+long wilt Thou suffer the pride of this iniquity? Or wilt Thou finally
+justify the impious opinion that Thou carest no more for the work of Thy
+hands? A shock from a thunderbolt, and behold, all human foresight is
+set at nought! Europe trembles upon the brink of destruction!
+
+The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom.
+
+Many are the thoughts that throng the breast of man today, and the chief
+of them all is this:
+
+God reveals Himself as the Master. The nations that made the attack, and
+the nations that are warring in self-defense, alike confess themselves
+to be in the hand of Him without Whom nothing is made, nothing is done.
+
+Men long unaccustomed to prayer are turning again to God. Within the
+army, within the civil world, in public, and within the individual
+conscience, there is prayer. Nor is that prayer today a word learned by
+rote, uttered lightly by the lip; it surges from the troubled heart, it
+takes the form, at the feet of God, of the very sacrifice of life. The
+being of man is a whole offering to God. This is worship, this is the
+fulfillment of the primal moral and religious law--the Lord thy God
+shalt thou adore, and Him only shalt thou serve.
+
+And even those who murmur, and whose courage is not sufficient for
+submission to the hand that smites us and saves us, even these
+implicitly acknowledge God to be the Master, for if they blaspheme Him,
+they blaspheme Him for His delay in closing with their desires.
+
+But as for us, my brethren, we will adore Him in the integrity of our
+souls. Not yet do we see in all its magnificence the revelation of His
+wisdom, but our faith trusts Him with it all. Before His justice we are
+humble, and in His mercy hopeful. With holy Tobias we know that because
+we have sinned He has chastised us, but because He is merciful He will
+save us.
+
+It would perhaps be cruel to dwell upon our guilt now, when we are
+paying so well and no nobly what we owe. But shall we not confess that
+we have indeed something to expiate? He who has received much, from him
+shall much be required. Now dare we say that the moral and religious
+standard of our people has risen as its economic prosperity has risen?
+The observance of Sunday rest, the Sunday mass, the reverence for
+marriage, the restraints of modesty--what had you made of these?
+
+What, even within Christian families, had become of the simplicity
+practiced by our fathers, what of the spirit of penance, what of respect
+for authority? And we, too, we priests, we religious, I, the Bishop, we
+whose great mission it is to present in our lives, yet more than in our
+speech, the Gospel of Christ, have we earned the right to speak to our
+people the word spoken by the Apostle to the nations, "Be ye followers
+of me, as I also am of Christ"?
+
+We labor indeed, we pray indeed, but it is all too little. We should be,
+by the very duty of our state, the public expiators for the sins of the
+world. But which was the thing dominant in our lives--expiation or our
+comfort and well-being as citizens? Alas! we have all had times in which
+we, too, fell under God's reproach to His people after the escape from
+Egypt: "The beloved grew fat and kicked; they have provoked me with that
+which was no god, and I will provoke them with that which is no people."
+Nevertheless, He will save us, for He wills not that our adversaries
+should boast that they, and not the Eternal, did these things. "See ye
+that I alone am, and there is no other God beside me. I will kill and I
+will make to live. I will strike and I will heal."
+
+God will save Belgium, my brethren; you cannot doubt it.
+
+Nay, rather, He is saving her.
+
+Across the smoke of conflagration, across the stream of blood, have you
+not glimpses, do you not perceive signs of His love for us? Is there a
+patriot among us who does not know that Belgium has grown great? Nay,
+which of us would have the heart to cancel this last page of our
+national history? Which of us does not exult in the brightness of the
+glory of this shattered nation? When in her throes she brings forth
+heroes, our mother country gives her own energy to the blood of those
+sons of hers. Let us acknowledge that we needed a lesson in patriotism.
+There were Belgians, and many such, who wasted their time and their
+talents in futile quarrels of class with class, of race with race, of
+passion with personal passion.
+
+Yet when, on Aug. 2, a mighty foreign power, confident in its own
+strength and defiant of the faith of treaties, dared to threaten us in
+our independence, then did all Belgians, without difference of party, or
+of condition, or of origin, rise up as one man, close ranged about their
+own King and their own Government, and cry to the invader: "Thou shalt
+not go through!"
+
+At once, instantly, we were conscious of our own patriotism. For down
+within us all is something deeper than personal interests, than personal
+kinships, than party feeling, and this is the need and the will to
+devote ourselves to that more general interest which Rome termed the
+public thing, _Res publica_. And this profound will within us is
+patriotism.
+
+Our country is not a mere concourse of persons or of families inhabiting
+the same soil, having among themselves relations more or less intimate,
+of business, of neighborhood, of a community of memories happy or
+unhappy.
+
+Not so; it is an association of living souls subject to a social
+organization, to be defended and safeguarded at all costs, even the cost
+of blood, under the leadership of those presiding over its fortunes. And
+it is because of this general spirit that the people of a country live a
+common life in the present, through the past, through the aspirations,
+the hopes, the confidence in a life to come, which they share together.
+
+Patriotism, an internal principle of order and of unity, an organic bond
+of the members of a nation, was placed by the finest thinkers of Greece
+and Rome at the head of the natural virtues. Aristotle, the prince of
+the philosophers of antiquity, held disinterested service of the
+city--that is, the State--to be the very ideal of human duty.
+
+And the religion of Christ makes of patriotism a positive law; there is
+no perfect Christian who is not also a perfect patriot. For our religion
+exalts the antique ideal, showing it to be realizable only in the
+absolute. Whence, in truth, comes this universal, this irresistible
+impulse which carries at once the will of the whole nation in one single
+effort of cohesion and of resistance in face of the hostile menace
+against her unity and her freedom?
+
+Whence comes it that in an hour all interests were merged in the
+interest of all, and that all lives were together offered in willing
+immolation? Not that the State is worth more, essentially, than the
+individual or the family, seeing that the good of the family and of the
+individual is the cause and reason of the organization of the State. Not
+that our country is a Moloch on whose altar lives may lawfully be
+sacrificed. The rigidity of antique morals and the despotism of the
+Caesars suggested the false principle--and modern militarism tends to
+revive it--that the State is omnipotent, and that the discretionary
+power of the State is the rule of right. Not so, replies Christian
+theology; right is peace--that is, the interior order of a nation,
+founded upon justice. And justice itself is absolute only because it
+formulates the essential relation of man with God and of man with man.
+
+Moreover, war for the sake of war is a crime. War is justifiable only if
+it is the necessary means for securing peace. St. Augustine has said:
+"Peace must not be a preparation for war. And war is not to be made
+except for the attainment of peace." In the light of this teaching,
+which is repeated by St. Thomas Aquinas, patriotism is seen in its
+religious character.
+
+Family interests, class interests, party interests, and the material
+good of the individual take their place, in the scale of values, below
+the ideal of patriotism, for that ideal is right, which is absolute.
+Furthermore, that ideal is the public recognition of right in national
+matters and of national honor. Now, there is no absolute except God. God
+alone, by His sanctity and His sovereignty, dominates all human
+interests and human wills. And to affirm the absolute necessity of the
+subordination of all things to right, to justice, and to truth, is
+implicitly to affirm God.
+
+When, therefore, humble soldiers whose heroism we praise answer us with
+characteristic simplicity, "We only did our duty," or "We were bound in
+honor," they express the religious character of their patriotism. Which
+of us does not feel that patriotism is a sacred thing, and that a
+violation of national dignity is in a manner a profanation and a
+sacrilege?
+
+I was asked lately by a staff officer whether a soldier falling in a
+righteous cause--and our cause is such, to demonstration--is not
+veritably a martyr. Well, he is not a martyr in the rigorous theological
+meaning of the word, inasmuch as he dies in arms, whereas the martyr
+delivers himself, undefended and unarmed, into the hands of the
+executioner; but if I am asked what I think of the eternal salvation of
+a brave man who has consciously given his life in defense of his
+country's honor and in vindication of violated justice, I shall not
+hesitate to reply that, without any doubt whatever, Christ crowns his
+military valor, and that death, accepted in this Christian spirit,
+assures the safety of that man's soul. "Greater love than this no man
+hath," said our Saviour, "that a man lay down his life for his friends."
+
+And the soldier who dies to save his brothers and to defend the hearths
+and altars of his country reaches this highest of all degrees of
+charity. He may not have made a close analysis of the value of his
+sacrifice, but must we suppose that God requires of the plain soldier in
+the excitement of battle the methodical precision of the moralist or the
+theologian? Can we who revere his heroism doubt that his God welcomes
+him with love?
+
+Christian mothers, be proud of your sons. Of all griefs, of all our
+human sorrows, yours is perhaps the most worthy of veneration. I think I
+behold you in your affliction, but erect, standing at the side of the
+Mother of Sorrows, at the foot of the Cross. Suffer us to offer you not
+only our condolence, but our congratulation. Not all our heroes obtain
+temporal honors, but for all we expect the immortal crown of the elect.
+For this is the virtue of a single act of perfect charity--it cancels a
+whole lifetime of sins. It transforms a sinful man into a saint.
+
+Assuredly a great and a Christian comfort is the thought that not only
+among our own men, but in any belligerent army whatsoever, all who in
+good faith submit to the discipline of their leaders in the service of a
+cause they believe to be righteous are sharers in the eternal reward of
+the soldier's sacrifice. And how many may there not be among these young
+men of 20 who, had they survived, might possibly not have had the
+resolution to live altogether well, and yet in the impulse of patriotism
+had the resolution to die so well?
+
+Is it not true, my brethren, that God has the supreme art of mingling
+His mercy with His wisdom and His justice? And shall we not acknowledge
+that if war is a scourge for this earthly life of ours, a scourge
+whereof we cannot easily estimate the destructive force and the extent,
+it is also for multitudes of souls an expiation, a purification, a force
+to lift them to the pure love of their country and to perfect Christian
+unselfishness?
+
+We may now say, my brethren, without unworthy pride, that our little
+Belgium has taken a foremost place in the esteem of nations. I am aware
+that certain onlookers, notably in Italy and in Holland, have asked how
+it could be necessary to expose this country to so immense a loss of
+wealth and of life, and whether a verbal manifesto against hostile
+aggression, or a single cannon shot on the frontier, would not have
+served the purpose of protest. But assuredly all men of good feeling
+will be with us in our rejection of these paltry counsels. Mere
+utilitarianism is no sufficient rule of Christian citizenship.
+
+On the 19th of April, 1839, a treaty was signed in London by King
+Leopold, in the name of Belgium, on the one part, and by the Emperor of
+Austria, the King of France, the Queen of England, the King of Prussia,
+and the Emperor of Russia, on the other; and its seventh article decreed
+that Belgium should form a separate and perpetually neutral State, and
+should be held to the observance of this neutrality in regard to all
+other States. The co-signatories promised, for themselves and their
+successors, upon their oath, to fulfill and to observe that treaty in
+every point and every article without contravention or tolerance of
+contravention. Belgium was thus bound in honor to defend her own
+independence. She kept her oath. The other powers were bound to respect
+and to protect her neutrality. Germany violated her oath; England kept
+hers.
+
+These are the facts.
+
+The laws of conscience are sovereign laws. We should have acted
+unworthily had we evaded our obligation by a mere feint of resistance.
+And now we would not rescind our first resolution; we exult in it. Being
+called upon to write a most solemn page in the history of our country,
+we resolved that it should be also a sincere, also a glorious page. And
+as long as we are required to give proof of endurance, so long we shall
+endure.
+
+All classes of our citizens have devoted their sons to the cause of
+their country, but the poorer part of the population have set the
+noblest example, for they have suffered also privation, cold, and
+famine. If I may judge of the general feeling from what I have witnessed
+in the humbler quarters of Malines and in the most cruelly afflicted
+districts of my diocese, the people are energetic in their endurance.
+They look to be righted; they will not hear of surrender.
+
+Affliction is, in the hand of Divine Omnipotence, a two-edged sword. It
+wounds the rebellious, it sanctifies him who is willing to endure.
+
+God proveth us, as St. James has told us, but He "is not a tempter of
+evils." All that comes from Him is good, a ray of light, a pledge of
+love. "But every man is tempted by his own concupiscence.... Blessed is
+he that endureth temptation, for when he hath been proved he shall
+receive the crown of life, which God hath promised to them that love
+Him."
+
+Truce, then, my brethren, to all murmurs of complaint. Remember St.
+Paul's words to the Hebrews, and through them to all of Christ's flock,
+when, referring to the bloody sacrifice of our Lord upon the cross, he
+reminded them that they had not yet resisted unto blood. Not only to the
+Redeemer's example shall you look, but also to that of the
+30,000--perhaps 40,000--men who have already shed their life blood for
+their country.
+
+In comparison with them, what have you endured who are deprived of the
+daily comforts of your lives, your newspapers, your means of travel,
+communication with your families? Let the patriotism of our army, the
+heroism of our King, of our beloved Queen in her magnanimity, serve to
+stimulate us and support us. Let us bemoan ourselves no more. Let us
+deserve the coming deliverance. Let us hasten it by our virtue even more
+than by our prayers. Courage, brethren! Suffering passes away; the
+crown of life for our souls, the crown of glory for our nation, shall
+not pass!
+
+I do not require of you to renounce any of your national desires. On the
+contrary, I hold it as part of the obligations of my episcopal office to
+instruct you, as to your duty in face of the power that has invaded our
+soil and now occupies the greater part of our country. The authority of
+that power is no lawful authority. Therefore in soul and conscience you
+owe it neither respect nor attachment nor obedience.
+
+The sole lawful authority in Belgium is that of our King, of our
+Government, of the elected representatives of the nation. This authority
+alone has a right to our affection, our submission.
+
+Thus the invader's acts of public administration have in themselves no
+authority; but legitimate authority has tacitly ratified such of those
+acts as affect the general interest, and this ratification, and this
+only, gives them juridic value. Occupied provinces are not conquered
+provinces. Belgium is no more a German province than Galicia is a
+Russian province. Nevertheless, the occupied portion of our country is
+in a position it is compelled to endure. The greater part of our towns,
+having surrendered to the enemy on conditions, are bound to observe
+those conditions. From the outset of military operations the civil
+authorities of the country urged upon all private persons the necessity
+of abstention from hostile acts against the enemy's army.
+
+That instruction remains in force. It is our army, and our army solely,
+in league with the valiant troops of our allies, that has the honor and
+the duty of national defense. Let us intrust the army with our final
+deliverance.
+
+Toward the persons of those who are holding dominion among us by
+military force, and who assuredly cannot but be sensible of the
+chivalrous energy with which we have defended and are still defending
+our independence, let us conduct ourselves with all needful forbearance.
+Some among them have declared themselves willing to mitigate, as far as
+possible, the severity of our situation and to help us to recover some
+minimum of regular civic life. Let us observe the rules they have laid
+upon us so long as those rules do not violate our personal liberty, nor
+our consciences as Christians, nor our duty to our country. Let us not
+take bravado for courage, nor tumult for bravery.
+
+You especially, my dearest brethren in the priesthood, be you at once
+the best examples of patriotism and the best supporters of public order.
+On the field of battle you have been magnificent. The King and the army
+admire the intrepidity of our military chaplains in face of death, their
+charity at the work of the ambulance. Your Bishops are proud of you. You
+have suffered greatly. You have endured much calumny. But be patient;
+history will do you justice. I today bear my witness for you.
+
+Wherever it has been possible I have questioned our people, our clergy,
+and particularly a considerable number of priests who had been deported
+to German prisons, but whom a principle of humanity, to which I gladly
+render homage, has since set at liberty. Well, I affirm, upon my honor,
+and I am prepared to assert upon faith of my oath, that until now I have
+not met a single ecclesiastic, secular or regular, who had once incited
+civilians to bear arms against the enemy. All have loyally followed the
+instructions of their Bishops, given in the early days of August, to the
+effect that they were to use their moral influence over the civil
+population so that order might be preserved and military regulations
+observed.
+
+I exhort you to persevere in this ministry of peace, which is for you
+the sanest form of patriotism; to accept with all your hearts the
+privations you have to endure; to simplify still further, if it is
+possible, your way of life. One of you who is reduced by robbery and
+pillage to a state bordering on total destitution, said to me lately: "I
+am living now as I wish I had lived always."
+
+Multiply the efforts of your charity, corporal and spiritual. Like the
+great Apostle, do you endure daily the cares of your Church, so that no
+man shall suffer loss and you not suffer loss, and no man fall and you
+not burn with zeal for him. Make yourselves the champions of all those
+virtues enjoined upon you by civic honor as well as by the Gospel of
+Christ.
+
+"Whatsoever things are true, whatsoever modest, whatsoever just,
+whatsoever holy, whatsoever lovely, whatsoever of good fame, if there be
+any virtue, if any praise of discipline, think on these things." So may
+the worthiness of our lives justify us, my most dear colleagues, in
+repeating the noble claim of St. Paul: "The things which ye have learned
+and received and heard and seen in me, these do ye, and the God of Peace
+shall be with you."
+
+Let us continue then, dearest brethren, to pray, to do penance, to
+attend holy mass, and to receive holy communion for the sacred intention
+of our dear country.... I recommend parish priests to hold a funeral
+service on behalf of our fallen soldiers on every Saturday.
+
+Money, I know well, is scarce with you all. Nevertheless, if you have
+little, give of that little for the succor of those among your
+fellow-countrymen who are without shelter, without fuel, without
+sufficient bread. I have directed my parish priests to form for this
+purpose in every parish a relief committee. Do you second them
+charitably and convey to my hands such alms as you can save from your
+superfluity, if not from your necessities, so that I may be the
+distributer to the destitute who are known to me.
+
+Our distress has moved the other nations. England, Ireland, and
+Scotland, France, Holland, the United States, Canada, have vied with
+each other in generosity for our relief. It is a spectacle at once most
+mournful and most noble. Here again is a revelation of the Providential
+wisdom which draws good from evil. In your name, my brethren, and in my
+own, I offer to the Governments and the nations that have succored us
+the assurance of our admiration and our gratitude.
+
+With a touching goodness, our Holy Father Benedict XV. has been the
+first to incline his heart toward us. When, a few moments after his
+election, he deigned to take me in his arms, I was bold enough there to
+ask that the first Pontifical benediction he spoke should be given to
+Belgium, already in deep distress through the war. He eagerly closed
+with my wish, which I knew would also be yours. Today, with delicate
+kindness, his Holiness has decided to renounce the annual offering of
+Peter's Pence from Belgium.
+
+In a letter dated on the beautiful festival of the Immaculate Virgin,
+Dec. 8, he assures us of the part he bears in our sufferings. He prays
+for us, calls down upon our Belgium the protection of Heaven, and
+exhorts us to hail in the then approaching advent of the Prince of Peace
+the dawn of better days. Here is the text of this valued message:
+
+     _To Our Dear Son, Désiré Mercier, Cardinal Priest of the Holy
+     Roman Church, of the Title of St. Peter in Chains, Archbishop
+     of Malines, at Malines:_
+
+     Our Dear Son: Health and apostolic benediction. The fatherly
+     solicitude which we feel for all the faithful whom Divine
+     Providence has intrusted to our care causes us to share their
+     griefs even more fully than their joys.
+
+     Could we, then, fail to be moved by keenest sorrow at the
+     sight of the Belgian Nation, which we so dearly love, reduced
+     by a most cruel and most disastrous war to this lamentable
+     state?
+
+     We behold the King and his august family, the members of the
+     Government, the chief persons of the country, Bishops,
+     priests, and a whole people enduring woes which must fill with
+     pity all gentle hearts, and which our own soul, in the fervor
+     of paternal love, must be the first to compassionate. Thus,
+     under the burden of this distress and this mourning, we call
+     in our prayers for an end to such misfortunes. May the God of
+     mercy hasten the day.
+
+     Meanwhile we strive to mitigate, as far as in us lies, this
+     excessive suffering. Therefore the step taken by our dear son,
+     Cardinal Hartmann, Archbishop of Cologne, at whose request it
+     was arranged that French or Belgian priests detained in
+     Germany should have the treatment of officers, gave us great
+     satisfaction, and we have expressed our thanks to him for his
+     action.
+
+     As regards Belgium, we have been informed that the faithful of
+     that nation, so sorely tried, did not neglect, in their piety,
+     to turn toward us their thoughts, and that even under the blow
+     of so many calamities they proposed to gather this year, as in
+     all preceding years, the offerings to St. Peter, which supply
+     the necessities of the Apostolic See.
+
+     This truly incomparable proof of piety and of attachment
+     filled us with admiration; we accept it with all the affection
+     that is due from a grateful heart; but having regard to the
+     painful position in which our dear children are placed, we
+     cannot bring ourselves to favor the fulfillment of that
+     project, noble though it is. If any alms are to be gathered,
+     our wish is that the money should be entirely devoted to the
+     benefit of the Belgian people, who are as illustrious by
+     reason of their nobility and their piety as they are today
+     worthy of all sympathy.
+
+     Amid the difficulties and anxieties of the present hour we
+     would remind the sons who are so dear to us that the arm of
+     God is not shortened, that He is ever able to save, that His
+     ear is not deaf to prayer.
+
+     Let the hope of Divine aid increase with the approach of the
+     festival of Christmas and of the mysteries that celebrate the
+     birth of our Lord, and recall that peace which God proclaimed
+     to mankind by His angels.
+
+     May the souls of the suffering and afflicted find comfort and
+     consolation in the assurance of the paternal tenderness that
+     prompts our prayers. Yes, may God take pity upon the Belgian
+     people and grant them the abundance of all good.
+
+     As a pledge of these prayers and good wishes, we now grant to
+     all, and in the first place to you, our dear son, the
+     apostolic benediction.
+
+     Given in Rome, by St. Peter's, on the feast of the Immaculate
+     Conception of Our Lady, in the year MCMXIV., the first of our
+     Pontificate.
+
+     BENEDICT XV., Pope.
+
+One last word, my dearest brethren: At the outset of these troubles I
+said to you that in the day of the liberation of our territory we should
+give to the Sacred Heart and to the Blessed Virgin a public testimony of
+our gratitude. Since that date I have been able to consult my colleagues
+in the episcopate, and, in agreement with them, I now ask you to make,
+as soon as possible, a fresh effort to hasten the construction of the
+national basilica, promised by Belgium in honor of the Sacred Heart.
+
+As soon as the sun of peace shall shine upon our country we shall
+redress our ruins, we shall restore shelter to those who have none, we
+shall rebuild our churches, we shall reconstitute our libraries, and we
+shall hope to crown this work of reconciliation by raising, upon the
+heights of the capital of Belgium, free and Catholic, that national
+basilica of the Sacred Heart. Furthermore, every year we shall make it
+our duty to celebrate solemnly, on the Friday following Corpus Christi,
+the festival of the Sacred Heart.
+
+Lastly, in every region of the diocese the clergy will organize an
+annual pilgrimage of thanksgiving to one of the privileged sanctuaries
+of the Blessed Virgin in order to pay especial honor to the protectress
+of our national independence and universal mediatrix of the Christian
+Commonwealth.
+
+The present letter shall be read on the following dates: On the first
+day of the year and on the Sundays following the day on which it shall
+severally reach you.
+
+Accept, my dearest brethren, my wishes and prayers for you and for the
+happiness of your families, and receive, I pray you, my paternal
+benediction.
+
+D.J. CARDINAL MERCIER,
+
+Archbishop of Malines.
+
+
+
+
+APPEAL TO AMERICA FOR BELGIUM.
+
+By THOMAS HARDY.
+
+
+               Seven millions stand
+    Emaciate, in that ancient Delta-land:
+    We here, full charged with our own maimed and dead,
+    And coiled in throbbing conflicts slow and sore,
+    Can soothe how slight these ails unmerited
+    Of souls forlorn upon the facing shore!
+    Where naked, gaunt, in endless band on band
+               Seven millions stand.
+
+               No man can say
+    To your great country that, with scant delay,
+    You must, perforce, ease them in their sore need:
+    We know that nearer first your duty lies;
+    But--is it much to ask that you let plead
+    Your loving kindness with you--wooing wise--
+    Albeit that aught you owe and must repay
+               No man can say?
+
+
+
+
+With the German Army
+
+By Cyril Brown.
+
+[Staff Correspondent of THE NEW YORK TIMES.]
+
+
+I.
+
+GERMAN GREAT HEADQUARTERS IN FRANCE, Dec. 1.--There is a certain
+monotony about the "scientific murder" of the firing line--a routine
+repetition of artillery duels, alarums, and excursions which can be (and
+are being) vividly described by "war correspondents" from the safe
+vantage ground of comfortable cafés miles away. The real human interest
+end of this ultra-modern war is to be gleaned from rambling around the
+operating zone in a thoroughly irresponsible American manner, trusting
+in Providence and the red American eagle sealed on your emergency
+passport and a letter from Charles Lesimple, the genial Consul at
+Cologne, to keep you from being shot.
+
+For instance, you get some interesting first-hand knowledge as to how
+spies can "get away with it," in spite of the perfect German military
+system of controls and passes. There is no "spy hysteria" in Germany as
+there apparently is in England, judging from the London papers, but none
+the less the German authorities know perfectly well that there are
+swarms of spies in their midst and are hunting them down with quiet,
+typically Teutonic thoroughness.
+
+But the very perfection of the German military machine is its weak spot,
+and on this, my second visit to the German Great Headquarters, I was
+able to give the astonished authorities a personal demonstration as to
+how any smooth-tongued stranger could turn up at even this "holy of
+holies." The nocturnal trail led in a military train from Luxemburg over
+Longwy to Longuyon, where at 3 o'clock in the morning I met an old
+reader of THE NEW YORK TIMES, Herman Herzberger, a wealthy glove leather
+manufacturer of Berlin, well known to the trade in New York and
+Gloversville.
+
+"What a coincidence," Mr. Herzberger remarked in good American. "I am
+going to the front with my wife to see my 18-year-old son, who is in a
+hospital at Vonziers. My son, who was in the high school, enlisted as a
+volunteer, with practically the whole school, at the outbreak of the
+war."
+
+With "constant reader," I boarded a troop transport at Longuyon and
+crawled on through the night to the front. It was a reserve battalion of
+a Prussian infantry regiment of the line, and a little research work
+produced the interesting discovery that it was composed of men who had
+been wounded, were recovered, and going back for the second time. They
+were delighted to have an American in their midst, and promptly made me
+an honorary member. They had no idea where they were going, but eagerly
+hoped "they would be back in the trenches by evening."
+
+"Many of us," said a Sergeant, "did not need to come back because owing
+to having received serious wounds the first time we were excused from
+further military service--but they all came back none the less. Here's
+one man who had nine wounds, from bullets and shell splinters, and this
+one was shot through the lungs, but you're all right again, aren't you?
+and this one is going back, although he has a wife and six children at
+home."
+
+It was an interesting revelation as to the morale of the German
+reinforcements.
+
+At 9 o'clock in the morning the troop transport stopped for refreshments
+at the French village of X, and here a funny phenomenon was witnessed.
+From all sides the shrewd inhabitants of the village came running,
+scores of them, with bottles of wine. The laughing German soldiers got
+out and, negotiating over a picket fence, returned with the refreshments
+while the inhabitants made off with German coin. I saw bottles of
+champagne change hands here for the sum of 25 cents. In spite of the
+cheapness of wine, however, the German soldier is well disciplined and
+does not "go the limit"; I have never seen an intoxicated specimen
+afield.
+
+One of the soldiers told the following story to illustrate the iron
+discipline enforced in the Kaiser's army in the case of the inevitable
+black sheep: "A Frenchwoman, who kept a small tavern, came to our
+commandant and complained because a Bavarian soldier had wantonly turned
+the spigot and allowed a whole cask of red wine to run out on the
+ground. After an investigation the offender was found guilty and for
+punishment tied to a tree for two hours. To be tied fast by your head
+and legs is the most dreaded punishment, because you are disgraced
+before all your comrades."
+
+From X I started out on a foot tour, and entered the Grosses
+Hauptquartier (Great Headquarters) unchallenged, by the back door.
+Journalistically it was disappointing at first, for it was Sunday
+morning, and apparently Prussian militarism keeps the Sabbath holy.
+There was no interviewing the Kaiser, for he had gone "way down East"
+and with him his War Minister, Gen. von Falkenhayn. The courteous
+commandant, Col. von Hahnke, was not on the job. Even the brilliant
+chief of the press division, Major Nikolai, was out of town when I
+called on the Great General Staff.
+
+But there were compensations, for at a turn of the road I saw a more
+impressive sight than even the motoring Kaiser--a mile of German
+cavalry coming down the straight chaussé, gray horsemen as far as the
+eye could see and more constantly coming over the brow of the distant
+hill, with batteries of field artillery sandwiched between, while on the
+railroad track, paralleling the highway, infantry and heavy artillery
+troop trains crawled past in endless succession, as closely together as
+subway trains during the rush hour at home. An allied aeroplane,
+hovering overhead, would have learned something to its advantage.
+
+I had innocently blundered into one of the most important troop
+movements of the war, but how many and where they were coming from or
+where they were going to I pledged myself not to disclose. The
+inevitable company of cyclists rode at the head of the long column that
+was still passing when I went to bed. Next came an imposing staff--then
+a mounted band blaring away, then a crack guard cavalry regiment, proud
+standard flying, then cavalry less élite, here and there a palefaced
+spectacled trooper who looked like a converted theological student.
+Whole regiments came riding down the pike singing "The Red, White, and
+Black" in unison--a stirring, marching song, which for patriotic fervor
+and fighting spirit "puts it all over" the British "It's a Long Way from
+Tipperary."
+
+It was a Roman holiday for the French inhabitants of the town of ----,
+who lined the roads en masse quivering with suppressed emotion and
+happiness, thinking they were eyewitnessing a great German retreat. "Our
+French soldiers will soon be here again," they whispered to one another.
+But it wasn't a retreat--it was one of those mysterious strategic shifts
+you read about in the papers without really realizing what it means till
+you see it--great masses being rushed from one battlefield to another on
+the long line.
+
+For weeks these same regiments had been daily "decimated," "cut to
+pieces," and otherwise badly mauled by English war correspondents, but
+you would never have suspected it. Bearded dragoons and Uhlans were
+still able to sit up and smoke big Hamburg cigars as they rode along,
+the horses looked fresh, the guns of the batteries were spick and span,
+the men seemed to have "morale" to spare; they looked as if they were
+just going for the first time--and not coming from the scrimmage.
+
+By way of digression and as illustrating the military "discipline" on
+which the Germans pride themselves so, the following whimsical interlude
+took place in front of the sacred portals of the Great German Staff: A
+famous German professor of philosophy, adorned in civil life with the
+high title of Privy Councilor, 65 years old, white-haired,
+white-bearded, and with big yellow horn-rimmed spectacles, incongruously
+wearing the field gray uniform whose collar and shoulder straps
+indicated that he was an unterofficier of the reserve regiment of a
+German university town well known to Americans, was waiting patiently
+outside of the guarded gate in company with a young Feldwebel (a
+non-commissioned officer of higher rank.) The old philosophy professor
+had enlisted with practically his whole class at the outbreak of the
+war, but on account of his age was not sent to the front with them at
+the time, but finally was allowed to go with a transport of four
+automobile loads of gifts and supplies for the regiment. He and the
+Feldwebel had to hang around outside while the Lieutenant in charge went
+inside to do the talking in the Great General Staff Building. Presently
+the old philosophy professor ransacked his pockets, produced an apple,
+clicked his heels together in regulation fashion and, saluting his young
+superior, (infinitely inferior in the civil social scale,) said: "Am I
+permitted to offer you an apple, Herr Feldwebel?"
+
+His ranking superior acknowledged the gift with curt military punctilio,
+then added respectfully, "I thank you, Herr Privy Councilor."
+
+In the afternoon a forced march of two miles brought me to the handsome
+villa occupied by the foreign military attachés, where Major Langhorne,
+the American expert, was again found in good health and spirits, and
+particularly happy because in a couple of days he was again to see some
+real fighting. The Great General Staff continues to give our military
+attaché every possible opportunity to see things for himself and give
+Uncle Sam the benefit of the military lessons to be learned from the big
+scrap, no matter which way it goes.
+
+Today I again dropped in on the Great General Staff and found it not
+only at home, but very much interested on discovering that I had no pass
+to come or go or be there at that time. The wartime mind of Prussian
+militarism is keen and right to the point. It saw not the chance of
+getting publicity in America, but the certainty that other more
+dangerous spies could come through the same way. By all the rules of the
+war game, Prussian militarism would have been thoroughly justified in
+treating me as a common spy in possession of vital military secrets, but
+it courteously contented itself in insisting on plucking out the heart
+of the journalistic mystery. All attempts at evasion and humor were
+vain--here was the ruthless reality of war. It was the mailed Prussian
+eagle against the bluff American bird of the same species, and the
+unequal contest was soon ended when Major Nikolai, Chief of Division
+III. of the Great General Staff, stood up very straight and dignified
+and said: "I am a German officer. What German violated his duty? I ask
+you as a man of honor, how was it possible for you to come here?"
+
+The answer was quite simple: "The German military machine was so perfect
+that it covered every contingency except the most obvious and guarded
+every road except the easiest way. All you have to do is to take a
+passenger train to Luxemburg, and hang around the platform until the
+next military train pulls out for Belgium or France, hop aboard, and
+keep on going. In case of doubt utter the magic phrase, 'I am an
+American,' and flash the open sesame, the red seal of the United States
+of America--to which bearded Landsturm guards pay the tribute of
+regarding it as equally authoritative as the purple Prussian eagle
+stamped on a military pass."
+
+Followed a two-hour dialogue in the private office of the chief of the
+Kaiser's secret field police, as a result of which future historians
+will find in the Kaiser's secret archives the following unique document,
+couched in Berlin "detectivese" and signed and subscribed to by THE
+TIMES correspondent:
+
+     Secret Field Police, Great Headquarters, Dec. 1, 1914.
+
+     There appears the American war correspondent, and at the
+     particular request of the authorities, explains:
+
+     On Saturday, Nov. 30, I arrived at Trier on a second-class
+     ticket at about 10:30 P.M. There I bought a third-class ticket
+     and boarded a train leaving about 11:10 P.M. and reached
+     Luxemburg at about 12:15 A.M. I did not go into the railroad
+     station, but, trusting to my papers, boarded a military train
+     leaving at 12:45 A.M., going over Longwy to Longuyon, where I
+     arrived at 3:30 A.M., Sunday. There an official whose name I
+     do not know took me to a troop train and made a place for me
+     in the brake box. I left the train at X and went on foot to H
+     (the Great Headquarters,) where I reported myself to the Chief
+     of Police.
+
+     I recommend that a sharper control be exercised on the station
+     platform at Luxemburg, as it is a simple matter to avoid the
+     only control which is at the ticket gate, by simply not going
+     out and therefore not having to come in.
+
+The lot of the professional spy will be harder in the future. Meanwhile,
+I expect to shake the dust of the German Great Headquarters from my
+reportorial feet early tomorrow morning, for pedestrianism is not a safe
+pastime in the war zone.
+
+
+
+
+Story of the Man Who Fired on the Rheims Cathedral
+
+
+II.
+
+WITH THE GERMAN ARMY BEFORE RHEIMS, Dec. 5.--Eating a ham sandwich while
+squinting through an artillery telescope at the cathedral and hearing
+the man who fired the famous shots tell all about it was the unique
+combination I experienced today, and in retrospect the ham sandwich
+stands out as the most important feature, for it symbolizes the morale
+of the men before Rheims.
+
+The post of observation was in a sometime French fort, now riddled by
+French shells, on the crest of a hill affording a fine panoramic view of
+the city, and my sightseeing predecessors here had included the Imperial
+Chancellor, von Bethmann-Hollweg; Muktar Pasha, the Turkish Ambassador
+to Berlin; Major Langhorne, the American Military Attaché, and other
+celebrities.
+
+Rheims Cathedral was said to be about four miles away, but through the
+powerful magnifying telescope (of the scissors type and so contrived
+that only its two eyes peered over the breastworks while the observer
+was completely hidden from view) it showed up as clearly as Caruso
+through an opera glass. The top of one of the two towers had a decidedly
+moth-eaten appearance--it looked as if one of the corners had been shot
+away, and the roof was evidently gone, but otherwise the exterior of the
+cathedral looked--through the telescope--to be in a good state of
+preservation and likely to enjoy a ripe old age. No French observer was
+seen on the cathedral towers, and I was informed by First Lieut. Wengler
+of the Heavy Artillery that none had been since his admonitory shells
+had carried their iron warning to climb down. A staff officer of the
+---- Division had introduced him to me as "the friend of the Rheims
+Cathedral," explaining that it probably wouldn't be standing today but
+for him.
+
+[Illustration: VICE ADMIRAL FREDERICK STURDEE,
+
+Commander of the British Squadron Which Destroyed the German Fleet Off
+the Falkland Islands.
+
+(_Photo_ © _American Press Assn._)]
+
+[Illustration: ADMIRAL SIR JOHN FISHER,
+
+First Sea Lord of the Admiralty, Who Holds the Guardianship of the
+English Coast.
+
+(_Photo from Underwood & Underwood._)]
+
+"So you are the vandal?" "the friend of the Rheims Cathedral" was asked.
+
+"Yes, I am the 'barbarian,'" he laughed modestly. He wears the Iron
+Cross of the first and second class, and, although still only a
+Lieutenant, commands two batteries. A most picturesque but paradoxical
+"barbarian," with a soft-spoken lisp, mild blue eyes, boyish face in
+spite of a tawny-reddish full beard of long standing, and slightly bowed
+legs, it required a most rigorous reportorial inquisition as practiced
+on millionaires and politicians at home to extract these details from
+the modest "friend of the Rheims Cathedral":
+
+"The French observer on the cathedral was first noticed on Sept. 13.
+After that the French artillery fire became uncomfortably accurate.
+Eighty shells fell here in one day alone--killing only one cow," he
+added, with a plaintive note of reminiscence. He pointed to three big
+holes in the ground close by and all within a circle of ten yards'
+radius, where three French shells had dropped in quick succession, as
+further evidence of how well they had got the range.
+
+"The fellow continued 'on the job' quite shamelessly until the 18th," he
+went on, "when I aimed two shots at the cathedral, and only two. No more
+were needed to dislodge him. One from a 15-centimeter howitzer struck
+the top of the 'observation tower,' the other, from a 21-centimeter
+mortar, hit the roof and set it on fire. I used both howitzers and
+mortars so as to let the French know that we could shoot well with both
+kinds. I wanted to dislodge the observer with the least possible damage
+to the fine old cathedral, and the result shows that it is possible to
+shoot just as accurately with heavy artillery as with field artillery.
+The French also had a battery planted about 100 yards from the
+cathedral. It isn't there any more," he added laconically.
+
+A few turns of the screw brought a row of trees marking a boulevard into
+the field of vision. "There is a French battery there at the present
+time," he said.
+
+"How do you know?" For I saw trees but no guns.
+
+"Aeroplanes," "the friend of the Cathedral" explained. Another turn of
+the screw brought a church steeple into view.
+
+"The French are now using this church steeple for observation purposes,"
+the battery commander said. "The observer is reported to me every
+morning. He is getting to be too shameless. I shall take a shot at that
+steeple this afternoon in all probability. And then I suppose they will
+again call us barbarians. I saw the fellow myself this morning. He sits
+in that little arched window there." I saw the window quite distinctly,
+and only regret that the culprit had climbed down for the luncheon
+intermission, which is religiously kept by both the French and German
+artillery.
+
+A tour of the wrecked fort followed and among other interesting sights
+the guide pointed out the trail of the famous freak shot that killed the
+cow. The shell went first through a glass window, then through the wall
+at the back of the room, into a second chamber, where, without
+exploding, it had amputated a hind leg of the milch cow whose loss is
+still mourned by two batteries of heavy artillery.
+
+Up to now, war as experienced from the vantage ground of a high hill
+overlooking Rheims seemed a pleasant picnic, for the German arsenal was
+well stocked with plenty of good food, while the Chief of the Division
+Staff, with typical German hospitality, had sent along his adjutant
+armed with two baskets of Teuton sandwiches, which added to the picnic
+illusion and claimed far more attention than the Cathedral of Rheims.
+The frequent sight of Generals down to high privates taking hearty
+nourishment all along the front in France with the same comfortable
+enjoyment as in their own homes was more convincing than all official
+bulletins that they are not worrying about the outcome in the West, for
+morale and meals are synonyms.
+
+The luncheon interval over, the French batteries woke up and began
+sending over shells with Gallic prodigality, the Germans replying
+sparingly, and as if in invitation, for my benefit, a French aeroplane
+no bigger than a Jersey mosquito appeared and circled over the German
+positions trying to locate the cleverly concealed heavy batteries, while
+down on the plain back of the hills a German motor aeroplane gun popped
+away for dear life trying to connect with the inquisitive visitor.
+Little cottonball clouds of white smoke, like daylight fireworks, hung
+high in the air, where the French flier had been, also black "smoke
+pots" to help the gunners in getting the range, but the Frenchman
+managed to dodge all the shrapnel that came his way, and escaped.
+
+By request, "the friend of the cathedral" led the way (a long and
+strenuous one) to his 15-centimeter howitzer battery, concealed with
+amazing cleverness even against the observation of aviators, and pointed
+out the gun that had fired "the shot heard round the world." He would
+gladly have fired a sample shot, but the guns of the battery were
+already set for the night (although it was only noon!) that is, aimed at
+certain portions of the landscape which French troops would have to
+cross if they attempted to make a night attack on certain of the German
+trenches, so that no time would be lost in aiming the guns--all they had
+to do was to fire the moment the telephone bell rang a night alarm.
+
+"Was there any connection between his iron crosses and the Rheims
+Cathedral?" he was tactfully asked. There was not, but modest heroes are
+a nuisance journalistically, and "the friend of the cathedral" required
+a lot of coaxing before he told that he had won both the first and
+second class sometime before and elsewhere, the second for galloping his
+heavy howitzer battery into action like field artillery and by getting
+it to work at close range, "smearing" a desperate French attack; first
+class for continuing to direct the fire of his battery from the roof of
+a building until it was literally shot from under his feet. "The friend
+of the cathedral," is also an experienced aviator and when business is
+dull in the howitzer line around Rheims, kills time by aerial
+reconnoitring. "Be sure and send me a copy of your paper," he laughed,
+when I beat a hasty strategic retreat to the rear to keep the Wilsonian
+neutrality from being violated, for after lunch French shells have a
+habit of raining alike on the just and the unjust.
+
+The strategic retreat led through a village where in a farmyard was seen
+one of the most curious freaks of the war. A French shell had exploded
+here, and the terrific air pressure had lifted a farm wagon bodily and
+deposited it on the roof of the stable, where it still perches.
+
+Half a mile beyond was something even more curious--a subterranean
+village built in the woods by German pioneers, and consisting of many
+small block houses of fir logs, sunk three-quarters of the way into the
+ground, the rest covered over with mounds of dirt and laid with sod. The
+idea, it was explained, was to have a cozy and safe place of retreat
+when the French batteries, as occasionally happened, took the village
+ahead under fire.
+
+My retreat ended at Château Mumm, well out of the firing zone, where
+Gen. Count von Waldersee did the honors in the unavoidable absence of
+the owner, said to be related to a well-known brand of champagne. On
+inquiry, I learned that the champagne cellars of Château Mumm were quite
+empty, but the retreating French were said to have caused the vacuum,
+not the Germans. Château Mumm's absentee owner will be glad to learn
+that his property is being well cared for, pending his return. I was
+interested to note quite recent issues of The London Times, Daily Mail,
+and London Daily Telegraph on the drawing room table.
+
+"It's very interesting, you know, to read what our enemies are saying
+about us," a staff officer explained.
+
+Two other items of miscellaneous interest were picked up. From a well
+informed source I learned that at one stage of the game, the English
+"Long Toms" were posted to good advantage back of Rheims out of range of
+the German heavy artillery. Although their lyddite shells were alleged
+to have been comparatively harmless and did little damage, they were
+nevertheless silenced on general principles and by a very simple
+expedient. Every time the "Long Toms" were fired, a few answering shells
+were sent their way and, of course, falling short, dropped into the
+city. This gave rise to stories of "furious bombardment of Rheims," but
+also caused the withdrawal of the "Long Toms" to spare the city.
+
+A General whose name is familiar to every reader of THE NEW YORK TIMES
+said:
+
+"I could take Rheims with my corps in twenty-four hours."
+
+But there was no present advantage in storming it at this time, and
+certain disadvantages, for in addition to certain strategic reasons, it
+was explained, the Germans would be saddled with the burden of having to
+administer and feed the large city.
+
+The "battle of Rheims" looked to me very much like a put-up job, a game
+of trying to silence one another's batteries and nothing more. A heavy
+artillery duel is essentially a contest between trained observers trying
+to get a line on the whereabouts of the enemy's guns, and looking down
+on Rheims from the German hills, even a lay correspondent could sense
+the military necessity which would drive the French to make use of the
+only high spots in town from which you could see anything for
+observation purposes, and the equally grim necessity for the Germans to
+dislodge them. I came away with the impression that the world owes a
+real debt of gratitude to "the friend of the Rheims Cathedral."
+
+
+
+
+Richard Harding Davis's Comment
+
+
+_To the Editor of The New York Times_:
+
+I have just seen a letter in THE TIMES from a correspondent in the
+German trenches outside of Rheims. He reports a statement made to him by
+Lieut. Wengler of the Heavy Artillery, who claims he is the officer who
+shelled the cathedral, at which he fired two shots, and "only two."
+
+Wengler says, "The French observer on the cathedral was first noticed on
+Sept. 13 ... the fellow continued 'on the job' quite shamelessly until
+the 18th, when I aimed two shots at the cathedral and only two. No more
+were needed to dislodge him. One from a 15-centimeter howitzer struck
+the top of the 'observation tower,' the other, from a 21-centimeter
+mortar, hit the roof and set it on fire. I wanted to dislodge the
+observer with the least possible damage to the fine old cathedral ...
+the French also had a battery placed about 100 yards from the
+cathedral."
+
+Editorially THE TIMES says such a statement may prove of "value as
+evidence." May I also, as evidence, tell what I saw? I arrived at the
+cathedral at 3 o'clock in the afternoon of the day Lieut. Wengler says
+he fired two shells, one of which hit the observation tower and one of
+which set fire to the roof. Up to the hour of 3, howitzer shells had
+passed through the southern wall of the cathedral, killing two of the
+German wounded inside, had wrecked the Grand Hotel opposite the
+cathedral, knocked down four houses immediately facing it, and in a
+dozen places torn up immense holes in the cathedral square. Twenty-four
+hours after Lieut. Wengler claims he ceased firing shells set fire to
+the roof and utterly wrecked the chapel of the cathedral and the
+Archbishop's palace, which is joined to the cathedral by a yard no wider
+than Fifth Avenue, and in the direction of the German guns the two
+shells fired by Lieut. Wengler had already wrecked all that part of the
+city surrounding the cathedral for a quarter of a mile.
+
+To get an idea of the destruction, suppose St. Patrick's Cathedral, on
+Fifth Avenue, to be the Rheims Cathedral, the Union Club, and the
+Vanderbilt houses, the chapel and Archbishop's palace, and all the
+buildings running north from St. Patrick's Cathedral to Central Park and
+east and west to Madison Avenue and Sixth Avenue, that part of Rheims
+that was utterly wrecked. That gives you some idea of the effectiveness
+of Lieut. Wengler's fire.
+
+"Father," he says, "I cannot tell a lie. I did it with only two shells!"
+
+The statement of Lieut. Wengler that the French placed a battery a
+hundred yards from the cathedral also is interesting. The cathedral
+stands in a maze of twisting narrow lanes. From no spot within a quarter
+of a mile of it could you drive a golf ball without smashing a window a
+hundred feet distant. To place a battery of artillery a hundred yards
+from the Rheims Cathedral with the intent of firing upon the German
+position would be like placing a battery in Wall Street with the idea of
+shelling Germans in the Bronx. Before your shells reached the Bronx you
+first would have to destroy all of Northern New York.
+
+Wengler says the only shells aimed at the cathedral were fired by him on
+the 18th, and that after that date neither he nor any other officer
+fired a shot. On the 22d I was in the cathedral. It was then being
+shelled. I was with the Abbé Chinot, Gerald Morgan of this city, Capt.
+Granville Fortescue of Washington, and on the steps of the cathedral was
+Robert Bacon, our ex-Ambassador to France.
+
+The "evidence" of Lieut. Wengler is a question of veracity. It lies
+between him and these gentlemen. I am content to let it go at that.
+
+RICHARD HARDING DAVIS.
+
+New York, Jan. 7, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+The German Airmen
+
+
+III.
+
+HEADQUARTERS OF GERMAN NTH ARMY, "Somewhere" in France, Dec.
+6.--Sensational duels between hostile aeroplanes are regular occurrences
+now, and not infrequently aerial battles take place between whole
+squadrons. I heard this from the chief of an aeroplane squadron, who was
+returning from a reconnoitring flight around Rheims. When I met him he
+was traveling in his luxurious private limousine which he had brought
+with him into the field from Berlin. My military motor car had executed
+a flank attack on the road embankment with disastrous results, and the
+aviator kindly gave me a lift into town and some interesting
+information.
+
+"We are all eagerly awaiting orders for a raid on England," the Captain
+led off. "Yes, I have flown over Paris. Going to Paris is mere
+chauffeur's work. The six machines of my squadron have covered 15,000
+miles since the war began. The French machines are about twenty miles an
+hour faster than ours; but there is no advantage in going so fast, for
+you can't make good observations. At a height of 6,000 feet, you are
+quite safe against fire from below. We also find the safest thing to do
+is to circle right over a battery. They can't get at you then.
+
+"Fights in the air are regular occurrences now. We attack every chance
+we get in spite of the fact that we have only our revolvers against the
+machine guns which they have mounted on their aeroplanes. We find the
+best defense against their machine-gun fire is to get up close to the
+French aeroplane and then dodge and twist in sharp dips and curves,
+spoiling the aim of their mounted machine gun, and giving us an
+advantage with our revolvers.
+
+"One of the most interesting engagements was between a squadron of four
+of our aeroplanes armed with revolvers and a big and a little
+'Bauerschreck,' [the German nickname for the armored French aeroplanes
+armed with machine guns.] The fight lasted for nearly an hour at an
+altitude ranging from 5,000 to 6,000 feet, the big 'Bauerschreck' being
+finally forced to land, while the little one flew off. One of our
+aviators did a fine piece of work recently, landing behind the French
+lines, destroying the railway at that point and flying off again. The
+French are magnificent fliers, and so are the English, but we Germans
+have the training. Especially in trained observers we have a big
+advantage."
+
+I saw one of the German flier heroes in a base hospital. To the nurse's
+chart over his cot were pinned the Iron Cross of the second and first
+class and a bunch of flowers, and the Surgeon General coaxed him to give
+the details of the winning of his decorations.
+
+Sergt. Luchs and his observer were returning from an aerial
+reconnoissance when they were overtaken and attacked by a fast French
+aeroplane. The effectiveness of the French machine gun fire was later
+shown by seventy holes in the wings of the German aeroplane. For
+forty-five minutes the battle in the air lasted--6,000 feet up--revolver
+against machine gun, ending only when Luchs was shot through the lungs
+and liver. He was able to guide his machine safely to the ground within
+the German lines before he lost consciousness. But one of his revolver
+bullets had gone home, probably puncturing the gasoline tank, for the
+French aeroplane was also seen making a forced landing.
+
+Gen. von Heeringen, Commander in Chief of the Nth Army, told me a
+similar story about two officers who fought with revolver against
+machine gun until their motor and tank were shot to pieces, forcing them
+to glide to earth. The General said he had learned about their bravery
+only by accident, as they had reported only the results of their
+reconnoissance.
+
+That the German aviators are at a disadvantage in fighting against the
+Allies' aeroplanes armed with machine guns was freely admitted by Gen.
+von Heeringen, who said significantly that that would be attended to in
+the near future.
+
+"French aeroplanes have paid me a number of visits," the commanding
+General said with a laugh, "Our aviation camp seems to be an attraction
+for them. We have shot down six of them in the last few weeks. Our
+gunners are really only just beginning to get the hang of it, with
+practice. The trouble in peace time was always to find some sort of a
+target to train our gunners in the use of the new motor gun. We couldn't
+very well ask of our own aviators to go up and let themselves be shot
+at. But now the French are affording us just the moving target we have
+been looking for, and our shooting is improving splendidly."
+
+Gen. von Haenisch, von Heeringen's brilliant Chief of Staff, who as
+former Inspector General of the aviation arm had more to do than any
+other one individual with bringing German military aviation to its
+present high pitch of efficiency, supplemented his chief's remarks by
+saying:
+
+"We recently brought down a French aeroplane from an altitude of 8,100
+feet. Our new gun can shoot four miles high."
+
+I had the interesting experience of visiting an aviation camp in the
+field, inspecting a full sample line of aero bombs, and looking over the
+very latest thing in German military aeroplanes, a big new Aviatik
+biplane. For the benefit of THE NEW YORK TIMES readers, who have grown
+accustomed to headlines about "German Taubes over Paris," it must be
+explained that, just as all German cavalry are not Uhlans, so all German
+aeroplanes are not Taubes. "Taube" is the name of the German military
+monoplane, of which there are comparatively few in use; and I am
+informed that hardly any Taubes have flown over Paris, the bomb-throwing
+visitors having been the more practical double-decker Aviatiks. The new
+model which I inspected had a monoplane body, observer and pilot sitting
+tandem fashion, the Mercedes motor (several cylinders) being in front.
+It was designed, not for speed but for weight-lifting, as indicated by
+its formidable arsenal of bombs.
+
+The beauty of workmanship and finish of these infernal machines was
+interesting. The forty-pounders and twenty-pounders looked like
+miniature torpedoes, with slightly bulb-shaped bodies and tapering
+rounded noses, with a tiny three-bladed propeller for a tail and a steel
+ring to serve as a hand grip. When the aviator is ready to drop a bomb
+all he has to do is to make a simple adjustment, taking not more than a
+second, which releases the propeller, and then throw the bomb overboard.
+As it drops the propeller is set into rapid motion and drives the
+clockwork mechanism inside the bomb. After a hundred-yard drop it is all
+ready to explode when it strikes. There are also round cannon-ball-shaped
+bombs, and special bombs for starting a conflagration when they strike.
+
+Following the lead of the French, the Germans have also adopted the
+"silent death," and half a dozen of the German aerial darts were given
+me for souvenirs. They are of steel, about three inches long, with one
+end pointed and the other flanged, so as to give a rotary motion as they
+whizz through the air. They look more murderous than they really are,
+for I was told by one of the aviator officers that they were not very
+effective. The Germans, methodical in everything, wanted no doubt left
+in any one's mind that the "silent death" was introduced by the French
+and only copied by them in self-defense; so every one of the steel
+darts--a touch of grim humor--bears on one side of the point, in French,
+the legend "French invention" and on the other side "German
+manufacture."
+
+
+
+
+German Generals Talk of the War
+
+
+IV.
+
+GERMAN GREAT HEADQUARTERS IN FRANCE, Dec. 9.--I have just eaten my way
+along the German front in France, for a second visit to the German Great
+Headquarters. This week's lunch and dinner "bag" included Gen. von
+Heeringen, "the Victor of Saarburg"; Gen. von Emmich, "the Conqueror of
+Liége"; Gen. von Zwehl, "the Hero of Maubeuge"; Gen. von Wild, the new
+Quartermaster General, who before his appointment fought a twenty-round
+draw with the English at Ypres, though he thinks he won on points, and
+hosts of coming champions.
+
+It is literally necessary for an American correspondent on this side of
+the fence to eat his way to the firing line and back again, for the
+German afield is as hospitable as the tented Arab, and, thanks to their
+wonderful field telephone service, they "have you." The A.O.K. (Armee
+Ober Kommando) telephones to the Corps Kommando that you are on the way,
+the Corps Kommando relays the news to the Division Staff, the Division
+Staff rings up the Regimental Commander, who 'phones the Battalion or
+Battery Chief. To reach the firing line you have to run the gauntlet of
+anywhere from three to six meals, and if you happen to be one of those
+"amazing Americans" and insist on being shown to an orchestra seat in
+the first trench, you will be sure to find some sort of a table spread
+for you in the very shadow of death, for their habit of hospitality is
+fireproof.
+
+But while robbing war corresponding of all its old-time romance, the
+German, gastronomic way has the great advantage of giving you the
+maximum of information in the minimum of time and of letting you meet
+the masters of modern warfare, the men who have done big things, under
+ideal conditions, for over after-dinner coffee and cigars you can and
+will--if you are an American--ask the most imprudent questions with the
+certainty of getting a good-natured and courteous answer.
+
+Von Emmich makes the most instant appeal to an American. Short and
+stockily built and looking every inch a fighter, he gives you the
+impression of possessing tremendous, almost Rooseveltian vitality, with
+a saving sense of humor. Von Emmich is the General with a winning smile.
+He could have been a successful machine politician if he had emigrated
+to America instead of remaining in Germany and becoming the most popular
+General in the German Army, among the men, for he has the rare gift of
+inspiring his followers with a sense of personal loyalty. His troops
+idolize him. They break out into hearty hurrahs at the slightest
+provocation when they see him. It is lčse-majesté, but none the less
+true, to say that they think as much of their General as of their
+Kaiser. They tell you proudly that he rode at their head when the City
+of Liége was taken by storm, and after seeing him you could never
+picture von Emmich bringing up the rear in a motor car, after the manner
+that more prudent Generals use. He has iron-gray hair and a bristly,
+close-cropped mustache to match, and a very florid complexion, and looks
+absolutely unlike the sleek individual whose photograph was published
+with his obituary notice in the London press while the forts of Liége
+were still "holding out" on paper.
+
+Asked point blank, Gen. von Emmich stoutly and with great good humor
+denied that he had ever committed suicide or even contemplated the step.
+
+"But you know, Excellency, that you were reported to have lost something
+like 120,000 men before Liége," it was suggested.
+
+"That's three times as many as I had," he answered with the "winning
+smile."
+
+Gen. von Emmich will talk quite freely about anything but himself and
+military matters, but a few odds and ends were snapped up. It was
+interesting to learn that he was in Liége only a day and a half, then
+pushed on ahead in the direction of Namur with the bulk of his corps,
+leaving only his heavy artillery behind to finish up the remaining
+forts. He did not even know that Zeppelins had taken part in the
+bombardment of these forts until he heard about it afterward. Later he
+turned up at Mons and had a hand in beating the British or expediting
+their strategic retreat, according to the point of view. His subsequent
+movements and present whereabouts are interesting, but would never pass
+the German censor.
+
+"Did you feel proud at being selected to lead the way into Belgium,
+Excellency?" I inquired.
+
+"Yes, of course I did," he replied.
+
+"Would you like to lead your corps into England?" For just an instant
+what looked very much like the light of battle was in his eye.
+
+"I will go anywhere I am ordered to go--anywhere," he replied with
+smiling emphasis.
+
+I was interested to discover that the staff of the Nth Army Corps had
+also been racking its brains about quite other than tactical problems
+when Gen. von Emmich led the way into the dining room of the very modest
+so-called "château" of the French village, where he and his staff were
+quartered, and pointed to the extensive but quite mongrel art collection
+on the walls. "The absent owner does not appear to have been much of a
+connoisseur," he laughed, "That picture over there worried and puzzled
+us for a long time," pointing out a large impressionistic canvas over
+the mantelpiece representing a nude male and female figure kneeling on
+the seashore and looking out over the impressionistic water at what
+looked like an island. "Finally my Chief of Staff hit upon a
+satisfactory solution, suggested that it represented 'Adam and Eve
+Discovering Heligoland.'"
+
+Gen. von Emmich's headquarters produced another interesting story. At 3
+P.M. a general alarm was sent out to the reserve troops to prepare for
+immediate retreat, as the French were coming. Every bit of baggage was
+picked up and loaded on wagons, the infantry in full marching kit lined
+up--everything ready in record-breaking time without rush or confusion
+to withdraw on the word of command. But no command to march
+came--instead a "well done" from the General as he rode down the long
+column. It was just a little "fire-alarm drill" to keep the reserve
+troops up to the high-water mark of efficiency.
+
+Gen. von Zwehl, nicknamed Zwehl-Maubeuge, is probably almost unknown in
+America, though the dark blue enamel maltese cross of the Pour le Merite
+order at his throat tags him at once as worth while. Von Zwehl is the
+outward antithesis of von Emmich. He looks like anything but a
+fighter--a quiet, gentle-looking soul with kind and a bit tired eyes,
+soft silverly hair, and a whimsical sense of humor, a gentleman of the
+old school. "But you should just see him in the field during a
+fight--he's a regular whirlwind," one of his staff said.
+
+He confirmed the fact that Maubeuge had fallen on schedule time in ten
+days and that he had taken over 40,000 French prisoners, that he had
+given the French commandant till 7 P.M. (German time) to surrender, and
+that the appointment was kept with great promptness, also that the
+French were a bit chagrined when they learned they had been "taken in"
+by a single corps. I also learned that he and his corps had arrived in
+time to stop the first English corps which had crossed the Aisne and was
+marching on X.
+
+Gen. von Zwehl praised the English troops against whom he had
+successfully fought, and who are now in the North, saying, "The English
+soldier is a splendid fighter, especially on the defensive." Asked if
+the remark of one of his staff that "the English can't attack" was a
+fact, von Zwehl said: "I can only speak as far as my own experience
+goes, and that is that the English never were able to carry through a
+bayonet charge with success against my troops. They came on bravely
+enough, but when our troops would open fire on them at 50 yards and
+follow it up with a counter attack, the English would invariably go over
+into the defensive, at which they are at their best. They are
+particularly experienced in 'bush warfare,' and display the utmost skill
+in making the most of every bit of cover."
+
+The commanding General confirmed the following gruesome story which one
+of his staff officers had told me:
+
+"The English apparently do not bother to bury their dead, but let them
+lie. We are still burying English who fell on Sept. 14 and later. We
+found and buried two only yesterday. That the abandonment of their dead
+is deliberate is indicated by the fact that we have found the bodies of
+dead English soldiers in corners and nooks of the approaches to the
+English trenches, where the wounded had evidently crawled to die, and
+where their comrades must constantly have passed them and seem them."
+
+More Generals were met during a visit to the "office building" of the
+Great General Staff in the Great Headquarters. Here, too, I was allowed
+to examine the historic room where around a large mahogany table the
+chiefs of the staff hold their daily conferences, at which the Kaiser
+himself is often present. A huge map of France and a slice of Belgium
+covered the table and hung down to the floor on either side. I noted
+with interest that it was a French General Staff map. On one wall hung
+another map showing the exact location of all the armies in the West.
+
+In the unavoidable absence of the combination Chief of Staff and War
+Minister von Falkenhayn, the new Quartermaster General von Wild did the
+honors in the long Louis XIV. Room where the Great General Staff eats
+together--an interesting sight, for it represents the round-up of the
+brains of the German Army. Gen. von Wild, until his promotion, commanded
+a division against the English at Ypres and spoke in generous terms of
+his opponents.
+
+"The English are excellent fighters," he said. "I have walked over many
+of the battlefields in the North--gruesome sights, beyond words to
+describe. From what I saw, I am convinced that the English losses have
+been much heavier than ours."
+
+Gen. von Wild said that a puzzling and unexplainable feature of these
+battlefields was that so many of the dead were found lying on their
+backs with rigid arms stretched straight up toward heaven--a ghastly
+spectacle.
+
+Here, too, was a German General who knew more about the American Army
+than most Americans, the Bavarian General, Zoellner, the great General
+Staff's specialist on Americana, and it was interesting to note that, in
+spite of its own pressing problems, the General Staff is still taking a
+keen interest in those of America and deriving valuable lessons.
+
+"I have been particularly interested in the Mexican troubles," Gen.
+Zoellner said. "To my mind, the lesson for America is the need of a
+larger standing army. I was particularly impressed by the speed of your
+mobilization and your dispatch in landing your expeditionary force at
+Vera Cruz. I was also especially interested in your splendid Texas
+cavalry division. We have nothing like it in the German Army, because
+such a body of men could not be developed in a closely settled country.
+You may not know that only a short time before being sent to Mexico the
+Texas cavalry had received brand-new drill and exercise instructions,
+but in spite of this they acquitted themselves splendidly, showing the
+remarkable adaptability of your soldiers.
+
+"In sending your coast artillery as infantry regiments to Mexico you
+anticipated us in a rather similar use of our marine divisions on the
+coast. The most valuable lesson we have learned from you is typhus
+vaccination. This we owe to the American Army. I believe it goes back to
+the fact that your Gen. Wood was a medical man before becoming Chief of
+Staff."
+
+Gen. Zoellner intimated that the whole German Army either had been or
+was being vaccinated against typhoid on the American plan. "And there is
+also a very American flavor about our volunteer automobile corps--their
+dash and speed they have learned that from you Americans," he concluded.
+
+My previously formed suspicion that the Germans were making war on the
+American plan, managing their armies like so many subsidiary companies
+of a big trust, was fully confirmed by my second visit to the office of
+the Great General Staff. Instead of a picturesque bunch of Generals
+spending anxious days and sleepless nights over their maps with faithful
+attendants trying to coax them to leave off dispatch writing long enough
+to eat a sandwich, I found a live lot of army officials, keeping regular
+office hours and taking ample time out for meals. The staff was
+quartered in a handsome old municipal building; the ground floor,
+devoted to living purposes, quite like an exclusive club; the business
+offices upstairs.
+
+Gen. von Haenisch took me aloft and explained to me how business was
+done. A good telephone operator, it developed, was almost as important
+as a competent General--the telephone "central" the most vital spot of
+an army. Here were three large switchboards with soldiers playing
+telephone girl, while other soldiers, with receivers fastened over their
+heads, sat at desks busy taking down messages on printed "business"
+forms. In the next room sat the staff officers on duty, waiting for the
+telephone bell to jingle with latest reports from the front. There was
+no waiting because numbers were "engaged" or operators gossiping; you
+could get Berlin or Vienna without once having to swear at "long
+distance." Gen. von Haenisch had his chief of field telephone and
+telegraph trot out what looked like a huge family tree, but turned out
+to be a most minute chart of the entire telephone system of the --nth
+Army. It showed the position of every corps and division headquarters'
+regiment, battalion, and company, and all the telephone lines connecting
+them, even to the single trenches and batteries.
+
+Gen. von Haenisch suggested having some fun with Gen. von X., commanding
+the army next door on the right, and I was made Acting Chief of Staff
+for two minutes, getting von X.'s Chief of Staff on the phone and
+inquiring if there was "anything doing."
+
+"No; everything quiet here," came the reassuring answer.
+
+An art exhibition within sound of the guns at the front by the
+well-known Munich artist, Ernst Vollbehr, the Kaiser's own war painter
+with the --nth army, was another real novelty. The long-haired painter,
+wearing the regulation field gray uniform, brought his portfolio of
+sketches into the billiard hall of the headquarters and showed them with
+sprightly running comment:
+
+"Here is the library of Brimont. You can see most of the books lying on
+the ground. It wasn't a comfortable place to paint because there were
+too many shells flying around loose. Here is the Cathedral of Dinant.
+Very much improved aesthetically by the shells knocking the ugly points
+of the towers off. Here is a picture of Rheims Cathedral looming through
+the fog, as seen from the German lines. I painted this picture of the
+battle of the Aisne from a captive balloon. Here is a picture of the
+surrender of Maubeuge, showing two of the 40,000 French prisoners. I can
+usually paint better during a battle because there's nobody looking on
+over my shoulder to distract my attention. I have about 140 sketches
+done in all. His Majesty has most of them now, to pick out those he
+wants painted. This sketch of a pretty young Frenchwoman is 'Mlle. Nix
+zu Macken,' so nicknamed by some sixty-odd hungry but good-natured
+Landsturm men quartered in a tavern of a French village, where she was
+the only woman left. Every time they made signs indicative of a desire
+for food she would laugh and say in near-German, 'Nix zu macken,' and
+that's how she got her name."
+
+Painter Vollbehr was authority for the following Kaiser anecdote:
+
+"One day as the Kaiser was motoring along a chaussée he met a herd of
+swine under the guardianship of a bearded Landsturm man, who drove them
+rapidly to one side to keep them from being prematurely slaughtered by
+the imperial auto. As the motor slowed up the Kaiser asked him if he was
+a farmer by profession. 'No; professor of the University of Tubingen,'
+came the answer, to the great amusement of the Over War Lord."
+
+
+
+
+Human Documents of the War
+
+Swift Reversal to Barbarism
+
+By Vance Thompson.
+
+[From The New York Sun, Sept. 13, 1914.]
+
+
+I.
+
+There is in Brussels--if the Uhlans have spared it--a mad and monstrous
+picture. It is called "A Scene in Hell," and hangs in the Musée Wiertz.
+And what you see on the canvas are the fierce and blinding flames of
+hell; and amid them looms the dark figure of Napoleon, and around him
+the wives and mothers and maids of Belgium scream and surge and clutch
+and curse--taking their posthumous vengeance.
+
+And since Napoleon was a notable Emperor in his time, the picture is not
+without significance today. Paint in another face; and let it go at
+that.
+
+War is a bad thing. Even hell is the worse for it.
+
+War is a bad thing; it is a reversal, sudden and complete, to barbarism.
+That is what I would get at in this article. One day there is
+civilization, authentic, complex, triumphant; comes war, and in a moment
+the entire fabric sinks down into a slime of mud and blood. In a day, in
+an hour, a cycle of civilization is canceled. What you saw in the
+morning was suave and ordered life; and the sun sets on howling
+savagery. In the morning black-coated men lifted their hats to women.
+Ere nightfall they are slashing them with sabres and burning the houses
+over their heads. And, the grave old professors who were droning
+platitudes of peace and progress and humanitarianism are screaming, ere
+today is done, shrill senile clamors for blood and ravage and rapine.
+(Not less shrill than others is the senile yawp of that good old man
+Ernst Haeckel, under whom I studied in my youth.)
+
+A reversal to barbarism.
+
+Here; it is in the tearoom of the smartest hotel in Munich; war has
+come; high-voiced women of title chatter over their teacups; comes
+swaggering in the Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria; he has just had his
+sabre sharpened and has girt his abdomen for war. His wife runs to him.
+And she kisses the sabre and shouts: "Bring it back to me covered with
+blood--that I may kiss it again!" And the other high-voiced women flock
+to kiss the sword.
+
+A reversal to barbarism.
+
+It has taken place in an hour; but yesterday these were sweet patrician
+ladies, who prattled of humanity and love and the fair graces of life;
+and now they would fain wet their mouths with blood--laughingly as
+harlots wet their mouths with wine.
+
+The unclean and vampirish spirit of war has swept them back to the
+habits of the cave-dwelling ages of the race. In an hour the culture so
+painfully acquired in slow generations has been swept away. Royalty, in
+the tearoom of the "Four Seasons," is one with the blonde nude female
+who romped and fought in the dark Teutonic forests ere Caesar came
+through Gaul.
+
+Reversal to barbarism.
+
+War is declared; and in Berlin the Emperor of Germany rides in an open
+motor car down Unter den Linden; he is in full uniform, sworded, erect,
+hieratic; and at his side sits the Empress--she the good mother, the
+housewife, the fond grandmother--garmented from head to foot in cloth
+the color of blood.
+
+Theatricalism? No. The symbolism is more significant. The symbol bears a
+savage significance. It marks, as a red sunset, the going down of
+civilization and the coming of the dark barbarism of war.
+
+
+II.
+
+BREAKING POINT OF CIVILIZATION.
+
+There was war; and the whole machinery of civilization stopped.
+
+Modern civilization is the most complex machine imaginable; its infinite
+cogged wheels turn endlessly upon each other; and perfectly it
+accomplishes its multifarious purposes; but smash one wheel and it all
+falls apart into muddle and ruin. The declaration of war was like
+thrusting a mailed fist into the intricate works of a clock. There was
+an end of the perfected machine of civilization. Everything stopped.
+
+That was a queer world we woke in. A world that seemed new, so old it
+was.
+
+Money had ceased to exist. It seemed at that moment an appalling thing.
+I was on the edge and frontier of a neutral State. I had money in a
+bank. It ceased to be money. A thousand-franc note was paper. A
+hundred-mark note was rubbish. British sovereigns were refused at the
+railway station. The Swiss shopkeeper would not change a Swiss note.
+What had seemed money was not money.
+
+Values were told in terms of bread.
+
+It was a swift and immediate return to the economic conditions of
+barbarism. Metals were hoarded; and where there had been trade there was
+barter. And it all happened in an hour, in that first fierce panic of
+war.
+
+Traffic stopped with a clang as of rusty iron. The mailed fist had
+dislocated the complex machinery of European traffic. Frontiers which
+had been mere landmarks of travel became suddenly formidable and
+impassable barriers, guarded by harsh, hysterical men with bayonets.
+
+War makes men brave and courageous? Rubbish! It fills them with the
+cruelty of hysteria and the panic of the unknown. I am not talking of
+battle, which is a different thing. But I say the men who guarded the
+German frontier--and I dare say every other frontier--in the first
+stress of war, were wrenched and shaken with veritable hysteria. At St.
+Ludwig and Constance those husky soldiers in ironmongery, with shaved
+heads and beards and outstanding ears, fell into sheer savagery, not
+because they were bad and savage men, but simply because they were
+hysterical. The fact is worth noting.
+
+It explains many a bloody and infamous deed in the tragic history of sad
+Alsace and of little Belgium. The war-begotten reversal to savagery
+brought with it all the hysteria of the savage man. The sentries at St.
+Ludwig struck with muskets and sabres because they were hysterical with
+terror of the new, unknown state into which they had been plunged, not
+because they were not men like you and me. Surely the savage Uhlan who
+ravaged the cottages of Alsace was your brother and mine, and the Magyar
+beyond the Danube and the Cossack at Kovna. Only they had gone back to
+the terrors of the man who dwelt in a cave.
+
+Traffic stopped; and when it stopped civilization fell away from the
+travelers. That was strange. Take the afternoon of the day war was
+declared, the date being Aug. 1, in the year of our Lord 1914, and the
+hour 7:30 P.M., Berlin time. It was the last train that reached the
+frontier from Paris. Between Delle and Bicourt lies a neutral zone about
+three kilometers--say, nearly two and a half miles--in extent. On one
+side France and invasion and terror and war; on the other side of the
+zone the relative safety of Switzerland. Six hundred passengers poured
+out of the French train at noon into that neutral zone and started to
+walk to Swiss safety. A blazing August sun; a road of pebbles and
+stinging, upblown dust.
+
+The passengers had been permitted to bring on the train only what
+luggage they could carry; so they were laden with bags and coats,
+dressing bags and jewel cases--all they had deemed most valuable. Mostly
+women. German ladies fleeing for refuge; Russian ladies; English,
+American; and a crowd of men, urgent to reach their armies, German,
+Swiss, Russian, Austrian, Servian, Italian; withal many of the kind of
+American men who go to Switzerland in August.
+
+And the caravan started in the dust and heat of a desert. A woman let
+fall her heavy bag and plodded on. Another threw away her coats. Men
+shook off their bundles. The heat was stifling. And through the clouds
+of dust a panic terror crept. It was the antique terror of the God
+Pan--the God All; it was a fear as immense as the sky.
+
+A woman screamed and began to run, throwing away everything she had
+safeguarded so she might run with empty hands. A score followed her. Men
+began to run. They thrust the women aside, cursing; and ran. And for
+over two miles the road was covered thick with coats and bags, with
+packages and jewel cases. The greed of possession died out in the
+causeless fear.
+
+These hoarse, pushing men, these sweating, shameless women had gone back
+10,000 years into prehistoric savagery. Lightly they threw away all the
+baubles and gewgaws civilization had fashioned for adorning and
+disguising their raw humanity, and the habits of civilization as well.
+
+They had touched but the outermost edge of war, and their very clothes
+fell off them.
+
+
+III.
+
+BARBARISM AND WOMEN.
+
+War; and it takes eighty-four hours to make a twelve-hour journey from
+the Alps to Paris; the cable is dead; the telegraph is dumb; letters go
+only when smuggled over the frontiers by couriers; you look about you
+and find you are in a mediaeval and mysterious world. You stand amid the
+melancholy ruins of canceled cycles. The mailed fist of war has smashed
+your world to pieces. You do not know it.
+
+The man you thought of as a brother looks at you with eyes of passionate
+hatred; you have eaten bread and salt together; you have drunk together;
+you have been uplifted by the same books; you have been sublimed by the
+same music; but he is a German, and your blood was made in another land,
+and he looks at you with suspicion and hate--perhaps you are a spy. (The
+spy mania! Dear Lord, what absurd, bloody, and abominable stories I
+could write of this madness which has Europe by the throat, this madness
+which is only another form of war hysteria.) A reversal to barbarism;
+you and the man who was your friend have gone back to the fear and
+hatred of primitive savages, meeting at the corner of a dark wood. All
+of humanity we have acquired in the slow way of evolution sloughs off
+us.
+
+We are savages once more. For science is dead. All the laboratories are
+shut, save those where poison is brewed and destruction is put up in
+packages. Education has ceased, save that fierce Nietzschean education
+which declares: "The weak and helpless must go to the wall; and we shall
+help them go." All that made life humanly fair is hidden in the fetid
+clouds of war where savages (in terror and hysteria) grope for each
+other's throats.
+
+The glory of war--rot! The heroism of war--rot! The scarlet and
+beneficent energies of war--rot! When you look at it close what you see
+are hulking masses of brutes with fear behind them prodding them on, or
+wild and splendid savages, hysterical with hate, battling to save their
+hearth fires and women from the oncoming horde. Reversal to barbarism.
+
+Think it over. Upon whom falls the stress of war? Not upon the soldier.
+He is killed and fattens the soil where he falls; or he is maimed and
+hobbles off toward a pension or beggary--both tolerable things; anyway
+he has drunk deep of cruelty and terror and may go his way. By rare good
+grace he may have been a hero. In other words, he may have been a
+Belgian--which is a word like a decoration, a name to make one strut
+like a Greek of Thermopylae--and become thus a permanent part of the
+world's finest history.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I would like to write here the name of a friend, Charles Flamache of
+Brussels. He was 21 years old. He was an artist who had already tasted
+fame. He had known the love of woman. That his destiny might be
+fulfilled he died, the blithe, brave boy, in front of Liége. It was the
+right death at the right time--ere yet the massed Prussians had rolled
+in fire and blood over his fair small land. Wherefore, hail and
+farewell, young hero!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But upon whom falls the stress of war?
+
+In a time of barbarism those who suffer are always the weak. War is in
+its essence (as said Nietzsche, the German philosopher of "world power")
+an attack upon weakness. The weakest suffer most.
+
+I saw children born on cinder heaps, and I saw them die; and the mothers
+die gasping like she dogs in a smother of flies.
+
+Some day the story of what was done in Alsace will be written and the
+stories of Visé and Aerschot and Onsmael and Louvain will seem pale and
+negligible; but not now--five generations to come will whisper them in
+the Vosges.
+
+What I would emphasize is that in the natural state of barbarism induced
+by the war the woman falls back to her antique state of she animal. In
+thousands of years she has been made into a thing of exquisite and
+mysterious femininity; in a day she is thrown back to kinship with the
+she dog. Slashed with sabres, pricked with lances, she is a mere thing
+of prey.
+
+Surely not the dear Countess and Baroness? Of course not. War is made
+in the palaces, but it does not attack the palaces. The worth of every
+nation dwells in the cottage; and it is upon the cottage that war works
+its worst infamy. Go to Alsace and see.
+
+Pillage, loot, incendiarism, "indemnity"--you can read that in the
+records of the invasion of Belgium; that is war; it is all right if war
+is to be, for all this talk of chivalrous consideration for foes and
+regard for international law is all nonsense; necessity, as
+Bethmann-Hollweg said, knows no law, and necessity has always been the
+tyrant's plea; it is the business of a soldier to kill and terrify; if
+he restricts his killing and terrifying he is a bad soldier and bad at
+his work of barbarism; but--
+
+There is a more sinister side to Europe's lapse into barbarism. The
+women are paying too dear. And to make them pay dear is not really the
+business of a soldier, not even a bad soldier. Yet the woman is paying,
+God knows. A tragic payment.
+
+
+IV.
+
+AFTER BARBARISM, WHAT?
+
+One morning at dawn--it was at Amberieu--I saw the long trains go by
+carrying the German wounded and the German prisoners, who had been taken
+in the battles of the Vosges. There were 2,400 taken on toward the
+south. There were French nurses with the wounded. I saw water and fruit
+and chocolate given to the prisoners.
+
+This was early in the war. The sheer lapse into barbarism had not yet
+come. Soon the German newspapers announced:
+
+"Great concern is expressed in press and public utterances lest
+prisoners of war receive anything in the line of favored treatment.
+Newspapers have conducted an angry campaign against women who have
+ventured at the railway station to give coffee or food to prisoners of
+war passing through; commanding officers have ordered that persons
+'demeaning themselves by such unworthy conduct' are to be immediately
+ejected from the stations, and in response to public clamor official
+announcements have been issued that such prisoners in transport receive
+only bread and water."
+
+And the French followed suit; no "coddling" of prisoners; back to
+barbarism, the lessons of humanity forgot and savagery come again.
+
+Civilization in the old world is smashed. I have traversed the ruins;
+and my feet are still dirty with mud and blood. But I can tell you what
+is going to come out of that welter of ruin. There will come a sane and
+righteous hatred of militarism. What will be surely destroyed is
+Caesarism. Prophecy? This is not prophecy; I am stating an assured fact.
+Even at this hour of hysterical and relentless warfare there lies deep
+in the heart of the democracy of Europe a consuming hatred of
+militarism.
+
+Drops of water (or blood) do not more naturally flow into each than did
+the English hatred of Caesarism blend with the high French hatred of the
+evil thing; and when the palaces have done fighting, the cottages of
+Europe, from the Baltic to the Mediterranean and from the Black Sea to
+the Hebrides, will proclaim its destruction.
+
+And you will see it; you will see Caesarism drowned in the very blood it
+has shed. And the German, mark you, will not be the least bitter of the
+foes of militarism. He will be indeed a relentless foe.
+
+Reversal to barbarism, say you? A shuddering lapse into savagery?
+
+Quite true; that is the state of Europe over the fairest and most highly
+civilized provinces. The picture of Sir John French strolling up and
+down the battle line smoking a cigarette does not give a fair idea of
+it; nor do you get it from the Kaiser on a hilltop surveying his massed
+war bullocks surging forth patiently to battle; all that belongs to the
+picture books of war.
+
+The real thing is dirtier.
+
+
+
+
+Civil Life in Berlin
+
+[From The London Times, Oct. 17, 1914.]
+
+
+     _A gentleman, the subject of a neutral country, who has just
+     returned from a visit to Germany, has furnished The Times with
+     the following statement as to his impressions. He says:_
+
+I did not hear any boasting over German successes. When I spoke to
+Germans of their victories they would reply: "Yes, we have had
+victories--but what of the dead?" This thought is present even in places
+where one might think that for the time being every effort would be made
+to prevent its intrusion. In Berlin, for example, where all the theatres
+are open and attracting crowded audiences, it is the burden of a song
+sung during one of the patriotic plays, of which several are now being
+performed.
+
+I went to a theatre on the night of the fall of Antwerp. A play entitled
+"1914" was acted, in the course of which many topical allusions were
+made by the well-known comedian Thielscher. Even in these serious times
+the Berliner, who is famous for the form of humor known as Berliner
+Witze, cannot refrain from his jokes. One of these was the question:
+"Why does Germany understand war so well? Because it has been declared
+upon her eight times!"--the point of the jest lying in the fact that the
+German word _Erklaren_, "to declare," means also "to explain." Another
+pun of the same kind was made out of the word _Niederlage_, which means
+both "defeat" and "dępot." "Germany," said one of the characters, "is
+surrounded by enemies on all sides." "Yes," was the reply, "she is the
+head establishment, while England, France, and Russia only have the
+_Niederlage_."
+
+There were some serious scenes in this play, in the middle of one of
+which some one stepped quickly on to the stage and, interrupting the
+actors, exclaimed: "One moment, one moment, if you please! Antwerp has
+fallen!" Of course, there was tremendous enthusiasm at this
+announcement, but when it had subsided, one of the company came forward
+and sang:
+
+    Nicht zu laut!
+    Nicht zu laut!
+    Denkt g'rad' jetzt wo Ihr jubelt und lacht;
+    Nicht zu laut!
+    Nicht zu laut!
+    Fiel ein Krieger vielleicht in der Schlacht
+    Und er liegt beim zerschossenen Pferde
+    Und nimmt Abschied von Mutter und Braut--
+    Nicht zu laut!
+    Nicht zu laut!
+
+    (Not too loud! Not too loud! Think just now while you laugh
+    and cheer; Not too loud! Not too loud! Perchance a warrior
+    fallen in the battle lies beside his shot down steed, and bids
+    farewell to mother and bride; Not too loud! Not too loud!)
+
+I have mentioned this to give an idea of the kind of life which the
+Berliners are living just now. There are other popular theatres in which
+similar plays are now running with titles such as "Der Kaiser Rief"
+("The Emperor Called") and "Fest d'Rauf" ("Hit Hard!") the latter being
+borrowed from the words of the famous telegram sent by the Crown Prince
+at the time of the Zabern incident. These theatres are crowded. At the
+principal theatres classical plays such as "Hamlet" and Lessing's "Minna
+von Barnhelm" were being played while I was in Berlin.
+
+Berlin keeps open many places of amusement until the early hours of the
+morning, and the war has not made any difference in this respect. What
+is known as the "night life" of Berlin continues. For years past the
+fast element in Berlin has been one of its most notorious features. This
+accompaniment of the prosperity of the capital since the war of 1870 has
+struck with surprise many observers of German life accustomed to the
+idea of German simplicity and purity of morals, rendered classical by
+Tacitus and exemplified by many representatives of German national life
+in the earlier part of the nineteenth century, when Germany was rallying
+from the blows inflicted by Napoleon. All that need be said upon this
+head is that, as far as report can be accepted as evidence, vice is the
+only commodity which has become less expensive since the war began.
+
+The spy fever seems somewhat to have abated. At present, however, the
+public are not allowed to walk on the footway beside the headquarters of
+the army or the General Telegraph Office, obviously with a view to
+protecting these buildings against damage from hostile persons. The
+Germans still think that many spies exist in their country. The presence
+of women acting as tramcar conductors struck me as strange. These are
+the wives of men summoned to the colors. Notices are affixed to the
+interior of the cars stating the reason for the presence of these women,
+and requesting the public to be considerate toward them, and to help
+them over any little difficulties they might encounter in the discharge
+of their duty. Traffic in Berlin is absolutely regular. There are as
+many taxicabs as before, but instead of benzine, which is wanted for the
+army, they now use other spirit. The streets are as brilliantly lighted
+as ever. Riding exercise is taken by gentlemen in the Thiergarten every
+morning as usual. Sport is reviving, and there are a good many football
+matches. Two recently played were those between Berlin and Vienna and
+Berlin and Leipsic, the latter for the Red Cross. The universities will
+open on the 25th inst., the regular date.
+
+The population, as a whole, is serious and confident of victory; but the
+war is by no means the sole topic of conversation. England is the enemy
+most bitterly hated, the Germans maintaining that her only reason for
+entering on the war was to destroy German trade. England's desire to
+preserve the neutrality of Belgium is scouted. The common people in
+Germany say that having fought the Belgians and defeated them they will
+retain their country. This, however, is not the attitude of the more
+educated section of the population, who express the opinion that the
+difficulty of ruling Belgium would be greater than the advantage to be
+derived from it.
+
+[Illustration: ADMIRAL VON TIRPITZ, GERMAN NAVAL MINISTER,
+
+As Head of the Naval Administration He Is Second in Authority to the
+Major Admiral in Chief, the Kaiser.
+
+(_Photo_ © _by Brown Bros._)]
+
+[Illustration: PRINCE HENRY OF PRUSSIA,
+
+In Supreme Command of the German Battleship Fleet.
+
+(_Photo from Bain._)]
+
+The fierce hatred of England in Germany is due in large measure to what
+the Germans call "the shopkeepers' warfare" of the English. They
+maintain that the English confiscation of German patents is a wholly
+unfair method of fighting, and it has caused the deepest resentment.
+When asked as to the future, they reply that they will do all in due
+time. After Belgium will come France, and then the turn of England will
+arrive. They are not discouraged by the failure to reach Paris, since
+the strategy adopted by the French would have rendered the possession of
+Paris of little value. It will still be taken.
+
+With regard to England not much is said of an army of invasion, but
+German confidence is evidently reposed in her Zeppelins, of which a
+large number is being constructed with all possible speed. They are to
+be employed against England, whose part in the war is the least
+honorable of all. Belgium's attitude at the outset they can understand,
+France's desire for _la revanche_ is natural, but England's only motive
+was jealousy of Germany's industrial development and the desire to
+cripple her trade and commercial prosperity. Therefore, Woe to England!
+
+
+
+
+Belgian Boy Tells Story of Aerschot
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, Nov. 18, 1914.]
+
+
+     _The following letter from an American civil engineer, lately
+     in business in Belgium, whose reliability is vouched for by
+     the person named in his letter as having been associated with
+     him in business in Pittsburgh, has been received by_ THE
+     TIMES:
+
+B----, ----shire, England,
+Oct. 3, 1914.
+
+_To the Editor of The New York Times:_
+
+I have just read an article in your issue of Sept. 16 on the German
+killings at Aerschot, Belgium. You suggest an investigation into this
+crime. I happen to have a first-hand contribution, which I herewith
+inclose.
+
+The writer is an American citizen, civil engineer, late partner of ----
+---- of Pittsburgh, Penn., to whom you can refer. When war was declared I
+had an engineering office in Belgium. As the use of telegraph and
+telephone was suddenly stopped there remained nothing but to close the
+office. I therefore paid off my employes, among whom was a young office
+boy, a Belgian, about 16 years old, frail stature, small build, almost
+childlike appearance, but well educated and intelligent.
+
+The inclosed narrative is a strict translation of a letter received from
+the boy. This is, therefore, first-hand information, and my knowledge of
+the character of the boy, as well as the ring in what he has to tell,
+justifies me in vouching for the correctness of his narrative.
+
+In reading these pages, you will note a weak point in our administration
+of charity, which has been repeatedly brought to my attention. England
+has every intention to act generously and warm-heartedly with the
+Belgian people, who you may say have been sacrificed for the Allies.
+They tender homes for refugees and transportation from Belgian shores to
+England. They give out money liberally, but when this boy, utterly
+without means, friends or papers arrived in Antwerp, there is no help
+for him. If he had been smaller, somebody would have treated him as a
+child and brought him along. If his father had not been dragged off into
+slavery in Germany he might with an old aunt have represented a family.
+Had he been able to preserve his legitimatization papers the Belgian
+authorities would have given him some support. Had he been older, he
+would have been enlisted in the defense of his country.
+
+Here, therefore, is an individual, not small enough, not large enough,
+not having relations enough and not having any documents. He was worthy
+of help, but did not fit in anywhere. I am now doing my best to get
+money over to him through the Belgian National Bank, also to get him
+some sort of a paper, through the Belgian Legation in London, which will
+enable him at least to cross the frontier to Holland, whence he might be
+able to pay for his way to England.
+
+I hope you will publish the boy's letter, _but it is necessary that you
+suppress both his and the writer's name_. Should either be given and the
+boy remain in Belgium, _it may cost him his life_. The mention of my own
+may later on cause me difficulties with our German friends of liberty.
+Yours truly,
+
+---- ----.
+
+[Inclosure.]
+
+Translation of letter received from one of my employes, a young Belgian
+boy of about 16 years of age. Received in England Sept. 28, 1914.
+
+ANTWERP, Sept. 23, 1914.
+
+Dear Sir: As you correctly said in my testimonial when you were closing
+the office, the war has isolated Belgium. Really I can well say that I
+have been painfully struck by this scourge, and I permit myself, dear
+Sir, to give you a little description of my Calvary.
+
+Your offices were closed in the beginning of August. As I did not know
+what to do and as the fatherland had not enough men to defend its
+territory I tried to get myself accepted as a volunteer.
+
+On Aug. 10 I went to Aerschot, my native town, to get my certificate of
+good conduct. Then I went to Louvain to have same signed by the
+commander of the place. This gentleman sent me to St. Nicholas and
+thence to Hemixem, where I was rejected as too young. I then decided to
+return to Brussels, passing through Aerschot. Here my aunt asked me to
+stay with her, saying that she was afraid of the Germans.
+
+I remained at Aerschot. This was Aug. 15. Suddenly, on the 19th, at 9
+o'clock in the morning, after a terrible bombardment, the Germans made
+their entry into Aerschot. In the first street which they passed through
+they broke into the houses. They brought out six men whom I knew very
+well and immediately shot them. Learning of this, I fled to Louvain,
+where I arrived on Aug. 19 at 1 o'clock.
+
+At 1:30 P.M. the Germans entered Louvain. They did not do anything to
+the people in the beginning. On the following Saturday, Aug. 22, I
+started to return to Aerschot, as I had no money. (All my money was
+still in Brussels.) The whole distance from Louvain to Aerschot I saw
+nothing but German armies, always Germans. They did not say a word to me
+until I suddenly found myself alone with three of the "Todeshusaren,"
+(Death's Head Hussars,) the vanguard of their regiment. They arrested me
+at the point of the revolver, demanded where I was going, and why I had
+run away from Aerschot. They said that the whole of Aerschot was now on
+fire, because the son of the Burgomaster had killed a General. Finally
+they searched me from head to foot, and I heard them discuss the
+question of my fate.
+
+Finally the non-commissioned officer told me that I could continue on my
+way; that they would certainly take care of me in Aerschot, as I had
+been firing at Germans, and they would shoot me when I arrived. I would
+have liked better to return to Louvain, but with an imperious gesture he
+pointed out my road to Aerschot, and I continued. On arriving within a
+few hundred meters of the town I was arrested once more.
+
+I forgot to tell you that of all the houses which I passed between
+Louvain and Aerschot, there were only a few left intact. Upon these the
+Germans had written in chalk in the German language: "Please spare. Good
+people. Do not burn." Lying along the road I saw many dead horses
+putrefying. There were also to be seen pigs, goats, and cows which had
+nothing to eat, and which were howling like wild beasts. Not a soul was
+to be seen in the houses or in the streets. Everything was empty.
+
+I was then arrested when a short distance from Aerschot. There were with
+me two or three families from Sichem, a village between Diest and
+Aerschot. We remained in the fields alongside the road, while the
+Prussian regiments with their artillery continued to pass by. When the
+artillery had passed we were marched at the point of the bayonet to the
+church in Aerschot. On arrival at the church the families of Sichem
+(there were at least twenty small children) were permitted to continue
+on their way, and the non-commissioned officer, delighted that I could
+speak German, permitted me to go to my aunt's house.
+
+The aspect of the town was terrible. Not more than half the houses were
+standing. In the first three streets which the Germans traversed there
+was not a single house left. There was not a house in the town but had
+been pillaged. All doors had been burst open. There was nothing, nothing
+left. The stench in the streets was insupportable.
+
+I then went home, or, rather, I should say, I went to the house where my
+father had always been boarding. You know, perhaps, that my mother died
+twelve years ago. I did not find my father, but according to what the
+people told me he had been arrested, and, with five other Aerschot men,
+taken to Germany--I do not know for what purpose.
+
+I got into this house without any difficulty, because the door was
+smashed in. I stayed there from Saturday, Aug. 22, up to Wednesday, the
+26th, a little more comfortable. There was nothing to eat left in the
+house. I lived on what a few women who remained in Aerschot could give
+me. I was forced to go with the soldiers into the cellars of M.X.,
+director of a large factory, to hunt for wine. As recompense I got a
+loaf. It was not much, but at this moment it meant very much for me.
+
+On Wednesday, Aug. 26, we were all once more locked up in the church. It
+was then half-past four in the afternoon. We could not get out, even for
+our necessities. On Thursday, about 9 o'clock, each of us was given a
+piece of bread and a glass of water. This was to last the whole day. At
+10 o'clock a Lieutenant came in, accompanied by fifteen soldiers. He
+placed all the men who were left in a square, selected seventy of us and
+ordered us out to bury the corpses of Germans and Belgians around the
+town, which had been lying there since the battle of the 19th. That was
+a week that these bodies had remained there, and it is no use to ask if
+there was a stench. Afterward we had to clean the streets, and then it
+was evening.
+
+They just got ready to shoot us. There were then ten of us. The guns had
+already been leveled at us, when suddenly a German soldier ran out
+shouting that we had not fired on them. A few minutes before we had
+heard rifle firing and the Germans said it was the Aerschot people who
+were shooting, though all these had been locked up in the church and we
+were the only inhabitants then in the streets, cleaning them, under
+surveillance of Germans. It was this German who saved our lives.
+
+Picture to yourself what we have suffered! It is impossible to describe.
+On Aug. 28 we were brought to Louvain, always guarded by German
+soldiers. There were with us about twenty old men, over eighty years of
+age. These were placed in two carts, tied to one another in pairs. I and
+about twenty of my unfortunate compatriots had then to pull the carts
+all the way to Louvain. It was hard, but that could be supported all the
+same.
+
+On arriving at Louvain I saw with my own eyes a German who shot at us.
+The Germans who were at the station shouted "The civilians have been
+shooting," and commenced a fusillade against us. Many of us fell dead,
+others wounded, but I had the chance to run away.
+
+I now took the road to Tirlemont, marching all the time among German
+camps. Once I was arrested. Again they wanted to shoot me, insisting
+that I was a student of the University of Louvain. The Germans pretend
+it was the student who had caused the population in Louvain to shoot at
+them. However, my youth saved me, and I was set at liberty.
+
+I arrived in this way, making small marches, sleeping under the stars,
+at a small village, St. Pierre Rhode, six miles from Aerschot. This
+village had not been occupied by the Germans. A benevolent farmer took
+me in, and I lived there peacefully until Wednesday, Sept. 9. On that
+day the Germans arrived. They took us all with them and we had to march
+in front of them to prevent the Belgians from shooting. After one hour
+they gave us our liberty.
+
+The Belgians had now retaken Aerschot. I returned there as quickly as I
+could. Only a few houses were still burning. It was Sept. 10. I left
+again in the afternoon at 4 o'clock, taking a train, together with the
+railway officials, and arrived at 6 P.M. in Antwerp, where I now stay
+without any resources.
+
+All my money, the 20 francs which you presented me and my salary for
+five weeks, as well as my little savings, are lying in Brussels, and I
+cannot get at them. I cannot work, because there is no work to be got. I
+cannot cross over to England, as, to do this, it is necessary that there
+should be a whole family. In these horrible circumstances, I
+respectfully take the liberty of addressing you, and I hope you will aid
+me as best you can. I swear to you that I shall pay you back all that
+you give me. I have here in Antwerp no place, no family. The town will
+not give me any aid, because I have no papers to prove my identity. I
+threw all my papers away for fear of the Germans. I count then on you
+with a firm hope to pay you back later.
+
+Please accept, dear Sir, my respectful greetings.
+
+---- ----.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Special to The New York Times._
+
+PITTSBURGH, Penn., Oct. 17.--The Pittsburgh civil engineer mentioned as
+the former partner of the writer of the letter to THE TIMES citing acts
+of the Germans in Belgium, is well known here. He was informed by THE
+TIMES correspondent tonight that he had been named by the writer of the
+letter as likely to testify to his trustworthiness and was asked if he
+cared to say anything regarding this. He replied:
+
+"While I have no idea what my former partner has written to THE TIMES, I
+would credit his statements, whatever they might be."
+
+
+
+
+THE NEUTRALS.
+
+By BEATRICE BARRY.
+
+
+    Ours is the "neutral nation"
+      In this war that the white men wage,
+    And we on the Reservation
+      Care naught how the white men rage.
+
+    Where are the forest spaces
+      That the red man was free to roam?
+    And what of the woodland places
+      Where the red man made his home?
+
+    Gone! There's a paleface house
+      Where the brave had his strong tepee,
+    And the white man's cattle browse
+      Where the wild herds used to be.
+
+    For our power sites he reaches
+      While both smoothly he speaks and well
+    Of the God whose love he teaches
+      And whose justice he would tell.
+
+    O Great White Spirit who rideth
+      On the wings of the Winter gale,
+    Though thy children's faith abideth,
+      Alas! they have lost the trail.
+
+
+
+
+Fifteen Minutes on the Yser
+
+[Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES.]
+
+
+IN BELGIUM, Dec. 12, (Dispatch to The London Daily News.)--Fighting of
+an exceedingly desperate character has been taking place during the
+latter portion of the week along the line which extends between the Yser
+and the Lys. Success has attended the efforts of both Germans and French
+in turn; but the losses of the enemy have been by far the greater, and
+the French have in places gained a slight advantage. This is
+particularly noteworthy when it is considered that the Germans on
+Thursday especially attacked in overwhelming force time after time.
+Their movement was concentrated on a zigzag line of trenches not far
+from the village of Dichebusch, which, as it happened, was not
+particularly strongly held by the French.
+
+A terrific prelude to the attack was made by the German artillery, which
+concentrated a furious shrapnel fire upon the French position. At this
+point the trenches of the Germans were only seventy yards from the
+French, and for fear of hitting their own men the German guns were aimed
+fairly high, so that the Frenchmen in the rear trenches suffered most
+heavily. Those in the front trench huddled against its sides while the
+storm of shot and shell raged over them. There was nothing else for them
+to do at the moment, and, as it proved, it was extremely fortunate for
+the Allies that the German guns spared these men.
+
+The French seventy-fives raked the German batteries in answer, and
+things were going hot and strong when the German infantrymen suddenly
+became active. From their trenches seventy yards away a shower of hand
+grenades came bowling over toward the first French trench. Many of them
+fell short, and few did any damage; but hardly had this second plague
+come to an end when out from the trenches climbed a swarm of Germans
+rushing furiously toward the Frenchmen. At last the men in that first
+trench had something to do. They jumped to their loopholes and blazed
+magazine fire into this raging, tearing attack. Every bullet seemed to
+find its mark; it could hardly have done otherwise at such a range.
+
+The advance line wavered, stumbled over prostrate parts of itself, and
+then swept onward again. There was no time for the Frenchmen to reload
+their rifles; besides they did not want to do so. They simply climbed
+out of the trenches and met the Germans with the bayonet. The German
+guns were still roaring to prevent the arrival of French reinforcements;
+but the reinforcements came quickly, suffering heavily in coming.
+
+The few Frenchmen still struggled sturdily with their enemies, who
+outnumbered them three to one, and eventually the Germans who survived
+the attack turned and bolted back to their trenches, with the Frenchmen,
+seeing red, at their heels.
+
+It was as furious a fifteen minutes as could be conceived. The No Man's
+Land between the trenches was heaped with men tangled and twisted in
+death or writhing with wounds which unmercifully let them live. Neither
+side dared venture across to aid these sufferers, so they were left in
+their agony.
+
+But this one desperate charge did not end the day's work. The French
+mortars thumped away incessantly, and showers of hand grenades were
+exchanged. One more attack was made by the Germans in daylight, with a
+like result. The ground was piled high in places with bodies. Then,
+when night had fallen, yet another attack was made. One mighty mass of
+Germans came charging over the narrow space. By sheer weight of numbers
+they overwhelmed the French and took the trench for which they had paid
+such a ghastly price. They held it only for a few hours. By converging
+on it from three points at once the French retook it soon after
+midnight.
+
+On Friday morning a wonderful French bayonet charge at length drove out
+the Germans, who had fought most gallantly and stubbornly throughout the
+day and during the night, and the terrible morning which followed. The
+Red Cross workers were busy without ceasing; but many men had bled to
+death, lacking surgical aid, in that strip of ground between the
+trenches.
+
+This is the kind of warfare which is going to be waged in this seemingly
+inevitable battle between the two rivers. It may last as long as the
+battle of the Yser or the Aisne, and we may wait day after day again for
+the verdict. If the Allies can press forward just three or four miles
+before the year is out they will have done extraordinarily well.
+Hereabout the German artillery is in greater strength than anywhere else
+along the whole line of battle.
+
+Progress will undoubtedly be slow because the Germans have taken such
+tremendous pains to pave (in a literal sense) with concrete trenches the
+way of retreat. British airmen report line upon line of intrenchments
+where the Germans have defensively furrowed the land behind them for
+miles. As the Allies advance--and they indubitably will advance--these
+trenches will in turn be stubbornly defended. It is going to be, I am
+afraid, a long, weary, and bloody business. Those in England who
+sometimes complain at the absence of decisive victories may have to wait
+a long time yet before it can be said that the Germans are in full
+retreat; for full retreat is the very thing they have guarded against
+most carefully.
+
+In the semi-circle of slaughter around Ypres the trenches of the Allies
+and the Germans are at nearly all points extraordinarily close together.
+This means an immense strain on the men. They remain for hours together
+in cramped, unnatural positions, knowing from experience that an unwise
+move will bring a bullet from crack marksmen told off to snipe them.
+
+This close proximity of the rival forces confounds all the theories of
+the military writers of the past. According to the army textbooks this
+war is being conducted in a grossly unprofessional manner. For bringing
+his men so close to the enemy many a young company commander has
+received a severe dressing down on manoeuvres.
+
+Of course under such circumstances abuse and badinage is continually
+being bandied across the intervening spaces between the trenches, and
+the quick-witted Frenchmen generally get the better of it in the war of
+words.
+
+One of them, who came back from the Ypres neighborhood a few days ago,
+told me a delightful story of a practical joke played upon the Germans,
+who were entrenched only about thirty or forty yards away from his
+platoon. One bright spirit was lecturing the enemy and making
+dialectical rings round them.
+
+"Hola, bosches," he cried, "your Kaiser is very brave, isn't he? He
+wears the Iron Cross, but he doesn't come into your trenches. Tomorrow
+M. Poincaré, our President, will visit us. He does not wear an Iron
+Cross, but he isn't afraid."
+
+On the morrow the Germans saw a top hat come bobbing and bowing along
+the French trench and heard loud cries of "Vive le President!" Time
+after time they riddled that top hat with bullets, and still it went
+bobbing along until the French took it off the spade handle, threw it
+into the air and howled in derision.
+
+
+
+
+Seeing Nieuport Under Shell Fire
+
+[Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES.]
+
+
+FURNES, Dec. 21, (Dispatch to The London Daily News.)--For several days
+I have been in possession of an authorization from the French commandant
+permitting me to penetrate to Nieuport. This town has been under
+bombardment by the Germans since Oct. 20. There were days, however, when
+no shells fell in the town and a walk in the streets presented no
+danger, though this was by no means the case last week, when, after a
+period of calm, an event of considerable importance occurred. The Allies
+took up the offensive in an effort to drive the Germans from the coast
+and recapture Ostend and Zeebrugge.
+
+Along the whole front from the Yser to the sea there were important
+movements of troops. These I am not at liberty to describe, but they
+have for the most part only a small significance in relation to the
+events described in this letter. For eight days the struggle has been
+very severe on the Yser, and night and day hundreds of guns have been
+sending shells across the space dividing the two armies. Since the end
+of October the Germans had been established at St. Georges and
+Lombartzyde, close to Nieuport, and their trenches between Nieuport and
+Nieuport-les-Bains were separated from those of the French and Belgians
+only by a canal twenty yards wide running from Furnes through Nieuport
+to the sea.
+
+I left Furnes on a French motor truck carrying bread and meat to the
+troops at Nieuport. For about three miles the truck followed the canal,
+passing the village of Wulpen, and then came to a stop. We had arrived
+near the bridge over which we must pass to reach Nieuport. As we slowly
+approached the bridge I asked the chauffeur: "What is delaying us?" "It
+is a little too warm for the moment," he replied.
+
+When a soldier admits that things are warm it is certain that there is
+serious fighting afoot. To the right and left over the fields we could
+see the inundations. On the roads our soldiers were moving and the guns
+of the Allies were filling the air with thunder. In the intervals one
+could hear the spitting of quick-firers and the lesser chorus of rifle
+fire. Just ahead on a little bridge were a few soldiers of the engineer
+corps busily at work under the direction of a Lieutenant.
+
+Suddenly I saw them fall flat on the ground. At the same moment a shell
+whistled over their heads and buried itself in the canal bank only forty
+yards from us.
+
+"Shelter your machine behind the house," shouted the Lieutenant, and the
+chauffeur did not want a second telling. He backed the truck a few yards
+to place it against a house opposite the bridge at the corner of the
+road from Ramscapelle.
+
+I left the truck and stood with some soldiers close against the wall. In
+five minutes fifteen shells fell within a radius of 100 yards of the
+bridge, but not one struck the bridge itself. We could hear them come
+shrieking toward us, and the only comment of the soldiers each time was
+"Here comes another."
+
+We passed over the bridge and advanced along the canal bank in the
+direction of the Germans. As we approached the trenches near the Dixmude
+railway bridge we were able to survey the plain of St. Georges, which is
+now completely under water. For a moment the firing between the trenches
+had ceased, and we were able to take a leisurely view of the scene from
+the height of the bridge over an area half a mile square. The water is
+three feet deep, and in the centre of the lake stands a farmhouse
+surrounded by trees. French and Belgian soldiers had crossed the water,
+advancing under the protection of artillery fire, and had captured the
+houses standing on the far side.
+
+Returning to our motor, we quickly reached Nieuport. The aspect of the
+place was strange. The houses, as in all ancient fortified towns, press
+closely one against another. The streets, however, are wide and regular.
+They were as empty as the streets of a dead city. In the roofs of the
+houses were large holes. Windows and doors had been destroyed, and
+blinds and curtains were floating out on the wind.
+
+To my great surprise I learned that four or five houses were still
+occupied. About twenty inhabitants, I was told, were still living in
+their cellars after the two months' bombardment. The soldiers did what
+they could to feed these people, who said that rather than leave their
+homes they would perish in the ruins. The rest of the inhabitants, about
+4,000, had fled, taking with them only what they could carry in their
+hands. In every house one could see broken furniture covered with dust.
+In many of them gaping holes had been torn by shells, while some of the
+front walls had been carried clean away. Bedsteads and wardrobes were
+seen standing awry on the upper floors, ready to fall into the street.
+Of other houses, reduced, one may say, to powder, only heaps of rubbish
+remain, in which one can distinguish among pieces of tiles and bricks
+and plaster chests of drawers, pianos, sideboards, sewing machines, and
+so forth, broken and mixed with what is left of household linen and
+crockery. Family portraits, as if in mockery, remain hanging in places
+and contemplate the scene of ruin. The contents of the shops have been
+scattered over the floors, and whatever has not been destroyed by
+shells, shrapnel, and bombs, has been left to rot under the rain which
+comes through the roofs and ceilings. All sorts of merchandise was lying
+about in confusion on the pavements.
+
+The church, one of the oldest Gothic monuments in the country, has been
+completely demolished. The belfry tower is torn open, and one broken
+bell is lying on the ground at the edge of a pit some thirty feet in
+width, made by the explosion of an enormous German shell. A large wooden
+crucifix by the side of the church has been torn from the ground and
+lies in a ditch.
+
+There is a layer three feet deep of pieces of wood covering the floor of
+the church. This was once the roof and furniture of the old Gothic
+temple.
+
+The cemetery, furrowed by shells, contains fresh graves covered with
+flowers. These are graves of officers and soldiers. On one of them are a
+soldier's coat and cap; on another a small Belgian flag. The second
+grave was dug only this morning, the young soldier, I was told by a
+Sergeant, having arrived at 8 o'clock and having been killed by a German
+shell at 10.
+
+Only one structure in Nieuport remained intact, the Templars' Tower, a
+very solid piece of masonry, five centuries old.
+
+Groups of officers and men were moving about among the ruins of the
+town. They were all young men, whose laughter and jokes contrasted
+grimly with the terrible howl of the guns and the crash of the
+projectiles which were still falling in the town. The French batteries
+added to the noise. Nothing can describe the terrible power of the heavy
+French artillery. The voice of the guns pierced my ear drums. Though
+they were posted at a considerable distance, one might almost think them
+close at hand. As a shell passes over your head it reminds you of a
+hurricane blowing through the bare branches of a forest.
+
+Accompanied by my chauffeur, I ran through streets which he pointed out
+as being more dangerous than others. They were being shelled from the
+flank by the Germans, and sometimes, I was told, accidents would occur;
+that is, somebody would be killed by a shell flying along the street
+from one end to the other. One feels one's self much more at ease in
+the streets which intersect these thoroughfares at right angles.
+
+In one spot I met a Red Cross motor ambulance laden with wounded, and
+going in the midst of the gravest danger, in the direction of Furnes. At
+another point we saw a French Captain, who, in a stern voice, ordered
+his soldiers to keep away from the middle of the street. These men were
+not on duty for the moment and were chatting as merrily as if they were
+in no danger.
+
+
+
+
+Raid on Scarborough Seen from a Window
+
+By Ruth Kauffmann.
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES.]
+
+
+CLOUGHTON, Scarborough, England, Dec. 17.--It's a very curious thing to
+watch a bombardment from your house.
+
+Everybody knew the Kaiser would do it. But there was a little doubt
+about the date, and then somehow the spy-hunting sport took up general
+attention. When the Kaiser did send his card here yesterday morning it
+was quite as much of a surprise as most Christmas cards--from a friend
+forgotten.
+
+Eighteen people were killed yesterday morning between 8 o'clock and 8:30
+in the streets and houses of Scarborough by German shrapnel, 200 were
+wounded, and more than 200 houses were damaged or demolished.
+
+A little before 8 o'clock three dreadnought cruisers were seen to cut
+through the light fog, which was just lifting, and, hugging the cliffs
+opposite our house, scuttle south to Scarborough. From our windows we
+could not at that hour quite make out the contours of the ruined castle,
+which is generally plainly visible. Our attention was called to the fact
+that there was "practicing" going on, and we could, at 8:07, see quick
+flashes. That these flashes pointed directly at Scarborough we did not
+for a few minutes comprehend. Then, the fog slowly lifting, we saw a fog
+that was partly smoke. The castle grew into its place in the six miles
+distance. It seemed for a moment that the eight-foot-thick Norman walls
+tottered; but no, whatever tottered was behind the keep. Curiously
+enough we could barely hear the cannonading, for the wind was keen in
+the opposite direction, yet we could, as the minutes crept by and the
+air cleared, see distinctly the flashes from the boats and the flashes
+in the city.
+
+After about fifteen minutes there was a cessation, or perhaps a
+hesitation, that lasted two minutes; then the flashes continued. Ten
+minutes more and the boats began to move again. One cruiser disappeared
+completely from sight, sailing south by east. The other two rushed, like
+fast trains, north again, again close to our cliffs; and in another half
+hour we heard all too plainly the cannonading which had almost escaped
+our ears from Scarborough. We thought it was Robin Hood's Bay, as far
+north of us as Scarborough is south; but afterward we learned that the
+boats omitted this pretty red-roofed town and concentrated their
+remaining energy on Whithy, fifteen miles north; the wind blowing
+toward us brought us the vibrating boom.
+
+We drove to Scarborough. We had not gone one mile of the distance when
+we began to meet people coming in the opposite direction. A small
+white-faced boy in a milk cart that early every morning makes its
+Scarborough rounds showed us a piece of shell he had picked up and said
+it had first struck a man a few yards from him and killed the man. A
+woman carrying a basket told us, with trembling lips, that men and women
+were lying about the streets dead. The postman assured us that
+Scarborough was in flames. A road worker told us we should be turned
+back, and another man warned us to beware of a big hole in the road
+further along, large enough to swallow our horse and trap; yet we could
+certainly see no flames issuing from Scarborough, which now lay directly
+before us.
+
+We put up the horse at a stable on the very edge of the city and walked
+up the steep hill. The hotelkeeper and his wife, we were told, were
+already "refugees."
+
+Scarborough is a sprawling town that stretches a length of about three
+miles from the extreme north end to the extreme south. Inland about a
+mile and a half is a wireless station, and on the cliff, 300 feet high,
+stands the ruined castle and its walled-in grounds, in the midst of
+which is--or was, for it was yesterday blown clean away--a signal
+station. Although there are barracks the town is unfortified. A seaside
+resort of considerable importance, its population varies by many
+thousands in Winter and Summer, with a stationary population of 45,000.
+But to compensate for its Summer losses are the numerous fashionable
+schools for both boys and girls.
+
+We did not meet a deserted city when we entered. The streets were
+thronging. There was a Sunday hush over everything without the
+accompanying Sunday clothes, but people moved about or stood at their
+doorways. Many of the shop fronts were boarded up and shop windows were
+empty of display. The main street, a narrow passageway that clambers up
+from the sea and points due west, was filled with a procession that
+slowly marched down one side and up the other. People hardly spoke.
+They made room automatically for a group of silent boy scouts, who
+carried an unconscious woman past us to the hospital. There was the
+insistent honk of a motor car as it pushed its way through; all that
+struck me about the car was the set face of an old man rising above
+improvised bandages about his neck, part of the price of the Kaiser's
+Christmas card.
+
+The damage to property did not first reach our attention. But as we
+walked down the main street and then up it with the procession we saw
+that shops and houses all along had windows smashed next to windows
+unhurt. At first we thought the broken windows were from concussion, but
+apparently very few were so broken; there was not much concussion, but
+the shells, splintering as they exploded, had flown red-hot in every
+direction. The smoke we had seen had come from fires quickly
+extinguished. Scarborough was not "in flames."
+
+We left the main business street and picked our way toward the Foreshore
+and the South Cliff, the more fashionable part of town as well as the
+school section. Here there was a great deal of havoc, and we had to
+climb over some of the débris. Roofs were half torn off and balancing in
+mid-air; shells had shot through chimneys, and some chimneys tottered,
+while several had merely round roles through the brickwork; mortar,
+bricks, and glass lay about the streets; here a third-story room was
+bare to the view, the wall lifted out as for a child's dollhouse and
+disclosing a single bedroom with shaving materials on the bureau still
+secure; there a drug store lay fallen into the street, and the iron
+railing about it was torn and twisted out of shape. A man and a boy had
+just been carried away dead. All around small pieces of iron rail and
+ripped-up asphalt lay scattered. Iron bars were driven into the woodwork
+of houses; there were great gaps in walls and roofs; the attack had not
+spent itself on any one section of the city, but had scattered itself in
+different wards. The freaks of the shells were as inexplicable as those
+of a great fire that destroys everything in a house except a piano and a
+mantelpiece with its bric-a-brac, or a flood that carries away a log
+cabin and leaves a rose bush unharmed and blooming.
+
+Silent pedestrians walked along and searched the ground for souvenirs,
+of which there were aplenty. Sentries guarded houses and streets where
+it was dangerous to explore, and park benches were used as barriers to
+the public. All the cabs were requisitioned to take away luggage and
+frightened inhabitants. During the shelling hundreds of women and
+children, breakfastless, their hair hanging, hatless, and even
+penniless, except for their mere railway fares, had rushed to the
+station and taken tickets to the first safe town they could think of.
+There was no panic, these hatless, penniless women all asserted, when
+they arrived in York and Leeds. A wealthy woman whom I slightly know
+nearly rushed into my arms, her face very flushed, and told me that she
+had left the servants to pack her china and vases, and was now on her
+way to find a workman to dig a hole in the garden to receive them; as
+for herself, she would eat from kitchen dishes henceforth.
+
+A friend of mine hurried into Scarborough by motor to rescue her sister,
+who was a pupil at one of the boarding schools. But it appeared that
+when the windows of the school began to crash the teachers hurried from
+prayers, ordered the pupils to gather hats and coats and sweet chocolate
+that happened to be on hand as a substitute for breakfast, and made them
+run for a mile and a half, with shells exploding about them, through the
+streets to the nearest out-of-Scarborough railway station. My friend,
+after unbelievable difficulties, finally found her sister in a private
+house of a village near by, the girl in tears and pleading not to be
+sent to London; she had been told that her family's house was probably
+destroyed, as it was actually on the seacoast.
+
+On the other hand, instances of self-possession were not lacking.
+Another school hardby took all its children to the cellars, where the
+teachers made light of the matter, and the frightened father of one very
+nervous child was pleasantly amazed to find his child much calmer than
+himself--and quite delighted with the experience. In St. Martin's
+Church, the Archdeacon was celebrating communion. Shells struck the roof
+of the church. The Archdeacon stopped the service for a brief moment to
+say:
+
+"We are evidently being bombarded. But we are as safe here as we can be
+anywhere," and proceeded calmly with the service.
+
+We left Scarborough at night. The exodus of inhabitants, school
+children, whose Christmas holidays began earlier by one day on account
+of the raid, and visitors continued steadily. The cabmen, so idle in
+Winter, were rejoiced to find that work for today would not be lacking.
+
+"At this rate," said one of them to me as he lighted the carriage
+candles for our trap and handed me the reins, "if the Germans come again
+there'll be no one left for them to kill."
+
+There is, the Admiralty tells us, no military significance in this
+event, and, from the British point of view, I doubt if a woman will ever
+be considered worthy of a hearing in anything military; but I presume
+there is some sort of significance from a real estate point of view in
+the holes made in the hotels and houses, and from the hospital point of
+view in the sad procession of stretchers. But however little
+significance the December bombardment of Scarborough has, it is
+certainly a surprise to be wakened by three hostile cruisers, and one
+must admit that the Kaiser has at least left his greetings of the season
+on the east coast.
+
+
+
+
+How the Baroness Hid Her Husband on a Vessel
+
+[Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES.]
+
+
+LONDON, Dec. 7.--The story of how Baroness Hans Heinrich von Wolf, who
+was Miss Humphreys, well known in New York society, smuggled her husband
+into Germany after the beginning of the war past a British cruiser and
+two sets of British shipping inspectors so that he could fight for the
+Fatherland is revealed in news received here giving details as to the
+bestowal upon the Baron of the Iron Cross of the First Class.
+
+Baron von Wolf and his wife, who is the daughter of a wealthy patent
+medicine manufacturer and whose stepfather is Consul General St. John
+Gaffney, at Munich, were on their plantation in German Southwest Africa,
+when the Kaiser ordered the mobilization. Being a reserve officer, the
+Baron started homeward on board a German steamship on July 29, and,
+fortunately for him, the Baroness accompanied him.
+
+On receipt of wireless information that war had been declared, their
+ship promptly put into Rio Janeiro toward the middle of August, and it
+was two weeks later before the Wolfs found a neutral vessel headed for
+Holland.
+
+In South American waters they were halted by a British cruiser, but
+although there were many German reservists among the passengers, the
+cruiser was so full of Germans already that she could not carry any
+more, so they were permitted to proceed.
+
+Baron von Wolf left the ship "officially" at Vigo, Spain, his wife
+waving a tearful farewell to his imaginary figure on the tender. He was
+really secreted, through the connivance of a generously bribed steward,
+in a tiny closet, where he remained for twenty-four hours. Finally he
+was spirited into his wife's state-room, and during the rest of the
+voyage spent most of his time lying under her berth. All his meals,
+drinks, and cigarettes were brought in by the steward, who was in the
+plot, and, as the Baroness remarked laughingly to friends afterward, "I
+gained a frightful reputation as a heavy drinker and smoker, and one
+Mrs. Grundy even spread the scandalous report that I had a man in my
+room."
+
+British warships compelled the Dutch vessel to enter Falmouth, where the
+authorities searched her for contraband and reservists. Knowing that the
+Baroness was a German officer's wife, naval officials called upon her
+several times in the course of the two weeks during which the ship was
+forced to remain at Falmouth, but each time they found her either doing
+up her hair, whereupon they retreated hastily with apologies for the
+intrusion, or lying in her bunk, feigning illness. The ship manifest, of
+course, showed that Capt. von Wolf had disembarked at Vigo, and the
+Captain of the vessel, ignorant of the truth, swore that he had seen
+Capt. von Wolf on board the tender, waving to his wife on deck.
+
+There was a further search at Dover, but von Wolf's hiding place was
+never discovered.
+
+The Kaiser awarded the Iron Cross to von Wolf for capturing seven
+English soldiers single-handed near Ypres and for carrying dispatches in
+an automobile under a fire so hot that his chauffeur and two officers in
+a car following were killed.
+
+As far as his neutrality will permit, Consul General Gaffney, in whose
+Munich residence the Baroness is living during the war, has indicated to
+friends his delight over the valor of his stepson-in-law.
+
+
+
+
+Warsaw Swamped With Refugees
+
+By H.W. Bodkinson of The London Standard.
+
+
+WARSAW, Oct. 15.--Thousands of fugitives crowd the city. They come from
+all parts of Poland, but principally from the frontier towns and
+villages which the Germans have been ravaging for over six weeks.
+
+It rends one's heart to hear of the sufferings of these poor refugees,
+who are mostly Jews, but with a considerable sprinkling of Poles and
+Lithuanians. Every available hall and every empty warehouse is filled
+with them. They must have shelter and food, and Warsaw has risen
+heroically to the task of providing them with these necessities. Yet how
+they suffer and what a struggle is theirs for bare existence!
+
+My first visit was to the largest hall in Warsaw, called the Swiss
+Valley, where the large Philharmonic concerts are usually held and which
+in ordinary times is the gathering place of society. It is now converted
+into a refuge for 600 or 700 homeless fugitives, who have left their all
+behind them and fled in terror, frequently on foot, for many miles, and
+carrying their possessions on their backs. The majority are old men,
+women, and children. In the babel of voices are frequently heard pitiful
+cries of poorly fed children, shrieks of more lusty ones, and groans and
+wailings of mothers who still seem stunned and stupefied by their
+frightful experiences.
+
+Dinner was being served when I arrived. At several tables sat women,
+many with babies in arms, and children, while men were being served in
+one of the large corridors. Standing in endless rows, they took their
+turn at the steaming pots. In the main hall many fugitives were
+crouching on the floor, some on mattresses, and piled about them were
+little mounds of household effects that they had succeeded in saving
+from their wrecked and ruined homes. It was truly a picture of direst
+misery, and in the faces of young and old one could read calamity.
+
+Kalisch is probably a heap of ruins, these recent arrivals tell me, and
+of the usual population of 65,000 barely 2,000 are left. German soldiers
+have abandoned the city, but are quartered three or four miles away, in
+the village of Oputook. Kalisch is only a fortified camp, visited daily,
+however, by German cavalry, who use it as a reconnoitring base. All
+gardens have been destroyed and trees cut up for barricades, and even
+crosses from the cemetery have been displaced and used in fortification
+work.
+
+Refugees tell dreadful stories of what they saw on their flight through
+this unfortunate part of Poland. Everywhere are burned and pillaged
+villages, towns destroyed, and gardens that are heaps of ashes and
+ruins.
+
+One old man, formerly a country school teacher, saw three peasants
+hanging from a tree, with all the signs of having been frightfully
+tortured, as their arms and legs were broken in several places. They
+evidently had been accused of espionage and summarily executed. While
+telling me of this sight the old man fairly shook with the terror of
+reminiscence, and when he finished he was sobbing aloud.
+
+How Warsaw is going to take care of these poor unfortunates is still an
+unsolved problem. Already a wave of unemployment is spreading in the
+city, and it will be impossible to find work for this enormous increase
+in the town's population. Some are being sent to the southern coal mines
+and others are being employed on fortification works at Novo
+Georgieoak, but they are the pick of the lot. It is the old and infirm,
+the women and children, who must be provided for, and though
+contributions come in steadily, yet there is not half enough relief for
+all, and appeals are being made both to Petrograd and Moscow, cities
+which still are practically free from the horrors of war, for speedy
+help.
+
+
+
+
+After the Russian Advance in Galicia
+
+[From The London Times.]
+
+
+LWOW (Lemberg), Oct. 17.
+
+I have returned from a trip of several hundred kilometers through
+Galicia, covering the zone of the Russian conquest and subsequent
+occupation. I believe it is fair to consider the district traversed as
+typical of the general conditions in the existing conquered zones and of
+those prevailing during and after the fighting.
+
+The portion traversed lies from Lwow in a southeasterly direction to
+Bessarabia, along the Carpathians and the line of retreat of the heavy
+Austrian column and the subsequent advance of Gen. Brussiloff. The
+situation at Halicz offers an opportunity to judge of the conduct of the
+Russians, as this position was occupied after considerable severe
+fighting nearby. Gen. Brussiloff's advance was preceded by heavy masses
+of Cossacks, and two checks were experienced before this point was
+reached, and therefore it may be assumed that their blood was roused
+when Halicz was reached and any excesses or lack of control were to be
+expected here, where there are many Jews. The facts, which are obvious
+and not dependent upon hearsay or official confirmation, are that though
+this country was swept by a huge army, three divisions of Cossacks
+crossing the river at Halicz, besides a mass of infantry, there is in
+the rural districts no sign to indicate this deluge of a few weeks
+earlier. The fields have at present an absolutely normal aspect, with
+stock grazing contentedly everywhere, while in every village there are
+quantities of geese, chickens, and pigs. There are acres and acres of
+rich farming land, with grain still stacked, while the Autumn plowing
+and belated harvesting are proceeding as usual.
+
+Nine villages through which the Russian armies swept give no sign of war
+having passed this way. At an occasional station or village a few
+destroyed buildings are seen, but these in every instance appear to have
+been places where the retreating Austrians halted or attempted to make
+stands, and the fire even at these points seems to have been carefully
+concentrated on strategic points--for instance, a town where the railway
+dępot and a warehouse have been leveled. I was particularly impressed by
+the village of Botszonce, near Halicz. A few versts from there a
+stubborn fight lasting several days resulted in the abandonment of the
+Austrian line of resistance and a retreat, with a halt at Botszonce.
+
+Hence the town was shelled, and the municipal offices and big buildings
+in the centre were utterly destroyed, but three buildings stand
+conspicuously among the ruins. These are two churches, and the Town
+Hall, with a spire resembling that of a church. The fact that the
+building next to the latter was leveled utterly, while not a single
+shell entered the supposed church, indicates that the Russian practice
+at 5,000 meters was sufficiently accurate to insure the protection of
+sacred edifices, while neighboring buildings were wrecked. It is also
+significant of the Russian restraint following a hard battle where
+losses were substantial.
+
+It is universally observable that where villages were shelled attempts
+were made to spare the peasants' houses, few of which were damaged, save
+by fires spreading from other buildings. Everywhere wanton destruction
+has obviously been avoided, and the percentage of towns in this zone
+where any damage whatever was done is small. The foregoing facts signify
+the restraint and soberness exercised both by the Cossacks and the
+following infantry. The natives were not unfriendly to the Russians,
+which would partially account for this, but such discipline as was
+exhibited is significant even in a friendly country, when one considers
+the size and extent of the invading armies.
+
+Other conclusions based on conversations with Russian officials, which
+were obviously prejudiced, and with peasants, whose evidence was given
+to a correspondent who accompanied these officers, must be accepted
+guardedly. Such information as was obtained from these sources
+indicated no complaint against the Russian soldier. Little material was
+taken, and this, it is said, has been paid for. This I personally
+believe, as the merchants and natives appear to be genuinely friendly,
+the occupying troops stating that even the Cossacks were docile. Many
+Austrian officials are wearing their old uniforms with Russian colors on
+their arms.
+
+It would be unwise to attempt to estimate the underlying feelings of the
+population, but I believe it is a safe assumption that Russia's Galician
+Government will be the most progressive and liberal of all her
+experiments, and will probably prove an easy yoke for all those who do
+not attempt to interfere politically. It is obvious that an exceptional
+effort has been made throughout the campaign and the occupation to keep
+the inhabitants friendly and establish the Government here as a
+demonstration of Russian progressive tendencies. I believe, too, that
+this time the tendencies are distinctly liberal, but it is futile to
+attempt to estimate the future.
+
+
+
+
+Officer in Battle Had Little Feeling
+
+[Correspondence of The Associated Press.]
+
+
+ROTTERDAM, Dec. 1.--The psychology of the battlefield gets a rather
+thorough and able treatment by an Austrian reserve officer, who, after
+having been wounded in an engagement with the Russians, gave the
+following interview to a Hungarian journalist. The officer in question
+was with Gen. Dankl in the fighting southeast of Krasnik.
+
+"You feel little or nothing while in battle," he said. "At least, you
+forget how things affect your mind. The eyes see and the ears hear, but
+those are perceptions which do not result in impressions one could
+co-ordinate. They do not even affect your sentiments. But it is not
+cynicism, for all that; merely the lack of appreciation of what takes
+place. My Captain, a most lovable fellow, whom I did not alone respect
+as an officer, but of whom I also thought a great deal personally, was
+leading his company into fire when three bullets hit him in the abdomen.
+I saw him fall, but thought nothing of it and marched on.
+
+"In spite of the fact that you have no ill-feelings against the enemy,
+and may not even fear him, you destroy him as best you can. On the
+evening before our first battle we were sitting about the mess
+table--most of us officers of the line. None of us had ever killed a
+man. I said: 'Friends, when I meet the first Russian officer tomorrow my
+impulse will be to shake his hand.' My comrades agreed with me. But on
+the following day I was obliged to lay a number of Russians low.
+
+"My Slovacs are the most phlegmatic people in the world, but excellent
+soldiers. They shoot without anger, but simply because they are fired
+upon. One fights because one is on the battlefield and cannot do any
+different. The terrible thing is that often you are shot at without
+being able to return the fire. But this is not as fear-inspiring as it
+is discouraging. You learn to know what fear is when you begin to
+realize that you might be killed without killing somebody first.
+
+"Of course I have been scared. That was after I had been wounded. We had
+been firing a long time, and when next we advanced we came into a deep
+and sandy road, out of which we could not get because of the enemy's
+terrible fire. We had to lie perfectly still while bullets simply poured
+over us. That was awful."
+
+The officer omitted to state that while in this position he was shot
+three times in the arm, but continued to lead his troops throughout the
+action.
+
+"It is a well-known fact that the soldier sees very little of the
+battle. On Aug. 24, early in the morning, we re-received [Transcriber's
+Note: so in original] orders to occupy a low hill at the edge of a tract
+covered with brushwood. Forming part of the reserve, we were expected to
+remain under cover. In front of us was a large open battlefield. To each
+side of us were batteries which had thundered away since early morning.
+The result of this was that many of the enemy's shells dropped right in
+front of us. I remember noticing that while the smoke of our shells had
+a lilac color that of the enemy's was white.
+
+"So far we had not been disquieted by the shells at all. On the edge of
+the brushwood had been planted a yellow-black flag, showing that
+somewhere in that vicinity was to be found our General Staff. Our
+Colonel left us and walked toward it, possibly to get orders, but just
+as he got there a shrapnel exploded a little ahead of him in the air and
+we saw our commanding officer, in whom we placed all our confidence, go
+down. After that it was a terrible feeling to lie still. From that
+moment on, too, a veritable hail of shells began to come. Some sappers,
+who had been busy digging a trench for the protection of the General
+Staff, started to run. I feared that my soldiers would follow the
+example, and began to make fun of the poor sappers, scolding them at the
+same time. Thank God, my battalion found that funny and began to laugh.
+They lived through a terrific shrapnel fire with not a care and even
+found occasion for laughter.
+
+"A Major took command of the regiment and we received orders to retake a
+hill which the enemy had captured under heavy fire. But of the enemy
+nothing at all was to be seen as we neared the position, though the hail
+of shell and shrapnel increased in fury. The flag bearer marched about
+300 paces off my side. By accident I looked in his direction, saw the
+white cloud of smoke of a Russian shell, and where the flag bearer had
+been there was nothing more to be seen.
+
+"The enemy meanwhile had taken to flight, and later we saw the Russians
+wading through a swamp. Then they got to the River Por and crossed
+it--we after them, shooting, wading, out of breath. Of a sudden a
+village behind us went up in flames, the light falling on us like the
+rays of a huge reflector. Then and there we received a rain of fire, and
+saw the enemy had taken possession in good order of the other bank. We
+had to fall back, not because we were afraid, but because those were the
+orders. The sensation of being in danger of death we did not have.
+
+"Flags and drums are useless things in warfare. What is the use of a
+flag which by its bright colors reveals your position, which, as the
+brown paint on my sabre shows, it has been intended to conceal? In the
+one case even the slightest reflection of light is guarded against,
+while in the other a large field of colors undoes all that it has been
+wished to accomplish. The drummer, on the other hand, must beat his drum
+as he goes to the attack, yet he is expected to run into the enemy
+unarmed. He would prefer exchanging his drum for a rifle, so that he
+would be able to shoot down a soldier.
+
+"One feels nothing of the presence of the enemy in battle and on the
+marches. To be wounded is also not such a bad experience. But you begin
+to think after the battle. To bear the horrors of war a sort of ideal is
+necessary. Once, when I took my Slovacs into an attack, we passed a
+cross by the wayside. Many of them knelt down for a moment and said a
+prayer. That was sincere and sublime. The ideal which makes it possible
+for me to bear everything is to be a good officer on the
+battlefield--under the circumstances my duty toward the social aggregate
+to which I belong."
+
+
+
+
+The Battle of New Year's Day
+
+By Perceval Gibbon.
+
+[Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES.]
+
+
+ZYRARDOW, Poland, Jan. 3, via London, Jan. 8, (Dispatch to The London
+Daily Chronicle.)--The lines of trenches, the position of which I am
+able to observe from here, are those extending south from Sochaczew, and
+to the west of Msczonow. The chief German efforts are being directed
+against the centre of this line.
+
+They have made a concentration of their best troops opposite our
+positions west of the village of Guzow, against the trenches of the
+second army at a point where an army corps of veterans have turned their
+position into an earthen fortress. Here within the last few days the
+Germans have brought up guns of all but the largest calibre and
+generally displayed considerable increases in their artillery. Here also
+their infantry attacks, those tragic and wasteful assaults in force
+which send so many thousand German corpses down the streams of the Rawka
+and Bzura to the Vistula, and so home, are most intense.
+
+During the last few days a certain lull in the frequency of these
+attacks has been observable and has been construed by the Russians as
+prefatory to renewed endeavors to force the line and advance a short
+stage on the dangerous road to Warsaw. This premonition was justified on
+New Year's Day when the enemy's attacks were renewed east of Guzow. The
+armies are facing each other across their breastworks at a distance
+varying from 200 to 300 yards. The dawn of 1915, the Germans roused
+themselves again to the dreary energy of the hopeless battle. I watched
+the shelling from the headquarters of a regiment which is occupying a
+trench in the centre of the front line.
+
+It was impossible to approach the trench more nearly during daylight, as
+the grassless brown flats were noisy with bullets from the German lines.
+They shoot with wasteful prodigality shrapnel and even heavier shells on
+any single figure that is discernible; but when early dark came down the
+attempt was made successfully and the first line held by the Bielojevsky
+Regiment was reached. I had the advantage of the company up to the zone
+of fire of Prince Peter Volkonsky, who is leader of a Red Cross motor
+column. Throughout our journey the Germans were firing rockets. A slow,
+green ball of fire ascends as gradually into the air as a loaded
+balloon, seems to poise aloft for a moment, then sinks slowly to earth,
+lighting the country for a long way around with a ghastly green
+illumination. Each rocket is followed by a prompt fire from the field
+batteries and a short spurt of rifle fire.
+
+The trench to which I finally came at midnight was that in almost the
+mathematical centre of the Guzow positions. Here behind an
+eight-foot-high breastwork the famous regiment, which invariably has
+been in the front line during the five months of the war, has made
+itself efficiently at home. Since the war began the regiment, whose
+normal strength is 4,000 men, has lost 5,500, making good its losses out
+of the reserves, so that now again it is at its full strength.
+
+The Germans have made a routine of their attacks, always making them at
+night and always ineffectually. They advance as far as the barbed wire,
+30 yards in front of the trench. There they encounter the full force of
+the Russian rifle fire and fall back again. The Germans shell without
+ceasing. All the Russians speak of their profuse expenditure of
+ammunition. The commander of the trench told me that at the lowest they
+fired over 3,000 shells on a single day.
+
+Although intermittent firing continued through the night, no attack was
+made. With the morning the German guns resumed their exhaustive questing
+along the rear of the trenches, and a big factory to the southward once
+more became their target. Its great chimney began to acquire a kind of
+sporting significance, it was so obviously the object of fire in that
+direction; and bets were going in the trench backing the chimney against
+the German gunners.
+
+I counted in an hour thirty-six shells directed at the factory, but the
+chimney, like the steeple of a persecuted but triumphant religion, was
+cocking its unbowed head to the skies.
+
+Now began the shelling of the trench, while the German rifle bullets
+searched along the front. This, however, is a game at which the Russian
+riflemen are specially proficient. They can in a few moments organize a
+combined murderous fire which forces every German who is not weary of
+life to keep his head down. After a few minutes the German rifle fire
+goes wild, their bullets no longer striking about our loopholes.
+
+Toward late afternoon their fire increased, and the Russian long-range
+battery came into position behind us. The gun out of sight astern of us
+roared grandly. A shell traveled over us, whistling in its flight, then
+splashed in brief fire, and a great cloud of smoke arose a hundred yards
+ahead of us and the same distance short of the German trenches. A second
+shell burst about the same distance beyond the German line. Then, after
+careful sighting, and the position having been verified, came a third
+shell and landed superbly and within easy sight upon the very lip of the
+trench, blowing a great gap in the earthwork. It was gunnery of the most
+exact and expert kind.
+
+Shell after shell under our eyes, timed to a fraction, raked the trench;
+then came the reply to it. A German heavy battery out of sight in a dip
+toward the river came into action. From horizon to horizon the world was
+noisy with the stupendous drum of artillery, while at each brief
+interval the rending reverberation of rifle fire from trench to trench
+tore at one's ears.
+
+The dreary, icy night darkened over the desolate fields which in this
+war have seen their crops trampled and have been sown with dead men. The
+darkness was lit by gun flashes and brief moons of shrapnel winking
+aloft, while from the opposite trench issued a ghostly, flickering blaze
+of rifles at their work.
+
+The attack developed after all to the left of the trench in which we
+were. It was part of a great attack along a line which extended from
+near Gradow southward to Rawa, and was unsuccessful everywhere.
+
+When dark came I made my way out of the trench in the same way I had
+previously entered it--under fire; but this time the moon was showing
+frostily clear over the horrible levels, so that as we went we were
+silhouetted against her vacant face. We obviously were plainly visible
+to the Germans, for besides bullets, which were beginning to become
+commonplace and unremarkable, a shrapnel shell came screaming up and
+burst on the ground about twenty feet away.
+
+We gained the road to Chervonaneva. The road was white and straight,
+bare as one's empty hand. Here I endured the most curious experience of
+my life. Myself and companion, John Bass, correspondent of The Chicago
+Daily News, were walking in our heavy furs between the glaring moon and
+the German gunners, who will fire extravagantly at anything. Their guns
+got to work along the road and a shell came screaming up and burst
+perhaps twenty feet away, followed by three or four others.
+
+Our attempt to take to the fields, where we would not be so conspicuous,
+was thwarted by the Russian barbed wire and other preparations for the
+enemy. There was nothing for it but to continue along the naked road
+till we got out of range. Further on low trees began at the side of the
+road. We hastened toward them, hoping to make them serve as cover, but
+shell after shell arrived, each bursting close by. The trees were of no
+use.
+
+There was not another soul upon the road for over two miles. Each time
+we heard a shell coming toward us we cowered with our arms covering neck
+and face. After each shot we inquired of each other if either had been
+hit. The shooting of the gunners with such a small and distant target
+appeared to me superb.
+
+At last a shell exploded overhead, smashing the branches and sending a
+load of metal flying. I felt blows of flying earth and twigs on my back.
+Bass asked, "Have they got you?"
+
+"Are you all right?" I inquired.
+
+"Think they have got me in the face," was the reply.
+
+I had an electric pocket lamp, with which I made an examination. He was
+cut across the jaw with a fragment of shell and bleeding freely. I
+bandaged him with our handkerchiefs, Bass, as always, uncomplaining and
+treating the wound humorously.
+
+Several shells followed, each too near for comfort, but we were now
+reaching the limit of the guns' range, and we came without further
+incident clear of their fire.
+
+
+
+
+Bass's Story
+
+[Special Dispatch to THE NEW YORK TIMES.]
+
+
+CHICAGO, Jan. 7.--John F. Bass, the staff correspondent of The Chicago
+Daily News, who with Perceval Gibbon had a remarkable escape from being
+blown to pieces by German shells while returning from a visit to a
+Russian first-line trench in Poland, cables to his paper his version of
+their experiences, which duplicates largely that by Perceval Gibbon
+cabled to THE NEW YORK TIMES.
+
+Recounting their arrival at the trench held by the Bielojevski Regiment,
+in the centre of the battle line, he says:
+
+"The officers, in small underground bomb-proofs, gave us a hospitable
+welcome. The men had cut small recesses in the front wall of the
+trench, where they were comfortably housed in straw with bagging in
+front to keep out the cold. The trenches were in good condition and
+clean for war time.
+
+"In the loopholes rifles lay ready for firing. One man in every four
+watched while the other three slept. As we walked through the trench we
+stepped over dead bodies of men who had recently fallen. Two of the
+regiment's battalions are commanded by Staff Capt. Podjio, one of the
+finest specimens of a conscientious, hard-working line officer I have
+met. He passed the night traveling the trenches, keeping a vigilant
+watch and encouraging the men, who seemed to be in fine condition.
+
+"It was bitterly cold, so we lay for a time on the straw of a
+bomb-proof, watching by candlelight a giant orderly sending and
+receiving messages on a buzzing telephone from different parts of the
+line. It is a habit of Germans to make night attacks that bring them
+within fifty yards of the Russian trenches before they are driven off.
+
+"We saw indistinctly across the trenches the Russian videttes in front.
+It is reported that the Germans do not take the precaution of posting a
+line of sentinels before their trenches. Just before morning the
+videttes came running to report activity in the German trenches. Quickly
+the sleeping soldiers were roused to man the loopholes. The machine guns
+cracked and the rifles rolled out volleys in the cold morning light. The
+Germans answered and bullets kicked the top of our trench. Some of the
+bullets seemed to crack on striking and it was reported to us that the
+Germans were using explosive missiles. Under the Russian fire the
+Germans failed to leave their trench.
+
+"When the light swelled into day the German artillery began shelling the
+houses, the tall chimney, and the trenches. Black clouds of smoke rose
+from the spots where the shells struck. On our trench they used
+shrapnel, which burst for the most part beyond us in white puffs. The
+German infantry continued a heavy fusillade, but our machine gun fire,
+which seemed to sweep the dust from the top of the German trench, caused
+their rifle fire to go high and the bullets hissed overhead.
+
+"Two German aeroplanes swept down the line above the Russian trench, but
+retired when chased by a Russian biplane. In the distance a German
+observation balloon hung in the sky like a huge sausage."
+
+[Illustration: H.S.H. PRINCE LOUIS ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG,
+
+Who Was Forced to Resign as First Sea Lord of the British Admiralty.
+
+(_Photo_ © _by Pach Bros., N.Y._)]
+
+[Illustration: FIELD MARSHAL LORD ROBERTS,
+
+From a Photograph Taken on His Eighty-second Birthday.
+
+(_Photo by L.N.A._)]
+
+
+
+
+The Waste of German Lives
+
+By Perceval Gibbon.
+
+[Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES.]
+
+
+ZYRARDOW, Poland, Jan. 5, (Dispatch to The London Daily
+Chronicle.)--Once again Poland has seen a great German general attack
+along the whole line of the Bzura and Rawka positions from Gradow to
+Rawa. For thirty-six hours the battle has shifted like a moving flame in
+a long line. Now that its intensity is abated, it is clear that the
+German purpose has again failed of accomplishment, and at several points
+the Russian line has advanced.
+
+We have no key to the German mentality which inspires these attacks so
+wasteful in lives of soldiers, so ineffectual in their general result.
+In the records of this struggle along the courses of the two little
+rivers I have notes of upward of 100 attacks in considerable force,
+of which not a single one resulted in shifting the imperturbable Russian
+infantry from a trench, but each of which has been accompanied by
+ghastly loss to the Germans.
+
+A fight characteristic of the operations on this front took place west
+of Gradow, where the German attack was exceptionally heavy throughout
+New Year's Day, culminating in an assault by infantry on the same night.
+Throughout the day they shelled the Russian trenches, spending
+ammunition with their customary lavishness. The day's shelling justified
+the Russian opinion that of the German forces their artillery and
+cavalry are the weakest arm and their infantry is the best. The
+positions are not greatly disturbed by the day-long aspersion with
+shrapnel, and the Russians are more than ready for the attack. On this
+front the infantry attacks usually in line, but this night they came up
+in dense columns. The Russian guns were at work promptly with the fuses
+of the shells reduced, so that they burst almost at the gun's mouth, and
+from the trenches a steady, schooled infantry fire tore gaps in the
+masses of the enemy.
+
+At Gradow the Russians were utterly outnumbered. To this extent the
+German concentration of forces was successful, but no further. They
+succeeded in reducing the Russians' tactics from a mere defense of the
+trenches to delivering a counter-attack; but this was the limit of their
+success.
+
+I have talked with three Russian officers here who were wounded during
+the counter-attack. Five machine guns were at work on them as they left
+their trenches in a charge. One of the officers was shot through the
+chest as he climbed the bank of the trench; the second got perhaps
+twenty yards before being hit in the head; the third, however, led his
+men home into the German trench. Of the Russians who set out only eighty
+were alive and unhurt when they reached the German trench, but this
+eighty took it with the bayonet, killing about five times their own
+number of Germans.
+
+At Gradow, on the morning of Jan. 2, the ground resembled the strewn
+battlefield of Brzezny or the body-littered valleys between the woods
+of Augustowo in October. As in those other tragic defeats where the
+ruthless Generals sacrificed their soldiers like water, there were heaps
+and ridges of gray-clad dead. Gradow is only one single point in the
+line which the Germans assaulted, yet here alone they lost upward of
+6,000 killed. The same night they attacked positions corresponding at
+the villages of Guzow, Radziwillow, Msczonow, and Rawa. In every place
+they were beaten back with heavy losses. The estimates from various
+sources, some official, state that their losses for the single night's
+abortive fighting, giving them nowhere an advance of a single yard of
+territory, were assuredly not fewer than 30,000 dead on the ground and
+three times as many wounded or dead within their own lines.
+
+I am cured of prophecy, but through the fog of imminent events certain
+happenings are dimly indicated. Roughly speaking, the next fortnight is
+Germany's final opportunity. During that time they may pour out lives
+with the same hope as hitherto of making an impression on the steadfast
+line of the Bzura and Rawka. Then that last glamour of hope of success
+in Poland vanishes.
+
+In the highest opinions the Austrian Army is finished, and it remains
+only to clear up the mess they have made and then again the great
+advance on poor, dim, beautiful Cracow will proceed. Przemysl is at its
+last gasp, and then the Russian armies will be in Silesia, the source
+and headquarters of Prussia's industrial wealth, the one province she
+cannot afford to see invaded. Within a time, which I hear estimated
+between three and six weeks, these wind-swept, icy plains of Poland must
+see a stage in the war completed.
+
+Germans have been captured lately in whose possession was found the last
+proclamation of the Kaiser that "if compelled to retire from Poland,
+leave standing neither house nor town; leave only the bare earth
+underfoot." Well, the road to Berlin does not end at the Polish
+frontier.
+
+
+
+
+The Flight Into Switzerland
+
+By Ethel Therese Hugli.
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, Jan. 10, 1915.]
+
+
+BERNE, Nov. 18.--Question: What is Switzerland?
+
+Answer: A small neutral State entirely surrounded by war!
+
+At the first glance such would seem to be the actual state of affairs,
+for neutral Italy, our southern neighbor, takes up but a small part of
+our border; to the west we have France, to the north Germany, and to the
+east Austria, all engaged in deadly combat, all realizing that this time
+the loser will go down, never to come up again as a power of the first
+class. The drawback in being so neutral and so near the stage of all
+these dramatic proceedings, is that we are overwhelmed with "latest
+dispatches." Our papers bristle with the victories, defeats, denials,
+assertions, protests, accusations, blame, as contained in the dispatches
+of the various news agencies.
+
+Reuter is the official English agency. His news is taken with a generous
+pinch of salt. The German agency is Wolff, whose proud boast it is never
+to have announced a single German defeat. As a consequence, he is also
+taken with a large pinch. The French pin their faith to Havas, whose
+rose-colored dispatches have earned for themselves the name of
+"Havas-Lies." The Austrians believe in the Wiener agency, whose
+dispatches are too busy saying: "The reports of Austrian defeats, spread
+by the enemy, are absolutely untrue," to have time for any real news;
+while in Italy--"neutral Italy"--the Italian news agency shows such
+unholy glee over German reverses as to make an impartial person sniff
+rather suspiciously at its "neutrality." The Wesbuick agency in Russia,
+severely censored from Petrograd, gives a dry, business-like view of the
+White Bear's progress in the east. And so it goes.
+
+Of course, officially, Switzerland is absolutely neutral, but it is
+asking too much of human nature to expect the individual to have no
+opinion. The fact, therefore, that French Switzerland sympathizes
+unofficially with France, and German Switzerland with Germany, has had
+its effect on the Swiss mobilization, which has called the
+French-speaking Swiss to the German border and the German-speaking to
+the French. This fact is about the only one that has leaked out of the
+movements of our army. The secrecy maintained is absolute, reigning even
+in the ranks of mothers and sweethearts, to say nothing of wives, who
+all of them are proud to show their loyalty by at least refraining from
+saying where their men are posted. It is said that Switzerland is armed,
+mined, and barb-wired along every foot of her frontier, and it has
+lately transpired that this perfect defense, and the fact that
+practically every soldier is a sharpshooter, led the Germans to give up
+their plan of breaking through Switzerland to get at France, and made
+them choose Belgium instead.
+
+Switzerland has always been a sort of sanctuary for refugees,
+principally political, and now, especially, she is full of all kinds of
+strangers. In the first days of the war there were streams of Italians,
+suddenly thrown out of work in Germany and Austria and packed off home,
+who passed through Switzerland in every stage of want and despair. Every
+big town organized its soup kitchens at the railway station; women of
+the best families took the matter in hand, and so the huddling,
+apprehensive columns were passed from one town to another, fed, clothed,
+and comforted, finally landing in their own country, safe and sound. An
+enthusiastic letter of thanks has been published in the papers,
+emanating from these grateful "Chinks," (Swiss for "Dago,") and ending
+up with "Eviva la Svizzera!" ("Long live Switzerland!")
+
+Germany began to clean out the Russians on the first day of the war.
+Hordes of them poured into our country with fistfuls of ruble notes that
+no one would take, and with a growing hunger that they could not
+appease. A doctor was called to visit a band of twelve that were herded
+together in two rooms of a cheap hotel here. He expected to find
+emigrants; instead, they were people of the highest refinement. Their
+story was pitiful. They had been inmates of a private sanatorium in
+Germany and were summarily dismissed at the outbreak of the war.
+Separated from their trunks, ill and weak, and too confused to think
+clearly, they arrived in Berne with nothing but their piles of ruble
+notes, that no one would take, and the fear of death in their hearts.
+
+They were quartered in the hotel by the committee, and the physician was
+called. One woman of the party begged him to take a ring, worth many
+hundred dollars, and give her $10 for it, so that she might buy some
+comforts for herself and daughter. Of course, the whole party was
+immediately removed to a private sanatorium, where its members were
+cared for, and where, little by little, they recovered their calm and
+gathered up their scattered wits.
+
+Very far from calm is a Swiss who has just returned from captivity in
+the interior of Morocco on account of being mistaken for a German. The
+day of the declaration of war the French authorities ordered him out of
+his beautiful Moroccan home, giving him forty-eight hours to pack up.
+His wife was visiting her mother here in Berne, and one can fancy her
+state of mind on receiving a telegram to the effect that her husband
+and babies, twins of 7 and a little fellow of a year and a half, were
+ordered off, with the nurse, to parts unknown, as political prisoners.
+In vain the man protested he was Swiss. His name was German, and he was
+in a German firm; therefore he was a "canaille d'allemand"; so off they
+went. At first they were packed on a little steamer whose capacity was
+thirty people--there were 150 of them, and they cruised along the
+Mediterranean for a night and a day.
+
+At last they lay before Casa Blanca, and, on asking why they were not
+landed, received the reply that the authorities must first of all clear
+the pier, as the boatload of refugees landed there the day before had
+been received with showers of stones and vile epithets from the mob,
+whose hate of the Germans knew no bounds. When they finally landed they
+were quartered in a riding school with 150 others, where they all slept
+on the tanbark. They had coffee for breakfast, and during the three days
+they were there had a thick soup each day for dinner, and nothing more.
+One day it was bean soup, one day peas, and the third day lentils. They
+were finally transported to the interior of Morocco and assigned to the
+barracks of the Foreign Legion, the members of which are now fighting in
+France, and here they passed strange, uncomfortable, heart-breaking
+days.
+
+Finally, when summoned to deliver up his money, the man said: "I shall
+telegraph this outrage to Berne."
+
+"What, are you Swiss?" was the officer's surprised question.
+
+"Yes."
+
+"Well, keep your money," said the officer; and a few days later Mr. X.,
+through the efforts of our State Department and our Minister to France,
+was released and joined his wife in Switzerland. This story was told me
+by the agonized grandmother, whose tears flowed fast at the thought of
+the hardships to which her daughter's babies had been exposed.
+
+And now come the Belgian refugees to us, a most pitiable band. French
+Switzerland has the honor of beginning the movement which has made
+possible the bringing to Switzerland and placing in hundreds of
+households these innocent victims of this hideous war. In addition,
+subscriptions have been opened in various papers, and thousands of
+francs have been gathered and sent to this most unfortunate of nations.
+The movement to receive Belgian refugees is gaining ground, too, in
+German-speaking Switzerland, though here the sympathy for Germany stands
+somewhat in the way of a full and open hospitality. Some papers write:
+
+"Let the Belgians stay in their country. The Germans will take care of
+them. Let those that have fled return to their hearths and take up their
+daily vocations. In this way the misery of the country--which is
+certainly not entirely the fault of Germany (a hit at England)--will be
+alleviated. Furthermore, Switzerland's harboring of Belgian refugees is
+a demonstration against Germany. Let Switzerland beware of doing
+anything to prejudice her neutrality. Finally, there are in our own
+country plenty of miserable poor people to exercise our charity upon,
+and every one knows that charity begins at home."
+
+Articles have appeared in the German papers expressing surprise at
+Switzerland's hospitality, and to all of these carpers, at home and
+abroad, these people who have acted out of the purest motives of charity
+and love for their neighbor, answer somewhat as follows:
+
+The Belgians that have come to take refuge in Switzerland wished nothing
+better than to stay in their own land. They were driven out in hordes,
+at the point of the sword, by the Germans. It would be hard to convince
+them that they ought to go back and that the Germans will take care of
+them. Some of these miserable beings did return, hoping to pick up their
+life again after the great shock. They found their village a heap of
+stones, their business ruined. How could they, therefore, "return to
+their hearths and take up their daily vocations"? If Switzerland's
+charitable impulse is to be construed as a demonstration against
+Germany, then must Switzerland reflect that any excuse will do, and that
+her neutrality has the same validity in Germany's eyes as had Belgium's.
+No country, thinking and acting objectively, could find in this movement
+anything to "prejudice Switzerland's neutrality."
+
+As for charity beginning at home, one might add that it does not end
+there. It would be hard to find a country whose charitable organizations
+are so all-embracing as here. In times of peace there are committees who
+sew for and otherwise look after every kind of human misery. There are
+the tuberculous poor, the girl-mothers, the creches, the new-born
+babies, the soup kitchens, the visiting trained nurses, the clinics, the
+blind, the vicious, the vacation colonies, the swimming lessons, the
+gymnastics, the tramps and their woodyard, &c., and every organization
+has its Christmas tree, with distribution of presents when the season of
+rejoicing comes around. Now that the war is here, and every available
+man is standing at the frontier guarding his Fatherland from invasion,
+the soldiers have been added to the list of charities, and none of the
+old has been stricken off.
+
+In addition to babies' socks, every one has time to knit a pair of
+soldiers' socks, and in every dainty work basket, lying next to
+neglected fancy work, there are sure to be some half-finished warm
+woolen gloves or wristlets or knee warmers for the boys at the frontier.
+If Switzerland can keep up her home charities and look out so splendidly
+for her soldiers at the same time, and still have the means and the will
+to welcome and care for the poor and unhappy of a sister folk whose fate
+might very well have been her own, it is surely not a subject for
+adverse criticism, but, on the contrary, for encouragement. And who was
+it who said: "For as much as ye did it unto the least of these, ye did
+it unto Me"?
+
+
+
+
+Once Fair Belgrade Is a Skeleton City
+
+[Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES.]
+
+
+LONDON, Jan. 11.--Z.D. Ferriman, special correspondent of The Daily
+Chronicle with the Servian Army and the first English journalist to
+enter Belgrade since the Austrian occupation, sends a long dispatch
+describing the Servians' re-entry into their capital, in the course of
+which he says:
+
+"On the first view Belgrade does not seem to have suffered to any great
+extent from the bombardment. Walking up the broad thoroughfare of the
+Rasia, you arrive nearly at the top before you see a house with the
+upper story blown away and with a fragment of what appears to have been
+the roof--an imminent peril to passers-by.
+
+"But appearances are specious. Many buildings whose facades are intact
+are skeletons. Projectiles with high trajectory have fallen through the
+roof and wrought destruction within. This is the case with a wing of the
+Royal Palace. The windows are shattered, but the masonry has not
+suffered. Within, however, all is devastated. Among the public buildings
+the museum is a shapeless heap of débris, and the university is so much
+knocked about that the plainest and cheapest remedy will be an entirely
+new edifice.
+
+"The higher part of the city has suffered most, with the exception,
+perhaps, of the district around the station, which is completely
+battered down. Rents in the pavement show that shells charged with very
+high explosives were employed. One huge gulf I noticed at least twelve
+feet deep by fifteen long and eight wide.
+
+"There are many instances of the vagaries of these missiles of
+destruction. I visited a house in which M. Nikovitz, who accompanied me
+in my peregrinations, had occupied an apartment. There was nothing the
+matter with the front, but a neat hole in the side marked the passage of
+a projectile which had traversed the building and exploded in the
+adjoining house, now a mound of brick-bats and matchwood. One half of a
+large establishment in Prince Michael Street was completely wrecked, but
+the other half was undamaged, and rolls of textile fabrics were in order
+on their shelves or piled on counters. The best shops are in this
+street, and much havoc has been wrought.
+
+"I picked up spherical shrapnel bullets on several premises. Shrapnel
+has no battering force. Its object is to kill or disable men. It can do
+no harm to walls. Its employment in this instance was a wanton act
+intended to inspire terror and doubtless augmented the loss of life
+among the citizens.
+
+"The principal hotel, the Moskwa, situated at the highest part of the
+town, has been devastated partially within, but the framework of the
+building is intact. On the other side of the street a row of houses far
+less conspicuous has been demolished. In one street we met a little girl
+of 12 coming out of a house opposite to one which was a heap of ruins.
+We asked her if she had seen it destroyed. She said she had and was very
+frightened. Shortly afterward a shell fell in their own garden; then
+they ran away and took refuge with friends at the other end of the town.
+An old woman had a stall containing tins of shoe polish and other
+trifles. A jumble of charred wood and twisted iron behind had been her
+shop. The caretaker at the house occupied by M. Nikovitz, a cheerful old
+dame, told us how she had hid herself at the other end of the long
+garden, but it was terrible.
+
+"We asked some urchins, who would be at school in normal times, but
+whose occupation and delight are now to hold officers' horses, if they
+were not frightened. 'At first,' they replied, 'but not afterward. They
+make a great noise, but they never catch us, and we do not mind
+them--the shells.' A boy of 12, who was carrying on his father's
+hair-dressing business single-handed during the latter's absence on
+service, expressed a similar opinion.
+
+"I am told that about 3,000 people remained, out of the normal
+population of 100,000, during the bombardment. I cannot ascertain the
+number of killed and injured, but it certainly runs into the hundreds.
+Those of the inhabitants who left the city but remained in the
+neighborhood returned after the bombardment and were here during the
+eleven days of the Austrian occupation.
+
+"The practice of taking hostages, which it has been reserved for this
+twentieth century civilized war to revive, was resorted to at Belgrade.
+I am assured on unimpeachable authority, supported by accounts of
+several eyewitnesses, that not fewer than 1,000 persons were carried off
+to Austria. Among them were boys of 15 and 16. Nor were foreign
+residents immune. M. Bissers, the Belgian Consul, who is also a Director
+of the electric tram and light company, was of the number. He was
+handcuffed like a common criminal. Neither the fate nor whereabouts of
+these civilian prisoners of war is known.
+
+"The plate-glass fronts of many shops in the principal thoroughfares are
+smashed, and the interiors present a picture of desolation, overturned
+cash registers and objects that have not been stolen lying broken and
+scattered on the floor, but the majority of the establishments that have
+been ransacked do not show outward signs of it. The system seems to have
+been to obtain ingress from the back.
+
+"In the Rasia there is a stately mansion. Its owner, M. Kersmanovitz,
+died a short time ago, leaving large sums for charitable purposes. The
+house was occupied by his widow when the war broke out. Chalked on the
+door were names distinguished in the Austro-Hungarian peerage--Baron
+Zichy, Graf Festetics, and Graf Vanderstraten, all Lieutenants on the
+staff, who had been its denizens during occupation. Though their tenure
+was brief they had made the most of their time. The place was gutted,
+carpets torn up, tapestry torn down, and pictures destroyed. It was also
+indescribably filthy. This may have been the work of the soldiery after
+the departure of the young noblemen.
+
+"The poor suffered equally with the rich. A humble restaurant used by
+the working classes, one of two or three still open, was despoiled of
+its linen and cutlery. Small shops had been sacked as well as the larger
+establishments. It was all fish that came to the Austrian net. I have
+not yet met any one whose dwelling escaped. The Russian Legation is
+wrecked.
+
+"The Royal Palace was thrown open to the people. 'It is yours,' said the
+Austrian liberators in the generosity of their hearts; but they had gone
+over it with care first."
+
+[Illustration: decoration]
+
+
+
+
+Letters and Diaries
+
+A Group of Soldiers' Letters
+
+
+A German cavalry division was pursuing a division of English infantry.
+The English ranks were suddenly reinforced; they turned and charged the
+Germans, who fled in disorder.
+
+All the Germans fled--but one. Says an English soldier, Trooper S.
+Cargill:
+
+     When they saw us coming they turned and fled, at least all but
+     one, who came rushing at us with his lance at the charge. I
+     caught hold of his horse, which was half mad with terror, and
+     my chum was going to run the rider through when he noticed the
+     awful glaze in his eyes, and we saw that the poor devil was
+     dead.
+
+That ghastly vision of the mounted corpse can find no place in histories
+of this war. It has no historical significance even if it did receive a
+place in the cable dispatches from the front. Only from the lips of
+soldiers or from their pens when they snatch a few moments from the
+business of war to write to their people at home come such naďvely
+graphic accounts of trivial but illuminative incidents.
+
+In many an American family is treasured a packet of yellow papers, on
+which are written, in ink fast fading away, brief and intimate
+impressions of the civil war by men who waged it. Every war has thus its
+unknown, unhonored chroniclers, who send to their little home circles
+narratives that for startling realism no highly paid special
+correspondent could surpass.
+
+Trooper Cargill's letter is one of a number contained in an
+extraordinary volume just published by the George H. Doran Company of
+New York, with the title "In the Firing Line," (50 cents net.) Mr. A.
+St. John Adcock collected a large number of letters sent home during the
+last few weeks by English soldiers fighting in France and has arranged
+them to form what is perhaps the most essentially human account of the
+great war that has yet appeared.
+
+Consider, for instance, the narrative of Private Whitaker of the
+Coldstream Guards. He fought through the terrific four-day battle near
+Mons, and his account of it follows. It must be remembered that the
+British troops who took part in that battle had sailed from Southampton
+only four days before:
+
+     You thought it was a big crowd that streamed out of the
+     Crystal Palace when we went to see the Cup Final. Well,
+     outside Compičgne it was just as if that crowd came at us. You
+     couldn't miss them. Our bullets plowed into them, but still
+     they came for us. I was well intrenched, and my rifle got so
+     hot I could hardly hold it. I was wondering if I should have
+     enough bullets when a pal shouted, "Up, Guards, and at 'em!"
+     The next second he was rolled over with a nasty knock on the
+     shoulder. He jumped up and hissed, "Let me get at them!" His
+     language was a bit stronger than that.
+
+     When we really did get the order to get at them we made no
+     mistake, I can tell you. They cringed at the bayonet, but
+     those on our left wing tried to get around us, and after
+     racing as hard as we could for quite five hundred yards we cut
+     up nearly every man who did not run away.
+
+     You have read of the charge of the Light Brigade. It was new
+     to our cavalry chaps. I saw two of our fellows who were
+     unhorsed stand back to back and slash away with their swords,
+     bringing down nine or ten of the panic-stricken devils. Then
+     they got hold of the stirrup-straps of a horse without a rider
+     and got out of the męlée. This kind of thing was going on all
+     day.
+
+     In the afternoon I thought we should all get bowled over, as
+     they came for us again in their big numbers. Where they came
+     from goodness knows; but as we could not stop them with
+     bullets they had another taste of the bayonet. My Captain, a
+     fine fellow, was near to me, and as he fetched them down he
+     shouted, "Give them socks, my lads!" How many were killed and
+     wounded I don't know; but the field was covered with them.
+
+It is also of the four days' battle that Private J.R. Taft of the Second
+Essex Regiment wrote. How typical of real life, as distinct from
+romance, is his ready transition from his devout thanksgiving for his
+safety to his amused recollection of the popular song that rose above
+the crash of shot and shell:
+
+     We were near Mons when we had the order to intrench. It was
+     just dawn when we were half way down our trenches, and we were
+     on our knees when the Germans opened a murderous fire with
+     their guns and machine guns.
+
+     We opened a rapid fire with our Maxims and rifles; we let them
+     have it properly, but no sooner did we have one lot down than
+     up came another lot, and they sent their cavalry to charge us,
+     but we were there with our bayonets, and we emptied our
+     magazines on them. Their men and horses were in a confused
+     heap. There were a lot of wounded horses we had to shoot to
+     end their misery.
+
+     We had several charges with their infantry, too. We find they
+     don't like the bayonets. Their rifle shooting is rotten; I
+     don't believe they could hit a haystack at 100 yards.
+
+     We find their field artillery very good; we don't like their
+     shrapnel; but I noticed that some did not burst; if one shell
+     that came over me had burst. I should have been blown to
+     atoms. I thanked the Lord it did not. I also heard our men
+     singing that famous song, "Get Out and Get Under." I know that
+     for an hour in our trench it would make any one keep under,
+     what with their shells and machine guns. Many poor fellows
+     went to their death like heroes.
+
+The writer of the following letter, too, was telling of Mons. To friends
+far away, at peaceful Barton-on-Humber, he wrote:
+
+     Just a line to tell you I have returned from the front, and I
+     can tell you we have had a very trying time of it. I must also
+     say I am very lucky to be here. We were fighting from Sunday,
+     23d, to Wednesday evening, on nothing to eat or drink--only
+     the drop of water in our bottles which we carried.
+
+     No one knows--only those that have seen us could credit such a
+     sight, and if I live for years may I never see such a sight
+     again. I can tell you it is not very nice to see your chum
+     next to you with half his head blown off. The horrible sights
+     I shall never forget. There seemed nothing else only certain
+     death staring us in the face all the time. I cannot tell you
+     all on paper. We must, however, look on the bright side, for
+     it is no good doing any other.
+
+     There are thousands of these Germans, and they simply throw
+     themselves at us. It is no joke fighting seven or eight to
+     one. I can tell you we have lessened them a little, but there
+     are millions more yet to finish.
+
+Of the battle that reddened the foam of the North Sea during the last
+days of August many a seaman recorded his impressions. And what curious
+things stuck in the memories of the weary, powder-stained survivors!
+"The funny thing which you should have seen," wrote Midshipman Hartley
+to his parents, "was all the stokers grubbing around after the action
+looking for bits of shell." And a seaman on H.M.S. Hearty wrote:
+
+     Two cooks were in the galley of the Arethusa, just having
+     their rum, when a shell killed one and blew the other's arm
+     off. A funny thing, they've got a clock hanging up; it smashed
+     the glass and one hand, but the blooming thing's still going.
+
+There is fine realism in Seaman Gunner Brown's letter to the parents who
+waited for tidings in their cottage on the Isle of Wight:
+
+     We and another ship in our squadron came across two German
+     cruisers. We routed one and started on the second, but battle
+     cruisers soon finished her off. Another then appeared, and
+     after we had plunked two broadsides into her she slid off in
+     flames.
+
+     Every man did his bit, and there was a continuous stream of
+     jokes. We penciled on the projectiles, "Love from England,"
+     "One for the Kaiser," and other such messages. The sight of
+     sinking German ships was gloriously terrible, funnels and
+     masts lying about in all directions, and amidships a huge
+     furnace, the burning steel looking like a big ball of sulphur.
+     There was not the slightest sign of fear, from the youngest to
+     the oldest man aboard.
+
+[Illustration: ENGLAND'S SECRETARY OF STATE FOR WAR, FIELD MARSHAL EARL
+KITCHENER.
+
+(_From the Painting by Angelo._)]
+
+[Illustration: GEN. VON BISSING,
+
+Recently Made Military Governor of Belgium to Succeed Field Marshal von
+der Goltz.
+
+(_Photo from Ruschin._)]
+
+But it remained for a naval Lieutenant, whose name is not given, to
+describe, in a letter to a friend, one of the most remarkable incidents
+of the war, an incident which might have occurred in the imagination of
+Jules Verne or of H.G. Wells in his youth. He wrote:
+
+     The Defender having sunk an enemy, lowered a whaler to pick up
+     her swimming survivors; before the whaler got back an enemy's
+     cruiser came up and chased the Defender, and thus she
+     abandoned her whaler. Imagine their feelings--alone in an open
+     boat without food, twenty-five miles from the nearest land,
+     and that land the enemy's fortress, with nothing but fog and
+     foes around them. Suddenly a swirl alongside and up, if you
+     please, pops his Britannic Majesty's submarine E-4, opens his
+     conning tower, takes them all on board, shuts up again, dives,
+     and brings them home, 250 miles!
+
+In his introduction to the book St. John Adcock calls the private
+letters of the soldiers "the most potent of recruiting literature."
+Undoubtedly this is true of some of them. The casual, almost flippant,
+records of splendid heroism, the reflection of a spirit of gay courage,
+the description of the most picturesque and romantic aspects of
+battle--these tend, certainly, to fill the mind of the stay-at-home
+readers with a desire for participation in this great adventure.
+
+But, on the other hand, such passages as "The dead were piled up in the
+trenches about ten deep, and there were trenches seven miles long," and
+"Our Maxim gun officer tried to fix his gun up during their murderous
+fire, but he got half his face blown away," are not likely to make
+fighting seem a pleasant occupation. It is true that the dead referred
+to in the first of these passages are the enemy's dead; still, there is
+a wholesale quality about those seven-mile trenches filled with dead ten
+deep that is not a recruiting allurement.
+
+Nor is this letter, vivid in its realism, likely to make those not
+already warlike eager to enlist. It was sent to his parents at
+Ilfracombe by Private William Burgess of the Royal Field Artillery:
+
+     We left our landing place for the front on the Tuesday and got
+     there on Saturday night. The Germans had just reached Liége
+     then, and we got into action on the Sunday morning. The first
+     thing we did was to blow up a bridge to stop the Germans from
+     crossing. Then we came into action behind a lot of houses
+     attached to the main street. We were there about ten minutes
+     when the houses started to fall around us. The poor people
+     were buried alive. I saw poor children getting knocked down by
+     bursting shells.
+
+     The next move was to advance across where there was a Red
+     Cross hospital. They dropped shells from airships and fired on
+     it until the place was burned down to the ground. Then they
+     got a big plan on to retire and let the French get behind
+     them. We retired eight miles, but we had to fight until we
+     were forced to move again. We got as far as Le Cateau on
+     Tuesday night. We camped there until 2 o'clock next morning.
+
+     Then we all heard there was a big fight coming off, so we all
+     got together and cleared the field for action. [The letter
+     mentions the numbers of men engaged, and states that the
+     Germans were in the proportion of three to one.] We cut them
+     down like rats. We could see them coming on us in heaps and
+     dropping like hail. The Colonel passed along the line and
+     said, "Stick it, boys."
+
+     I tell you, mother, it was awful to see your own comrades
+     dropping down--some getting their heads blown off and others
+     their legs and arms. I was fighting with my shirt off. A piece
+     of shell went right through my shirt at the back and never
+     touched me. It stuck into a bag of earth which we put between
+     the wheels to stop bullets.
+
+     We were there, all busy fighting, when an airship came right
+     over the line and dropped a bomb, which caused a terrible lot
+     of smoke. Of course, that gave the Germans our range. Then the
+     shells were dropping on us thick. We looked across the line
+     and saw the German guns coming toward us. We turned our two
+     centre guns on them and sent them yards in the air. I reckon I
+     saw one German go quite twenty yards in the air.
+
+     Just after that a shell burst right over our gun. That one got
+     me out of action. I had to get off the field the best way I
+     could. The bullets were going all around me on the way off;
+     you see, they got completely around us. I went about two miles
+     and met a Red Cross cart. I was taken to St. Quentin Hospital.
+     We were shelled out of there about 2 in the morning, and then
+     taken in a train and taken down to a plain near Rouen. Next
+     morning we were put on a ship for dear old England.
+
+
+
+
+The First German Prisoners
+
+[From The London Times.]
+
+
+     _The following letter from a soldier at the front who has
+     taken part in the first fighting appears in the Temps of
+     Paris, Aug. 16:_
+
+We are now able to realize the state of mind in which they arrive. The
+army corps to which I belong has already brought its guns into action.
+We have seen prisoners, and we have observed battlefields, and we have
+noticed a thing or two. First of all, these prisoners are not the least
+bit fanatics. Many of them don't know what they are fighting about. They
+have been told a thousand phantasmagoria--that France had declared war,
+that the Belgians and the Italians were helping the Germans, &c.; and
+one of them was tremendously proud at having the Czar Nicholas as his
+honorary Colonel! They were taken for the most part in isolated patrols,
+and it happened so often that it was impossible to get others to start
+off on reconnoissances, since their comrades never came back and they
+had no desire to share a like fate.
+
+The prisoners are gentle and calm, and follow with their eyes the bits
+of bread which are passed about near them and which one gives them, and
+they eat them voraciously. For two days they have only received two
+rations of coffee. Their appetite is so great that, though in presence
+of a French officer they will click their heels together properly, they
+never cease at the same time to munch noisily and to fill out their
+hollow cheeks.
+
+One feels that they believe us French to be up to every sort of
+devilment, that we are going to undress them, to take their papers, and
+they tremble from head to foot in fear of being shot. Even when you give
+them a cigarette, it does not seem to allay their mistrust. One of them,
+who was dying of thirst, would not drink the water that was offered him
+before the gendarme had tasted it in front of him.
+
+They are all astonished at their adventure. They had been told that they
+were going to enter Maubeuge in company with the Belgians; to seize
+Maubeuge would be as easy as taking a _café au lait_--and there they are
+without their _café au lait_!
+
+The officers are absolutely different. Prussian pride gave them an
+assurance which their mishap has transformed into irritation. A young
+Baron Lieutenant, like von Forstner, pretended that he couldn't make his
+bed, and refused to answer before simple soldiers. He couldn't feel
+anything but the humiliation of being a prisoner, and couldn't get
+accustomed to his new situation.
+
+We found on the field of battle the medicine chest of a vet., who jotted
+down his impressions from minute to minute. When he was killed he was
+writing: "I see the shells bursting with a white smoke in the sky, which
+is lighted up from the south; luckily my helmet protects me from
+sunstroke." Evidently he was on an excursion, this veterinary surgeon,
+and was counting on coming to Paris, and had taken the most minute
+precautions of hygiene and of elegance. He was provided with scent and
+eau de cologne. He had even brought with him a rose ointment for the
+nails, and a superb gilt shoulder-belt which was to raise his prestige
+for when he passed under the Arc de Triomphe. The battery to which he
+belonged is annihilated now. We could observe on the spot the terrific
+effect of our artillery, which was very well commanded. Six abandoned
+guns, of which three are impossible to move, are there on the ground
+with all their crews, all their officers, all their horses--the pieces
+still mounted, riddled with splinters. They were taken back to the rear,
+and attracted all the way along the curiosity of the soldiers, with
+their sumptuous armorial bearings and their motto, _Ultima regis ratio_.
+
+But this lesson seems to have made a bit of an impression on the Germans
+who have fled, and it has given a new energy to our troops, because the
+battery to which we owe this success did not have a single man wounded.
+The Germans seem to be forty years behind the times. They go on just as
+in 1870. With childish and barbarous imagination they see
+_francs-tireurs_ everywhere and can't yet believe that we have a regular
+army quite close to the frontier.
+
+They arrive in a village toward 8 in the morning; three French dragoons
+are there as patrols. When the German column is within range, the three
+dragoons bring down the Colonel and dash off at full gallop from the
+other end of the village. The Germans are furious and swear that they
+have been attacked by _francs-tireurs_, and that they are going to
+inflict punishment. They seize the curé, a notable inhabitant, and two
+or three peasants, and take them off to be present at the burning of
+their houses, while waiting to be executed themselves.
+
+I have this story from the curé, who arrived to us absolutely done, with
+his cassock in rags, without a hat on, after a day of shocks such as he
+has certainly never had in his life before. Although he has got the
+superb beard of a missionary, they made him march with the chasseurs,
+hitting him with the butts of their rifles till the moment when the
+French shrapnel arrived. Then it was _sauve qui peut_. Our brave curé
+saw all his butchers fall around him. When the noise had finished, five
+unarmed German chasseurs rushed toward him crying with their great,
+thick accent, "Catholics, Catholics!" They were Poles who were flying
+from the army and coming over to our lines. "With my own arms," said the
+curé proudly, "I made five prisoners."
+
+Altogether bewilderment, softness, and indifference on the part of the
+men; vanity, cruelty, and foolery on the part of the officers. Those are
+the virtues which they offered us on first acquaintance. Just compare
+them with ours!
+
+
+
+
+Two Letters From the Trenches
+
+[From The London Times, Oct. 25, 1914.]
+
+
+     _A Canadian officer attached to the British forces writes as
+     follows on Sept. 27:_
+
+It has been very fortunate for me having a recommendation to Gen. C. He
+said that he would welcome all the French-speaking Canadians with
+military knowledge that crossed the Atlantic. I keep my rank of
+Lieutenant and am attached to the ---- Guards, which does scouting,
+patrol, and reconnoissance duty in areas prescribed by the Brigadier. We
+have plenty of most interesting work, which suits me down to the ground.
+Nothing could exceed the kindness shown to Canadian officers by their
+English brethren. We are all one in aim, in spirit, and in that
+indefinable quality of loyal co-operation which holds together the
+British Army fighting against enormous odds in France, as it binds
+together the British Empire by bonds not less strong because they are
+invisible.
+
+This afternoon we are taking a good sound rest at the house of a
+retired French farmer, who has three sons fighting in the country. He
+is as game as game, and says he is just holding things together until
+the war is over. He is 75 and remembers the horrors of the last war, in
+which he fought in the artillery.... Our "look-out" men are ever on the
+alert, for we never take a meal or rest altogether. Sentries and
+signalers are always posted before we dismount. The curé joined us at
+the farmer's house and we enjoyed an excellent repast, with the honor of
+two local gendarmes who had brought in a German spy caught red-handed
+robbing the house of a peasant the night before and attempting to murder
+her. The man was dressed as a French peasant. Upon him we found evidence
+that he was a spy. Summary procedure made it easy to decide that the
+sentence of drumhead court-martial was death. And here again is an
+instance of the extraordinary clemency of the French clergy. The curé
+pleaded that the spy should not be shot and the extreme penalty
+inflicted. So I consented (not being a man of blood) to the prisoner
+being sent to the nearest French military post, to be executed or not,
+as the General shall order.
+
+I really believe that all of the evidence which crowds into me supports
+the charge that this is not a campaign which has proved attractive to
+the German rank and file. Prisoners we have taken say that they have no
+relish for the fighting. They have been well plied with drink, and seem
+to urge that drunkenness may be pleaded as an excuse for crime.
+
+_An officer whose letter from the trenches we published a few days ago
+has since written a letter, dated Oct. 8, from which we take extracts:_
+
+Last week I wrote that we had been in the trenches ten days. Now we have
+been in them nearly three weeks, and still the fight goes on. We don't
+mind it now. We hated it at first. The inaction made us ill. But we
+recovered and began to make jokes about it. And now we don't care. We
+eat and sleep, and eat again; and we dig, eternally dig, grubbing our
+way deeper and deeper into the earth, and making covered ways that lead
+hundreds of yards back from the firing line into safety.
+
+And at the end of one of these I sit at this moment; away on the rear
+slope of the hill which is our fortress. The sun is sinking far away
+down the valley of the Aisne, and the river flickers in the distance
+between lines of trees, while the little villages at the foot of the
+slopes are gradually losing themselves in the evening mist. How lovely
+to sit here in time of peace! Could one bear it after this, I wonder?
+With all the beauty, there are sad things around me; signs of war every
+way I look. To the right, a few yards off, are new-cut graves, and they
+are putting up headstones, made by a reservist who is a mason in private
+life. One man was killed yesterday, and we buried him after dark. There
+was no service, because we had neither light nor book; but I said the
+Lord's Prayer before the earth was thrown in, thinking there could be no
+harm.
+
+Then away across a bend of the valley are more of our trenches, with the
+German parapets 200 yards away beyond. And over these our shells are
+bursting, fired by guns on the slope of the hill beneath me; they
+whistle softly as they skim through the air over my head, and I hear the
+burst as they land. Further away to the west is one of the enemy's
+strongholds, and there bigger shells are bursting, throwing up clouds of
+black smoke and dust. These pass by with a louder purring whistle like
+the sound of surplus air escaping from the pipes of an organ in church.
+They come from our big guns up in the woods across the river, hidden
+from view. And always up in the sky the German aeroplanes circle round
+and round, seeking for the guns, their engines buzzing and the sun
+shining on their wings. Now and then they dash away, perhaps to carry
+news, perhaps because a British or French machine has come upon the
+scene. When they spot our positions they drop little silvery packets,
+which unfold and show their gunners where to shoot. Sometimes they drop
+bombs, but these do little harm. At times the weather is foggy, so
+that the aeroplanes can do nothing at all, and warfare becomes suddenly
+ten years out of date.
+
+[Illustration: ARCHDUKE FREDERICK,
+
+Commander in Chief of Austrian Armies Operating Against the Russians.
+
+(_Photo from Paul Thompson._)]
+
+[Illustration: DR. VON BETHMANN-HOLLWEG, THE GERMAN CHANCELLOR,
+
+In His Field Uniform, Showing the Helmet in Its New Weatherproof Cover.
+
+(_Photo by Brown & Dawson, From Underwood & Underwood._)]
+
+Now the enemy are firing on the little village behind our lines,
+dropping shell among the houses, and always near the house where certain
+staff officers are at work. A curious point this--how close they get to
+the house when they can't possibly see the result of their fire. The
+explanation must be "spies." They are everywhere here; they wear British
+uniform and French uniform, and, most dangerous of all, civilian dress.
+It is our own fault; we allow the French population to return to the
+village right in our midst, and who in these times can question every
+one's rights? The other day three men in civilian dress were found near
+our lines sitting in trees; they were armed with wire-cutters, and said
+they were engaged in cutting vines. Now there are no vineyards near, but
+our wire entanglements were just beyond the wood. Again, one night we
+were to attack a small position at a given hour, but the order was
+afterward canceled. However, at the appointed time the enemy opened
+fire upon the ground we should have crossed and lighted the scene with
+rockets.
+
+Nighttime is a period of continuous strain. The sentry peers into the
+darkness, imagining every bush to be an approaching enemy. Distant trees
+seem to change their position; bunches of grass, really quite close,
+seem to be men coming over the sky-line. One man questions another; the
+section commander is called upon. He in turn explains his fears to an
+officer. A single shot is ordered at the suspected object, and no sound
+is heard. So the night goes on. When we were new to the game a single
+shot was enough to alarm the whole line, and thousands of rounds were
+fired into the darkness. Now we know better. So also do the enemy. And
+it was satisfactory to find that our ammunition had not all been wasted,
+for a patrol recently discovered more than a hundred dead Germans in a
+wood in front of us. The ammunition had not been wasted that time. But,
+oh, what a wasteful war!
+
+
+
+
+The Baptism of Fire
+
+[From The London Times, Nov. 4, 1914.]
+
+
+     _The following letter, thoroughly characteristic of the pluck
+     and cheerfulness of the young British officer, was received
+     from a cavalry subaltern at the front:_
+
+October 27.
+
+Your two boxes of cigarettes were heaven. We've been in the trenches two
+days and nights, but no excitements, except a good dose of shrapnel
+three times a day, which does one no harm and rather relieves the
+monotony. I've got my half troop, 12 men, in this trench in a root
+field, with the rest of the squadron about 100 yards each side of us,
+and a farmhouse, half knocked down by shells, just behind. We get our
+rations sent up once a day in the dark, and two men creep out to cook
+tea in the quiet intervals. Tea is the great mainstay on service, just
+as it was on manoeuvres. The men are splendid, and as happy as
+schoolboys, and we've got plenty of straw at the bottom of the trench,
+which is better than any feather bed. We only had one pelting night, and
+we've had three or four fine days. We have not seen any German infantry
+from this trench, only one patrol and a sniper or two. Their guns, too,
+are out of sight, but hardly a mile away.
+
+Our first day's real close-up fighting was the 19th. We cavalry went on
+about a day and a half in front of the infantry. We got into a village,
+and our advanced patrols started fighting hard, with a certain amount of
+fire from everywhere in front of us. Our advanced patrols gained the
+first group of houses, and we joined them. Firing came from a farm in
+front of us, and then a man came out of it and waved a white flag. I
+yelled, "Two hundred; white flag; rapid fire." But ---- wouldn't let us
+fire. Then the squadron advanced across the root fields toward the farm
+(dismounted, in open order), and they opened a sharp fire on us from the
+farm. We took three prisoners in the roots, and retired to the houses
+again. That was our first experience of the white flag dodge; we lost
+two killed and one wounded.
+
+Then I got leave to make a dash across a field, for another farm where
+they were sniping at us. I could only get half way, my Sergeant was
+killed and my Corporal hit. We lay down; luckily it was high roots and
+we were out of sight; but they had fairly got our range, and the bullets
+kept knocking up the dirt into one's face and all round. We just lay
+doggo for about half an hour, and then the fire slackened, and we
+crawled back.
+
+I was pleased with my troop, under bad fire. They used the most awful
+language, talking quite quietly, and laughing all the time, even after
+the men were knocked over within a yard of them. I longed to be able to
+say that I liked it, after all one has heard about being under fire for
+the first time. But it is beastly. I pretended to myself for a bit that
+I like it, but it was no good. But when one acknowledged that it was
+beastly, one became all right again and cool.
+
+After the firing had slackened we advanced again a bit, into the next
+group of houses, the edge of the village proper. I can't tell you how
+muddling it is. We did not know which was our front, we did not know if
+our own troops had come round us on the flanks, or whether they had
+stopped behind and were firing into us. And besides, a lot of German
+snipers were left in the houses we had come through, and every now and
+then bullets came singing by from God knows where. Four of us were
+talking in the road when about a dozen bullets came with a whistle. We
+all dived for the nearest door, and fell over each other, yelling with
+laughter. ---- said, "I have a bullet through my new Sandon twillette
+breeches." We looked, and he had; it had gone clean through. He didn't
+tell us till two days after that it had gone through him too; but there
+it was, like the holes you make to blow an egg, only about 4 inches
+apart.
+
+We stopped about two hours. Then the cavalry regiment on our left
+retired. Then we saw a lot of Germans among the fires they had lit (they
+set the houses on fire to mark their line of advance.) They were running
+from house to house. We were told not to fire, for fear of our own
+people on the other side. Then came a lot of them, shouting and singing
+and advancing down the street, through the burning houses. One felt a
+peculiar hatred for them. We heard afterward that there was a division
+of infantry, at first we thought there were only a few patrols.
+
+We retired about two miles and dismounted for action. Soon they began to
+come up from three sides, and we retired again. They were pretty close,
+advancing higgledy-piggledy across the fields and firing. They shot
+abominably (nothing like the morning, from the houses, when they had all
+the ranges marked to a yard). We lost only about 20 horses, no men
+killed. "Hellfire Herbert" got his horse shot under him when they were
+within about 200 yards. He was next troop in front of me. He suddenly
+got complete "fou-rires" when he saw me. I got him a spare horse, and he
+was still laughing, and cursing them with a sort of triumph. We only
+trotted away. A man in my troop kept touching his cap to the Germans,
+saying "Third-class shots, third-class shots."
+
+The next day we went forward to another places and intrenched against a
+very big German force, but we only had to face their guns. Poor ---- was
+killed. They pushed us pretty hard back to our infantry. We were
+supposed to have done well.
+
+Since then we have been doing infantry work in the trenches. We have
+been out of work in our trenches; only shrapnel and snipers. Some one
+described this war as "Months of boredom punctuated by moments of
+terror." It is sad that it is such a bad country for cavalry. Cavalry
+work here against far superior forces of infantry, like we had the other
+day, is not good enough. The Germans are dashing good at that
+house-to-house fighting business.
+
+It is horrible having to leave one's horses; it feels like leaving half
+oneself behind, and one feels the dual responsibility all the time. I
+hope we get them on the run soon, then will come our chance. They have
+been having terrific fighting on the line on each side of us, and it has
+gone well.
+
+I adore war. It is like a big picnic without the objectlessness of a
+picnic. I've never been so well or so happy. Nobody grumbles at one for
+being dirty. I've only had my boots off once in the last ten days, and
+only washed twice. We are up and standing to our rifles at 5 A.M. when
+doing this infantry work, and saddled up by 4:30 A.M. when with our
+horses. Our poor horses don't get their saddles off when we are in
+trenches.
+
+The dogs and cats left in the deserted villages are piteous, and the
+wretched inhabitants trekking away with great bundles and children in
+their hands.
+
+I can't make out what has happened to the Battle of the Aisne; it seems
+to have got tired and died.
+
+The Indians had two men killed directly, and said, "All wars are good,
+but this is a bot'utcha war. Now we advance." A Colonel of a French
+regiment on our flank was sitting in a pub. in the village when the
+Germans came around that flank and started firing their Maxim gun. The
+Colonel and his orderly rushed into the street, and each discharged ten
+rounds quick, and then went back and finished their drinks. It's
+horrible when they put "Jack Johnsons" into your bivouac at night from
+about twelve miles off. You can hear them coming for about 30 seconds,
+and judge whether they are coming for you or a little to one side.
+
+
+
+
+An All-Night Attack
+
+[From The New York Tribune.]
+
+
+PARIS, Jan. 9.--The most picturesque description of night fighting in
+the trenches written by any French correspondent at the front is
+published today in Le Figaro. It comes from Charles Tardieu, Corporal in
+an infantry regiment, and is a detailed record, half hour by half hour,
+of a night of attacks and counter-attacks from 6 o'clock in the evening
+until dawn. After describing three successive German assaults, during
+which searchlights and flashlights played important parts, the Corporal
+notes:
+
+2:25 A.M.--All the Corporals run back for ammunition. We had expended a
+hundred rounds each. Away we go to our ammunition reserve, hid in a big
+hole twenty yards to the rear, and we come running back and distribute
+packages of cartridges. Each man cleans his rifle. An hour passes in
+silence, broken only by the intermittent volleys and by the moaning of
+the wounded and dying, some of whom exclaim: "Kamarades, kamarades,
+drink, drink!" We will look after them when the day breaks.
+
+3:15--Here they come at us again. Bullets whistle over our heads. Our
+Captain passes the order in whispers not to open fire until the bouches
+sales reach our wire network, then to shoot like hell. We smile grimly
+and keep still. Every minute the firing draws nearer. We await behind
+our loopholes, now and then risking a peep through them. These loopholes
+are only fifteen or twenty centimeters wide, but if a bullet comes
+through them it is a skull pierced and certain death. This silent
+waiting is a tremendous mental and nervous strain.
+
+We keep still as mice, with clenched teeth. Luminous fuses, like roman
+candles, burst forth in every direction, exploding in dust over our
+heads. A moment later a dazzling signal light rocket bursts fifty yards
+high, just above our trenches, lighting them up as clear as day for
+several seconds. We crouch down under the lower parapet like moles.
+Immediately afterward a mad fusillade, and the German .77 guns, having
+got a better range than during the previous attacks, throw shells that
+burst, luckily for us, nearly one hundred yards behind our trenches.
+This attack must be general, for we hear fusillades cracking far away to
+the right and left.
+
+Suddenly we tremble in spite of ourselves. The hoarse sound of the short
+German bugles pierces the night with four lugubrious notes in a minor
+key, funereal, deathly. It is their charge. Yells, oaths, and
+vociferations are heard in front of us. Our Captain commands us to fire
+by volleys: "Aim! Fire!" "They must have felt something," drawls out
+some one of us in a nasal, Montmartre-like voice. Then again: "Aim!
+Fire!" What sport! Then comes the cric-crac-cric-crac, sewing
+machine-like hammering of our mitrailleuses. Our Captain passes the
+word: "Fire low! fire low! Aim! Fire!" Volley follows volley. The
+enemy's dash seems checked. Their fire slackens. We hear their officers
+swearing and yelling at their men in shrill, high-pitched, penetrating
+voices. Joyful exaltation gives us a sort of fever. "Aim! Fire!" But the
+bouches sales make another rush at us. Driven on by their infuriated
+officers, they again reach our wire network. Our Captain commands, "Fire
+at will." Then, "Fire at repetition, fire until the magazine is
+exhausted." Just as the Germans, in wavering, hesitating groups,
+presenting vague outlines, try to cut our networks they tumble over like
+marionettes. Already some of our men, intoxicated with fury, stand up in
+the trenches.
+
+Our Captain commands, "En avant ŕ la baionnette!" ("At them with
+bayonet.") A fierce roar from our chests, and the only bugler left alive
+in our company sounds the charge. Away we go with our bayonets. We
+scarcely reach them when the bouches are put to rout. Some of them
+escape helter-skelter, throwing down rifles and knapsacks. "Halt!"
+commands our Captain. We lie down and keep up the firing on the
+retreating remnants of the enemy. "Back to the trenches!" is the next
+command. A few more volleys in the direction of the Germans, then comes
+the command, "Cease firing. Take your haversacks, eat, and rest." All
+becomes silent again except for the harrowing moans of the wounded. We
+learn that the German assault has been repulsed all along the line.
+Their losses must have been awful.
+
+5 A.M.--Gray, misty dawn breaks from behind the orme trees. Soon we are
+able to see what has happened. Over three hundred bouches are on the
+ground in front of our company's trench, lying dead or wounded. Our
+cooks with their soup pots get out of our hole and go to the rear to
+prepare in the underground kitchens our well-earned coffee and cabbage
+soup. Our Captain rubs his hands with satisfaction. A strong patrol goes
+out of our trenches to reconnoitre the enemy's positions in the pine
+wood. The rest of us try to get some sleep.
+
+
+
+
+The Germans as Seen from a Convent
+
+[From The London Times, Aug. 16, 1914.]
+
+
+     _Some interesting sidelights on the events of the past
+     fortnight in Belgium are provided by extracts from the diary
+     of a young English girl, Miss Lydia Evans, who has just
+     returned from a convent school at Fouron, near Visé. The
+     following are among the entries in this graphic narrative,
+     published in The Evening News:_
+
+Aug. 2.--All the people of the village passed down with cows, calves,
+horses, hay, &c., which they were obliged to send in for the Belgian
+Army near Liége. The first troop of Prussians came into the village this
+afternoon on the pretense of having a horse shod.
+
+Aug. 3.--Two more troops of soldiers arrived. The Prussians slept at our
+convent, some in the park, others on beds in the recreation room. The
+reverend mother put everything at their disposal. They asked nicely, but
+gave the impression that if refused they would take more. We all went to
+bed at 10 o'clock. Everybody got an alarm to dress half an hour
+afterward. We came down and found the place full of Germans, who were
+exceedingly polite. They are magnificent. The meanest soldier is
+perfectly equipped, everything perfectly new, and splendid horses. They
+are like theatre soldiers, they are so perfect. They were awfully nice,
+and talked a lot.
+
+Aug. 4.--Between Monday and Tuesday there was a terrible fight between
+the Germans and Belgians at Visé because the Belgians would not let the
+Germans pass to get to Liége. The Belgians blew up several big bridges
+between Visé and Liége, also the one at Visé.
+
+Aug. 5.--One man told us all the villagers had left except himself. The
+German soldiers were here all day, but are very polite. They always bow
+and salute. We hear a terrible noise at Visé of bombardment, and a great
+fusillade in the convent. A wounded man was brought to the convent.
+
+Aug. 6.--A curate near here has been shot. The Germans are very nice if
+you give them what they want, but if they are refused the pistol comes
+out. Old Mother Thérčse was at the door when a soldier asked her for a
+kettle. She refused, and he nearly shot her.
+
+Aug. 7.--A most fearful noise was heard about 2 o'clock. They say that
+it was a fort blown up. A German aeroplane passed yesterday. The
+soldiers are camping in the woods. There are seven wounded here. Nearly
+all the others are taken to Aix-la-Chapelle.
+
+Aug. 8.--Went to mass in the village. A man told us that the Germans had
+burned two big farms at Warsage (the next village.) Two women and two
+men arrived from Liége. They said that the people had been living in
+caves for the last two days and nights. These poor people saw awful
+sights in coming across the fields, which were covered with dead. We
+have heard that Berneau is burned and the women and children hung. The
+Germans are furious at having lost such a number of men before seeing
+the French. A soldier passed last night, and Maria lifted up a corner of
+the curtain. In a minute he had out his revolver and threatened to shoot
+her. Some of the soldiers opposite the convent were drunk.
+
+Aug. 9.--An aeroplane passed right over us, and seemed to drop something
+white. The soldiers are going about in bands destroying and laying waste
+every house and garden. They pass with bottles of wine and their pockets
+bulging out with things they have stolen. They set a house on fire just
+near the convent. There are 40,000 soldiers between here and Niouland.
+
+Aug. 10.--There was a terrific crash at the door. Four German officers,
+who had come in a motor, pointed their revolvers and asked for wine.
+They looked as if they had been drinking. We had a fearful fright after
+dinner. An officer, followed by a soldier, came to ask us where the curé
+was, and threatened to shoot us because we could not tell him. Miss
+MacMahon had to lead him to the rector's house, with a revolver pointed
+at her back all the way. The houses on either side are burning. The nuns
+asked the German officers if they would spare the convent. They laughed
+and said they would make it a cemetery for their dead. They took away
+the wounded, and as soon as they had gone the nuns woke us up, and we
+started out, following all the back roads.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A postcard has been received from Miss Agnes Holliday, daughter of a
+Hammersmith builder, who is at a convent school near Liége, in which she
+states that on Tuesday night last "the convent was full of German
+soldiers, to whom we spoke. At Fouron they have had a terrible time."
+
+
+
+
+War-Time Scenes in Rouen
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, Sept. 8, 1914.]
+
+
+     _The following is a literal translation of a letter just
+     received in New York by a French lady's maid from her sister
+     at Rouen, and gives the point of view of the modest laboring
+     classes in France:_
+
+ROUEN, Aug. 21, 1914.
+
+My Dear Sister Henriette:
+
+If I judge according to our impatience to get your news, I understand
+you are anxious for ours. I hope that you made a good voyage and that
+nothing disagreeable has happened to you during the journey. There is a
+little change in life in Rouen. Numerous factories are closed, for the
+reason that the men are gone to war, and women are powerless to operate
+the machinery. As for me, the sewing is still going a little, but I do
+not think that it will last long. Business stops little by little; the
+most of the stores are closing, which gives the city a sad appearance.
+Per contra, there is a big bustle in and around the railroad station of
+the Rue Verte. Hundreds of persons stand on the square near the station,
+to assist the passing of the English troops on their way to Paris; they
+are acclaimed by the cry of "Vive la France!" "Vive l'Angleterre!" "Down
+with Germany and the barbarians!"
+
+Numerous trains bring hundreds of young wounded English, French, and
+Belgian soldiers. Many offices of the Red Cross are settled in the
+largest hotels of the city. Many citizens have asked to take some of the
+wounded into their homes. We are going to have several of them at our
+home. Mother is already preparing two rooms. She has moved Lili's bed
+into the kitchen. As for us, we are going to sleep in the armchairs.
+Lili talks of the war like a grown-up person, and so seriously! She also
+wants to take care of the wounded. She will divert them. She made
+dresses for all her dolls and put them to bed. She set on the table all
+the history books to interest the soldiers. Of course she will do the
+reading herself. Then she collected all the pieces of old sheets to make
+some lint out of them, but she will do that in the kitchen when the
+wounded are sleeping, so as not to worry them. If you were in Rouen now
+you would be proud of your god-child. Maman had to have made for her a
+big white table "for nurse." She goes to school every day, and I
+promised that I would take her with me this afternoon to see an English
+warship which arrived in the Seine yesterday. It seems that the ship had
+narrowly escaped capture by the Germans, but I cannot give you much
+information. We don't have any news from our own soldiers. I do not know
+where father is. George and Maurice must be artillerymen in Belfort.
+Jeanne and Helene are in despair, thinking of their husbands. Maurice's
+baby is always so sweet; he does not suspect that his father is at war.
+Our aunt has no news from Leon, André, and Joseph.
+
+This is all the news. I hope that my letter will reach you. Do not
+worry. But if the Germans arrive in Rouen they will find somebody to
+receive them. If the men are not strong enough the women will help them.
+
+For my share I would like to kill one of them, and it is the Kaiser
+himself; I assure you that I would do it gladly. My dear Henriette, I
+say "au revoir" to you today.
+
+Maman and Lili send you their best kisses. A big kiss from your fragile
+
+MADELEINE.
+
+P.S.--It is a good thing that I am always so cheerful and contented. It
+happens sometimes that I can make Jeanne and Helene forget, and I give
+them a little hope.
+
+
+
+
+"It Is for Us and for France"
+
+[From The New York Sun.]
+
+
+     _LONDON, Oct. 14.--To those who believe, as Germans would have
+     the world believe, that the French Nation is decadent, fit
+     only to disappear from the face of the earth, the following
+     letter, simple as any letter can be, yet full of the
+     Spartanlike qualities that even a German must admire, will
+     serve as an inspiration.
+
+     It was written to a French soldier by his sister. The soldier
+     showed it to his officer, who was so pleased that he had it
+     published anonymously for the troops. One of the men at the
+     front has sent the letter to The Times. A translation of it
+     follows:_
+
+Sept. 4, 1914.
+
+My dear Edward: I hear that Charles and Lucien died on Aug. 28; Eugene
+is very badly wounded; Louis and Jean are dead also. Rose has
+disappeared.
+
+Mamma weeps. She says that you are strong, and begs you to go to avenge
+them.
+
+I hope your officers will not refuse you permission. Jean had the Legion
+of Honor; succeed him in this.
+
+Of the eleven of us who went to the war eight are dead. My dear brother,
+do your duty, whatever is asked of you. God gave you your life, and He
+has the right to take it back; that is what mamma says.
+
+We embrace you with all our heart and long to see you again.
+
+The Prussians are here. Young Joudon is dead; they have pillaged
+everything. I have come back from Gerbervillers, which is destroyed. The
+brutes!
+
+Now, my dear brother, make the sacrifice of your life. We have hope of
+seeing you again, for something gives me a presentiment and tells me to
+hope.
+
+We embrace you in all our hearts. Adieu and au revoir, if God permits.
+
+THY SISTER.
+
+It is for us and for France.
+
+Think of your brothers and of grandfather in '70.
+
+
+
+
+"Chant of Hate Against England"
+
+How Ernst Lissauer's Lines Were "Sung to Pieces" in Germany.
+
+[From The Basler Nachrichten.]
+
+
+     _The ever-increasing hatred in Germany against England and the
+     constantly diminishing bitterness expressed in German circles
+     toward the French is commented upon at considerable length by
+     the Basler Nachrichten, one of the leading German newspapers
+     of Switzerland, which publishes excerpts of utterances of
+     leading Germans to illustrate its deductions. The Swiss
+     paper's article follows:_
+
+It pays to take a birdseye view of a phenomenon which, in a most
+interesting fashion, is becoming more and more apparent: the increase of
+the German hatred against Englishmen and the diminution of the German
+hatred against the Frenchmen.
+
+The most eloquent examples of this white-hot wrath against the English
+are the now well-known army orders of the Bavarian Crown Prince,
+Rupprecht. Under date of Oct. 29 the text of the first order was made
+public. It reads:
+
+     Soldiers of the Sixth Army! We have now the good luck to have
+     also the Englishmen opposite us on our front, troops of that
+     race whose envy was at work for years to surround us with a
+     ring of foes and to throttle us. That race especially we have
+     to thank for this war. Therefore, when now the order is given
+     to attack this foe, practice retribution for their hostile
+     treachery and for the many heavy sacrifices! Show them that
+     the Germans are not so easily to be wiped out of history. Show
+     them that, with German blows of a special kind. (_Mit deutsche
+     Hiebe von ganz besouderer Art!_) Here is the opponent who most
+     blocks a restoration of the (Drauf,) peace. Up and at him!
+
+     RUPPRECHT.
+
+Under date of Nov. 11 an order of similar purport issued by the same
+army commander was made public:
+
+     Soldiers! The eyes of the whole world are upon you. It is now
+     imperative that in the battle with our most hated foe we shall
+     not grow numb, and that we shall at last break his arrogance.
+     Already he is growing pliable, (mürbe.) Numerous officers and
+     men have surrendered voluntarily, but the great decisive blow
+     is still to be struck. Therefore you must persevere to the
+     end. The enemy must be downed; you must not let him loose from
+     your teeth. (_Ihr musst ihn nicht aus den Zahnen lessen._) We
+     must, will and shall conquer!
+
+At the same time the Bavarian Crown Prince had the "Song of Hate Against
+England" of Ernst Lissauer distributed among the troops as an army
+order. This poem, which was issued as early as Sept. 1 in the
+"Kultur-Beiträgen," published by R. Dammert in Berlin, reads in full:
+
+    HASSGESANG GEGEN ENGLAND.
+
+    Was schiert uns Russe und Franzos'?
+    Schuss wider Schuss und Stoss um Stoss,
+    Wir lieben sie nicht,
+    Wir hassen sie nicht,
+    Wir schützen Weichsel und Wasgaupass,
+    Wir haben nur einen einzigen Hass,
+    Wir lieben vereint, wir hassen vereint,
+    Wir haben nur einen einzigen Feind:
+    Denn ihr alle wisst, denn ihr alle wisst,
+    Er sitzt geduckt hinter der grauen Flut,
+    Voll Neid, voll Wut, voll Schläue, voll List,
+    Durch Wasser getrennt, die sind dicker als Blut.
+    Wir wollen treten in ein Gericht,
+    Einen Schwur zu schwören, Gesicht in Gesicht.
+    Einen Schwur von Erz, den verbläst kein Wind,
+    Einen Schwur für Kind und für Kindeskind,
+    Vernehmt das Wort, sagt nach das Wort,
+    Es wälzt sich durch ganz Deutschland fort:
+    Wir wollen nicht lassen von unserem Hass,
+    Wir haben alle nur einen Hass,
+    Wir lieben vereint, wir hassen vereint,
+    Wir haben alle nur einen Feind:
+          _ENGLAND!_
+
+    In der Bordkajüte, im Feiersaal,
+    Sassen Schiffsoffiziere beim Liebesmahl,
+    Wie ein Säbelhieb, wie ein Segelschwung,
+    Einer riss grüssend empor den Trunk,
+    Knapp hinknallend wie Ruderschlag,
+    Drei Worte sprach er: "Auf den Tag!"
+    Wem galt das Glas?
+    Sie hatten alle nur einen Hass.
+    Wer war gemeint?
+    Sie hatten alle nur einen Feind:
+          _ENGLAND!_
+
+    Nimm du die Völker der Erde in Sold,
+    Baue Wälle aus Barren von Gold,
+    Bedecke die Meerflut mit Bug bei Bug,
+    Du rechnetest klug, doch nicht klug genug.
+    Was schiert uns Russe und Franzos'!
+    Schuss wider Schuss, und Stoss um Stoss.
+    Wir kämpfen den Kampf mit Bronze und Stahl
+    Und schliessen Frieden irgend einmal,
+    Dich werden wir Hassen mit langem Hass,
+    Wir werden nicht lassen von unserem Hass,
+    Hass zu Wasser und Hass zu Land,
+    Hass des Hauptes und Hass der Hand,
+    Hass der Hämmer und Hass der Kronen,
+    Drosselnder Hass von siebzig Millionen,
+    Sie lieben vereint, sie hassen vereint,
+    Sie alle haben nur einen Feind:
+          _ENGLAND!_
+
+[Following is a translation of the song by Barbara Henderson, appearing
+in THE NEW YORK TIMES of Oct. 15, 1914:]
+
+    French and Russian, they matter not,
+    A blow for a blow and a shot for a shot!
+    We love them not, we hate them not,
+    We hold the Weichsel and Vosges gate.
+    We have but one and only hate,
+    We love as one, we hate as one,
+    We have one foe and one alone.
+    He is known to you all, he is known to you all,
+    He crouches behind the dark gray flood,
+    Full of envy, of rage, of craft, of gall,
+    Cut off by waves that are thicker than blood.
+    Come, let us stand at the Judgment Place,
+    An oath to swear to, face to face,
+    An oath of bronze no wind can shake,
+    An oath for our sons and their sons to take.
+    Come, hear the word, repeat the word,
+    Throughout the Fatherland make it heard.
+    We will never forego our hate,
+    We have all but a single hate,
+    We love as one, we hate as one,
+    We have one foe and one alone--
+          _ENGLAND!_
+
+    In the Captain's Mess, in the banquet hall,
+    Sat feasting the officers, one and all,
+    Like a sabre blow, like the swing of a sail,
+    One seized his glass and held high to hail;
+    Sharp-snapped like the stroke of a rudder's play,
+    Spoke three words only: "To the Day!"
+    Whose glass this fate?
+    They had all but a single hate.
+    Who was thus known?
+    They had one foe and one alone--
+          _ENGLAND!_
+
+    Take you the folk of the Earth in pay,
+    With bars of gold your ramparts lay,
+    Bedeck the ocean with bow on bow,
+    Ye reckon well, but not well enough now.
+    French and Russian, they matter not,
+    A blow for a blow, a shot for a shot,
+    We fight the battle with bronze and steel,
+    And the time that is coming Peace will seal.
+    You we will hate with a lasting hate,
+    We will never forego our hate,
+    Hate by water and hate by land,
+    Hate of the head and hate of the hand,
+    Hate of the hammer and hate of the crown,
+    Hate of seventy millions choking down.
+    We love as one, we hate as one,
+    We have one foe and one alone--
+          _ENGLAND!_
+
+This poem, according to the Tägliche Rundschau, has already had the fate
+of every folksong--the version of it that was circulated among the
+Bavarian troops lacks the middle stanza and has in other ways also been
+"sung to pieces." But it has also been worked over artistically. The
+Chemnitz Director of Church Music, Prof. Mayerhoff, has set the "Chant
+of Hate Against England" to music for male voices. The song was rendered
+publicly at a great meeting in a concert in the Alberthalle at Leipsic,
+and was taken up in roaring chorus by the audience. The composer himself
+accompanied his composition on the piano.
+
+As can be seen, therefore, the popularity of the song and its sentiment is
+by no means confined to Bavaria. It extends throughout the entire empire.
+Of hundreds of voices in the press, let us mention only one. Councilor of
+Justice Eschenbach of Berlin, in the Neue Gesellschaftliche Korrespondenz
+writes:
+
+     To honor our immortal heroes of Tsing-tau, and for the eternal
+     shame and reproach of the scoundrel nations, Japan and
+     England, I propose the following: Let the entire German press
+     scorn in the next fourteen days to permit the words
+     "Englishmen" or "Japanese" to appear in its columns and before
+     the eyes of our people and of the entire civilized world; but
+     instead, and invariably, let the word "Mörder" (murderers) be
+     used for "Englishmen" and the word "Raubmörder" (highway
+     assassins) for "Japanese." For no other name will there be
+     hereafter among us for these greatest scoundrels of history.
+     Thereby care will be taken both for the present throughout the
+     world as far as the German language is heard and the results
+     of the German spirit are known, and also for future
+     historians, that the proper point of view shall be given
+     throughout eternity for the condemnation of these murderous
+     gangs accursed of God.
+
+How different is the attitude of the Germans toward the French!
+
+From a trench on the Aisne the following was written to the Heidelberger
+Zeitung:
+
+     Four hundred meters from where we lie, likewise intrenched,
+     lie these wretched Englishmen, toward whom our people feel a
+     holy fury, while they regard the battle with the Frenchmen, on
+     the other hand, rather as a member of a university student
+     corps regards an honorable duel. I, too, am entirely of that
+     view.
+
+The well-known psychologist, Prof. W. Hellpach of Karlsruhe, writes to
+the Berliner Tageblatt from the field:
+
+     The German soldier, too, does not hate the French people.
+     Indeed, no one hates it. That is one of the most amazing
+     phenomena of this war--our inner relation to France. Daily and
+     hourly we hear words of disgust concerning the Russians, see
+     gestures of hatred against the Britons--but toward France
+     there is expressed amid all purely warlike antagonism a sort
+     of sympathy resembling almost a smiling love for a naughty
+     child which one feels obliged to punish because it has been
+     guilty of stupid but very serious misbehavior.
+
+     We must force France to its knees--perhaps more completely
+     than any of our other foes--but every one seems to hope that
+     after this, after this last lesson, France will come to her
+     senses and conclude a real peace with her German neighbor.
+     Even among the common men in our ranks there has developed
+     almost plant like a certain realization of a common duty of
+     these two nations, a feeling of certain virtues which they,
+     complementing one another, can preserve only by co-operation.
+     But for the cultured ones among us, the idea of a hereditary
+     feud has given way to a clear consciousness that there is a
+     middle European Continental culture, supported by German,
+     Austrian, and French genius in common, and that the
+     preservation, development, and continuation thereof as against
+     a hasty and superficial Anglization must be the task of the
+     future. All, all now learn through experience that this matter
+     with France is a woe of civilization (kulturjammer), and that
+     now at last it is going to change, that it could change,  if--
+
+In the same newspaper the Berlin National Economist, Prof. Werner
+Sombart, writes:
+
+     Against France we probably experience the least aversion or
+     hatred. At bottom we have really nothing "against the
+     Frenchmen," but they have a great deal against us. But we find
+     them, in spite of their fanatical hatred of the Germans (which
+     we honor and respect) chivalrous antagonists, who in their
+     wrath of battle are certainly quite our peers; and in them, we
+     find, there is far more force and will for victory than we
+     were in the beginning wont to believe. They die for their
+     fatherland, and their final reason for fighting is after all
+     an ideal one, the faith in the glory and greatness of a
+     super-individual, the self-sacrifice to a whole that is higher
+     than the personal. Thus, at least, does that France stand
+     opposed to us, that is fighting for its existence in the
+     trenches along the Aisne.
+
+     With the rabble that shouts "ŕ bas la guerre" in Paris, we
+     need reckon just as little as with the rather doubtful
+     citizens that constitute the immediate Government of France
+     and whose heroism seems to show great rents these days. Yes,
+     for the heroic race of Frenchmen we feel almost a sort of
+     pity, as with a noble wild game of the forest, wounded unto
+     death. And this pity finds expression in wistful sympathy when
+     we think of the quixotic strain in this wrestling with an
+     overwhelming foe, when we see the childlike faith with which
+     the people have grasped at every unplausible hope of rescue
+     from its anguish of death and still grasps at it, as a
+     drowning man grasps at a wisp of straw. Don Quixote still
+     remains the "noble knight" for whom--if he appears in the age
+     of firearms--we still fire three salvos of honor over his
+     grave.
+
+     And then, when we mention the word "France," there arise all
+     the memories of the imperishable cultural values which its
+     people have given to us. I believe that there are many, very
+     many among us, who in their hearts hope that there may once
+     again be something like a co-operative understanding and
+     journeying together of Germans and Frenchmen, even if in a
+     distant future which the youngest among us will probably not
+     live to see--an agreement which through a union of German and
+     French elements of culture will promise vast achievements for
+     the purposes of humanity. In the last analysis--for that has
+     in these very days been more frequently expressed--these two
+     nations belong together; they are of equal worth, of equal
+     spirit, of equal fineness, and yet so different that they can
+     give each other infinitely much.
+
+Just as has the hate against England, so has this friendship for France
+found poetic expression. In the Hamburger Kriegsblatt we read a poem by
+Wilhelm Höhne, the final stanza of which reads:
+
+    Ma pauvre France! Wann siehst du es ein
+    Dass all deine Bündnisse Trug und Schein?
+    Was meinst du, wärst du mit dem vereint,
+    Der dich niederringt heute--ein ehrlicher Feind!
+    Auf "Deutsche Treue" da könntest du zählen!
+    Mit uns im Bund könnt'st der Welt du befehlen.
+    Dem Briten, dem Russen, dem Asiaten!
+    Deutschland hat nie einen Freund verraten!
+
+(Translation.)
+
+    Ma pauvre France, when wilt thou see
+    That all thy allies are cheating thee?
+    What, though if thou with him wouldst go
+    Who now overwhelms thee--an honest foe!
+    On German faith thou couldst reckon sure;
+    With us, thou couldst rule the world secure,
+    The Briton, the Russian, the Asian, bend.
+    Germany has never betrayed a friend!
+
+[Illustration: decoration]
+
+
+
+
+ANSWERING THE "CHANT OF HATE."
+
+By BEATRICE M. BARRY.
+
+
+    French and Russian, they matter not,
+    For England only your wrath is hot;
+    But little Belgium is so small
+    You never mentioned her at all--
+    Or did her graveyards, yawning deep,
+    Whisper that silence was discreet?
+
+    For Belgium is waste! Ay, Belgium is waste!
+      She welters in the blood of her sons,
+    And the ruins that fill the little place
+      Speak of the vengeance of the Huns.
+    "Come, let us stand at the Judgment place,"
+    German and Belgian, face to face.
+    What can you say? What can you do?
+    What will history say of you?
+    For even the Hun can only say
+    That little Belgium lay in his way.
+    Is there no reckoning you must pay?
+    What of the Justice of that "Day"?
+    Belgium one voice--Belgium one cry
+    Shrieking her wrongs, inflicted by
+      _GERMANY!_
+
+    In her ruined homesteads, her trampled fields,
+    You have taken your toll, you have set your seal;
+    Her women are homeless, her men are dead,
+    Her children pitifully cry for bread;
+    Perchance they will drink with you--"To the Day!"
+    Let each man construe it as he may.
+    What shall it be?
+    They, too, have but one enemy;
+    Whose work is this?
+    Belgium has but one word to hiss--
+      _GERMANY!_
+
+    Take you the pick of your fighting men
+    Trained in all warlike arts, and then
+    Make of them all a human wedge
+    To break and shatter your sacred pledge;
+    You may fling your treaty lightly by,
+    But that "scrap of paper" will never die!
+    It will go down to posterity,
+    It will survive in eternity.
+    Truly you hate with a lasting hate;
+    Think you you will escape that hate?
+    "Hate by water and hate by land;
+    Hate of the head and hate of the hand."
+    Black and bitter and bad as sin,
+    Take you care lest it hem you in,
+    Lest the hate you boast of be yours alone,
+    And curses, like chickens, find roost at home
+      _IN GERMANY!_
+
+
+
+
+England Caused the War
+
+By T. von Bethmann-Hollweg, German Imperial Chancellor.
+
+
+     _Following is the full text of the speech delivered by the
+     German Chancellor at the session of the Reichstag in Berlin on
+     Dec. 2, 1914:_
+
+The Emperor, who is absent with the army, has charged me to transmit his
+best wishes and cordial greetings to the German Reichstag, with whom he
+is known to be united till death in the stress of danger and in the
+common concern for the weal of the Fatherland.
+
+Our first thought goes out to the Kaiser and the army and navy--our
+soldiers who are fighting for the honor and greatness of the empire.
+Full of pride and unshakable confidence, we look to them and to our
+Austro-Hungarian comrades in arms, who are firmly united to us, to fight
+great battles with brilliant bravery.
+
+Our most recent ally in battle who has been obliged to join us is the
+Ottoman Empire, which knows well that with the destruction of the German
+Empire it, too, would lose its national right to control its own
+destiny. As our enemies have formed a powerful coalition against us,
+they will, I hope, find that the arm of our brave allies reaches the
+weak spots in their world position.
+
+On Aug. 4 the Reichstag expressed the firm resolution of the whole
+people to undertake the war which had been forced upon them and to
+defend their independence to the utmost.
+
+Since then great deeds have been accomplished. The incomparable
+gallantry of our troops has carried the war into the enemy's country.
+There we still stand firm and can regard the future with every
+confidence, but the enemy's resistance is not broken.
+
+We are not yet at the end of our sacrifices. The nation will continue to
+support those sacrifices with the same heroism as hitherto, for we must
+and will fight to a successful end our defensive war for right and
+freedom. We will then remember how our defenseless compatriots in
+hostile countries were maltreated in a manner which is a disgrace to all
+civilization. The world must learn that no one can hurt a hair on the
+head of a German subject with impunity.
+
+It is evident to us who is responsible for this--the greatest of all
+wars. The apparent responsibility falls on those in Russia who ordered
+and carried out the mobilization of the Russian Army; the real
+responsibility, however, falls on the British Government. The Cabinet in
+London could have made the war impossible if it had without ambiguity
+declared at Petrograd that Great Britain would not allow a Continental
+war to develop from the Austro-Servian conflict.
+
+Such a declaration would also have obliged France to take energetic
+measures to restrain Russia from undertaking warlike operations. Then
+our action as mediators between Petrograd and Vienna would have been
+successful, and there would have been no war.
+
+But Great Britain did not act thus. Great Britain was aware of the
+bellicose machinations of the partly irresponsible but powerful group
+around the Czar. She saw how the ball was rolling, but placed no
+obstacle in its path. In spite of all its assurances of peace London
+informed Petrograd that Great Britain was on the side of France and,
+consequently, on the side of Russia.
+
+The Cabinet of London allowed this monstrous worldwide war to come about
+hoping, with the help of the Entente, to destroy the vitality of
+England's greatest European competitor in the markets of the world.
+Therefore, England and Russia have before God and men the responsibility
+for the catastrophe which has fallen upon Europe. Belgian neutrality,
+which England pretended to defend, was nothing but a disguise.
+
+On the evening of Aug. 2 we informed Brussels that we were obliged, in
+the interest of self-defense and in consequence of the war plans of
+France, which were known to us, to march through Belgium, but already,
+on the afternoon of the same day, Aug. 2, before anything of our action
+in Brussels could have been known in London, the British Government
+promised France unconditional assistance in case the German fleet should
+attack the French coast. Nothing was said about Belgium neutrality.
+
+How can England maintain that she drew the sword because we violated
+Belgian neutrality? How could the British statesmen, whose past is well
+known, speak at all of Belgian neutrality? When, on Aug. 4, I spoke of
+the wrong which we were committing with our march into Belgium it was
+not yet established whether the Belgian Government at the last moment
+would not desire to spare the country and retire under protest to
+Antwerp. For military reasons I cannot go into whether there was the
+possibility of such a development on Aug. 4.
+
+As to the guilt of the Belgian Government, many indications were already
+known at that time, but there were no positive and written proofs. Now,
+however, that it is demonstrated by documents found in Brussels how the
+Belgians surrendered their neutrality to England the entire world knows
+two facts.
+
+One is that when our troops on the night of Aug. 3-Aug. 4 entered
+Belgian territory they were on the ground of a State which had given up
+its neutrality long ago. The other is that, not for the sake of the
+neutrality of Belgium, which she had herself undermined, did England
+declare war on us, but because she believed that she would be able to
+master us with the help of two great Continental powers.
+
+Since Aug. 2, since her promise to assist France, England was no longer
+neutral, and was actually at war with us, and the argument that the
+declaration of war was a sequel to the violation of Belgian neutrality
+is nothing but a piece of play-acting performed to mystify the English
+people and neutral States.
+
+Now that the Anglo-Belgian war plans are unveiled in their smallest
+details, the policy of British statesmen is branded before the tribunal
+of history for all time.
+
+But British diplomacy went further. At England's request Japan snatches
+away heroic Kiao-Chau and violates the neutrality of China. Has England
+interfered in this violation of neutrality? Has England shown a care for
+neutral States in this case?
+
+When, five years ago, I was called to office the Triple Alliance was
+opposed by a firmly united Entente. England's work was designed to serve
+the known principle of the balance of power, which means in plain German
+that the principle, followed for centuries by British policy and
+directed against the strongest Continental power, should find its
+strongest tool in the Triple Entente. This proves from the beginning the
+aggressive character of the Entente toward the plainly defensive
+tendencies of the Triple Alliance.
+
+This was the germ of the forcible explosion. German policy was obliged
+to try to avert the danger of war by an understanding with the
+individual powers of the Entente. At the same time she was obliged to
+strengthen her defensive forces so that she should be prepared if war
+should come all the same. We did both. In France we always encountered
+ideas of revanche felt by ambitious politicians. With Russia some
+agreements were concluded, but Russia's firm alliance with France, her
+antagonism to us and our ally, Austria-Hungary, her Pan-Slavistic desire
+for power, her artificial hatred for Germany, made it impossible to
+conclude an agreement which in the case of a political crisis would
+exclude the danger of war.
+
+England was comparatively free. Here the best attempt at an
+understanding could be made which would have effectively guaranteed the
+peace of the world. I acted accordingly. The way was narrow, which I
+knew well. For decades the British insular intellect has been evolving
+the political principle, the dogma that the arbitrament of the world is
+due to England, which she can only maintain by undisputed supremacy on
+the sea and the much-quoted balance of power on the Continent.
+
+I never hoped to break the old principle by persuasion. What I believe
+possible was that the growing power of Germany and the growing danger of
+war could be made to compel England to perceive that this old principle
+was untenable and unpractical, and that a peaceable arrangement with
+Germany was preferable, but that dogma always paralyzed the possibility
+of an understanding. After the crisis of 1911 public opinion forced
+British rulers to a rapprochement toward Germany. By wearisome work an
+understanding was finally reached in different disputed questions of
+economic interest which related to Africa and Asia Minor. This
+understanding should have diminished possible political friction if the
+free development of our strength were not impeded. Both peoples had
+sufficient space to measure their strength in peaceful competition.
+
+This was the principle always upheld by German policy. But while we were
+negotiating England was always thinking of strengthening her relations
+with Russia and France. The decisive factor was that more binding
+military agreements for the case eventually of a Continental war were
+concluded outside the political sphere. England negotiated, if possible,
+secretly. If anything leaked out of importance it was minimized in press
+and Parliament. It could not be concealed from us. The whole situation
+was as follows:
+
+England was willing to come to an understanding with us in individual
+questions, but the first principle always was that Germany's free
+development of strength must be checked by the balance of power.
+
+We did not fail to warn the British Government. As recently as the
+beginning of July I notified the British Government that we knew of the
+secret naval negotiations with Russia concerning the Naval Convention. I
+pointed out the serious danger which British policy meant for the peace
+of the world. A fortnight later what I predicted occurred. When war had
+broken out England dropped her disguise. She loudly announced that she
+would fight till Germany was conquered in an economical and military
+sense. We have only one answer. Germany cannot be destroyed. As her
+military strength has stood the test so has her financial strength.
+
+Look at the diminution in the number of unemployed. The unemployed of
+yesterday are the army of today--their spirit is that of the soldier of
+yesterday and of today--the one spirit that animates us all.
+
+When this spirit, this moral greatness of the people, when the proved
+heroism of our troops is called by our enemies militarism, if they call
+us Huns and barbarians, we can be proud enough and need not worry. This
+wonderful spirit in the hearts of the German people, this unprecedented
+unity, must and will be victorious. When a glorious and happy peace is
+concluded we will maintain this spirit as the holiest legacy of this
+terrible and serious and great time. I repeat the words of the Emperor:
+
+"I know no parties. I know only Germans. When the war is ended parties
+will return without parties, without a political fight. There is no
+political life, not even for the freest and most united people."
+
+Many seats are vacant here. Where are their holders? You know. There is
+the vacant seat of Herr Frank, (Socialist member;) but he will return no
+more. The spirit of cheerful self-sacrifice which animates us here as
+the guardians of the people's weal inspires the entire people.
+
+Japan joined our enemies from a desire to seize as booty the monument
+of German culture in the Far East. On the other hand, we have found an
+ally in Turkey, as all the Moslem peoples want to throw off the English
+yoke and shatter the foundations of England's colonial power. Under the
+banner of our army and the flag of our fleet we shall conquer.
+
+This, then, is our inspiration--our vow! Germany shall fight on and
+continue to sacrifice herself on the altar of civilization and progress
+and patriotism until she shall have secured a guarantee from all that
+none henceforth shall disturb--shall dare to disturb--the peace of this,
+our German land.
+
+
+
+
+A SONG OF THE SIEGE GUN.
+
+By KATHERINE DRAYTON MAYRANT SIMONS, Jr.
+
+
+    Welded in the devil-workshop of the Essen blacksmith's stall,
+    There conceived and consecrated to the nations' final fall,
+    In the iron of my entrails, in my thews of shrunken steel,
+    In my mighty bore of barrel, in the claw of cleated wheel,
+    Through the travail of my forging, was there bred the ancient hate--
+    Primal blood-feud of the races, which the races' blood must sate!
+
+    You, the Empress of the Ocean--did your statesmen ne'er foretell
+    That your fortresses should crumble at the hot kiss of my shell?
+    While the garnered greed of ages lay in leash beneath my breast,
+    Did you deem an oath of honor more than is a royal jest?
+    While you slept my masters labored! In the metal of my frame
+    Molded they the mighty promise of a continent in flame!
+    In the casting of my carriage, in the boring of my sheath,
+    They have riveted my armor with the dormant dragon teeth!
+
+    By my twelve-mile range projectile, by my weight of forty tons,
+    Do I mock the slender playthings which Allies now call their guns!
+    Ever angry and unglutted, when the rocking fight is red,
+    Then my slogan stirs all sleepers save the still and dreamless dead!
+
+    Lo! The past is but a promise! When my Saturnalia comes,
+    Then the Saxon stands uncovered to a march of muffled drums,
+    Then the northern snows are trampled where the Slavic horsemen sleep,
+    And the Latin women tremble for their lovers as they weep!
+
+[Illustration: GEN. LIMAN VON SANDERS PASHA,
+
+Commander in Chief of the Turkish Army.
+
+(_Photo_ © _by American Press Assn._)]
+
+[Illustration: GEN. KAMIO,
+
+Commander in Chief of the Japanese Tsing-Tau Expedition.
+
+(_Photo from Paul Thompson._)]
+
+
+
+
+Why England Fights Germany
+
+By Hilaire Belloc.
+
+[_Copyright, 1915, by The New York Times Company._]
+
+
+     _Hilaire Belloc has for years been among the most prominent of
+     English writers, his political and economic opinions being
+     widely quoted. As a historian he has given special attention
+     to the French Revolution, being the author of "Danton," "Marie
+     Antoinette," "The Girondins," and other studies which are
+     regarded by scholars as standard works. Mr. Belloc's military
+     knowledge and experience (he served in the Eighth Regiment of
+     French Artillery) and his understanding of history have made
+     him an acute and interesting chronicler of the present war.
+     The following article appeared in_ THE NEW YORK TIMES _of Jan.
+     17, 1915._
+
+I shall attempt in what follows to answer the question "Why is England
+at war with Germany?" It is perhaps the most important question upon
+which neutral countries, and especially neutral English-speaking
+countries, should have a true answer. Upon their just appreciation of
+England's position in this war a great deal of the immediate future of
+the world will depend.
+
+But before proceeding to answer the question directly, we must get rid
+of certain misconceptions.
+
+The question must be, as the French say, not only "put," but "put in its
+due proportion." It is not enough to answer the question "Why is England
+at war with Germany?" unless we know to begin with what that event means
+to this gigantic war as a whole.
+
+Let us begin, then, by saying that this great war is not primarily a war
+between England and Germany at all. England and Germany are not the two
+chief combatants. The issue is not a victory to be achieved by Germany
+on the one side, or England upon the other. The victory of one of the
+parties in the great struggle would not produce a much stronger England,
+though it certainly would produce a much stronger Germany.
+
+The struggle is primarily and essentially a struggle between two
+conflicting theories of life and government, which have the Continent of
+Europe for their theatre, and of which the Prussians upon the one hand,
+the French upon the other, are the protagonists and have been the
+protagonists for now more than three generations.
+
+All human conflicts have spiritual roots, and the underlying spiritual
+forces which by their contrast have led to this war are the forces of
+the old Latin and Christian civilization, with its doctrines of human
+equality and the rest, and the North German reaction against that
+tradition. Of the first the French are the guardians and have always
+been. Of the second the North Germans of the Baltic plain, and
+particularly the Prussians, have been the exponents; and one may survey
+Europe as a whole and say that the conflict spreads through the minds of
+all Europeans, dividing them between those who would prefer their
+posterity to live, consciously or unconsciously, under the ancient and
+continuous tradition of the civilization inherited from Rome or under
+some reversal of that tradition.
+
+That conflict is apparent in every department of life; in the arts, in
+the customs of society, and, most important of all, in philosophy.
+
+The direct, immediate, and perceptible issue of the struggle is again
+something different. It is an issue between the German-speaking peoples
+and the Slav. If you were to ask an acute, well-traveled observer, say a
+European diplomat, what, at bottom, this war was, he would answer you
+thus:
+
+"This war is an armed conflict provoked by the German-speaking peoples
+under the leadership of Prussia against the Slavs under the leadership
+of the Russian Empire. It has been provoked by Prussia as leader of the
+German peoples, not in a spirit of aggression but in a spirit of
+self-defense. The German peoples have for centuries regarded themselves
+as the bulwark of European civilization against Slav barbarism. They
+believe that the Slav power is rapidly getting so great as to be an
+immediate peril. They think it must be fought now or never. On this
+account Austria was induced by Prussia to challenge the Russian
+Government over the Servian question.
+
+"Either that challenge would be accepted, with the result of war, or
+Russia would give way, thereby obtaining for the German peoples a
+victory without bloodshed. And Austria would proceed to administrate the
+Servian Slavs and to control them--driving a wedge into the whole Slav
+power and rendering it innocuous for the future.
+
+"In this struggle between Teuton and Slav France comes in as an
+accessory, having made an alliance with Russia long ago for her own
+ends, and having nothing to do with the quarrel between Teuton and Slav.
+The German-speaking peoples regret the interference of France, but are
+prepared to take on the burden of a French war rather than abandon the
+moment for restricting the growing power of the Slav.
+
+"Now, in all this," (your experienced man with a wide view of Europe
+would add,) "England was not concerned. Her position was quite
+subsidiary in all this quarrel. She had far less to do with it even than
+France had, and it was in every Cabinet of Europe doubted whether
+England would come in at all. By the Prussian Government it was taken
+for granted that England would have no reason to come in. By the French
+it was feared in spite of the recent relations between the two countries
+that England would remain neutral. And, in general, the fact that
+England is at war at all is a fact on one side of the original quarrel
+and its original motives, though it is a fact that will profoundly
+affect the progress and the results of the war."
+
+Such a statement would be no more than the plain truth as educated men
+know and see it in Europe today. The entry of England into the field of
+conflict was an entry from one side. It did not fall into line with the
+general motives of the people. It was, among all English statesmen, a
+matter of debate; it was decided by but a narrow majority of those
+responsible for so enormous a decision.
+
+When we have clearly grasped these two fundamental facts--first, that
+the war is not on its mechanical side mainly a war between England and
+Germany, but mainly a war between two contrasting European and
+Continental ideals; secondly, the correlative fact that the entry of
+England into the war was not certain until the last hour, and was, when
+it was made, made only after doubtful consideration and after a division
+among the politicians, responsible for the conduct of her affairs,
+something almost accidental, as it were--we can proceed to consider the
+three causes which converging were sufficiently strong in their
+combination to produce that result, and when we know what those three
+causes were, their strength and the accidents of their convergence, at
+this moment we shall have answered the question, "Why is England at war
+with Germany?"
+
+These three causes are:
+
+1. The fixed cardinal point for English policy upon which no English
+patriot worthy of the name would hesitate for a moment, and which no
+historian with any sense of justice can condemn, to wit, that no one, if
+England can help it, shall have naval predominance over the British
+fleet, particularly in the narrow seas.
+
+2. The effect of certain undertakings, a whole network of diplomatic
+actions, particularly in connection with France, engaged in by the
+English Foreign Office during the last ten years.
+
+3. A certain vague attachment to the Western, or Latin, tradition of
+civilization with its routine of conventions in war and peace, and
+particularly of treaties as between first-class powers. This tradition
+was still sufficiently strong to act as a motive converging with the two
+others mentioned above to produce a sufficient moral stream in favor of
+war as, though sluggish, to help to turn the scale.
+
+I say that these three things combined, upon the whole and doubtfully,
+discovered a sufficient strength between them to make the English
+politicians, after serious hesitation and close division, determine upon
+war.
+
+Let me take them in their order:
+
+1. The cardinal point of statesmanship upon which all English foreign
+policy has turned for two hundred years, that no one shall be more
+powerful at sea than England, especially upon the shores of the narrow
+seas, appears to foreigners unarguably arrogant.
+
+It is, indeed, of its nature a challenge to the rest of the world, but
+if the reader will consider a moment he will see that it is a challenge
+to which modern England, at any rate, is inexorably condemned. However
+much such a position may clash with the temperament of chivalrous and
+peaceable men--and it does clash with the temperament of many an English
+statesman of the past and of the present--no one with a respect for his
+country, or paying the common duty of allegiance to it, can compromise
+upon the matter. It is here with England precisely as it has been with
+all her parallels, the great oligarchic commercial commonwealths of the
+past; she lives by the sea, and the closing of the sea would be to her
+not inconvenience, but death.
+
+It is, I think, this very sentiment that England can live only on
+condition that the English fleet is supreme which has led England to use
+that supremacy so sparingly. It is true to say that there has been no
+force of so much superiority to its rivals as the British Navy which in
+all history has been used for such purely defensive purposes as the
+British Navy has been used during the present generation, and this
+moderation I conceive to be due to a clear recognition that morally the
+claim to supremacy at sea is a challenge which the great rival nations
+must feel acutely, and which they have a right to feel acutely, and
+which, therefore, must be softened in every possible way.
+
+But if it is necessary that Great Britain should brook no rival at sea
+it is still more necessary that such a rival, should he arise, should
+not have naval bases within striking distance of her coast. The great
+exception has, of course, been France, and for two centuries at least
+that fact has molded the whole of British policy. Had Germany remained a
+Continental power and rejected maritime ambition that would still
+continue to mold British policy.
+
+The French have, and Europe being what it is, will always continue to
+have the aptitude for the sea, the genius in mechanical invention and
+the superabundant wealth which between them are the three factors of the
+great modern fleet. A lengthy coast line training millions of her
+workers to a seafaring life, a long tradition of naval families, and
+pioneer in every form of modern naval war from the armor plate to the
+submarine, is the proof of this, if proof were needed.
+
+As against the presence of some part of the French naval power on an
+opposing coast across a narrow armed water, the English Channel, Great
+Britain proceeded, generation after generation, to keep her control an
+essentially defensive naval force. She did it upon the position that her
+military effort, and therefore expenditure, should be slight; that her
+economic as her other energies should be chiefly devoted to her marine.
+
+And though the French in the moments of their greatest prosperity were
+able, for all their constant military effort, to produce navies that
+rivaled those of Great Britain, yet Great Britain's effort was the more
+constant. She never engaged large bodies of men in war; she could take
+advantage of every French reverse during the two centuries when the
+French were perpetually engaged in huge Continental conflicts.
+
+Great Britain, in a word, by ceaseless vigilance and at a great expense
+of energy, managed upon the whole to dominate one branch of the narrow
+seas, the channel. Upon the other branch, the North Sea, she felt nearly
+always secure. An exception to this security was found during the brief
+Dutch period in the seventeenth century and again, much more acutely,
+when the French were the masters of the Low Countries, and when Napoleon
+took control of the shipbuilding yards not only from Brest to Dunkirk,
+but from Dunkirk to the Bight of Heligoland.
+
+This presence of the French power in Holland, Belgium, and Frisia, in
+particular the French control of Antwerp, was the true cause of violent
+anxiety, and the no less violent efforts in reply which Britain made
+during the Napoleonic wars. For twenty-three years she fought, with but
+two short intervals of repose, upon a dozen nominal pleas, but with one
+plain piece of statesmanship at the back of her mind--that no one should
+control the narrow seas against herself.
+
+And especially that if she could not prevent the existence in normal
+times of a very powerful, dangerous French fleet, rendering her anxious
+for one-half of those seas, at least the other half should be free from
+such anxiety.
+
+In the midst of such a secular determination, successfully maintained,
+Germany began to build her new great modern fleet.
+
+The German Empire had a most unquestioned right thus to challenge the
+power of Great Britain. It was indeed the most effective challenge which
+a nation jealous of Britain's commerce could deliver, but it is none the
+less true that the plain policy of self-preservation compelled Britain
+to take up that challenge.
+
+For the first time in three hundred years Britain found herself
+beginning to support French trades, in the general policy of the world.
+
+The French, for reasons which had nothing to do with England and with
+which the mass of the English governing classes in no way sympathized,
+had maintained for more than thirty years a determination to restore
+their own power at the expense of Prussia. Because modern Germany was
+building her fleet, modern Britain, in order to check that movement,
+began thus in novel fashion and against all the old English traditions
+to support the French.
+
+The thing was done at the bottom with reluctance. All Englishmen felt
+the common bond of religion which united their country with that which
+governs modern Germany. Many Englishmen believed that there was some
+vague bond of race between the two countries. Not a few worthy, ignorant
+men, and even one or two men of great ability, attempted to direct
+negotiations whereby a fixed ratio should exist between the two fleets;
+in other words, whereby the German Empire should pledge itself to a
+permanent inferiority at sea.
+
+That empire would indeed have been more foolish even than cowardly had
+it listened to any such proposals. The position, therefore, was one of
+inevitable and increasing friction. It was a matter of life and death to
+England that no other great Western fleet should exist besides the
+French, and it was a matter of national existence to Germany once she
+had undertaken a policy not to give up that policy at the dictation of
+any other power--for, among other things, modern Germany lived on
+prestige; her whole internal structure depended upon it, and for Prussia
+to lose faith before Europe would be the end of the Germany that Prussia
+had made.
+
+There are those who say that a Germany conducted by some Richelieu, or
+even by a surviving Bismarck, would never have attempted the building of
+a great fleet until accounts had been finally settled with France. There
+are those who say that the elements of statesmanship required the German
+Empire first to settle herself politically upon the shores of the
+Straits of Dover and the Netherlands, first to destroy the danger of a
+great war in the west on land, then and then only to begin building that
+fleet which must inevitably challenge Great Britain. It is no part of
+this criticism to consider the statesmanship of another nation, but at
+any rate once the policy of building the fleet was begun conflict with
+England was in sight.
+
+2. The second cause of England's joining in this war is the effect of a
+number of internal arrangements, some of them of minor importance, but
+all leading in one direction and ultimately placing the Government of
+Great Britain in a position from which it was difficult to retire. In
+general terms these arrangements were based upon the idea of joining the
+group of powers, French and Russian, which formed the counterpoise to
+the Germanic group in Europe, the German Empire and Austria. At the same
+time there was running through these arrangements the idea of detaching
+Italy, whose Government was firmly attached to Germany, but whose
+population was very doubtful, from the Triple Alliance of Germany,
+Austria, and Italy, which had been the cardinal point in European
+affairs for a generation.
+
+The various steps by which Great Britain approached this position are
+well known. In the first place, she came to an arrangement with France
+whereby she should have a free hand in Egypt and France should be
+supported by England in the occupation of Morocco. This was done behind
+the back of Germany to the manifest loss of Germany's colonial ambition
+and, what is more noticeable, England was openly paying a very high
+price for the new state of affairs she hoped to create, for she had
+pretty well a free hand in Egypt, already, while France's opportunity of
+going to Morocco and exploiting a very large area of valuable
+territory--something quite new and additional to her--depended upon
+England's withdrawing her opposition.
+
+That opposition was withdrawn; and though the most violent effect was
+produced in Germany, though there were threats of war, pitiable quarrels
+within the French Cabinet and a moment of grave danger, the pact was
+accomplished, and Morocco, all save the strip opposite Gibraltar, became
+French, while all that Germany had to show for her share was an
+irregularly shaped and not valuable couple of slices cut out of tropical
+Africa in the Congo Basin from the vast French possessions there, and
+added to her own still insufficient share.
+
+Another group of arrangements was that with Russia, and here again
+England willingly paid a heavy price, and again completely reversed her
+traditional policy. She gave all that is vital in Persia to Russian
+control. She forgot her old anxiety about the Indian frontier; she lost
+her old and hitherto unbroken policy of supporting Turkey in Europe.
+When the war came she was with the French in supporting the Balkan
+powers, "The Little Nations."
+
+Finally, in the matter of Italy, she supported or permitted the Italian
+attack upon and annexation of Turkish territory in North Africa, and
+consistently, before and after that event, worked for the strengthening
+of Italy in the Triple Alliance and for securing the neutrality of that
+country, at least in case of a European war.
+
+There were many other arrangements besides these three principal and
+typical ones, but all, small or great, were based upon the same idea,
+and pointed in the same direction. England was leaning upon the Russian
+side against Germany. The most important in the minor details in this
+new policy, the one which has had most effect perhaps in producing the
+war, was an understanding whereby the French fleet should virtually
+evacuate the Northern Seas and undertake for England the policing of the
+Mediterranean trade routes, and the guardianship of that source of food
+supply to Great Britain, thus leaving the whole weight of the British
+Navy free to guard the North Sea, and to face the new and growing German
+naval force.
+
+Now, it must always be borne in mind that these arrangements, large and
+small, detailed and general, whereby Great Britain gradually involved
+herself in a network of French and Russian supports and reciprocal
+duties, never took the form of an alliance. The utmost pains were taken
+by English diplomatists and permanent officials at the English Foreign
+Office, experts and servants, to state that England remained free in
+spite of all to act as her conscience or her interest might dictate,
+whenever, or if, war should break out between the two groups of
+Continental powers. No one can read the conflict of evidence between the
+German Ambassador and Sir Edward Grey in the highly typical telephone
+incident which took place immediately before the recent declaration of
+war without seeing that liberty of action was maintained by the
+Government of Great Britain until the very last moment.
+
+But one cannot do a number of things, each weighted with a similar
+tendency, without one's whole conduct and fate being determined in the
+direction to which those actions tend. To preserve one's legal or
+technical independence is not enough. In this specific case, for
+instance, the naval arrangement proved an exceedingly weighty thing.
+France could say:
+
+"Relying on your explicit, though not expressed, support of myself and
+Russia, I guarded your trade routes in the Mediterranean and left my
+northern coasts undefended. Here is war about to break out with those
+northern coasts of mine bare against the overwhelming attack from the
+German fleet, and with nothing wherewith I can guard it; and that
+nakedness is entirely due to having trusted you. You may not have a
+legal obligation, but the moral one is not to be shirked."
+
+At any rate, I insist upon the tendency of all these various diplomatic
+acts, because it has been they that might have dragged the most
+reluctant Government into this conflict, and it was they which, in
+combination with the cardinal policy of preventing maritime rivalry in
+the narrow seas, decided the present policy of this country.
+
+3. But, as I have said, there was a third cause, much vaguer and, until
+war actually broke out, of little effect. Though there had existed for
+thirty years from 1880 until after the beginning of the new century such
+strong bonds of sympathy between Great Britain and North Germany--bonds
+riveted by Court influence and much more strengthened by the influence
+of the universities and of religious leaders--though some contempt for
+and alienation from the French had become of increasing note in English
+public utterances and literature, yet Great Britain retained upon the
+whole the Western doctrine of civilization and of its traditions.
+
+The increasing German reaction against those traditions, particularly in
+morals, was not wholly sympathetic to the temper of the gentry, at least
+in England, and was sometimes exasperating.
+
+All nations have cynically violated treaties at one time or another, but
+there is about a solemnly undertaken treaty by the great European powers
+and affecting the happiness of the smaller neutral States something
+particularly sacred. And though it must not for one moment be regarded
+as the principal cause of the war, it is true that the crudity of
+Prussia's neglect of treaties, the too simple fashion in which Prussia
+proposed a breach of international obligations in the matter of Belgium,
+did affect the conscience of not a few powerful men in England, and,
+what is perhaps more important, furnished a definite and concrete point
+on which the doubtful issue of peace or war could repose.
+
+It must be remembered in this connection that Prussia had a novel
+tradition of her own in such matters. The phrase "The Frederickian
+tradition" is an accurate phrase. Frederick the Great did start the open
+and avowed doctrine that a breach of international convention and of
+international morals is always tolerable in the aggrandizement of one's
+country.
+
+I think one is not telling the truth if one says that the proposed
+violation of Belgian territory for the invasion of France was of a
+nature to cause an explosion of anger in the very hardened minds of the
+professional politicians in any modern country. There is not one group
+of them that has not been guilty of something of the sort before. But I
+think one is telling the truth if one says that the over-simple and cold
+way in which Prussia took it for granted that the violation of a solemn
+and most important treaty was nothing just shocked opinion, even of the
+politicians, sufficiently to help to incline the balance against her.
+
+There is much more. The Prussian estimate of Russian, of French, and
+even of English psychology was very erroneous. The Prussian way of
+getting France not to join is about as subtle as spitting in a man's
+face, and the elephantine gambols of the German diplomats in London
+during the fatal week preceding the war were a positive aid to the
+catastrophe that was about to take place. They blundered as hard and as
+heavily as it was possible to blunder; going to the wrong people;
+despising the subtly powerful; paying court to the more advertised and
+less controlling of the English public men, and in a word behaving
+themselves after that fashion for which we have coined the adjective
+"newspaper."
+
+There was further the peculiar aggravation of the tone in which the
+Austrian note had been addressed to Servia. There was further the
+patent and almost puerile double dealing of Berlin in the attempted
+negotiations for peace between Russia and Austria--in which negotiations
+the British Cabinet was very prominent. But beyond all these other minor
+points, these three causes I have mentioned, by their convergence, seem
+to have determined England's participation in the war, with all the
+enormous but as yet unguessed consequences that will follow therefrom.
+
+I repeat, I do not say that any one of those three causes would in
+itself have been sufficient. The three combining were just sufficient,
+and this account, if I am not mistaken, justly presents the picture that
+history should have of the manner in which Great Britain determined to
+conclude the long process of her recent diplomatic revolution and to
+engage with the Allies against the German Empire and the Hapsburg house,
+which the German Empire tows in its wake.
+
+
+
+
+AT THE VILLA ACHILLEION CORFU.
+
+By H.T. SUDDUTH.
+
+
+    A haunting presence seems to fill the air,
+      A shade of grandeur gone and e'er to be
+      One with the legends of the Ionian Sea--
+    One memory more linked with Corcyra fair,
+    Disjoined, alas! from presence otherwhere--
+      A lost illusion of the years once free
+      And glorious in the kindling memory
+    Of grand Homeric Past still lingering there!
+
+    The olive orchards crown the hills; the vine
+      And rose still flourish on the sunny slopes
+      As in Alcinous' Gardens; Morning opes
+    Her eyes irradiant with the dawn divine!
+      But now no longer at Achilleion
+      The Kaiser wakes to see fair Eos dawn.
+
+    In Belgian or in Russian lands afar,
+      Beneath the smoke-cloud cope of shrouded Heaven
+      Where hissing shot and shell and War's red levin
+    Spread far and wide the canopy of War!
+    Where Nature shudders and seems to abhor
+      The awful scene; where myriad souls, unshriven,
+      From life and all its joys at once are riven,
+    Behold the Kaiser now 'neath Mars' red star!
+
+    A stern and sombre, gray-haired figure he,
+      And standing midst the wreck of youthful dreams
+      Sees he at times through battle smoke the gleams
+    Of rippling waves on blue Ionian Sea?
+      Thinks he not sadly on the days now gone,
+      And dreams he dreamed at fair Achilleion?
+
+
+
+
+Germany's Strategic Railways
+
+By Walter Littlefield.
+
+
+Germany's explanation of her violation of Belgium's neutrality has thus
+far assumed two successive phases which have been placed on record by
+the Imperial Chancellor in as many speeches in the Reichstag. Before
+that body Dr. von Bethmann-Hollweg said on Aug. 4, 1914:
+
+     Our troops have occupied Luxemburg, and perhaps have also
+     found it necessary to enter Belgium territory. This is
+     contrary to international law. The French Government has
+     declared in Brussels that they will respect the neutrality of
+     Belgium as long as she respects the opponent. We know,
+     however, that France was ready to invade Belgium. France could
+     wait; we, however, could not, because a French invasion in our
+     lower Rhein flanks would have proved fatal. So we were forced
+     to disregard the protests of the Luxemburg and Belgian
+     Governments. We shall try to make good the injustice we have
+     committed as soon as our military goal has been reached. Who,
+     like we, are fighting for the highest, must only consider how
+     victory can be gained.
+
+On Dec. 2 last Dr. von Bethmann-Hollweg said:
+
+     When, on Aug. 4, I spoke of the wrong which we were committing
+     with our march into Belgium, it was not yet established
+     whether the Belgian Government at the last moment would not
+     desire to spare the country and retire under protest to
+     Antwerp.... Now, however, that it is demonstrated by documents
+     found in Brussels how the Belgians surrendered their
+     neutrality to England the entire world knows two facts. One is
+     that when our troops on the night of Aug. 3-4 entered Belgian
+     territory they were on the ground of a State which had given
+     up its neutrality long ago....
+
+To both these charges the Belgium Government has made reply. To the
+first it said that, while the assurance that France would not invade
+Belgium was sufficient, yet if France did take the initiative the
+Belgian Army stood ready to defend its territory from a French invasion.
+
+To the second, it said that the documents found in Brussels merely
+showed an exchange of ideas as to how England might aid Belgium in
+defending her neutrality against an attack by Germany, and that there
+was nothing binding on either England or Belgium as to the outcome of
+these "conversations" of military experts.
+
+In rebuttal Germany has asked: But why were we also not taken into the
+confidence of Brussels and similar plans formulated by which we might
+aid Belgium in repelling an invasion from either France or England?
+
+To this the answer is simple: It has always been one of the objects of
+British policy to preserve Belgian neutrality, and that, aside from
+moral considerations, it would not be good military science for France
+to seek Germany via Belgium.
+
+But this answer is capable of an expansion it has not hitherto received.
+Why did Belgium appear to fear an invasion from Germany and not one from
+England or France?
+
+One has heard a great deal about Germany's supposed ambition to expand
+her North Sea coast at the expense of Denmark, Holland and Belgium, by
+coercing the Danish and the Dutch Governments to rebuild their coast
+fortifications toward England and to dismantle their forts on the German
+frontier. Much has also been said of Germany's contemplated invasion of
+the Low Countries at the time of the Agadir incident in 1911.
+
+Documentary proof of Germany's contemplated initiative has hitherto been
+missing. Certain facts have, however, recently come to hand which
+enable one to review the German explanation. One of these facts embraces
+a project for railway expansion engineered and carried out on the
+Belgian frontier, which can leave no doubt in any reasonable mind that
+Germany deliberately planned to violate Belgium's neutrality the moment
+it became a military expediency to invade France.[8]
+
+[Footnote 8: Compare the railway maps of Northern France and Northern
+Germany in "Cook's Continental Time Tables" for the years 1908 and 1914.
+
+A confidential agent of the British Government examined the ground in
+May, 1914. Part of the results of his work has been published from time
+to time by the military correspondents of The Times and The Morning Post
+of London and all is particularly designated in the British Foreign
+Office Memorandum secured by Prof. Hibben of Princeton on Nov. 9, 1914,
+and published in THE NEW YORK TIMES of Nov. 25. In this memorandum it is
+stated:
+
+"The strategic dispositions of Germany, especially as regards railways,
+have for some years given rise to the apprehension that Germany would
+attack France through Belgium."
+
+The disposition of the Third, Seventh, Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh
+Germany Army Corps and the First, Fourth, and Fifth Cavalry Divisions,
+from Aug. 2 to 5, shown on French war maps, reveals that the attack was
+so made.]
+
+If, according to jurisprudence, the planning to commit crime is legally
+on a par with its achievement, then Germany, for five years prior to the
+war, had been guilty of violating Belgium's neutrality--guilty in such a
+manner as to leave no doubt in the minds of Belgian, French, and English
+statesmen and military experts that the actual commission of the crime
+would some day take place.
+
+It was Belgium's peculiar duty, as will be seen, to prepare for that
+day. To have taken Germany into her confidence on a point on which
+Germany was already fully informed would very likely have hastened the
+day and the tragedy thereof.
+
+In keeping up her forts facing Germany and building none on the French
+frontier, in exchanging ideas with English military experts as to how
+best her neutrality could be defended, Belgium was preparing for the
+inevitable. This inevitableness is no longer a matter of moral
+conjecture. It is a matter of material evidence.
+
+First, let us see what it was that Germany violated. Belgium, partly by
+a decree of the Vienna Congress in 1815 and partly by revolution,
+secured her independence from the Netherlands in 1830. The next year she
+inaugurated her Constitution, and by the Treaty of London, signed Nov.
+15, 1831, became the god-child, as it were, of Austria, France, Great
+Britain, Prussia, and Russia, who guaranteed her neutrality for all time
+in the following manner:
+
+_Article 7--Belgium, within the limits specified in Articles 1, 2, and
+4, shall form an independent and perpetually neutral State. She shall be
+bound to observe this same neutrality toward all other States._
+
+_Article 26--Consequent upon the stipulation of the present treaty there
+shall be peace and unity between H.M. the King of the Belgians, on one
+part, and H.M. the Emperor of Austria, the King of the French, the King
+of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the King of Prussia,
+and the Emperor of all the Russians, on the other, respectively,
+forever._
+
+The treaty, however, was not at once put into force, for there was a
+pending quarrel between Belgium and the Netherlands. When peace was made
+in 1839 the treaty was again brought forward, signed, and promulgated.
+Thereupon all the States of Europe recognized the Kingdom of Belgium.
+The plenipotentiaries who then signed the treaty were Palmerston for
+Great Britain, Sylvan van de Weyer for Belgium, Senfft for Austria, H.
+Sebastiani for France, Bülow for Prussia, and Pozzo di Borgo for Russia.
+
+It has been asserted that, for various reasons, it was not incumbent
+upon the German Empire to observe the treaties contracted for by the
+Kingdom of Prussia. But these assertions, even to German statesmen,
+amount to nothing. That the German Government recognized that "the
+neutrality of Belgium is determined by international conventions" has
+been repeatedly asserted by its numbers, from the inauguration of the
+Imperial Constitution, April 16, 1871, down to Aug. 4, 1914, when the
+Imperial Chancellor admitted that the presence of German troops in
+Belgium was "contrary to international law."
+
+This he stated in the Reichstag. "I speak openly," he had said. That
+same evening he is reported to have exclaimed to the British Ambassador
+that "just for a word--'neutrality,' a word which in war time had so
+often been disregarded--just for a scrap of paper Great Britain was
+going to make war on a kindred nation who desired nothing better than to
+be friends with her."
+
+There can be no doubt that Germany realized just what she was doing when
+she marched her troops into Belgium. The question is, had she any
+preconceived idea of such a march?
+
+In the southwest corner of Prussia is a rectangular piece of territory,
+the western and eastern sides of which are formed respectively by the
+Belgian and Luxemburg frontiers and the River Rhine. This territory
+includes about 3,600 square miles, and supports a population including
+the great centres of Cologne, Coblence, Aix-la-Chapelle, and Treves, of
+nearly 1,000,000 souls. In other words, it is an area about half as
+large as New Jersey, if we omit that State's water surface, and just
+about as thickly populated.
+
+[Illustration: Map Showing Germany's Plan to Invade Belgium by a
+Strategic System of Railways Begun in 1909.]
+
+Five years ago this little corner of Prussia had about 15.10 miles of
+railway to every 100 square miles of territory and New Jersey 30.23. In
+five years the Prussian territory has increased her railway mileage to
+28.30 and New Jersey to a little less than 30.25.
+
+Five years ago, in the Prussian territory, the only double lines
+existing were those from Cologne to Treves, from Coblence to Treves, and
+the two double lines, one on each side of the Rhine, from Cologne to
+Coblence, thus forming the three sides of a triangle. There was also the
+double track running from Cologne to Aix-la-Chapelle. These double lines
+were fed as commerce required, by only two sets of single-track lines,
+all amounting to a little less than 550 miles of traction--a very fair
+service, considering the products of the country covered.
+
+In five years, without any apparent industrial and commercial demand for
+it, this traction has been increased to nearly twice its length, or to
+about 1,020 miles. Villages like Dumpelfeld, Ahrdorf, Hillesheim,
+Pronsfeld, and the health resort of Gerolstein of comic opera fame, all
+of less than 1,300 inhabitants, have been linked up by double-track
+lines with towns like Remagen, St. Vith, and Andernach, whose
+populations only range from 1,500 to 9,000.
+
+Exactly what has been done? In the first place the Stolberg-St. Vith
+line has been relaid and doubled, and very extensive detraining stations
+constructed at various points along it, especially at Weiwertz and St.
+Vith. Then the Remagen-Adenau line has been doubled as far as
+Dumpelfeld, whence a double line has been continued to Hillesheim, with
+double branches outward from Hillesheim to Pelm and Junkerath, both on
+the Cologne-Treves railway.
+
+Then from Ahrdorf, between Dumpelfeld and Hillesheim, a single line has
+been built to connect with the Cologne-Treves line at Blankenheim, and a
+most important double track laid across the barren country from
+Junkerath to Weiwertz on the Stolberg-St. Vith line.
+
+It will thus be seen that five lines converge on Pelm: the double line
+from Cologne, the new double line from Remagen via Hillesheim, and the
+single line from Andernach. Pelm is 2-3/4 miles from Gerolstein, and yet
+over this short distance between the two villages there are laid down
+six parallel lines of rail, besides numerous additional sidings.
+Moreover, the double line from Hillesheim to Junkerath crosses over the
+main Cologne-Treves line by a bridge, and runs parallel to it for some
+distance before turning off to the left to reach Weiwertz.
+
+In fact the knot of lines around Junkerath, Pelm and Gerolstein is a
+marvel of construction for heavy, rapid transit, for no congestion would
+arise in a case of a sudden flood of traffic going in various
+directions, and to secure still more freedom the line from Gerolstein to
+Pronsfeld has been doubled.
+
+Few of these lines, it is to be noted, cross the frontier. Three of them
+as late as last May led to blind terminals within less than a day's
+march from it--the double line from Cologne via Stolberg to Weiwertz,
+the double line from Cologne via Junkerath and Weiwertz to St. Vith, and
+the double line from Remagen via Hillesheim and Pelm to Pronsfeld.
+
+The cost of the whole system, with its numerous bridges and multiple
+sidings, must have been enormous. The German average of $108,500 to the
+mile would hardly cover it.
+
+Here is what a traveler saw when he visited this corner of Prussia last
+May:
+
+     The ---- is as much struck by the significance of the ordinary
+     traffic along these lines as he is by the huge embankments and
+     cuttings on which nothing has yet had time to grow, and by the
+     inordinate extent and number of the sidings to be seen
+     everywhere. Baby trains, consisting of a locomotive and four
+     short cars, dodder along two or three times a day, and if a
+     freight train happens to be encountered, it will be found to
+     be loaded with railway plant.
+
+     Another point that is noticeable is that provision exists
+     everywhere at these new junctions and extensions for avoiding
+     an up-line crossing a down-line on the level; the up-line is
+     carried over the down-line by a bridge, involving long
+     embankments on both sides and great expense, but enormously
+     simplifying traffic problems when it comes to a question of
+     full troop trains pushing through at the rate of one every
+     quarter of an hour, and the empty cars returning eastward at
+     the same rate.
+
+     The detraining stations are of sufficient length to
+     accommodate the longest troop train (ten cars) easily, and
+     they generally have at least four sidings apart from the
+     through up-and-down lines. Moreover, at almost every station
+     there are two lines of siding long enough for troop trains, so
+     that they can be used to some extent as detraining stations,
+     and so that a couple of troop trains can be held up at any
+     time while traffic continues uninterrupted.
+
+It is impossible to believe that this system was constructed for any
+other purpose than to prepare for the exigency which might some day
+force Germany to ignore the Treaty of 1839 and invade Belgium. At least
+it presumably accounts for the vast armies which invested Liége and
+Namur in the early days of last August.
+
+Its existence, in both the light and the darkness of the Treaty of
+Neutrality, shows that Belgium was justified in taking any measures
+which were likely to preserve her national existence, so obviously
+threatened. That these measures were always within the letter and spirit
+of the treaty of 1839 is so much to her credit.
+
+The strategic lines that Germany built on her frontier would have
+justified her in going further. Her obligations to herself and to her
+pledged protectors prevented this. Germany went on with her railway
+building unchallenged. She laboriously constructed an edifice which is
+both a monument and an altar--a monument to military forethought and
+expediency, an altar on which she has sacrificed her national honor.
+
+
+
+
+GLORY OF WAR.
+
+By ADELINE ADAMS.
+
+
+    "Singer, why are you white and sad,
+      And staring through the stars?"
+    "The friend and brother I once had
+      Is fallen in the Wars."
+
+    "Was he at Mons, or by the Aisne,
+      Or near the Flanders shore?"
+    "Also at Rheims, and in Lorraine,
+      And places many more."
+
+    "Had he no children, fair of limb?"
+      "Yes, he had many sons,
+    But most are fallen there with him,
+      Before the monstrous guns."
+
+    "And were the daughters of his heart
+      Crushed also to the sod?"
+    "The nun who saw their lot and part
+      Died maniac, cursing God."
+
+    "His wife?" "The woman lives, yet dies
+      Daily, and with the grace
+    Men say befits her sacrifice,
+      As it befits her race."
+
+    "What was her race, and your friend's rank?
+      Was he of the first line?
+    And was he Briton, Russ, or Frank,
+      Or from beside the Rhine?"
+
+    "Ah, many thousand times untold
+      My friend was each of these,
+    And went from mart or forge or fold,
+      To drown in red, red seas!"
+
+[Illustration: Area of War in Western Europe.]
+
+[Illustration: Area of War in East Prussia and Poland.]
+
+
+
+
+Chronology of the War
+
+Showing Progress of Campaigns on All Fronts and Collateral Events from
+Oct. 15, 1914, to and Including Jan. 7, 1915.[9]
+
+[Footnote 9: This war chronology is continued from the issue of Jan. 23,
+and will be carried on in successive issues.]
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN EASTERN EUROPE
+
+Oct. 16--German-Austrian forces assume offensive between the Vistula
+River and Galicia; fighting near Warsaw and Przemysl; Germans forced
+back into arid country from vicinity of Ivangorod; Servians and
+Montenegrins defeat Austrians at Glasinatz.
+
+Oct. 17--Germans advance near Mlawa; their attempts to cross the Vistula
+repulsed; Austrians claim successes in Galicia; Montenegrins, French,
+and British bombard Cattaro.
+
+Oct. 18--Austrians repulsed at River San; both sides claim victories in
+Przemysl district; report that Germans have lost heavily in trying to
+cross the Vistula at Ivangorod; Servians rout Austrians on the Save and
+the Drina.
+
+Oct. 19--Fierce fighting near Warsaw and Przemysl; Servians capture
+Serajevo forts.
+
+Oct. 20--Przemysl forts damaged; Austrians advance in Stryi and Stica
+Valleys; Servians win at Prekiet.
+
+Oct. 21--Russian General Staff announces German rout in Poland and
+halting of Austrians at the San; Servians repel Austrian attacks in
+Bosnia.
+
+Oct. 22--Russians defeat Germans near Warsaw; Russians capture many
+Austrian soldiers and some guns in Galicia.
+
+Oct. 23--Russians pursue retreating Austrians in Poland; Germans move
+fortified positions to River Warthe and claim victory west of Augustowo;
+Austrians reoccupy Czernowitz and announce capture of fortifications
+around Sambor.
+
+Oct. 24--Russians drive Germans back forty miles from Warsaw; fighting
+south of Piliza River; Berlin reports repulse of attacks west of
+Augustowo; fighting in Galicia; both sides claim victory in Bosnia.
+
+Oct. 25--Russians defeat German rear guard trying to cross the Rivers
+Ravka, Skernevka, and Rylka; German-Austrian forces repulsed near
+Przemysl; fighting in Bosnia.
+
+Oct. 26--Battle raging between Rawa and the Iijanka River.
+
+Oct. 27--New Russian Army crosses the Vistula north of Ivangorod;
+Russians drive Germans from Rawa; Austrians claim victory in Galicia.
+
+Oct. 28--Germans admit that German and Austrian troops have been forced
+to retire from Russian Poland as fresh Russians come up; fighting along
+River San; Hungarian cavalry division almost annihilated in Galicia.
+
+Oct. 29--Russians split opposing armies north and south of Piliza River;
+Northern German army in retreat.
+
+Oct. 30--German Army retreating from the Vistula is hard pressed by the
+Russians, who capture guns and aeroplanes and reoccupy Czernowitz;
+Austrian defeat near Tarnow.
+
+Oct. 31--Germans lose heavily on East Prussian line; Russians occupy
+towns beyond the Vistula; Austrians capture several Russian positions
+and win victory on border of Bukowina.
+
+Nov. 1--Russians regain more of Poland and advance along whole front
+beyond the Vistula; fighting at Opatow; Montenegrins bombard Cattaro and
+advance in Herzegovina; Austrian movement checked at Nadworna.
+
+Nov. 2--Russians advance on East Prussia, while northern force covers
+Warsaw; Germans retreat in three lines; German-Austrian armies in Poland
+make another stand; battle between Austrians and Servians near Rovrye.
+
+Nov. 3--Russians continue advances in East Prussia and Poland; Austrians
+storm Sabao.
+
+Nov. 4--Russians capture Barkalarjewo, drive left wing of German Army
+back toward Biala and Lyck, and dislodge rear guards from Kola and
+Przedborz; Austrians defeated on entire front from Kielce to Sandomierz.
+
+Nov. 5--Germans in critical position; frost a new misery of the
+campaign.
+
+Nov. 6--Russians recapture Jaroslaw; Austrians in retreat along entire
+Galician front; Germans continue to retreat in East Prussia.
+
+Nov. 7--Russians attack last fortified German position at Sieradz on the
+Warthe; Germans check Russians at Kola; Austrian Embassy at Washington
+denies defeat.
+
+Nov. 8--Russian cavalry invades Posen Province and destroys railroad
+near Pleschen; German border population in Posen and Silesia in flight;
+Russians in Wirballen; Przemysl again attacked.
+
+Nov. 9--Russians are sweeping over the Prussian frontier; they occupy
+Goldapp; Germans withdraw further from the Vistula; Austrians are pushed
+back toward Cracow; Russians take many prisoners near Przemysl; Germans
+win victory near Wyschtuniz Lake and capture 4,000 prisoners; Servians
+force Austrian retirement near Shabats; Russians are twenty miles from
+Insterburg and seventy from Posen; Kaiser's estate at Riminten ruined.
+
+Nov. 10--Right wing of German Army driven back toward Masuran Lakes;
+Germans rush reinforcements to Thorn and Posen; Russians occupy Miechow;
+Austrians defeat Servians near Losnitza.
+
+Nov. 11--Russians attack Cracow defenses; Austrians are pursuing
+Servians on Shabats-Losnitza line.
+
+Nov. 12--Russians control East Prussian frontier railway; siege of
+Przemysl resumed; Austrians win victory at Pruth; at the San River they
+try to halt advance on Cracow; Servians rout Austrians who attempt to
+cross the Danube near Semandria.
+
+Nov. 13--Austrians evacuate Central Galicia; Russians take Tarnow,
+Jaslo, and Krosno; Germans face about and advance on Poland on
+forty-mile front; Germans defeat Russians in Galicia and near Kola.
+
+Nov. 14--Russians continue advance in East Prussia; they cross the River
+Schreniava about fifteen miles from Cracow; Germans have successes at
+Stallupoenen and Vlaclaweo.
+
+Nov. 15--Germans withdraw from Kalisz and Weljun; they are repulsed near
+Czenstochow; Russians reach Angerburg.
+
+Nov. 16--Germans check Russian advance in East Prussia at Stallupoenen;
+Russians advancing from Soldau are defeated and driven back toward
+Plock; Russians in Russian Poland driven back to Kutno after German
+success at Wlozlawsk; Cracow is besieged.
+
+Nov. 17--Great battle is being fought in Poland between the Vistula and
+Warthe Rivers; Germans are falling back on the entire line between
+Gumbinnen and Angerburg; Austrians reach the Kolubara River and capture
+8,000 Servians.
+
+Nov. 18--Russian advance guard between the Vistula and the Warthe driven
+back toward the Bzura; battle fought at Soldau; Russians advance in East
+Prussia; Servians and Montenegrins win fight near Trebinje forts.
+
+Nov. 19--Russians driven back behind the Bzura; Germans, reinforced,
+advance twelve miles beyond Lenczyca; Russians push forward in East
+Prussia and Galicia.
+
+Nov. 20--Russians check von Hindenburg on the Vistula-Warthe line and
+win success near Lodz; both sides claim successes on Cracow-Czentochowo
+line; Russian advance continues in East Prussia around Masurian Lakes;
+Russians take four towns in Galicia.
+
+Nov. 21--Russians take Przemysl trenches and find them filled with lime
+as cholera preventive; heavy fighting in Poland; fighting at Cracow;
+lull in East Prussia; Servians fall back on strong positions; they deny
+Austrian reports of victories.
+
+Nov. 22--German Army advances to forty miles from Warsaw; fighting on
+line from Lowicz to Skierniewice; Russians take Gumbinnen; Austrians
+evacuate Neu Sandec; Russians take 2,000 prisoners near Cracow;
+Austrians cross Kolubara River and capture many Servians.
+
+Nov. 23--German advance on Warsaw checked by arrival of Russian
+reinforcements; many Germans captured near Lowicz; Austrians capture
+2,400 Russians at Pilica; successful sortie by Przemysl garrison.
+
+Nov. 24--Ten-day battle in Poland ends in Russian victory, Germans being
+pressed back.
+
+Nov. 25--Left wing of main German Army surrounded in Russian Poland;
+remainder of army tries to retreat north of Lodz; von Hindenburg
+reported cut off from Crown Prince; Russians again invade Hungary and
+corner Austrians in Carpathian passes; Servians rout Austrians who
+crossed the Kolubara.
+
+Nov. 26--Russians report continued successes, while Germans report
+victories between Lodz and Lowicz; Servians make gains; Austrians report
+Przemysl undamaged.
+
+Nov. 27--Germans are sending reinforcements; Austrians admit evacuation
+of Czernowitz; Montenegrins defeat Austrians near Vishegrad.
+
+Nov. 28--Germans retreat in Poland, fighting hard; Russians gain near
+Cracow, and near Strykow; Russians in Czernowitz.
+
+Nov. 29--Montenegrins defeat Austrians in Bosnia; Russians split German
+Army at Lodz into three parts and repulse relief column at Gombin;
+fighting at Strykow and Zgierz; fighting in the Carpathians.
+
+Nov. 30--Three battles are being fought in Poland; Russians report
+capture of ten miles of German trenches near Lowicz; Russians fail in
+attack on Darkehmen; Russians have successes in Galicia and the
+Carpathians.
+
+Dec. 1--Germans break through Russian wing near Lodz, capturing 12,000
+prisoners and 25 guns; Russians claim they have taken 50,600 Austrian
+prisoners in two weeks in Galicia; Austrians claim victories and capture
+of 35,000 Russians in Poland; Russians seize German ammunition barges on
+the Vistula; Servians capture 1,500 Austrians on the River Djid; Germans
+are suffering from the cold in Poland.
+
+Dec. 2--Austrians take Belgrade; both sides claim victories in Poland;
+Russians win at Szczercow, enter Wieliczka, and occupy strong positions
+on the Vistula; Montenegrins repulse Austrians trying to cut them off
+from Servians.
+
+Dec. 3--Germans claim capture of 100,000 Russians in battles in Poland;
+they attempt to flank Russian right wing; Austrians repulse assaults on
+Przemysl; Russians take Bartfeld; Austrians report continued victories
+and say that Belgrade was taken at the bayonet's point.
+
+Dec. 4--Russians win at Lodz; Germans have suffered heavy losses in
+Poland; Allies land troops in Montenegro.
+
+Dec. 5--Germans, reinforced, form new battle line and move on Piotrkow,
+after losing heavily at Lodz.
+
+Dec. 6--Germans occupy Lodz and drive wedge into Russian centre; one
+Przemysl fort falls; Russians shell Cracow.
+
+Dec. 7--Russians bombard Cracow suburbs; new battle on in Poland;
+Russians besiege fortress of Lotzen; Germans abandon Zgier; Servians
+check Austrian advance.
+
+Dec. 8--Germans again in Cracow.
+
+Dec. 9--Servians recapture towns of Valjevo and Ushirza, and take many
+Austrian prisoners; Germans lose heavily in attack on Lowicz; Austrians
+defeated near Cracow; Russians claim that they have 750,000 Austrian and
+German prisoners in Russia.
+
+Dec. 10--Servians capture many Austrians and large stores of supplies.
+
+Dec. 11--Three German columns repulsed in Poland; Austrians defeated
+north of Kesmaj and Parovnitza.
+
+Dec. 12--Servians repulse Austrians at Kosmai; Germans occupy Przanysz,
+but their front line is pierced; Lodz has been evacuated by the
+Russians.
+
+Dec. 13--Germans are defeated in Mlawa region; Posen prepares for a
+siege; Austrian right wing, driven into Bosnia by the Servians, is
+attacked by Montenegrins.
+
+Dec. 14--Servians reoccupy Belgrade; Austrians reoccupy Dukla in the
+Carpathians and capture 9,000 Russians; Germans gain in Northern Poland.
+
+Dec. 15--Austrians abandon Belgrade without a battle; Germans rush fresh
+troops to the Vistula; Austrians recross Carpathians into Galicia and
+drive Russian left back toward the San River.
+
+Dec. 16--King Peter enters Belgrade at head of an army; Servian General
+Staff announces that country is free of invaders; Russians have new army
+in Warsaw.
+
+Dec. 17--Germans report Russian offensive against Silesia and Posen to
+be completely broken; battle at Sochaczew; Austrians have success in
+West Galicia.
+
+Dec. 18--Russians admit falling back and shifting battle lines, but they
+deny defeat; Russians win in Galicia between Sanok and Lisko; Austrians
+announce capture of Piotrkow and Przedborz.
+
+Dec. 19--Germans capture Lowicz; battle on the Bzura; fighting in
+Galicia; Russians hold lines on Dunajec River against spirited attacks;
+Austria claims to hold all West Galicia.
+
+Dec. 20--Von Hindenburg follows up his success at Lowicz; German wedge
+driven further toward Warsaw; Russians cross the Bzura and destroy
+bridges behind them; Death's Head Hussars reported as having been caught
+in a Russian trap and almost annihilated; Servians and Montenegrins
+again invade Bosnia.
+
+Dec. 21--Russians claim that Germans are being pursued into German
+territory; both sides claim advantages in Poland.
+
+Dec. 22--Russian Army menaces Thorn-Allenstein-Insterburg Railroad;
+Germans re-form to protect it; von Hindenburg's left threatened by a new
+invasion of Germany; Germans cross branches of Bzura and Rawka Rivers;
+Austrians are defeated in the Carpathians.
+
+Dec. 23--Austrians defeated in Carpathians and Southern Galicia.
+
+Dec. 25--Movement of civilians to interior of East Prussia.
+
+Dec. 26--Russians gain in South.
+
+Dec. 28--Russians have raised the siege of Cracow to shatter Austrian
+armies attempting flank movement; Russians believe German attack on
+Warsaw has been checked.
+
+Dec. 30--Germans retreat over the Bzura; Russians advance in South
+Poland.
+
+Dec. 31--Germans claim to have taken 136,000 prisoners, 100 cannon, and
+300 machine guns in Poland since November; reports from Petrograd state
+that the Germans lost 200,000 men at the Bzura.
+
+Jan. 1--Russians invade Hungary; Germans in Poland move south; Austrian
+Army split by Russian operations in Carpathian region.
+
+Jan. 2--Germans commence offensive movement against Kielce; Germans
+fortify captured Polish towns.
+
+Jan. 3--Germans capture Bolimow; German advance on Kielce fails, as well
+as German advance between Bzura and Rawka Rivers; Russians take
+thousands of Austrian prisoners and sweep through Bukowina; Germans rush
+to defend Cracow.
+
+Jan. 4--Russians occupy Suczawa; Cracow again threatened.
+
+Jan. 5--Russians defeat Austrians in Uzsok Pass and prepare to invade
+Transylvania; Germans renew activities along the Vistula.
+
+Jan. 6--New Russian army to take offensive against Germans at Mlawa;
+rain is interfering with many field operations; Germans help Austrians
+check advance against Cracow.
+
+Jan. 7--Mud is hampering Germans.
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN EUROPE.
+
+Oct. 16--Germans occupy Ostend; battle line reaches the sea; Allies gain
+near Lille; French are near Metz; Allies check Germans in attempt to
+reach Dunkirk.
+
+Oct. 17--Germans advancing again on Dunkirk; sharp fighting in Alsace;
+British take Fromelles; Allies take Fleurbaix and claim gains on line
+from Ypres Canal to the sea.
+
+Oct. 18--Announcement that Allies' left has pushed forward thirty miles;
+they retake Armentieres; battle near Nieuport; Belgians repulse German
+attacks at River Yser; French repulse attack on St. Die and cut railroad
+in Alsace; Germans evacuate Courtrai; German forces in Bruges move
+toward French frontier.
+
+Oct. 19--Allies advance between Nieuport and Dixmude; fighting from
+Ostend to Lille.
+
+Oct. 20--Germans gain near Lille; Allies report recapture of Bruges.
+
+Oct. 21--Allies repulse German attacks at Nieuport, Dixmude, and La
+Bassée; heavy fighting on the Yser; Germans gain near Lille.
+
+Oct. 22--Battling on the coast; Allies helped by their fleets; cavalry
+battle at Lille.
+
+Oct. 23--German right wing reinforced and gains ground at La Bassée;
+Allies gain near Armentieres; French retake Altkirch; heavy fighting
+between the Ghent-Bruges line and Roulers.
+
+Oct. 24--French gain at Nieuport, but lose ground near Dixmude and La
+Bassée; desperate fighting along Yser Canal.
+
+Oct. 25--Germans cross Yser Canal near Dixmude; Allies press Germans at
+Ostend; French gain near Lille and they claim command of German line of
+communication near St. Mihiel; battle at Nieuport.
+
+Oct. 26--German advance checked on the Yser; fighting at Nieuport.
+
+Oct. 27--Allies capture Thourout; fierce fighting on the Yser Canal;
+Allies claim that Germans have been driven across the eastern frontier
+near Nancy.
+
+Oct. 28--Allies repulse night attack near Dixmude; they make gains in
+Ypres region and between La Bassée and Lens.
+
+Oct. 29--Allies gain near Ostend; Germans gain west of Lille and
+southwest of Verdun; Germans dig intrenchments near Thielt.
+
+Oct. 30--Belgians flood lower valley of the Yser River and compel
+Germans to withdraw; Germans gain in Argonne region.
+
+Oct. 31--Allies yield ground in Belgium; Germans take two towns south of
+Ypres; they have success near Soissons; fighting around Verdun.
+
+Nov. 1--Germans reinforced in Belgium; their advance made difficult by
+floods along the Yser; Allies take Mariakerke and are near Ostend;
+Allies cross the Yperlee and occupy Bixschoote.
+
+Nov. 2--Germans, reinforced, capture Messines; French gain at several
+points in advance to Ostend; Allies take Ramscapelle with the bayonet.
+
+Nov. 3--Germans are being flooded out of the Yser region; they capture
+men and guns east of Soissons and gain ground east of Vailly; Allies
+check Germans in Argonne region; Belgians trap Germans by ruse at
+Furnes.
+
+Nov. 4--Germans lose along the Yser and shift their line for a new
+attack; they repulse Allies south of Verdun and in the Vosges; they gain
+near Vailly; British and Germans have battled for three days in Ypres
+region; Germans suffer much in flooded trenches.
+
+Nov. 5--Germans repulsed at Arras; Allies lose, then retake trenches;
+Germans, stated to have been watched by the Kaiser, beaten at
+Armentieres; Germans gain in Argonne region and in the Vosges; Belgians
+report progress.
+
+Nov. 6--Allies retake Soupir; they capture German trenches on the Meuse
+and east of Verdun; battle raging around Ypres; French trap Germans in
+Arras.
+
+Nov. 7--Battling from the sea to Alsace; Allies recapture lost trenches
+in centre and take St. Remi; Germans gain southwest of Ypres; Germans
+set up guns at Ostend.
+
+Nov. 8--Allies gain plateau of Vregny; fighting centres at Ypres;
+Germans continue attacks between North Sea and the Lys; they gain in
+Argonne region; Belgians gain at Dixmude and Ypres.
+
+Nov. 9--Germans renew attacks at Ypres and Dixmude; Ypres in flames;
+fighting on the Aisne.
+
+Nov. 10--Allies advance between Ypres and Armentieres and between Rheims
+and Berry-au-Bac.
+
+Nov. 11--Germans capture Dixmude, cross Yser Canal, capture first line
+of Allies' position west of Langemarck, and drive them out of St. Eloi;
+Allies reoccupy Lombaertzyde and repulse attacks near the coast.
+
+Nov. 12--Both sides claim successes on the Yser.
+
+Nov. 13--Germans break through British lines at Ypres; Allies advance on
+the coast to Bixschoote.
+
+Nov. 14--Allies check German assaults near Ypres; fighting at Dixmude;
+Germans win in centre and take Berry-au-Bac; Germans gain in forest of
+Argonne.
+
+Nov. 15--Allies drive Germans across the Yser; German gains in Argonne
+region; they prepare defensive lines from the North Sea to the Rhine.
+
+Nov. 16--Snow and floods check fighting; artillery duels in progress
+from Yser Canal to Dixmude; British Press Bureau report of operations up
+to Nov. 10 praises bravery of Germans.
+
+Nov. 17--Allies gain ground on the Yser between Armentieres and Arras;
+Germans resume bombardment of Rheims.
+
+Nov. 18--Zouaves take forest near Bixschoote; Germans mine and blow up
+west part of Chauvoncourt, occupied by the French; fighting continues in
+West Flanders; Germans have successes in Argonne region and near Cirey;
+pneumonia is in the trenches.
+
+Nov. 19--Fighting in Flanders slackens; French retake Tracy-le-Val; they
+are repulsed in the Argonne region; British bombard Dixmude; many cities
+in West Flanders are in ruins.
+
+Nov. 20--French abandon Chauvoncourt; artillery duel south of Ypres;
+British gain at Bixschoote; new big gun of Allies is doing effective
+work; French wreck German earthworks and supply trains near Rheims.
+
+Nov. 21--French artillery stops German attacks in Woevre district;
+French capture heights at Ornes and advance in Argonne region.
+
+Nov. 22--Cold halts fighting on the Yser; Ypres is bombarded; artillery
+fighting near Soissons and Vailly; Germans trapped by floods at Dixmude;
+Germans fortify Belgian coast.
+
+Nov. 23--Fierce fighting in the Argonne; Ypres again bombarded; German
+operations in Belgium checked by bad weather.
+
+Nov. 24--Germans attack Allies from Ypres to La Bassée.
+
+Nov. 25--French bombard Arnaville and claim general gains; Germans gain
+at Arras; Indian troops retake lost trenches in Flanders.
+
+Nov. 26--Allies' armored train wrecks bridge across the Yser.
+
+Nov. 27--Rheims again bombarded; French gain in Alsace.
+
+Nov. 28--Germans mass near Arras; new British army has landed in France.
+
+Nov. 29--Allies capture important positions near Ypres; health of
+Germans on the Yser endangered by flooded trenches.
+
+Nov. 30--German losses on the Yser are found to have been very heavy.
+
+Dec. 1--Germans prepare for new dash toward the sea; cold is depleting
+the British ranks; Germans on the Belgian coast are suffering from
+famine, disease, and cold; battle on the Yser renewed; Germans are
+active north of Arras.
+
+Dec. 2--British, reinforced, take over the command of the Yser region.
+
+Dec. 3--Germans take offensive between Ypres and Dixmude; they lose
+heavily in trying to cross the Yser on rafts; French occupy Lesmenils;
+they take Tęte de Faux in the Vosges, and Burnhaupt in Alsace.
+
+Dec. 4--Allies repeatedly attack the German lines in Flanders; fresh
+reserves are waiting behind Allies' lines.
+
+Dec. 5--French gain in Upper Alsace; they try to drive Germans from St.
+Mihiel.
+
+Dec. 6--Allies make advances in France.
+
+Dec. 7--Allies begin a general offensive movement; Belgians repulse a
+German boat attack along Yser Canal; Germans are leaving Alsace.
+
+Dec. 8--German headquarters moved from Roulers; Germans make new attack
+on Dixmude.
+
+Dec. 9--Belgians capture German trenches on the Yser by a ruse; Germans
+shell Ypres and Furnes.
+
+Dec. 10--Germans evacuate Roulers and Armentieres; French win victory at
+Vermelles.
+
+Dec. 11--Allies push forward; Germans rush guns to Ostend.
+
+Dec. 12--Allies drive Germans across the Yser Canal.
+
+Dec. 13--Allies have repulsed persistent German attacks in a three-day
+battle on the Lys; French gain in St. Mihiel region.
+
+Dec. 14--French continue aggressive movements in Alsace and Lorraine.
+
+Dec. 15--Allies advance on the whole front in movement to drive Germans
+from Belgium; German attacks south of Ypres repulsed and way to Roulers
+opened.
+
+Dec. 16--Germans evacuate Dixmude; German defenses near Arras mined;
+Allies maintain offensive; Germans force the fighting in Argonne region;
+Allies make gains from Arras to the sea; Germans repulsed in Woevre
+region and in Alsace.
+
+Dec. 17--Allies enter Westende; Germans rush more troops to Belgium.
+
+Dec. 18--Allies take Roulers; fighting in Lille and near Arras.
+
+Dec. 19--Allies gain at several points from the North Sea to the Oise;
+they lose near La Bassée.
+
+Dec. 21--Allies extend offensive operations; they report progress in the
+centre.
+
+Dec. 22--Allies press offensive; Germans shell hospital at Ypres; they
+claim that Allies' advance has failed.
+
+Dec. 23--Allies make slight gains.
+
+Dec. 24--British are using new howitzers; some German trenches have been
+torn to bits by French guns.
+
+Dec. 25--Reported that the French are shelling the outer forts of Metz;
+unofficial truce along much of the battle front; soldiers feast and get
+many gifts from home; in some instances Allies and Germans exchange
+gifts and visits.
+
+Dec. 26--Fog halts fighting in Flanders.
+
+Dec. 27--Germans pushing preparations for defense of Antwerp.
+
+Dec. 28--New Paris defenses are completed; the Rhine is being
+additionally fortified.
+
+Dec. 29--Germans reinforce line in Belgium.
+
+Dec. 31--Lull in the fighting on most of the front in Flanders and
+France; French take half of the village of Steinbach, Upper Alsace,
+which is of strategic importance.
+
+Jan. 3--French gain near Rheims and St. Mihiel, but are repulsed near
+St. Menehould; floods hinder fighting; conditions in Yser trenches are
+very bad.
+
+Jan. 4--Germans admit loss of Steinbach.
+
+Jan. 5--Germans are moving big guns from Ostend; French press on toward
+Cernay.
+
+Jan. 6--French make further progress at St. Mihiel; bombardment of
+Furnes necessitates shifting of Belgian headquarters.
+
+Jan. 7--French make progress in direction of Altkirch.
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN FAR EAST.
+
+Oct. 30--Japanese attack Germans at Tsing-tau; Indian troops aid
+Japanese.
+
+Nov. 1--Desperate fighting at Tsing-tau; city is in flames.
+
+Nov. 4--Japanese capture German guns and 800 prisoners at Tsing-tau.
+
+Nov. 6--Germans surrender Tsing-tau fortress.
+
+Nov. 7--Formal capitulation of Tsing-tau; Japanese will administer city.
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN AFRICA.
+
+Oct. 28--Belgians defeat Germans on Lake Tanganyika.
+
+Oct. 29--Allies take Edoa.
+
+Nov. 4--Germans defeat British in German East Africa.
+
+Nov. 7--Belgians aid British forces in the Congo.
+
+Nov. 23--British defeated in attack on German railway terminus in East
+Africa.
+
+Nov. 27--Maritz, Union of South Africa revolutionist, defeated.
+
+Dec. 10--Governor General Lord Buxton says that the revolution in the
+Union of South Africa is ended and reports capture of 7,000 rebels.
+
+Dec. 23--Portuguese retreat before Germans in Angola.
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN ASIA MINOR AND EGYPT.
+
+Oct. 29--Turkey begins war with Russia by bombarding Odessa from the
+sea.
+
+Nov. 2--Russians and Turks are fighting near Trebizond.
+
+Nov. 3--Turks claim victory over Russians in Armenia; German officers
+are with camel corps on Turkish-Egyptian frontier; Suez Canal
+threatened.
+
+Nov. 4--Russia begins invasion of Armenia.
+
+Nov. 5--England and France declare war on Turkey; Russians seize
+Armenian towns; Turks have successes in Kara-Killissa and Tehan
+districts; England annexes the Island of Cyprus; German officer
+sentenced to life imprisonment by Egyptian police for having plans to
+dynamite Suez Canal.
+
+Nov. 6--Armenians besiege town of Van.
+
+Nov. 7--Russians have successes northeast of Kara-Killissa.
+
+Nov. 8--Russians take Keprekioi in Armenia and hold road to Erzerum.
+
+Nov. 9--Russians take Turkish fort near Erzerum and pursue Kurdish
+cavalry; Russians win at Kohrikoi on River Araxes.
+
+Nov. 10--France, England, Russia, Belgium, and Servia issue a formal
+declaration of war against Turkey; both sides claim victories in Erzerum
+region.
+
+Nov. 13--Russians advance on Erzerum from three directions; Turks fail
+in flank attack.
+
+Nov. 14--Russians rout Kurds in cavalry battle in Armenia; Turks have
+success on Caucasian border.
+
+Nov. 15--Turks occupy Persian town of Kotur; British troops land in
+Basra Province; Indian troops, aided by British cruiser, occupy Turba,
+Arabia.
+
+Nov. 16--Russians defeated near Koprukeui; British take Turkish camp at
+Fao.
+
+Nov. 17--Russians checked near Fao; Turks occupy Duzkeuy.
+
+Nov. 19--Russians defeat Kurds in Persian Armenia; fighting near
+Urumiah; British success in Arabia.
+
+Nov. 22--Turks win near Port Said and reach Suez Canal; Russians gain
+near Juzveran.
+
+Nov. 23--British defeat Turks near Persian Gulf.
+
+Nov. 24--Russians defeat Turks in Armenia.
+
+Nov. 26--Turkish advance checked in Armenia.
+
+Nov. 28--Fierce fighting in the Caucasus; Enver Bey starts for Egypt.
+
+Dec. 6--Turks occupy Keda.
+
+Dec. 8--Turks defeated near Batum.
+
+Dec. 9--Turks at Kurna surrender to Indian troops.
+
+Dec. 10--British take 1,100 Turkish prisoners and nine guns.
+
+Dec. 11--Sheik Kiazim, Chief of the Shiites, proclaims a holy war; Turks
+report occupation of Geda.
+
+Dec. 15--Senussi tribesmen threaten Egypt.
+
+Dec. 18--Turks reinforced in Asia Minor.
+
+Dec. 20--Turks gain near Lake Urumiah.
+
+Dec. 21--Russians win in Armenia--Turks lose equipment.
+
+Dec. 22--Arabs menace Christians in Hodeida; French Consul is seized.
+
+Dec. 23--Turkish Army leaves Damascus and marches toward Suez Canal.
+
+Dec. 25--Russo-Turkish operations stopped by cold.
+
+Jan. 1--Turks invade Russia but fail to envelop Russian forces.
+
+Jan. 2--Turks penetrate into the Russian Caucasus and occupy Ardahan.
+
+Jan. 4--Turks ravage Persian territory.
+
+Jan. 5--Russians rout Turkish columns at Ardahan and Sari-Kamysh;
+Russians capture Izzet Pasha.
+
+Jan. 7--Turks occupy Urumiah.
+
+
+NAVAL RECORD.
+
+Oct. 16--British cruiser Hawke sunk by German submarine U-9; British
+tramp steamship Induna sunk by Germans; British steamer Guendolen fires
+on German ship on Lake Nyassa; British and Japanese warships bombard
+fort near Tsing-tau.
+
+Oct. 17--British squadron, led by the Undaunted, sinks four German
+torpedo-boat destroyers off Dutch coast; allied fleets bombard Cattaro.
+
+Oct. 19--British battleship Triumph damaged at Tsing-tau; Japanese
+cruiser Takachiho sunk by German submarine S-90 in Kiao-Chau Bay;
+British fleet helps to repel German land attacks between Nieuport and
+Dixmude; Austrian submarine sunk in Adriatic by French cruiser.
+
+Oct. 20--German warships sink British submarine E-3; British gunboats
+fight German submarines and coast batteries; Japanese fleet takes
+islands of Marianne group; two German ships sunk at Jaluit; British
+steamer Giltera sunk by German submarine off Norwegian coast.
+
+Oct. 21--British monitors Severn and Mersey shell German right flank;
+Cattaro again bombarded by French fleet, attack of Austrian submarines
+being repulsed; German cruiser Emden sinks five British steamships and
+captures a sixth in Indian Ocean; British steamer Cormorant sunk.
+
+Oct. 22--British torpedo boat damaged by German artillery fire off
+Nieuport; French ships aid British in bombardment near Ostend; British
+auxiliary cruiser Carmania damaged.
+
+Oct. 23--Allies' squadrons seeking German cruisers Emden and Karlsruhe;
+Emden's activity is having a bad effect on Indian shipping; French ships
+aid British in shelling Belgian coast towns.
+
+Oct. 24--British destroyer Badger sinks German submarine; Ostend
+bombarded by French warships.
+
+Oct. 25--Japanese sink German cruiser Aeolius off Honolulu.
+
+Oct. 26--Vessel containing French and Belgian refugees sunk near Calais,
+probably by a mine, the passengers being rescued by a British ship;
+Germans claim that the British ships have been driven back from the
+Belgian coast.
+
+Oct. 27--Germans lay mines off Irish coast; British freighter Manchester
+Commerce sunk; Germany demands that China release shipwrecked sailors of
+submarine S-90, which was destroyed by the Germans when being pursued by
+Japanese.
+
+Oct. 28--Emden sinks Japanese steamer; Japanese cruiser Chitose repulses
+attack by two German warships.
+
+Oct. 29--Emden, flying the Japanese flag, enters Penang Harbor and sinks
+Russian cruiser Jemtchug and a French destroyer; Turkish warships shell
+Theodosia and sink two Russian steamers; British vessels slightly
+damaged off Belgian coast, with ten men killed; Swedish steamer Ornen
+and two British fishing boats sunk by mine in North Sea; British sink
+German steamer in the Adriatic.
+
+Oct. 30--Russian and Turkish fleets in battle in the Black Sea; Turkish
+torpedo boats bombard Odessa, sinking Russian gunboat Donets, three
+Russian liners, and French steamer Portugal.
+
+Oct. 31--Japanese and British warships attack Tsing-tau; German
+submarine sinks British cruiser Hermes in Strait of Dover; Turkish
+cruiser bombards Sevastopol; Russian fleet attacks Turkish fleet near
+Sevastopol.
+
+Nov. 1--German squadron under Admiral von Spee defeats British squadron
+under Rear Admiral Cradock off Coronel, Chile; British flagship Good
+Hope and the cruiser Monmouth go down with all on board: Germans suffer
+but slightly; shelling of Allied fleets sets fire to Tsing-tau.
+
+Nov. 2--Turkish (formerly German) cruiser Goeben damaged by fire from
+Russian forts; British ship scuttled in Black Sea; Turkish commander
+sinks his ship to prevent capture; Germans blockade coast of Asiatic
+Turkey with mines; Karlsruhe captures British steamers Vandyck,
+Hurtsdale, and Glanton.
+
+Nov. 3--Anglo-French squadron bombards the Dardanelles forts; British
+cruiser Minerva bombards Akabah, Arabia, and sailors occupy the town;
+British submarine D-5 sunk by mine in North Sea.
+
+Nov. 4--Austrian cruiser Kaiserin Elizabeth sunk by Germans to prevent
+seizure; Anglo-French fleet continues bombardment of Dardanelles forts;
+German warships seen off coast of England; German cruiser Yorck sunk by
+mine in Jade Bay.
+
+Nov. 5--British tow German sailing ship into Queenstown, the Captain not
+having heard of the war; British mine sweeper Mary sunk in North Sea.
+
+Nov. 6--British ships shell Belgian coast; Turks bombard Batum; British
+warship damaged while shelling Dardanelles forts.
+
+Nov. 7--Japanese squadron searches for German squadron in the Pacific;
+Russians bombard Turkish Black Sea ports.
+
+Nov. 8--Russians report sinking of four Turkish transports; Turks sink
+Greek steamer carrying British flag; two Dardanelles forts destroyed by
+bombardment.
+
+Nov. 9--Emden escapes British warship, but loses her store ships;
+Russians bombard Bosporus ports; Swedish steamer Ate blown up by mine.
+
+Nov. 10--Australian cruiser Sydney wrecks German cruiser Emden, which
+had destroyed more than $5,000,000 worth of British shipping; war risks
+drop in consequence; British Admiralty reports that the German cruiser
+Koenigsberg has been bottled up in the Rufiji River, German East Africa.
+
+Nov. 11--British torpedo boat Niger sunk by German submarine; Japanese
+torpedo boat sunk by mine in Kiao-Chau Bay.
+
+Nov. 12--Turkish torpedo boat captured by Allies; Turkish cruiser Goeben
+crippled by shell.
+
+Nov. 14--News comes to America by mail of the sinking of the British
+super-dreadnought Audacious on Oct. 27 off the Irish coast; apparently
+done by a mine.
+
+Nov. 15--Many mines picked up by Dutch coast guards; mine layer flying
+Norwegian flag and manned by German sailors captured at Belfast; British
+cruiser Edinburgh aids in capture of Turba, Arabia, by Indian troops.
+
+Nov. 16--Mine cast up by sea kills seven in Holland.
+
+Nov. 17--Swedish steamer Andrew sunk by mine in North Sea; German
+squadron bombards Libau; Russian Black Sea fleet attacks Trebizond;
+German cruiser Berlin interns at Trondhjem to escape enemy.
+
+Nov. 19--British naval guns bombard Dixmude; French cruiser Waldeck
+Rousseau sinks Austrian submarine.
+
+Nov. 20--Austrian steamer Metkovitch sunk by mine off Dalmatian coast.
+
+Nov. 21--The Goeben badly damaged in Black Sea.
+
+Nov. 22--Turkish warships shell Taupse, but are repulsed by Russian land
+batteries.
+
+Nov. 23--British warship Patrol rams German submarine U-18 and captures
+crew off coast of Scotland; German destroyer S-124 wrecked in collision
+with Danish steamer.
+
+Nov. 24--French bark Valentine sunk by Germans near Island of Mas a
+Fuera; British ships attack German naval base at Zeebrugge.
+
+Nov. 25--British steamer Malachite sunk by German submarine near Havre.
+
+Nov. 26--British battleship Bulwark blown up in the Thames; magazine
+explosion is the accepted theory, but there is some suspicion that it
+was the work of spies; Turkish mine layer sunk in the Bosphorus; cruiser
+Goeben is being repaired.
+
+Nov. 27--British collier Khartoum blown up by mine off Grimsby.
+
+Nov. 28--Norwegian and Danish trawlers seized by the British for laying
+mines while using English port as base; British fishermen sweep coast
+waters for mines.
+
+Nov. 30--British ships again bombard Zeebrugge.
+
+Dec. 3--Danish steamer Mary blown up by mine in North Sea, six men
+dying.
+
+Dec. 6--Forty British and French war vessels are off the Dardanelles.
+
+Dec. 7--British steamer Charcas sunk by German transport in the Pacific;
+Swedish ships Luna and Everilda sunk by mines.
+
+Dec. 8--British squadron under Vice Admiral Sturdee defeats German
+squadron under Admiral von Spee off the Falkland Islands; German
+flagship Scharnhorst and the cruisers Gneisenau, Leipzig, and Nurnberg
+are sunk; the British casualties are slight.
+
+Dec. 9--Three German merchantmen sunk in South Atlantic; Gulf of Bothnia
+closed because of mines.
+
+Dec. 10--German submarine raid on Dover repulsed by the forts; Turkish
+gunboat sunk by defense mine.
+
+Dec. 12--Turkish fleet bombards Batum.
+
+Dec. 14--British submarine B-11, by diving under five rows of mines,
+sinks Turkish battleship Messudieh in the Dardanelles.
+
+Dec. 15--German cruiser Cormorant interned at Guam; Turks bombard
+Sevastopol.
+
+Dec. 16--German warships shell the English coast towns of Scarborough,
+Hartlepool, and Whitby; about 120 persons are killed and 550 wounded;
+British warships shell Westende.
+
+Dec. 17--Austrian training ship Beethoven sunk by mine; British squadron
+bombards Turkish troops on Gulf of Saros; Russians sink German steamship
+Derentie off Turkish coast; Norwegian ship Vaaren sunk by mine in North
+Sea; three British ships sunk by mines.
+
+Dec. 18--British auxiliary cruiser Empress of Japan captures collier
+Exford with forty of Emden's crew on board; Russian Black Sea fleet
+sinks two Turkish ships.
+
+Dec. 19--Russian warship Askold captures German steamer Haifa and sinks
+a Turkish steamer; British warships shell German positions between
+Nieuport and Middelkerke.
+
+Dec. 20--Allied fleets bombard interior forts of the Dardanelles.
+
+Dec. 21--British capture German steamers Baden and Santa Isabel.
+
+Dec. 22--Allied fleets shell German positions along Belgian coast;
+French destroyer shells Turkish troops; allied fleets shell Kilid Bahr.
+
+Dec. 23--Russian destroyers in Black Sea bombard coast villages.
+
+Dec. 24--French cruiser slightly damaged by Austrian torpedo; French
+submarine sunk by shore batteries.
+
+Dec. 26--British make naval and air attack on German fleet without
+important results; French attack Austrian naval base at Pola on the
+Adriatic.
+
+Dec. 27--British cruisers, assisted by seaplanes, attack German naval
+base at Cuxhaven; British claim to have done considerable damage.
+
+Dec. 29--English coast towns expected American sympathy over German
+raid; dread new raid, and hold navy was dilatory.
+
+Dec. 30--French submarine torpedoes Austrian dreadnought Viribus Unitis,
+but fails to sink her.
+
+Dec. 31--Thirty French and British warships are bombarding Pola.
+
+Jan. 1--British battleship Formidable torpedoed and sunk in English
+Channel; 600 men lost.
+
+Jan. 4--Official Press Bureau at Berlin announces that the Formidable
+was sunk by a submarine off Plymouth; British ships shell Dar-es-Salaam,
+German East Africa.
+
+Jan. 6--Turkish cruiser Goeben damaged by mines.
+
+Jan. 7--Germans state that Austrian submarines are holding back French
+fleet in the Adriatic.
+
+
+AERIAL RECORD.
+
+Oct. 23--German Taube brought down in Dunkirk; Reymond, French aviator,
+killed near Verdun; German aviators drop bombs on Warsaw.
+
+Oct. 24--Zeppelins harry fighters southwest of Ostend.
+
+Oct. 25--Five German aeroplanes destroyed by French.
+
+Oct. 27--New Zeppelin flies northward from Friedrichshafen; new British
+gun is effective against airmen.
+
+Oct. 29--German airmen drop bombs on Bethune, nineteen women being
+killed; British airman chases bomb-dropping Taube at Hazebrouck.
+
+Oct. 30--French airmen rain bombs on German officers near Dunkirk.
+
+Nov. 3--German airman drops bombs on Furnes; three German aeroplanes
+brought down near Souain; British airman drops bombs in Thielt.
+
+Nov. 6--Austrian airmen drop bombs on Antivari.
+
+Nov. 13--Russian cavalry captures two German aviators near Plock.
+
+Nov. 14--Austrian aeroplane drops bombs on Antivari.
+
+Nov. 15--Prince Danilo's villa in Antivari wrecked by aeroplane bomb.
+
+Nov. 21--French and British aeroplanes drop bombs on Zeppelin sheds at
+Friedrichshafen; one French airman shot down.
+
+Nov. 24--Aeroplane bomb dropped in Warsaw street kills several people
+and narrowly misses American Consulate; airmen are using steel arrows to
+drop from aeroplanes.
+
+Nov. 26--British aviator wrecks German military train.
+
+Nov. 29--German aviators drop bombs on Lodz; French aviators drop
+circulars inviting German soldiers to desert.
+
+Dec. 5--Aeroplane bombs dropped near Baden.
+
+Dec. 6--Russian aviators attack Breslau forts; French aviators attack
+Freiburg.
+
+Dec. 7--Major Gen. von Meyer killed by an arrow dropped by an aviator;
+Ostend set on fire by aeroplane bombs; ten killed at Hazebrouck by bomb
+dropped by German aviator.
+
+Dec. 8--German airmen drop appeals to Indian troops to desert British.
+
+Dec. 9--Aviator of Allies destroys Scheldt pontoon bridge at Antwerp;
+Belgian aviator destroys three German motor trucks and scatters cavalry
+detachment.
+
+Dec. 12--German airman who dropped bombs on Hazebrouck killed by French
+shells.
+
+Dec. 16--British and French aviators are making raids almost daily into
+German territory.
+
+Dec. 18--French aviators drop bombs in Lorraine.
+
+Dec. 19--Two German aviators stranded on a Danish island and interned in
+Denmark.
+
+Dec. 20--German aeroplane drops bomb on Calais.
+
+Dec. 21--Aviators of Allies drop bombs in Brussels and make night attack
+near Ostend.
+
+Dec. 22--Deschamps, Belgian aviator, killed by his own bomb.
+
+Dec. 24--German aeroplane, trying to reach Paris, is shot down; German
+aviator drops bomb in Dover.
+
+Dec. 25--Two German aviators fly up the Thames, but are routed by
+British.
+
+Dec. 26--Zeppelin drops bombs on Nancy; German aeroplanes make raid in
+Russian Poland; French aviators attack Metz.
+
+Dec. 30--German airmen drop bombs in Dunkirk, killing fifteen; French
+aviators active in Flanders.
+
+Jan. 1--German aeroplanes bombard Dunkirk.
+
+Jan. 3--Austrian aviator drops bombs on Kielce.
+
+Jan. 4--French aviators drop bombs near Brussels.
+
+
+AMERICAN INTERESTS.
+
+Oct. 30--Slight damage to American property in bombardment of Odessa.
+
+Oct. 31--American Refugee Society formed in the United States.
+
+Nov. 10--Henry Field, grandson of the late Marshall Field, is serving as
+a British Army chauffeur.
+
+Nov. 13--British authorities demand that Americans show passports on
+embarking for home.
+
+Nov. 19--American Consulate in Berlin takes charge of the work of
+finding American baggage in Germany.
+
+Nov. 25--Rush for new passports by Americans in London.
+
+Nov. 28--American Ambassador to Turkey says American missionaries are
+not being molested.
+
+Dec. 28--American Government sends memorandum to British Government
+through Ambassador Page vigorously protesting against interference with
+American commerce by British warships; American Relief Committee in
+London still busy, and renews lease of its offices.
+
+Dec. 31--Full text of American note on British interference with
+American trade is given out in full simultaneously at Washington and
+London; the war has cost the United States $382,000,000 in decreased
+exports up to Dec. 1, according to statement issued by Department of
+Commerce.
+
+
+AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
+
+Oct. 17--Men formerly found physically unfit to be now re-examined.
+
+Oct. 20--Wounded fill Budapest and South Austrian towns.
+
+Oct. 21--Troops rushed from Italian frontier to strengthen German line
+in Belgium; Gen. Bruderman, defender of Lemberg, disgraced.
+
+Oct. 27--Acute distress in Southern Hungary; there are reports of
+sedition in the army.
+
+Oct. 30--France is arranging for repatriation of Austrian citizens.
+
+Nov. 3--It is reported that Austria is seeking a separate peace.
+
+Nov. 10--Lists of losses show that many Hungarian nobles have been
+killed in battle.
+
+Nov. 12--Army mutineers are shot.
+
+Nov. 22--Cholera in Przemysl.
+
+Dec. 2--Hungarian Chamber of Deputies votes war bills.
+
+Dec. 3--Opposition members of Hungarian Parliament are bitter against
+the Germans.
+
+Dec. 6--Defenses of Vienna are being strengthened.
+
+Dec. 8--No music after midnight allowed in Vienna; 60,000 wounded are in
+hospital there.
+
+Dec. 10--Czech regiments refuse to fight against Servia.
+
+Dec. 16--Anti-war riots in some cities.
+
+Dec. 17--Emperor orders displacement of Field Marshal Potiorek because
+of defeat in Servian campaign.
+
+Dec. 22--Many soldiers killed in troop train accident.
+
+Dec. 23--Discontent is being manifested in Hungary; independence
+movement gains headway.
+
+Dec. 30--Anti-war riots throughout the country; Servian campaign is
+abandoned.
+
+Dec. 31--Emperor issues a New Year's rescript to the army and navy,
+praising bravery of soldiers and sailors.
+
+Jan. 2--Conditions in Trieste are distressing.
+
+
+BELGIUM.
+
+Oct. 16--People delay returning to Antwerp, where Germans are levying on
+city for supplies; refugees flock to Dover.
+
+Oct. 18--Full text of Belgium's "Gray Paper" published in THE NEW YORK
+TIMES; movement to secure supplies in England; famine acute.
+
+Oct. 19--Fifty thousand refugees return from Holland; there are nearly
+1,000,000 refugees in Great Britain, France, and Holland.
+
+Oct. 21--British Official Press Bureau praises Belgian Army; Cardinal
+Mercier returns to Belgium from Holland and urges all Catholic refugees
+to follow him; water supply restored and tramways running in Antwerp;
+Brussels now governed as a German city.
+
+Oct. 22--Government denies anti-German plot with England before the war
+and calls on German press to print alleged records of such plot seized
+at Brussels.
+
+Oct. 24--German public is stirred by stories of brutalities by Belgian
+civilians toward wounded Germans.
+
+Oct. 26--Millions are facing starvation.
+
+Oct. 28--One-fourth of the Belgian Army is disabled.
+
+Oct. 29--Many Belgian wounded in Calais.
+
+Oct. 31--Maeterlinck says that buildings in Brussels have been mined.
+
+Nov. 12--Sightseers visit Louvain; city is being restored.
+
+Nov. 16--Fuel supply problem is becoming serious.
+
+Nov. 18--Faculty of University of Louvain invited to University of Notre
+Dame.
+
+Nov. 21--German Information Service says that Belgians interned in
+Holland are bitter against the British for lack of sufficient aid at
+Antwerp.
+
+Nov. 22--Mayor of Ypres shot by Allies as a spy.
+
+Nov. 23--Maeterlinck appeals to the United States and Italy to save
+Flemish art treasures.
+
+Nov. 24--Encounters are frequent between smugglers and Germans at Dutch
+border.
+
+Nov. 26--Germany publishes photographic reproduction of document which,
+it charges, proves Anglo-Belgian military agreement.
+
+Nov. 30--Rotterdam reports that Germany has decided to levy a tax of
+$7,000,000 a month on Belgium, and an additional tax of $75,000,000.
+
+Dec. 13--Brussels and suburbs decide to pay fine to Germans.
+
+Dec. 15--Provincial councils ordered by German Governor General to meet
+to consider payment of tax; bankers prepare to pay it.
+
+Dec. 20--Representatives of provinces agree to pay tax.
+
+Dec. 23--Report from London that Brussels tax has been waived and that
+the American Minister protested against its imposition.
+
+Dec. 26--Neutral nations notified by Germany that Consuls will not be
+recognized further.
+
+Dec. 28--Minister to United States protests against cancellation of
+consular exequaturs by Germany.
+
+Dec. 29--Belgian authorities point out to United States that Germany's
+decision to cancel exequaturs raises question of sovereignty in Belgium.
+
+Jan. 3--Ghent taxes bachelors to meet German demands.
+
+
+CANADA.
+
+Oct. 16--Canadian troops go into camp at Salisbury Plain, England.
+
+Oct. 19--There are a considerable number of men from New York in camp at
+Salisbury Plain.
+
+Oct. 21--Americans in Montreal supply funds for armored motor cars with
+American crews.
+
+Oct. 29--Border residents apprehensive of raids by Germans and Austrians
+living in United States.
+
+Nov. 3--German newspaper in the West ordered to stop printing seditious
+matter.
+
+Nov. 4--King and Queen visit troops on Salisbury Plain.
+
+Nov. 6--Indians contribute to war fund and offer to send warriors.
+
+Nov. 7--Soldiers go sightseeing in London.
+
+Nov. 8--Major Gen. Hughes, Minister of Militia and Defense, returns from
+England; he says troops are well, but will not go to front for some
+time; they are to have additional training.
+
+Nov. 11--Mines laid near Victoria.
+
+Nov. 14--Premier Borden says hosts of men are volunteering.
+
+Nov. 18--Men in Canadian regiments who are said to be of German blood
+are rejected by British authorities.
+
+Nov. 20--German newspapers barred from Canada.
+
+Nov. 24--American Consuls directed to assist German and Austrian
+subjects in Canada.
+
+Nov. 27--Canadian doctors arrive in France to establish hospital.
+
+Nov. 28--Precautions are taken against possible raids across Niagara
+River by Germans.
+
+Dec. 26--German reservists reported to be gathering in California to
+raid Vancouver; report not taken seriously by Canadian authorities.
+
+Dec. 31--Princess Patricia's Light Infantry Regiment reaches the front.
+
+
+EGYPT.
+
+Nov. 2--Martial law proclaimed.
+
+Nov. 14--Moslems pay no attention to Turkish war moves.
+
+Nov. 21--Turks and Germans seek to sow sedition.
+
+Nov. 29--Princes Abbas and Osman banished by British authorities on
+charge of engaging in anti-British conspiracy.
+
+Dec. 1--Premier Rushdi Pasha declares for Britain; he tells of benefits
+conferred on his country by British.
+
+Dec. 17--England declares protectorate; Turkish suzerainty at an end.
+
+Dec. 18--France recognizes British protectorate.
+
+
+ENGLAND.
+
+Oct. 16.--Labor Party declares sympathy with Government; London hotels
+discharge German and Austrian help.
+
+Oct. 17--Winston Churchill defends sending of marines to Antwerp; he
+says relief plans miscarried.
+
+Oct. 18--Anti-German riots in London.
+
+Oct. 19--Irish Nationalists, at meeting in London, take pledge to avenge
+Belgium; many arrests for the looting of German shops.
+
+Oct. 20--Germans and Austrians expelled from Brighton.
+
+Oct. 21--All unnaturalized German and Austrian residents between ages of
+17 and 45 are to be taken to detention camps.
+
+Oct. 22--Westminster Abbey heavily insured against aeroplane hazard.
+
+Oct. 24--More anti-German riots in London; paintings removed from
+National Gallery to places of safety: Kitchener orders sobriety among
+soldiers; Germany protests to neutrals against seizure of Germans on
+neutral merchant ships.
+
+Oct. 25--John Redmond urges Irish to enlist.
+
+Oct. 27--Government complains that many Germans are getting consular
+certificates from American officials by posing as Englishmen.
+
+Nov. 1--British affairs in Turkey turned over to American Embassy.
+
+Nov. 2--Admiralty orders North Sea closed to commerce; Turkish
+Ambassador handed his passports.
+
+Nov. 3--Government will not molest American ships carrying cotton to
+German ports.
+
+Nov. 4--Americans will fight as First London Machine Battery.
+
+Nov. 5--Proclamation that holy places in Arabia and Mesopotamia must not
+be touched.
+
+Nov. 6--Detectives say some London buildings are strong German forts;
+large trade in mourning clothes in London; Sweden protests against
+closing of North Sea.
+
+Nov. 7--Government thanks United States State Department for help
+rendered at Constantinople by Ambassador Morgenthau.
+
+Nov. 8--Japanese Emperor and Empress send thanks for British aid at
+Tsing-tau.
+
+Nov. 10--Karl Hans Lody shot as a spy in the Tower of London; when first
+arrested he claimed to be an American.
+
+Nov. 11--Germans are exhibiting dumdum bullets which they charge have
+been taken from British soldiers.
+
+Nov. 12--Mass meeting in London in support of Kitchener's appeal for
+temperance by soldiers.
+
+Nov. 13--Officers sent to Russia to discuss tactics of eastern campaign;
+sentry in concentration camp kills a German prisoner.
+
+Nov. 14--Under Secretary of War Tennant urges football players to
+enlist.
+
+Nov. 17--War Office denies that British have used dumdum bullets, but
+accuses Germans of using them; less crime in the country.
+
+Nov. 20--House of Commons votes additional army of 1,000,000 men.
+
+Nov. 21--Balfour says there must be no patched-up truce; Somali chiefs
+in Jubaland want to join the army; 19,000 members of the Automobile
+Association have given their cars for army use.
+
+Nov. 22--Five German rioters killed in detention camp on Isle of Man.
+
+Nov. 23--Newspapers show disgust over failure of attempts to get
+football players and spectators to enlist; recruiting is slow in
+Manchester; War Office is advertising for officers.
+
+Nov. 25--Coast towns prepare to resist invasion; Indian soldier receives
+Victoria Cross; shooting of prisoners on Isle of Man has angered
+Germany; reprisals feared.
+
+Nov. 27--Coroner's jury finds that shooting of prisoners on Isle of Man
+was justified; London newspapers agree to curtail football news as aid
+to recruiting.
+
+Nov. 28--Two German spies found in new army just landed in France;
+famous athletes on casualty lists.
+
+Dec. 1--German-born members of Parliament remain away from war sessions.
+
+Dec. 2--Dublin newspaper suppressed for opposing enlistment and
+expressing pro-German sentiment.
+
+Dec. 5--Many football players are enlisting.
+
+Dec. 9--Preparations are being made to meet possible German landing.
+
+Dec. 11--Gibraltar is being provisioned.
+
+Dec. 12--German officer found hidden in packing case at Gravesend.
+
+Dec. 14--Government is searching for German wireless station on Norfolk
+coast which is blocking messages.
+
+Dec. 16--Movement to form women's volunteer reserve.
+
+Dec. 17--Many Germans arrested following raid on coast towns; numerous
+cases of ptomaine poisoning in Blackheath Camp.
+
+Dec. 19--Many soldiers are insane or have nervous prostration as a
+result of battle horrors.
+
+Dec. 21--Some German prisoners of war are being placed on prison ships.
+
+Dec. 23--Germany's offer to exchange one British prisoner of war for
+five German prisoners is declined.
+
+Dec. 26--Government has constructed a bridge of boats across the Thames.
+
+Dec. 30--Archbishop of Canterbury appeals for recruits.
+
+Dec. 31--An undercurrent of irritation is evident over the American note
+on interference with American commerce; a new decoration, the Military
+Cross, has been instituted for the army.
+
+Jan. 3--Day of intercession and prayer throughout the Empire; second
+expeditionary force sails for England from Australia; a third force is
+being recruited.
+
+Jan. 4--Many men leave their positions in civil life to join the army as
+a result of the raid on the coast towns.
+
+Jan. 6--Many clergymen are enlisting.
+
+
+FRANCE.
+
+Oct. 16--Learned societies plan expulsion of German members.
+
+Oct. 17--Germans arrested in Paris; coal supply low in Paris; sugar
+prices are rising.
+
+Oct. 18--President Poincaré's country house destroyed.
+
+Oct. 20--Military authorities deny German charge that towers of Rheims
+Cathedral are used as observation post.
+
+Oct. 21--Baron de Coubertin will train young men who would normally
+enter the army in 1916; Germany protests against alleged cruelties.
+
+Oct. 22--It is reported that 500,000 new soldiers are ready to fight.
+
+Oct. 24--Lille and Rheims have been much damaged by German shells;
+exchange of civilians with Germany begins.
+
+Oct. 26--German property in France not confiscated, but taken into
+trusteeship.
+
+Oct. 28--Many volunteer to give their blood to help Dr. Carrel in saving
+the wounded.
+
+Oct. 29--Count de Chambrun shells his own home.
+
+Oct. 30--Château of Princess Hohenlohe seized.
+
+Nov. 1--Envoy asks for passports from Turkey; French affairs turned over
+to American Embassy.
+
+Nov. 4--Officers discard swords and conspicuous uniforms; they will
+direct charges from rear to foil German sharpshooters.
+
+Nov. 7--City of Roulers in ruins.
+
+Nov. 8--Premier Viviani decorates Mayor of Rheims and says city will be
+rebuilt.
+
+Nov. 9--Military attachés of neutral countries allowed to visit theatre
+of war.
+
+Nov. 10--Rheims still being bombarded.
+
+Nov. 18--Germans declare they saw observation post on towers of Rheims
+Cathedral; bombardment resumed; Appenrodt's restaurant looted in Paris.
+
+Nov. 19--Germans are working coal mines and mills in occupied French
+territory; President Poincaré strikes names of Germans from roll of
+Legion of Honor.
+
+Nov. 21--New field gun outranges German guns.
+
+Nov. 26--German surgeons and deaconesses sentenced to prison for
+looting.
+
+Nov. 28--Regimental dispatch dog mentioned in orders as having fallen in
+duty; Germans charge use of dumdum bullets by the French.
+
+Dec. 1--Gen. Joffre tells Alsatians that the French have come back
+permanently.
+
+Dec. 4--Youths 18 years old are called for military examination;
+Mohammedan soldiers from Tunis are being sent to serve in Europe;
+Germans charge brutalities to Germans in Morocco.
+
+Dec. 11--The Cabinet meets in Paris, marking the moving of the capital
+from Bordeaux; youths of class of 1915 go into training.
+
+Dec. 13--Full text of France's "Yellow Book" published in THE NEW YORK
+TIMES; postal notice announces that letters to twenty-one communes in
+Alsace need only ordinary stamps.
+
+Dec. 14--Man who mutilated German sentry is shot.
+
+Dec. 17--Priests hold mass in the trenches; French heroism lauded at
+meeting of French Academy; but a small percentage of the wounded are
+dying.
+
+Dec. 18--French court held in Alsace.
+
+Dec. 19--Lille is near starvation.
+
+Dec. 22--Premier Viviani makes address at opening of Parliament in
+Paris, declaring that the war will end only with restoration of
+Alsace-Lorraine, restoration of Belgium, and assurance of lasting peace.
+
+Dec. 25--Portion of Alsace celebrates Christmas under French rule.
+
+Jan. 7--French Cabinet makes public report of Government Commission
+which has been investigating German methods of waging war; report
+charges Germans with habitual "pillage, outrage, burning, and murder."
+
+
+GERMANY.
+
+Oct. 16--Count Zeppelin is supervising construction of new airships;
+reinforcements sent to von Kluck; tax levied on Bruges.
+
+Oct. 20--Report that Zeppelin fleet is being prepared for attack on
+London; Britons over 55 years old to be allowed to leave country.
+
+Oct. 22--Chancellor Delbrueck announces in Prussian Diet that nation
+will not lay down arms until victory is won; pioneer company of Lorraine
+battalion granted right to wear skull and crossbones on caps.
+
+Oct. 23--Women spies meet death bravely.
+
+Oct. 24--Looting barred in Antwerp; survey of conditions shows many men
+eager to enlist.
+
+Oct. 26--Prince of Monaco protests against manner in which Gen. von
+Buelow proposes to treat his property in France; Government complains of
+seizure by England of Red Cross ship Ophelia.
+
+Oct. 27--Germans in Southern Hungary ask for aid.
+
+Oct. 29--German tourists flock to Antwerp.
+
+Oct. 30--Forty thousand teachers are at the front; 1914 reserves called
+out.
+
+Nov. 1--Freedom of the City of Blankenburg conferred upon Capt. von
+Mueller of the cruiser Emden.
+
+Nov. 3--Consuls of neutral nations allowed to inspect prison camps;
+Government will not interfere with cargoes of ships carrying cotton to
+Russian ports.
+
+Nov. 4--There is a shortage of army officers; the Kaiser decrees
+promotions on short service.
+
+Nov. 7--Conspicuous insignia removed from officers; British civilians
+sent to detention camp.
+
+Nov. 8--Nation regrets loss of Tsing-tau, but bravery of garrison is
+praised; border patrols prevent Belgian civilians from crossing into
+Holland.
+
+Nov. 10--Admiral von Spee and many men of his squadron receive Iron
+Crosses.
+
+Nov. 11--Fortifications of Antwerp are being repaired.
+
+Nov. 15--Three defensive lines prepared between North Sea and the Rhine,
+to be used in event of retreat.
+
+Nov. 16--Names of occupied French and Belgian cities are Germanized.
+
+Nov. 17--All aliens expelled from Frankfort.
+
+Nov. 18--Port of Hamburg deserted, but shipyards are busy.
+
+Nov. 21--Blast furnaces used as crematory at Charleroi; Government has
+granted permission for six officers of the American Army to follow
+forces as military observers; Ambassador Bernstorff files with United
+States State Department complaint that French have violated Red Cross
+Convention of 1906.
+
+Nov. 23--Gen. von Eberhardt removed after defeat in the Vosges.
+
+Nov. 24--Chile charges that German warships have violated her
+neutrality; there is a scarcity of copper; order for locomotives to be
+dismantled to get materials for making ammunition.
+
+Nov. 25--Fortifications north of Kiel Canal are being strengthened for
+fear of invasion; Bavarians are reported by the French to be deserting.
+
+Nov. 29--Indemnity of $37,500 paid to Luxemburg.
+
+Nov. 30--Alsatians are deserting from the army.
+
+Dec. 3--Burgomaster Max of Brussels complains of treatment received from
+Germans.
+
+Dec. 4--Troops are suffering from typhoid; household utensils of copper
+are commandeered because of scarcity of the metal; British prisoner of
+war sentenced to ten years' imprisonment for attack on custodians.
+
+Dec. 6--Second ban of Landsturm told to be ready for service on Dec.
+20.
+
+Dec. 8--Turkish officers are serving with the army in Poland.
+
+Dec. 10--Government has informed the Pope of willingness for Christmas
+truce if other combatants will observe it.
+
+Dec. 11--Many inhabitants of Autry, France, are exiled to Saxony;
+preparations are being made for an extended occupation of French
+territory; French Minister of War obtains affidavits from prisoners in
+concentration camps that Gen. von Stenger ordered killing of wounded.
+
+Dec. 12--Some women refugees at Kiao-Chau want to go to America.
+
+Dec. 14--Socialists disapprove of the anti-war stand taken by Dr.
+Liebknecht, a Socialist member of the Reichstag, who alone of that body
+opposed the new war credit.
+
+Dec. 15--Bavarian soldiers to be court-martialed for mutiny at Antwerp.
+
+Dec. 18--Rumors that Prince Otto of Windisch-Graetz will be the new
+Belgian King.
+
+Dec. 19--Relations between the Prussian Government and the Poles have
+improved.
+
+Dec. 21--George Weill, member of the Reichstag from Metz, is fighting in
+the French Army; Chile protests against alleged violations of her
+neutrality by the navy.
+
+Dec. 22--Supplies in Ghent commandeered for Christmas celebration.
+
+Dec. 24--Germany denies French charges that neutral ships have been
+hired to lay mines in the Mediterranean.
+
+Dec. 27--Commander of the Yorcke gets two-year term for losing vessel;
+German spy seized while trying to enter Gibraltar disguised as a Moor.
+
+Dec. 30--British prisoner sentenced to death for assaulting a German
+officer.
+
+Dec. 31--Kaiser sends New Year's greetings to President Wilson and the
+United States; German press has received with exultation the news of
+American note on British interference with American commerce.
+
+Jan. 7--United States State Department informs Ambassador von Bernstorff
+that the United States cannot investigate the German charge that British
+use dumdum bullets; German military authorities in Belgium deny that
+Cardinal Mercier has been arrested.
+
+
+HOLLAND.
+
+Oct. 18--Government anxious to be relieved of care of Belgian refugees;
+is urging them to return home.
+
+Oct. 19--Cities are feeling the strain of caring for Belgian refugees.
+
+Oct. 28--Army massed on the border because of fear of invasion.
+
+Oct. 31--Ammunition is seized from interned French and Belgian
+soldiers.
+
+Nov. 7--Soldiers protest to the German Minister at The Hague against
+alleged atrocities of German troops on the Belgian border.
+
+Nov. 8--Scheldt River is being guarded; new intrenchments are being
+made; canals are guarded.
+
+Dec. 3--Rioting in Belgian concentration camps; troops kill six Belgians
+and wound nine.
+
+Dec. 7--Government loans wheat to Belgium.
+
+
+INDIA.
+
+Oct. 28--Troops surprise German sentries in Belgium and destroy
+ammunition stores.
+
+Nov. 1--Moslems support England against Turkey.
+
+Nov. 3--The Nizam of Hyderabad issues manifesto proclaiming loyalty to
+Britain; Aga Khan says Germans coerced Turks.
+
+Nov. 6--Army of Afghans sent to the frontier; border tribes reported in
+revolt.
+
+Nov. 10--Letters found on wounded Germans show orders to make Indian
+troops a special target.
+
+Nov. 18--German Emperor tells Crown Prince that Sheik-ul-Islam has
+issued proclamation of Moslem holy war; Indian troops are being used
+against Germans in East Africa.
+
+Nov. 21--Detachment of motor ambulances is being formed for troops in
+fighting in Europe.
+
+Dec. 6--Ruling Princes make large donations to expenses of the war.
+
+Dec. 19--Gaekwar of Baroda buys Empress of India to serve as a hospital
+ship.
+
+
+ITALY.
+
+Oct. 16--Austrian Deputy crosses from Trient into Italy and urges people
+to join Allies.
+
+Oct. 19--Fleet is mobilized, with Duke of the Abruzzi in command.
+
+Oct. 22--Marconi says the country is ready for war.
+
+Oct. 30--Ambassador asked to care for Russian interests at
+Constantinople.
+
+Nov. 2--Large part of the public wants war.
+
+Nov. 10--Hotels discharge German employes.
+
+Nov. 19--Many members of Parliament urge action for the Allies.
+
+Nov. 20--Demonstration against Prof. Grassi, a leader of the pro-German
+party.
+
+Nov. 22--Government assigns $9,200,000 for extraordinary military
+expenses in Cyrenaica.
+
+Nov. 30--Cabinet meets to consider the nation's international policy;
+Federation of the Italian Press denounces visit of journalists to
+Germany.
+
+Dec. 3--Premier Salandro makes speech at opening of Parliament; nation
+will preserve armed neutrality; Belgium is cheered.
+
+Dec. 4--Anti-German and anti-Austrian speeches made in Chamber of
+Deputies.
+
+Dec. 5--Chamber of Deputies passes vote of confidence in the Government.
+
+Dec. 8--Reported in Rome that Prince von Buelow, new German Ambassador
+to Italy, comes to offer Trient as price of Italy's neutrality, and that
+Austria is willing to cede it.
+
+Dec. 13--Artillerymen of older classes called out.
+
+Dec. 14--Meetings held in some cities in favor of intervention;
+pro-Germans mobbed in Rome.
+
+Dec. 19--Unanimous manifestation in Senate in favor of peace; National
+Federation of Engineers offers services of 1,000 engineers for
+enlistment.
+
+Dec. 20--Transportation company fined for trying to ship foodstuffs to
+Trieste.
+
+Dec. 28--Government checks plot to export foodstuffs to Germany; two
+arrests.
+
+Dec. 30--Foodstuff smuggling plot proves to be extensive; German Embassy
+stated to be involved.
+
+
+JAPAN.
+
+Oct. 21--Winston Churchill praises the navy.
+
+Nov. 18--Marshall and other German islands in the Pacific to be handed
+over to England until war ends.
+
+Nov. 19--Baron Kato says sending of troops to Europe is a doubtful
+measure.
+
+Dec. 3--It is reported that Japanese officers are serving with the
+Russian Army.
+
+Dec. 8--Baron Kato tells Diet it has not been decided whether Kiao-Chau
+will be returned to China; he says fleet is looking for German ships in
+South American waters.
+
+Dec. 9--Baron Kato's statement causes a sensation in China.
+
+Dec. 10--Military control over South Sea Islands to be divided with
+Australia.
+
+Dec. 17--Ships sent to South Sea Islands for investigation of
+colonization possibilities; great welcome in Tokio to Lieut. Gen. Kamio
+and Vice Admiral Kato, conquerors of Tsing-tau.
+
+Dec. 22--Gabriel Hanotaux opposes sending of Japanese troops to Europe.
+
+Dec. 30--Foreign Office denies that troops have landed in Russia.
+
+
+RUSSIA.
+
+Oct. 19--Desolation in many parts of Russian Poland; prohibition of use
+of vodka since the war has resulted in much good.
+
+Oct. 22--Funds are being raised to help Poland; Russian Poles urge
+German Poles to lay down their arms.
+
+Oct. 24--Reservists from Canada, including Doukhobors, reach Petrograd.
+
+Oct. 28--German girl spy is shot.
+
+Oct. 29--Polish Catholic regiments are being raised.
+
+Oct. 30--Gen. Dimitrieff gives the order, "Don't count the enemy; beat
+him"; nation welcomes the war with Turkey as giving a chance to settle
+the Eastern question; formation of Polish legions under Polish
+commanders is sanctioned.
+
+Nov. 1--Government warns Bulgaria against attacking Servia.
+
+Nov. 2--Caucasus Moslems are loyal.
+
+Nov. 6--Newspapers refer to Constantinople as Tzargrad.
+
+Nov. 8--Grand Duke Nicholas congratulated by Lord Kitchener on his
+successes.
+
+Nov. 14--Czar will grant funds to aid Catholics in rebuilding ruined
+churches; troops withdrawn from Finland.
+
+Nov. 15--Fines are being levied on conquered Prussian towns.
+
+Nov. 18--Report that Russian troops passed through Scotland to France is
+officially denied in British Parliament.
+
+Nov. 25--Mobilization of first reserves ordered in certain centres.
+
+Nov. 26--An industrial panic is feared; it is reported that Russian
+regiments are in Servia.
+
+Nov. 30--Germans expelled from Petrograd for raising funds for warships.
+
+Dec. 6--Russian professors deride German "Kultur."
+
+Dec. 20--Polish legion organized.
+
+
+TURKEY.
+
+Oct. 19--Turkey declines to discharge German crews of cruisers Goeben
+and Breslau at England's protest.
+
+Oct. 21--Six hundred German officers reported to be in Turkey.
+
+Oct. 29--Grand Vizier is warned that invasion of Egypt means war with
+Allies.
+
+Oct. 30--Allies ask for explanation of bombardment of Odessa.
+
+Nov. 1--British, French, and Russian subjects begin to leave
+Constantinople.
+
+Nov. 2--Grand Vizier expresses regret to Allies for war operations of
+fleet; Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sazonof says it is too late;
+Allies insist on reparation to Russia, dismissal of German officers from
+the Goeben and Breslau, and internment of vessels until end of the war.
+
+Nov. 4--American warship sent to Beirut to protect Christians.
+
+Nov. 5--Authorities restrained from preventing departure of foreign
+subjects by intervention of American Consul.
+
+Nov. 6--Merchandise in cities of Syria seized by Government officials.
+
+Nov. 11--Conspiracy discovered in Constantinople against Germans and
+Young Turks; leaders shot; refugees in Petrograd report Christians in
+peril.
+
+Nov. 12--Military revolt in Adrianople against German commanders.
+
+Nov. 13--Bomb in Enver Bey's palace kills five German officers; Enver
+Bey unharmed.
+
+Nov. 14--Government issues statement blaming war on England.
+
+Nov. 16--Government denies intention to violate international character
+of the Suez Canal; Sultan issues proclamation to army and navy.
+
+Nov. 18--Anti-German plots discovered; army and navy officers protest
+against assumption of authority by Germans; committee formed to rid
+country of German domination.
+
+Nov. 23--Disorders in Constantinople; British Embassy looted; Russian
+hospital pillaged.
+
+Nov. 24--San Stefano church wrecked by mob.
+
+Nov. 26--British, French, and Russians in Jerusalem are imprisoned and
+their homes looted; massacre feared; Italian Consul asks for warships.
+
+Nov. 27--Canadian missionaries allowed to leave the country.
+
+Nov. 28--Riots in Erzerum; Armenians slain.
+
+Nov. 29--Moslem priests urge killing of infidels on first appearance of
+hostile fleets; Government decides to sequestrate all religious
+establishments in Palestine belonging to Allies.
+
+Dec. 1--Turks are becoming brigands at the expense of subjects of the
+Allies.
+
+Dec. 4--Rioting throughout the country; holy war proclaimed against
+Servia and her allies; foreigners in danger.
+
+Dec. 12--Many members of religious orders flee from Palestine; British
+Consul dragged from Italian Consulate in Hodeida.
+
+Dec. 13--Anti-war demonstration by women in Konak and Erzerum;
+foreigners held in Beirut; no letters under seal can be dispatched;
+position of Christians in Armenia is dangerous; mutiny among soldiers in
+barracks and among naval crews; conspiracy against Field Marshal von der
+Goltz.
+
+Dec. 17--Field Marshal von der Goltz is appointed Commandant of
+Constantinople.
+
+Dec. 18--Government permits departure of Consuls and other aliens from
+Syria.
+
+Dec. 19--Government issues manifesto, replying to England's "White
+Paper" on Turkish situation, and giving reasons for joining the war.
+
+Dec. 27--Italian cruiser will help American cruisers in protecting
+Europeans.
+
+Dec. 28--British Consul at Saida freed after threat by American Consul;
+United States cruiser Tennessee takes 500 refugees from Syria.
+
+Jan. 2--Anti-German feeling is growing.
+
+Jan. 4--Germans put Young Turks under oath to support present régime.
+
+Jan. 5--The Pope obtains release of French Catholic missionaries held in
+Syria.
+
+
+RELIEF WORK.
+
+Oct. 16--Cardinal Gibbons appeals for Belgians.
+
+Oct. 22--Dollar Christmas Fund for Belgians is organized; Belgian Relief
+Committee cables $50,000 to Belgians through Ambassador Page.
+
+Oct. 24--British Government lifts embargo on foodstuffs for Belgium.
+
+Oct. 27--Gov. Glynn names New York State Committee of Mercy; Salvation
+Army starts "self-denial period."
+
+Oct. 30--Rohilla, British hospital ship, runs on rocks on Yorkshire
+coast; it is believed 100 perished; American Commission sends foodstuffs
+to Belgium.
+
+Oct. 31--King of the Belgians appeals to the American people for help;
+American Red Cross unit leaves Petrograd for Kiev; Queen Mary sends
+thanks for sending of relief ship Red Cross.
+
+Nov. 2--Rockefeller Foundation is to investigate conditions in Belgium;
+Commission for Relief in Belgium now on an international basis.
+
+Nov. 3--Massapequa, Rockefeller Foundation relief ship, sails.
+
+Nov. 4--Fashion Fete in New York for benefit of Committee of Mercy.
+
+Nov. 7--Committee formed in England to find work for Belgian refugees;
+American Women's Fund in England presents motor ambulances to British
+War Office.
+
+Nov. 9--New York's gifts exceed $1,525,000.
+
+Nov. 11--Wealthy Belgians give $3,000,000 to relief.
+
+Nov. 12--Queen Mary visits the American Women's War Hospital at
+Paignton, Devonshire.
+
+Nov. 13--Two American Red Cross units in Germany; two more Rockefeller
+Foundation relief ships to sail.
+
+Nov. 17--Ambassador von Bernstorff presents statement to Secretary Bryan
+that Germany welcomes American assistance for Belgians.
+
+Nov. 18--Cardinal Mercier sends appeal to America for help for Belgians.
+
+Nov. 20--Cardinal Farley directs special collection for war sufferers.
+
+Nov. 22--Kansas to give 50,000 barrels of flour.
+
+Nov. 23--Rockefeller Foundation will rush relief to wide area; it is
+planned to send supplies to Austria, Servia, and Russia; Massapequa
+unloaded at Rotterdam.
+
+Nov. 25--American Christmas ship Jason, with 5,000,000 Christmas gifts
+for European children, enters Plymouth escorted by warships; Rockefeller
+Foundation investigating agents leave England for the Continent;
+American Relief Clearing House organized to centralize American relief
+in Europe.
+
+Nov. 26--Southern and Western States are contributing liberally;
+American colony in Berlin gives up Thanksgiving dinner to hold
+entertainment for benefit of war sufferers.
+
+Nov. 28--Jason sails from Devonport to Marseilles; American hospital,
+gift of American colony, opened in Petrograd.
+
+Nov. 29--Four ships to be sent by Rockefeller Foundation before Jan. 1.
+
+Dec. 1--American Commission for Relief in Belgium to manage all Belgian
+relief.
+
+Dec. 2--Prince of Wales Fund reaches $20,000,000; Virginia is to send a
+shipload of food and supplies this month.
+
+Dec. 3--Ambassador Gerard cables that Germans approve America's relief
+work.
+
+Dec. 4--American students at Oxford take up relief work in Belgium.
+
+Dec. 5--Batiscan, British steamer, sails with food for Belgians under
+safe conduct from Germany; charity bazaar for benefit of German and
+Austrian soldiers opens in New York.
+
+Dec. 6--New Belgian relief plan is started with capital supplied by the
+Belgian, British, and French Governments; Jason sails for Genoa.
+
+Dec. 8--Two sections of American Red Cross leave Italy for Servia.
+
+Dec. 9--Polish-American Relief Committee formed.
+
+Dec. 10--Fund for the Forgotten Poor of Servia formed.
+
+Dec. 12--American Red Cross ships large consignment of hospital
+supplies; Rockefeller Foundation steamer Niches sails with a $400,000
+cargo; Antwerp is suffering from lack of flour; American Consul
+Diederich asks bread for his family.
+
+Dec. 15--Thirty-five carloads of food arrive in New York for the
+Belgians from the South and West; Jason leaves Genoa for Salonika.
+
+Dec. 17--American commission report shows that cargoes of relief
+supplies valued at over $10,000,000 have been delivered or arranged for;
+Dr. Alexis Carrel is making an inspection tour of the French military
+hospitals.
+
+Dec. 19--W.W. Astor contributes $125,000 for needy families of British
+officers; American hospital opened in Nice for wounded French soldiers;
+large American Red Cross consignment of supplies sent to Russia.
+
+Dec. 20--German bazaar closes, with receipts of $300,000.
+
+Dec. 23--King of the Belgians sends message of thanks to America.
+
+Dec. 28--It is planned that every State shall send a food ship to
+Belgium.
+
+Dec. 29--Total amount given by the United States for Belgium through the
+Belgium Relief Committee is $1,490,000.
+
+Dec. 31--Steamer Massapequa, sent by Rockefeller Foundation, sails on
+her second voyage with supplies for Belgians; Rockefeller Foundation has
+thus far spent more than $1,000,000 on relief; sailing of the fifth
+Belgian relief ship to leave Philadelphia.
+
+Jan. 1--Rockefeller Foundation buys 6,000,000 bushels of wheat in the
+Chicago market for Belgians.
+
+Jan. 3--Shipload of food to be sent from United States to the Albanians.
+
+Jan. 5--Minister Brand Whitlock sends message that Germany will give
+Americans free hands in sending supplies to Belgium; British and German
+Governments require that ships for Belgium shall carry no other cargo
+than supplies; food ship sent by State of Kansas sails; British War
+Office sends thanks for American assistance.
+
+Jan. 7--French Government thanks Americans for work done by Lafayette
+Fund; Ohio, Nebraska, Maryland, and Virginia will send food ships this
+week.
+
+
+RESERVISTS.
+
+Oct. 28--England orders enemy's reservists on the high seas to be
+seized.
+
+Nov. 16--Arrests result from attempt to smuggle Austrian reservists into
+the United States from Canada.
+
+Nov. 20--Austrian reservists stranded in New York say Consuls have
+neglected them.
+
+Nov. 21--Danish and Swedish reservists in Canada told to report for
+duty.
+
+Dec. 2--Belgian reservists of classes from 1899 to 1914 summoned by
+Consul General in New York.
+
+Dec. 12--French reservist living in Northern Canada walks 1,300 miles to
+the nearest railway station to start for the front.
+
+Jan. 2--Four German reservists taken off Norwegian-American liner
+Bergenfjord in New York Harbor and placed under arrest; extensive
+fraudulent passport plot is charged.
+
+Jan. 4--John Doe warrants issued for reservists holding fraudulent
+passports; Bureau of Investigation of Department of Justice is
+conducting inquiry in Philadelphia.
+
+Jan. 6--Federal Grand Jury in New York is to investigate.
+
+[Illustration: South-eastern Theatre of the War]
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY:
+THE EUROPEAN WAR, FEBRUARY, 1915***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 18880-8.txt or 18880-8.zip *******
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+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The New York Times Current History: the
+European War, February, 1915, by Various</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: The New York Times Current History: the European War, February, 1915</p>
+<p>Author: Various</p>
+<p>Release Date: July 20, 2006  [eBook #18880]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY: THE EUROPEAN WAR, FEBRUARY, 1915***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Linda Cantoni,<br />
+    and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (http://www.pgdp.net/)</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/logo.gif" width="379" height="64" alt="The New York Times" title="The New York Times" />
+</p>
+
+<h1>CURRENT HISTORY</h1>
+
+<h2><i>THE EUROPEAN WAR</i></h2>
+
+<h3>FEBRUARY, 1915</h3>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="#The_New_Russia_Speaks"><b>The New Russia Speaks</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Russia_in_Literature"><b>Russia in Literature</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Russia_and_Europes_War"><b>Russia and Europe's War</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Russian_Appeal_for_the_Poles"><b>Russian Appeal for the Poles</b></a><br />
+<a href="#I_AM_FOR_PEACE"><b>I AM FOR PEACE!</b></a><br />
+<a href="#United_Russia"><b>United Russia</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Prince_Trubetskois_Appeal_to_Russians_to_Help_the_Polish_Victims_of_War"><b>Prince Trubetskoi's Appeal to Russians to Help the Polish Victims of War</b></a><br />
+<a href="#How_Prohibition_Came_to_Russia"><b>How Prohibition Came to Russia</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Influence_of_the_War_Upon_Russian_Industry"><b>Influence of the War Upon Russian Industry</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Declaration_of_the_Russian_Industrial_Interests"><b>Declaration of the Russian Industrial Interests</b></a><br />
+<a href="#A_Russian_Financial_Authority_on_the_War"><b>A Russian Financial Authority on the War</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Proposed_Internal_Loans_of_Russia"><b>Proposed Internal Loans of Russia</b></a><br />
+<a href="#How_Russian_Manufacturers_Feel"><b>How Russian Manufacturers Feel</b></a><br />
+<a href="#New_Sources_of_Revenue_Needed"><b>New Sources of Revenue Needed</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Our_Russian_Ally"><b>Our Russian Ally</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Confiscation_of_German_Patents"><b>Confiscation of German Patents</b></a><br />
+<a href="#A_Russian_Income_Tax"><b>A Russian Income Tax</b></a><br />
+<a href="#PING_PONG"><b>PING PONG.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Tools_of_the_Russian_Juggernaut"><b>Tools of the Russian Juggernaut</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Fate_of_the_Jews_in_Poland"><b>Fate of the Jews in Poland</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Commercial_Treaties_After_the_War"><b>Commercial Treaties After the War</b></a><br />
+<a href="#THE_WOMANS_PART"><b>THE WOMAN'S PART.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#A_PHOTOGRAPHIC_REVIEW_OF_THE_WAR"><b>A PHOTOGRAPHIC REVIEW OF THE WAR</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Patriotism_and_Endurance"><b>Patriotism and Endurance</b></a><br />
+<a href="#APPEAL_TO_AMERICA_FOR_BELGIUM"><b>APPEAL TO AMERICA FOR BELGIUM.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#With_the_German_Army"><b>With the German Army</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Story_of_the_Man_Who_Fired_on_the_Rheims_Cathedral"><b>Story of the Man Who Fired on the Rheims Cathedral</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Richard_Harding_Daviss_Comment"><b>Richard Harding Davis's Comment</b></a><br />
+<a href="#The_German_Airmen"><b>The German Airmen</b></a><br />
+<a href="#German_Generals_Talk_of_the_War"><b>German Generals Talk of the War</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Human_Documents_of_the_War"><b>Human Documents of the War</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Civil_Life_in_Berlin"><b>Civil Life in Berlin</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Belgian_Boy_Tells_Story_of_Aerschot"><b>Belgian Boy Tells Story of Aerschot</b></a><br />
+<a href="#THE_NEUTRALS"><b>THE NEUTRALS.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Fifteen_Minutes_on_the_Yser"><b>Fifteen Minutes on the Yser</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Seeing_Nieuport_Under_Shell_Fire"><b>Seeing Nieuport Under Shell Fire</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Raid_on_Scarborough_Seen_from_a_Window"><b>Raid on Scarborough Seen from a Window</b></a><br />
+<a href="#How_the_Baroness_Hid_Her_Husband_on_a_Vessel"><b>How the Baroness Hid Her Husband on a Vessel</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Warsaw_Swamped_With_Refugees"><b>Warsaw Swamped With Refugees</b></a><br />
+<a href="#After_the_Russian_Advance_in_Galicia"><b>After the Russian Advance in Galicia</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Officer_in_Battle_Had_Little_Feeling"><b>Officer in Battle Had Little Feeling</b></a><br />
+<a href="#The_Battle_of_New_Years_Day"><b>The Battle of New Year's Day</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Basss_Story"><b>Bass's Story</b></a><br />
+<a href="#The_Waste_of_German_Lives"><b>The Waste of German Lives</b></a><br />
+<a href="#The_Flight_Into_Switzerland"><b>The Flight Into Switzerland</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Once_Fair_Belgrade_Is_a_Skeleton_City"><b>Once Fair Belgrade Is a Skeleton City</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Letters_and_Diaries"><b>Letters and Diaries</b></a><br />
+<a href="#The_First_German_Prisoners"><b>The First German Prisoners</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Two_Letters_From_the_Trenches"><b>Two Letters From the Trenches</b></a><br />
+<a href="#The_Baptism_of_Fire"><b>The Baptism of Fire</b></a><br />
+<a href="#An_All-Night_Attack"><b>An All-Night Attack</b></a><br />
+<a href="#The_Germans_as_Seen_from_a_Convent"><b>The Germans as Seen from a Convent</b></a><br />
+<a href="#War-Time_Scenes_in_Rouen"><b>War-Time Scenes in Rouen</b></a><br />
+<a href="#It_Is_for_Us_and_for_France"><b>"It Is for Us and for France"</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Chant_of_Hate_Against_England"><b>"Chant of Hate Against England"</b></a><br />
+<a href="#ANSWERING_THE_CHANT_OF_HATE"><b>ANSWERING THE "CHANT OF HATE."</b></a><br />
+<a href="#England_Caused_the_War"><b>England Caused the War</b></a><br />
+<a href="#A_SONG_OF_THE_SIEGE_GUN"><b>A SONG OF THE SIEGE GUN.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Why_England_Fights_Germany"><b>Why England Fights Germany</b></a><br />
+<a href="#AT_THE_VILLA_ACHILLEION_CORFU"><b>AT THE VILLA ACHILLEION CORFU.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Germanys_Strategic_Railways"><b>Germany's Strategic Railways</b></a><br />
+<a href="#GLORY_OF_WAR"><b>GLORY OF WAR.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#Chronology_of_the_War"><b>Chronology of the War</b></a><br />
+</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="#FOOTNOTES"><b>Footnotes</b></a>
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image01.jpg" width="302" height="400" alt="Prince of Wales" title="Prince of Wales" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>THE PRINCE OF WALES IN WAR KIT.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>by American Press Assn.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image02.jpg" width="252" height="400" alt="Hindenburg" title="Hindenburg" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<b>FIELD MARSHAL PAUL VON HINDENBURG,<br />
+Commander of the German Armies in the East.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo from Brown Bros.</i>)</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="The_New_Russia_Speaks" id="The_New_Russia_Speaks"></a>The New Russia Speaks</h2>
+
+<h3>An Appeal by Russian Authors, Artists, and Actors</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[From the Russkia Vedomosti, No. 223, Sept. 28, (Oct. 11,) 1914, P. 6.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">W</span>&#160;&#160;<b>E</b> appeal to our country, we appeal to the whole civilized world.</p>
+
+<p>What our heart and our reason refused to believe has come indisputably
+true, to the greatest shame of humanity. Every new day brings new
+horrible proofs of the cruelty and the vandalism of the Germans in the
+bloody clash of nations which we are witnessing, in that neutral
+slaughtering of brothers provoked by the madness of these same Germans;
+in their vainglorious ambition to rule the world with violence, they are
+throwing upon the scales of the world's justice nothing but the sword.
+We fancy that Germany, oblivious of her past fame, has turned to the
+altars of her cruel national gods whose defeat has been accomplished by
+the incarnation of the one gracious god upon earth. Her warriors seem to
+have assumed the miserable duty of reminding humanity of the latent
+vigor of the aboriginal beast within man, of the fact that even the
+leading nations of civilization, by letting loose their ill-will, may
+easily fall back on an equal footing with their forefathers&mdash;those half
+naked bands that fifteen centuries ago trampled under their heavy feet
+the ancient inheritance of civilization. As in the days of yore, again
+priceless productions of art, temples, and libraries perish in
+conflagration, whole cities and towns are wiped off the face of the
+earth, rivers are overflowing with blood, through heaps of cadavers
+savage men are hewing their path, and those whose lips are shouting in
+honor of their criminal supreme commander are inflicting untold tortures
+and infamies upon defenseless people, upon aged men and women, upon
+captives and wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Let these horrible crimes be entered upon the Book of Fate with eternal
+letters! These crimes shall awake within us one sole burning wish&mdash;to
+wrest the arms from the barbarous hands, to deprive Germany forever of
+that brutal power upon whose achievement she has concentrated all her
+thoughts. Already the seed of national pride and of hatred, widely sown
+by her, has awakened a magnificent growth. This hatred may spread like
+wildfire among other nations, and then will resound the voice of those
+blinded by wrath, the voice of those demanding vengeance, the voice of
+those repudiating everything great and beautiful among the creations of
+the German genius to the rejoicing and for the benefit of all mankind.</p>
+
+<p>But let us remember the disastrous results of such a course&mdash;for the
+black crimes thrust by Germany upon herself by drawing the sword, and
+the outrages in which she has indulged herself while drunk with victory
+are the inevitable fruits of the darkness which she has voluntarily
+entered. At present she is pursuing this course, encouraged even by her
+poets, scientists, and social and political leaders.</p>
+
+<p>Her adversaries, carrying peace and victory to their peoples, shall
+indeed be inspired solely by holy motives.</p>
+
+<p><i>Signed by:</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>K. ARSENIEV, I. BUNIN, A. VESSELOVSKI, NESTOR KOTLIAREVSKI, and D.
+OVSIANIKO-KULIKOVSKI, Honorary Members of the Academy.</p>
+
+<p>F. KORSCH, Regular Member of the Academy.</p>
+
+<p>A. GRUZINSKI, President of the Society of the Amateurs of Russian
+Literature.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. P. SAKULIN, Vice President.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. L. LOPATIN, President of the Moscow Psychological Association.</p>
+
+<p>N. DAVYDOV, President of the Tolstoy League of Moscow.</p>
+
+<p>Prince V. GOLYTZIN, President of the Literary, Dramatic and Musical
+Society of A.N. Ostrovski.</p>
+
+<p>S. SHPAZINSKI, President of the League of Russian Authors and Composers.</p>
+
+<p>I. KONDRATIEV, Secretary.</p>
+
+<p>I. POPOV, President of the Literary-Artistic Circle.</p>
+
+<p>S. IVANTZOV, Vice President.</p>
+
+<p>V. FRITSCHE, President of the Council of the Newspaper Writers and
+Authors' Association.</p>
+
+<p>V. ANZIMIROV, Chairman of the Board.</p>
+
+<p>JULIUS BUNIN, President of the Literary Circle "Sreda" and the Vice
+President of the Moscow Society for Aid to Authors and Newspaper
+Writers.</p>
+
+<p>N. TELESHEV, Chairman of the Moscow Board of the Mutual Aid Fund for
+Authors and Scientists.</p>
+
+<p>A. BAKHRUSHIN, Chairman of the Board of the Literary-Theatrical Museum
+of the Academy of Sciences in Moscow.</p>
+
+<p>JOANN BRUSSOV, Member of the Committee of the Society of Free Esthetics.</p>
+
+<p>P. STRUVE, editor of the magazine, Russkaia Mysl.</p>
+
+<p>N. MIKHAILOV, editor of the magazine, Vestnik Vospitania, (Educational
+Messenger.)</p>
+
+<p>D. TIKHOMIROV, editor of the magazine, Yunaia Rossiia, (Young Russia.)</p>
+
+<p>S. MAKHALOV RAZUMOVSKI, and D. GOLUBEV. TH. ARNOLD, Prof. N. BAZHENOV,
+Y. BALTRUSHAITIS, A. BIBIKOV, BOGDANOVITSCH, I. BELORUSSOV, Lecturer D.
+GENKIN, SERGIUS GLAGOL, MAXIME GORKY, V. YERMILOV, V. KALLASH, Prof. A.
+KIESEVETTER, E. KURTSCH-EK, V. LADYSHENSKI, A. LEDNITZKI, SERGIUS
+NAIDENOV, Prof. M. ROZANOV, Prof. M. ROSTOVTZEV, A. SERAFIMOVICH,
+SKITALETS, (S. PETROV,) I. SURGUTSCHEV, Lecturer K. USPENSKI, L.
+KHITROVO, A. TZATURIAN, Prof. A. TZINGER, I. TSHEKHOV, Lecturer S.
+SHAMBINAGO, N. SHKLIAR, and I. SHMELEV, the representatives of the
+Publishing House of the Authors in Moscow.</p>
+
+<p>RUSSIAN PAINTERS.&mdash;A. ARKHIPOV, Member of Academy; A. ALADZHALOV, V.
+BKSHEIEV, V. BYTSCHKOV, A. VASNETZOV, Member of Academy; VICTOR
+VASNETZOV, S. VINOGRADOV, Member of Academy; S. ZHUKOVSKI, M. ZAITZEV,
+P. KELIN, A. KORIN, K. KOROVIN, S. KONENKOV, K. LEBEDEV, S. MALIUTIN, S.
+MERKULOV, sculptor; S. MILORADOVITCH, Y. MINTSCHENKO, L. PASTERNAK, V.
+PEREPLETTSCHIKOV, K. PERVUKHIN, A. STEPANOV, Member of Academy; A.
+SREDIN, E. SHANKS, and M. SHEMIAKIN.</p>
+
+<p>F.O. SHEICHTEL, the President of the Association of the Moscow
+Architects, Member of the Academy.</p>
+
+<p>REPRESENTING THE GREAT IMPERIAL THEATRE.&mdash;U. AVRANEK, Ancient Artist; K.
+ANTAROVA, L. BALANOVSKAIA, A. BOGDANOVICH, A. BONATCHITCH, N.
+BAKALEINIKOV, K. VALTZ, R. VASILEVSKI, P. VASILIEV, S. GARDENIN, A.
+GERASIMENKO, E. GREMINA, E. DAVYDOVA, A. DOBROVOLSKAIA, N. DOCTOR, E.
+KUPER, M. KUZHIAMSKI, A. LABINSKI, V. LOSSKI, E. LUTSCHEZARSKAIA, N.
+MAMONTOV, S. MIGDI, A. NEZHDANOVA, S. OLSHANSKI, V. OSIPOV, N.
+OSTROGRADSKAIA, V. OBTSCHINIKOV, F. ORESHKEVITCH, O. PABLOVA, TH.
+PAVLOVSKI, A. PRAVDINA, V. PETROV, G. PIROGOV, E. PODOLSKAIA, L.
+SAVRANSKI, M. SEMENOVA, S. SINITZYNA, LEONID SOBINOV, E. STEPANOVA, V.
+SUK, TOLKATCHEV, TRIANDOPHILION, P. TIKHONOV, A. USPENSKI, N. THEODOROV,
+P. FIGUROV, R. FIDELMAN, L. FILSHIN, TH. SHALIAPIN, V. SHKAFER, and F.
+ZRIST.</p>
+
+<p>SMALL IMPERIAL THEATRE.&mdash;S. AIDAROV, &amp;c., altogether the signatures of
+forty artists.</p>
+
+<p>ARTISTIC THEATRE.&mdash;N. ALEXANDROV, &amp;c., altogether the signatures of
+forty-nine artists.</p>
+
+<p>THEATRE OF KORSCH.&mdash;Director, Mr. TH. KORSH; regisseur, A. LIAROV;
+representatives of the artists, A. TSCHARIN and G. MARTYNOVA.</p>
+
+<p>THEATRE OF NEZLOBIN.&mdash;A. ALIABIEVA-NEZLOBINA; regisseur, N. ZVANTZEV;
+representatives of the artists, V. NERONOV, E. LILINA, and A.
+TRETIAKOVA.</p>
+
+<p>MOSCOW DRAMATIC THEATRE.&mdash;Director, I. DUVAN; the regisseurs, A. SANIN
+and I. SCHMIDT; artists, B. BORISOV and M. BLUMENTHAL-TAMARINA.</p>
+
+<p>THEATRE OF MR. P. STRUISKI.&mdash;Director, P. STRUISKI; regisseur, V.
+VISKOVSKI; M. MORAVSKAIA.</p>
+
+<p>CHAMBER THEATRE.&mdash;A. KOONEN, N. ASLANOV, A. ZONOV, and A. TAIROV.</p>
+
+<p>OPERA OF S.I. ZIMIN.&mdash;Director, S. ZIMIN; the regisseurs, PETER OLENIN
+and A. IVANOVSKI; conductor, E. PLOTNIKOV; representatives of the
+artists, M. BOTCHAROV, P. VOLGAR, V. DAMAIEV, S. DRUZIAKINA, M.
+ZAKREVSKAIA, V. PETROVA-ZVANTZEVA, V. TZIKOK, A. KHOKHLOV, N. SHEVELIEV,
+M. SHUVANOV, and the whole orchestra and the chorus.</p>
+
+<p>M. IPPOLITOV-IVANOV, Director of the Moscow Conservatory; ancient
+professor, I. GRZHIMALI; professor, A. ILIINSKI.</p>
+
+<p>P. KOTSCHETOV, Director of the Musical and Dramatical School of the
+Philharmonic Society; A. BRANDUKOV, Inspector of same school; professor,
+A. KORESHTSCHENKO.</p>
+
+<p>Y. VASILIEVA, President of the Actors' Aid Society.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Russia_in_Literature" id="Russia_in_Literature"></a>Russia in Literature</h2>
+
+<h3>By British Men of Letters.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The following address, signed by a number of distinguished
+writers in Great Britain, and intended for publication in
+Russia, appeared in The London Times on Dec. 23, 1914.</p></div>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><i>To Our Colleagues in Russia:</i></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">A</span><b>T</b> this moment, when your countrymen and ours are alike facing death for
+the deliverance of Europe, we Englishmen of letters take the opportunity
+of uttering to you feelings which have been in our hearts for many
+years. You yourselves perhaps hardly realize what an inspiration
+Englishmen of the last two generations have found in your literature.</p>
+
+<p>Many a writer among us can still call back, from ten or twenty or thirty
+years ago, the feeling of delight and almost of bewilderment with which
+he read his first Russian novel. Perhaps it was "Virgin Soil" or
+"Fathers and Sons," perhaps "War and Peace," or "Anna Karenina"; perhaps
+"Crime and Punishment" or "The Idiot"; perhaps, again, it was the work
+of some author still living. But many of us then felt, as our poet Keats
+felt on first reading Homer,</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">"like some watcher of the skies<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When a new planet swims into his ken."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>It was a strange world that opened before us, a world full of foreign
+names which we could neither pronounce nor remember, of foreign customs
+and articles of daily life which we could not understand. Yet beneath
+all the strangeness there was a deep sense of having discovered a new
+home, of meeting our unknown kindred, of finding expressed great burdens
+of thought which had lain unspoken and half-realized at the depths of
+our own minds. The books were very different one from another, sometimes
+they were mutually hostile; yet we found in all some quality which made
+them one, and made us at one with them. We will not attempt to analyze
+that quality. It was, perhaps, in part, that deep Russian tenderness,
+which never derides but only pities and respects the unfortunate; in
+part that simple Russian sincerity which never fears to see the truth
+and to express it; but most of all it was that ever-present sense of
+spiritual values, behind the material and utterly transcending the
+material, which enables Russian literature to move so naturally in a
+world of the spirit, where there are no barriers between the ages and
+the nations, but all mankind is one.</p>
+
+<p>And they call you "barbarians"! The fact should make us ask again what
+we mean by the words "culture" and "civilization." Critics used once to
+call our Shakespeare a barbarian, and might equally well give the same
+name to Aeschylus or Isaiah. All poets and prophets are in this sense
+barbarians, that they will not measure life by the standards of external
+"culture." And it is at a time like this, when the material civilization
+of Europe seems to have betrayed us and shown the lie at its heart, that
+we realize that the poets and prophets are right, and that we must, like
+them and like your great writers, once more see life with the simplicity
+of the barbarian or the child, if we are to regain our peace and freedom
+and build up a better civilization on the ruins of this that is
+crumbling.</p>
+
+<p>That task, we trust, will some day lie before us. When at last our
+victorious fleets and armies meet together, and the allied nations of
+East and West set themselves to restore the well-being of many millions
+of ruined homes, France and Great Britain will assuredly bring their
+large contributions of good-will and wisdom, but your country will have
+something to contribute which is all its own. It is not only because of
+your valor in war and your achievements in art, science, and letters
+that we rejoice to have you for allies and friends; it is for some
+quality in Russia herself, something both profound and humane, of which
+these achievements are the outcome and the expression.</p>
+
+<p>You, like us, entered upon this war to defend a weak and threatened
+nation, which trusted you, against the lawless aggression of a strong
+military power; you, like us, have continued it as a war of self-defense
+and self-emancipation. When the end comes and we can breathe again, we
+will help one another to remember the spirit in which our allied nations
+took up arms, and thus work together in a changed Europe to protect the
+weak, to liberate the oppressed, and to bring eventual healing to the
+wounds inflicted on suffering mankind both by ourselves and our enemies.</p>
+
+<p>With assurances of our friendship and gratitude, we sign ourselves,</p>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">William Archer</span>,</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">J.W. Mackail</span>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">Maurice Baring</span>,</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">John Masefield</span>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">J.M. Barrie</span>,</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">A.E.W. Mason</span>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">Arnold Bennett</span>,</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">Aylmer Maude</span>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">A.C. Bradley</span>,</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">Alice Meynell</span>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">Robert Bridges</span>,</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">Gilbert Murray</span>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">Hall Caine</span>,</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">Henry Newbolt</span>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">G.K. Chesterton</span>,</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">Gilbert Parker</span>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">Arthur Conan Doyle</span>,</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">Ernest de Selincourt</span>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">Nevill Forbes</span>,</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">May Sinclair</span>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">John Galsworthy</span>,</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">D. Mackenzie Wallace</span>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">Constance Garnett</span>,</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">Mary A. Ward</span>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">Edward Garnett</span>,</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">William Watson</span>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">A.P. Goudy</span>,</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">H.G. Wells</span>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">Thomas Hardy</span>,</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">Margaret L. Woods</span>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">Jane Harrison</span>,</td><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">C. Hagberg Wright</span>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">Anthony Hope</span>,</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="text-align: left"><span class="smcap">Henry James</span>,</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Russia_and_Europes_War" id="Russia_and_Europes_War"></a>Russia and Europe's War</h2>
+
+<h3>By Paul Vinogradoff.</h3>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>The following letter to The London Times by Paul Vinogradoff,
+Corpus Professor of Jurisprudence at Oxford University,
+appeared on Sept. 14, 1914. Prof. Vinogradoff was invited to
+return to Russia a few years ago to become a Minister of
+State, but on going there he found the Ministry not liberal
+enough for him, and returned to Oxford.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><i>To the Editor of The Times:</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">S</span><b>IR:</b> I hope you may see your way to publish the following somewhat
+lengthy statement on one of the burning questions of the day.</p>
+
+<p>In this time of crisis, when the clash of ideas seems as fierce as the
+struggle of the hosts, it is the duty of those who possess authentic
+information on one or the other point in dispute to speak out firmly and
+clearly. I should like to contribute some observations on German and
+Russian conceptions in matters of culture. I base my claim to be heard
+on the fact that I have had the privilege of being closely connected
+with Russian, German, and English life. As a Russian Liberal, who had to
+give up an honorable position at home for the sake of his opinions, I
+can hardly be suspected of subserviency to the Russian bureaucracy.</p>
+
+<p>I am struck by the insistence with which the Germans represent their
+cause in this worldwide struggle as the cause of civilization as opposed
+to Muscovite barbarism; and I am not sure that some of my English
+friends do not feel reluctant to side with the subjects of the Czar
+against the countrymen of Harnack and Eucken. One would like to know,
+however, since when did the Germans take up this attitude? They were not
+so squeamish during the "war of emancipation," which gave birth to
+modern Germany. At that time the people of Eastern Prussia were
+anxiously waiting for the appearance of Cossacks as heralds of the
+Russian hosts who were to emancipate them from the yoke of Napoleon. Did
+the Prussians and Austrians reflect on the humiliation of an alliance
+with the Muscovites, and on the superiority of the code civil when the
+Russian Guard at Kulm stood like a rock against the desperate onslaughts
+of Vandamme? Perhaps by this time the inhabitants of Berlin have
+obliterated the bas-relief in the Alley of Victories, representing
+Prince William of Prussia, the future victor of Sedan, seeking safety
+within the square of the Kaluga regiment! Russian blood has flowed in
+numberless battles in the cause of the Germans and Austrians. The
+present Armageddon might perhaps have been avoided if Emperor Nicholas
+I. had left the Hapsburg monarchy to its own resources in 1849, and had
+not unwisely crushed the independence of Hungary. Within our memory, the
+benevolent neutrality of Russia guarded Germany in 1870 from an attack
+in the rear by its opponents of Sadowa. Are all such facts to be
+explained away on the ground that the despised Muscovites may be
+occasionally useful as "gun meat," but are guilty of sacrilege if they
+take up a stand against German taskmasters in "shining armor"? The older
+generations of Germany had not yet reached that comfortable conclusion.
+The last recommendation which the founder of the German Empire made on
+his deathbed to his grandson was to keep on good terms with that Russia
+which is now proclaimed to be a debased mixture of Byzantine, Tartar,
+and Muscovite abominations.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately, the course of history does not depend on the frantic
+exaggerations of partisans. The world is not a classroom in which docile
+nations are distributed according to the arbitrary standards of German
+pedagogues. Europe has admired the patriotic resistance of the Spanish,
+Tyrolese, and Russian peasants to the enlightened tyranny of Napoleon.
+There are other standards of culture besides proficiency in research and
+aptitude for systematic work. The massacre of Louvain, the hideous
+brutality of the Germans&mdash;as regards non-combatants&mdash;to mention only one
+or two of the appalling occurrences of these last weeks&mdash;have thrown a
+lurid light on the real character of twentieth-century German culture.
+"By their fruits ye shall know them," said our Lord, and the saying
+which He aimed at the Scribes and Pharisees of His time is indeed
+applicable to the proud votaries of German civilization today. Nobody
+wishes to underestimate the services rendered by the German people to
+the cause of European progress, but those who have known Germany during
+the years following on the achievements of 1870 have watched with dismay
+the growth of that arrogant conceit which the Greeks called ubris. The
+cold-blooded barbarity advocated by Bernhardi, the cynical view taken of
+international treaties and of the obligations of honor by the German
+Chancellor&mdash;these things reveal a spirit which it would be difficult
+indeed to describe as a sign of progress.</p>
+
+<p>One of the effects of such a frame of mind is to strike the victim of it
+with blindness. This symptom has been manifest in the stupendous
+blunders of German diplomacy. The successors of Bismarck have alienated
+their natural allies, such as Italy and Rumania, and have driven England
+into this war against the evident intentions of English Radicals. But
+the Germans have misconceived even more important things&mdash;they set out
+on their adventure in the belief that England would be embarrassed by
+civil war and unable to take any effective part in the fray; and they
+had to learn something which all their writers had not taught them&mdash;that
+there is a nation's spirit watching over England's safety and greatness,
+a spirit at whose mighty call all party differences and racial strifes
+fade into insignificance. In the same way they had reckoned on the
+unpreparedness of Russia, in consequence of internal dissensions and
+administrative weakness, without taking heed of the love of all Russians
+for Russia, of their devotion to the long-suffering giant whose life is
+throbbing in their veins. The Germans expected to encounter raw and
+sluggish troops under intriguing time-servers and military Hamlets whose
+"native hue of resolution" had been "sicklied o'er with the pale cast of
+thought." Instead of that they were confronted with soldiers of the same
+type as those whom Frederick the Great and Napoleon admired, led at last
+by chiefs worthy of their men. And behind these soldiers they discovered
+a nation. Do they realize now what a force they have awakened? Do they
+understand that a steadfast, indomitable resolution, despising all
+theatrical display, is moving Russia's hosts? Even if the Russian
+Generals had proved mediocre, even if many disappointing days had been
+in store, the nation would not belie its history. It has seen more than
+one conquering army go down before it&mdash;the Tartars and the Poles, the
+Swedes of Charles XII., the Prussians of Frederick the Great, the Grand
+Army of Napoleon were not less formidable than the Kaiser's army, but
+the task of mastering a united Russia proved too much for each one of
+them. The Germans counted on the fratricidal feud between Poles and
+Russians, on the resentment of the Jews, on the Mohammedan sympathies
+with Turkey, and so forth. They had to learn too late that the Jews had
+rallied around the country of their hearths, and that the best of them
+cannot believe that Russia will continue to deny them the measure of
+justice and humanity which the leaders of Russian thought have long
+acknowledged to be due to them. More important still, the Germans have
+read the Grand Duke's appeal to the Poles and must have heard of the
+manner in which it was received in Poland, of the enthusiastic support
+offered to the Russian cause. If nothing else came of this great
+historical upheaval but the reconciliation of the Russians and their
+noble kinsmen the Poles, the sacrifices which this crisis demands would
+not be too great a price to pay for the result.</p>
+
+<p>But the hour of trial has revealed other things. It has appealed to the
+best feelings and the best elements of the Russian Nation. It has
+brought out in a striking manner the fundamental tendency of Russian
+political life and the essence of Russian culture, which so many people
+have been unable to perceive on account of the chaff on the surface.
+Russia has been going through a painful crisis. In the words of the
+Manifesto of Oct. 17, (30,) 1905, the outward casing of her
+administration had become too narrow and oppressive for the development
+of society with its growing needs, its altered perceptions of rights and
+duties, its changed relations between Government and people. The result
+was that deep-seated political malaise which made itself felt during the
+Japanese war, when society at large refused to take any interest in the
+fate of the army; the feverish rush for "liberties" after the defeat;
+the subsequent reign of reaction and repression, which has cast such a
+gloom over Russian life during these last years. But the effort of the
+national struggle had dwarfed all these misunderstandings and
+misfortunes as in Great Britain the call of the common fatherland has
+dwarfed the dispute between Unionists and Home Rulers. Russian parties
+have not renounced their aspirations; Russian Liberals in particular
+believe in self-government and the rule of law as firmly as ever. But
+they have realized as one man that this war is not an adventure
+engineered by unscrupulous ambition, but a decisive struggle for
+independence and existence; and they are glad to be arrayed in close
+ranks with their opponents from the Conservative side. A friend, a
+Liberal like myself, writes to me from Moscow: "It is a great,
+unforgettable time; we are happy to be all at one!" And from the ranks
+of the most unfortunate of Russia's children, from the haunts of the
+political exiles in Paris, comes the news that Bourtzeff, one of the
+most prominent among the revolutionary leaders, has addressed an appeal
+to his comrades urging them to stand by their country to the utmost of
+their power.</p>
+
+<p>I may add that whatever may have been the shortcomings and the blunders
+of the Russian Government, it is a blessing in this decisive crisis that
+Russians should have a firmly knit organization and a traditional centre
+of authority in the power of the Czar. The present Emperor stands as the
+national leader, not in the histrionic attitude of a war lord but in the
+quiet dignity of his office. He has said and done the right thing, and
+his subjects will follow him to a man. We are sure he will remember in
+the hour of victory the unstinted devotion and sacrifices of all the
+nationalities and parties of his vast empire. It is our firm conviction
+that the sad tale of reaction and oppression is at an end in Russia, and
+that our country will issue from this momentous crisis with the insight
+and strength required for the constructive and progressive statesmanship
+of which it stands in need.</p>
+
+<p>Apart from the details of political and social reform, is the
+regeneration of Russia a boon or a peril to European civilization? The
+declamations of the Germans have been as misleading in this respect as
+in all others. The masterworks of Russian literature are accessible in
+translation nowadays, and the cheap taunts of men like Bernhardi recoil
+on their own heads. A nation represented by Pushkin, Turgeneff, Tolstoy,
+Dostoyevsky in literature, by Kramskoy, Verestchagin, Repin, Glinka,
+Moussorgsky, Tchaikovsky in art, by Mendeleiff, Metchnikoff, Pavloff in
+science, by Kluchevsky and Solovieff in history, need not be ashamed to
+enter the lists in an international competition for the prizes of
+culture. But the German historians ought to have taught their pupils
+that in the world of ideas it is not such competitions that are
+important. A nation handicapped by its geography may have to start later
+in the field, and yet her performance may be relatively better than that
+of her more favored neighbors. It is astonishing to read German
+diatribes about Russian backwardness when one remembers that as recently
+as fifty years ago Austria and Prussia were living under a r&eacute;gime which
+can hardly be considered more enlightened than the present rule in
+Russia. The Italians in Lombardy and Venice have still a vivid
+recollection of Austrian jails; and, as for Prussian militarism, one
+need not go further than the exploits of the Zabern garrisons to
+illustrate its meaning. This being so, it is not particularly to be
+wondered at that the eastern neighbor of Austria and Prussia has
+followed to some extent on the same lines.</p>
+
+<p>But the general direction of Russia's evolution is not doubtful. Western
+students of her history might do well, instead of sedulously collecting
+damaging evidence, to pay some attention to the building up of Russia's
+universities, the persistent efforts of the Zemstvos, the independence
+and the zeal of the press. German scholars should read Hertzen's vivid
+description of the "idealists of the forties." And what about the
+history of the emancipation of the serfs, or of the regeneration of the
+judicature? The "reforms of the sixties" are a household word in Russia,
+and surely they are one of the noblest efforts ever made by a nation in
+the direction of moral improvement.</p>
+
+<p>Looking somewhat deeper, what right have the Germans to speak of their
+cultural ideals as superior to those of the Russian people? They deride
+the superstitions of the mujikh as if tapers and genuflexions were the
+principal matters of popular religion. Those who have studied the
+Russian people without prejudice know better than that. Read Selma
+Lagerloef's touching description of Russian pilgrims in Palestine. She,
+the Protestant, has understood the true significance of the religious
+impulse which leads these poor men to the Holy Land, and which draws
+them to the numberless churches of the vast country. These simple people
+cling to the belief that there is something else in God's world besides
+toil and greed; they flock toward the light, and find in it the
+justification of their human craving for peace and mercy. For the
+Russian people have the Christian virtues of patience in suffering;
+their pity for the poor and oppressed are more than occasional
+manifestations of individual feeling&mdash;they are deeply rooted in national
+psychology. This frame of mind has been scorned as fit for slaves! It is
+indeed a case where the learning of philosophers is put to shame by the
+insight of the simple-minded. Conquerors should remember that the
+greatest victories in history have been won by the unarmed&mdash;by the
+Christian confessors whom the Emperors sent to the lions, by the "old
+believers" of Russia who went to Siberia and to the flames for their
+unyielding faith, by the Russian serfs who preserved their human dignity
+and social cohesion in spite of the exactions of their masters, by the
+Italians, Poles, and Jews, when they were trampled under foot by their
+rulers. It is such a victory of the spirit that Tolstoy had in mind when
+he preached his gospel of non-resistance, and I do not think even a
+German on the war path would be blind enough to suppose that Tolstoy's
+message came from a craven soul. The orientation of the so-called
+"intelligent" class in Russia&mdash;that is, the educated middle class, which
+is much more numerous and influential than people suppose&mdash;is somewhat
+different, of course. It is "Western" in this sense, that it is imbued
+with current European ideas as to politics, economics, and law.</p>
+
+<p>It has to a certain extent lost the simple faith and religious fervor of
+the peasants, but the keynote of popular ideals has been faithfully
+preserved by this class. It is still characteristically humanitarian in
+its view of the world and in its aims. A book like that of Gen. von
+Bernhardi would be impossible in Russia. If anybody were to publish it
+it would not only fall flat, but earn for its author the reputation of a
+bloodhound. Many deeds of cruelty and brutality happen, of course, in
+Russia, but no writer of any standing would dream of building up a
+theory of violence in vindication of a claim to culture. It may be said,
+in fact, that the leaders of Russian public opinion are pacific,
+cosmopolitan, and humanitarian to a fault. The mystic philosopher
+Vladimir Solovieff used to dream of the union of the churches with the
+Pope as the spiritual head, and democracy in the Russian sense as the
+broad basis of the rejuvenated Christendom. Dostoyevsky, a writer most
+sensitive to the claims of nationality in Russia, defined the ideal of
+the Russians in a celebrated speech as the embodiment of a universally
+humanitarian type. These are extremes, but characteristic extremes
+pointing to the trend of national thought. Russia is so huge and so
+strong that material power has ceased to be attractive to her thinkers.
+But we need not yet retire into the desert and deliver ourselves to be
+bound hand and foot by civilized Germans. Russia also wields a sword&mdash;a
+charmed sword, blunt in an unrighteous cause, but sharp enough in the
+defense of right and freedom. And this war is indeed our
+"Befreiungskrieg." The Slavs must have their chance in the history of
+the world, and the date of their coming of age will mark a new departure
+in the growth of civilization.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">Yours truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">PAUL VINOGRADOFF.</p>
+
+<p>Court Place, Iffley, Oxford.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Russian_Appeal_for_the_Poles" id="Russian_Appeal_for_the_Poles"></a>Russian Appeal for the Poles</h2>
+
+<h3>By A. Konovalov of the Russian Duma.</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[A Letter to the Russkia Vedomosti, No. 231, P. 2, Oct. 8, 1914.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span><b>HE</b> population of Poland has been forced to experience the first
+horrible onslaught of the wrathful enemy. All points within the sphere
+of the German offensive offer a picture of utter desolation. The people
+are fleeing in horror before the advancing enemy, leaving their homes
+and their property to sure destruction. An uninterrupted line of arson
+fire shines on the sorrowful path of the exiles. Their fields have been
+devastated and furrowed by the trenches, their animals have been taken
+away, their savings have been wasted, and all their chattels destroyed.
+The prosperity of millions has been destroyed and men have been turned
+into homeless beggars without a morsel of bread.</p>
+
+<p>The flight of these people is beyond description. One cannot fail to
+realize the stupefying horrors of such a deep and overwhelming national
+calamity. The strokes of fate have come down upon the people of Poland
+with a most merciless cruelty. Shall we gaze upon these horrors with
+indifference? Can the Russian people remain neutral witnesses of the
+sufferings and privations thrust upon the population of the devastated
+country?</p>
+
+<p>The Russians are making heavy sacrifices for the war, but in these
+historic days we must speed up our energies still more, we must double
+and treble our sacrifices. Let us not forget that despite all our
+sacrifices, despite all our sorrow and alarm we are not deprived of
+peaceful work, we have not been drawn into destruction as the people of
+Poland have been. Without further delay we have to hasten to their aid.</p>
+
+<p>A widely organized social aid must be brought to the fleeing people. We
+must provide them with shelter and food. These victims are flocking to
+the central provinces of Russia, to Moscow, and they must be assisted up
+to the time when they shall be able to return to their country. It is
+necessary to ascertain the degree of their distress and to help to
+provide them with the necessities of life in places already cleared from
+the enemy by the aggressiveness of the Russian Army.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, the main duty in the regaining of the prosperity of Poland
+lies with the Government. Only the Government is able to stand the
+expense of millions required for this task, only the State through its
+legislative organs is capable of creating the social, economic, and
+political conditions making possible the reconstruction of the
+civilization of Poland. But we also owe a duty of help, a sacred duty of
+immediate sympathy to those stricken with disaster.</p>
+
+<p>To carry out our task we need funds. In submitting this problem to the
+Russian people, in calling upon it for the solution of this tremendous
+and pressing issue, as far as possible, I herewith forward my little
+contribution of 10,000 rubles for aid to the people of Poland suffering
+from war.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">A. KONOVALOV,<br />
+Member of the Duma.</p>
+
+<p>Moscow, Oct. 7, (20,) 1914.</p>
+
+<p>Note.&mdash;Konovalov's appeal met with a most generous response. Not only
+individuals and charitable associations came forward with funds and
+food, but a large number of Russian cities organized permanent aid
+committees for the benefit of the war victims in Poland. Street and
+house-to-house collections were organized, and considerable funds have
+already been collected. Not only Russians, but also the Armenians, the
+Jews, and other nationalities of Russia have shown a deep and
+substantial sympathy for the Poles.</p>
+
+<p>Prince Trubetsko&iuml;'s appeal emphasized the political side of this
+campaign of succor, while Mr. Konovalov has given prominence to the
+human side of it. Prince Trubetsko&iuml;'s appeal follows.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="I_AM_FOR_PEACE" id="I_AM_FOR_PEACE"></a>I AM FOR PEACE!</h2>
+
+<h3>By LURANA SHELDON.</h3>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><b>I AM</b> of New England! A daughter of mountains,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wide-stretching fields, broad rivers that smile<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With the sun on their breasts. I am of the hills&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The great, bald hills where the cattle roam.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The peace of the valleys still clings and thrills,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the joy of the tinkling fountains,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where the deep-creviced boulders pile.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I am of it, New England, my home!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The tenure of conflicts, the feeble thriving,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Are lore of the past. Now the giant peaks<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">May sleep and sleep. Their watch is ended.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The beacon towers may crumble and fall.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So well have my people defended&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So well have they prospered through striving&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Today her triumph New England speaks<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In the mantling calm that envelops all.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">They have come to New England, the woeful invaders.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The hills attracted, the valleys lured;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They have sowed their seeds of disturbance and fear.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They wrought for destruction, but all in vain.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They were told that order was master here.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The hills turned censors, the streams, upbraiders.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No war of men should be fought, endured!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They need wage no battle for peace again!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Like my native hills, my strife is ended;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Like my sleeping hills, I have earned life's calm.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The sun that smiles on New England's streams<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bids human conflicts forever cease.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let those who must, writhe in their dreams<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At thought of days with horror blended.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For me, the meadow's gentle balm&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I am of New England&mdash;where all is peace!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="United_Russia" id="United_Russia"></a>United Russia</h2>
+
+<h3>By Peter Struve.</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[From The London Times.]</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Prof. Peter Struve, editor of the monthly, Russian Thought, is
+recognized as one of the most acute political thinkers in
+Europe. He was one of the chief founders of the Constitutional
+Democratic Party (the Cadets) and was member for St.
+Petersburg in the Second Duma. He is also known as an
+economist of great erudition.</p></div>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">PETROGRAD, Sept. 16.</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span><b>HE</b> future historian will note with astonishment that official Germany,
+when she declared war on Russia, was in no way informed of the state of
+public opinion in our country.</p>
+
+<p>This is all the more astonishing because not a single country to the
+west of Russia maintains so close a communication with Russia as
+Germany. The Germans, better than other peoples, could and should have
+known Russia and her material resources, her internal state, and her
+moral condition. When she declared war on Russia, Germany evidently
+counted, above all, on the weakness of the Russian Army. There was
+nothing, however, to justify such an estimate of the armed forces of
+Russia. Certainly Russia had been beaten in the Japanese war, but in
+that war the decision was reached on the sea, and after the fall of Port
+Arthur the land war had no object. The Germans have probably convinced
+themselves already how superficial was such an estimate of the forces of
+Russia, but in reality their mistake was due to an entirely superficial
+view of the national culture of Russia and an extremely elementary idea
+of our internal development. The Germans did not believe that there is
+in Russia a genuine and growing national civilization, and did not
+understand that the liberation movement in Russia had not only not
+shaken the power of the Russian State, but had, on the contrary,
+increased it.</p>
+
+<p>Not understanding this, they thought that any blow from outside would
+tumble over the Russian State like a rotten tree. German aggression, on
+the contrary, united the whole population of Russia, and by this alone
+strengthened a hundredfold her external power. This, of course, would
+have been the natural effect of any attack from without upon any sound
+people or any State that was not in decomposition. But in this case
+there was something else. Such a war as this could not fail to take on
+at once the character both of a world war and of a national war. That is
+why in this struggle with Germany and Austria-Hungary, elemental forces
+united in one impulse and spirit both the Russian Radicals, with their
+tendency to cosmopolitanism, and the extreme Nationalist Conservatives.
+Nay, more than that, all the races of Russia understood that a challenge
+had been thrown out to Russia by Germany that morally compelled her, in
+the interests of the whole and of the various parts, to forget for the
+time all quarrels and grievances.</p>
+
+<p>This showed itself in the most natural and inevitable way with the
+Poles, of whose national culture Germanism is the sworn foe. The
+well-known manifesto of the Commander in Chief did not awake this
+feeling among the Poles of Russia, but simply met it and gave it
+support. Equally natural and elemental was the patriotic outburst that
+spread among the Jews of Russia. In their case the political and social
+Radicalism which we always find in the Jews turned by some sound
+instinct against German militarism, which had shown itself the chief
+cause and occasion of a world catastrophe.</p>
+
+<p>The German declaration of war on Russia at once dispersed all doubts and
+hesitations in the many millions of the population of the Russian
+Empire. Some may put in the forefront of this war the struggle with the
+uncivilizing militarism of Prussia. Others may see in it, above all
+things, a struggle for the national principle and for the inured rights
+of nationalities&mdash;Serbians, Poles, and Belgians. Others, again, see in
+the war the only means of securing the peaceful future of Russia and her
+allies from the extravagant pretensions of Germany. But all alike feel
+that this war is a great, popular, liberating work, which starts a new
+epoch in the history of the world. Thus the war against united Germany
+and Austria-Hungary has become in Russia a truly national war. That is
+the enormous difference between it and the war with Japan, whose
+political grounds and objects, apart from self-defense against a hostile
+attack, were alien to the public conscience.</p>
+
+<p>There is one other consideration which cannot be passed over in silence.
+In Russia many are convinced, and others instinctively feel, that a
+victorious war will contribute to the internal recovery and regeneration
+of the State. Many barriers have already fallen, national and political
+feuds have been softened, new conditions are being created for the
+mutual relations of the people and the Government. There is every reason
+to think that some members of the Government&mdash;unfortunately, it is true,
+not all&mdash;have understood that at the present time of complete national
+union many of the old methods of administration and all the old
+Government psychology are not only out of place, but simply impossible.
+In one question, the Polish, this conviction has received the supreme
+sanction of the sovereign and of the Commander in Chief, and a striking
+expression in the latter's manifesto to the Poles. Further than this,
+the actual attitude of Russian Liberals and Radicals toward a whole
+series of problems and relations cannot fail to be changed. Thus the war
+will help to reconcile and soften many internal contradictions in
+Russia.</p>
+
+<p>How far we are, with this state of public opinion and these perspectives
+of the internal development of Russia, from those fantastic pictures of
+civil disunion and revolutionary conflagration which were anticipated
+before the war and have sometimes been, even since the war, portrayed in
+the German and Austro-Hungarian press! Our enemies counted on these
+domestic divisions, and they have made a bitter mistake. Constitutional
+Russia, precisely because of the radical internal transformation which
+it has experienced in the period that began with the Japanese war, has
+proved to be fully equal to the immense universal and national task that
+has devolved upon it. The national and political consciousness of Russia
+not only has not weakened, but has wonderfully strengthened and taken
+shape. As one who has had a close and constant share in the struggle for
+the Russian Constitution, I can only note with the greatest satisfaction
+the striking result of Russia's entry into the number of constitutional
+States, a result which has so plainly showed itself in the tremendous
+part that Russia is playing in the great world-crisis of 1914.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Prince_Trubetskois_Appeal_to_Russians_to_Help_the_Polish_Victims_of_War" id="Prince_Trubetskois_Appeal_to_Russians_to_Help_the_Polish_Victims_of_War"></a>Prince Trubetskoi's Appeal to Russians to Help the Polish Victims of War</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[Russkia Vedomosti, No. 231, Oct. 8, (21,) 1914, P. 2.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">A</span> <b>NEW</b> era of Russian-Polish relations has begun, and the noble
+initiative of A.J. Konovalov, who has donated 10,000 rubles for the
+needs of the war victims of Poland, offers a shining testimony.</p>
+
+<p>Up to the present the Polish people have had relations with official
+Russia only. The war has brought them for the first time into immediate
+touch with <i>the Russian people</i>. Thousands of Polish exiles have gone
+forth to our central provinces. In Moscow alone there are not less than
+1,000 former inhabitants of Kalisz, to say nothing of fleeing people
+from other provinces. Moscow, of course, attracts the largest number of
+these unfortunates. Some particular instinctive faith draws the Poles to
+Moscow, to the centre of popular Russia. To my query why she had chosen
+Moscow among all Russian cities, a poor Polish woman, the wife of a
+reservist, said:</p>
+
+<p>"I was sent here by the military chief. 'Go to Moscow,' said he. 'You
+won't perish there.'"</p>
+
+<p>And indeed in Moscow the Polish exiles have not perished. They have
+found here brotherly love, shelter, and food. The municipality of
+Moscow, numerous philanthropists, both Polish and Russian, are rendering
+them assistance.</p>
+
+<p>It is needless to describe the impression made upon the Poles by this
+attitude of the people of Russia. A prominent municipal worker of the
+City of Kalisz, with tears in his eyes, told me: "Up to the present
+moment Poland has been segregated from Russia by a wall of officialdom
+erected by the Germans; now for the first time this wall has been broken
+down, two peoples are seeing each other and feeling each other."</p>
+
+<p>A tremendous process of mutual understanding has begun before our eyes!
+It has barely begun as yet; for what has been accomplished by Russia for
+Poland is but a drop as compared with what still remains to be done. It
+is not enough to help the Polish immigrants in our central provinces.
+Our help must be carried to the provinces devastated by the German and
+Austrian hordes. Right there the scenes of misery make the hair stand
+upon our heads.</p>
+
+<p>Let us realize that the City of Kalisz alone has suffered not less than
+40,000,000 rubles in loss of property. Representatives of Polish
+municipalities with whom I had opportunity to discuss the situation told
+me that in the City of Kalisz there is no longer a single drug store,
+nor a grocery store, and there were about three thousand of them before.</p>
+
+<p>There are numerous cities and villages where everything has been
+pillaged by the German requisitions. Horses, cows, food, even
+mattresses, have been taken away, and for all these ironical receipts
+have been tendered: "So much worth of goods have been taken; the payment
+for same will be made by the Russian Government."</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the destruction of the inventory and the stock in the villages,
+there is nothing to till the soil with, and the fields have to remain
+unseeded.</p>
+
+<p>Poland is indeed the Belgium of Russia. Belgium is aided by England and
+France, but there is nobody to help Poland except us. The appeal of the
+Commander in Chief has promised, in case of Russian victory, the
+political regeneration of Poland, with her own religion, with her own
+language, and with her own self-government. But before the political
+regeneration we have to think of the saving of the unfortunate country
+from starvation.</p>
+
+<p><i>This must be above all our national, Russian affair.</i> Let the
+exhausted, suffering people of Poland feel that the people of Russia are
+their real brothers; let them see that our words are backed up by deeds.
+Perhaps in this way we shall forever clear away their ancient distrust
+toward us, a distrust which unfortunately had ground in the past
+relations between Russia and Poland.</p>
+
+<p>We are not speaking of a commonplace charity at the present moment.
+There is need for a help which should mark the beginning of a historical
+change in the lives of both peoples. Both peoples should not only
+silence their material sufferings, but they should draw a spiritual
+comfort from this great historical trial and make it a source of their
+moral vigor.</p>
+
+<p>They should feel that their sufferings and their sacrifices have not
+been in vain, that no matter what their further resolutions might be the
+popular affair should by all means be carried on right now, and that
+irrespective of the outcome of the present war one tremendous result has
+already been accomplished. The Polish affair has already become a
+Russian national affair. And this means that henceforth there shall be
+no discrepancy between words and deeds in the relations of both peoples.</p>
+
+<p>The whole might of the people of Russia and their ideals, expressed by
+the Supreme Commander in Chief, shall be the bond for the Poles,
+guaranteeing them the realization of the dreams of their forefathers for
+the resurrection of Poland.</p>
+
+<p>Let us Russians prepare this resurrection and help it by all means
+within our power. Now or never the aid to the suffering people of Poland
+shall grow into a national Russian demonstration. Let all Russian papers
+throw open their columns for subscriptions for aid to the people of
+Poland suffering from war, without prejudice to their religion and race.
+As the funds will be forthcoming, a national Russian committee shall be
+organized to take charge of their distribution.</p>
+
+<p>Let us not fear for the modest beginnings. The tremendous wave of
+sympathy and love which has now swept over the Russian people can create
+wonders, if need be, for the success of the Russian national issue.</p>
+
+<p>Let us hope that wonders will happen even now. I myself witnessed in our
+neighborhood the following dramatic scene: The small provincial City of
+Kaluga was getting ready in August to receive the wounded. Unexpectedly
+it got many times more than at first had been contemplated. The wounded
+had to be placed on the floor, without straw, without linen, without
+food. But within two days all were comfortably placed, fed, and clothed.
+<i>Unknown</i> persons secured straw, other <i>unknown</i> persons sent
+mattresses, linens, and pillows, <i>unknown peasants</i> brought food from
+their villages.</p>
+
+<p>All this was done as a matter of course, without a previous concert,
+without any organization, through an elementary popular movement.</p>
+
+<p>This elementary movement which can heal the wounds is needed at this
+moment in most tremendous proportions. It is not a question of a few
+wounded individuals, not even a question of thousands of wounded, but
+the problem of a whole wounded Polish nation.</p>
+
+<p>Let the great Russian tide of sympathy rise to its aid, without a
+previous agreement, without a previous organization. Let this impulse
+show Poland her protector&mdash;<i>Russia, the liberator of nations</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This movement of sympathy for a brotherly people shall be our guarantee
+that our coming victory over Germany will call forth the triumph of
+light in Russian herself.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">Prince EUGENE TRUBETSKOI.</p>
+
+<p>Moscow, October 7, (20,) 1914.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="How_Prohibition_Came_to_Russia" id="How_Prohibition_Came_to_Russia"></a>How Prohibition Came to Russia</h2>
+
+<h3>Interview with the Peasant-Born Millionaire Reformer, Tchelisheff.</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[By the Associated Press.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">P</span><b>ETROGRAD</b>, Nov. 18.&mdash;There is prohibition in Russia today, prohibition
+which means that not a drop of vodka, whisky, brandy, gin, or any other
+strong liquor is obtainable from one end to the other of a territory
+populated by 130,000,000 people and covering one-sixth of the habitable
+globe.</p>
+
+<p>The story of how strong drink has been utterly banished from the Russian
+Empire was related by Michael Demitrovitch Tchelisheff, the man directly
+responsible for putting an end to Russia's great vice, the vodka habit.</p>
+
+<p>It should be said in the beginning that the word prohibition in Russia
+must be taken literally. Its use does not imply a partially successful
+attempt to curtail the consumption of liquor resulting in drinking in
+secret places, the abuse of medical licenses and general evasion and
+subterfuge. It does mean that a vast population who consumed
+$1,000,000,000 worth of vodka a year; whose ordinary condition has been
+described by Russians themselves as ranging from a slight degree of
+stimulation upward, has been lifted almost in one day from a drunken
+inertia to sobriety.</p>
+
+<p>On that day when the mobilization of the Russian Army began, special
+policemen visited every public place where vodka is sold, locked up the
+supply of the liquor, and placed on the shop the imperial seal. Since
+the manufacture and sale of vodka is a Government monopoly in Russia, it
+is not a difficult thing to enforce prohibition.</p>
+
+<p>From the day this step was taken drunkenness vanished in Russia. The
+results are seen at once in the peasantry; already they are beginning to
+look like a different race. The marks of suffering, the pinched looks of
+illness and improper nourishment have gone from their faces. There has
+been also a remarkable change in the appearance of their clothes. Their
+clothes are cleaner, and both the men and women appear more neatly and
+better dressed. The destitute character of the homes of the poor has
+been replaced with something like order and thrift.</p>
+
+<p>In Petrograd and Moscow the effect of these improved conditions is
+fairly startling. On holidays in these two cities inebriates always
+filled the police stations and often lay about on the sidewalks and even
+in the streets. Things are so different today that unattended women may
+now pass at night through portions of these cities where it was formerly
+dangerous even for men. Minor crimes and misdemeanors have almost
+vanished.</p>
+
+<p>Tchelisheff, the man who virtually accomplished this miracle, was a
+peasant by birth, originally a house painter by profession, then Mayor
+of the city of Samara, and now a millionaire. Physically he is a giant,
+standing over 6 feet 4 inches in his stocking feet, and of powerful
+build. Although he is 55 years old, he looks much younger. His movements
+display the energy of youth, his eyes are animated, and his black hair
+is not tinged by gray.</p>
+
+<p>In Petrograd Mr. Tchelisheff is generally found in a luxurious suite of
+rooms in one of the best hotels. He goes about clad in a blue blouse
+with a tasseled girdle, and baggy black breeches tucked into heavy
+boots. He offers his visitors tea from a samovar and fruit from the
+Crimea. Speaking of what he had accomplished for the cause of sobriety
+in Russia, Mr. Tchelisheff said:</p>
+
+<p>"I was reared in a small Russian village. There were no schools or
+hospitals, or any of the improvements we are accustomed to in civilized
+communities. I picked up an education from old newspapers and stray
+books. One day I chanced upon a book in the hands of a moujik, which
+treated of the harmfulness of alcohol. It stated among other things that
+vodka was a poison.</p>
+
+<p>"I was so impressed with this, knowing that everybody drank vodka, that
+I asked the first physician I met if the statement were true. He said
+yes. Men drank it, he explained, because momentarily it gave them a
+sensation of pleasant dizziness. From that time I decided to take every
+opportunity to discover more about the use of vodka.</p>
+
+<p>"At the end of the eighties there came famine in Russia, followed by
+agrarian troubles. I saw a crowd of peasants demand from a local
+landlord all the grain and foodstuffs in his granary. This puzzled me; I
+could not understand how honest men were indulging in what seemed to be
+highway robbery. But I noted at the time that every man who was taking
+part in this incident was a drinking man, while their fellow villagers,
+who were abstemious, had sufficient provisions in their own homes. Thus
+it was that I observed the industrial effects of vodka drinking.</p>
+
+<p>"At Samara I decided to do more than passively disapprove of vodka. At
+this time I was an Alderman, and many of the tenants living in my houses
+were workingmen. One night a drunken father in one of my houses killed
+his wife. This incident made such a terrible impression on me that I
+decided to fight vodka with all my strength.</p>
+
+<p>"On the supposition that the Government was selling vodka for the
+revenue, I calculated the revenue received from its consumption in
+Samara. I then introduced a bill in the City Council providing that the
+city give this sum of money to the imperial treasury, requesting at the
+same time that the sale of vodka be prohibited. This bill passed, and
+the money was appropriated. It was offered to the Government, but the
+Government promptly refused it.</p>
+
+<p>"It then dawned upon me that Russian bureaucracy did not want the people
+to become sober, for the reason that it was easier to rule
+autocratically a drunken mob than a sober people.</p>
+
+<p>"This was seven years ago. Later I was elected Mayor of Samara, capital
+of the Volga district, a district with over a quarter of a million
+inhabitants. Subsequently I was elected to the Duma on an anti-vodka
+platform. In the Duma I proposed a bill permitting the inhabitants of
+any town to close the local vodka shops, and providing also that every
+bottle of vodka should bear a label with the word poison. At my request
+the wording of this label, in which the evils of vodka were set forth,
+was done by the late Count Leo Tolstoy. This bill passed the Duma and
+went to the Imperial Council, where it was amended and finally tabled.</p>
+
+<p>"I then begged an audience of Emperor Nicholas. He received me with
+great kindness in his castle in the Crimea, not far from the scene of
+the recent Turkish bombardment. He listened to me patiently. He was
+impressed with my recital that most of the revolutionary and Socialist
+excesses were committed by drunkards, and that the Svesborg, Kronstadt,
+and Sebastopol navy revolts and the Petrograd and other mutinous
+military movements were all caused by inebriates. Having heard me out
+his Majesty promised at once to speak to his Minister of Finance
+concerning the prohibition of vodka.</p>
+
+<p>"Disappointed at not having been able to get through a Government bill
+regulating this evil, I had abandoned my seat in the Duma. It was
+evident that the bureaucracy had been able to obstruct the measure.
+Minister of Finance Kokovsoff regarded it as a dangerous innovation,
+depriving the Government of 1,000,000,000 rubles ($500,000,000) yearly,
+without any method of replacing this revenue.</p>
+
+<p>"While I lobbied in Petrograd the Emperor visited the country around
+Moscow and saw the havoc of vodka. He then dismissed Kokovsoff, and
+appointed the present Minister of Finance, M. Bark.</p>
+
+<p>"Mobilization precipitated the anti-vodka measure. The Grand Duke,
+remembering the disorganization due to drunkenness during the
+mobilization of 1904, ordered the prohibition of all alcoholic drinks
+except in clubs and first-class restaurants. This order, enforced for
+one month, showed the Russian authorities the value of abstinence.</p>
+
+<p>"In spite of the general depression caused by the war, the paralysis of
+business, the closing of factories, and the interruption of railroad
+traffic, the people felt no depression. Savings banks showed an increase
+in deposits over the preceding month, and over the corresponding month
+of the preceding year. At the same there was a boom in the sale of
+meats, groceries, clothing, dry goods, and housefurnishings. The
+30,000,000 rubles a day that had been paid for vodka were now being
+spent for the necessities of life.</p>
+
+<p>"The average working week increased from three and four days to six, the
+numerous <span lang="el" title="Transcriber's Note: so in original">holiday</span> of the drinker
+having been eliminated. The working day also became longer, and the
+efficiency of the worker was perhaps doubled. Women and children, who
+seldom were without marks showing the physical violence of the husband
+and father, suddenly found themselves in an undreamed-of paradise.
+There were no blows, no insults, and no rough treatment. There was bread
+on the table, milk for the babies, and a fire in the kitchen.</p>
+
+<p>"I decided to seize this occasion for a press campaign, so far as this
+is a possible thing in Russia. I organized delegations to present
+petitions to the proper authorities for the prolonging of this new
+sobriety for the duration of the war. This step found favor with his
+Imperial Majesty, and an order was issued to that effect. Another
+similar campaign to remove the licenses from privileged restaurants and
+clubs was successful, and strong liquor is no longer available anywhere
+in Russia.</p>
+
+<p>"The second month of abstinence made the manifold advantages so clear to
+everybody that when we called upon his Majesty to thank him for his
+orders, he promised that the vodka business of the Government would be
+given up forever. This promise was promulgated in a telegram to the
+Grand Duke Constantine.</p>
+
+<p>"There remains only now to find elsewhere the revenue which up to the
+present time has been contributed by vodka. There has been introduced in
+the Duma a bill offering a solution of this question. The aim of this
+bill is not the creation of new taxes or an increase in the present
+taxes, but an effort to render the Government domains and possessions
+more productive."</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image03.jpg" width="300" height="131" alt="decoration" title="decoration" />
+</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image04.jpg" width="249" height="400" alt="Cradock" title="Cradock" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>ADMIRAL SIR CHRISTOPHER CRADOCK,<br />
+Who Went Down with His Flagship, the Good Hope, in the Naval Engagement
+Off the Coast of Chile.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo from a Kodak Negative.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image05.jpg" width="253" height="400" alt="von Spee" title="von Spee" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>ADMIRAL COUNT VON SPEE,<br />
+Who Went Down with His Flagship, the Scharnhorst, in the Battle with the
+British Squadron Off the South American Coast.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>by Brown Bros.</i>)</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Influence_of_the_War_Upon_Russian_Industry" id="Influence_of_the_War_Upon_Russian_Industry"></a>Influence of the War Upon Russian Industry</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[From Russkia Vedomosti, No. 260, Nov. 11, (Nov. 24,) 1914, P. 3.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>The Russian Ministry of Commerce and Industry has lately
+published the preliminary results of an inquiry into the
+changes in industry which have occurred during the first two
+and one-half months of the war, Aug. 1 to Oct. 14, 1914.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">A</span><b>LTOGETHER</b> 8,550 of the largest industrial establishments, excepting
+those of Poland, have been investigated. These employ 1,602,000 workers.
+Of those investigated 502 factories employing 46,586 employes had to be
+closed down entirely, while 1,034 establishments with 435,000
+wage-earners have cut down their working force to 319,000. Thus about
+one-third of the total industrial wage-earning force has felt the
+effects of the war either through total discharge or through diminished
+output.</p>
+
+<p>The lack of trained labor power and the failure to obtain funds have
+affected 222 establishments with 58,000 workers. Lack of funds has been
+very severely felt in the Baltic provinces, (there, especially, in the
+chemical industry,) affecting fourteen establishments with 15,701
+workers. Altogether 132 establishments with 50,000 employes have cut
+down their operations, and of these 30 per cent. employing 15,000
+workers belonged to the chemical industry. Also twenty establishments of
+the metal working (fine machinery) industry with 11,000 employes had to
+curtail their volume of business. In other industries the lack of labor
+supply has not been felt. Evidently only the industries requiring highly
+qualified labor have suffered from this cause. The shortage of fuel
+forced 108 establishments with 49,000 workers to diminish their output,
+and eleven establishments with 3,000 workers had to close down
+altogether.</p>
+
+<p>The lack of fuel was very severely felt in the provinces of Petrograd
+and in the Baltic, owing to the stoppage of the importation of British
+coal. Of all establishments closed down for this reason, about 60 per
+cent. belong to the provinces of Petrograd, Livland, and Estland.</p>
+
+<p>In other regions this want was felt less severely. The output of coal in
+the Donetz basin and of naphtha in the Baku region has increased, and
+the decreased demand for fuel owing to the diminished production has
+somewhat lowered the prices of naphtha. Thus in 1913 the average monthly
+price of light naphtha in Balakhany was 42 copecks per pood, (two-thirds
+of a cent per pound,) but in September, 1914, it was 36, and on Nov. 5
+it fell to 25-26 copecks per pood, (13 cents per thirty-six pounds&mdash;a
+little over 1-3 cent per pound.)</p>
+
+<p>The main difficulty in the fuel supply lies, however, in the inadequate
+transportation facilities.</p>
+
+<p>The next obstacle in the way of normal development of industry is the
+lack of transportation facilities. This cause alone forced 223 factories
+with 128,000 workers to curtail their output, and fifty-six factories
+with 5,300 workers stopped production.</p>
+
+<p>But the most disastrous effect upon the Russian industry has been
+produced by the diminished demand and by the lack of raw materials. For
+lack of market, 671 establishments with 219,000 workers reduced their
+output. The greatest sufferers have been the building trades and the
+industries connected therewith&mdash;structural iron, cement, (concrete,)
+brickmaking, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>The railroads have suffered greatly through the cancellation of
+registered orders and by the stoppage of further orders from Poland,
+also by the military mobilization.</p>
+
+<p>During the month of August, 1914, the gross earnings of the Russian
+railroads, both State and private, were only half of their gross
+earnings for August the year before.</p>
+
+<p>The unexpected prohibition of alcoholic beverages has almost ruined the
+liquor industry.</p>
+
+<p>For lack of demand 83 textile factories with 95,000 employes have
+reduced their output. The lack of raw material forced 103 cotton mills
+with 188,000 weavers to cut down their output. This makes 40 per cent.
+of the total cotton mills of Russia. Similar reductions have occurred in
+the silk, woolen, linen, and hemp industries.</p>
+
+<p>The Ministry has withheld the data as to the exact nature of the raw
+materials wanting, but it may be surmised that raw cotton and dyestuffs
+are among the chief items.</p>
+
+<p>Among the remedies suggested are better credit facilities and the
+resumption of interrupted intercourse with friendly and neutral powers
+for the securing of raw material.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Declaration_of_the_Russian_Industrial_Interests" id="Declaration_of_the_Russian_Industrial_Interests"></a>Declaration of the Russian Industrial Interests</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[Russkia Vedomosti, No. 217, Sept. 21, (Oct. 4,) 1914, P. 5.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">R</span><b>EFERRING</b> to the abundance of donations forthcoming from the industrial
+interests for the victims of war, the Council of the Conventions of the
+industrial interests declares its confidence in the ability of Russian
+industry to bear the burden of war cheerfully and whole-heartedly.</p>
+
+<p>The Council finds the proposed measures of the Government for its
+financing of the campaign insufficient, and promises to come forward
+with its own project of a special single property and personal war tax.</p>
+
+<p>Then the causes of the war are summed up and the importance of the war
+for the industrial interests is outlined. The chief cause of the war is
+assigned to the irreconcilable economic conflict between the German and
+Russian interests created by commercial treaties favorable to Germany.</p>
+
+<p>Victorious Russia should dictate her own economic programme to the
+defeated enemy. Without such a result all sacrifices made will be in
+vain, and will fall as a heavy and unbearable burden upon the shattered
+economic organization of the country.</p>
+
+<p>The industrial interests desire a war to the finish, and they say:</p>
+
+<p>"Let the Government know how to cultivate in the future among the people
+the conviction that the war will be brought to an end, then the task of
+finding the means for carrying on the campaign will be greatly
+facilitated; for no sacrifice is too great for us for the overthrow of
+the economic yoke of Germany and for the conquest of economic
+independence. Nothing but strong will and determination are needed."</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 25%;" />
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Council of Industrial Conventions is a permanent
+organization corresponding roughly to the executive board of
+the National Manufacturers' Association of the United States.
+All big industrial interests, like the mining companies, the
+textile manufacturers, iron manufacturers, are represented in
+the council.&mdash;Translator.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="A_Russian_Financial_Authority_on_the_War" id="A_Russian_Financial_Authority_on_the_War"></a>A Russian Financial Authority on the War</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[Russkia Vedomosti, No. 167, July 22, (Aug. 4,) 1914, P. 4.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Prof. Migoulin, member of the Council of the Russian Ministry
+of Finance and the author of several works on Russian
+indebtedness, in his article, published immediately after the
+beginning of the war and evidently written before the position
+of Italy had become known, thus sums up the war situation:</i></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span><b>HE</b> moment for the declaration of war has been well chosen and carefully
+planned by Germany and Austria. Russia had her hands full with the
+numerous labor strikes and poor crops in certain parts of the country.</p>
+
+<p>England had her troubles with the Ulsterites, and the President of
+France was absent from his country when the Austrian ultimatum was
+handed to Servia.</p>
+
+<p>Austria had already mobilized large numbers of her troops in Bosnia
+under the pretext of manoeuvres, Italy had a partial mobilization, and
+Germany was preparing herself for a grand army show.</p>
+
+<p>The German strategists are looking for a brief campaign. But they are
+mistaken. Even with the capture of Petrograd the war will have barely
+begun, for Petrograd is only the frontier of Russia.</p>
+
+<p>Our troops are numerous and well equipped. The vastness of our country,
+her poor roads, and her severe climate are her defenses. The French
+frontier is strongly fortified. A quick surrender is unthinkable, and
+there is no reason for surrender, for the war will continue to the
+bitter end.</p>
+
+<p>But a long campaign threatens Germany. She is a country with highly
+developed industry and with a tremendous foreign commerce, the breakdown
+of which cannot be compensated by any territorial conquest. A war of
+Germany against England, France, and Russia will stop her commerce
+entirely. It will be impossible for her to export her goods and to
+import foodstuffs. Her manufactures and her commerce will come to a
+deadlock, and unemployment will threaten her cities. All the victories
+of her army will be of no avail. If her enemies draw out the war for a
+year or two Germany will be exhausted. We are not talking of the
+possibility of a German defeat, although Germany is not invincible.</p>
+
+<p>The gold reserve of Russia, France, and England amount to about
+350,000,000 rubles, ($155,000,000,) while the gold reserve of Germany,
+Austria, and Italy is only about 160,000,000 rubles.</p>
+
+<p>The gold currency of the first three countries amounts to about
+7,000,000,000 rubles, ($3,500,000,000,) while the gold currency of the
+other three is only $1,500,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>The food supply of Russia is inexhaustible. Her industries are working
+chiefly for the home market. They can only win by the campaign. The
+curtailing of food and raw material exports may benefit her home
+industries by cheapening production.</p>
+
+<p>In case of a shortage of war supplies Russia will be able to get them
+from neutral countries&mdash;for example, from the United States. But where
+will Germany get them? What shall she do when her stock of saltpetre
+runs out? For the time being saltpetre is obtained by all countries from
+Chile only.</p>
+
+<p>France is an agricultural country which has large supplies of food. Her
+manufactures are poorly developed, and they are working for a foreign
+market which will not be closed. Her resources are so large that she
+will be able to stand the campaign with comparative ease.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to her insular position, England will lose but very little through
+this war, provided she is able to maintain the supremacy of her navy
+over the German fleet. The British merchant marine and her manufactures
+will gain quite considerably.</p>
+
+<p>The public credit of France and Great Britain is inexhaustible, and it
+will not be restricted to Russia, while she is an ally of these
+countries.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Proposed_Internal_Loans_of_Russia" id="Proposed_Internal_Loans_of_Russia"></a>Proposed Internal Loans of Russia</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[Russkia Vedomosti, No. 222, Sept. 27, (Oct. 3,) 1914, P. 3.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">P</span><b>ROF. MIGOULIN</b> has submitted to the Russian Minister of Finance a scheme
+for new internal loans to meet the extraordinary expenditures caused by
+the present war.</p>
+
+<p>It is proposed to enlist the support of various groups of capitalists
+and of small property holders and to obtain from them about
+2,500,000,000 rubles, ($1,500,000,000.)</p>
+
+<p>Four different loans are contemplated. Persons desiring to invest their
+savings at a small but sure interest rate will be able to buy the
+certificates at a 5 per cent. loan. These certificates will have a face
+value of 100 rubles, and they will sell at $90. The interest rate will
+not be changed within the next fifteen or twenty years. Therefore, the
+actual interest rate will be 5.56 per cent. on the original investment.</p>
+
+<p>A 6 per cent. loan will cater to those investors who like to place their
+loans at shorter terms. The certificates of this loan will be sold at
+premiums. Five-year certificates will be sold at ninety-six for a
+hundred rubles face value, four-year certificates at ninety-seven,
+three-year certificates at ninety-eight, two-year certificates at
+ninety-nine, and one-year certificates at par. This loan will be free
+from the interest (coupon) tax, but not from the income and inheritance
+taxes. In case of success one billion worth of these certificates will
+be issued.</p>
+
+<p>For persons interested in the changes of values upon Stock Exchange
+different loans will be issued. In the first place, no interest-bearing
+ten-ruble certificates with a large number of winners will be issued. A
+considerable number of these certificates will be redeemed each year. It
+is proposed to have one winner of 200,000 rubles, one of 100,000, two of
+50,000, one of 25,000, about fifty of 10,000 rubles each, some 3,950
+"chances" of from 100 to 500 rubles each. The whole loan may amount to
+100,000,000 rubles. It is to be redeemed within fifty years.</p>
+
+<p>Should this loan prove a success it will be followed by another of equal
+amount.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, Prof. Migoulin proposes to obtain about 200,000,000 rubles by
+selling 4 per cent. Government bonds in fifty-ruble denominations. This
+loan, too, will be equipped with the winners at the annual draw for the
+redemption.</p>
+
+<p>The first of the proposed loans will be realized soon. The Government
+has decided to obtain 500,000,000 rubles at 5 per cent. This new loan
+will increase the present debt of the Russian Government of
+8,838,000,000 rubles ($4,500,000,000) to 9,338,000,000 rubles. Russia
+has to pay 370,000,000 rubles annually for the interest on her debts.
+About one-half of her indebtedness is due to railroad building and to
+other more or less productive expenditures. But the other half of her
+indebtedness has been spent on armaments, wars, and other unproductive
+items.</p>
+
+<p>Russia's new budget is about 3,500,000,000 rubles ($1,800,000,000.) The
+interest on the new loan will increase this budget only 6 per cent. But
+this new loan increases again her unproductive debt and places a heavy
+burden upon the taxpayer for whom the Government has prepared many
+"surprises" this year.</p>
+
+<p>The possibilities of <i>internal</i> loans are not very great. During the
+first month of the war about 380,000,000 rubles of savings were
+withdrawn from the banks. Of this sum only 76,000,000 were redeposited
+later when the first excitement had passed. The rest of the money
+evidently was either used up for production, for consumption, or for
+private storing of ready cash. How much of this money will come forth to
+buy the various short-time loans no one is able to tell beforehand. But
+the big manufacturing interests are craving for <i>foreign gold loans</i>,
+not for internal paper money loans.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="How_Russian_Manufacturers_Feel" id="How_Russian_Manufacturers_Feel"></a>How Russian Manufacturers Feel</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[Digested from Russkia Vedomosti, No. 266, Nov. 18, (Dec. 1,) 1914, P.
+6.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span><b>HE</b> manufacturers of war supplies are making large profits through the
+war. All they need is Government advances to buy their raw material. The
+Government permits them to borrow from the State bank upon Government
+orders for war supplies. The only difficulty lies in the extent of the
+credit. The Government would not permit borrowing more than one-third of
+the amount of its orders, while the manufacturers are asking for
+two-fifths.</p>
+
+<p>The manufacturers who are using imported raw material and are working
+for the private consumer are suffering heavily from the war. The lack of
+coal, of hides, of wool and of cotton is threatening Russian industry
+with a crisis. There is a great want of hydroscopic (absorbent) cotton,
+since the only factory for this product was in Poland (City of Zgerzc)
+and has been destroyed. Lack of dyestuffs and other chemicals is
+hampering many other industries. The importation of tea and coffee has
+been curtailed considerably.</p>
+
+<p>Russian cotton mills used to get 45 per cent. of their raw material from
+the United States, since only 55 per cent. of their demand can be
+supplied by Central Asia.</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, this Asiatic cotton can be used for the coarser grades of
+manufacturing only.</p>
+
+<p>The war has cut off the American supply altogether.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, the manufacturers need cash to buy the cotton available. But
+they have none. They have already applied for some hundred million
+rubles gold loan from the Treasury, but the Government has promised them
+only about eight million from the new loan.</p>
+
+<p>The wool manufacturers are faring no better than the cotton interests.
+The only way to get raw wool seems to be to ship it from Australia via
+Vladivostok. But the lack of foreign exchange prevents them from using
+this source.</p>
+
+<p>The tea trade of Russia will be paralyzed soon for the same reason.</p>
+
+<p>The big manufacturers see only three possibilities of remedying this
+situation. The first would be to export gold, the other to export
+Russian commodities on a large scale, and the third&mdash;to get a gold loan
+from Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>The first proposition is impossible, since the Government will not
+permit any exportation of gold at this moment. The second proposition
+won't work owing to the demoralized transportation. Thus the only escape
+from a serious national crisis seems to lie in a large foreign gold
+loan.</p>
+
+<p>This idea is favored by such prominent manufacturers as S.I.
+Tschetverikov, G.M. Mark, and A.E. Vladimirov of Moscow, the first
+speaking for the wool interests, and other two for the tea wholesalers.
+Mr. N.A. Vtovov voices the same sentiments on behalf of the Russian
+cotton mill owners.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="New_Sources_of_Revenue_Needed" id="New_Sources_of_Revenue_Needed"></a>New Sources of Revenue Needed</h2>
+
+<h3>By A. Sokolov.</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[From Russkia Vedomosti, No. 171, July 26 (Aug. 8), 1914.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">R</span><b>USSIA</b> entered upon the present war better equipped financially than
+ever before in her history. But it is evident that her ordinary
+resources will not suffice, and the Ministry of Finance will have to
+find new sources of revenue to meet the gigantic expenditures. The
+Ministry of Finance has begun the usual banking and credit
+operations&mdash;the supervision of specie payments, the issuance of paper
+money, and the discounting of the Treasury notes in the State Bank. In
+addition to these the Ministry is ready to turn to new taxes.</p>
+
+<p>It proposes to increase the tax on tobacco and to raise the price of
+whisky. Both are desirable objects of taxation. The tobacco tax has been
+relatively low in Russia. Only the poorer grades of tobacco have been
+taxed 100 per cent. ad valorem, while the higher grades have been taxed
+at a lower rate.</p>
+
+<p>Any increase of indirect taxation can be justified only by the present
+emergency. We should bear in mind that already three-fourths of the
+Russian revenue raised by taxation comes through indirect taxes. Further
+increase of these taxes will inflict new heavy burdens upon the poorer
+classes, who in any case will have to bear the heaviest burden of the
+war.</p>
+
+<p>The present historical moment is of such magnitude that it can be
+compared only with the Napoleonic wars. But at that time also the higher
+classes had to contribute to the war expenditures. In 1810 an income tax
+was put upon the landed nobility. Wishing to make it appear that the war
+tax is a voluntary contribution, the Government levied it according to
+the declarations of the taxpayers and refused to listen to informers as
+to tax-dodging. The tax rate was progressive, with a maximum of 10 per
+cent. All incomes below 500 rubles ($250)<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> were exempt.</p>
+
+<p>It is to be hoped that the great memory of the year 1812 will induce the
+well-to-do classes to contribute their share to the expenditures
+inflicted upon us by the war. An income tax and possibly a temporary
+property tax should be accepted by them.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">A. SOKOLOV.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Our_Russian_Ally" id="Our_Russian_Ally"></a>Our Russian Ally</h2>
+
+<h3>By Sir Donald Mackenzie Wallace.</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right">LAIDLAWSTIEL, Oct. 5, 1914.</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span><b>HE</b> Publications Committee of the Victoria League, which is endeavoring
+to enlighten the general public on the origin and issues of the war, has
+suggested to me that, as Russia is now in alliance with us, I might
+write an article on her recent advance in civilization and the ideals of
+her people. To condense satisfactorily such a big subject into a few
+pages seems to me hardly possible; but, considering that we are embarked
+on a great national undertaking in which it is the sacred duty of every
+loyal subject to lend a hand according to his abilities, I cannot refuse
+to comply with the committee's suggestion.</p>
+
+<p>To many thoughtful observers of current events it must seem strange that
+in the present worldwide convulsion we should be fighting vigorously on
+the same side as Russia, who has long been regarded as one of our
+natural enemies. Some worthy people may even feel qualms of conscience
+at finding themselves in such questionable company, and may be disposed
+to inquire how far we are politically and morally justified in thus
+putting aside, even for a time, our traditional convictions. It is
+mainly for the benefit of such conscientious doubters, who deserve
+sympathy, that I have undertaken my present task; and I propose to place
+before them certain facts and considerations which may help them in
+their difficulties. For this purpose, I begin by examining the grounds
+on which the traditional conceptions are founded.</p>
+
+<p>If we were to question a dozen fairly intelligent, educated Englishmen
+why Russia has usually been regarded as a hereditary enemy and an
+impossible ally, they would probably give two main reasons: First, that
+she is the modern stronghold of barbarism, ignorance and tyrannical
+government, and, secondly, that she threatens our interests in
+Southeastern Europe and Central Asia. Let us examine dispassionately
+these two contentions.</p>
+
+<p>As to barbarism, there is no doubt that in the general march of
+civilization Russia long remained far behind her West European sisters
+and that she has not yet quite overtaken them, but it should be
+remembered&mdash;and here I appeal to the Englishman's proverbial love of
+fair play&mdash;that she did not get a fair start. Living on an immense plain
+which stretches far into Asia, her population was for centuries
+constantly exposed to the incursions of lawless, predatory hordes, and
+this life-and-death struggle culminated in the so-called Mongol
+domination, during which her native princes were tributary vassals of
+the great Tartar Khan. Under such circumstances she could hardly be
+expected to make much social progress, and she was further impeded by
+difficulties of intercourse with the more favored nations of the West,
+from whom she was separated by differences of language, customs and
+religious beliefs. It was as if Europe had been divided into two halves
+by a formidable barrier, which condemned the unfortunate Russians to
+isolation. The herculean task of demolishing this barrier was, as we all
+know, begun by Peter the Great. He built for himself a new capital on
+the northwest frontier of his dominions&mdash;the beautiful city on the Neva,
+recently christened Petrograd&mdash;in order to have, as he expressed it, a
+window through which he might look into Europe. He looked into Europe
+with very good results, and his successors have done likewise; but the
+demolition of the barrier proved a very tedious undertaking, and it was
+not completed till comparatively recent times.</p>
+
+<p>The laudable efforts of the Russians to make up for lost time have been
+particularly successful during the last fifty years. Immediately after
+the Crimean War, which some of us are old enough to remember distinctly,
+a new era of progress began. The Czar of that time, Nicholas I., whose
+name is still familiar to the present generation, was a patriotic,
+chivalrous, well-intentioned man, but unfortunately, as a ruler, he
+belonged to the mailed-fist school, delighted in shining armor, and put
+his faith largely in drill sergeants. Even in the civil administration
+he fostered the spirit of military discipline, and he was at no pains to
+conceal his contemptuous dislike of the self-government and
+constitutional liberties of other countries. By unsympathetic critics he
+has been not inaptly described as "the Don Quixote of Autocracy," and
+for thirty years he remained faithful to his principles; but toward the
+close of his reign, in his struggle with England and France, he learned
+by bitter experience that true national greatness is not to be found in
+militarism. This salutary lesson was happily laid to heart by his son
+and successor, Alexander II., and the more enlightened of his subjects.
+The period of triumphant militarism was accordingly followed by a period
+of national repentance, which was also a memorable epoch of beneficent
+reforms and genuine progress.</p>
+
+<p>No sooner was peace concluded in 1856 than premonitory symptoms of the
+new order of things became apparent in St. Petersburg, in Moscow, and
+throughout the country generally. To all who had eyes to see and ears to
+hear, the war had proved that if their country was to compete
+successfully with its rivals, it must adopt a whole series of
+administrative and economic reforms; and there was a general desire that
+those reforms should be undertaken as speedily as possible. The young
+Czar took the lead in the work of national regeneration, and he had the
+good fortune to find sympathy and co-operation among the educated
+classes. For the first time in Russian history&mdash;for on previous
+occasions the efforts of reforming Czars had always encountered a good
+deal of passive resistance&mdash;the Government and the people were anxious
+to aid each other, and the main results may be described as eminently
+satisfactory. Three great reforms deserve special mention&mdash;the
+emancipation of the serfs, the radical reorganization of the civil and
+criminal courts, and a great extension of local self-government.</p>
+
+<p>By the emancipation decree of 1861, which had been carefully prepared by
+liberal-minded officials in conjunction with local committees of the
+landed proprietors, the millions of serfs, who had been habitually
+bought and sold with the estates on which they were settled, and who had
+known no law except the arbitrary will of their masters, were
+transformed suddenly into a class of free and independent citizens! Next
+came the reorganization of the judicial administration, by which a
+similar beneficent change was effected. In the old times the civil and
+criminal tribunals had been hotbeds of bribery and corruption to such an
+extent that a satirical author had once ventured to write a comedy with
+the significant title, "An Unheard-of Wonder; or, The Honest Clerk of
+Court!" Now they were thoroughly cleansed, and during some half a dozen
+years, when I traveled about the country in search of information, I
+never heard of a Judge suspected of taking bribes. The lawsuits, which
+were previously liable to be prolonged for a lifetime, were curtailed by
+simplifying the procedure; trial by jury was introduced for criminal
+cases; and the condition of the prisoners was greatly improved both
+materially and morally. Some of the new prisons were quite excellent. A
+big reformatory, for example, founded by a benevolent society in Moscow
+and largely supported by voluntary contributions, seemed to me the best
+institution of the kind I had ever seen.</p>
+
+<p>Regarding the new system of local self-government, I may say briefly
+that I was very favorably impressed by the results. The first time I
+followed, as an attentive spectator, the proceedings of a Provincial
+Assembly, I was fairly astonished. It was in 1870&mdash;only nine years after
+the beginning of the great reforms&mdash;and already the local affairs were
+being discussed, on a footing of perfect equality, by noble landed
+proprietors in fashionable European costume and emancipated serfs in
+sheepskins. Some of the peasants were very able, unpretentious speakers,
+and in one respect they had an advantage over some of their former
+masters&mdash;they knew thoroughly what they were talking about. While the
+frock-coated young gentlemen who had finished their education in a
+university or agricultural college were often inclined to deal in
+scientific abstractions, their humble colleagues, who had come direct
+from the plow, confined themselves to thoroughly practical remarks, and
+usually exercised a very beneficial influence on the discussions.</p>
+
+<p>The favorable impressions which I received from this Provincial Assembly
+were subsequently confirmed by wider experience, especially when I
+worked regularly during a Winter in the head office of the local
+administration of the Novgorod province. The chief defect of the new
+institutions seemed to me to be the very pardonable habit of attempting
+too much, without duly estimating the available resources. This
+illustrates a very important national characteristic&mdash;intense impatience
+to obtain gigantic results in an incredibly short space of time. Unlike
+the English, who crawl cautiously along the rugged path of progress,
+looking attentively to the right and to the left, and seeking to avoid
+obstacles and circumvent opposition by conciliation and compromise, the
+Russian dashes boldly into the unknown, keeping his eye fixed on the
+distant goal and striving to follow a beeline, regardless of obstacles
+and pitfalls. The natural consequence is that his moments of sanguine
+enthusiasm are frequently followed by hours of depression bordering on
+despair, when he is inclined to attribute his failure to some malign
+influence rather than to his own recklessness. When in this depressed
+mood the more violent natures are apt to have recourse to extreme
+measures.</p>
+
+<p>By bearing in mind this national peculiarity the reader will more easily
+understand the strange events which followed close on the heels of the
+great reforms which I have just mentioned. Alexander II. was preparing
+to advance further along the path on which he had entered so
+successfully, when his reforming ardor was suddenly cooled by alarming
+symptoms of a widespread revolutionary agitation. Many members of the
+young generation, male and female, had imbibed the most advanced
+political and socialist theories of France and Germany, and they
+imagined that, by putting these into practice, Russia might advance by a
+single bound far beyond the more conservative nations and set an example
+for imitation to the future generations of humanity! The less violent of
+these enthusiasts, recognizing that a certain amount of preparatory work
+was necessary, undertook a campaign of propaganda among the lower
+classes, as factory workers in the towns and school teachers in the
+villages. The more violent, on the contrary, considered that a quicker
+and more efficient method of attaining the desired object was the
+destruction of autocracy by revolvers and bombs, and several attempts
+were accordingly made on the lives of the Czar and his advisers. For
+more than ten years, undismayed by these revolutionary manifestations,
+Alexander II. clung to his ideas of reform, but at last, in 1881, on the
+eve of issuing a decree for the convocation of a National Assembly, he
+fell a victim to the bomb throwers.</p>
+
+<p>The practical result of all this was that for the next quarter of a
+century no great reforms were initiated, but those already effected were
+consolidated, and some progress was made in a quiet, unostentatious way,
+especially in the sphere of economic development.</p>
+
+<p>A new period of reform began after the Japanese war, and this time the
+reform current took the direction of parliamentary institutions. At
+last, after much waiting, the political aspirations of the educated
+classes were partially realized, so that Russia has now a Chamber of
+Deputies, called the Imperial Duma, freely elected by the people, and an
+upper house, called the Imperial Council, whose members are selected
+partly by election and partly by nomination.</p>
+
+<p>What strikes a stranger on first entering the Duma is the variety of
+costumes, showing plainly that all classes of the population are
+represented. There are landed proprietors not unlike English country
+squires; long-haired priests in ecclesiastical robes; workingmen from
+the factories and peasants from the villages in their Sunday clothes;
+one or two Cossacks in uniform; Mussulmans from the Eastern provinces in
+semi-Oriental attire. The various nationalities seem to live happily
+together&mdash;Great Russians, Little Russians, Poles, Lithuanians,
+Russo-Germans, Circassians, Tartars, &amp;c. Almost as numerous as the
+nationalities are the recognized political parties&mdash;Conservatives,
+Nationalists, Liberals, Radicals, Labor Members, Social Democrats, and
+Socialists. Great liberty of speech is allowed, but the President has
+generally no difficulty in keeping order.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, to all appearance, the Duma seems exactly what was required to
+complete the edifice of self-government founded fifty years ago; but we
+must not suppose that a Constitution not yet ten years old can be as
+strong and efficient as a Constitution which has gradually emerged from
+centuries of political struggle. In other words, the Russian Duma
+differs in many respects from the British House of Commons. One
+fundamental difference may be cited by way of example. In England, as
+all the world knows, the Cabinet is practically chosen by the party
+which happens to be predominant for the moment, and as soon as it fails
+to command a majority it must resign; whereas in Russia, as in Germany,
+the Cabinet is nominated by the Emperor. This is, of course, a very
+important difference, and all to our advantage, but it is not so great
+in practice as in theory. The Czar, though free theoretically to choose
+his Ministers as he pleases, must choose such men as can obtain a
+working majority in the Assembly; otherwise, the whole parliamentary
+machinery comes to a standstill. Such a deadlock actually occurred in
+the First Duma. Smarting under the humiliation of the Japanese war,
+attributing the defeats to the incurable incapacity of the Supreme
+Government, and believing that the old system had become too weak to
+withstand a vigorous assault, the majority of the Deputies resolved to
+abolish at once the autocratic power and replace it by ultra-democratic
+institutions. They accordingly adopted, from the very first day of the
+session, an attitude of irreconcilable hostility to the Cabinet, refused
+to listen to Ministerial explanations, abstained from all useful
+legislative work, and carried their strategy of obstruction so far that
+the Government had to take refuge in a dissolution.</p>
+
+<p>For this unfortunate result, which tended to retard the natural growth
+of constitutional freedom in Russia, the Government was severely blamed
+by many of its critics, but I venture to think that a large share of the
+responsibility must be attributed to the unreasonable impatience of the
+Deputies and their supporters. In defense of this opinion I might adduce
+many strong arguments, but I confine myself to citing a significant
+little incident from my personal experience. Happening to meet at dinner
+one evening immediately after the dissolution an old friend who had
+played a leading part in the policy of obstruction, I took the liberty
+of remarking to him that he and his party appeared to me to have
+committed a strategical mistake. If they had shown themselves ready to
+co-operate with the Government in resisting the dangerous revolutionary
+movement and favoring moderate reforms, they might have made for
+themselves, in the course of nine or ten years, a very influential
+position in the parliamentary system, and might have greatly advanced
+the cause of democracy which they had at heart. Here my friend
+interrupted me with the exclamation: "Nine or ten years? We can't wait
+so long as that!"</p>
+
+<p>The Second Duma was shipwrecked, like its predecessor, through youthful
+impatience. Among the Deputies there was a small group of Social
+Democrats who attempted to prepare a military insurrection, and when the
+conspiracy was discovered there was great reason to fear that the
+Government might adopt a reactionary policy; but it happily confined
+itself to some changes in the suffrage regulations and a dissolution of
+the Chamber, followed by a general election. Since that time the
+parliamentary machinery has worked much more smoothly. The Duma has
+learned the truth of the old adage that half a loaf is better than no
+bread, and on many important subjects, such as the preparation of the
+annual budget, it now co-operates loyally with the Ministers. In this
+way it gets its half loaf, and the country benefits by the new-born
+spirit of compromise.</p>
+
+<p>Before going further, perhaps I ought to warn my readers that I am often
+reproached by my Russian friends with taking too favorable a view of the
+Duma and of many other things in Russia. To this I usually reply by
+taking those friends to task for their habitual pessimism in criticising
+themselves and their institutions. Naturally inclined to idealism, and
+not possessing sufficient hereditary experience to correct this
+tendency, they compare their institutions with ideals which nowhere
+exist in the real world, and consequently they condemn them very
+severely. The impartial foreigner who wishes to form a true estimate of
+these institutions must always take this into account. In spite of the
+impassioned philippics to which I have listened hundreds of times from
+my Russian friends, I am strongly of opinion that the Russian people
+have made in recent years considerable progress in their political
+education, and that they will continue to do so in the future.</p>
+
+<p>But how is genuine national progress possible so long as the great mass
+of the population are grossly ignorant, conservative, and superstitious?
+Here again we must beware of adopting current exaggerations. To begin
+with the peasantry, who are by far the most numerous class, we must
+admit that they are very far from being well educated, but they are keen
+to learn and they gladly send their children to the village schools,
+which have been greatly increased and improved in recent years. Another
+source of education is the army. Since the introduction of universal
+military service every unlettered recruit must learn to read and write.
+A third educational agency is the peculiar village organization. As
+every head of a family has a house of his own and a share of the
+communal land, he is a miniature farmer; and, unlike agricultural
+laborers, who need not look much ahead beyond the weekly pay day, he
+must make his agricultural and domestic arrangements for an entire year,
+under pain of incurring starvation or falling into the clutches of the
+usurer. This is in itself a sort of practical education. Then he has to
+attend regularly the meetings of the village assembly, at which all
+communal affairs are discussed and decided. To this I must add that he
+is by no means obstinately conservative. Habitually cautious, he may be
+slow to change his traditional habits and methods of cultivation, but he
+does change them when he sees, by the experience of his neighbors, that
+new methods are more profitable than old ones. Ask any dealer in
+improved implements and machines how many he has sold to peasants in a
+single year. Or ask any director of a peasant land bank how many
+thousand peasants within the area of his activity are purchasing land
+outside the communal limits and farming on their own account. If you
+desire any further information on this subject, ask any liberal-minded
+landed proprietor who takes an interest in the prosperity of his humble
+neighbors to describe to you the small credit societies and similar
+associations which have recently sprung up in his neighborhood. Nor is
+it only in agricultural affairs that the peasants have manifested a
+progressive spirit. If you should happen to pass through the industrial
+districts around Moscow, you will see many gigantic factories, which
+employ thousands of hands. Incredible as it may seem, not a few of these
+were founded by unlettered peasants, whose sons and grandsons have
+become millionaires.</p>
+
+<p>Let us now go up a step in the social scale and inquire whether those
+born in the mercantile class are as progressive as the peasantry.
+Formerly they were regarded, and not without reason, as extremely
+conservative, and certainly they used to show little sympathy with
+education or culture; but in recent years their character has been
+profoundly modified by the ever-increasing influx of foreign capital and
+foreign enterprise. The upper ranks at least are now being Europeanized
+in the best sense of the term, not only in their methods of doing
+business, but also in many other respects. Their homes are becoming more
+comfortable and elegant according to modern ideas, refinement is
+gradually permeating their daily life, and the sons of not a few of them
+are being sent abroad to complete their education in universities or
+technical colleges.</p>
+
+<p>Compared with the peasantry and the mercantile community, the clergy as
+a class do not show signs of great progress, but I must do them the
+justice to say that they do not obstruct. Toward science and culture the
+Russian Church has always maintained an attitude of neutrality, and it
+has rarely troubled the adherents of other confessions by aggressive
+missionary propaganda, while among its own flock it has systematically
+fostered a spirit of humility and resignation to the Divine will. This
+helps to explain the wonderful tolerance habitually shown by all classes
+toward people of another faith. I remember once asking a common laborer
+what he thought of the Mussulman Tartars among whom he happened to be
+living, and his reply, given with evident sincerity, was: "Not a bad
+sort of people." "And what about their religion?" I inquired. "Not at
+all a bad sort of faith; you see, they received it, like the color of
+their skins, from God." He assumed, of course, in his simple piety, that
+whatever comes from God must be good.</p>
+
+<p>Why, then, it may be asked, is this tolerance not extended to the Jews?
+They complain, and apparently not without reason, that they are subject
+to certain disabilities and exposed to persecution in Russia. Thereby
+hangs a tale! Peter the Great would not allow Jews to settle in his
+dominions on the ground that his single-minded, ignorant subjects could
+not compete with a naturally clever race endowed with a marvelous talent
+for money-making. Under his successors, by the annexation of Poland,
+several millions of Polish Jews became Russian subjects; but the policy
+of exclusion, so far as Russia proper is concerned, has been maintained
+down to the present day, so that, throughout the purely Russian
+provinces, Jews are not yet allowed to settle in the villages. If you
+ask the reason, you will probably be told that if a single Jew were
+allowed to live in a village, all the Orthodox inhabitants would soon be
+deeply in debt to him. In some respects, however, the old regulations
+have been relaxed. A certain proportion of Jewish students are admitted
+to the universities and higher schools, and such of them as pass their
+examinations may settle in the towns and freely exercise their
+professions. As a matter of fact, a considerable proportion of the most
+capable barristers, physicians, bankers, &amp;c., in Petrograd, Moscow, and
+other cities are Jews by race and religion, and I have never heard of
+any of them being persecuted. Anti-Semitic feeling, so far as it exists,
+has nothing to do with religious beliefs. It is confined to such people
+as the trader who suffers from the competition of Jewish rivals, or the
+peasant who finds that the money-lender, from whom he has borrowed at a
+high rate of interest, exacts rigorously the fulfillment of the
+contract. The pillaging of Jewish shops and houses which occurred some
+years ago in certain towns of the southwestern provinces and was
+graphically described in the English press was due to pecuniary rather
+than religious enmity, and was organized by political intriguers.</p>
+
+<p>In order to complete my cursory review of the various social classes
+from the point of view of social and political progress, I must say
+something of the nobility and gentry; but I need not say much, because
+their general character is pretty well known in Western Europe. They are
+well educated, highly cultured, remarkably open-minded, most anxious to
+acquaint themselves with the latest ideas in science, literature, and
+art, and very fond of studying the most advanced foreign theories of
+social and political development, with a view to applying them to their
+own country. Thus it may safely be asserted that they are unquestionably
+progressive. They are, in fact, more disposed to rush forward regardless
+of consequences than to lag behind in the race, so that their impatience
+has sometimes to be restrained in the sphere of politics by the
+Government. This brings us face to face with the important question as
+to how far the Government and the Supreme Ruler are favorable to
+national progress and enlightenment.</p>
+
+<p>The antiquated idea that Czars are always heartless tyrants who devote
+much of their time to sending troublesome subjects to Siberia is now
+happily pretty well exploded, but the average Englishman is still
+reluctant to admit that an avowedly autocratic Government may be, in
+certain circumstances, a useful institution. There is no doubt, however,
+that in the gigantic work of raising Russia to her present level of
+civilization the Czars have played a most important part. As for the
+present Czar, he has followed, in a humane spirit, the best traditions
+of his ancestors. Any one who has had opportunities of studying closely
+his character and aims, and who knows the difficulties with which he has
+had to contend, can hardly fail to regard him with sympathy and
+admiration. Among the qualities which should commend him to Englishmen
+are his scrupulous honesty and genuine truthfulness. Of these&mdash;were I
+not restrained by fear of committing a breach of confidence&mdash;I might
+give some interesting illustrations.</p>
+
+<p>As a ruler Nicholas II. habitually takes a keen, sympathetic interest in
+the material and moral progress of his country, and is ever ready to
+listen attentively and patiently to those who are presumably competent
+to offer sound advice on the subject. At the same time he is very
+prudent in action, and this happy combination of zeal and caution, which
+distinguishes him from his too impetuous countrymen, has been signally
+displayed in recent years. During the revolutionary agitation which
+followed close on the disastrous Japanese war, when the impetuous
+would-be reformers wished to overturn the whole existing fabric of
+administration, and the timid counselors recommended vigorous retrograde
+measures, he wisely steered a middle course, which has resulted in the
+creation of a moderate form of parliamentary institutions. That seems to
+indicate that Nicholas II. has something of the typical Englishman's
+love of compromise.</p>
+
+<p>So much for the first of the two reasons commonly adduced to prove that
+Russia is an undesirable ally. I trust I have said enough to show that
+the idea of her being the great modern stronghold of barbarism,
+ignorance, and tyrannical government is very far from the truth. Now I
+come to the second reason&mdash;that she has repeatedly threatened our
+interests in the past and is sure to threaten them in the future because
+she has an insatiable territorial appetite.</p>
+
+<p>That Russia has a formidable territorial appetite cannot be denied, but
+it ill becomes us Britishers to reproach her on that score, because, if
+we may judge by results, our own territorial appetite is at least
+equally formidable. Like her, we began our national life with a very
+modest amount of territory, and now the British Empire is considerably
+larger than the Empire of the Czars. According to recent trustworthy
+statistics, the former contains over 13,000,000 square miles, and the
+latter less than 8,500,000. To this I may add that the motives and
+methods of annexation have a strong family resemblance. Both of us have
+been urged forward partly by rapidly increasing population and partly by
+national ambition; and both of us have systematically added to our
+dominions, partly by colonization and partly by conquest. As examples of
+colonizing expansion we may take Siberia and Australia, and as examples
+of expansion by conquest we may point to Russian Central Asia and
+British India.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately for the peace of the world, the two spheres of expansion
+long lay wide apart. The Russians, as a continental nation hemmed in by
+no natural frontiers, naturally overflowed into adjacent thinly peopled
+territory and spread out very much as a drop of oil spreads out on soft
+paper; while we, being islanders with an adventurous seafaring
+population, chose our fields of colonization and conquest in various
+distant regions of the globe. Thus, until comparatively recent times, we
+had no occasion to come into conflict with our rivals, or, to speak more
+accurately, the two nations were not rivals at all. Now, it is true, we
+have approached within striking distance of each other, and there is
+some danger of our coming into hostile contact. Of this danger and the
+possibility of averting it I shall speak presently, but meanwhile I must
+make a little digression in order to anticipate an objection that may be
+made to the foregoing remarks.</p>
+
+<p>Some conscientious inquirer, while admitting that there is a certain
+resemblance between British and Russian territorial expansion, may
+reasonably point to some important differences in the results. The
+expansion of England, he may say, has resulted in spreading over the
+world the benefits of civilization and freedom; her more important
+colonies have grown into self-governing sister nations, who are showing
+their loyalty and affection for the mother country by rushing to her
+assistance in the present crisis; at the same time her great Indian
+dependency and her Crown Colonies, which do not yet enjoy complete
+self-government, are likewise showing their sympathetic appreciation of
+the blessings conferred on them by the central power.</p>
+
+<p>In comparison with all this, what has Russia to show? Not so much, I
+confess, but she has effected considerable improvements in the annexed
+territories. The great plains to the north of the Black Sea, which were
+formerly the home of nomadic, predatory tribes, have been brought under
+cultivation; the tents of the nomads have been replaced by thriving
+villages, flaming blast furnaces, great foundries, and fine towns, such
+as Odessa, Taganrog and Rostoff; the Crimea, whose inhabitants once
+lived mainly by marauding expeditions and the slave trade, is now a
+peaceful and prosperous province; in the Caucasus, which was long the
+scene of constant tribal warfare and where the well-to-do inhabitants
+were not ashamed to sell their young, beautiful daughters to the Pashas
+of Constantinople, permanent order has been everywhere established and
+many abuses suppressed; in Siberia, which was little better than a
+wilderness, there are now thousands of prosperous farmers, railways and
+river steamboats have been constructed, and the mineral resources are
+being rapidly developed; thanks to the improvement of communications in
+that part of the empire, Peking is now well within a fortnight of
+Petrograd. Even in Central Asia there is evidence of improvement; the
+Russian military administration, with all its defects, is better than
+the native rule which preceded it. Such was, at least, the impression
+which I received in semi-Russianized territories like Bokhara and
+Samarcand. Thus, while we may be justly proud of our achievements in
+imperial consolidation and progress, we may well regard with sympathy
+the efforts of our rival in the same direction.</p>
+
+<p>Apologizing for this little digression, I proceed now to consider very
+briefly the danger of future conflict between the two great empires
+which have come within striking distance of each other.</p>
+
+<p>This danger, as it seems to me, though serious enough, is not so great
+as is commonly supposed. We have many interests in common, as our
+present alliance proves, and there are only two localities in which a
+future conflict is to be apprehended. These are Constantinople and our
+Indian frontier.</p>
+
+<p>Napoleon is reported to have said that the nation which occupies
+Constantinople must dominate the world. The present occupants have
+proved that this dictum is, to say the least, an exaggeration, but there
+is no doubt that if Russia possessed the Bosphorus and Dardanelles, her
+power, for defensive and offensive purposes, would be greatly increased,
+and she might seriously threaten our line of communications with India
+through the Suez Canal. This danger, however, is very remote. So many
+great powers are interested in preventing her from obtaining such a
+commanding position in the Mediterranean, that if she made any
+aggressive movement in that direction she would certainly find herself
+confronted by a very formidable European coalition.</p>
+
+<p>An attack on our Indian frontier is likewise, I venture to think, a very
+improbable contingency. There may possibly be in Russia some political
+dreamers who imagine, in their idle hours, that it would be a grand
+thing to conquer India, with its teeming millions of inhabitants, and
+appropriate the countless wealth which it is falsely supposed to
+possess; but I have never met or heard of any serious Russian politician
+capable of advocating such a hazardous enterprise. Certainly there is no
+immediate danger. When the European struggle in which we are now engaged
+is brought to an end, the nations who are taking part in it will husband
+their resources for many years before launching into any wild
+adventures. Moreover, our position in our great Eastern dependency has
+never previously been so secure as it is now. The Government has long
+been taking precautionary measures against possible troubles on the
+frontier, and in the interior of the country the great mass of the
+inhabitants are prosperous and contented. Hindus and Mahommedans alike
+are learning to appreciate the benefits of British rule, as is shown by
+the fact that in the present crisis the native Princes are generously
+placing all the available resources of their States at the disposal of
+the Central Government.</p>
+
+<p>An additional security against danger in that quarter is afforded by the
+character of the present Czar. His natural disposition is not at all of
+the adventurous type, and he will doubtless profit by past experience.
+He will not soon forget how he inadvertently drifted into the Japanese
+conflict because he let himself be persuaded by ill-informed counselors
+that a war with Japan was altogether out of the question. We can hardly
+suppose that he will listen to such counselors a second time. Moreover,
+he showed on one memorable occasion that he was animated with friendly
+sentiments toward England. The incident has hitherto been kept secret,
+but may now be divulged. During the South African war a hint came to him
+from a foreign potentate that the moment had arrived for clipping
+England's wings and that Russia might play a useful part in the
+operation by making a military demonstration on the Afghan frontier. To
+this suggestion the Czar turned a deaf ear. I am well aware that in
+semi-official conversation the foreign potentate in question has
+represented the incident in a very different light, but recent
+experience has taught us to be chary of accepting literally any
+diplomatic assurances coming from that quarter.</p>
+
+<p>On this subject of possible future conflicts with Russia and of the best
+means of averting them, I have a great deal more to say, but I have now
+reached the limits of the space at my disposal, not to mention the
+patience of my readers, I confine myself, therefore, to a single
+additional remark. The conflicting interests of the two great empires
+are not so irreconcilable as they are often represented, and the chances
+of solving the difficult problem by mutually satisfactory compromises
+may be greatly increased by cultivating friendly relations with the
+power which was formerly our rival and is now happily our ally.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Confiscation_of_German_Patents" id="Confiscation_of_German_Patents"></a>Confiscation of German Patents</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[From Russkia Vedomosti, No. 235, Oct. 12 (25), 1914; No. 273, Nov. 27
+(Dec. 10), 1914.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span><b>HE</b> conference of the representatives of industry at the Ministry of
+Commerce and Industry decided that it is desirable that the Government
+should confiscate the patents granted to Austrian and German subjects
+for inventions which may be of special interest for the State, provided,
+however, that the patent holders should be reimbursed after the end of
+the war.</p>
+
+<p>The conference found it impossible to abolish the trade marks of German
+and Austrian subjects, for this would hurt the Russian consumer, who
+could be then easily cheated by false labels.</p>
+
+<p>Two conflicting opinions prevailed in the conference. The one held that
+the commercial treaties between Russia and Germany (and Austria) have
+left the question of patents out of consideration, while the other
+pointed out that the commercial treaties had granted to German subjects
+equal rights and privileges with Russians as regards patents.</p>
+
+<p>The decision seems to be a compromise between the two.</p>
+
+<p>A delegation of the Moscow Merchants' Association, consisting of Messrs.
+N.N. Shustov, I.G. Volkov, and A.D. Liamin, will soon go to Petrograd to
+petition the Ministers of Finance, Commerce and Industry and of the
+Interior for measures against German "oppression." The delegation
+intends to ask for the revocation of all privileges (franchises) and
+patents granted to Austrian, German, and Turkish subjects and for the
+granting to the Moscow merchants of the right to admit foreigners to the
+Merchants' Association only at its own discretion.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, the delegation intends to discuss with the Ministers the
+special fund created recently at the State Bank for the settlement of
+payments to foreign merchants belonging to the warring nations. With
+this fund Russian merchants are depositing money for their matured
+notes. Thus the payment for foreign goods is now better guaranteed than
+before. The German merchants are taking advantage of this arrangement,
+offering their goods to Russian consumers through their agents and
+branch houses and commercial agents located in neutral countries.
+Therefore the new arrangement helps rather than hurts the German trade
+in Russia.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="A_Russian_Income_Tax" id="A_Russian_Income_Tax"></a>A Russian Income Tax</h2>
+
+<h3>Proposed by the Ministry of Finance.</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[From Russkia Vedomosti, No. 225, Oct. 1 (14), 1914.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">&#160;I</span><b>N</b> the long list of new Russian taxes the income tax is the most
+interesting. It is still only a drafted bill. The Government hesitates
+to press it. Perhaps the Duma will take some steps to make this bill a
+law. Its main provisions are as follows:</p>
+
+<p>All annual incomes of 1,000 rubles ($500) and above are to be assessed
+at a progressive rate ranging from 1-1/2 per cent. on 1,000 rubles to
+the maximum of 8 per cent. on incomes of 200,000 rubles ($100,000) and
+above. All persons engaged actively in the present war shall be exempt
+from this tax.</p>
+
+<p>All persons freed from military service within the last four years are
+to pay an additional tax equal to 50 per cent. of their income tax,
+provided the incomes of the parents whose sons have been freed reach
+2,000 rubles ($1,000).</p>
+
+<p>All persons freed from military service having incomes below 1,000
+rubles ($500) are to pay a uniform tax of 6 rubles ($3). A special war
+tax is to be levied in provinces where the whole population or certain
+groups of the population are freed from military service.</p>
+
+<p>Note: For a poor country like Russia the minimum exempt from taxation is
+very high. The large number of able-bodied men in war would cut into
+this tax considerably. It has been figured out that the special 6-ruble
+tax on those freed from the military service would yield about
+13,000,000 rubles ($6,500,000). The total revenue from this tax would
+hardly reach 50,000,000 rubles. Commenting upon this bill, critics have
+proposed to reduce the minimum exempt from taxation from 1,000 rubles
+($500) to 750 rubles ($375) and to cut out the special 6-ruble war tax.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PING_PONG" id="PING_PONG"></a>PING PONG.</h2>
+
+<h3>By BEATRICE BARRY.</h3>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><b>FAITH</b>, hear our soldier boys a-sighin'<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Cause Major General John O'Ryan<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Won't let 'em dance!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The hard-wood floors he's goin' to rip&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They may not hesitate or dip;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I'm told that he was heard to say<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They're 'sposed to work and not to play<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Ping Pong!<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Ping Pong!<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">Ping Pong!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">No more about a slender waist<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shall arm in uniform be placed.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">He looks askance<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At signs of happiness and mirth;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Soldiers were put upon the earth<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To sweat and dig in hard dirt floors,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And so prepare 'emselves for war's&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Ping Pong!<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Ping Pong!<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">Ping Pong!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">I cannot say&mdash;I do not know<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whether the boys would have it so;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But if by chance<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We should engage in carnage grim,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And harm, alas! should come to him&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Would they feel sorrow then, or bliss,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The while they heard the bullets hiss<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Ping Pong,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Ping Pong,<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">Ping Pong?<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Tools_of_the_Russian_Juggernaut" id="Tools_of_the_Russian_Juggernaut"></a>Tools of the Russian Juggernaut</h2>
+
+<h3>By M.J. Bonn.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Prof. Bonn is Professor of Political Economy at the University
+of Munich and German Visiting Professor to the University of
+California. The following article by him was published on Aug.
+8, 1914, in the first week of war.</p></div>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">A</span><b>S</b> long as hostile censors muzzle truth there is no use in discussing
+the European military situation. Where the ingenuity of American
+newspaper men has failed it would be presumptuous for any one to try.
+But the question, Why are we at war? can be answered fairly well by
+anybody conversant with the facts of the European situation.</p>
+
+<p>We are not at war because the Emperor, as war lord, has sent out word to
+his legions to begin a war of world-wide aggression, carrying into its
+vortex intellectual Germany, notwithstanding all her peaceful
+aspirations.</p>
+
+<p>I may fairly claim to be a representative of that intellectual Germany
+which comes in now for a good deal of sympathy, but I must own that
+intellectual Germany, as far as I know about her, thoroughly approves of
+the Emperor's present policy.</p>
+
+<p>She approves of it not on the principle merely "Right or wrong, my
+country"; she does so because she knows that war has become inevitable,
+and that we must face that ordeal when we are ready for it, not at the
+moment most agreeable to our enemies. If intellectual Germany wants to
+develop the moral and intellectual qualities of the German people she
+can do so only if there is peace&mdash;real peace&mdash;not endangered by the fear
+of some sudden and treacherous aggression.</p>
+
+<p>We approve of the war because we realize that such a peace was no longer
+possible. Some of our critics are trying to show that we wanted a war,
+as we wanted the colonial empire of France.</p>
+
+<p>We have, indeed, refused the demand made by England as the price for her
+neutrality&mdash;that we should not be allowed to take any part of France's
+colonial domains, even in case of complete victory.</p>
+
+<p>We refused this stipulation, not because we were after those colonies,
+but because a so-called neutral power tried to impose conditions upon us
+she would never have dreamed of asking from France.</p>
+
+<p>If we were hankering after conquest we would have made war long ago. We
+would have done so during the Morocco crisis, when Russia had not yet
+recovered from the Japanese war; when Turkey was still a mighty empire,
+ready to take our side, overawing the Balkan States and threatening
+Russia; when Rumania was our ally and when France, trying to swallow up
+the independent States of Morocco, but put herself morally in the wrong.</p>
+
+<p>We refrained from war not because England supported France. The
+developments of the last week have shown that we are ready to face
+England, too, when needs must be. We decided for peace because we were
+convinced that no amount of colonial aggrandizement could compensate us
+for the dangers and horrors of a big European war.</p>
+
+<p>Our diplomatic methods during those days may have been brusque and
+annoying, but our aim was peace. Though we are held up continually as
+the disturber of European peace, driven on by a mad desire for
+territorial aggrandizement, we are the only big European nation which
+has not increased her territory during the last twenty-five years.</p>
+
+<p>Russia tried to steal the Far East and is now going half shares with
+England in Persia. England annexed the Boer republics and is playing
+with Russia for the Persian States.</p>
+
+<p>France has taken Morocco; Italy, Tripoli; Austria-Hungary has formally
+annexed Bosnia.</p>
+
+<p>Even little Servia, who is praised just now as the most just and
+God-fearing nation, has succeeded in wresting a large part of Macedonia,
+inhabited by Bulgarians, from her Bulgarian allies.</p>
+
+<p>The only conquest we went in for was an exchange of a strip of West
+Africa, which we got from France as a kind of hush money, for her
+Morocco policy, England, Italy, and Spain having taken their payment in
+advance.</p>
+
+<p>We have led no war of aggression for new territories, and we are held up
+to moral contempt by all those nations who have taken their shares.</p>
+
+<p>We went to war because we had to keep faith with Austria. We do not and
+we did not approve of every step our ally has taken. But our idea of a
+faithful alliance is not that you can chuck your partner whenever he has
+made a mistake, but that you must stick to him through good and evil.</p>
+
+<p>You may upbraid him privately if you dislike his methods; you may give
+him a fair warning, but as long as your bargain exists you must stick to
+it.</p>
+
+<p>And our alliance with Austria is not a mere piece of political strategy,
+not an unholy alliance like that of republican France with despotic
+Russia or Anglo-Saxon England with Mongol Japan.</p>
+
+<p>Our States have a common history. We are, as far as the Austrian Germans
+are concerned&mdash;about a third of the population of Austria&mdash;the same
+people. We have, and that is perhaps the most decisive point in the
+alliance, nearly the same position on the surface of the globe.</p>
+
+<p>We are both inland empires situated in the centre of Europe, surrounded
+by many different nations, all of whom may bear some grudge against us.</p>
+
+<p>As long as our joint frontiers are safe we can stand back to back and
+face calmly any unnatural confederation like the present one.</p>
+
+<p>We concluded the alliance with Austria because we wanted to safeguard
+ourselves against foreign attack; it has turned out the alliance has
+involved us in war. We might have avoided the war at present if we had
+broken faith with our ally.</p>
+
+<p>It would not have been difficult for us to find some legal quibbles,
+like those which Italy, following a policy of very sober national
+egotism, is now earnestly exclaiming to all the world.</p>
+
+<p>If we had done so we should have been knaves, but we should have been
+fools as well. For surely nobody can believe that the forces
+antagonistic to Germany would have ceased to act if we had left Austria
+in the lurch.</p>
+
+<p>Neither France nor Russia nor England would have changed their policy.
+They might, moreover, have tried to make Austria join in some future
+conspiracy against us.</p>
+
+<p>There are three main causes to which the war is due:</p>
+
+<p>1. The French have never forgotten their defeat in 1870 and 1871. They
+have always been thirsting for revenge.</p>
+
+<p>2. We are at war because Russia thinks she has a mission on behalf of
+the Slavic world; she feels that mission can only be fulfilled by
+smashing Germany, the bulwark of Western idea.</p>
+
+<p>3. We are at war because England has returned to her old political
+ideals. She means to enforce anew the balance of power and she wants to
+cut down Germany to that normal dead-level which alone, she thinks, is
+consistent with her own security.</p>
+
+<p>As far as our antagonism to France is concerned, we have always looked
+upon it as a regrettable fact which time, perhaps, might do away with.
+We are just enough to understand that a country like France, with a
+glorious past, a gallant spirit and an undaunted courage, cannot forget
+the blow we dealt her forty-three years ago.</p>
+
+<p>We think we have been right in retaking from her Alsace-Lorraine,
+belonging originally to the German Empire. But we look with a kind of
+envy upon her who succeeded in denationalizing the people of those
+provinces to such a degree that we have not yet been able to make them
+Germans once more.</p>
+
+<p>We have always regretted that the two most civilized nations in
+Continental Europe should be rent asunder by an unforgotten past.</p>
+
+<p>We hoped that the creation of a wonderful African empire might in the
+long run soothe French national feeling. We should have been always
+willing to come to an understanding on the existing state of affairs,
+but though there have been lucky statesmen in France who tried such a
+policy, public opinion was too strong for them. French people preferred
+to sacrifice the main ideas on which their republican government is
+based and made an alliance with Russia.</p>
+
+<p>Religious, national, and political oppression in Russia against Pole,
+Jew, and Finn, against workingman and intellectual, is propped up by the
+help of liberal thinking France, whose conservatism threw a Western
+glamour over Russian ill-deeds.</p>
+
+<p>We have regretted more than words can say it that France has annihilated
+herself as a power for the moral improvement of the universe by making
+herself a tool of the Russian Juggernaut.</p>
+
+<p>We read in the papers today that after a small frontier engagement in
+Alsace-Lorraine the signs of mourning were taken off from the statues
+representing Alsatian towns on Parisian squares.</p>
+
+<p>We know in our innermost hearts that they will have to be attached for a
+long time to come to those three emblems of human progress for which
+France is supposed to stand, liberty, fraternity, equality, if our arms
+are not successful.</p>
+
+<p>We realize that the gallant spirit of the French people has furnished
+the mainspring which has made this war possible.</p>
+
+<p>We honor her for her courage. For we know well enough that it is she
+alone among the partners who runs real risks. We know that she is not
+moved by sordid motives. But as we know her unforgiving attitude, as we
+knew that she was helping Russia and egging her on against us; that she
+was instigating Britain and Belgium as well as Serb and Rumanian, we had
+to take her attitude as what it was; as the firm policy of a patriotic
+and passionate people, waiting for the moment when they could wipe out
+the memory of 1870, putting nationality to the front, sacrificing their
+own ideals of humanity.</p>
+
+<p>Would France have given up this attitude if we had not stood by our
+Austrian ally? Would she have broken her word to her Russian friend if
+we had been a little more conciliatory?</p>
+
+<p>I think we would commit a libel on French honor and on French patriotism
+if we assumed that any step on our part could have prevented her from
+trying to redress the state of affairs produced by the events of 1871.</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image06.png" width="300" height="89" alt="decoration" title="decoration" />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Fate_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" id="Fate_of_the_Jews_in_Poland"></a>Fate of the Jews in Poland</h2>
+
+<h3>By Georg Brandes.</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[From The Day, Nov. 29, 1914.]</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Georg Brandes, Denmark's critic and man of letters, has lived
+in many European countries and spent the year 1886-87 in
+Russian Poland. His books on "Impressions of Poland" and
+"Impressions of Russia" show his interest in the political and
+social conditions of the Russian Empire.</p></div>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span><b>HE</b> war raging in and out of Europe does not give the experienced much
+reason to hope. The immense mischief daily caused by it is certain
+enough. The benefits which are believed to be the result of it and of
+which the various nations dream differently are so uncertain that they
+cannot possibly be reckoned upon. Before those whose sympathy was with
+the deep national misfortune of the Polish people, there rose the image
+of the reunion and emancipation of this tripartited people under
+extensive autonomy, and most probably under the protection and supremacy
+of a great power.</p>
+
+<p>For the present we are far away from that goal. Poles are compelled by
+necessity to fight in the Prussian, Austrian and Russian armies, against
+each other. Not the smallest attempt at emancipation has been made
+either in Prussian Posen or in the Russian "Kingdom" or in Austrian
+Galicia. We might even say that the dismemberment at present is going
+deeper than ever, as it is now cleaving the minds as well.</p>
+
+<p>The only indication of a future union is the manifesto of the Grand Duke
+Nikolai, the Russian Field Marshal, to the Poles, issued in the middle
+of August. It began: "Poles, the hour has struck in which the holy dream
+of your fathers and grandfathers may be fulfilled. Let the borders
+cutting asunder the Polish people be effaced; let them unite under the
+sceptre of the Czar. Under this sceptre Poland will regenerate, free in
+religion, language, and autonomy."</p>
+
+<p>And it ended in the following way: "The dawn of a new life is beginning
+for you. In this dawn let the sign of the cross, the symbol of the
+sufferings and the resurrection of the people, shine."</p>
+
+<p>How clearly this manifesto, with its surprising love of liberty, its
+pious reference to the cross, bore the stamp of having been enforced by
+circumstances, and how accustomed one had become to disregard promises
+from the Russian Government of full constitutional liberty and the like,
+as those given before had not meant very much either in Finland or in
+Russia itself. Still the manifesto, as a sign of the time, was well apt
+to make an impression on the great masses who had always heard the
+authorities stamp as criminal plots, as high treason, what was now
+suddenly called from the supreme place "the holy dream of the
+forefathers."</p>
+
+<p>The purpose of the proclamation was probably, above all, to prevent a
+revolt in Russian Poland the moment hostile troops invaded it. On the
+Austrian Poles the manifesto seems to have failed to produce its effect.
+As these Poles enjoy full autonomy in Galicia, and for a century have
+witnessed the severity and cruelty with which their kinsmen in Russian
+Poland have been oppressed, they received the proclamation with loud
+vows of faithfulness to the house of Hapsburg; nay, all the <i>sokol</i>
+societies which in time of peace (keeping a decision in view) had
+trained their members in games and the use of arms, placed themselves as
+Polish legions at the disposal of the Government against the Russians.
+But that was not all. The Ruthenian inhabitants of Galicia, one-half the
+population of the country, founded <i>a League for the Release of Ukraine</i>
+and flooded Europe from the 25th of August with notifications and
+descriptions hostile to Russia. The founders did not withhold their
+names. They are D. Donzow, W. Doroschenko, M. Melenewsky, A.
+Skoropyss-Joltuchowsky, N. Zalizniak and A. Zuk.</p>
+
+<p>And it has very soon proved that, in spite of the proclamation of the
+independence of Poland, the Czar, at any rate, includes East Galicia in
+Poland as little as the inhabitants are regarded or treated as Poles or
+Ruthenians. The Russians were hardly in Lemberg, before this town and
+the whole of East Galicia were called in the orders of the day old
+Russian land and the inhabitants described as Russians, whom their
+brothers had now come to set free.</p>
+
+<p>What impression the imperial manifesto made in Posen can scarcely be
+proved, as each hostile remark against Prussia would have been punished
+as high treason.</p>
+
+<p>The German Emperor has, however, no less than the Russian Czar, been
+courting the favor of the Poles and trying to win them through promises.
+One month after the issue of the Czar's manifesto, a proclamation from
+von Morgen, the German Lieutenant General, was displayed in the
+Governments of Lomza and Warsaw. In this the following sentences are to
+be found: "Arise and drive away with me those Russian barbarians who
+made you slaves; drive them out of your beautiful country, which shall
+now regain her political and religious liberty. That is the will of my
+mighty and gracious King." Knowing the passion with which the Poles have
+hitherto been driven away from their soil and persecuted because of
+their language, we learn from this proclamation that the German
+Government has felt the necessity of outbidding the Czar.</p>
+
+<p>As far as may be seen, the Czar's manifesto made very little impression
+on the intellectual in Russian Poland, who, of course, received it with
+much suspicion. The masses in Russian, as in Austrian, Poland have for
+some time stood passionately against each other, hurling accusations of
+treason to the holy cause of their native country, until a new party has
+now been formed which is politically most unripe, but for that very
+reason has an enormous extension. Its password is this: "We do not want
+to hear of Russia or of Austria; we only want one thing: the Polish
+State without guardianship from any side." In other words, we want the
+quite impossible. Political oppression for almost one and one-half
+centuries brings its own punishment to a people. In such a people
+political skill too easily becomes local patriotism, or it remains in
+the state of innocence.</p>
+
+<p>Of what use is it to begin singing: <i>Polonia far&agrave; de s&egrave;</i>? That Poland
+cannot become free by itself is evident to anybody who has any political
+idea.</p>
+
+<p>Still I am inclined to say, never mind the forms which the Polish
+independence and thirst of liberty are taking: they seem to pass like a
+purifying storm through all Polish minds. Many times before this has a
+glorious future risen before the Poles&mdash;1812, when Napoleon began the
+second Polish campaign; 1830, when the Poles were buoyed up by the
+sympathy of Europe; 1848 and 1863. But hardly has a change of
+established conditions appeared so possible and painful barriers so near
+the point of falling, as in this great and dreadful crisis.</p>
+
+<p>He who for a generation has been busy with Polish and Russian affairs
+can therefore, without much difficulty, imagine how many young Polish
+hearts are now beating and burning with hope, expectation and the most
+noble aspirations.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, the state of affairs in Russian Poland is at present more
+desperate than it has ever been before, during war and revolt; and this
+is not due to the pressure of the conditions or the horror of the
+situation, but is due to the Poles themselves, to the overstimulation
+of the national feeling which sends forth its breath of madness all over
+Europe and now whirls round in Polish brains to drive out magnanimity
+and humanity, not to speak of reason, which, on the whole, has no
+jubilee in Europe in the year 1914.</p>
+
+<p>I dare truthfully say that for no other people have I felt the
+enthusiasm that I have felt for the Poles. I have revealed this feeling
+at a time when they were not the order of the day, and only very few
+shared my sentiments. I pronounced this feeling long ago, but it had
+slight effect in drawing the attention of the Poles to my writings about
+them or in winning their thanks. The Poles did not discover my book
+about them till ten years after it had appeared, and when it had been by
+chance translated into German. To write in Danish is as a rule to write
+in water.</p>
+
+<p>It would be very ungrateful of me, on this occasion, when I am obliged
+to use sharp words to the Poles, not to remember the indescribable
+affection and kindness they have shown me in Russian Poland as well as
+in Austrian Poland. Among them I have found quite incomparable friends.</p>
+
+<p>For a long time I have therefore refused to say an unkind, not to
+mention an offensive word. As far back as in 1898 I refused so
+absolutely to make myself the advocate of the Ruthenians against them
+that the Ruthenian leaders became my bitter enemies, who never tired of
+attacking me, and I was mute as a fish when Bj&ouml;rnstjerne Bj&ouml;rnson, not
+long before his death, upon application of the Ruthenians, attacked the
+Poles, fortunately for them with such unreasonable exaggerations that
+the attacks did no harm. (Bj&ouml;rnson maintained that the Pole as such was
+the devil himself as the Middle Ages had imagined him.) I knew better
+than Bj&ouml;rnson what might be said against electioneering and pressure on
+electors in Galicia, but I remained silent because I considered it
+unworthy to attack a people which was in such a difficult position and
+which was able to defend many minor injustices committed by it as
+self-defense. I considered it especially impossible for me to attack the
+Poles to whom I was bound by honor and toward whom I bore the warmest,
+most sincere sympathy.</p>
+
+<p>It is therefore with no light heart that I write these lines.</p>
+
+<p>Denial of the rights of man to Jewish subjects belongs to the nature of
+Russia. Now and then Europe has been startled when an uncommon massacre
+of innocent Jews has taken place, as in Kishineff, but all have known
+and know that Russia stows her Jewish population together in the Polish
+outskirts of the realm, stows them together so tightly that they can
+neither live nor die, denies them the liberty of moving, the liberty of
+studying, even the right of school&mdash;and university&mdash;education beyond a
+certain (too small) percentage. Only such Jews who hold a university
+degree are allowed to live in the capitals of the Empire. No young
+Jewish woman is allowed to take up her abode near the universities in
+Petrograd or Moscow, unless she has been enrolled as a prostitute, and
+it has happened that the police have made their appearance and accused
+her of forgery, complaining that she did not carry on her profession,
+but was reading scientific books instead. If a man is, for instance, a
+doctor of medicine, he may take up his abode in Moscow; in case he is
+married his wife may live there with him. But if the couple has a
+two-year-old child, the mother is not allowed to take it with her into
+the railway carriage and let it live with her in the capital. For the
+child has no right to live there. If this right is wanted a detailed
+petition must be sent in to the Governor General, in whose power it is
+to grant or refuse it.</p>
+
+<p>In a few of the cases where plunder and murder of a Jewish population in
+Russia have taken place, the outrages have partly been excused, or at
+any rate explained, through the almost incomprehensible ignorance of the
+peasants. Russia's most famous political economist, who at the same time
+is a great estate owner, has told me himself that when the elections to
+the First Duma took place he was informed that each of the peasants on
+his estate had voted for himself. He asked them, surprised, what they
+meant, and explained to them that in this way none of them could be
+elected; but they answered with the question, "Does not each Deputy get
+so many rubles a day? Yes. And do you think that we should let so much
+money go to another if we, perhaps, might get it ourselves?"</p>
+
+<p>The same prominent estate owner told me that one day he asked some of
+his peasants if they really had partaken in a Pogrom which had taken
+place in the neighboring parish&mdash;he could not believe it, as they looked
+so good-natured. To his astonishment they answered yes, and when he
+asked them about the reason they replied: "You know it very well." They
+then explained that they had killed these Jews because the Jews had
+killed their Saviour. He: "But that was so long ago and it was not they
+who did it and it did not happen in this country." To which they, again
+astonished, exclaimed: "Was it long ago? We thought it was last week."
+It appeared that they had understood from the priest's explanation that
+the crucifixion had taken place then and there.</p>
+
+<p>Under such conditions one is not surprised by any outrage. But to see
+the hatred of the Jews spread in Russian Poland, where people understand
+how to read and write, that must surely fill one with wonder. The great
+number of Jews in the old Polish Kingdom originated in the days of
+Casimir the Great (1309-1370), who out of love for his concubine,
+Esther, opened his country to the Jews and made conditions favorable for
+them. Since then the number has increased, as the Czars locked up all
+their Jewish subjects there. So they have been living separated and with
+a special dress like the Jews of Denmark at the time of Holberg. They
+have, however, felt and suffered as Polish patriots. As early as 1794 a
+regiment of Jewish volunteers fought under Kosciusko; their Colonel fell
+in 1809. In 1830 the shallow Polish national Government refused the
+Jews' petition to be allowed to enter the army. As they then ventured to
+apply for admission to the Polish public schools Nicholas I. punished
+them, allowing 36,000 families to be carried away to the steppes of
+South Russia, where the regulation for the enlistment of children
+overtook them. All their small boys from the age of 6 years were sent to
+Archangel in Cossack custody to be trained as sailors. They died in
+multitudes on the way.</p>
+
+<p>The evils which befell all the inhabitants of Poland regardless of their
+creed for some time suppressed the hatred of the Jews which is always
+lurking in the masses. The great men of Poland checked its development.
+Adam Mickiewicz, Poland's greatest author, went so far that in his chief
+work, Poland's national epic, "Pan Tadeusz" (1834) he makes a Jewish
+innkeeper one of the most sympathetic leading characters. He is
+introduced in the fourth canto as a genius in music, the great master of
+the national instrument, the cymbal; and Mickiewicz makes the
+culmination of his poem the moment when Jankiel before Dombrowski
+himself plays the Dombrowski marche, symbolical of the whole history of
+Poland from 1791-1812, the year in which the poem takes place, the
+Napoleon year.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1860 the equalization of the Jews with the Catholics was a
+reality in Warsaw, and when, in February, 1861, at two large public
+places in Warsaw, the Russians had shot on the kneeling masses singing
+the national anthem, ("Zdymem pozarow,") the Jews felt impelled to show
+their national feeling through an unmistakable manifestation.</p>
+
+<p>In masses they accompanied their rabbis into the Catholic churches just
+as the Christians in crowds entered the synagogues to sing the same
+hymn.</p>
+
+<p>This last feature, the processions of the two creeds into each other's
+churches singing the same song, made such an impression on Henrik Ibsen,
+the great Scandinavian poet, that again and again he returned in his
+conversations to this as one of the greatest and most beautiful
+experiences he had ever had.</p>
+
+<p>And now under the whirlstorm of madness which nationalism has driven
+across Europe, all this is lost; nay, from a religious reconciliation it
+has been turned into flaming hatred between the races.</p>
+
+
+<h3>II.</h3>
+
+<p>In 1912 the election of a Deputy to the Duma was to take place in
+Warsaw. The population of the town consists of between seven and eight
+hundred thousand. As among them there are 300,000 Jews, the majority of
+the electors, it was in the power of that majority to elect a Jewish
+Deputy. Because of their Polish national feeling, however, they gave up
+this right, as they wanted Warsaw, as the capital of the Kingdom of
+Poland, to be represented by a man who not only in spirit, but also by
+race, was a Pole. Of the Polish committee they only demanded that the
+party concerned be no enemy to the Jews. It proved, however, that the
+committee in its arrogance would not deal with them at all and proposed
+Kucharschewski, a pronounced anti-Semitic candidate and a man who
+publicly declared that he desired the election to the Duma only to work
+for the extermination of the Jews of Poland. By the way, it is strange
+to notice how the word "exterminate," which thirty years ago in the days
+of Bismarck and Eduard von Hartmann as <i>Ausrotten</i> was subject to the
+curse and condemnation of the Poles, has now come to honor, and how
+easily it passes their lips.</p>
+
+<p>As the Jews, of course, could not vote on such a man, they urgently
+asked the committee to propose another candidate not inimical to them.
+This reasonable request was refused with coarseness and Kucharschewski's
+candidacy maintained. Because of that the Jews were obliged to look
+about for another candidate of Polish family who was fit for the
+position and was not hostile to them. In spite of numerous applications,
+they did not succeed in finding such a man; at the last moment, when all
+attempts had failed, Jagello, the Social Democrat, declared himself
+willing to accept the candidacy of the Jews.</p>
+
+<p>The only thing in his favor was the fact that he was of pure Polish
+blood. As their leading men all belong to the higher middle class, they
+did not share his views. But the state of affairs forced them to support
+him. Lord Beaconsfield used to maintain that the natural disposition of
+the Jewish race was conservative, but foolish politics, instead of
+encouraging the conservative instincts of the race, forced it to cast
+its lot with the most extreme elements of the opposition. It has proved
+true here.</p>
+
+<p>Jagello was elected.</p>
+
+<p>The leading men in Russian Poland, who, as a matter of fact, through the
+whole new century, had fought against the Jews, although secretly, for
+fear they should forfeit the sympathy of the intellectual aristocracy of
+Europe, used this electoral victory of the Jews, which had been forced
+upon them, to throw off the mask and openly act as their passionate
+enemies. The so-called co-operative movement developed during the last
+twelve years, and in itself nothing but a fight against the Jewish
+commerce, under a different name, now changed into a systematic and
+cruelly effected boycotting of the Jewish population. In private as in
+public life, the openly pronounced password was: not to buy from Jews,
+not to associate with Jews.</p>
+
+<p>At the head of this movement marched the intelligence of Poland, among
+others some of its most famous authors, avowed free thinkers as
+Nemojewski, nay, as Alexander Swientochowski. Literary life presents
+many changes, metamorphoses, which in thoroughness are not very much
+inferior to those of Ovid. A good deal is necessary to make one who for
+one-half century has witnessed the want of character among writers feel
+even the slightest surprise. But I should willingly have sworn that I
+should never have lived to see Alexander Swientochowski a nationalist,
+he the most uncompromising adversary of nationalism, who endured a good
+deal for his conviction, to see the poet of "Chawa Rubin" an
+anti-Semitic chief. Not only does all that Alexander Swientochowski
+wrote rise against him, but also the words, the powerful words, which
+issued from his mouth in his palmy days.</p>
+
+<p>The whole Polish press placed itself at the disposal of this movement.
+Young Polish louts were posted outside the Jewish shops and ill-treated
+the Christian women and children who wanted to buy there. By means of
+the well-known Dumowski a new paper, Dwa Groszi, was started, which
+simply urged pogroms. It soon came to bloody struggles. Polish
+undergraduates killed an old Jew in the Sliska Street in Warsaw. In the
+little town of Welun peasants poured naphtha on the house of a Jew and
+put fire to it, burning a large family. Similar acts occurred in several
+other places, until the Russian Government stopped this pogrom movement
+in order to prevent the Polish nationalism from getting stronger.</p>
+
+<p>The Polish priests in the villages incited the people from the pulpit to
+boycotting of and war against the Jews. After the sentence in the Beilis
+action the Polish newspapers were almost alone in publishing on
+circulars the information that Beilis had been acquitted, but that the
+existence of religious murder had been satisfactorily proved. Nay, the
+free thinker, Nemojewski, wrote a book, in which he maintained the
+monstrous lie that Jewish religious murders are facts, and traveled all
+over the country with an agitatorial lecture to the same purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Under these circumstances, the Jews in Russian Poland turned to the few
+men whose names were so esteemed or whose characters were so
+unimpeachable that their words could not be unheeded.</p>
+
+<p>Ladislas Mickiewicz, the excellent son of the great Mickiewicz, who had
+passed his whole life in Paris, first as a publisher and translator of
+the works of his father, and then as a Polish patriotic author,
+convened, together with some other prominent men, a great meeting at
+Warsaw to restore the inner peace. In vain he begged and besought his
+countrymen, who had enemies enough otherwise, not to act as enemies of
+the Jews, who had always been their friends. No Polish newspaper gave
+any report of his speech.</p>
+
+<p>All this took place before the war. The provisional result was the
+economic destruction of the Russian-Polish Jews. But now during the war
+the glow of the bloody hatred of the Jews has blazed out in far stronger
+flames and the Russian Government has as yet done nothing to subdue or
+quench the fire.</p>
+
+<p>During the mobilization several Polish newspapers, for instance, The
+Glos Lubelski, brought the alarming news in heavy type: "In England
+great pogroms against the Jews. The English Government does not check
+them." The paper was conscious of the lie. But the question was to set
+an example to follow.</p>
+
+<p>When the lack of gold and silver began to be felt the Polish newspapers
+accused the Jews of hiding the valuable metals. On closer examination,
+it was found that many non-Jewish business people (for instance,
+Ignaschewski in Lublin, a very rich Pole) were withholding whole bags
+full of gold and silver coins, for which they were punished rather
+severely; but this was not proved against a single Jew.</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, the Jews were, among other things, accused of having
+smuggled in a coffin 1,500,000 rubles in gold into Germany; and the
+protest against the accusation entered by the representatives and
+ministers of the Jewish congregation at Warsaw was printed in Russian
+papers, but not in a single Polish one.</p>
+
+<p>All these things were preparations for pogroms; but many others were
+made. The anti-Semites printed a proclamation in Yiddish in which the
+Jews were called upon to revolt against Russia; they took care that this
+proclamation was put into the pockets of the unsuspecting Jews in the
+streets of the different towns; those who had distributed the papers
+denounced the party concerned to the police. Everybody upon whom the
+proclamation was found was shot.</p>
+
+<p>At last the Jews were, as in the Middle Ages, both in word and writing
+accused of having poisoned the wells. If some Cossacks or other Russian
+soldiers died, the Poles accused the Jews of having caused their death.</p>
+
+<p>The chief accusation was, however, the accusation of espionage, which
+obtained general credence and was used both when Austrian troops came to
+some town or village and when Russian troops expelled the Austrians. The
+result was the same. A suitable number of Jews were conscientiously shot
+by the Russians as well as by the Austrians. There are, however, lists
+of those who really have been unmasked as spies. A Potocki was among
+them, and had to pay for it with his life; but no Jewish name is found
+on these lists.</p>
+
+<p>The accusation is, however, always believed, as the Jew has, for about
+two thousand years, been characterized as Judas.</p>
+
+<p>The legend about Judas may without exaggeration be described as one of
+the most foolish legends of antiquity; that it has been believed is one
+proof among thousands of the indescribable simplicity of mankind. Few
+legends carry like it the stamp of lie on their faces and few legends
+have millennium after millennium caused so many evils and horrors. It
+has tortured and murdered by hundred thousands.</p>
+
+<p>According to the supposition the story is impossible. The supposition is
+that a man in possession of superhuman attributes, a god or a demi-god,
+day after day goes about and speaks in the open air in a town and its
+neighborhood. So little does he make a secret of his doings that a short
+time before he had made his entry at broad daylight, welcomed with
+exultation by the whole population. He is known by each and all, by each
+woman and each child. So little does he want to hide that he walks about
+accompanied by his disciples, preaching day and night, sleeping among
+them. And to think it should be necessary to buy one of his disciples to
+denounce him and deliver him, to betray him, and that&mdash;for the sake of
+the effect&mdash;with a kiss! Indeed if he had hidden in some cellar, then
+there would be some meaning in it; but as things are, those who seek
+him need only ask: which of you is Jesus? He would not have tried to
+deny his name.</p>
+
+<p>Judas is then not only quite superfluous, but an absurdity, the origin
+of which is to be found in the desire to place the black traitor
+opposite the white hero of light and in the hatred of Jews arising among
+the first Gentile Christians, who later made the world forget that not
+only this straw-doll, Judas, but also Jesus and all the Apostles, all
+the Disciples and all the evangelists were Jews.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, in the conception of the rude masses this Judas&mdash;as he was
+called&mdash;has become the Jew, the typical Jew, the traitor, and the spy.</p>
+
+<p>Still as late as in the last decennium of the last century, Capt. Alfred
+Dreyfus fell a victim to this old foolish legend.</p>
+
+<p>And now it is again rehashed against the Jews in Russian Poland.</p>
+
+<p>The pogroms have, by virtue of these Judas accusations and the many
+other dreadful accusations, spread all over Russian Poland and there
+they are spreading more and more, while Galicia as well as Posen has
+proved susceptible to the incitations which have not failed. Many
+hundreds of innocent people have fallen victims to them.</p>
+
+<p>Here are a few instances from many:</p>
+
+<p>In the town of Bechava, conquered by the Austrians, the Polish leaders,
+among whom was a very well-known estate owner, applied to the Austrian
+commandant, accusing the Jews of secret connection with the Russian
+Army. In consequence of this the Austrians killed a 67-year-old man
+called Wallstein, and his 17-year-old son. When, after a short time, the
+Austrians were driven away, the same estate owner accused the Jews of
+the town to the Russian commandant of being in communication with the
+Austrians, having delivered to them all provisions for the purpose of
+depriving the Russians of them. In consequence of his accusation, many
+Jews were shot and their houses burned down.</p>
+
+<p>In the towns of Janow and Krasnik the Jews were accused of having put
+out mines to destroy the Russians. The Jews, and among them many
+children, were hanged on the telegraph poles, and the two towns
+destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>The town of Samosch was conquered by the Austrian Sokol troops, those
+beautiful slender people whom you do not forget when once you have seen
+them train in the capital of Galicia. When they were driven away from
+the Russian Army the Poles accused the Jews of the town of having been
+the accomplices of the Austrians. Twelve Jews were arrested. When they
+denied the charge they were sentenced to death. Five of them had been
+already hanged, when in the middle of the execution a Russian priest,
+carrying an image of the Virgin in his hand, appeared and with his hand
+on this image took the oath that the Jews were innocent and that the
+accusation was all an outcome of Polish hatred of the Jews. He proved
+that the Poles of the town themselves had supported the Austrians and
+that even a telephone connection with Lemberg could be found. The seven
+Jews were then set free; five had already been hanged.</p>
+
+<p>In the town of Jusefow, the Jews were accused of having poisoned the
+wells through which hundreds of Cossacks had lost their lives.
+Seventy-eight Jews were killed, many women were ravished, and houses and
+shops plundered.</p>
+
+<p>Similar events happened and still happen daily by hundreds. Greater or
+smaller pogroms with murder, rape, and plunder have thus taken place in
+the districts of Warsaw, Random, Petrikow, and Kelts.</p>
+
+<p>Only a few Russian Governors, such as Korff, in Warsaw; Kelepowski, in
+Lublin, and the Governors of Wilna, Petrikow, and Grodno have spoken,
+although too late, against the pogroms, but neither the Government nor
+the Poles take these warnings seriously.</p>
+
+<p>Eyewitnesses have told me about Jewish soldiers in the different
+lazarets who have turned mad, not through the unavoidable horrors of the
+war, but because of the pogroms they have witnessed in the towns they
+have passed. They mistake those they have seen murdered for their own
+relations; they imagine they see their own mothers, sisters, or beloved
+ones in that plight. They are always raving about the same thing.</p>
+
+<p>The pursuit of the Jews by the Russian-Polish anti-Semites is the more
+invidious under these circumstances, as 300,000 Jewish soldiers, among
+them many volunteers, are serving in the Russian Army, and as the
+self-sacrifice of the army and the Red Cross hitherto has been
+immeasurable. In the great congregations are special hospitals for
+Russian soldiers&mdash;regardless of their creed&mdash;founded by Jews and with
+Jewish money. Not a few Jewish soldiers have already won the highest
+military distinctions, nay, a few of them have even received them from
+Mr. Rennenkampf, the Commander in Chief himself, who used to be a
+zealous anti-Semite, as the Russian Court on the whole is passionately
+anti-Semitic. The manifesto from the Czar <i>To my dear Jewish subjects</i>,
+which has been printed in the French newspapers, has never been anything
+but a fabrication.</p>
+
+<p>While the usual accusation against the Jews in Russian Poland was that
+of sympathizing with the Russians&mdash;for which they have no special
+reason&mdash;Mr. A. Warinski, who in Russia is classed among the black ones,
+also called the true Russians&mdash;in "Politiken" has made the charge
+against them that the German attempts of gaining the Poles "have only
+had the effect desired on the Russian and Polish Jews, as these
+elements, because of psychological relation with the Prussians, feel
+disposed to place themselves at the side of Germany." This accusation
+and the arguments for it might express the culmination. The Jew shall
+and must be Judas. If it cannot be accomplished in one way the opposite
+way is tried. Mr. Warinski does not say one word about how many Jews
+have gone into the war as volunteers out of pure enthusiasm for Poland.
+They have not been able to believe, as I for my part cannot believe,
+that the last outcrop of nationalism in Russian Poland is more than a
+temporary epidemic.</p>
+
+<p>How could Russian Poles in the long run be unfaithful to the only powers
+they have been able to appeal to, the only powers which took an
+interest in them? How can they who are fighting for their liberty after
+so many years' ill-treatment be willing to seize an opportunity to
+ill-treat the only people who (to its misfortune) is in their power, the
+only people who have suffered far more and twenty times as long as they
+themselves; and the only ones who are too strong to be destroyed through
+any ill-treatment? How can the Poles, who were at times ruined as a
+State through the treachery of their own men, want to fling out the
+accusation of treason against a tribe which has never betrayed itself
+and which even in the deepest abasement never betrayed the only Slavic
+tribe who in the Middle Ages gave a refuge to its children?</p>
+
+<p>I suppose that the Poles will maintain against this appeal to them that
+I, whom the Ruthenians could never bring to make any attack on them, am
+now, because of my descent, speaking in favor of a matter, which is very
+unpleasant to them. My personal descent has so little influenced my
+proceedings and way of thinking that during the whole of my public life
+I have been subject to continual attacks in national Jewish periodicals
+and newspapers as the man who denied community of descent and supposed
+community of faith.</p>
+
+<p>This Spring during my stay in America I was continually attacked in the
+American Jewish papers as the callous denier of the Jews. It was
+nonsense, as is most of that which appears in print, but it proves at
+least that it is not on behalf of my blood but on behalf of my mind that
+I speak on this occasion. My sympathy is not with the Jews as Jews, but
+as the suppressed and ill-treated.</p>
+
+<p>I am the man who a generation ago wrote: "We love Poland, not in the
+same way that we love Germany or France or England, but as we love
+liberty. For what is to love Poland but to love liberty, to feel a deep
+sympathy with misfortune and to admire courage and combative enthusiasm?
+Poland is the symbol of all that which the supreme among mankind have
+loved and for which they have fought."</p>
+
+<p>These were my words and hitherto I have adhered to them.</p>
+
+<p>Shall I have to feel ashamed of having written them, now that Poland's
+future is being decided?</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">GEORG BRANDES.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image07.jpg" width="300" height="123" alt="decoration" title="decoration" />
+</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Commercial_Treaties_After_the_War" id="Commercial_Treaties_After_the_War"></a>Commercial Treaties After the War</h2>
+
+<h3>By P. Maslov.</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[From Russkia Vedomosti, No. 207, Sept. 10, (23,) 1914.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">F</span><b>OR</b> reasons beyond my control,<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> I am unable as a member of the Free
+Economic Association<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> to participate in the discussion of the methods
+of raising money by taxation for the war expenditures. The political
+group to which I belong may not give full expression to its views. What
+follows is my personal opinion shared by several men.</p>
+
+<p>The attack by Germany is not only a menace to the democracy of France
+and Belgium, it not only threatens a political dictatorship by the
+Prussian nobility over Europe, but is a danger of far greater magnitude
+than these. For the first time Europe is in peril of having her
+commercial treaties determined by the sword. Up to this time even the
+smaller countries have been saved from such a violent course, and
+European capital has been obliged to restrict itself to the oppression
+of Asiatic countries. Now for the first time&mdash;in case of a German
+victory&mdash;Europe stands in danger of having her commercial arrangements
+forced upon her by an iron hand, and is threatened with being turned
+into a German colony. For in the case of a German victory no power in
+Europe will be able to withstand Germany. And Germany will deal without
+ceremony even with Austria.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, in case of German defeat, the foremost capitalistic
+country, Great Britain, may not menace Europe for two reasons: First,
+Great Britain holds to the policy of free trade; second&mdash;and this is the
+main point&mdash;she cannot support with armed force her policy as against
+her allies.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime the danger indicated above threatens economically
+backward Russia; her agricultural population may be ruined, her
+industries may be destroyed. An unprecedented situation has arisen for
+Russia. All the social classes of the empire are deeply interested in
+the repulse of the armies of the Kaiser. The working class is just as
+much interested in the existence of Russian industries as are the
+employers. The peasants are in no lesser degree interested in the
+development of agriculture; the killing of industries and agriculture
+like that committed by England in Ireland centuries ago is a gloomy
+prospect for all classes of society. If France and Belgium are
+threatened with a political oppression then Russia is threatened with an
+even more terrible economic subjugation. Such is the situation.</p>
+
+<p>The poorest classes of the people are taking part in this fight with
+what they have, with their blood. It is but natural that they should
+expect that the material burdens of the war will fall not upon their
+shoulders, but upon big business.</p>
+
+<p>It seems to me that in discussing the sinews of war the Free Economic
+Association has not considered fully the psychology of the masses. And
+yet this psychology has a decisive influence upon the war, and is bound
+to be unfavorable to the war, if the masses of the people feel that the
+financial burdens of the war are to be placed upon the weakest
+shoulders.</p>
+
+<p>Considering that at the present moment our supreme duty is to repel the
+German invasion at all costs, I think that this duty will be better
+performed by putting the economic burden of the war upon the shoulders
+of the well-to-do classes, for we have to reckon not only with the
+taxpaying capacity of the mass of the people, but also with their
+psychology.</p>
+
+<p>I regard it as a great mistake that the important problem of the most
+economical methods of spending money raised by taxation has not been
+considered.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">P. MASLOV.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_WOMANS_PART" id="THE_WOMANS_PART"></a>THE WOMAN'S PART.</h2>
+
+<h3>By MAZIE V. CARUTHERS.</h3>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><b>BESIDE</b> my ruined cottage, desolate,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The children cowering 'round me, mute from fright,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With tearless eyes and brooding heart, I wait,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Watching through all the long, the weary night.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">God of the homeless, look from Heaven and see!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Out of the deeps, a woman calls on Thee!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">My little ones, they cry all day for bread,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And, 'neath the shelter of my meagre breast,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Stirs one unborn, who must e'er long be fed&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Another babe to hunger with the rest.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Madonna Mary, hear a mother's moan!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Pity the travail I must bear alone!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The tasseled corn would plenteous harvest yield,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But all the crops are rotting in the sun.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where are the reapers? On some battlefield<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">They fight for nought and die there, one by one!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">God's comfort be upon them where they lie,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sheep to war's shambles driven&mdash;who knows why?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Death and destruction walk by day, by night,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Men's blood is spilt and sacrificed in vain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While women wait for tidings of the fight<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Who may not even sepulchre their slain!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They say "God's in His Heaven"&mdash;but, instead,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Twould seem He is asleep&mdash;or, maybe, dead!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="A_PHOTOGRAPHIC_REVIEW_OF_THE_WAR" id="A_PHOTOGRAPHIC_REVIEW_OF_THE_WAR"></a>A PHOTOGRAPHIC REVIEW OF THE WAR</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><div class="blockquot">
+<h3><img src="images/image08a.jpg" width="43" height="200" alt="decoration" title="decoration" class="floatl" />
+<img src="images/image08b.jpg" width="47" height="200" alt="decoration" title="decoration" class="floatr" />
+<i>CONSISTING OF A<br />
+CAREFULLY SELECTED<br />
+SERIES OF THE BEST<br />
+PICTURES OF THE<br />
+WAR PRINTED IN<br />
+ROTOGRAVURE</i></h3>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image09.jpg" width="305" height="400" alt="Shell opens convent wall" title="Shell opens convent wall" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Shell Opens the Wall Surrounding the Convent of the
+Little Sisters of the Poor at Nieuport, Belgium, Exposing But Not
+Damaging the Shrine.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&copy; (<i>Photo, International News Service.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image10.jpg" width="400" height="230" alt="Men leaving for Front" title="Men leaving for Front" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Middle-Aged and Elderly Men in Response to the Last Call
+Leaving Berlin for the Front.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>International News Service.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image11.jpg" width="400" height="241" alt="Peasant in flight" title="Peasant in flight" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Louvain Peasant in Flight, Conveying His Sleeping Child
+and His Possessions on a Wheelbarrow.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>Underwood &amp; Underwood.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image12.jpg" width="400" height="232" alt="Bridge of the Arches" title="Bridge of the Arches" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>"Bridge of the Arches" Over the Meuse at Li&eacute;ge, Blown Up
+by the Belgians to Hamper the Enemy.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo by Boon, Holland.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image13.jpg" width="400" height="240" alt="Chauconier" title="Chauconier" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>French Artillery Advancing Through Chauconier, Near
+Meaux, on the Marne. One of the Houses on the Right Is Still Burning as
+a Result of the Bombardment.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo by Paul Thompson.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image14.jpg" width="248" height="400" alt="Louvain Cathedral" title="Louvain Cathedral" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Ruins of the Cathedral at Louvain (to the left) After the
+German Destruction of the City. In the Background is the Hotel de Ville,
+Which Was but Slightly Damaged.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>International News Service.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image15.jpg" width="254" height="400" alt="Belgian soldier" title="Belgian soldier" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Belgian Soldier Turning Sadly from a Mere Lad Who Had
+Been Shot in the Fierce Engagement at Huy, and Whose Suffering He Is
+Unable to Relieve.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>Underwood &amp; Underwood.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image16.jpg" width="400" height="236" alt="Louvain library" title="Louvain library" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Interior of the Famous Library at Louvain.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo by N.J. Boon, Holland.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image17.jpg" width="400" height="224" alt="Maubeuge fort" title="Maubeuge fort" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Cupola of a Maubeuge Fort Shattered by the German
+42-Centimeter Siege Gun.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo by Paul Thompson.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image18.jpg" width="400" height="236" alt="Paris trenches" title="Paris trenches" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Trenches Dug in Paris in Preparation for Street Fighting.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo&mdash;Sports &amp; General.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image19.jpg" width="400" height="241" alt="Paris searchlights" title="Paris searchlights" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Battery of Searchlights from the Place de la Concorde
+Sweeping the Sky Over Paris by Night for German Airships.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>International News Service.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image20.jpg" width="400" height="234" alt="Concealed fort" title="Concealed fort" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>German Soldiers Examining One of the Belgian Army's
+Concealed Forts Near Brussels.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo by Paul Thompson.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image21.jpg" width="400" height="242" alt="Belgian battery" title="Belgian battery" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Sunken Belgian Battery Replying to German Siege Guns Near
+Antwerp.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo&mdash;Sports &amp; General.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image22.jpg" width="400" height="233" alt="Belgian armored train" title="Belgian armored train" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Belgian Armored Train in Action During the Attack on
+Antwerp.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>International News Service.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image23.jpg" width="400" height="241" alt="Belgian soldier" title="Belgian soldier" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Belgian Soldier in Armored Car Watching the Bursting of a
+German Shell at the Attack on Antwerp.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>Underwood &amp; Underwood.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image24.jpg" width="400" height="235" alt="Fort Wavre St. Catherine" title="Fort Wavre St. Catherine" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Fort Wavre St. Catherine, One of the Strongest in the
+Ring Around Antwerp, Crumpled by the German 42-Centimeter Siege Guns.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>International News Service.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image25.jpg" width="400" height="239" alt="Destroyed shoe market, Antwerp" title="Destroyed shoe market, Antwerp" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Striking Photograph of the Destroyed Shoe-Market Section
+of Antwerp, Looking Toward the Cathedral.</b></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image26.jpg" width="400" height="235" alt="Belgians sleeping" title="Belgians sleeping" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Belgian Men, Women, and Children Sleeping on Straw at
+Rosendaal, Holland.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>International News Service.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image27.jpg" width="400" height="238" alt="Captured German officer" title="Captured German officer" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>A Captured German Officer Salutes a Belgian Standard,
+Though His Men Ignore It as They March Past.</b></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image28.jpg" width="400" height="232" alt="Sinking of the Mainz" title="Sinking of the Mainz" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Sinking of the German Cruiser Mainz in the Naval Battle
+Off Heligoland. The Photograph, Taken from the Deck of a British
+Warship, Shows the Cruiser in Flames and Settling in the Water.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>International News Service.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image29.jpg" width="400" height="241" alt="German prisoners of war" title="German prisoners of war" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>German Prisoners of War, Nearly a Thousand in Number,
+Reaching Southern England.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>International News Service.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image30.jpg" width="400" height="233" alt="Belgian girls distributing walnuts" title="Belgian girls distributing walnuts" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Belgian Girls Distributing Walnuts to the Soldiers Behind
+Antwerp's Now Ruined Defenses.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>Underwood &amp; Underwood.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image31.jpg" width="400" height="240" alt="Firing line at Ernecourt" title="Firing line at Ernecourt" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>A Remarkable Photograph Taken on the Firing Line at
+Ernecourt. One Man Lies Dead, Another Is Being Tended by a Red Cross
+Surgeon, and the Second Soldier from the Left Has Just Been Hit.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>International News Service.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image32.jpg" width="400" height="229" alt="German siege gun" title="German siege gun" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Huge German Siege Gun Used in Bombarding Malines.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>International News Service.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image33.jpg" width="400" height="241" alt="Krupp Gun Works" title="Krupp Gun Works" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Scene in the Krupp Gun Works, Where Germany's Army and
+Navy Guns Are Manufactured.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo from Brown Bros.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image34.jpg" width="400" height="234" alt="Zeppelin dirigible" title="Zeppelin dirigible" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Zeppelin Dirigible, One of the Great Fleet of Airships
+Which Germany Is Using in the War.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>International News Service.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image35.jpg" width="400" height="243" alt="Belgian guns in action" title="Belgian guns in action" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Belgian Guns in Action During the Defense of Antwerp.</b></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image36.jpg" width="250" height="400" alt="King Albert of Belgium" title="King Albert of Belgium" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>King Albert of Belgium Talking to One of the French
+General Staff in the Square at Furnes During a Review of French
+Reinforcements.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>International News Service.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image37.jpg" width="251" height="400" alt="German soldiers sharing food" title="German soldiers sharing food" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>German Soldiers on Outpost Duty Near Antwerp Sharing
+Their Food with Little Belgian Orphans.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>Underwood &amp; Underwood.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image38.jpg" width="400" height="232" alt="Nurse reading to soldier" title="Nurse reading to soldier" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Nurse Reading to a Convalescent Soldier in the War
+Hospital at Calais.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>International News Service.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image39.jpg" width="400" height="238" alt="Nurse taking message from dying soldier" title="Nurse taking message from dying soldier" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>A Red Cross Nurse Taking Down the Last Message of a Dying
+British Soldier on the Battlefield.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo by Paul Thompson.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image40.jpg" width="400" height="230" alt="French artillery at Stenay" title="French artillery at Stenay" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>French Artillery Assembled in a Square at Stenay, Just
+Before the Town Was Captured by the Germans.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo by Paul Thompson.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image41.jpg" width="400" height="241" alt="Belgian outpost" title="Belgian outpost" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>A Belgian Outpost in Action on the Battle Line Near the
+Franco-Belgian Frontier.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>International News Service.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image42.jpg" width="247" height="400" alt="Gen. Belin" title="Gen. Belin" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Gen. Belin, Who Is Gen. Joffre's Right-Hand Man and an
+Important Factor in the Control of the French Forces.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>International News Service.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image43.jpg" width="249" height="400" alt="Belgian sharpshooters" title="Belgian sharpshooters" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Belgian Sharpshooters Attacking from an Armored Train in
+the Vicinity of Ypres.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>International News Service.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image44.jpg" width="400" height="229" alt="German Crown Prince and King of Saxony" title="German Crown Prince and King of Saxony" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>German Crown Prince and the King of Saxony Witnessing a
+Parade of the Ninety-eighth Regiment of Infantry Before the Crown
+Prince's Headquarters.</b></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image45.jpg" width="400" height="244" alt="The Kaiser witnessing parade" title="The Kaiser witnessing parade" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>The Kaiser (at the extreme left) Witnessing the Parade of
+a Saxon Landsturm Regiment.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>International News Service.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image46.jpg" width="400" height="229" alt="King George and King Albert" title="King George and King Albert" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>King George and King Albert Reviewing the Belgian Troops
+in Flanders. Immediately Behind the Sovereigns Are the Prince of Wales
+and His Highness Pertab Singh.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>International News Service.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image47.jpg" width="400" height="245" alt="Algerian troops with German prisoners" title="Algerian troops with German prisoners" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Algerian Troops Bringing in German Prisoners From the
+Flanders Battle in the Canal Region of Belgium.</b></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image48.jpg" width="400" height="235" alt="King George V, Queen Mary, and Lord Kitchener" title="King George V, Queen Mary, and Lord Kitchener" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>King George V., Queen Mary, and Lord Kitchener Cheered by
+Canadian Highlanders at Salisbury, England.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>American Press Assn.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image49.jpg" width="400" height="240" alt="German motor convoy destroyed" title="German motor convoy destroyed" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>German Motor Convoy Destroyed in the Forest Near
+Villers-Cotteret, France.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>International News Service.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image50.jpg" width="249" height="400" alt="Nurse hanging evergreens" title="Nurse hanging evergreens" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Red Cross Nurse at a Hospital in Northern France Hanging
+Christmas Evergreens Above a Wounded Soldier's Cot.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>American Press Assn.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image51.jpg" width="253" height="400" alt="Gens. von Heeringen and von Emmich" title="Gens. von Heeringen and von Emmich" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Gen. von Heeringen, "the Victor of Saarburg," on the
+Right, Talking with Gen. von Emmich, Who Commanded Before Li&eacute;ge.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo by R. Sennecke.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image52.jpg" width="400" height="239" alt="Suspected spy" title="Suspected spy" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Bringing a Suspected Spy Through the French Lines to
+Headquarters After Enveloping His Head to Prevent His Seeing Anything of
+Military Value.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>American Press Assn.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image53.jpg" width="400" height="239" alt="Constantinople crowds at mosque" title="Constantinople crowds at mosque" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Constantinople Crowds Gathered at the Mosque of Faith
+While Sheikh Ul-Islam Proclaims the Declaration of War Against the
+Allies.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>International News Service.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image54.jpg" width="400" height="234" alt="Japanese Bluejackets" title="Japanese Bluejackets" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Japanese Bluejackets Coming Ashore Near Tsing-Tau.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo from Paul Thompson.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image55.jpg" width="400" height="238" alt="Defenders of Tsing-Tau" title="Defenders of Tsing-Tau" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>The Defenders of Tsing-Tau Moving to the Outer Defenses
+During the Siege.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>International News Service.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image56.jpg" width="397" height="400" alt="German gun crumpled" title="German gun crumpled" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>German Gun in the Bismarck Fortress, Tsing-Tau, Crumpled
+by Japanese and British Shells.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photos by Paul Thompson.</i>)</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Patriotism_and_Endurance" id="Patriotism_and_Endurance"></a>Patriotism and Endurance</h2>
+
+<h3>By Cardinal D.J. Mercier, Archbishop of Malines.</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[<i>Copyright by Burns &amp; Oates, Ltd., 28 Orchard Street, London. All
+rights reserved.</i>]</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Here is the celebrated Christmas pastoral letter of Cardinal
+Mercier, Archbishop of Malines. It is the first authentic
+translated copy of the now famous document to be received in
+America. The letter has caused a worldwide sensation because
+of its bold appeal to the Belgian people. Its publication
+resulted in the detention of the Cardinal by the Germans in
+his palace and a consequent protest by the Pope and throughout
+the whole Roman Catholic world.</p>
+
+<p>The first reports of the arrest of the Cardinal were denied by
+the German authorities. Subsequently an official report made
+to the Pope stated that 15,000 copies of the pastoral letter
+were seized in Malines and destroyed, the printer being fined;
+that the Cardinal was detained in his palace during all Jan.
+4; that he was prevented by German officers on Jan. 3 from
+presiding at a religious ceremony; that they subjected him to
+interrogations and demanded of him a retraction, which he
+refused to make. The English reprint of the Cardinal's letter
+is copyrighted by Burns &amp; Oates, Ltd., 28 Orchard Street,
+London. <span class="smcap">The New York Times Current History</span> reproduces it by
+permission.</p></div>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">M</span>&#160;&#160;<b>Y</b> Very Dear Brethren: I cannot tell you how instant and how present
+thought of you has been to me throughout the months of suffering and of
+mourning through which we have passed. I had to leave you abruptly on
+the 20th of August in order to fulfill my last duty toward the beloved
+and venerated Pope whom we have lost, and in order to discharge an
+obligation of the conscience from which I could not dispense myself, in
+the election of the successor of Pius X., the Pontiff who now directs
+the Church under the title, full of promise and of hope, of Benedict XV.</p>
+
+<p>It was in Rome itself that I received the tidings&mdash;stroke after
+stroke&mdash;of the partial destruction of the Cathedral Church of Louvain,
+next of the burning of the library and of the scientific installations
+of our great university and of the devastation of the city, and next of
+the wholesale shooting of citizens, and tortures inflicted upon women
+and children and upon unarmed and undefended men.</p>
+
+<p>And, while I was still under the shock of these calamities, the
+telegraph brought us news of the bombardment of our beautiful
+metropolitan church, of the Church of N&ocirc;tre Dame au dela la Dyle, of the
+episcopal palace, and of a great part of our dear City of Malines.</p>
+
+<p>Afar from my diocese, without means of communication with you, I was
+compelled to lock my grief within my own afflicted heart and to carry
+it, with the thought of you, which never left me, to the foot of the
+Crucifix.</p>
+
+<p>I craved courage and light, and sought them in such thoughts as these: A
+disaster has visited the world, and our beloved little Belgium, a nation
+so faithful in the great mass of her population to God, so upright in
+her patriotism, so noble in her King and Government, is the first
+sufferer. She bleeds; her sons are stricken down within her fortresses
+and upon her fields, in defense of her rights and of her territory.</p>
+
+<p>Soon there will not be one Belgian family not in mourning. Why all this
+sorrow, my God? Lord, Lord, hast Thou forsaken us? Then I looked upon
+the Crucifix. I looked upon Jesus, most gentle and humble Lamb of God,
+crushed, clothed in His blood as in a garment, and I thought I heard
+from His own mouth the words which the psalmist uttered in His name: "O
+God, my God, look upon me; why hast Thou forsaken me? O my God, I shall
+cry, and Thou wilt not hear."</p>
+
+<p>And forthwith the murmur died upon my lips, and I remembered what our
+Divine Saviour said in His gospel: "The disciple is not above the
+master, nor the servant above his lord." The Christian is the servant of
+a God who became man in order to suffer and to die.</p>
+
+<p>To rebel against pain, to revolt against Providence because it permits
+grief and bereavement, is to forget whence we came, the school in which
+we have been taught, the example that each of us carries graven in the
+name of a Christian, which each of us honors at his hearth, contemplates
+at the altar of his prayers, and of which he desires that his tomb, the
+place of his last sleep, shall bear the sign.</p>
+
+<p>My dearest brethren, I shall return by and by to the providential law of
+suffering, but you will agree that since it has pleased a God-made man
+who was holy, innocent, without stain, to suffer and to die for us who
+are sinners, who are guilty, who are perhaps criminals, it ill becomes
+us to complain whatever we may be called upon to endure. The truth is
+that no disaster on earth, striking creatures only, is comparable with
+that which our sins provoked and whereof God Himself chose to be the
+blameless victim.</p>
+
+<p>Having recalled to mind this fundamental truth, I find it easier to
+summon you to face what has befallen us and to speak to you simply and
+directly of what is your duty and of what may be your hope. That duty I
+shall express in two words&mdash;patriotism and endurance.</p>
+
+<p>My dearest brethren, I desire to utter in your name and my own the
+gratitude of those whose age, vocation, and social conditions cause them
+to benefit by the heroism of others without bearing in it any active
+part.</p>
+
+<p>When, immediately on my return from Rome, I went to Havre to greet our
+Belgian, French, and English wounded; when, later, at Malines, at
+Louvain, at Antwerp, it was given to me to take the hands of those brave
+men who carried a bullet in their flesh, a wound on their forehead,
+because they had marched to the attack of the enemy or borne the shock
+of his onslaught, it was a word of gratitude to them that rose to my
+lips. "O valiant friends," I said, "it was for us, it was for each one
+of us, it was for me, that you risked your lives and are now in pain. I
+am moved to tell you of my respect, of my thankfulness, to assure you
+that the whole nation knows how much she is in debt to you."</p>
+
+<p>For in truth our soldiers are our saviors.</p>
+
+<p>A first time, at Li&eacute;ge, they saved France; a second time, in Flanders,
+they arrested the advance of the enemy upon Calais. France and England
+know it; and Belgium stands before them both, and before the entire
+world, as a nation of heroes.</p>
+
+<p>Never before in my whole life did I feel so proud to be a Belgian as
+when, on the platforms of French stations, and halting a while in Paris,
+and visiting London, I was witness of the enthusiastic admiration our
+allies feel for the heroism of our army. Our King is, in the esteem of
+all, at the very summit of the moral scale. He is doubtless the only man
+who does not recognize that fact, as, simple as the simplest of his
+soldiers, he stands in the trenches and puts new courage, by the
+serenity of his face, into the hearts of those of whom he requires that
+they shall not doubt of their country. The foremost duty of every
+Belgian citizen at this hour is gratitude to the army.</p>
+
+<p>If any man had rescued you from shipwreck or from a fire, you would
+assuredly hold yourselves bound to him by a debt of everlasting
+thankfulness. But it is not one man, it is 250,000 men who fought, who
+suffered, who fell for you so that you might be free, so that Belgium
+might keep her independence, her dynasty, her patriotic unity; so that
+after the vicissitudes of battle she might rise nobler, purer, more
+erect, and more glorious than before.</p>
+
+<p>Pray daily, my brethren, for these 250,000 and for their leaders to
+victory; pray for our brothers in arms; pray for the fallen; pray for
+those who are still engaged; pray for the recruits who are making ready
+for the fight to come.</p>
+
+<p>In your name I send them the greeting of our fraternal sympathy and our
+assurance that not only do we pray for the success of their arms and for
+the eternal welfare of their souls, but that we also accept for their
+sake all the distress, whether physical or moral, that falls to our own
+share in the oppression that hourly besets us, and all that the future
+may have in store for us, in humiliation for a time, in anxiety, and in
+sorrow. In the day of final victory we shall all be in honor; it is just
+that today we should all be in grief.</p>
+
+<p>To judge by certain rumors that have reached me, I gather that from
+districts that have had least to suffer some bitter words have arisen
+toward our God, words which, if spoken with cold calculation, would not
+be far from blasphemous.</p>
+
+<p>Oh, all too easily do I understand how natural instinct rebels against
+the evils that have fallen upon Catholic Belgium. The spontaneous
+thought of mankind is ever that virtue should have its instantaneous
+crown and injustice its immediate retribution.</p>
+
+<p>But the ways of God are not our ways, the Scripture tells us. Providence
+gives free course, for a time measured by Divine wisdom, to human
+passions and the conflict of desires. God, being eternal, is patient.
+The last word is the word of mercy, and it belongs to those who believe
+in love. "Why art thou sad, O my soul? and why dost thou disquiet me?
+<i>Quare tristis es anima, et quare conturbas me?</i>" Hope in God. Bless Him
+always. Is He not thy Saviour and thy God? <i>Spera in Deo quoniam adhuc
+confitebor illi, salutare vultus mei et Deus meus.</i></p>
+
+<p>When holy Job, whom God presented as an example of constancy to the
+generations to come, had been stricken, blow upon blow, by Satan, with
+the loss of his children, of his goods, of his health, his enemies
+approached him with provocations to discouragement; his wife urged upon
+him a blasphemy and a curse. "Dost thou still continue in thy
+simplicity? Curse God, and die." But the man of God was unshaken in his
+confidence. "And he said to her: Thou hast spoken like one of the
+foolish women: if we have received good things at the hand of God, why
+should we not receive evil? <i>Dominus dedit, Dominus abstulit; sicut
+Domino placuit ita factum est. Sit nomen Domini benedictum.</i>" And
+experience proved that saintly one to be right. It pleased the Lord to
+recompense, even here below, His faithful servant. "The Lord gave Job
+twice as much as he had before. And for his sake God pardoned his
+friends."</p>
+
+<p>Better than any other man, perhaps, do I know what our unhappy country
+has undergone. Nor will any Belgian, I trust, doubt of what I suffer in
+my soul, as a citizen and as a Bishop, in sympathy with all this sorrow.
+These last four months have seemed to me age long. By thousands have our
+brave ones been mowed down. Wives, mothers are weeping for those they
+shall not see again; hearths are desolate; dire poverty spreads, anguish
+increases.</p>
+
+<p>At Malines, at Antwerp the people of two great cities have been given
+over, the one for six hours, the other for thirty-four hours, to a
+continuous bombardment, to the throes of death.</p>
+
+<p>I have traversed the greater part of the districts most terribly
+devastated in my diocese,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> and the ruins I beheld, and the ashes, were
+more dreadful than I, prepared by the saddest of forebodings, could have
+imagined.</p>
+
+<p>Other parts of my diocese, which I have not had time to visit,<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> have
+in like manner been laid waste. Churches, schools, asylums, hospitals,
+convents in great numbers are in ruins. Entire villages have all but
+disappeared. At Werchter-Wackerzeel, for instance, out of 380 homes 130
+remain. At Tremeloo two-thirds of the village are overthrown. At Bueken,
+out of 100 houses 20 are standing. At Schaffen, 189 houses out of 200
+are destroyed; 11 still stand. At Louvain the third part of the
+buildings are down; 1,074 dwellings have disappeared. On the town land
+and in the suburbs 1,823 houses have been burned.</p>
+
+<p>In this dear City of Louvain, perpetually in my thoughts, the
+magnificent Church of St. Peter will never recover its former splendor.
+The ancient College of St. Ives, the art schools, the consular and
+commercial schools of the university, the old markets, our rich library
+with its collections, its unique and unpublished manuscripts, its
+archives, its gallery of great portraits of illustrious rectors,
+chancellors, professors, dating from the time of its foundation, which
+preserved for masters and students alike a noble tradition, and were an
+incitement in their studies, all this accumulation of intellectual, of
+historic, and of artistic riches, the fruit of the labors of five
+centuries&mdash;all is in the dust.</p>
+
+<p>Many a parish lost its pastor. There is now sounding in my ears the
+sorrowful voice of an old man, of whom I asked whether he had had mass
+on Sunday in his battered church. "It is two months," he said, "since we
+had a church." The parish priest and the curate had been interned in a
+concentration camp.</p>
+
+<p>Thousands of Belgian citizens have in like manner been deported to the
+prisons of Germany, to Munsterlagen, to Celle, to Magdeburg. At
+Munsterlagen alone, 3,100 civil prisoners were numbered. History will
+tell of the physical and moral torments of their long martyrdom.</p>
+
+<p>Hundreds of innocent men were shot. I possess no complete necrology; but
+I know that there were ninety-one shot at Aerschot and that there, under
+pain of death, their fellow-citizens were compelled to dig their graves.
+In the Louvain group of communes 176 persons, men and women, old men and
+sucklings, rich and poor, in health and sickness, were shot or burned.</p>
+
+<p>In my diocese alone I know that thirteen priests or religious were put
+to death.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p>One of these, the parish priest of Gelrode, suffered, I believe, a
+veritable martyrdom. I made a pilgrimage to his grave, and amid the
+little flock which so lately he had been feeding with the zeal of an
+apostle, there did I pray to him that from the height of Heaven he would
+guard his parish, his diocese, his country.</p>
+
+<p>We can neither number our dead nor compute the measure of our ruins. And
+what would it be if we turned our sad steps toward Li&eacute;ge, Namur,
+Audenne, Dinant, Tamines, Charleroi, and elsewhere?<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> And there, where
+lives were not taken, and there, where the stones of buildings were not
+thrown down, what anguish unrevealed! Families hitherto living at ease
+now in bitter want; all commerce at an end, all careers ruined, industry
+at a standstill, thousands upon thousands of workingmen without
+employment, working women, shopgirls, humble servant girls without the
+means of earning their bread, and poor souls forlorn on the bed of
+sickness and fever, crying, "O Lord, how long, how long?"</p>
+
+<p>There is nothing to reply. The reply remains the secret of God.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, dearest brethren, it is the secret of God. He is the Master of
+events and the Sovereign Director of the human multitude. <i>Domini est
+terra et plenitudo ejus; orbis terrarum et universi qui habitant in eo.</i>
+The first relation between the creature and his Creator is that of
+absolute dependence. The very being of the creature is dependent;
+dependent are his nature, his faculties, his acts, his works.</p>
+
+<p>At every passing moment that dependence is renewed, is incessantly
+reasserted, inasmuch as, without the will of the Almighty, existence of
+the first single instant would vanish before the next. Adoration, which
+is the recognition of the sovereignty of God, is not, therefore, a
+fugitive act; it is the permanent state of a being conscious of his own
+origin. On every page of the Scriptures Jehovah affirms His sovereign
+dominion.</p>
+
+<p>The whole economy of the old law, the whole history of the chosen
+people, tend to the same end&mdash;to maintain Jehovah upon His throne and to
+cast idols down. "I am the first and the last. I am the Lord, and there
+is none else; there is no God beside Me. I form the light and create
+darkness, I make peace and create evil. Woe to him that gainsayeth his
+maker, a sherd of the earthen pots. Shall the clay say to him that
+fashioneth it, What art thou making, and thy work is without hands? Tell
+ye, and come, and consult together. A just God and a Saviour, there is
+none beside Me."</p>
+
+<p>Ah, did the proud reason of mankind dream that it could dismiss our God?
+Did it smile in irony when through Christ and through His Church He
+pronounced the solemn words of expiation and of repentance? Vain of
+fugitive successes, O light-minded man, full of pleasure and of wealth,
+hast thou imagined that thou couldst suffice even to thyself?</p>
+
+<p>Then was God set aside in oblivion, then was He misunderstood, then was
+He blasphemed, with acclamation, and by those whose authority, whose
+influence, whose power had charged them with the duty of causing His
+great laws and His great order to be revered and obeyed. Anarchy then
+spread among the lower ranks of mankind, and many sincere consciences
+were troubled by the evil example. How long, O Lord, they wondered, how
+long wilt Thou suffer the pride of this iniquity? Or wilt Thou finally
+justify the impious opinion that Thou carest no more for the work of Thy
+hands? A shock from a thunderbolt, and behold, all human foresight is
+set at nought! Europe trembles upon the brink of destruction!</p>
+
+<p>The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom.</p>
+
+<p>Many are the thoughts that throng the breast of man today, and the chief
+of them all is this:</p>
+
+<p>God reveals Himself as the Master. The nations that made the attack, and
+the nations that are warring in self-defense, alike confess themselves
+to be in the hand of Him without Whom nothing is made, nothing is done.</p>
+
+<p>Men long unaccustomed to prayer are turning again to God. Within the
+army, within the civil world, in public, and within the individual
+conscience, there is prayer. Nor is that prayer today a word learned by
+rote, uttered lightly by the lip; it surges from the troubled heart, it
+takes the form, at the feet of God, of the very sacrifice of life. The
+being of man is a whole offering to God. This is worship, this is the
+fulfillment of the primal moral and religious law&mdash;the Lord thy God
+shalt thou adore, and Him only shalt thou serve.</p>
+
+<p>And even those who murmur, and whose courage is not sufficient for
+submission to the hand that smites us and saves us, even these
+implicitly acknowledge God to be the Master, for if they blaspheme Him,
+they blaspheme Him for His delay in closing with their desires.</p>
+
+<p>But as for us, my brethren, we will adore Him in the integrity of our
+souls. Not yet do we see in all its magnificence the revelation of His
+wisdom, but our faith trusts Him with it all. Before His justice we are
+humble, and in His mercy hopeful. With holy Tobias we know that because
+we have sinned He has chastised us, but because He is merciful He will
+save us.</p>
+
+<p>It would perhaps be cruel to dwell upon our guilt now, when we are
+paying so well and no nobly what we owe. But shall we not confess that
+we have indeed something to expiate? He who has received much, from him
+shall much be required. Now dare we say that the moral and religious
+standard of our people has risen as its economic prosperity has risen?
+The observance of Sunday rest, the Sunday mass, the reverence for
+marriage, the restraints of modesty&mdash;what had you made of these?</p>
+
+<p>What, even within Christian families, had become of the simplicity
+practiced by our fathers, what of the spirit of penance, what of respect
+for authority? And we, too, we priests, we religious, I, the Bishop, we
+whose great mission it is to present in our lives, yet more than in our
+speech, the Gospel of Christ, have we earned the right to speak to our
+people the word spoken by the Apostle to the nations, "Be ye followers
+of me, as I also am of Christ"?</p>
+
+<p>We labor indeed, we pray indeed, but it is all too little. We should be,
+by the very duty of our state, the public expiators for the sins of the
+world. But which was the thing dominant in our lives&mdash;expiation or our
+comfort and well-being as citizens? Alas! we have all had times in which
+we, too, fell under God's reproach to His people after the escape from
+Egypt: "The beloved grew fat and kicked; they have provoked me with that
+which was no god, and I will provoke them with that which is no people."
+Nevertheless, He will save us, for He wills not that our adversaries
+should boast that they, and not the Eternal, did these things. "See ye
+that I alone am, and there is no other God beside me. I will kill and I
+will make to live. I will strike and I will heal."</p>
+
+<p>God will save Belgium, my brethren; you cannot doubt it.</p>
+
+<p>Nay, rather, He is saving her.</p>
+
+<p>Across the smoke of conflagration, across the stream of blood, have you
+not glimpses, do you not perceive signs of His love for us? Is there a
+patriot among us who does not know that Belgium has grown great? Nay,
+which of us would have the heart to cancel this last page of our
+national history? Which of us does not exult in the brightness of the
+glory of this shattered nation? When in her throes she brings forth
+heroes, our mother country gives her own energy to the blood of those
+sons of hers. Let us acknowledge that we needed a lesson in patriotism.
+There were Belgians, and many such, who wasted their time and their
+talents in futile quarrels of class with class, of race with race, of
+passion with personal passion.</p>
+
+<p>Yet when, on Aug. 2, a mighty foreign power, confident in its own
+strength and defiant of the faith of treaties, dared to threaten us in
+our independence, then did all Belgians, without difference of party, or
+of condition, or of origin, rise up as one man, close ranged about their
+own King and their own Government, and cry to the invader: "Thou shalt
+not go through!"</p>
+
+<p>At once, instantly, we were conscious of our own patriotism. For down
+within us all is something deeper than personal interests, than personal
+kinships, than party feeling, and this is the need and the will to
+devote ourselves to that more general interest which Rome termed the
+public thing, <i>Res publica</i>. And this profound will within us is
+patriotism.</p>
+
+<p>Our country is not a mere concourse of persons or of families inhabiting
+the same soil, having among themselves relations more or less intimate,
+of business, of neighborhood, of a community of memories happy or
+unhappy.</p>
+
+<p>Not so; it is an association of living souls subject to a social
+organization, to be defended and safeguarded at all costs, even the cost
+of blood, under the leadership of those presiding over its fortunes. And
+it is because of this general spirit that the people of a country live a
+common life in the present, through the past, through the aspirations,
+the hopes, the confidence in a life to come, which they share together.</p>
+
+<p>Patriotism, an internal principle of order and of unity, an organic bond
+of the members of a nation, was placed by the finest thinkers of Greece
+and Rome at the head of the natural virtues. Aristotle, the prince of
+the philosophers of antiquity, held disinterested service of the
+city&mdash;that is, the State&mdash;to be the very ideal of human duty.</p>
+
+<p>And the religion of Christ makes of patriotism a positive law; there is
+no perfect Christian who is not also a perfect patriot. For our religion
+exalts the antique ideal, showing it to be realizable only in the
+absolute. Whence, in truth, comes this universal, this irresistible
+impulse which carries at once the will of the whole nation in one single
+effort of cohesion and of resistance in face of the hostile menace
+against her unity and her freedom?</p>
+
+<p>Whence comes it that in an hour all interests were merged in the
+interest of all, and that all lives were together offered in willing
+immolation? Not that the State is worth more, essentially, than the
+individual or the family, seeing that the good of the family and of the
+individual is the cause and reason of the organization of the State. Not
+that our country is a Moloch on whose altar lives may lawfully be
+sacrificed. The rigidity of antique morals and the despotism of the
+Caesars suggested the false principle&mdash;and modern militarism tends to
+revive it&mdash;that the State is omnipotent, and that the discretionary
+power of the State is the rule of right. Not so, replies Christian
+theology; right is peace&mdash;that is, the interior order of a nation,
+founded upon justice. And justice itself is absolute only because it
+formulates the essential relation of man with God and of man with man.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, war for the sake of war is a crime. War is justifiable only if
+it is the necessary means for securing peace. St. Augustine has said:
+"Peace must not be a preparation for war. And war is not to be made
+except for the attainment of peace." In the light of this teaching,
+which is repeated by St. Thomas Aquinas, patriotism is seen in its
+religious character.</p>
+
+<p>Family interests, class interests, party interests, and the material
+good of the individual take their place, in the scale of values, below
+the ideal of patriotism, for that ideal is right, which is absolute.
+Furthermore, that ideal is the public recognition of right in national
+matters and of national honor. Now, there is no absolute except God. God
+alone, by His sanctity and His sovereignty, dominates all human
+interests and human wills. And to affirm the absolute necessity of the
+subordination of all things to right, to justice, and to truth, is
+implicitly to affirm God.</p>
+
+<p>When, therefore, humble soldiers whose heroism we praise answer us with
+characteristic simplicity, "We only did our duty," or "We were bound in
+honor," they express the religious character of their patriotism. Which
+of us does not feel that patriotism is a sacred thing, and that a
+violation of national dignity is in a manner a profanation and a
+sacrilege?</p>
+
+<p>I was asked lately by a staff officer whether a soldier falling in a
+righteous cause&mdash;and our cause is such, to demonstration&mdash;is not
+veritably a martyr. Well, he is not a martyr in the rigorous theological
+meaning of the word, inasmuch as he dies in arms, whereas the martyr
+delivers himself, undefended and unarmed, into the hands of the
+executioner; but if I am asked what I think of the eternal salvation of
+a brave man who has consciously given his life in defense of his
+country's honor and in vindication of violated justice, I shall not
+hesitate to reply that, without any doubt whatever, Christ crowns his
+military valor, and that death, accepted in this Christian spirit,
+assures the safety of that man's soul. "Greater love than this no man
+hath," said our Saviour, "that a man lay down his life for his friends."</p>
+
+<p>And the soldier who dies to save his brothers and to defend the hearths
+and altars of his country reaches this highest of all degrees of
+charity. He may not have made a close analysis of the value of his
+sacrifice, but must we suppose that God requires of the plain soldier in
+the excitement of battle the methodical precision of the moralist or the
+theologian? Can we who revere his heroism doubt that his God welcomes
+him with love?</p>
+
+<p>Christian mothers, be proud of your sons. Of all griefs, of all our
+human sorrows, yours is perhaps the most worthy of veneration. I think I
+behold you in your affliction, but erect, standing at the side of the
+Mother of Sorrows, at the foot of the Cross. Suffer us to offer you not
+only our condolence, but our congratulation. Not all our heroes obtain
+temporal honors, but for all we expect the immortal crown of the elect.
+For this is the virtue of a single act of perfect charity&mdash;it cancels a
+whole lifetime of sins. It transforms a sinful man into a saint.</p>
+
+<p>Assuredly a great and a Christian comfort is the thought that not only
+among our own men, but in any belligerent army whatsoever, all who in
+good faith submit to the discipline of their leaders in the service of a
+cause they believe to be righteous are sharers in the eternal reward of
+the soldier's sacrifice. And how many may there not be among these young
+men of 20 who, had they survived, might possibly not have had the
+resolution to live altogether well, and yet in the impulse of patriotism
+had the resolution to die so well?</p>
+
+<p>Is it not true, my brethren, that God has the supreme art of mingling
+His mercy with His wisdom and His justice? And shall we not acknowledge
+that if war is a scourge for this earthly life of ours, a scourge
+whereof we cannot easily estimate the destructive force and the extent,
+it is also for multitudes of souls an expiation, a purification, a force
+to lift them to the pure love of their country and to perfect Christian
+unselfishness?</p>
+
+<p>We may now say, my brethren, without unworthy pride, that our little
+Belgium has taken a foremost place in the esteem of nations. I am aware
+that certain onlookers, notably in Italy and in Holland, have asked how
+it could be necessary to expose this country to so immense a loss of
+wealth and of life, and whether a verbal manifesto against hostile
+aggression, or a single cannon shot on the frontier, would not have
+served the purpose of protest. But assuredly all men of good feeling
+will be with us in our rejection of these paltry counsels. Mere
+utilitarianism is no sufficient rule of Christian citizenship.</p>
+
+<p>On the 19th of April, 1839, a treaty was signed in London by King
+Leopold, in the name of Belgium, on the one part, and by the Emperor of
+Austria, the King of France, the Queen of England, the King of Prussia,
+and the Emperor of Russia, on the other; and its seventh article decreed
+that Belgium should form a separate and perpetually neutral State, and
+should be held to the observance of this neutrality in regard to all
+other States. The co-signatories promised, for themselves and their
+successors, upon their oath, to fulfill and to observe that treaty in
+every point and every article without contravention or tolerance of
+contravention. Belgium was thus bound in honor to defend her own
+independence. She kept her oath. The other powers were bound to respect
+and to protect her neutrality. Germany violated her oath; England kept
+hers.</p>
+
+<p>These are the facts.</p>
+
+<p>The laws of conscience are sovereign laws. We should have acted
+unworthily had we evaded our obligation by a mere feint of resistance.
+And now we would not rescind our first resolution; we exult in it. Being
+called upon to write a most solemn page in the history of our country,
+we resolved that it should be also a sincere, also a glorious page. And
+as long as we are required to give proof of endurance, so long we shall
+endure.</p>
+
+<p>All classes of our citizens have devoted their sons to the cause of
+their country, but the poorer part of the population have set the
+noblest example, for they have suffered also privation, cold, and
+famine. If I may judge of the general feeling from what I have witnessed
+in the humbler quarters of Malines and in the most cruelly afflicted
+districts of my diocese, the people are energetic in their endurance.
+They look to be righted; they will not hear of surrender.</p>
+
+<p>Affliction is, in the hand of Divine Omnipotence, a two-edged sword. It
+wounds the rebellious, it sanctifies him who is willing to endure.</p>
+
+<p>God proveth us, as St. James has told us, but He "is not a tempter of
+evils." All that comes from Him is good, a ray of light, a pledge of
+love. "But every man is tempted by his own concupiscence.... Blessed is
+he that endureth temptation, for when he hath been proved he shall
+receive the crown of life, which God hath promised to them that love
+Him."</p>
+
+<p>Truce, then, my brethren, to all murmurs of complaint. Remember St.
+Paul's words to the Hebrews, and through them to all of Christ's flock,
+when, referring to the bloody sacrifice of our Lord upon the cross, he
+reminded them that they had not yet resisted unto blood. Not only to the
+Redeemer's example shall you look, but also to that of the
+30,000&mdash;perhaps 40,000&mdash;men who have already shed their life blood for
+their country.</p>
+
+<p>In comparison with them, what have you endured who are deprived of the
+daily comforts of your lives, your newspapers, your means of travel,
+communication with your families? Let the patriotism of our army, the
+heroism of our King, of our beloved Queen in her magnanimity, serve to
+stimulate us and support us. Let us bemoan ourselves no more. Let us
+deserve the coming deliverance. Let us hasten it by our virtue even more
+than by our prayers. Courage, brethren! Suffering passes away; the
+crown of life for our souls, the crown of glory for our nation, shall
+not pass!</p>
+
+<p>I do not require of you to renounce any of your national desires. On the
+contrary, I hold it as part of the obligations of my episcopal office to
+instruct you, as to your duty in face of the power that has invaded our
+soil and now occupies the greater part of our country. The authority of
+that power is no lawful authority. Therefore in soul and conscience you
+owe it neither respect nor attachment nor obedience.</p>
+
+<p>The sole lawful authority in Belgium is that of our King, of our
+Government, of the elected representatives of the nation. This authority
+alone has a right to our affection, our submission.</p>
+
+<p>Thus the invader's acts of public administration have in themselves no
+authority; but legitimate authority has tacitly ratified such of those
+acts as affect the general interest, and this ratification, and this
+only, gives them juridic value. Occupied provinces are not conquered
+provinces. Belgium is no more a German province than Galicia is a
+Russian province. Nevertheless, the occupied portion of our country is
+in a position it is compelled to endure. The greater part of our towns,
+having surrendered to the enemy on conditions, are bound to observe
+those conditions. From the outset of military operations the civil
+authorities of the country urged upon all private persons the necessity
+of abstention from hostile acts against the enemy's army.</p>
+
+<p>That instruction remains in force. It is our army, and our army solely,
+in league with the valiant troops of our allies, that has the honor and
+the duty of national defense. Let us intrust the army with our final
+deliverance.</p>
+
+<p>Toward the persons of those who are holding dominion among us by
+military force, and who assuredly cannot but be sensible of the
+chivalrous energy with which we have defended and are still defending
+our independence, let us conduct ourselves with all needful forbearance.
+Some among them have declared themselves willing to mitigate, as far as
+possible, the severity of our situation and to help us to recover some
+minimum of regular civic life. Let us observe the rules they have laid
+upon us so long as those rules do not violate our personal liberty, nor
+our consciences as Christians, nor our duty to our country. Let us not
+take bravado for courage, nor tumult for bravery.</p>
+
+<p>You especially, my dearest brethren in the priesthood, be you at once
+the best examples of patriotism and the best supporters of public order.
+On the field of battle you have been magnificent. The King and the army
+admire the intrepidity of our military chaplains in face of death, their
+charity at the work of the ambulance. Your Bishops are proud of you. You
+have suffered greatly. You have endured much calumny. But be patient;
+history will do you justice. I today bear my witness for you.</p>
+
+<p>Wherever it has been possible I have questioned our people, our clergy,
+and particularly a considerable number of priests who had been deported
+to German prisons, but whom a principle of humanity, to which I gladly
+render homage, has since set at liberty. Well, I affirm, upon my honor,
+and I am prepared to assert upon faith of my oath, that until now I have
+not met a single ecclesiastic, secular or regular, who had once incited
+civilians to bear arms against the enemy. All have loyally followed the
+instructions of their Bishops, given in the early days of August, to the
+effect that they were to use their moral influence over the civil
+population so that order might be preserved and military regulations
+observed.</p>
+
+<p>I exhort you to persevere in this ministry of peace, which is for you
+the sanest form of patriotism; to accept with all your hearts the
+privations you have to endure; to simplify still further, if it is
+possible, your way of life. One of you who is reduced by robbery and
+pillage to a state bordering on total destitution, said to me lately: "I
+am living now as I wish I had lived always."</p>
+
+<p>Multiply the efforts of your charity, corporal and spiritual. Like the
+great Apostle, do you endure daily the cares of your Church, so that no
+man shall suffer loss and you not suffer loss, and no man fall and you
+not burn with zeal for him. Make yourselves the champions of all those
+virtues enjoined upon you by civic honor as well as by the Gospel of
+Christ.</p>
+
+<p>"Whatsoever things are true, whatsoever modest, whatsoever just,
+whatsoever holy, whatsoever lovely, whatsoever of good fame, if there be
+any virtue, if any praise of discipline, think on these things." So may
+the worthiness of our lives justify us, my most dear colleagues, in
+repeating the noble claim of St. Paul: "The things which ye have learned
+and received and heard and seen in me, these do ye, and the God of Peace
+shall be with you."</p>
+
+<p>Let us continue then, dearest brethren, to pray, to do penance, to
+attend holy mass, and to receive holy communion for the sacred intention
+of our dear country.... I recommend parish priests to hold a funeral
+service on behalf of our fallen soldiers on every Saturday.</p>
+
+<p>Money, I know well, is scarce with you all. Nevertheless, if you have
+little, give of that little for the succor of those among your
+fellow-countrymen who are without shelter, without fuel, without
+sufficient bread. I have directed my parish priests to form for this
+purpose in every parish a relief committee. Do you second them
+charitably and convey to my hands such alms as you can save from your
+superfluity, if not from your necessities, so that I may be the
+distributer to the destitute who are known to me.</p>
+
+<p>Our distress has moved the other nations. England, Ireland, and
+Scotland, France, Holland, the United States, Canada, have vied with
+each other in generosity for our relief. It is a spectacle at once most
+mournful and most noble. Here again is a revelation of the Providential
+wisdom which draws good from evil. In your name, my brethren, and in my
+own, I offer to the Governments and the nations that have succored us
+the assurance of our admiration and our gratitude.</p>
+
+<p>With a touching goodness, our Holy Father Benedict XV. has been the
+first to incline his heart toward us. When, a few moments after his
+election, he deigned to take me in his arms, I was bold enough there to
+ask that the first Pontifical benediction he spoke should be given to
+Belgium, already in deep distress through the war. He eagerly closed
+with my wish, which I knew would also be yours. Today, with delicate
+kindness, his Holiness has decided to renounce the annual offering of
+Peter's Pence from Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>In a letter dated on the beautiful festival of the Immaculate Virgin,
+Dec. 8, he assures us of the part he bears in our sufferings. He prays
+for us, calls down upon our Belgium the protection of Heaven, and
+exhorts us to hail in the then approaching advent of the Prince of Peace
+the dawn of better days. Here is the text of this valued message:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><i>To Our Dear Son, D&eacute;sir&eacute; Mercier, Cardinal Priest of the Holy
+Roman Church, of the Title of St. Peter in Chains, Archbishop
+of Malines, at Malines:</i></p>
+
+<p>Our Dear Son: Health and apostolic benediction. The fatherly
+solicitude which we feel for all the faithful whom Divine
+Providence has intrusted to our care causes us to share their
+griefs even more fully than their joys.</p>
+
+<p>Could we, then, fail to be moved by keenest sorrow at the
+sight of the Belgian Nation, which we so dearly love, reduced
+by a most cruel and most disastrous war to this lamentable
+state?</p>
+
+<p>We behold the King and his august family, the members of the
+Government, the chief persons of the country, Bishops,
+priests, and a whole people enduring woes which must fill with
+pity all gentle hearts, and which our own soul, in the fervor
+of paternal love, must be the first to compassionate. Thus,
+under the burden of this distress and this mourning, we call
+in our prayers for an end to such misfortunes. May the God of
+mercy hasten the day.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile we strive to mitigate, as far as in us lies, this
+excessive suffering. Therefore the step taken by our dear son,
+Cardinal Hartmann, Archbishop of Cologne, at whose request it
+was arranged that French or Belgian priests detained in
+Germany should have the treatment of officers, gave us great
+satisfaction, and we have expressed our thanks to him for his
+action.</p>
+
+<p>As regards Belgium, we have been informed that the faithful of
+that nation, so sorely tried, did not neglect, in their piety,
+to turn toward us their thoughts, and that even under the blow
+of so many calamities they proposed to gather this year, as in
+all preceding years, the offerings to St. Peter, which supply
+the necessities of the Apostolic See.</p>
+
+<p>This truly incomparable proof of piety and of attachment
+filled us with admiration; we accept it with all the affection
+that is due from a grateful heart; but having regard to the
+painful position in which our dear children are placed, we
+cannot bring ourselves to favor the fulfillment of that
+project, noble though it is. If any alms are to be gathered,
+our wish is that the money should be entirely devoted to the
+benefit of the Belgian people, who are as illustrious by
+reason of their nobility and their piety as they are today
+worthy of all sympathy.</p>
+
+<p>Amid the difficulties and anxieties of the present hour we
+would remind the sons who are so dear to us that the arm of
+God is not shortened, that He is ever able to save, that His
+ear is not deaf to prayer.</p>
+
+<p>Let the hope of Divine aid increase with the approach of the
+festival of Christmas and of the mysteries that celebrate the
+birth of our Lord, and recall that peace which God proclaimed
+to mankind by His angels.</p>
+
+<p>May the souls of the suffering and afflicted find comfort and
+consolation in the assurance of the paternal tenderness that
+prompts our prayers. Yes, may God take pity upon the Belgian
+people and grant them the abundance of all good.</p>
+
+<p>As a pledge of these prayers and good wishes, we now grant to
+all, and in the first place to you, our dear son, the
+apostolic benediction.</p>
+
+<p>Given in Rome, by St. Peter's, on the feast of the Immaculate
+Conception of Our Lady, in the year MCMXIV., the first of our
+Pontificate.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">BENEDICT XV., Pope.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>One last word, my dearest brethren: At the outset of these troubles I
+said to you that in the day of the liberation of our territory we should
+give to the Sacred Heart and to the Blessed Virgin a public testimony of
+our gratitude. Since that date I have been able to consult my colleagues
+in the episcopate, and, in agreement with them, I now ask you to make,
+as soon as possible, a fresh effort to hasten the construction of the
+national basilica, promised by Belgium in honor of the Sacred Heart.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the sun of peace shall shine upon our country we shall
+redress our ruins, we shall restore shelter to those who have none, we
+shall rebuild our churches, we shall reconstitute our libraries, and we
+shall hope to crown this work of reconciliation by raising, upon the
+heights of the capital of Belgium, free and Catholic, that national
+basilica of the Sacred Heart. Furthermore, every year we shall make it
+our duty to celebrate solemnly, on the Friday following Corpus Christi,
+the festival of the Sacred Heart.</p>
+
+<p>Lastly, in every region of the diocese the clergy will organize an
+annual pilgrimage of thanksgiving to one of the privileged sanctuaries
+of the Blessed Virgin in order to pay especial honor to the protectress
+of our national independence and universal mediatrix of the Christian
+Commonwealth.</p>
+
+<p>The present letter shall be read on the following dates: On the first
+day of the year and on the Sundays following the day on which it shall
+severally reach you.</p>
+
+<p>Accept, my dearest brethren, my wishes and prayers for you and for the
+happiness of your families, and receive, I pray you, my paternal
+benediction.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">D.J. CARDINAL MERCIER,<br />
+Archbishop of Malines.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="APPEAL_TO_AMERICA_FOR_BELGIUM" id="APPEAL_TO_AMERICA_FOR_BELGIUM"></a>APPEAL TO AMERICA FOR BELGIUM.</h2>
+
+<h3>By THOMAS HARDY.</h3>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">Seven millions stand<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Emaciate, in that ancient Delta-land:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We here, full charged with our own maimed and dead,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And coiled in throbbing conflicts slow and sore,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Can soothe how slight these ails unmerited<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of souls forlorn upon the facing shore!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where naked, gaunt, in endless band on band<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Seven millions stand.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">No man can say<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To your great country that, with scant delay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">You must, perforce, ease them in their sore need:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We know that nearer first your duty lies;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But&mdash;is it much to ask that you let plead<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Your loving kindness with you&mdash;wooing wise&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Albeit that aught you owe and must repay<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">No man can say?<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="With_the_German_Army" id="With_the_German_Army"></a>With the German Army</h2>
+
+<h3>By Cyril Brown.</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[Staff Correspondent of <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span>.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<h3>I.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">G</span><b>ERMAN GREAT HEADQUARTERS IN FRANCE</b>, Dec. 1.&mdash;There is a certain
+monotony about the "scientific murder" of the firing line&mdash;a routine
+repetition of artillery duels, alarums, and excursions which can be (and
+are being) vividly described by "war correspondents" from the safe
+vantage ground of comfortable caf&eacute;s miles away. The real human interest
+end of this ultra-modern war is to be gleaned from rambling around the
+operating zone in a thoroughly irresponsible American manner, trusting
+in Providence and the red American eagle sealed on your emergency
+passport and a letter from Charles Lesimple, the genial Consul at
+Cologne, to keep you from being shot.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, you get some interesting first-hand knowledge as to how
+spies can "get away with it," in spite of the perfect German military
+system of controls and passes. There is no "spy hysteria" in Germany as
+there apparently is in England, judging from the London papers, but none
+the less the German authorities know perfectly well that there are
+swarms of spies in their midst and are hunting them down with quiet,
+typically Teutonic thoroughness.</p>
+
+<p>But the very perfection of the German military machine is its weak spot,
+and on this, my second visit to the German Great Headquarters, I was
+able to give the astonished authorities a personal demonstration as to
+how any smooth-tongued stranger could turn up at even this "holy of
+holies." The nocturnal trail led in a military train from Luxemburg over
+Longwy to Longuyon, where at 3 o'clock in the morning I met an old
+reader of <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span>, Herman Herzberger, a wealthy glove leather
+manufacturer of Berlin, well known to the trade in New York and
+Gloversville.</p>
+
+<p>"What a coincidence," Mr. Herzberger remarked in good American. "I am
+going to the front with my wife to see my 18-year-old son, who is in a
+hospital at Vonziers. My son, who was in the high school, enlisted as a
+volunteer, with practically the whole school, at the outbreak of the
+war."</p>
+
+<p>With "constant reader," I boarded a troop transport at Longuyon and
+crawled on through the night to the front. It was a reserve battalion of
+a Prussian infantry regiment of the line, and a little research work
+produced the interesting discovery that it was composed of men who had
+been wounded, were recovered, and going back for the second time. They
+were delighted to have an American in their midst, and promptly made me
+an honorary member. They had no idea where they were going, but eagerly
+hoped "they would be back in the trenches by evening."</p>
+
+<p>"Many of us," said a Sergeant, "did not need to come back because owing
+to having received serious wounds the first time we were excused from
+further military service&mdash;but they all came back none the less. Here's
+one man who had nine wounds, from bullets and shell splinters, and this
+one was shot through the lungs, but you're all right again, aren't you?
+and this one is going back, although he has a wife and six children at
+home."</p>
+
+<p>It was an interesting revelation as to the morale of the German
+reinforcements.</p>
+
+<p>At 9 o'clock in the morning the troop transport stopped for refreshments
+at the French village of X, and here a funny phenomenon was witnessed.
+From all sides the shrewd inhabitants of the village came running,
+scores of them, with bottles of wine. The laughing German soldiers got
+out and, negotiating over a picket fence, returned with the refreshments
+while the inhabitants made off with German coin. I saw bottles of
+champagne change hands here for the sum of 25 cents. In spite of the
+cheapness of wine, however, the German soldier is well disciplined and
+does not "go the limit"; I have never seen an intoxicated specimen
+afield.</p>
+
+<p>One of the soldiers told the following story to illustrate the iron
+discipline enforced in the Kaiser's army in the case of the inevitable
+black sheep: "A Frenchwoman, who kept a small tavern, came to our
+commandant and complained because a Bavarian soldier had wantonly turned
+the spigot and allowed a whole cask of red wine to run out on the
+ground. After an investigation the offender was found guilty and for
+punishment tied to a tree for two hours. To be tied fast by your head
+and legs is the most dreaded punishment, because you are disgraced
+before all your comrades."</p>
+
+<p>From X I started out on a foot tour, and entered the Grosses
+Hauptquartier (Great Headquarters) unchallenged, by the back door.
+Journalistically it was disappointing at first, for it was Sunday
+morning, and apparently Prussian militarism keeps the Sabbath holy.
+There was no interviewing the Kaiser, for he had gone "way down East"
+and with him his War Minister, Gen. von Falkenhayn. The courteous
+commandant, Col. von Hahnke, was not on the job. Even the brilliant
+chief of the press division, Major Nikolai, was out of town when I
+called on the Great General Staff.</p>
+
+<p>But there were compensations, for at a turn of the road I saw a more
+impressive sight than even the motoring Kaiser&mdash;a mile of German
+cavalry coming down the straight chauss&eacute;, gray horsemen as far as the
+eye could see and more constantly coming over the brow of the distant
+hill, with batteries of field artillery sandwiched between, while on the
+railroad track, paralleling the highway, infantry and heavy artillery
+troop trains crawled past in endless succession, as closely together as
+subway trains during the rush hour at home. An allied aeroplane,
+hovering overhead, would have learned something to its advantage.</p>
+
+<p>I had innocently blundered into one of the most important troop
+movements of the war, but how many and where they were coming from or
+where they were going to I pledged myself not to disclose. The
+inevitable company of cyclists rode at the head of the long column that
+was still passing when I went to bed. Next came an imposing staff&mdash;then
+a mounted band blaring away, then a crack guard cavalry regiment, proud
+standard flying, then cavalry less &eacute;lite, here and there a palefaced
+spectacled trooper who looked like a converted theological student.
+Whole regiments came riding down the pike singing "The Red, White, and
+Black" in unison&mdash;a stirring, marching song, which for patriotic fervor
+and fighting spirit "puts it all over" the British "It's a Long Way from
+Tipperary."</p>
+
+<p>It was a Roman holiday for the French inhabitants of the town of &mdash;&mdash;,
+who lined the roads en masse quivering with suppressed emotion and
+happiness, thinking they were eyewitnessing a great German retreat. "Our
+French soldiers will soon be here again," they whispered to one another.
+But it wasn't a retreat&mdash;it was one of those mysterious strategic shifts
+you read about in the papers without really realizing what it means till
+you see it&mdash;great masses being rushed from one battlefield to another on
+the long line.</p>
+
+<p>For weeks these same regiments had been daily "decimated," "cut to
+pieces," and otherwise badly mauled by English war correspondents, but
+you would never have suspected it. Bearded dragoons and Uhlans were
+still able to sit up and smoke big Hamburg cigars as they rode along,
+the horses looked fresh, the guns of the batteries were spick and span,
+the men seemed to have "morale" to spare; they looked as if they were
+just going for the first time&mdash;and not coming from the scrimmage.</p>
+
+<p>By way of digression and as illustrating the military "discipline" on
+which the Germans pride themselves so, the following whimsical interlude
+took place in front of the sacred portals of the Great German Staff: A
+famous German professor of philosophy, adorned in civil life with the
+high title of Privy Councilor, 65 years old, white-haired,
+white-bearded, and with big yellow horn-rimmed spectacles, incongruously
+wearing the field gray uniform whose collar and shoulder straps
+indicated that he was an unterofficier of the reserve regiment of a
+German university town well known to Americans, was waiting patiently
+outside of the guarded gate in company with a young Feldwebel (a
+non-commissioned officer of higher rank.) The old philosophy professor
+had enlisted with practically his whole class at the outbreak of the
+war, but on account of his age was not sent to the front with them at
+the time, but finally was allowed to go with a transport of four
+automobile loads of gifts and supplies for the regiment. He and the
+Feldwebel had to hang around outside while the Lieutenant in charge went
+inside to do the talking in the Great General Staff Building. Presently
+the old philosophy professor ransacked his pockets, produced an apple,
+clicked his heels together in regulation fashion and, saluting his young
+superior, (infinitely inferior in the civil social scale,) said: "Am I
+permitted to offer you an apple, Herr Feldwebel?"</p>
+
+<p>His ranking superior acknowledged the gift with curt military punctilio,
+then added respectfully, "I thank you, Herr Privy Councilor."</p>
+
+<p>In the afternoon a forced march of two miles brought me to the handsome
+villa occupied by the foreign military attach&eacute;s, where Major Langhorne,
+the American expert, was again found in good health and spirits, and
+particularly happy because in a couple of days he was again to see some
+real fighting. The Great General Staff continues to give our military
+attach&eacute; every possible opportunity to see things for himself and give
+Uncle Sam the benefit of the military lessons to be learned from the big
+scrap, no matter which way it goes.</p>
+
+<p>Today I again dropped in on the Great General Staff and found it not
+only at home, but very much interested on discovering that I had no pass
+to come or go or be there at that time. The wartime mind of Prussian
+militarism is keen and right to the point. It saw not the chance of
+getting publicity in America, but the certainty that other more
+dangerous spies could come through the same way. By all the rules of the
+war game, Prussian militarism would have been thoroughly justified in
+treating me as a common spy in possession of vital military secrets, but
+it courteously contented itself in insisting on plucking out the heart
+of the journalistic mystery. All attempts at evasion and humor were
+vain&mdash;here was the ruthless reality of war. It was the mailed Prussian
+eagle against the bluff American bird of the same species, and the
+unequal contest was soon ended when Major Nikolai, Chief of Division
+III. of the Great General Staff, stood up very straight and dignified
+and said: "I am a German officer. What German violated his duty? I ask
+you as a man of honor, how was it possible for you to come here?"</p>
+
+<p>The answer was quite simple: "The German military machine was so perfect
+that it covered every contingency except the most obvious and guarded
+every road except the easiest way. All you have to do is to take a
+passenger train to Luxemburg, and hang around the platform until the
+next military train pulls out for Belgium or France, hop aboard, and
+keep on going. In case of doubt utter the magic phrase, 'I am an
+American,' and flash the open sesame, the red seal of the United States
+of America&mdash;to which bearded Landsturm guards pay the tribute of
+regarding it as equally authoritative as the purple Prussian eagle
+stamped on a military pass."</p>
+
+<p>Followed a two-hour dialogue in the private office of the chief of the
+Kaiser's secret field police, as a result of which future historians
+will find in the Kaiser's secret archives the following unique document,
+couched in Berlin "detectivese" and signed and subscribed to by <span class="smcap">The
+Times</span> correspondent:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Secret Field Police, Great Headquarters, Dec. 1, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>There appears the American war correspondent, and at the
+particular request of the authorities, explains:</p>
+
+<p>On Saturday, Nov. 30, I arrived at Trier on a second-class
+ticket at about 10:30 P.M. There I bought a third-class ticket
+and boarded a train leaving about 11:10 P.M. and reached
+Luxemburg at about 12:15 A.M. I did not go into the railroad
+station, but, trusting to my papers, boarded a military train
+leaving at 12:45 A.M., going over Longwy to Longuyon, where I
+arrived at 3:30 A.M., Sunday. There an official whose name I
+do not know took me to a troop train and made a place for me
+in the brake box. I left the train at X and went on foot to H
+(the Great Headquarters,) where I reported myself to the Chief
+of Police.</p>
+
+<p>I recommend that a sharper control be exercised on the station
+platform at Luxemburg, as it is a simple matter to avoid the
+only control which is at the ticket gate, by simply not going
+out and therefore not having to come in.</p></div>
+
+<p>The lot of the professional spy will be harder in the future. Meanwhile,
+I expect to shake the dust of the German Great Headquarters from my
+reportorial feet early tomorrow morning, for pedestrianism is not a safe
+pastime in the war zone.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Story_of_the_Man_Who_Fired_on_the_Rheims_Cathedral" id="Story_of_the_Man_Who_Fired_on_the_Rheims_Cathedral"></a>Story of the Man Who Fired on the Rheims Cathedral</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<h3>II.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">W</span>&#160;<b>ITH THE GERMAN ARMY BEFORE RHEIMS</b>, Dec. 5.&mdash;Eating a ham sandwich while
+squinting through an artillery telescope at the cathedral and hearing
+the man who fired the famous shots tell all about it was the unique
+combination I experienced today, and in retrospect the ham sandwich
+stands out as the most important feature, for it symbolizes the morale
+of the men before Rheims.</p>
+
+<p>The post of observation was in a sometime French fort, now riddled by
+French shells, on the crest of a hill affording a fine panoramic view of
+the city, and my sightseeing predecessors here had included the Imperial
+Chancellor, von Bethmann-Hollweg; Muktar Pasha, the Turkish Ambassador
+to Berlin; Major Langhorne, the American Military Attach&eacute;, and other
+celebrities.</p>
+
+<p>Rheims Cathedral was said to be about four miles away, but through the
+powerful magnifying telescope (of the scissors type and so contrived
+that only its two eyes peered over the breastworks while the observer
+was completely hidden from view) it showed up as clearly as Caruso
+through an opera glass. The top of one of the two towers had a decidedly
+moth-eaten appearance&mdash;it looked as if one of the corners had been shot
+away, and the roof was evidently gone, but otherwise the exterior of the
+cathedral looked&mdash;through the telescope&mdash;to be in a good state of
+preservation and likely to enjoy a ripe old age. No French observer was
+seen on the cathedral towers, and I was informed by First Lieut. Wengler
+of the Heavy Artillery that none had been since his admonitory shells
+had carried their iron warning to climb down. A staff officer of the
+&mdash;&mdash; Division had introduced him to me as "the friend of the Rheims
+Cathedral," explaining that it probably wouldn't be standing today but
+for him.</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image57.jpg" width="252" height="400" alt="Vice Admiral Sturdee" title="Vice Admiral Sturdee" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>VICE ADMIRAL FREDERICK STURDEE,<br />
+Commander of the British Squadron Which Destroyed the German Fleet Off
+the Falkland Islands.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>American Press Assn.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image58.jpg" width="252" height="400" alt="Admiral Sir John Fisher" title="Admiral Sir John Fisher" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>ADMIRAL SIR JOHN FISHER,<br />
+First Sea Lord of the Admiralty, Who Holds the Guardianship of the
+English Coast.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo from Underwood &amp; Underwood.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p>"So you are the vandal?" "the friend of the Rheims Cathedral" was asked.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, I am the 'barbarian,'" he laughed modestly. He wears the Iron
+Cross of the first and second class, and, although still only a
+Lieutenant, commands two batteries. A most picturesque but paradoxical
+"barbarian," with a soft-spoken lisp, mild blue eyes, boyish face in
+spite of a tawny-reddish full beard of long standing, and slightly bowed
+legs, it required a most rigorous reportorial inquisition as practiced
+on millionaires and politicians at home to extract these details from
+the modest "friend of the Rheims Cathedral":</p>
+
+<p>"The French observer on the cathedral was first noticed on Sept. 13.
+After that the French artillery fire became uncomfortably accurate.
+Eighty shells fell here in one day alone&mdash;killing only one cow," he
+added, with a plaintive note of reminiscence. He pointed to three big
+holes in the ground close by and all within a circle of ten yards'
+radius, where three French shells had dropped in quick succession, as
+further evidence of how well they had got the range.</p>
+
+<p>"The fellow continued 'on the job' quite shamelessly until the 18th," he
+went on, "when I aimed two shots at the cathedral, and only two. No more
+were needed to dislodge him. One from a 15-centimeter howitzer struck
+the top of the 'observation tower,' the other, from a 21-centimeter
+mortar, hit the roof and set it on fire. I used both howitzers and
+mortars so as to let the French know that we could shoot well with both
+kinds. I wanted to dislodge the observer with the least possible damage
+to the fine old cathedral, and the result shows that it is possible to
+shoot just as accurately with heavy artillery as with field artillery.
+The French also had a battery planted about 100 yards from the
+cathedral. It isn't there any more," he added laconically.</p>
+
+<p>A few turns of the screw brought a row of trees marking a boulevard into
+the field of vision. "There is a French battery there at the present
+time," he said.</p>
+
+<p>"How do you know?" For I saw trees but no guns.</p>
+
+<p>"Aeroplanes," "the friend of the Cathedral" explained. Another turn of
+the screw brought a church steeple into view.</p>
+
+<p>"The French are now using this church steeple for observation purposes,"
+the battery commander said. "The observer is reported to me every
+morning. He is getting to be too shameless. I shall take a shot at that
+steeple this afternoon in all probability. And then I suppose they will
+again call us barbarians. I saw the fellow myself this morning. He sits
+in that little arched window there." I saw the window quite distinctly,
+and only regret that the culprit had climbed down for the luncheon
+intermission, which is religiously kept by both the French and German
+artillery.</p>
+
+<p>A tour of the wrecked fort followed and among other interesting sights
+the guide pointed out the trail of the famous freak shot that killed the
+cow. The shell went first through a glass window, then through the wall
+at the back of the room, into a second chamber, where, without
+exploding, it had amputated a hind leg of the milch cow whose loss is
+still mourned by two batteries of heavy artillery.</p>
+
+<p>Up to now, war as experienced from the vantage ground of a high hill
+overlooking Rheims seemed a pleasant picnic, for the German arsenal was
+well stocked with plenty of good food, while the Chief of the Division
+Staff, with typical German hospitality, had sent along his adjutant
+armed with two baskets of Teuton sandwiches, which added to the picnic
+illusion and claimed far more attention than the Cathedral of Rheims.
+The frequent sight of Generals down to high privates taking hearty
+nourishment all along the front in France with the same comfortable
+enjoyment as in their own homes was more convincing than all official
+bulletins that they are not worrying about the outcome in the West, for
+morale and meals are synonyms.</p>
+
+<p>The luncheon interval over, the French batteries woke up and began
+sending over shells with Gallic prodigality, the Germans replying
+sparingly, and as if in invitation, for my benefit, a French aeroplane
+no bigger than a Jersey mosquito appeared and circled over the German
+positions trying to locate the cleverly concealed heavy batteries, while
+down on the plain back of the hills a German motor aeroplane gun popped
+away for dear life trying to connect with the inquisitive visitor.
+Little cottonball clouds of white smoke, like daylight fireworks, hung
+high in the air, where the French flier had been, also black "smoke
+pots" to help the gunners in getting the range, but the Frenchman
+managed to dodge all the shrapnel that came his way, and escaped.</p>
+
+<p>By request, "the friend of the cathedral" led the way (a long and
+strenuous one) to his 15-centimeter howitzer battery, concealed with
+amazing cleverness even against the observation of aviators, and pointed
+out the gun that had fired "the shot heard round the world." He would
+gladly have fired a sample shot, but the guns of the battery were
+already set for the night (although it was only noon!) that is, aimed at
+certain portions of the landscape which French troops would have to
+cross if they attempted to make a night attack on certain of the German
+trenches, so that no time would be lost in aiming the guns&mdash;all they had
+to do was to fire the moment the telephone bell rang a night alarm.</p>
+
+<p>"Was there any connection between his iron crosses and the Rheims
+Cathedral?" he was tactfully asked. There was not, but modest heroes are
+a nuisance journalistically, and "the friend of the cathedral" required
+a lot of coaxing before he told that he had won both the first and
+second class sometime before and elsewhere, the second for galloping his
+heavy howitzer battery into action like field artillery and by getting
+it to work at close range, "smearing" a desperate French attack; first
+class for continuing to direct the fire of his battery from the roof of
+a building until it was literally shot from under his feet. "The friend
+of the cathedral," is also an experienced aviator and when business is
+dull in the howitzer line around Rheims, kills time by aerial
+reconnoitring. "Be sure and send me a copy of your paper," he laughed,
+when I beat a hasty strategic retreat to the rear to keep the Wilsonian
+neutrality from being violated, for after lunch French shells have a
+habit of raining alike on the just and the unjust.</p>
+
+<p>The strategic retreat led through a village where in a farmyard was seen
+one of the most curious freaks of the war. A French shell had exploded
+here, and the terrific air pressure had lifted a farm wagon bodily and
+deposited it on the roof of the stable, where it still perches.</p>
+
+<p>Half a mile beyond was something even more curious&mdash;a subterranean
+village built in the woods by German pioneers, and consisting of many
+small block houses of fir logs, sunk three-quarters of the way into the
+ground, the rest covered over with mounds of dirt and laid with sod. The
+idea, it was explained, was to have a cozy and safe place of retreat
+when the French batteries, as occasionally happened, took the village
+ahead under fire.</p>
+
+<p>My retreat ended at Ch&acirc;teau Mumm, well out of the firing zone, where
+Gen. Count von Waldersee did the honors in the unavoidable absence of
+the owner, said to be related to a well-known brand of champagne. On
+inquiry, I learned that the champagne cellars of Ch&acirc;teau Mumm were quite
+empty, but the retreating French were said to have caused the vacuum,
+not the Germans. Ch&acirc;teau Mumm's absentee owner will be glad to learn
+that his property is being well cared for, pending his return. I was
+interested to note quite recent issues of The London Times, Daily Mail,
+and London Daily Telegraph on the drawing room table.</p>
+
+<p>"It's very interesting, you know, to read what our enemies are saying
+about us," a staff officer explained.</p>
+
+<p>Two other items of miscellaneous interest were picked up. From a well
+informed source I learned that at one stage of the game, the English
+"Long Toms" were posted to good advantage back of Rheims out of range of
+the German heavy artillery. Although their lyddite shells were alleged
+to have been comparatively harmless and did little damage, they were
+nevertheless silenced on general principles and by a very simple
+expedient. Every time the "Long Toms" were fired, a few answering shells
+were sent their way and, of course, falling short, dropped into the
+city. This gave rise to stories of "furious bombardment of Rheims," but
+also caused the withdrawal of the "Long Toms" to spare the city.</p>
+
+<p>A General whose name is familiar to every reader of <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span>
+said:</p>
+
+<p>"I could take Rheims with my corps in twenty-four hours."</p>
+
+<p>But there was no present advantage in storming it at this time, and
+certain disadvantages, for in addition to certain strategic reasons, it
+was explained, the Germans would be saddled with the burden of having to
+administer and feed the large city.</p>
+
+<p>The "battle of Rheims" looked to me very much like a put-up job, a game
+of trying to silence one another's batteries and nothing more. A heavy
+artillery duel is essentially a contest between trained observers trying
+to get a line on the whereabouts of the enemy's guns, and looking down
+on Rheims from the German hills, even a lay correspondent could sense
+the military necessity which would drive the French to make use of the
+only high spots in town from which you could see anything for
+observation purposes, and the equally grim necessity for the Germans to
+dislodge them. I came away with the impression that the world owes a
+real debt of gratitude to "the friend of the Rheims Cathedral."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Richard_Harding_Daviss_Comment" id="Richard_Harding_Daviss_Comment"></a>Richard Harding Davis's Comment</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><i>To the Editor of The New York Times</i>:</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span> <b>HAVE</b> just seen a letter in <span class="smcap">The Times</span> from a correspondent in the
+German trenches outside of Rheims. He reports a statement made to him by
+Lieut. Wengler of the Heavy Artillery, who claims he is the officer who
+shelled the cathedral, at which he fired two shots, and "only two."</p>
+
+<p>Wengler says, "The French observer on the cathedral was first noticed on
+Sept. 13 ... the fellow continued 'on the job' quite shamelessly until
+the 18th, when I aimed two shots at the cathedral and only two. No more
+were needed to dislodge him. One from a 15-centimeter howitzer struck
+the top of the 'observation tower,' the other, from a 21-centimeter
+mortar, hit the roof and set it on fire. I wanted to dislodge the
+observer with the least possible damage to the fine old cathedral ...
+the French also had a battery placed about 100 yards from the
+cathedral."</p>
+
+<p>Editorially <span class="smcap">The Times</span> says such a statement may prove of "value as
+evidence." May I also, as evidence, tell what I saw? I arrived at the
+cathedral at 3 o'clock in the afternoon of the day Lieut. Wengler says
+he fired two shells, one of which hit the observation tower and one of
+which set fire to the roof. Up to the hour of 3, howitzer shells had
+passed through the southern wall of the cathedral, killing two of the
+German wounded inside, had wrecked the Grand Hotel opposite the
+cathedral, knocked down four houses immediately facing it, and in a
+dozen places torn up immense holes in the cathedral square. Twenty-four
+hours after Lieut. Wengler claims he ceased firing shells set fire to
+the roof and utterly wrecked the chapel of the cathedral and the
+Archbishop's palace, which is joined to the cathedral by a yard no wider
+than Fifth Avenue, and in the direction of the German guns the two
+shells fired by Lieut. Wengler had already wrecked all that part of the
+city surrounding the cathedral for a quarter of a mile.</p>
+
+<p>To get an idea of the destruction, suppose St. Patrick's Cathedral, on
+Fifth Avenue, to be the Rheims Cathedral, the Union Club, and the
+Vanderbilt houses, the chapel and Archbishop's palace, and all the
+buildings running north from St. Patrick's Cathedral to Central Park and
+east and west to Madison Avenue and Sixth Avenue, that part of Rheims
+that was utterly wrecked. That gives you some idea of the effectiveness
+of Lieut. Wengler's fire.</p>
+
+<p>"Father," he says, "I cannot tell a lie. I did it with only two shells!"</p>
+
+<p>The statement of Lieut. Wengler that the French placed a battery a
+hundred yards from the cathedral also is interesting. The cathedral
+stands in a maze of twisting narrow lanes. From no spot within a quarter
+of a mile of it could you drive a golf ball without smashing a window a
+hundred feet distant. To place a battery of artillery a hundred yards
+from the Rheims Cathedral with the intent of firing upon the German
+position would be like placing a battery in Wall Street with the idea of
+shelling Germans in the Bronx. Before your shells reached the Bronx you
+first would have to destroy all of Northern New York.</p>
+
+<p>Wengler says the only shells aimed at the cathedral were fired by him on
+the 18th, and that after that date neither he nor any other officer
+fired a shot. On the 22d I was in the cathedral. It was then being
+shelled. I was with the Abb&eacute; Chinot, Gerald Morgan of this city, Capt.
+Granville Fortescue of Washington, and on the steps of the cathedral was
+Robert Bacon, our ex-Ambassador to France.</p>
+
+<p>The "evidence" of Lieut. Wengler is a question of veracity. It lies
+between him and these gentlemen. I am content to let it go at that.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">RICHARD HARDING DAVIS.</p>
+
+<p>New York, Jan. 7, 1915.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="The_German_Airmen" id="The_German_Airmen"></a>The German Airmen</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<h3>III.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">H</span><b>EADQUARTERS OF GERMAN NTH ARMY</b>, "Somewhere" in France, Dec.
+6.&mdash;Sensational duels between hostile aeroplanes are regular occurrences
+now, and not infrequently aerial battles take place between whole
+squadrons. I heard this from the chief of an aeroplane squadron, who was
+returning from a reconnoitring flight around Rheims. When I met him he
+was traveling in his luxurious private limousine which he had brought
+with him into the field from Berlin. My military motor car had executed
+a flank attack on the road embankment with disastrous results, and the
+aviator kindly gave me a lift into town and some interesting
+information.</p>
+
+<p>"We are all eagerly awaiting orders for a raid on England," the Captain
+led off. "Yes, I have flown over Paris. Going to Paris is mere
+chauffeur's work. The six machines of my squadron have covered 15,000
+miles since the war began. The French machines are about twenty miles an
+hour faster than ours; but there is no advantage in going so fast, for
+you can't make good observations. At a height of 6,000 feet, you are
+quite safe against fire from below. We also find the safest thing to do
+is to circle right over a battery. They can't get at you then.</p>
+
+<p>"Fights in the air are regular occurrences now. We attack every chance
+we get in spite of the fact that we have only our revolvers against the
+machine guns which they have mounted on their aeroplanes. We find the
+best defense against their machine-gun fire is to get up close to the
+French aeroplane and then dodge and twist in sharp dips and curves,
+spoiling the aim of their mounted machine gun, and giving us an
+advantage with our revolvers.</p>
+
+<p>"One of the most interesting engagements was between a squadron of four
+of our aeroplanes armed with revolvers and a big and a little
+'Bauerschreck,' [the German nickname for the armored French aeroplanes
+armed with machine guns.] The fight lasted for nearly an hour at an
+altitude ranging from 5,000 to 6,000 feet, the big 'Bauerschreck' being
+finally forced to land, while the little one flew off. One of our
+aviators did a fine piece of work recently, landing behind the French
+lines, destroying the railway at that point and flying off again. The
+French are magnificent fliers, and so are the English, but we Germans
+have the training. Especially in trained observers we have a big
+advantage."</p>
+
+<p>I saw one of the German flier heroes in a base hospital. To the nurse's
+chart over his cot were pinned the Iron Cross of the second and first
+class and a bunch of flowers, and the Surgeon General coaxed him to give
+the details of the winning of his decorations.</p>
+
+<p>Sergt. Luchs and his observer were returning from an aerial
+reconnoissance when they were overtaken and attacked by a fast French
+aeroplane. The effectiveness of the French machine gun fire was later
+shown by seventy holes in the wings of the German aeroplane. For
+forty-five minutes the battle in the air lasted&mdash;6,000 feet up&mdash;revolver
+against machine gun, ending only when Luchs was shot through the lungs
+and liver. He was able to guide his machine safely to the ground within
+the German lines before he lost consciousness. But one of his revolver
+bullets had gone home, probably puncturing the gasoline tank, for the
+French aeroplane was also seen making a forced landing.</p>
+
+<p>Gen. von Heeringen, Commander in Chief of the Nth Army, told me a
+similar story about two officers who fought with revolver against
+machine gun until their motor and tank were shot to pieces, forcing them
+to glide to earth. The General said he had learned about their bravery
+only by accident, as they had reported only the results of their
+reconnoissance.</p>
+
+<p>That the German aviators are at a disadvantage in fighting against the
+Allies' aeroplanes armed with machine guns was freely admitted by Gen.
+von Heeringen, who said significantly that that would be attended to in
+the near future.</p>
+
+<p>"French aeroplanes have paid me a number of visits," the commanding
+General said with a laugh, "Our aviation camp seems to be an attraction
+for them. We have shot down six of them in the last few weeks. Our
+gunners are really only just beginning to get the hang of it, with
+practice. The trouble in peace time was always to find some sort of a
+target to train our gunners in the use of the new motor gun. We couldn't
+very well ask of our own aviators to go up and let themselves be shot
+at. But now the French are affording us just the moving target we have
+been looking for, and our shooting is improving splendidly."</p>
+
+<p>Gen. von Haenisch, von Heeringen's brilliant Chief of Staff, who as
+former Inspector General of the aviation arm had more to do than any
+other one individual with bringing German military aviation to its
+present high pitch of efficiency, supplemented his chief's remarks by
+saying:</p>
+
+<p>"We recently brought down a French aeroplane from an altitude of 8,100
+feet. Our new gun can shoot four miles high."</p>
+
+<p>I had the interesting experience of visiting an aviation camp in the
+field, inspecting a full sample line of aero bombs, and looking over the
+very latest thing in German military aeroplanes, a big new Aviatik
+biplane. For the benefit of <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span> readers, who have grown
+accustomed to headlines about "German Taubes over Paris," it must be
+explained that, just as all German cavalry are not Uhlans, so all German
+aeroplanes are not Taubes. "Taube" is the name of the German military
+monoplane, of which there are comparatively few in use; and I am
+informed that hardly any Taubes have flown over Paris, the bomb-throwing
+visitors having been the more practical double-decker Aviatiks. The new
+model which I inspected had a monoplane body, observer and pilot sitting
+tandem fashion, the Mercedes motor (several cylinders) being in front.
+It was designed, not for speed but for weight-lifting, as indicated by
+its formidable arsenal of bombs.</p>
+
+<p>The beauty of workmanship and finish of these infernal machines was
+interesting. The forty-pounders and twenty-pounders looked like
+miniature torpedoes, with slightly bulb-shaped bodies and tapering
+rounded noses, with a tiny three-bladed propeller for a tail and a steel
+ring to serve as a hand grip. When the aviator is ready to drop a bomb
+all he has to do is to make a simple adjustment, taking not more than a
+second, which releases the propeller, and then throw the bomb overboard.
+As it drops the propeller is set into rapid motion and drives the
+clockwork mechanism inside the bomb. After a hundred-yard drop it is all
+ready to explode when it strikes. There are also round cannon-ball-shaped
+bombs, and special bombs for starting a conflagration when they strike.</p>
+
+<p>Following the lead of the French, the Germans have also adopted the
+"silent death," and half a dozen of the German aerial darts were given
+me for souvenirs. They are of steel, about three inches long, with one
+end pointed and the other flanged, so as to give a rotary motion as they
+whizz through the air. They look more murderous than they really are,
+for I was told by one of the aviator officers that they were not very
+effective. The Germans, methodical in everything, wanted no doubt left
+in any one's mind that the "silent death" was introduced by the French
+and only copied by them in self-defense; so every one of the steel
+darts&mdash;a touch of grim humor&mdash;bears on one side of the point, in French,
+the legend "French invention" and on the other side "German
+manufacture."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="German_Generals_Talk_of_the_War" id="German_Generals_Talk_of_the_War"></a>German Generals Talk of the War</h2>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<h3>IV.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">G</span><b>ERMAN GREAT HEADQUARTERS IN FRANCE</b>, Dec. 9.&mdash;I have just eaten my way
+along the German front in France, for a second visit to the German Great
+Headquarters. This week's lunch and dinner "bag" included Gen. von
+Heeringen, "the Victor of Saarburg"; Gen. von Emmich, "the Conqueror of
+Li&eacute;ge"; Gen. von Zwehl, "the Hero of Maubeuge"; Gen. von Wild, the new
+Quartermaster General, who before his appointment fought a twenty-round
+draw with the English at Ypres, though he thinks he won on points, and
+hosts of coming champions.</p>
+
+<p>It is literally necessary for an American correspondent on this side of
+the fence to eat his way to the firing line and back again, for the
+German afield is as hospitable as the tented Arab, and, thanks to their
+wonderful field telephone service, they "have you." The A.O.K. (Armee
+Ober Kommando) telephones to the Corps Kommando that you are on the way,
+the Corps Kommando relays the news to the Division Staff, the Division
+Staff rings up the Regimental Commander, who 'phones the Battalion or
+Battery Chief. To reach the firing line you have to run the gauntlet of
+anywhere from three to six meals, and if you happen to be one of those
+"amazing Americans" and insist on being shown to an orchestra seat in
+the first trench, you will be sure to find some sort of a table spread
+for you in the very shadow of death, for their habit of hospitality is
+fireproof.</p>
+
+<p>But while robbing war corresponding of all its old-time romance, the
+German, gastronomic way has the great advantage of giving you the
+maximum of information in the minimum of time and of letting you meet
+the masters of modern warfare, the men who have done big things, under
+ideal conditions, for over after-dinner coffee and cigars you can and
+will&mdash;if you are an American&mdash;ask the most imprudent questions with the
+certainty of getting a good-natured and courteous answer.</p>
+
+<p>Von Emmich makes the most instant appeal to an American. Short and
+stockily built and looking every inch a fighter, he gives you the
+impression of possessing tremendous, almost Rooseveltian vitality, with
+a saving sense of humor. Von Emmich is the General with a winning smile.
+He could have been a successful machine politician if he had emigrated
+to America instead of remaining in Germany and becoming the most popular
+General in the German Army, among the men, for he has the rare gift of
+inspiring his followers with a sense of personal loyalty. His troops
+idolize him. They break out into hearty hurrahs at the slightest
+provocation when they see him. It is l&egrave;se-majest&eacute;, but none the less
+true, to say that they think as much of their General as of their
+Kaiser. They tell you proudly that he rode at their head when the City
+of Li&eacute;ge was taken by storm, and after seeing him you could never
+picture von Emmich bringing up the rear in a motor car, after the manner
+that more prudent Generals use. He has iron-gray hair and a bristly,
+close-cropped mustache to match, and a very florid complexion, and looks
+absolutely unlike the sleek individual whose photograph was published
+with his obituary notice in the London press while the forts of Li&eacute;ge
+were still "holding out" on paper.</p>
+
+<p>Asked point blank, Gen. von Emmich stoutly and with great good humor
+denied that he had ever committed suicide or even contemplated the step.</p>
+
+<p>"But you know, Excellency, that you were reported to have lost something
+like 120,000 men before Li&eacute;ge," it was suggested.</p>
+
+<p>"That's three times as many as I had," he answered with the "winning
+smile."</p>
+
+<p>Gen. von Emmich will talk quite freely about anything but himself and
+military matters, but a few odds and ends were snapped up. It was
+interesting to learn that he was in Li&eacute;ge only a day and a half, then
+pushed on ahead in the direction of Namur with the bulk of his corps,
+leaving only his heavy artillery behind to finish up the remaining
+forts. He did not even know that Zeppelins had taken part in the
+bombardment of these forts until he heard about it afterward. Later he
+turned up at Mons and had a hand in beating the British or expediting
+their strategic retreat, according to the point of view. His subsequent
+movements and present whereabouts are interesting, but would never pass
+the German censor.</p>
+
+<p>"Did you feel proud at being selected to lead the way into Belgium,
+Excellency?" I inquired.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, of course I did," he replied.</p>
+
+<p>"Would you like to lead your corps into England?" For just an instant
+what looked very much like the light of battle was in his eye.</p>
+
+<p>"I will go anywhere I am ordered to go&mdash;anywhere," he replied with
+smiling emphasis.</p>
+
+<p>I was interested to discover that the staff of the Nth Army Corps had
+also been racking its brains about quite other than tactical problems
+when Gen. von Emmich led the way into the dining room of the very modest
+so-called "ch&acirc;teau" of the French village, where he and his staff were
+quartered, and pointed to the extensive but quite mongrel art collection
+on the walls. "The absent owner does not appear to have been much of a
+connoisseur," he laughed, "That picture over there worried and puzzled
+us for a long time," pointing out a large impressionistic canvas over
+the mantelpiece representing a nude male and female figure kneeling on
+the seashore and looking out over the impressionistic water at what
+looked like an island. "Finally my Chief of Staff hit upon a
+satisfactory solution, suggested that it represented 'Adam and Eve
+Discovering Heligoland.'"</p>
+
+<p>Gen. von Emmich's headquarters produced another interesting story. At 3
+P.M. a general alarm was sent out to the reserve troops to prepare for
+immediate retreat, as the French were coming. Every bit of baggage was
+picked up and loaded on wagons, the infantry in full marching kit lined
+up&mdash;everything ready in record-breaking time without rush or confusion
+to withdraw on the word of command. But no command to march
+came&mdash;instead a "well done" from the General as he rode down the long
+column. It was just a little "fire-alarm drill" to keep the reserve
+troops up to the high-water mark of efficiency.</p>
+
+<p>Gen. von Zwehl, nicknamed Zwehl-Maubeuge, is probably almost unknown in
+America, though the dark blue enamel maltese cross of the Pour le Merite
+order at his throat tags him at once as worth while. Von Zwehl is the
+outward antithesis of von Emmich. He looks like anything but a
+fighter&mdash;a quiet, gentle-looking soul with kind and a bit tired eyes,
+soft silverly hair, and a whimsical sense of humor, a gentleman of the
+old school. "But you should just see him in the field during a
+fight&mdash;he's a regular whirlwind," one of his staff said.</p>
+
+<p>He confirmed the fact that Maubeuge had fallen on schedule time in ten
+days and that he had taken over 40,000 French prisoners, that he had
+given the French commandant till 7 P.M. (German time) to surrender, and
+that the appointment was kept with great promptness, also that the
+French were a bit chagrined when they learned they had been "taken in"
+by a single corps. I also learned that he and his corps had arrived in
+time to stop the first English corps which had crossed the Aisne and was
+marching on X.</p>
+
+<p>Gen. von Zwehl praised the English troops against whom he had
+successfully fought, and who are now in the North, saying, "The English
+soldier is a splendid fighter, especially on the defensive." Asked if
+the remark of one of his staff that "the English can't attack" was a
+fact, von Zwehl said: "I can only speak as far as my own experience
+goes, and that is that the English never were able to carry through a
+bayonet charge with success against my troops. They came on bravely
+enough, but when our troops would open fire on them at 50 yards and
+follow it up with a counter attack, the English would invariably go over
+into the defensive, at which they are at their best. They are
+particularly experienced in 'bush warfare,' and display the utmost skill
+in making the most of every bit of cover."</p>
+
+<p>The commanding General confirmed the following gruesome story which one
+of his staff officers had told me:</p>
+
+<p>"The English apparently do not bother to bury their dead, but let them
+lie. We are still burying English who fell on Sept. 14 and later. We
+found and buried two only yesterday. That the abandonment of their dead
+is deliberate is indicated by the fact that we have found the bodies of
+dead English soldiers in corners and nooks of the approaches to the
+English trenches, where the wounded had evidently crawled to die, and
+where their comrades must constantly have passed them and seem them."</p>
+
+<p>More Generals were met during a visit to the "office building" of the
+Great General Staff in the Great Headquarters. Here, too, I was allowed
+to examine the historic room where around a large mahogany table the
+chiefs of the staff hold their daily conferences, at which the Kaiser
+himself is often present. A huge map of France and a slice of Belgium
+covered the table and hung down to the floor on either side. I noted
+with interest that it was a French General Staff map. On one wall hung
+another map showing the exact location of all the armies in the West.</p>
+
+<p>In the unavoidable absence of the combination Chief of Staff and War
+Minister von Falkenhayn, the new Quartermaster General von Wild did the
+honors in the long Louis XIV. Room where the Great General Staff eats
+together&mdash;an interesting sight, for it represents the round-up of the
+brains of the German Army. Gen. von Wild, until his promotion, commanded
+a division against the English at Ypres and spoke in generous terms of
+his opponents.</p>
+
+<p>"The English are excellent fighters," he said. "I have walked over many
+of the battlefields in the North&mdash;gruesome sights, beyond words to
+describe. From what I saw, I am convinced that the English losses have
+been much heavier than ours."</p>
+
+<p>Gen. von Wild said that a puzzling and unexplainable feature of these
+battlefields was that so many of the dead were found lying on their
+backs with rigid arms stretched straight up toward heaven&mdash;a ghastly
+spectacle.</p>
+
+<p>Here, too, was a German General who knew more about the American Army
+than most Americans, the Bavarian General, Zoellner, the great General
+Staff's specialist on Americana, and it was interesting to note that, in
+spite of its own pressing problems, the General Staff is still taking a
+keen interest in those of America and deriving valuable lessons.</p>
+
+<p>"I have been particularly interested in the Mexican troubles," Gen.
+Zoellner said. "To my mind, the lesson for America is the need of a
+larger standing army. I was particularly impressed by the speed of your
+mobilization and your dispatch in landing your expeditionary force at
+Vera Cruz. I was also especially interested in your splendid Texas
+cavalry division. We have nothing like it in the German Army, because
+such a body of men could not be developed in a closely settled country.
+You may not know that only a short time before being sent to Mexico the
+Texas cavalry had received brand-new drill and exercise instructions,
+but in spite of this they acquitted themselves splendidly, showing the
+remarkable adaptability of your soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>"In sending your coast artillery as infantry regiments to Mexico you
+anticipated us in a rather similar use of our marine divisions on the
+coast. The most valuable lesson we have learned from you is typhus
+vaccination. This we owe to the American Army. I believe it goes back to
+the fact that your Gen. Wood was a medical man before becoming Chief of
+Staff."</p>
+
+<p>Gen. Zoellner intimated that the whole German Army either had been or
+was being vaccinated against typhoid on the American plan. "And there is
+also a very American flavor about our volunteer automobile corps&mdash;their
+dash and speed they have learned that from you Americans," he concluded.</p>
+
+<p>My previously formed suspicion that the Germans were making war on the
+American plan, managing their armies like so many subsidiary companies
+of a big trust, was fully confirmed by my second visit to the office of
+the Great General Staff. Instead of a picturesque bunch of Generals
+spending anxious days and sleepless nights over their maps with faithful
+attendants trying to coax them to leave off dispatch writing long enough
+to eat a sandwich, I found a live lot of army officials, keeping regular
+office hours and taking ample time out for meals. The staff was
+quartered in a handsome old municipal building; the ground floor,
+devoted to living purposes, quite like an exclusive club; the business
+offices upstairs.</p>
+
+<p>Gen. von Haenisch took me aloft and explained to me how business was
+done. A good telephone operator, it developed, was almost as important
+as a competent General&mdash;the telephone "central" the most vital spot of
+an army. Here were three large switchboards with soldiers playing
+telephone girl, while other soldiers, with receivers fastened over their
+heads, sat at desks busy taking down messages on printed "business"
+forms. In the next room sat the staff officers on duty, waiting for the
+telephone bell to jingle with latest reports from the front. There was
+no waiting because numbers were "engaged" or operators gossiping; you
+could get Berlin or Vienna without once having to swear at "long
+distance." Gen. von Haenisch had his chief of field telephone and
+telegraph trot out what looked like a huge family tree, but turned out
+to be a most minute chart of the entire telephone system of the &mdash;nth
+Army. It showed the position of every corps and division headquarters'
+regiment, battalion, and company, and all the telephone lines connecting
+them, even to the single trenches and batteries.</p>
+
+<p>Gen. von Haenisch suggested having some fun with Gen. von X., commanding
+the army next door on the right, and I was made Acting Chief of Staff
+for two minutes, getting von X.'s Chief of Staff on the phone and
+inquiring if there was "anything doing."</p>
+
+<p>"No; everything quiet here," came the reassuring answer.</p>
+
+<p>An art exhibition within sound of the guns at the front by the
+well-known Munich artist, Ernst Vollbehr, the Kaiser's own war painter
+with the &mdash;nth army, was another real novelty. The long-haired painter,
+wearing the regulation field gray uniform, brought his portfolio of
+sketches into the billiard hall of the headquarters and showed them with
+sprightly running comment:</p>
+
+<p>"Here is the library of Brimont. You can see most of the books lying on
+the ground. It wasn't a comfortable place to paint because there were
+too many shells flying around loose. Here is the Cathedral of Dinant.
+Very much improved aesthetically by the shells knocking the ugly points
+of the towers off. Here is a picture of Rheims Cathedral looming through
+the fog, as seen from the German lines. I painted this picture of the
+battle of the Aisne from a captive balloon. Here is a picture of the
+surrender of Maubeuge, showing two of the 40,000 French prisoners. I can
+usually paint better during a battle because there's nobody looking on
+over my shoulder to distract my attention. I have about 140 sketches
+done in all. His Majesty has most of them now, to pick out those he
+wants painted. This sketch of a pretty young Frenchwoman is 'Mlle. Nix
+zu Macken,' so nicknamed by some sixty-odd hungry but good-natured
+Landsturm men quartered in a tavern of a French village, where she was
+the only woman left. Every time they made signs indicative of a desire
+for food she would laugh and say in near-German, 'Nix zu macken,' and
+that's how she got her name."</p>
+
+<p>Painter Vollbehr was authority for the following Kaiser anecdote:</p>
+
+<p>"One day as the Kaiser was motoring along a chauss&eacute;e he met a herd of
+swine under the guardianship of a bearded Landsturm man, who drove them
+rapidly to one side to keep them from being prematurely slaughtered by
+the imperial auto. As the motor slowed up the Kaiser asked him if he was
+a farmer by profession. 'No; professor of the University of Tubingen,'
+came the answer, to the great amusement of the Over War Lord."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Human_Documents_of_the_War" id="Human_Documents_of_the_War"></a>Human Documents of the War</h2>
+
+<h3>Swift Reversal to Barbarism</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>By Vance Thompson.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[From The New York Sun, Sept. 13, 1914.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<h3>I.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span><b>HERE</b> is in Brussels&mdash;if the Uhlans have spared it&mdash;a mad and monstrous
+picture. It is called "A Scene in Hell," and hangs in the Mus&eacute;e Wiertz.
+And what you see on the canvas are the fierce and blinding flames of
+hell; and amid them looms the dark figure of Napoleon, and around him
+the wives and mothers and maids of Belgium scream and surge and clutch
+and curse&mdash;taking their posthumous vengeance.</p>
+
+<p>And since Napoleon was a notable Emperor in his time, the picture is not
+without significance today. Paint in another face; and let it go at
+that.</p>
+
+<p>War is a bad thing. Even hell is the worse for it.</p>
+
+<p>War is a bad thing; it is a reversal, sudden and complete, to barbarism.
+That is what I would get at in this article. One day there is
+civilization, authentic, complex, triumphant; comes war, and in a moment
+the entire fabric sinks down into a slime of mud and blood. In a day, in
+an hour, a cycle of civilization is canceled. What you saw in the
+morning was suave and ordered life; and the sun sets on howling
+savagery. In the morning black-coated men lifted their hats to women.
+Ere nightfall they are slashing them with sabres and burning the houses
+over their heads. And, the grave old professors who were droning
+platitudes of peace and progress and humanitarianism are screaming, ere
+today is done, shrill senile clamors for blood and ravage and rapine.
+(Not less shrill than others is the senile yawp of that good old man
+Ernst Haeckel, under whom I studied in my youth.)</p>
+
+<p>A reversal to barbarism.</p>
+
+<p>Here; it is in the tearoom of the smartest hotel in Munich; war has
+come; high-voiced women of title chatter over their teacups; comes
+swaggering in the Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria; he has just had his
+sabre sharpened and has girt his abdomen for war. His wife runs to him.
+And she kisses the sabre and shouts: "Bring it back to me covered with
+blood&mdash;that I may kiss it again!" And the other high-voiced women flock
+to kiss the sword.</p>
+
+<p>A reversal to barbarism.</p>
+
+<p>It has taken place in an hour; but yesterday these were sweet patrician
+ladies, who prattled of humanity and love and the fair graces of life;
+and now they would fain wet their mouths with blood&mdash;laughingly as
+harlots wet their mouths with wine.</p>
+
+<p>The unclean and vampirish spirit of war has swept them back to the
+habits of the cave-dwelling ages of the race. In an hour the culture so
+painfully acquired in slow generations has been swept away. Royalty, in
+the tearoom of the "Four Seasons," is one with the blonde nude female
+who romped and fought in the dark Teutonic forests ere Caesar came
+through Gaul.</p>
+
+<p>Reversal to barbarism.</p>
+
+<p>War is declared; and in Berlin the Emperor of Germany rides in an open
+motor car down Unter den Linden; he is in full uniform, sworded, erect,
+hieratic; and at his side sits the Empress&mdash;she the good mother, the
+housewife, the fond grandmother&mdash;garmented from head to foot in cloth
+the color of blood.</p>
+
+<p>Theatricalism? No. The symbolism is more significant. The symbol bears a
+savage significance. It marks, as a red sunset, the going down of
+civilization and the coming of the dark barbarism of war.</p>
+
+
+<h3>II.</h3>
+
+<h3>BREAKING POINT OF CIVILIZATION.</h3>
+
+<p>There was war; and the whole machinery of civilization stopped.</p>
+
+<p>Modern civilization is the most complex machine imaginable; its infinite
+cogged wheels turn endlessly upon each other; and perfectly it
+accomplishes its multifarious purposes; but smash one wheel and it all
+falls apart into muddle and ruin. The declaration of war was like
+thrusting a mailed fist into the intricate works of a clock. There was
+an end of the perfected machine of civilization. Everything stopped.</p>
+
+<p>That was a queer world we woke in. A world that seemed new, so old it
+was.</p>
+
+<p>Money had ceased to exist. It seemed at that moment an appalling thing.
+I was on the edge and frontier of a neutral State. I had money in a
+bank. It ceased to be money. A thousand-franc note was paper. A
+hundred-mark note was rubbish. British sovereigns were refused at the
+railway station. The Swiss shopkeeper would not change a Swiss note.
+What had seemed money was not money.</p>
+
+<p>Values were told in terms of bread.</p>
+
+<p>It was a swift and immediate return to the economic conditions of
+barbarism. Metals were hoarded; and where there had been trade there was
+barter. And it all happened in an hour, in that first fierce panic of
+war.</p>
+
+<p>Traffic stopped with a clang as of rusty iron. The mailed fist had
+dislocated the complex machinery of European traffic. Frontiers which
+had been mere landmarks of travel became suddenly formidable and
+impassable barriers, guarded by harsh, hysterical men with bayonets.</p>
+
+<p>War makes men brave and courageous? Rubbish! It fills them with the
+cruelty of hysteria and the panic of the unknown. I am not talking of
+battle, which is a different thing. But I say the men who guarded the
+German frontier&mdash;and I dare say every other frontier&mdash;in the first
+stress of war, were wrenched and shaken with veritable hysteria. At St.
+Ludwig and Constance those husky soldiers in ironmongery, with shaved
+heads and beards and outstanding ears, fell into sheer savagery, not
+because they were bad and savage men, but simply because they were
+hysterical. The fact is worth noting.</p>
+
+<p>It explains many a bloody and infamous deed in the tragic history of sad
+Alsace and of little Belgium. The war-begotten reversal to savagery
+brought with it all the hysteria of the savage man. The sentries at St.
+Ludwig struck with muskets and sabres because they were hysterical with
+terror of the new, unknown state into which they had been plunged, not
+because they were not men like you and me. Surely the savage Uhlan who
+ravaged the cottages of Alsace was your brother and mine, and the Magyar
+beyond the Danube and the Cossack at Kovna. Only they had gone back to
+the terrors of the man who dwelt in a cave.</p>
+
+<p>Traffic stopped; and when it stopped civilization fell away from the
+travelers. That was strange. Take the afternoon of the day war was
+declared, the date being Aug. 1, in the year of our Lord 1914, and the
+hour 7:30 P.M., Berlin time. It was the last train that reached the
+frontier from Paris. Between Delle and Bicourt lies a neutral zone about
+three kilometers&mdash;say, nearly two and a half miles&mdash;in extent. On one
+side France and invasion and terror and war; on the other side of the
+zone the relative safety of Switzerland. Six hundred passengers poured
+out of the French train at noon into that neutral zone and started to
+walk to Swiss safety. A blazing August sun; a road of pebbles and
+stinging, upblown dust.</p>
+
+<p>The passengers had been permitted to bring on the train only what
+luggage they could carry; so they were laden with bags and coats,
+dressing bags and jewel cases&mdash;all they had deemed most valuable. Mostly
+women. German ladies fleeing for refuge; Russian ladies; English,
+American; and a crowd of men, urgent to reach their armies, German,
+Swiss, Russian, Austrian, Servian, Italian; withal many of the kind of
+American men who go to Switzerland in August.</p>
+
+<p>And the caravan started in the dust and heat of a desert. A woman let
+fall her heavy bag and plodded on. Another threw away her coats. Men
+shook off their bundles. The heat was stifling. And through the clouds
+of dust a panic terror crept. It was the antique terror of the God
+Pan&mdash;the God All; it was a fear as immense as the sky.</p>
+
+<p>A woman screamed and began to run, throwing away everything she had
+safeguarded so she might run with empty hands. A score followed her. Men
+began to run. They thrust the women aside, cursing; and ran. And for
+over two miles the road was covered thick with coats and bags, with
+packages and jewel cases. The greed of possession died out in the
+causeless fear.</p>
+
+<p>These hoarse, pushing men, these sweating, shameless women had gone back
+10,000 years into prehistoric savagery. Lightly they threw away all the
+baubles and gewgaws civilization had fashioned for adorning and
+disguising their raw humanity, and the habits of civilization as well.</p>
+
+<p>They had touched but the outermost edge of war, and their very clothes
+fell off them.</p>
+
+
+<h3>III.</h3>
+
+<h3>BARBARISM AND WOMEN.</h3>
+
+<p>War; and it takes eighty-four hours to make a twelve-hour journey from
+the Alps to Paris; the cable is dead; the telegraph is dumb; letters go
+only when smuggled over the frontiers by couriers; you look about you
+and find you are in a mediaeval and mysterious world. You stand amid the
+melancholy ruins of canceled cycles. The mailed fist of war has smashed
+your world to pieces. You do not know it.</p>
+
+<p>The man you thought of as a brother looks at you with eyes of passionate
+hatred; you have eaten bread and salt together; you have drunk together;
+you have been uplifted by the same books; you have been sublimed by the
+same music; but he is a German, and your blood was made in another land,
+and he looks at you with suspicion and hate&mdash;perhaps you are a spy. (The
+spy mania! Dear Lord, what absurd, bloody, and abominable stories I
+could write of this madness which has Europe by the throat, this madness
+which is only another form of war hysteria.) A reversal to barbarism;
+you and the man who was your friend have gone back to the fear and
+hatred of primitive savages, meeting at the corner of a dark wood. All
+of humanity we have acquired in the slow way of evolution sloughs off
+us.</p>
+
+<p>We are savages once more. For science is dead. All the laboratories are
+shut, save those where poison is brewed and destruction is put up in
+packages. Education has ceased, save that fierce Nietzschean education
+which declares: "The weak and helpless must go to the wall; and we shall
+help them go." All that made life humanly fair is hidden in the fetid
+clouds of war where savages (in terror and hysteria) grope for each
+other's throats.</p>
+
+<p>The glory of war&mdash;rot! The heroism of war&mdash;rot! The scarlet and
+beneficent energies of war&mdash;rot! When you look at it close what you see
+are hulking masses of brutes with fear behind them prodding them on, or
+wild and splendid savages, hysterical with hate, battling to save their
+hearth fires and women from the oncoming horde. Reversal to barbarism.</p>
+
+<p>Think it over. Upon whom falls the stress of war? Not upon the soldier.
+He is killed and fattens the soil where he falls; or he is maimed and
+hobbles off toward a pension or beggary&mdash;both tolerable things; anyway
+he has drunk deep of cruelty and terror and may go his way. By rare good
+grace he may have been a hero. In other words, he may have been a
+Belgian&mdash;which is a word like a decoration, a name to make one strut
+like a Greek of Thermopylae&mdash;and become thus a permanent part of the
+world's finest history.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 35%;' />
+
+<p>I would like to write here the name of a friend, Charles Flamache of
+Brussels. He was 21 years old. He was an artist who had already tasted
+fame. He had known the love of woman. That his destiny might be
+fulfilled he died, the blithe, brave boy, in front of Li&eacute;ge. It was the
+right death at the right time&mdash;ere yet the massed Prussians had rolled
+in fire and blood over his fair small land. Wherefore, hail and
+farewell, young hero!</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 35%;' />
+
+<p>But upon whom falls the stress of war?</p>
+
+<p>In a time of barbarism those who suffer are always the weak. War is in
+its essence (as said Nietzsche, the German philosopher of "world power")
+an attack upon weakness. The weakest suffer most.</p>
+
+<p>I saw children born on cinder heaps, and I saw them die; and the mothers
+die gasping like she dogs in a smother of flies.</p>
+
+<p>Some day the story of what was done in Alsace will be written and the
+stories of Vis&eacute; and Aerschot and Onsmael and Louvain will seem pale and
+negligible; but not now&mdash;five generations to come will whisper them in
+the Vosges.</p>
+
+<p>What I would emphasize is that in the natural state of barbarism induced
+by the war the woman falls back to her antique state of she animal. In
+thousands of years she has been made into a thing of exquisite and
+mysterious femininity; in a day she is thrown back to kinship with the
+she dog. Slashed with sabres, pricked with lances, she is a mere thing
+of prey.</p>
+
+<p>Surely not the dear Countess and Baroness? Of course not. War is made
+in the palaces, but it does not attack the palaces. The worth of every
+nation dwells in the cottage; and it is upon the cottage that war works
+its worst infamy. Go to Alsace and see.</p>
+
+<p>Pillage, loot, incendiarism, "indemnity"&mdash;you can read that in the
+records of the invasion of Belgium; that is war; it is all right if war
+is to be, for all this talk of chivalrous consideration for foes and
+regard for international law is all nonsense; necessity, as
+Bethmann-Hollweg said, knows no law, and necessity has always been the
+tyrant's plea; it is the business of a soldier to kill and terrify; if
+he restricts his killing and terrifying he is a bad soldier and bad at
+his work of barbarism; but&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>There is a more sinister side to Europe's lapse into barbarism. The
+women are paying too dear. And to make them pay dear is not really the
+business of a soldier, not even a bad soldier. Yet the woman is paying,
+God knows. A tragic payment.</p>
+
+
+<h3>IV.</h3>
+
+<h3>AFTER BARBARISM, WHAT?</h3>
+
+<p>One morning at dawn&mdash;it was at Amberieu&mdash;I saw the long trains go by
+carrying the German wounded and the German prisoners, who had been taken
+in the battles of the Vosges. There were 2,400 taken on toward the
+south. There were French nurses with the wounded. I saw water and fruit
+and chocolate given to the prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>This was early in the war. The sheer lapse into barbarism had not yet
+come. Soon the German newspapers announced:</p>
+
+<p>"Great concern is expressed in press and public utterances lest
+prisoners of war receive anything in the line of favored treatment.
+Newspapers have conducted an angry campaign against women who have
+ventured at the railway station to give coffee or food to prisoners of
+war passing through; commanding officers have ordered that persons
+'demeaning themselves by such unworthy conduct' are to be immediately
+ejected from the stations, and in response to public clamor official
+announcements have been issued that such prisoners in transport receive
+only bread and water."</p>
+
+<p>And the French followed suit; no "coddling" of prisoners; back to
+barbarism, the lessons of humanity forgot and savagery come again.</p>
+
+<p>Civilization in the old world is smashed. I have traversed the ruins;
+and my feet are still dirty with mud and blood. But I can tell you what
+is going to come out of that welter of ruin. There will come a sane and
+righteous hatred of militarism. What will be surely destroyed is
+Caesarism. Prophecy? This is not prophecy; I am stating an assured fact.
+Even at this hour of hysterical and relentless warfare there lies deep
+in the heart of the democracy of Europe a consuming hatred of
+militarism.</p>
+
+<p>Drops of water (or blood) do not more naturally flow into each than did
+the English hatred of Caesarism blend with the high French hatred of the
+evil thing; and when the palaces have done fighting, the cottages of
+Europe, from the Baltic to the Mediterranean and from the Black Sea to
+the Hebrides, will proclaim its destruction.</p>
+
+<p>And you will see it; you will see Caesarism drowned in the very blood it
+has shed. And the German, mark you, will not be the least bitter of the
+foes of militarism. He will be indeed a relentless foe.</p>
+
+<p>Reversal to barbarism, say you? A shuddering lapse into savagery?</p>
+
+<p>Quite true; that is the state of Europe over the fairest and most highly
+civilized provinces. The picture of Sir John French strolling up and
+down the battle line smoking a cigarette does not give a fair idea of
+it; nor do you get it from the Kaiser on a hilltop surveying his massed
+war bullocks surging forth patiently to battle; all that belongs to the
+picture books of war.</p>
+
+<p>The real thing is dirtier.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Civil_Life_in_Berlin" id="Civil_Life_in_Berlin"></a>Civil Life in Berlin</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[From The London Times, Oct. 17, 1914.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>A gentleman, the subject of a neutral country, who has just
+returned from a visit to Germany, has furnished The Times with
+the following statement as to his impressions. He says:</i></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span> <b>DID</b> not hear any boasting over German successes. When I spoke to
+Germans of their victories they would reply: "Yes, we have had
+victories&mdash;but what of the dead?" This thought is present even in places
+where one might think that for the time being every effort would be made
+to prevent its intrusion. In Berlin, for example, where all the theatres
+are open and attracting crowded audiences, it is the burden of a song
+sung during one of the patriotic plays, of which several are now being
+performed.</p>
+
+<p>I went to a theatre on the night of the fall of Antwerp. A play entitled
+"1914" was acted, in the course of which many topical allusions were
+made by the well-known comedian Thielscher. Even in these serious times
+the Berliner, who is famous for the form of humor known as Berliner
+Witze, cannot refrain from his jokes. One of these was the question:
+"Why does Germany understand war so well? Because it has been declared
+upon her eight times!"&mdash;the point of the jest lying in the fact that the
+German word <i>Erklaren</i>, "to declare," means also "to explain." Another
+pun of the same kind was made out of the word <i>Niederlage</i>, which means
+both "defeat" and "d&ecirc;pot." "Germany," said one of the characters, "is
+surrounded by enemies on all sides." "Yes," was the reply, "she is the
+head establishment, while England, France, and Russia only have the
+<i>Niederlage</i>."</p>
+
+<p>There were some serious scenes in this play, in the middle of one of
+which some one stepped quickly on to the stage and, interrupting the
+actors, exclaimed: "One moment, one moment, if you please! Antwerp has
+fallen!" Of course, there was tremendous enthusiasm at this
+announcement, but when it had subsided, one of the company came forward
+and sang:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Nicht zu laut!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nicht zu laut!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Denkt g'rad' jetzt wo Ihr jubelt und lacht;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nicht zu laut!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nicht zu laut!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fiel ein Krieger vielleicht in der Schlacht<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Und er liegt beim zerschossenen Pferde<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Und nimmt Abschied von Mutter und Braut&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nicht zu laut!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nicht zu laut!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>(Not too loud! Not too loud! Think just now while you laugh
+and cheer; Not too loud! Not too loud! Perchance a warrior
+fallen in the battle lies beside his shot down steed, and bids
+farewell to mother and bride; Not too loud! Not too loud!)</p></div>
+
+<p>I have mentioned this to give an idea of the kind of life which the
+Berliners are living just now. There are other popular theatres in which
+similar plays are now running with titles such as "Der Kaiser Rief"
+("The Emperor Called") and "Fest d'Rauf" ("Hit Hard!") the latter being
+borrowed from the words of the famous telegram sent by the Crown Prince
+at the time of the Zabern incident. These theatres are crowded. At the
+principal theatres classical plays such as "Hamlet" and Lessing's "Minna
+von Barnhelm" were being played while I was in Berlin.</p>
+
+<p>Berlin keeps open many places of amusement until the early hours of the
+morning, and the war has not made any difference in this respect. What
+is known as the "night life" of Berlin continues. For years past the
+fast element in Berlin has been one of its most notorious features. This
+accompaniment of the prosperity of the capital since the war of 1870 has
+struck with surprise many observers of German life accustomed to the
+idea of German simplicity and purity of morals, rendered classical by
+Tacitus and exemplified by many representatives of German national life
+in the earlier part of the nineteenth century, when Germany was rallying
+from the blows inflicted by Napoleon. All that need be said upon this
+head is that, as far as report can be accepted as evidence, vice is the
+only commodity which has become less expensive since the war began.</p>
+
+<p>The spy fever seems somewhat to have abated. At present, however, the
+public are not allowed to walk on the footway beside the headquarters of
+the army or the General Telegraph Office, obviously with a view to
+protecting these buildings against damage from hostile persons. The
+Germans still think that many spies exist in their country. The presence
+of women acting as tramcar conductors struck me as strange. These are
+the wives of men summoned to the colors. Notices are affixed to the
+interior of the cars stating the reason for the presence of these women,
+and requesting the public to be considerate toward them, and to help
+them over any little difficulties they might encounter in the discharge
+of their duty. Traffic in Berlin is absolutely regular. There are as
+many taxicabs as before, but instead of benzine, which is wanted for the
+army, they now use other spirit. The streets are as brilliantly lighted
+as ever. Riding exercise is taken by gentlemen in the Thiergarten every
+morning as usual. Sport is reviving, and there are a good many football
+matches. Two recently played were those between Berlin and Vienna and
+Berlin and Leipsic, the latter for the Red Cross. The universities will
+open on the 25th inst., the regular date.</p>
+
+<p>The population, as a whole, is serious and confident of victory; but the
+war is by no means the sole topic of conversation. England is the enemy
+most bitterly hated, the Germans maintaining that her only reason for
+entering on the war was to destroy German trade. England's desire to
+preserve the neutrality of Belgium is scouted. The common people in
+Germany say that having fought the Belgians and defeated them they will
+retain their country. This, however, is not the attitude of the more
+educated section of the population, who express the opinion that the
+difficulty of ruling Belgium would be greater than the advantage to be
+derived from it.</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image59.jpg" width="252" height="400" alt="Admiral von Tirpitz" title="Admiral von Tirpitz" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>ADMIRAL VON TIRPITZ, GERMAN NAVAL MINISTER,<br />
+As Head of the Naval Administration He Is Second in Authority to the
+Major Admiral in Chief, the Kaiser.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>by Brown Bros.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image60.jpg" width="256" height="400" alt="Prince Henry of Prussia" title="Prince Henry of Prussia" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>PRINCE HENRY OF PRUSSIA,<br />
+In Supreme Command of the German Battleship Fleet.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo from Bain.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p>The fierce hatred of England in Germany is due in large measure to what
+the Germans call "the shopkeepers' warfare" of the English. They
+maintain that the English confiscation of German patents is a wholly
+unfair method of fighting, and it has caused the deepest resentment.
+When asked as to the future, they reply that they will do all in due
+time. After Belgium will come France, and then the turn of England will
+arrive. They are not discouraged by the failure to reach Paris, since
+the strategy adopted by the French would have rendered the possession of
+Paris of little value. It will still be taken.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to England not much is said of an army of invasion, but
+German confidence is evidently reposed in her Zeppelins, of which a
+large number is being constructed with all possible speed. They are to
+be employed against England, whose part in the war is the least
+honorable of all. Belgium's attitude at the outset they can understand,
+France's desire for <i>la revanche</i> is natural, but England's only motive
+was jealousy of Germany's industrial development and the desire to
+cripple her trade and commercial prosperity. Therefore, Woe to England!</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Belgian_Boy_Tells_Story_of_Aerschot" id="Belgian_Boy_Tells_Story_of_Aerschot"></a>Belgian Boy Tells Story of Aerschot</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[From <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span>, Nov. 18, 1914.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><i>The following letter from an American civil engineer, lately
+in business in Belgium, whose reliability is vouched for by
+the person named in his letter as having been associated with
+him in business in Pittsburgh, has been received by</i> <span class="smcap">The
+Times</span>:</p>
+</div>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">
+B&mdash;&mdash;, &mdash;&mdash;shire, England,<br />
+Oct. 3, 1914.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><i>To the Editor of The New York Times:</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span> <b>HAVE</b> just read an article in your issue of Sept. 16 on the German
+killings at Aerschot, Belgium. You suggest an investigation into this
+crime. I happen to have a first-hand contribution, which I herewith
+inclose.</p>
+
+<p>The writer is an American citizen, civil engineer, late partner of &mdash;&mdash;
+&mdash;&mdash; of Pittsburgh, Penn., to whom you can refer. When war was declared I
+had an engineering office in Belgium. As the use of telegraph and
+telephone was suddenly stopped there remained nothing but to close the
+office. I therefore paid off my employes, among whom was a young office
+boy, a Belgian, about 16 years old, frail stature, small build, almost
+childlike appearance, but well educated and intelligent.</p>
+
+<p>The inclosed narrative is a strict translation of a letter received from
+the boy. This is, therefore, first-hand information, and my knowledge of
+the character of the boy, as well as the ring in what he has to tell,
+justifies me in vouching for the correctness of his narrative.</p>
+
+<p>In reading these pages, you will note a weak point in our administration
+of charity, which has been repeatedly brought to my attention. England
+has every intention to act generously and warm-heartedly with the
+Belgian people, who you may say have been sacrificed for the Allies.
+They tender homes for refugees and transportation from Belgian shores to
+England. They give out money liberally, but when this boy, utterly
+without means, friends or papers arrived in Antwerp, there is no help
+for him. If he had been smaller, somebody would have treated him as a
+child and brought him along. If his father had not been dragged off into
+slavery in Germany he might with an old aunt have represented a family.
+Had he been able to preserve his legitimatization papers the Belgian
+authorities would have given him some support. Had he been older, he
+would have been enlisted in the defense of his country.</p>
+
+<p>Here, therefore, is an individual, not small enough, not large enough,
+not having relations enough and not having any documents. He was worthy
+of help, but did not fit in anywhere. I am now doing my best to get
+money over to him through the Belgian National Bank, also to get him
+some sort of a paper, through the Belgian Legation in London, which will
+enable him at least to cross the frontier to Holland, whence he might be
+able to pay for his way to England.</p>
+
+<p>I hope you will publish the boy's letter, <i>but it is necessary that you
+suppress both his and the writer's name</i>. Should either be given and the
+boy remain in Belgium, <i>it may cost him his life</i>. The mention of my own
+may later on cause me difficulties with our German friends of liberty.
+Yours truly,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[Inclosure.]</p>
+
+<p>Translation of letter received from one of my employes, a young Belgian
+boy of about 16 years of age. Received in England Sept. 28, 1914.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">ANTWERP, Sept. 23, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>Dear Sir: As you correctly said in my testimonial when you were closing
+the office, the war has isolated Belgium. Really I can well say that I
+have been painfully struck by this scourge, and I permit myself, dear
+Sir, to give you a little description of my Calvary.</p>
+
+<p>Your offices were closed in the beginning of August. As I did not know
+what to do and as the fatherland had not enough men to defend its
+territory I tried to get myself accepted as a volunteer.</p>
+
+<p>On Aug. 10 I went to Aerschot, my native town, to get my certificate of
+good conduct. Then I went to Louvain to have same signed by the
+commander of the place. This gentleman sent me to St. Nicholas and
+thence to Hemixem, where I was rejected as too young. I then decided to
+return to Brussels, passing through Aerschot. Here my aunt asked me to
+stay with her, saying that she was afraid of the Germans.</p>
+
+<p>I remained at Aerschot. This was Aug. 15. Suddenly, on the 19th, at 9
+o'clock in the morning, after a terrible bombardment, the Germans made
+their entry into Aerschot. In the first street which they passed through
+they broke into the houses. They brought out six men whom I knew very
+well and immediately shot them. Learning of this, I fled to Louvain,
+where I arrived on Aug. 19 at 1 o'clock.</p>
+
+<p>At 1:30 P.M. the Germans entered Louvain. They did not do anything to
+the people in the beginning. On the following Saturday, Aug. 22, I
+started to return to Aerschot, as I had no money. (All my money was
+still in Brussels.) The whole distance from Louvain to Aerschot I saw
+nothing but German armies, always Germans. They did not say a word to me
+until I suddenly found myself alone with three of the "Todeshusaren,"
+(Death's Head Hussars,) the vanguard of their regiment. They arrested me
+at the point of the revolver, demanded where I was going, and why I had
+run away from Aerschot. They said that the whole of Aerschot was now on
+fire, because the son of the Burgomaster had killed a General. Finally
+they searched me from head to foot, and I heard them discuss the
+question of my fate.</p>
+
+<p>Finally the non-commissioned officer told me that I could continue on my
+way; that they would certainly take care of me in Aerschot, as I had
+been firing at Germans, and they would shoot me when I arrived. I would
+have liked better to return to Louvain, but with an imperious gesture he
+pointed out my road to Aerschot, and I continued. On arriving within a
+few hundred meters of the town I was arrested once more.</p>
+
+<p>I forgot to tell you that of all the houses which I passed between
+Louvain and Aerschot, there were only a few left intact. Upon these the
+Germans had written in chalk in the German language: "Please spare. Good
+people. Do not burn." Lying along the road I saw many dead horses
+putrefying. There were also to be seen pigs, goats, and cows which had
+nothing to eat, and which were howling like wild beasts. Not a soul was
+to be seen in the houses or in the streets. Everything was empty.</p>
+
+<p>I was then arrested when a short distance from Aerschot. There were with
+me two or three families from Sichem, a village between Diest and
+Aerschot. We remained in the fields alongside the road, while the
+Prussian regiments with their artillery continued to pass by. When the
+artillery had passed we were marched at the point of the bayonet to the
+church in Aerschot. On arrival at the church the families of Sichem
+(there were at least twenty small children) were permitted to continue
+on their way, and the non-commissioned officer, delighted that I could
+speak German, permitted me to go to my aunt's house.</p>
+
+<p>The aspect of the town was terrible. Not more than half the houses were
+standing. In the first three streets which the Germans traversed there
+was not a single house left. There was not a house in the town but had
+been pillaged. All doors had been burst open. There was nothing, nothing
+left. The stench in the streets was insupportable.</p>
+
+<p>I then went home, or, rather, I should say, I went to the house where my
+father had always been boarding. You know, perhaps, that my mother died
+twelve years ago. I did not find my father, but according to what the
+people told me he had been arrested, and, with five other Aerschot men,
+taken to Germany&mdash;I do not know for what purpose.</p>
+
+<p>I got into this house without any difficulty, because the door was
+smashed in. I stayed there from Saturday, Aug. 22, up to Wednesday, the
+26th, a little more comfortable. There was nothing to eat left in the
+house. I lived on what a few women who remained in Aerschot could give
+me. I was forced to go with the soldiers into the cellars of M.X.,
+director of a large factory, to hunt for wine. As recompense I got a
+loaf. It was not much, but at this moment it meant very much for me.</p>
+
+<p>On Wednesday, Aug. 26, we were all once more locked up in the church. It
+was then half-past four in the afternoon. We could not get out, even for
+our necessities. On Thursday, about 9 o'clock, each of us was given a
+piece of bread and a glass of water. This was to last the whole day. At
+10 o'clock a Lieutenant came in, accompanied by fifteen soldiers. He
+placed all the men who were left in a square, selected seventy of us and
+ordered us out to bury the corpses of Germans and Belgians around the
+town, which had been lying there since the battle of the 19th. That was
+a week that these bodies had remained there, and it is no use to ask if
+there was a stench. Afterward we had to clean the streets, and then it
+was evening.</p>
+
+<p>They just got ready to shoot us. There were then ten of us. The guns had
+already been leveled at us, when suddenly a German soldier ran out
+shouting that we had not fired on them. A few minutes before we had
+heard rifle firing and the Germans said it was the Aerschot people who
+were shooting, though all these had been locked up in the church and we
+were the only inhabitants then in the streets, cleaning them, under
+surveillance of Germans. It was this German who saved our lives.</p>
+
+<p>Picture to yourself what we have suffered! It is impossible to describe.
+On Aug. 28 we were brought to Louvain, always guarded by German
+soldiers. There were with us about twenty old men, over eighty years of
+age. These were placed in two carts, tied to one another in pairs. I and
+about twenty of my unfortunate compatriots had then to pull the carts
+all the way to Louvain. It was hard, but that could be supported all the
+same.</p>
+
+<p>On arriving at Louvain I saw with my own eyes a German who shot at us.
+The Germans who were at the station shouted "The civilians have been
+shooting," and commenced a fusillade against us. Many of us fell dead,
+others wounded, but I had the chance to run away.</p>
+
+<p>I now took the road to Tirlemont, marching all the time among German
+camps. Once I was arrested. Again they wanted to shoot me, insisting
+that I was a student of the University of Louvain. The Germans pretend
+it was the student who had caused the population in Louvain to shoot at
+them. However, my youth saved me, and I was set at liberty.</p>
+
+<p>I arrived in this way, making small marches, sleeping under the stars,
+at a small village, St. Pierre Rhode, six miles from Aerschot. This
+village had not been occupied by the Germans. A benevolent farmer took
+me in, and I lived there peacefully until Wednesday, Sept. 9. On that
+day the Germans arrived. They took us all with them and we had to march
+in front of them to prevent the Belgians from shooting. After one hour
+they gave us our liberty.</p>
+
+<p>The Belgians had now retaken Aerschot. I returned there as quickly as I
+could. Only a few houses were still burning. It was Sept. 10. I left
+again in the afternoon at 4 o'clock, taking a train, together with the
+railway officials, and arrived at 6 P.M. in Antwerp, where I now stay
+without any resources.</p>
+
+<p>All my money, the 20 francs which you presented me and my salary for
+five weeks, as well as my little savings, are lying in Brussels, and I
+cannot get at them. I cannot work, because there is no work to be got. I
+cannot cross over to England, as, to do this, it is necessary that there
+should be a whole family. In these horrible circumstances, I
+respectfully take the liberty of addressing you, and I hope you will aid
+me as best you can. I swear to you that I shall pay you back all that
+you give me. I have here in Antwerp no place, no family. The town will
+not give me any aid, because I have no papers to prove my identity. I
+threw all my papers away for fear of the Germans. I count then on you
+with a firm hope to pay you back later.</p>
+
+<p>Please accept, dear Sir, my respectful greetings.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 35%;' />
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><i>Special to The New York Times.</i></p>
+
+<p>PITTSBURGH, Penn., Oct. 17.&mdash;The Pittsburgh civil engineer mentioned as
+the former partner of the writer of the letter to <span class="smcap">The Times</span> citing acts
+of the Germans in Belgium, is well known here. He was informed by <span class="smcap">The
+Times</span> correspondent tonight that he had been named by the writer of the
+letter as likely to testify to his trustworthiness and was asked if he
+cared to say anything regarding this. He replied:</p>
+
+<p>"While I have no idea what my former partner has written to <span class="smcap">The Times</span>, I
+would credit his statements, whatever they might be."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_NEUTRALS" id="THE_NEUTRALS"></a>THE NEUTRALS.</h2>
+
+<h3>By BEATRICE BARRY.</h3>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><b>OURS</b> is the "neutral nation"<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In this war that the white men wage,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And we on the Reservation<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Care naught how the white men rage.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Where are the forest spaces<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That the red man was free to roam?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And what of the woodland places<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Where the red man made his home?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Gone! There's a paleface house<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Where the brave had his strong tepee,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the white man's cattle browse<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Where the wild herds used to be.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">For our power sites he reaches<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">While both smoothly he speaks and well<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of the God whose love he teaches<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And whose justice he would tell.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O Great White Spirit who rideth<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">On the wings of the Winter gale,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Though thy children's faith abideth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Alas! they have lost the trail.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Fifteen_Minutes_on_the_Yser" id="Fifteen_Minutes_on_the_Yser"></a>Fifteen Minutes on the Yser</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[Special Cable to <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span>.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">&#160;I</span><b>N BELGIUM</b>, Dec. 12, (Dispatch to The London Daily News.)&mdash;Fighting of
+an exceedingly desperate character has been taking place during the
+latter portion of the week along the line which extends between the Yser
+and the Lys. Success has attended the efforts of both Germans and French
+in turn; but the losses of the enemy have been by far the greater, and
+the French have in places gained a slight advantage. This is
+particularly noteworthy when it is considered that the Germans on
+Thursday especially attacked in overwhelming force time after time.
+Their movement was concentrated on a zigzag line of trenches not far
+from the village of Dichebusch, which, as it happened, was not
+particularly strongly held by the French.</p>
+
+<p>A terrific prelude to the attack was made by the German artillery, which
+concentrated a furious shrapnel fire upon the French position. At this
+point the trenches of the Germans were only seventy yards from the
+French, and for fear of hitting their own men the German guns were aimed
+fairly high, so that the Frenchmen in the rear trenches suffered most
+heavily. Those in the front trench huddled against its sides while the
+storm of shot and shell raged over them. There was nothing else for them
+to do at the moment, and, as it proved, it was extremely fortunate for
+the Allies that the German guns spared these men.</p>
+
+<p>The French seventy-fives raked the German batteries in answer, and
+things were going hot and strong when the German infantrymen suddenly
+became active. From their trenches seventy yards away a shower of hand
+grenades came bowling over toward the first French trench. Many of them
+fell short, and few did any damage; but hardly had this second plague
+come to an end when out from the trenches climbed a swarm of Germans
+rushing furiously toward the Frenchmen. At last the men in that first
+trench had something to do. They jumped to their loopholes and blazed
+magazine fire into this raging, tearing attack. Every bullet seemed to
+find its mark; it could hardly have done otherwise at such a range.</p>
+
+<p>The advance line wavered, stumbled over prostrate parts of itself, and
+then swept onward again. There was no time for the Frenchmen to reload
+their rifles; besides they did not want to do so. They simply climbed
+out of the trenches and met the Germans with the bayonet. The German
+guns were still roaring to prevent the arrival of French reinforcements;
+but the reinforcements came quickly, suffering heavily in coming.</p>
+
+<p>The few Frenchmen still struggled sturdily with their enemies, who
+outnumbered them three to one, and eventually the Germans who survived
+the attack turned and bolted back to their trenches, with the Frenchmen,
+seeing red, at their heels.</p>
+
+<p>It was as furious a fifteen minutes as could be conceived. The No Man's
+Land between the trenches was heaped with men tangled and twisted in
+death or writhing with wounds which unmercifully let them live. Neither
+side dared venture across to aid these sufferers, so they were left in
+their agony.</p>
+
+<p>But this one desperate charge did not end the day's work. The French
+mortars thumped away incessantly, and showers of hand grenades were
+exchanged. One more attack was made by the Germans in daylight, with a
+like result. The ground was piled high in places with bodies. Then,
+when night had fallen, yet another attack was made. One mighty mass of
+Germans came charging over the narrow space. By sheer weight of numbers
+they overwhelmed the French and took the trench for which they had paid
+such a ghastly price. They held it only for a few hours. By converging
+on it from three points at once the French retook it soon after
+midnight.</p>
+
+<p>On Friday morning a wonderful French bayonet charge at length drove out
+the Germans, who had fought most gallantly and stubbornly throughout the
+day and during the night, and the terrible morning which followed. The
+Red Cross workers were busy without ceasing; but many men had bled to
+death, lacking surgical aid, in that strip of ground between the
+trenches.</p>
+
+<p>This is the kind of warfare which is going to be waged in this seemingly
+inevitable battle between the two rivers. It may last as long as the
+battle of the Yser or the Aisne, and we may wait day after day again for
+the verdict. If the Allies can press forward just three or four miles
+before the year is out they will have done extraordinarily well.
+Hereabout the German artillery is in greater strength than anywhere else
+along the whole line of battle.</p>
+
+<p>Progress will undoubtedly be slow because the Germans have taken such
+tremendous pains to pave (in a literal sense) with concrete trenches the
+way of retreat. British airmen report line upon line of intrenchments
+where the Germans have defensively furrowed the land behind them for
+miles. As the Allies advance&mdash;and they indubitably will advance&mdash;these
+trenches will in turn be stubbornly defended. It is going to be, I am
+afraid, a long, weary, and bloody business. Those in England who
+sometimes complain at the absence of decisive victories may have to wait
+a long time yet before it can be said that the Germans are in full
+retreat; for full retreat is the very thing they have guarded against
+most carefully.</p>
+
+<p>In the semi-circle of slaughter around Ypres the trenches of the Allies
+and the Germans are at nearly all points extraordinarily close together.
+This means an immense strain on the men. They remain for hours together
+in cramped, unnatural positions, knowing from experience that an unwise
+move will bring a bullet from crack marksmen told off to snipe them.</p>
+
+<p>This close proximity of the rival forces confounds all the theories of
+the military writers of the past. According to the army textbooks this
+war is being conducted in a grossly unprofessional manner. For bringing
+his men so close to the enemy many a young company commander has
+received a severe dressing down on manoeuvres.</p>
+
+<p>Of course under such circumstances abuse and badinage is continually
+being bandied across the intervening spaces between the trenches, and
+the quick-witted Frenchmen generally get the better of it in the war of
+words.</p>
+
+<p>One of them, who came back from the Ypres neighborhood a few days ago,
+told me a delightful story of a practical joke played upon the Germans,
+who were entrenched only about thirty or forty yards away from his
+platoon. One bright spirit was lecturing the enemy and making
+dialectical rings round them.</p>
+
+<p>"Hola, bosches," he cried, "your Kaiser is very brave, isn't he? He
+wears the Iron Cross, but he doesn't come into your trenches. Tomorrow
+M. Poincar&eacute;, our President, will visit us. He does not wear an Iron
+Cross, but he isn't afraid."</p>
+
+<p>On the morrow the Germans saw a top hat come bobbing and bowing along
+the French trench and heard loud cries of "Vive le President!" Time
+after time they riddled that top hat with bullets, and still it went
+bobbing along until the French took it off the spade handle, threw it
+into the air and howled in derision.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Seeing_Nieuport_Under_Shell_Fire" id="Seeing_Nieuport_Under_Shell_Fire"></a>Seeing Nieuport Under Shell Fire</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[Special Cable to <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span>.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">F</span><b>URNES</b>, Dec. 21, (Dispatch to The London Daily News.)&mdash;For several days
+I have been in possession of an authorization from the French commandant
+permitting me to penetrate to Nieuport. This town has been under
+bombardment by the Germans since Oct. 20. There were days, however, when
+no shells fell in the town and a walk in the streets presented no
+danger, though this was by no means the case last week, when, after a
+period of calm, an event of considerable importance occurred. The Allies
+took up the offensive in an effort to drive the Germans from the coast
+and recapture Ostend and Zeebrugge.</p>
+
+<p>Along the whole front from the Yser to the sea there were important
+movements of troops. These I am not at liberty to describe, but they
+have for the most part only a small significance in relation to the
+events described in this letter. For eight days the struggle has been
+very severe on the Yser, and night and day hundreds of guns have been
+sending shells across the space dividing the two armies. Since the end
+of October the Germans had been established at St. Georges and
+Lombartzyde, close to Nieuport, and their trenches between Nieuport and
+Nieuport-les-Bains were separated from those of the French and Belgians
+only by a canal twenty yards wide running from Furnes through Nieuport
+to the sea.</p>
+
+<p>I left Furnes on a French motor truck carrying bread and meat to the
+troops at Nieuport. For about three miles the truck followed the canal,
+passing the village of Wulpen, and then came to a stop. We had arrived
+near the bridge over which we must pass to reach Nieuport. As we slowly
+approached the bridge I asked the chauffeur: "What is delaying us?" "It
+is a little too warm for the moment," he replied.</p>
+
+<p>When a soldier admits that things are warm it is certain that there is
+serious fighting afoot. To the right and left over the fields we could
+see the inundations. On the roads our soldiers were moving and the guns
+of the Allies were filling the air with thunder. In the intervals one
+could hear the spitting of quick-firers and the lesser chorus of rifle
+fire. Just ahead on a little bridge were a few soldiers of the engineer
+corps busily at work under the direction of a Lieutenant.</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly I saw them fall flat on the ground. At the same moment a shell
+whistled over their heads and buried itself in the canal bank only forty
+yards from us.</p>
+
+<p>"Shelter your machine behind the house," shouted the Lieutenant, and the
+chauffeur did not want a second telling. He backed the truck a few yards
+to place it against a house opposite the bridge at the corner of the
+road from Ramscapelle.</p>
+
+<p>I left the truck and stood with some soldiers close against the wall. In
+five minutes fifteen shells fell within a radius of 100 yards of the
+bridge, but not one struck the bridge itself. We could hear them come
+shrieking toward us, and the only comment of the soldiers each time was
+"Here comes another."</p>
+
+<p>We passed over the bridge and advanced along the canal bank in the
+direction of the Germans. As we approached the trenches near the Dixmude
+railway bridge we were able to survey the plain of St. Georges, which is
+now completely under water. For a moment the firing between the trenches
+had ceased, and we were able to take a leisurely view of the scene from
+the height of the bridge over an area half a mile square. The water is
+three feet deep, and in the centre of the lake stands a farmhouse
+surrounded by trees. French and Belgian soldiers had crossed the water,
+advancing under the protection of artillery fire, and had captured the
+houses standing on the far side.</p>
+
+<p>Returning to our motor, we quickly reached Nieuport. The aspect of the
+place was strange. The houses, as in all ancient fortified towns, press
+closely one against another. The streets, however, are wide and regular.
+They were as empty as the streets of a dead city. In the roofs of the
+houses were large holes. Windows and doors had been destroyed, and
+blinds and curtains were floating out on the wind.</p>
+
+<p>To my great surprise I learned that four or five houses were still
+occupied. About twenty inhabitants, I was told, were still living in
+their cellars after the two months' bombardment. The soldiers did what
+they could to feed these people, who said that rather than leave their
+homes they would perish in the ruins. The rest of the inhabitants, about
+4,000, had fled, taking with them only what they could carry in their
+hands. In every house one could see broken furniture covered with dust.
+In many of them gaping holes had been torn by shells, while some of the
+front walls had been carried clean away. Bedsteads and wardrobes were
+seen standing awry on the upper floors, ready to fall into the street.
+Of other houses, reduced, one may say, to powder, only heaps of rubbish
+remain, in which one can distinguish among pieces of tiles and bricks
+and plaster chests of drawers, pianos, sideboards, sewing machines, and
+so forth, broken and mixed with what is left of household linen and
+crockery. Family portraits, as if in mockery, remain hanging in places
+and contemplate the scene of ruin. The contents of the shops have been
+scattered over the floors, and whatever has not been destroyed by
+shells, shrapnel, and bombs, has been left to rot under the rain which
+comes through the roofs and ceilings. All sorts of merchandise was lying
+about in confusion on the pavements.</p>
+
+<p>The church, one of the oldest Gothic monuments in the country, has been
+completely demolished. The belfry tower is torn open, and one broken
+bell is lying on the ground at the edge of a pit some thirty feet in
+width, made by the explosion of an enormous German shell. A large wooden
+crucifix by the side of the church has been torn from the ground and
+lies in a ditch.</p>
+
+<p>There is a layer three feet deep of pieces of wood covering the floor of
+the church. This was once the roof and furniture of the old Gothic
+temple.</p>
+
+<p>The cemetery, furrowed by shells, contains fresh graves covered with
+flowers. These are graves of officers and soldiers. On one of them are a
+soldier's coat and cap; on another a small Belgian flag. The second
+grave was dug only this morning, the young soldier, I was told by a
+Sergeant, having arrived at 8 o'clock and having been killed by a German
+shell at 10.</p>
+
+<p>Only one structure in Nieuport remained intact, the Templars' Tower, a
+very solid piece of masonry, five centuries old.</p>
+
+<p>Groups of officers and men were moving about among the ruins of the
+town. They were all young men, whose laughter and jokes contrasted
+grimly with the terrible howl of the guns and the crash of the
+projectiles which were still falling in the town. The French batteries
+added to the noise. Nothing can describe the terrible power of the heavy
+French artillery. The voice of the guns pierced my ear drums. Though
+they were posted at a considerable distance, one might almost think them
+close at hand. As a shell passes over your head it reminds you of a
+hurricane blowing through the bare branches of a forest.</p>
+
+<p>Accompanied by my chauffeur, I ran through streets which he pointed out
+as being more dangerous than others. They were being shelled from the
+flank by the Germans, and sometimes, I was told, accidents would occur;
+that is, somebody would be killed by a shell flying along the street
+from one end to the other. One feels one's self much more at ease in
+the streets which intersect these thoroughfares at right angles.</p>
+
+<p>In one spot I met a Red Cross motor ambulance laden with wounded, and
+going in the midst of the gravest danger, in the direction of Furnes. At
+another point we saw a French Captain, who, in a stern voice, ordered
+his soldiers to keep away from the middle of the street. These men were
+not on duty for the moment and were chatting as merrily as if they were
+in no danger.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Raid_on_Scarborough_Seen_from_a_Window" id="Raid_on_Scarborough_Seen_from_a_Window"></a>Raid on Scarborough Seen from a Window</h2>
+
+<h3>By Ruth Kauffmann.</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[From <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span>.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">C</span><b>LOUGHTON</b>, Scarborough, England, Dec. 17.&mdash;It's a very curious thing to
+watch a bombardment from your house.</p>
+
+<p>Everybody knew the Kaiser would do it. But there was a little doubt
+about the date, and then somehow the spy-hunting sport took up general
+attention. When the Kaiser did send his card here yesterday morning it
+was quite as much of a surprise as most Christmas cards&mdash;from a friend
+forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>Eighteen people were killed yesterday morning between 8 o'clock and 8:30
+in the streets and houses of Scarborough by German shrapnel, 200 were
+wounded, and more than 200 houses were damaged or demolished.</p>
+
+<p>A little before 8 o'clock three dreadnought cruisers were seen to cut
+through the light fog, which was just lifting, and, hugging the cliffs
+opposite our house, scuttle south to Scarborough. From our windows we
+could not at that hour quite make out the contours of the ruined castle,
+which is generally plainly visible. Our attention was called to the fact
+that there was "practicing" going on, and we could, at 8:07, see quick
+flashes. That these flashes pointed directly at Scarborough we did not
+for a few minutes comprehend. Then, the fog slowly lifting, we saw a fog
+that was partly smoke. The castle grew into its place in the six miles
+distance. It seemed for a moment that the eight-foot-thick Norman walls
+tottered; but no, whatever tottered was behind the keep. Curiously
+enough we could barely hear the cannonading, for the wind was keen in
+the opposite direction, yet we could, as the minutes crept by and the
+air cleared, see distinctly the flashes from the boats and the flashes
+in the city.</p>
+
+<p>After about fifteen minutes there was a cessation, or perhaps a
+hesitation, that lasted two minutes; then the flashes continued. Ten
+minutes more and the boats began to move again. One cruiser disappeared
+completely from sight, sailing south by east. The other two rushed, like
+fast trains, north again, again close to our cliffs; and in another half
+hour we heard all too plainly the cannonading which had almost escaped
+our ears from Scarborough. We thought it was Robin Hood's Bay, as far
+north of us as Scarborough is south; but afterward we learned that the
+boats omitted this pretty red-roofed town and concentrated their
+remaining energy on Whithy, fifteen miles north; the wind blowing
+toward us brought us the vibrating boom.</p>
+
+<p>We drove to Scarborough. We had not gone one mile of the distance when
+we began to meet people coming in the opposite direction. A small
+white-faced boy in a milk cart that early every morning makes its
+Scarborough rounds showed us a piece of shell he had picked up and said
+it had first struck a man a few yards from him and killed the man. A
+woman carrying a basket told us, with trembling lips, that men and women
+were lying about the streets dead. The postman assured us that
+Scarborough was in flames. A road worker told us we should be turned
+back, and another man warned us to beware of a big hole in the road
+further along, large enough to swallow our horse and trap; yet we could
+certainly see no flames issuing from Scarborough, which now lay directly
+before us.</p>
+
+<p>We put up the horse at a stable on the very edge of the city and walked
+up the steep hill. The hotelkeeper and his wife, we were told, were
+already "refugees."</p>
+
+<p>Scarborough is a sprawling town that stretches a length of about three
+miles from the extreme north end to the extreme south. Inland about a
+mile and a half is a wireless station, and on the cliff, 300 feet high,
+stands the ruined castle and its walled-in grounds, in the midst of
+which is&mdash;or was, for it was yesterday blown clean away&mdash;a signal
+station. Although there are barracks the town is unfortified. A seaside
+resort of considerable importance, its population varies by many
+thousands in Winter and Summer, with a stationary population of 45,000.
+But to compensate for its Summer losses are the numerous fashionable
+schools for both boys and girls.</p>
+
+<p>We did not meet a deserted city when we entered. The streets were
+thronging. There was a Sunday hush over everything without the
+accompanying Sunday clothes, but people moved about or stood at their
+doorways. Many of the shop fronts were boarded up and shop windows were
+empty of display. The main street, a narrow passageway that clambers up
+from the sea and points due west, was filled with a procession that
+slowly marched down one side and up the other. People hardly spoke.
+They made room automatically for a group of silent boy scouts, who
+carried an unconscious woman past us to the hospital. There was the
+insistent honk of a motor car as it pushed its way through; all that
+struck me about the car was the set face of an old man rising above
+improvised bandages about his neck, part of the price of the Kaiser's
+Christmas card.</p>
+
+<p>The damage to property did not first reach our attention. But as we
+walked down the main street and then up it with the procession we saw
+that shops and houses all along had windows smashed next to windows
+unhurt. At first we thought the broken windows were from concussion, but
+apparently very few were so broken; there was not much concussion, but
+the shells, splintering as they exploded, had flown red-hot in every
+direction. The smoke we had seen had come from fires quickly
+extinguished. Scarborough was not "in flames."</p>
+
+<p>We left the main business street and picked our way toward the Foreshore
+and the South Cliff, the more fashionable part of town as well as the
+school section. Here there was a great deal of havoc, and we had to
+climb over some of the d&eacute;bris. Roofs were half torn off and balancing in
+mid-air; shells had shot through chimneys, and some chimneys tottered,
+while several had merely round roles through the brickwork; mortar,
+bricks, and glass lay about the streets; here a third-story room was
+bare to the view, the wall lifted out as for a child's dollhouse and
+disclosing a single bedroom with shaving materials on the bureau still
+secure; there a drug store lay fallen into the street, and the iron
+railing about it was torn and twisted out of shape. A man and a boy had
+just been carried away dead. All around small pieces of iron rail and
+ripped-up asphalt lay scattered. Iron bars were driven into the woodwork
+of houses; there were great gaps in walls and roofs; the attack had not
+spent itself on any one section of the city, but had scattered itself in
+different wards. The freaks of the shells were as inexplicable as those
+of a great fire that destroys everything in a house except a piano and a
+mantelpiece with its bric-a-brac, or a flood that carries away a log
+cabin and leaves a rose bush unharmed and blooming.</p>
+
+<p>Silent pedestrians walked along and searched the ground for souvenirs,
+of which there were aplenty. Sentries guarded houses and streets where
+it was dangerous to explore, and park benches were used as barriers to
+the public. All the cabs were requisitioned to take away luggage and
+frightened inhabitants. During the shelling hundreds of women and
+children, breakfastless, their hair hanging, hatless, and even
+penniless, except for their mere railway fares, had rushed to the
+station and taken tickets to the first safe town they could think of.
+There was no panic, these hatless, penniless women all asserted, when
+they arrived in York and Leeds. A wealthy woman whom I slightly know
+nearly rushed into my arms, her face very flushed, and told me that she
+had left the servants to pack her china and vases, and was now on her
+way to find a workman to dig a hole in the garden to receive them; as
+for herself, she would eat from kitchen dishes henceforth.</p>
+
+<p>A friend of mine hurried into Scarborough by motor to rescue her sister,
+who was a pupil at one of the boarding schools. But it appeared that
+when the windows of the school began to crash the teachers hurried from
+prayers, ordered the pupils to gather hats and coats and sweet chocolate
+that happened to be on hand as a substitute for breakfast, and made them
+run for a mile and a half, with shells exploding about them, through the
+streets to the nearest out-of-Scarborough railway station. My friend,
+after unbelievable difficulties, finally found her sister in a private
+house of a village near by, the girl in tears and pleading not to be
+sent to London; she had been told that her family's house was probably
+destroyed, as it was actually on the seacoast.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, instances of self-possession were not lacking.
+Another school hardby took all its children to the cellars, where the
+teachers made light of the matter, and the frightened father of one very
+nervous child was pleasantly amazed to find his child much calmer than
+himself&mdash;and quite delighted with the experience. In St. Martin's
+Church, the Archdeacon was celebrating communion. Shells struck the roof
+of the church. The Archdeacon stopped the service for a brief moment to
+say:</p>
+
+<p>"We are evidently being bombarded. But we are as safe here as we can be
+anywhere," and proceeded calmly with the service.</p>
+
+<p>We left Scarborough at night. The exodus of inhabitants, school
+children, whose Christmas holidays began earlier by one day on account
+of the raid, and visitors continued steadily. The cabmen, so idle in
+Winter, were rejoiced to find that work for today would not be lacking.</p>
+
+<p>"At this rate," said one of them to me as he lighted the carriage
+candles for our trap and handed me the reins, "if the Germans come again
+there'll be no one left for them to kill."</p>
+
+<p>There is, the Admiralty tells us, no military significance in this
+event, and, from the British point of view, I doubt if a woman will ever
+be considered worthy of a hearing in anything military; but I presume
+there is some sort of significance from a real estate point of view in
+the holes made in the hotels and houses, and from the hospital point of
+view in the sad procession of stretchers. But however little
+significance the December bombardment of Scarborough has, it is
+certainly a surprise to be wakened by three hostile cruisers, and one
+must admit that the Kaiser has at least left his greetings of the season
+on the east coast.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="How_the_Baroness_Hid_Her_Husband_on_a_Vessel" id="How_the_Baroness_Hid_Her_Husband_on_a_Vessel"></a>How the Baroness Hid Her Husband on a Vessel</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[Special Cable to <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span>.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">L</span><b>ONDON</b>, Dec. 7.&mdash;The story of how Baroness Hans Heinrich von Wolf, who
+was Miss Humphreys, well known in New York society, smuggled her husband
+into Germany after the beginning of the war past a British cruiser and
+two sets of British shipping inspectors so that he could fight for the
+Fatherland is revealed in news received here giving details as to the
+bestowal upon the Baron of the Iron Cross of the First Class.</p>
+
+<p>Baron von Wolf and his wife, who is the daughter of a wealthy patent
+medicine manufacturer and whose stepfather is Consul General St. John
+Gaffney, at Munich, were on their plantation in German Southwest Africa,
+when the Kaiser ordered the mobilization. Being a reserve officer, the
+Baron started homeward on board a German steamship on July 29, and,
+fortunately for him, the Baroness accompanied him.</p>
+
+<p>On receipt of wireless information that war had been declared, their
+ship promptly put into Rio Janeiro toward the middle of August, and it
+was two weeks later before the Wolfs found a neutral vessel headed for
+Holland.</p>
+
+<p>In South American waters they were halted by a British cruiser, but
+although there were many German reservists among the passengers, the
+cruiser was so full of Germans already that she could not carry any
+more, so they were permitted to proceed.</p>
+
+<p>Baron von Wolf left the ship "officially" at Vigo, Spain, his wife
+waving a tearful farewell to his imaginary figure on the tender. He was
+really secreted, through the connivance of a generously bribed steward,
+in a tiny closet, where he remained for twenty-four hours. Finally he
+was spirited into his wife's state-room, and during the rest of the
+voyage spent most of his time lying under her berth. All his meals,
+drinks, and cigarettes were brought in by the steward, who was in the
+plot, and, as the Baroness remarked laughingly to friends afterward, "I
+gained a frightful reputation as a heavy drinker and smoker, and one
+Mrs. Grundy even spread the scandalous report that I had a man in my
+room."</p>
+
+<p>British warships compelled the Dutch vessel to enter Falmouth, where the
+authorities searched her for contraband and reservists. Knowing that the
+Baroness was a German officer's wife, naval officials called upon her
+several times in the course of the two weeks during which the ship was
+forced to remain at Falmouth, but each time they found her either doing
+up her hair, whereupon they retreated hastily with apologies for the
+intrusion, or lying in her bunk, feigning illness. The ship manifest, of
+course, showed that Capt. von Wolf had disembarked at Vigo, and the
+Captain of the vessel, ignorant of the truth, swore that he had seen
+Capt. von Wolf on board the tender, waving to his wife on deck.</p>
+
+<p>There was a further search at Dover, but von Wolf's hiding place was
+never discovered.</p>
+
+<p>The Kaiser awarded the Iron Cross to von Wolf for capturing seven
+English soldiers single-handed near Ypres and for carrying dispatches in
+an automobile under a fire so hot that his chauffeur and two officers in
+a car following were killed.</p>
+
+<p>As far as his neutrality will permit, Consul General Gaffney, in whose
+Munich residence the Baroness is living during the war, has indicated to
+friends his delight over the valor of his stepson-in-law.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Warsaw_Swamped_With_Refugees" id="Warsaw_Swamped_With_Refugees"></a>Warsaw Swamped With Refugees</h2>
+
+<h3>By H.W. Bodkinson of The London Standard.</h3>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">W</span>&#160;<b>ARSAW</b>, Oct. 15.&mdash;Thousands of fugitives crowd the city. They come from
+all parts of Poland, but principally from the frontier towns and
+villages which the Germans have been ravaging for over six weeks.</p>
+
+<p>It rends one's heart to hear of the sufferings of these poor refugees,
+who are mostly Jews, but with a considerable sprinkling of Poles and
+Lithuanians. Every available hall and every empty warehouse is filled
+with them. They must have shelter and food, and Warsaw has risen
+heroically to the task of providing them with these necessities. Yet how
+they suffer and what a struggle is theirs for bare existence!</p>
+
+<p>My first visit was to the largest hall in Warsaw, called the Swiss
+Valley, where the large Philharmonic concerts are usually held and which
+in ordinary times is the gathering place of society. It is now converted
+into a refuge for 600 or 700 homeless fugitives, who have left their all
+behind them and fled in terror, frequently on foot, for many miles, and
+carrying their possessions on their backs. The majority are old men,
+women, and children. In the babel of voices are frequently heard pitiful
+cries of poorly fed children, shrieks of more lusty ones, and groans and
+wailings of mothers who still seem stunned and stupefied by their
+frightful experiences.</p>
+
+<p>Dinner was being served when I arrived. At several tables sat women,
+many with babies in arms, and children, while men were being served in
+one of the large corridors. Standing in endless rows, they took their
+turn at the steaming pots. In the main hall many fugitives were
+crouching on the floor, some on mattresses, and piled about them were
+little mounds of household effects that they had succeeded in saving
+from their wrecked and ruined homes. It was truly a picture of direst
+misery, and in the faces of young and old one could read calamity.</p>
+
+<p>Kalisch is probably a heap of ruins, these recent arrivals tell me, and
+of the usual population of 65,000 barely 2,000 are left. German soldiers
+have abandoned the city, but are quartered three or four miles away, in
+the village of Oputook. Kalisch is only a fortified camp, visited daily,
+however, by German cavalry, who use it as a reconnoitring base. All
+gardens have been destroyed and trees cut up for barricades, and even
+crosses from the cemetery have been displaced and used in fortification
+work.</p>
+
+<p>Refugees tell dreadful stories of what they saw on their flight through
+this unfortunate part of Poland. Everywhere are burned and pillaged
+villages, towns destroyed, and gardens that are heaps of ashes and
+ruins.</p>
+
+<p>One old man, formerly a country school teacher, saw three peasants
+hanging from a tree, with all the signs of having been frightfully
+tortured, as their arms and legs were broken in several places. They
+evidently had been accused of espionage and summarily executed. While
+telling me of this sight the old man fairly shook with the terror of
+reminiscence, and when he finished he was sobbing aloud.</p>
+
+<p>How Warsaw is going to take care of these poor unfortunates is still an
+unsolved problem. Already a wave of unemployment is spreading in the
+city, and it will be impossible to find work for this enormous increase
+in the town's population. Some are being sent to the southern coal mines
+and others are being employed on fortification works at Novo
+Georgieoak, but they are the pick of the lot. It is the old and infirm,
+the women and children, who must be provided for, and though
+contributions come in steadily, yet there is not half enough relief for
+all, and appeals are being made both to Petrograd and Moscow, cities
+which still are practically free from the horrors of war, for speedy
+help.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="After_the_Russian_Advance_in_Galicia" id="After_the_Russian_Advance_in_Galicia"></a>After the Russian Advance in Galicia</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[From The London Times.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">LWOW (Lemberg), Oct. 17.</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span> <b>HAVE</b> returned from a trip of several hundred kilometers through
+Galicia, covering the zone of the Russian conquest and subsequent
+occupation. I believe it is fair to consider the district traversed as
+typical of the general conditions in the existing conquered zones and of
+those prevailing during and after the fighting.</p>
+
+<p>The portion traversed lies from Lwow in a southeasterly direction to
+Bessarabia, along the Carpathians and the line of retreat of the heavy
+Austrian column and the subsequent advance of Gen. Brussiloff. The
+situation at Halicz offers an opportunity to judge of the conduct of the
+Russians, as this position was occupied after considerable severe
+fighting nearby. Gen. Brussiloff's advance was preceded by heavy masses
+of Cossacks, and two checks were experienced before this point was
+reached, and therefore it may be assumed that their blood was roused
+when Halicz was reached and any excesses or lack of control were to be
+expected here, where there are many Jews. The facts, which are obvious
+and not dependent upon hearsay or official confirmation, are that though
+this country was swept by a huge army, three divisions of Cossacks
+crossing the river at Halicz, besides a mass of infantry, there is in
+the rural districts no sign to indicate this deluge of a few weeks
+earlier. The fields have at present an absolutely normal aspect, with
+stock grazing contentedly everywhere, while in every village there are
+quantities of geese, chickens, and pigs. There are acres and acres of
+rich farming land, with grain still stacked, while the Autumn plowing
+and belated harvesting are proceeding as usual.</p>
+
+<p>Nine villages through which the Russian armies swept give no sign of war
+having passed this way. At an occasional station or village a few
+destroyed buildings are seen, but these in every instance appear to have
+been places where the retreating Austrians halted or attempted to make
+stands, and the fire even at these points seems to have been carefully
+concentrated on strategic points&mdash;for instance, a town where the railway
+d&ecirc;pot and a warehouse have been leveled. I was particularly impressed by
+the village of Botszonce, near Halicz. A few versts from there a
+stubborn fight lasting several days resulted in the abandonment of the
+Austrian line of resistance and a retreat, with a halt at Botszonce.</p>
+
+<p>Hence the town was shelled, and the municipal offices and big buildings
+in the centre were utterly destroyed, but three buildings stand
+conspicuously among the ruins. These are two churches, and the Town
+Hall, with a spire resembling that of a church. The fact that the
+building next to the latter was leveled utterly, while not a single
+shell entered the supposed church, indicates that the Russian practice
+at 5,000 meters was sufficiently accurate to insure the protection of
+sacred edifices, while neighboring buildings were wrecked. It is also
+significant of the Russian restraint following a hard battle where
+losses were substantial.</p>
+
+<p>It is universally observable that where villages were shelled attempts
+were made to spare the peasants' houses, few of which were damaged, save
+by fires spreading from other buildings. Everywhere wanton destruction
+has obviously been avoided, and the percentage of towns in this zone
+where any damage whatever was done is small. The foregoing facts signify
+the restraint and soberness exercised both by the Cossacks and the
+following infantry. The natives were not unfriendly to the Russians,
+which would partially account for this, but such discipline as was
+exhibited is significant even in a friendly country, when one considers
+the size and extent of the invading armies.</p>
+
+<p>Other conclusions based on conversations with Russian officials, which
+were obviously prejudiced, and with peasants, whose evidence was given
+to a correspondent who accompanied these officers, must be accepted
+guardedly. Such information as was obtained from these sources
+indicated no complaint against the Russian soldier. Little material was
+taken, and this, it is said, has been paid for. This I personally
+believe, as the merchants and natives appear to be genuinely friendly,
+the occupying troops stating that even the Cossacks were docile. Many
+Austrian officials are wearing their old uniforms with Russian colors on
+their arms.</p>
+
+<p>It would be unwise to attempt to estimate the underlying feelings of the
+population, but I believe it is a safe assumption that Russia's Galician
+Government will be the most progressive and liberal of all her
+experiments, and will probably prove an easy yoke for all those who do
+not attempt to interfere politically. It is obvious that an exceptional
+effort has been made throughout the campaign and the occupation to keep
+the inhabitants friendly and establish the Government here as a
+demonstration of Russian progressive tendencies. I believe, too, that
+this time the tendencies are distinctly liberal, but it is futile to
+attempt to estimate the future.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Officer_in_Battle_Had_Little_Feeling" id="Officer_in_Battle_Had_Little_Feeling"></a>Officer in Battle Had Little Feeling</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[Correspondence of The Associated Press.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">R</span><b>OTTERDAM</b>, Dec. 1.&mdash;The psychology of the battlefield gets a rather
+thorough and able treatment by an Austrian reserve officer, who, after
+having been wounded in an engagement with the Russians, gave the
+following interview to a Hungarian journalist. The officer in question
+was with Gen. Dankl in the fighting southeast of Krasnik.</p>
+
+<p>"You feel little or nothing while in battle," he said. "At least, you
+forget how things affect your mind. The eyes see and the ears hear, but
+those are perceptions which do not result in impressions one could
+co-ordinate. They do not even affect your sentiments. But it is not
+cynicism, for all that; merely the lack of appreciation of what takes
+place. My Captain, a most lovable fellow, whom I did not alone respect
+as an officer, but of whom I also thought a great deal personally, was
+leading his company into fire when three bullets hit him in the abdomen.
+I saw him fall, but thought nothing of it and marched on.</p>
+
+<p>"In spite of the fact that you have no ill-feelings against the enemy,
+and may not even fear him, you destroy him as best you can. On the
+evening before our first battle we were sitting about the mess
+table&mdash;most of us officers of the line. None of us had ever killed a
+man. I said: 'Friends, when I meet the first Russian officer tomorrow my
+impulse will be to shake his hand.' My comrades agreed with me. But on
+the following day I was obliged to lay a number of Russians low.</p>
+
+<p>"My Slovacs are the most phlegmatic people in the world, but excellent
+soldiers. They shoot without anger, but simply because they are fired
+upon. One fights because one is on the battlefield and cannot do any
+different. The terrible thing is that often you are shot at without
+being able to return the fire. But this is not as fear-inspiring as it
+is discouraging. You learn to know what fear is when you begin to
+realize that you might be killed without killing somebody first.</p>
+
+<p>"Of course I have been scared. That was after I had been wounded. We had
+been firing a long time, and when next we advanced we came into a deep
+and sandy road, out of which we could not get because of the enemy's
+terrible fire. We had to lie perfectly still while bullets simply poured
+over us. That was awful."</p>
+
+<p>The officer omitted to state that while in this position he was shot
+three times in the arm, but continued to lead his troops throughout the
+action.</p>
+
+<p>"It is a well-known fact that the soldier sees very little of the
+battle. On Aug. 24, early in the morning, we <span lang="el" title="Transcriber's Note: so in original">re-received</span>
+orders to occupy a low hill at the edge of a tract
+covered with brushwood. Forming part of the reserve, we were expected to
+remain under cover. In front of us was a large open battlefield. To each
+side of us were batteries which had thundered away since early morning.
+The result of this was that many of the enemy's shells dropped right in
+front of us. I remember noticing that while the smoke of our shells had
+a lilac color that of the enemy's was white.</p>
+
+<p>"So far we had not been disquieted by the shells at all. On the edge of
+the brushwood had been planted a yellow-black flag, showing that
+somewhere in that vicinity was to be found our General Staff. Our
+Colonel left us and walked toward it, possibly to get orders, but just
+as he got there a shrapnel exploded a little ahead of him in the air and
+we saw our commanding officer, in whom we placed all our confidence, go
+down. After that it was a terrible feeling to lie still. From that
+moment on, too, a veritable hail of shells began to come. Some sappers,
+who had been busy digging a trench for the protection of the General
+Staff, started to run. I feared that my soldiers would follow the
+example, and began to make fun of the poor sappers, scolding them at the
+same time. Thank God, my battalion found that funny and began to laugh.
+They lived through a terrific shrapnel fire with not a care and even
+found occasion for laughter.</p>
+
+<p>"A Major took command of the regiment and we received orders to retake a
+hill which the enemy had captured under heavy fire. But of the enemy
+nothing at all was to be seen as we neared the position, though the hail
+of shell and shrapnel increased in fury. The flag bearer marched about
+300 paces off my side. By accident I looked in his direction, saw the
+white cloud of smoke of a Russian shell, and where the flag bearer had
+been there was nothing more to be seen.</p>
+
+<p>"The enemy meanwhile had taken to flight, and later we saw the Russians
+wading through a swamp. Then they got to the River Por and crossed
+it&mdash;we after them, shooting, wading, out of breath. Of a sudden a
+village behind us went up in flames, the light falling on us like the
+rays of a huge reflector. Then and there we received a rain of fire, and
+saw the enemy had taken possession in good order of the other bank. We
+had to fall back, not because we were afraid, but because those were the
+orders. The sensation of being in danger of death we did not have.</p>
+
+<p>"Flags and drums are useless things in warfare. What is the use of a
+flag which by its bright colors reveals your position, which, as the
+brown paint on my sabre shows, it has been intended to conceal? In the
+one case even the slightest reflection of light is guarded against,
+while in the other a large field of colors undoes all that it has been
+wished to accomplish. The drummer, on the other hand, must beat his drum
+as he goes to the attack, yet he is expected to run into the enemy
+unarmed. He would prefer exchanging his drum for a rifle, so that he
+would be able to shoot down a soldier.</p>
+
+<p>"One feels nothing of the presence of the enemy in battle and on the
+marches. To be wounded is also not such a bad experience. But you begin
+to think after the battle. To bear the horrors of war a sort of ideal is
+necessary. Once, when I took my Slovacs into an attack, we passed a
+cross by the wayside. Many of them knelt down for a moment and said a
+prayer. That was sincere and sublime. The ideal which makes it possible
+for me to bear everything is to be a good officer on the
+battlefield&mdash;under the circumstances my duty toward the social aggregate
+to which I belong."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="The_Battle_of_New_Years_Day" id="The_Battle_of_New_Years_Day"></a>The Battle of New Year's Day</h2>
+
+<h3>By Perceval Gibbon.</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[Special Cable to <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span>.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">Z</span><b>YRARDOW</b>, Poland, Jan. 3, via London, Jan. 8, (Dispatch to The London
+Daily Chronicle.)&mdash;The lines of trenches, the position of which I am
+able to observe from here, are those extending south from Sochaczew, and
+to the west of Msczonow. The chief German efforts are being directed
+against the centre of this line.</p>
+
+<p>They have made a concentration of their best troops opposite our
+positions west of the village of Guzow, against the trenches of the
+second army at a point where an army corps of veterans have turned their
+position into an earthen fortress. Here within the last few days the
+Germans have brought up guns of all but the largest calibre and
+generally displayed considerable increases in their artillery. Here also
+their infantry attacks, those tragic and wasteful assaults in force
+which send so many thousand German corpses down the streams of the Rawka
+and Bzura to the Vistula, and so home, are most intense.</p>
+
+<p>During the last few days a certain lull in the frequency of these
+attacks has been observable and has been construed by the Russians as
+prefatory to renewed endeavors to force the line and advance a short
+stage on the dangerous road to Warsaw. This premonition was justified on
+New Year's Day when the enemy's attacks were renewed east of Guzow. The
+armies are facing each other across their breastworks at a distance
+varying from 200 to 300 yards. The dawn of 1915, the Germans roused
+themselves again to the dreary energy of the hopeless battle. I watched
+the shelling from the headquarters of a regiment which is occupying a
+trench in the centre of the front line.</p>
+
+<p>It was impossible to approach the trench more nearly during daylight, as
+the grassless brown flats were noisy with bullets from the German lines.
+They shoot with wasteful prodigality shrapnel and even heavier shells on
+any single figure that is discernible; but when early dark came down the
+attempt was made successfully and the first line held by the Bielojevsky
+Regiment was reached. I had the advantage of the company up to the zone
+of fire of Prince Peter Volkonsky, who is leader of a Red Cross motor
+column. Throughout our journey the Germans were firing rockets. A slow,
+green ball of fire ascends as gradually into the air as a loaded
+balloon, seems to poise aloft for a moment, then sinks slowly to earth,
+lighting the country for a long way around with a ghastly green
+illumination. Each rocket is followed by a prompt fire from the field
+batteries and a short spurt of rifle fire.</p>
+
+<p>The trench to which I finally came at midnight was that in almost the
+mathematical centre of the Guzow positions. Here behind an
+eight-foot-high breastwork the famous regiment, which invariably has
+been in the front line during the five months of the war, has made
+itself efficiently at home. Since the war began the regiment, whose
+normal strength is 4,000 men, has lost 5,500, making good its losses out
+of the reserves, so that now again it is at its full strength.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans have made a routine of their attacks, always making them at
+night and always ineffectually. They advance as far as the barbed wire,
+30 yards in front of the trench. There they encounter the full force of
+the Russian rifle fire and fall back again. The Germans shell without
+ceasing. All the Russians speak of their profuse expenditure of
+ammunition. The commander of the trench told me that at the lowest they
+fired over 3,000 shells on a single day.</p>
+
+<p>Although intermittent firing continued through the night, no attack was
+made. With the morning the German guns resumed their exhaustive questing
+along the rear of the trenches, and a big factory to the southward once
+more became their target. Its great chimney began to acquire a kind of
+sporting significance, it was so obviously the object of fire in that
+direction; and bets were going in the trench backing the chimney against
+the German gunners.</p>
+
+<p>I counted in an hour thirty-six shells directed at the factory, but the
+chimney, like the steeple of a persecuted but triumphant religion, was
+cocking its unbowed head to the skies.</p>
+
+<p>Now began the shelling of the trench, while the German rifle bullets
+searched along the front. This, however, is a game at which the Russian
+riflemen are specially proficient. They can in a few moments organize a
+combined murderous fire which forces every German who is not weary of
+life to keep his head down. After a few minutes the German rifle fire
+goes wild, their bullets no longer striking about our loopholes.</p>
+
+<p>Toward late afternoon their fire increased, and the Russian long-range
+battery came into position behind us. The gun out of sight astern of us
+roared grandly. A shell traveled over us, whistling in its flight, then
+splashed in brief fire, and a great cloud of smoke arose a hundred yards
+ahead of us and the same distance short of the German trenches. A second
+shell burst about the same distance beyond the German line. Then, after
+careful sighting, and the position having been verified, came a third
+shell and landed superbly and within easy sight upon the very lip of the
+trench, blowing a great gap in the earthwork. It was gunnery of the most
+exact and expert kind.</p>
+
+<p>Shell after shell under our eyes, timed to a fraction, raked the trench;
+then came the reply to it. A German heavy battery out of sight in a dip
+toward the river came into action. From horizon to horizon the world was
+noisy with the stupendous drum of artillery, while at each brief
+interval the rending reverberation of rifle fire from trench to trench
+tore at one's ears.</p>
+
+<p>The dreary, icy night darkened over the desolate fields which in this
+war have seen their crops trampled and have been sown with dead men. The
+darkness was lit by gun flashes and brief moons of shrapnel winking
+aloft, while from the opposite trench issued a ghostly, flickering blaze
+of rifles at their work.</p>
+
+<p>The attack developed after all to the left of the trench in which we
+were. It was part of a great attack along a line which extended from
+near Gradow southward to Rawa, and was unsuccessful everywhere.</p>
+
+<p>When dark came I made my way out of the trench in the same way I had
+previously entered it&mdash;under fire; but this time the moon was showing
+frostily clear over the horrible levels, so that as we went we were
+silhouetted against her vacant face. We obviously were plainly visible
+to the Germans, for besides bullets, which were beginning to become
+commonplace and unremarkable, a shrapnel shell came screaming up and
+burst on the ground about twenty feet away.</p>
+
+<p>We gained the road to Chervonaneva. The road was white and straight,
+bare as one's empty hand. Here I endured the most curious experience of
+my life. Myself and companion, John Bass, correspondent of The Chicago
+Daily News, were walking in our heavy furs between the glaring moon and
+the German gunners, who will fire extravagantly at anything. Their guns
+got to work along the road and a shell came screaming up and burst
+perhaps twenty feet away, followed by three or four others.</p>
+
+<p>Our attempt to take to the fields, where we would not be so conspicuous,
+was thwarted by the Russian barbed wire and other preparations for the
+enemy. There was nothing for it but to continue along the naked road
+till we got out of range. Further on low trees began at the side of the
+road. We hastened toward them, hoping to make them serve as cover, but
+shell after shell arrived, each bursting close by. The trees were of no
+use.</p>
+
+<p>There was not another soul upon the road for over two miles. Each time
+we heard a shell coming toward us we cowered with our arms covering neck
+and face. After each shot we inquired of each other if either had been
+hit. The shooting of the gunners with such a small and distant target
+appeared to me superb.</p>
+
+<p>At last a shell exploded overhead, smashing the branches and sending a
+load of metal flying. I felt blows of flying earth and twigs on my back.
+Bass asked, "Have they got you?"</p>
+
+<p>"Are you all right?" I inquired.</p>
+
+<p>"Think they have got me in the face," was the reply.</p>
+
+<p>I had an electric pocket lamp, with which I made an examination. He was
+cut across the jaw with a fragment of shell and bleeding freely. I
+bandaged him with our handkerchiefs, Bass, as always, uncomplaining and
+treating the wound humorously.</p>
+
+<p>Several shells followed, each too near for comfort, but we were now
+reaching the limit of the guns' range, and we came without further
+incident clear of their fire.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Basss_Story" id="Basss_Story"></a>Bass's Story</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[Special Dispatch to <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span>.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">C</span><b>HICAGO</b>, Jan. 7.&mdash;John F. Bass, the staff correspondent of The Chicago
+Daily News, who with Perceval Gibbon had a remarkable escape from being
+blown to pieces by German shells while returning from a visit to a
+Russian first-line trench in Poland, cables to his paper his version of
+their experiences, which duplicates largely that by Perceval Gibbon
+cabled to <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Recounting their arrival at the trench held by the Bielojevski Regiment,
+in the centre of the battle line, he says:</p>
+
+<p>"The officers, in small underground bomb-proofs, gave us a hospitable
+welcome. The men had cut small recesses in the front wall of the
+trench, where they were comfortably housed in straw with bagging in
+front to keep out the cold. The trenches were in good condition and
+clean for war time.</p>
+
+<p>"In the loopholes rifles lay ready for firing. One man in every four
+watched while the other three slept. As we walked through the trench we
+stepped over dead bodies of men who had recently fallen. Two of the
+regiment's battalions are commanded by Staff Capt. Podjio, one of the
+finest specimens of a conscientious, hard-working line officer I have
+met. He passed the night traveling the trenches, keeping a vigilant
+watch and encouraging the men, who seemed to be in fine condition.</p>
+
+<p>"It was bitterly cold, so we lay for a time on the straw of a
+bomb-proof, watching by candlelight a giant orderly sending and
+receiving messages on a buzzing telephone from different parts of the
+line. It is a habit of Germans to make night attacks that bring them
+within fifty yards of the Russian trenches before they are driven off.</p>
+
+<p>"We saw indistinctly across the trenches the Russian videttes in front.
+It is reported that the Germans do not take the precaution of posting a
+line of sentinels before their trenches. Just before morning the
+videttes came running to report activity in the German trenches. Quickly
+the sleeping soldiers were roused to man the loopholes. The machine guns
+cracked and the rifles rolled out volleys in the cold morning light. The
+Germans answered and bullets kicked the top of our trench. Some of the
+bullets seemed to crack on striking and it was reported to us that the
+Germans were using explosive missiles. Under the Russian fire the
+Germans failed to leave their trench.</p>
+
+<p>"When the light swelled into day the German artillery began shelling the
+houses, the tall chimney, and the trenches. Black clouds of smoke rose
+from the spots where the shells struck. On our trench they used
+shrapnel, which burst for the most part beyond us in white puffs. The
+German infantry continued a heavy fusillade, but our machine gun fire,
+which seemed to sweep the dust from the top of the German trench, caused
+their rifle fire to go high and the bullets hissed overhead.</p>
+
+<p>"Two German aeroplanes swept down the line above the Russian trench, but
+retired when chased by a Russian biplane. In the distance a German
+observation balloon hung in the sky like a huge sausage."</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image61.jpg" width="252" height="400" alt="Prince Louis Alexander of Battenburg" title="Prince Louis Alexander of Battenburg" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>H.S.H. PRINCE LOUIS ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG,<br />
+Who Was Forced to Resign as First Sea Lord of the British Admiralty.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>by Pach Bros., N.Y.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image62.jpg" width="249" height="400" alt="Lord Roberts" title="Lord Roberts" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>FIELD MARSHAL LORD ROBERTS,<br />
+From a Photograph Taken on His Eighty-second Birthday.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo by L.N.A.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="The_Waste_of_German_Lives" id="The_Waste_of_German_Lives"></a>The Waste of German Lives</h2>
+
+<h3>By Perceval Gibbon.</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[Special Cable to <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span>.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">Z</span><b>YRARDOW</b>, Poland, Jan. 5, (Dispatch to The London Daily
+Chronicle.)&mdash;Once again Poland has seen a great German general attack
+along the whole line of the Bzura and Rawka positions from Gradow to
+Rawa. For thirty-six hours the battle has shifted like a moving flame in
+a long line. Now that its intensity is abated, it is clear that the
+German purpose has again failed of accomplishment, and at several points
+the Russian line has advanced.</p>
+
+<p>We have no key to the German mentality which inspires these attacks so
+wasteful in lives of soldiers, so ineffectual in their general result.
+In the records of this struggle along the courses of the two little
+rivers I have notes of upward of 100 attacks in considerable force,
+of which not a single one resulted in shifting the imperturbable Russian
+infantry from a trench, but each of which has been accompanied by
+ghastly loss to the Germans.</p>
+
+<p>A fight characteristic of the operations on this front took place west
+of Gradow, where the German attack was exceptionally heavy throughout
+New Year's Day, culminating in an assault by infantry on the same night.
+Throughout the day they shelled the Russian trenches, spending
+ammunition with their customary lavishness. The day's shelling justified
+the Russian opinion that of the German forces their artillery and
+cavalry are the weakest arm and their infantry is the best. The
+positions are not greatly disturbed by the day-long aspersion with
+shrapnel, and the Russians are more than ready for the attack. On this
+front the infantry attacks usually in line, but this night they came up
+in dense columns. The Russian guns were at work promptly with the fuses
+of the shells reduced, so that they burst almost at the gun's mouth, and
+from the trenches a steady, schooled infantry fire tore gaps in the
+masses of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>At Gradow the Russians were utterly outnumbered. To this extent the
+German concentration of forces was successful, but no further. They
+succeeded in reducing the Russians' tactics from a mere defense of the
+trenches to delivering a counter-attack; but this was the limit of their
+success.</p>
+
+<p>I have talked with three Russian officers here who were wounded during
+the counter-attack. Five machine guns were at work on them as they left
+their trenches in a charge. One of the officers was shot through the
+chest as he climbed the bank of the trench; the second got perhaps
+twenty yards before being hit in the head; the third, however, led his
+men home into the German trench. Of the Russians who set out only eighty
+were alive and unhurt when they reached the German trench, but this
+eighty took it with the bayonet, killing about five times their own
+number of Germans.</p>
+
+<p>At Gradow, on the morning of Jan. 2, the ground resembled the strewn
+battlefield of Brzezny or the body-littered valleys between the woods
+of Augustowo in October. As in those other tragic defeats where the
+ruthless Generals sacrificed their soldiers like water, there were heaps
+and ridges of gray-clad dead. Gradow is only one single point in the
+line which the Germans assaulted, yet here alone they lost upward of
+6,000 killed. The same night they attacked positions corresponding at
+the villages of Guzow, Radziwillow, Msczonow, and Rawa. In every place
+they were beaten back with heavy losses. The estimates from various
+sources, some official, state that their losses for the single night's
+abortive fighting, giving them nowhere an advance of a single yard of
+territory, were assuredly not fewer than 30,000 dead on the ground and
+three times as many wounded or dead within their own lines.</p>
+
+<p>I am cured of prophecy, but through the fog of imminent events certain
+happenings are dimly indicated. Roughly speaking, the next fortnight is
+Germany's final opportunity. During that time they may pour out lives
+with the same hope as hitherto of making an impression on the steadfast
+line of the Bzura and Rawka. Then that last glamour of hope of success
+in Poland vanishes.</p>
+
+<p>In the highest opinions the Austrian Army is finished, and it remains
+only to clear up the mess they have made and then again the great
+advance on poor, dim, beautiful Cracow will proceed. Przemysl is at its
+last gasp, and then the Russian armies will be in Silesia, the source
+and headquarters of Prussia's industrial wealth, the one province she
+cannot afford to see invaded. Within a time, which I hear estimated
+between three and six weeks, these wind-swept, icy plains of Poland must
+see a stage in the war completed.</p>
+
+<p>Germans have been captured lately in whose possession was found the last
+proclamation of the Kaiser that "if compelled to retire from Poland,
+leave standing neither house nor town; leave only the bare earth
+underfoot." Well, the road to Berlin does not end at the Polish
+frontier.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="The_Flight_Into_Switzerland" id="The_Flight_Into_Switzerland"></a>The Flight Into Switzerland</h2>
+
+<h3>By Ethel Therese Hugli.</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[From <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span>, Jan. 10, 1915.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">B</span><b>ERNE</b>, Nov. 18.&mdash;Question: What is Switzerland?</p>
+
+<p>Answer: A small neutral State entirely surrounded by war!</p>
+
+<p>At the first glance such would seem to be the actual state of affairs,
+for neutral Italy, our southern neighbor, takes up but a small part of
+our border; to the west we have France, to the north Germany, and to the
+east Austria, all engaged in deadly combat, all realizing that this time
+the loser will go down, never to come up again as a power of the first
+class. The drawback in being so neutral and so near the stage of all
+these dramatic proceedings, is that we are overwhelmed with "latest
+dispatches." Our papers bristle with the victories, defeats, denials,
+assertions, protests, accusations, blame, as contained in the dispatches
+of the various news agencies.</p>
+
+<p>Reuter is the official English agency. His news is taken with a generous
+pinch of salt. The German agency is Wolff, whose proud boast it is never
+to have announced a single German defeat. As a consequence, he is also
+taken with a large pinch. The French pin their faith to Havas, whose
+rose-colored dispatches have earned for themselves the name of
+"Havas-Lies." The Austrians believe in the Wiener agency, whose
+dispatches are too busy saying: "The reports of Austrian defeats, spread
+by the enemy, are absolutely untrue," to have time for any real news;
+while in Italy&mdash;"neutral Italy"&mdash;the Italian news agency shows such
+unholy glee over German reverses as to make an impartial person sniff
+rather suspiciously at its "neutrality." The Wesbuick agency in Russia,
+severely censored from Petrograd, gives a dry, business-like view of the
+White Bear's progress in the east. And so it goes.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, officially, Switzerland is absolutely neutral, but it is
+asking too much of human nature to expect the individual to have no
+opinion. The fact, therefore, that French Switzerland sympathizes
+unofficially with France, and German Switzerland with Germany, has had
+its effect on the Swiss mobilization, which has called the
+French-speaking Swiss to the German border and the German-speaking to
+the French. This fact is about the only one that has leaked out of the
+movements of our army. The secrecy maintained is absolute, reigning even
+in the ranks of mothers and sweethearts, to say nothing of wives, who
+all of them are proud to show their loyalty by at least refraining from
+saying where their men are posted. It is said that Switzerland is armed,
+mined, and barb-wired along every foot of her frontier, and it has
+lately transpired that this perfect defense, and the fact that
+practically every soldier is a sharpshooter, led the Germans to give up
+their plan of breaking through Switzerland to get at France, and made
+them choose Belgium instead.</p>
+
+<p>Switzerland has always been a sort of sanctuary for refugees,
+principally political, and now, especially, she is full of all kinds of
+strangers. In the first days of the war there were streams of Italians,
+suddenly thrown out of work in Germany and Austria and packed off home,
+who passed through Switzerland in every stage of want and despair. Every
+big town organized its soup kitchens at the railway station; women of
+the best families took the matter in hand, and so the huddling,
+apprehensive columns were passed from one town to another, fed, clothed,
+and comforted, finally landing in their own country, safe and sound. An
+enthusiastic letter of thanks has been published in the papers,
+emanating from these grateful "Chinks," (Swiss for "Dago,") and ending
+up with "Eviva la Svizzera!" ("Long live Switzerland!")</p>
+
+<p>Germany began to clean out the Russians on the first day of the war.
+Hordes of them poured into our country with fistfuls of ruble notes that
+no one would take, and with a growing hunger that they could not
+appease. A doctor was called to visit a band of twelve that were herded
+together in two rooms of a cheap hotel here. He expected to find
+emigrants; instead, they were people of the highest refinement. Their
+story was pitiful. They had been inmates of a private sanatorium in
+Germany and were summarily dismissed at the outbreak of the war.
+Separated from their trunks, ill and weak, and too confused to think
+clearly, they arrived in Berne with nothing but their piles of ruble
+notes, that no one would take, and the fear of death in their hearts.</p>
+
+<p>They were quartered in the hotel by the committee, and the physician was
+called. One woman of the party begged him to take a ring, worth many
+hundred dollars, and give her $10 for it, so that she might buy some
+comforts for herself and daughter. Of course, the whole party was
+immediately removed to a private sanatorium, where its members were
+cared for, and where, little by little, they recovered their calm and
+gathered up their scattered wits.</p>
+
+<p>Very far from calm is a Swiss who has just returned from captivity in
+the interior of Morocco on account of being mistaken for a German. The
+day of the declaration of war the French authorities ordered him out of
+his beautiful Moroccan home, giving him forty-eight hours to pack up.
+His wife was visiting her mother here in Berne, and one can fancy her
+state of mind on receiving a telegram to the effect that her husband
+and babies, twins of 7 and a little fellow of a year and a half, were
+ordered off, with the nurse, to parts unknown, as political prisoners.
+In vain the man protested he was Swiss. His name was German, and he was
+in a German firm; therefore he was a "canaille d'allemand"; so off they
+went. At first they were packed on a little steamer whose capacity was
+thirty people&mdash;there were 150 of them, and they cruised along the
+Mediterranean for a night and a day.</p>
+
+<p>At last they lay before Casa Blanca, and, on asking why they were not
+landed, received the reply that the authorities must first of all clear
+the pier, as the boatload of refugees landed there the day before had
+been received with showers of stones and vile epithets from the mob,
+whose hate of the Germans knew no bounds. When they finally landed they
+were quartered in a riding school with 150 others, where they all slept
+on the tanbark. They had coffee for breakfast, and during the three days
+they were there had a thick soup each day for dinner, and nothing more.
+One day it was bean soup, one day peas, and the third day lentils. They
+were finally transported to the interior of Morocco and assigned to the
+barracks of the Foreign Legion, the members of which are now fighting in
+France, and here they passed strange, uncomfortable, heart-breaking
+days.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, when summoned to deliver up his money, the man said: "I shall
+telegraph this outrage to Berne."</p>
+
+<p>"What, are you Swiss?" was the officer's surprised question.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, keep your money," said the officer; and a few days later Mr. X.,
+through the efforts of our State Department and our Minister to France,
+was released and joined his wife in Switzerland. This story was told me
+by the agonized grandmother, whose tears flowed fast at the thought of
+the hardships to which her daughter's babies had been exposed.</p>
+
+<p>And now come the Belgian refugees to us, a most pitiable band. French
+Switzerland has the honor of beginning the movement which has made
+possible the bringing to Switzerland and placing in hundreds of
+households these innocent victims of this hideous war. In addition,
+subscriptions have been opened in various papers, and thousands of
+francs have been gathered and sent to this most unfortunate of nations.
+The movement to receive Belgian refugees is gaining ground, too, in
+German-speaking Switzerland, though here the sympathy for Germany stands
+somewhat in the way of a full and open hospitality. Some papers write:</p>
+
+<p>"Let the Belgians stay in their country. The Germans will take care of
+them. Let those that have fled return to their hearths and take up their
+daily vocations. In this way the misery of the country&mdash;which is
+certainly not entirely the fault of Germany (a hit at England)&mdash;will be
+alleviated. Furthermore, Switzerland's harboring of Belgian refugees is
+a demonstration against Germany. Let Switzerland beware of doing
+anything to prejudice her neutrality. Finally, there are in our own
+country plenty of miserable poor people to exercise our charity upon,
+and every one knows that charity begins at home."</p>
+
+<p>Articles have appeared in the German papers expressing surprise at
+Switzerland's hospitality, and to all of these carpers, at home and
+abroad, these people who have acted out of the purest motives of charity
+and love for their neighbor, answer somewhat as follows:</p>
+
+<p>The Belgians that have come to take refuge in Switzerland wished nothing
+better than to stay in their own land. They were driven out in hordes,
+at the point of the sword, by the Germans. It would be hard to convince
+them that they ought to go back and that the Germans will take care of
+them. Some of these miserable beings did return, hoping to pick up their
+life again after the great shock. They found their village a heap of
+stones, their business ruined. How could they, therefore, "return to
+their hearths and take up their daily vocations"? If Switzerland's
+charitable impulse is to be construed as a demonstration against
+Germany, then must Switzerland reflect that any excuse will do, and that
+her neutrality has the same validity in Germany's eyes as had Belgium's.
+No country, thinking and acting objectively, could find in this movement
+anything to "prejudice Switzerland's neutrality."</p>
+
+<p>As for charity beginning at home, one might add that it does not end
+there. It would be hard to find a country whose charitable organizations
+are so all-embracing as here. In times of peace there are committees who
+sew for and otherwise look after every kind of human misery. There are
+the tuberculous poor, the girl-mothers, the creches, the new-born
+babies, the soup kitchens, the visiting trained nurses, the clinics, the
+blind, the vicious, the vacation colonies, the swimming lessons, the
+gymnastics, the tramps and their woodyard, &amp;c., and every organization
+has its Christmas tree, with distribution of presents when the season of
+rejoicing comes around. Now that the war is here, and every available
+man is standing at the frontier guarding his Fatherland from invasion,
+the soldiers have been added to the list of charities, and none of the
+old has been stricken off.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to babies' socks, every one has time to knit a pair of
+soldiers' socks, and in every dainty work basket, lying next to
+neglected fancy work, there are sure to be some half-finished warm
+woolen gloves or wristlets or knee warmers for the boys at the frontier.
+If Switzerland can keep up her home charities and look out so splendidly
+for her soldiers at the same time, and still have the means and the will
+to welcome and care for the poor and unhappy of a sister folk whose fate
+might very well have been her own, it is surely not a subject for
+adverse criticism, but, on the contrary, for encouragement. And who was
+it who said: "For as much as ye did it unto the least of these, ye did
+it unto Me"?</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Once_Fair_Belgrade_Is_a_Skeleton_City" id="Once_Fair_Belgrade_Is_a_Skeleton_City"></a>Once Fair Belgrade Is a Skeleton City</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[Special Cable to <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span>.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">L</span><b>ONDON</b>, Jan. 11.&mdash;Z.D. Ferriman, special correspondent of The Daily
+Chronicle with the Servian Army and the first English journalist to
+enter Belgrade since the Austrian occupation, sends a long dispatch
+describing the Servians' re-entry into their capital, in the course of
+which he says:</p>
+
+<p>"On the first view Belgrade does not seem to have suffered to any great
+extent from the bombardment. Walking up the broad thoroughfare of the
+Rasia, you arrive nearly at the top before you see a house with the
+upper story blown away and with a fragment of what appears to have been
+the roof&mdash;an imminent peril to passers-by.</p>
+
+<p>"But appearances are specious. Many buildings whose facades are intact
+are skeletons. Projectiles with high trajectory have fallen through the
+roof and wrought destruction within. This is the case with a wing of the
+Royal Palace. The windows are shattered, but the masonry has not
+suffered. Within, however, all is devastated. Among the public buildings
+the museum is a shapeless heap of d&eacute;bris, and the university is so much
+knocked about that the plainest and cheapest remedy will be an entirely
+new edifice.</p>
+
+<p>"The higher part of the city has suffered most, with the exception,
+perhaps, of the district around the station, which is completely
+battered down. Rents in the pavement show that shells charged with very
+high explosives were employed. One huge gulf I noticed at least twelve
+feet deep by fifteen long and eight wide.</p>
+
+<p>"There are many instances of the vagaries of these missiles of
+destruction. I visited a house in which M. Nikovitz, who accompanied me
+in my peregrinations, had occupied an apartment. There was nothing the
+matter with the front, but a neat hole in the side marked the passage of
+a projectile which had traversed the building and exploded in the
+adjoining house, now a mound of brick-bats and matchwood. One half of a
+large establishment in Prince Michael Street was completely wrecked, but
+the other half was undamaged, and rolls of textile fabrics were in order
+on their shelves or piled on counters. The best shops are in this
+street, and much havoc has been wrought.</p>
+
+<p>"I picked up spherical shrapnel bullets on several premises. Shrapnel
+has no battering force. Its object is to kill or disable men. It can do
+no harm to walls. Its employment in this instance was a wanton act
+intended to inspire terror and doubtless augmented the loss of life
+among the citizens.</p>
+
+<p>"The principal hotel, the Moskwa, situated at the highest part of the
+town, has been devastated partially within, but the framework of the
+building is intact. On the other side of the street a row of houses far
+less conspicuous has been demolished. In one street we met a little girl
+of 12 coming out of a house opposite to one which was a heap of ruins.
+We asked her if she had seen it destroyed. She said she had and was very
+frightened. Shortly afterward a shell fell in their own garden; then
+they ran away and took refuge with friends at the other end of the town.
+An old woman had a stall containing tins of shoe polish and other
+trifles. A jumble of charred wood and twisted iron behind had been her
+shop. The caretaker at the house occupied by M. Nikovitz, a cheerful old
+dame, told us how she had hid herself at the other end of the long
+garden, but it was terrible.</p>
+
+<p>"We asked some urchins, who would be at school in normal times, but
+whose occupation and delight are now to hold officers' horses, if they
+were not frightened. 'At first,' they replied, 'but not afterward. They
+make a great noise, but they never catch us, and we do not mind
+them&mdash;the shells.' A boy of 12, who was carrying on his father's
+hair-dressing business single-handed during the latter's absence on
+service, expressed a similar opinion.</p>
+
+<p>"I am told that about 3,000 people remained, out of the normal
+population of 100,000, during the bombardment. I cannot ascertain the
+number of killed and injured, but it certainly runs into the hundreds.
+Those of the inhabitants who left the city but remained in the
+neighborhood returned after the bombardment and were here during the
+eleven days of the Austrian occupation.</p>
+
+<p>"The practice of taking hostages, which it has been reserved for this
+twentieth century civilized war to revive, was resorted to at Belgrade.
+I am assured on unimpeachable authority, supported by accounts of
+several eyewitnesses, that not fewer than 1,000 persons were carried off
+to Austria. Among them were boys of 15 and 16. Nor were foreign
+residents immune. M. Bissers, the Belgian Consul, who is also a Director
+of the electric tram and light company, was of the number. He was
+handcuffed like a common criminal. Neither the fate nor whereabouts of
+these civilian prisoners of war is known.</p>
+
+<p>"The plate-glass fronts of many shops in the principal thoroughfares are
+smashed, and the interiors present a picture of desolation, overturned
+cash registers and objects that have not been stolen lying broken and
+scattered on the floor, but the majority of the establishments that have
+been ransacked do not show outward signs of it. The system seems to have
+been to obtain ingress from the back.</p>
+
+<p>"In the Rasia there is a stately mansion. Its owner, M. Kersmanovitz,
+died a short time ago, leaving large sums for charitable purposes. The
+house was occupied by his widow when the war broke out. Chalked on the
+door were names distinguished in the Austro-Hungarian peerage&mdash;Baron
+Zichy, Graf Festetics, and Graf Vanderstraten, all Lieutenants on the
+staff, who had been its denizens during occupation. Though their tenure
+was brief they had made the most of their time. The place was gutted,
+carpets torn up, tapestry torn down, and pictures destroyed. It was also
+indescribably filthy. This may have been the work of the soldiery after
+the departure of the young noblemen.</p>
+
+<p>"The poor suffered equally with the rich. A humble restaurant used by
+the working classes, one of two or three still open, was despoiled of
+its linen and cutlery. Small shops had been sacked as well as the larger
+establishments. It was all fish that came to the Austrian net. I have
+not yet met any one whose dwelling escaped. The Russian Legation is
+wrecked.</p>
+
+<p>"The Royal Palace was thrown open to the people. 'It is yours,' said the
+Austrian liberators in the generosity of their hearts; but they had gone
+over it with care first."</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image63.jpg" width="400" height="70" alt="decoration" title="decoration" />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Letters_and_Diaries" id="Letters_and_Diaries"></a>Letters and Diaries</h2>
+
+<h3>A Group of Soldiers' Letters</h3>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">A</span> German cavalry division was pursuing a division of English infantry.
+The English ranks were suddenly reinforced; they turned and charged the
+Germans, who fled in disorder.</p>
+
+<p>All the Germans fled&mdash;but one. Says an English soldier, Trooper S.
+Cargill:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>When they saw us coming they turned and fled, at least all but
+one, who came rushing at us with his lance at the charge. I
+caught hold of his horse, which was half mad with terror, and
+my chum was going to run the rider through when he noticed the
+awful glaze in his eyes, and we saw that the poor devil was
+dead.</p></div>
+
+<p>That ghastly vision of the mounted corpse can find no place in histories
+of this war. It has no historical significance even if it did receive a
+place in the cable dispatches from the front. Only from the lips of
+soldiers or from their pens when they snatch a few moments from the
+business of war to write to their people at home come such na&iuml;vely
+graphic accounts of trivial but illuminative incidents.</p>
+
+<p>In many an American family is treasured a packet of yellow papers, on
+which are written, in ink fast fading away, brief and intimate
+impressions of the civil war by men who waged it. Every war has thus its
+unknown, unhonored chroniclers, who send to their little home circles
+narratives that for startling realism no highly paid special
+correspondent could surpass.</p>
+
+<p>Trooper Cargill's letter is one of a number contained in an
+extraordinary volume just published by the George H. Doran Company of
+New York, with the title "In the Firing Line," (50 cents net.) Mr. A.
+St. John Adcock collected a large number of letters sent home during the
+last few weeks by English soldiers fighting in France and has arranged
+them to form what is perhaps the most essentially human account of the
+great war that has yet appeared.</p>
+
+<p>Consider, for instance, the narrative of Private Whitaker of the
+Coldstream Guards. He fought through the terrific four-day battle near
+Mons, and his account of it follows. It must be remembered that the
+British troops who took part in that battle had sailed from Southampton
+only four days before:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>You thought it was a big crowd that streamed out of the
+Crystal Palace when we went to see the Cup Final. Well,
+outside Compi&egrave;gne it was just as if that crowd came at us. You
+couldn't miss them. Our bullets plowed into them, but still
+they came for us. I was well intrenched, and my rifle got so
+hot I could hardly hold it. I was wondering if I should have
+enough bullets when a pal shouted, "Up, Guards, and at 'em!"
+The next second he was rolled over with a nasty knock on the
+shoulder. He jumped up and hissed, "Let me get at them!" His
+language was a bit stronger than that.</p>
+
+<p>When we really did get the order to get at them we made no
+mistake, I can tell you. They cringed at the bayonet, but
+those on our left wing tried to get around us, and after
+racing as hard as we could for quite five hundred yards we cut
+up nearly every man who did not run away.</p>
+
+<p>You have read of the charge of the Light Brigade. It was new
+to our cavalry chaps. I saw two of our fellows who were
+unhorsed stand back to back and slash away with their swords,
+bringing down nine or ten of the panic-stricken devils. Then
+they got hold of the stirrup-straps of a horse without a rider
+and got out of the m&ecirc;l&eacute;e. This kind of thing was going on all
+day.</p>
+
+<p>In the afternoon I thought we should all get bowled over, as
+they came for us again in their big numbers. Where they came
+from goodness knows; but as we could not stop them with
+bullets they had another taste of the bayonet. My Captain, a
+fine fellow, was near to me, and as he fetched them down he
+shouted, "Give them socks, my lads!" How many were killed and
+wounded I don't know; but the field was covered with them.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is also of the four days' battle that Private J.R. Taft of the Second
+Essex Regiment wrote. How typical of real life, as distinct from
+romance, is his ready transition from his devout thanksgiving for his
+safety to his amused recollection of the popular song that rose above
+the crash of shot and shell:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>We were near Mons when we had the order to intrench. It was
+just dawn when we were half way down our trenches, and we were
+on our knees when the Germans opened a murderous fire with
+their guns and machine guns.</p>
+
+<p>We opened a rapid fire with our Maxims and rifles; we let them
+have it properly, but no sooner did we have one lot down than
+up came another lot, and they sent their cavalry to charge us,
+but we were there with our bayonets, and we emptied our
+magazines on them. Their men and horses were in a confused
+heap. There were a lot of wounded horses we had to shoot to
+end their misery.</p>
+
+<p>We had several charges with their infantry, too. We find they
+don't like the bayonets. Their rifle shooting is rotten; I
+don't believe they could hit a haystack at 100 yards.</p>
+
+<p>We find their field artillery very good; we don't like their
+shrapnel; but I noticed that some did not burst; if one shell
+that came over me had burst. I should have been blown to
+atoms. I thanked the Lord it did not. I also heard our men
+singing that famous song, "Get Out and Get Under." I know that
+for an hour in our trench it would make any one keep under,
+what with their shells and machine guns. Many poor fellows
+went to their death like heroes.</p></div>
+
+<p>The writer of the following letter, too, was telling of Mons. To friends
+far away, at peaceful Barton-on-Humber, he wrote:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Just a line to tell you I have returned from the front, and I
+can tell you we have had a very trying time of it. I must also
+say I am very lucky to be here. We were fighting from Sunday,
+23d, to Wednesday evening, on nothing to eat or drink&mdash;only
+the drop of water in our bottles which we carried.</p>
+
+<p>No one knows&mdash;only those that have seen us could credit such a
+sight, and if I live for years may I never see such a sight
+again. I can tell you it is not very nice to see your chum
+next to you with half his head blown off. The horrible sights
+I shall never forget. There seemed nothing else only certain
+death staring us in the face all the time. I cannot tell you
+all on paper. We must, however, look on the bright side, for
+it is no good doing any other.</p>
+
+<p>There are thousands of these Germans, and they simply throw
+themselves at us. It is no joke fighting seven or eight to
+one. I can tell you we have lessened them a little, but there
+are millions more yet to finish.</p></div>
+
+<p>Of the battle that reddened the foam of the North Sea during the last
+days of August many a seaman recorded his impressions. And what curious
+things stuck in the memories of the weary, powder-stained survivors!
+"The funny thing which you should have seen," wrote Midshipman Hartley
+to his parents, "was all the stokers grubbing around after the action
+looking for bits of shell." And a seaman on H.M.S. Hearty wrote:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Two cooks were in the galley of the Arethusa, just having
+their rum, when a shell killed one and blew the other's arm
+off. A funny thing, they've got a clock hanging up; it smashed
+the glass and one hand, but the blooming thing's still going.</p></div>
+
+<p>There is fine realism in Seaman Gunner Brown's letter to the parents who
+waited for tidings in their cottage on the Isle of Wight:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>We and another ship in our squadron came across two German
+cruisers. We routed one and started on the second, but battle
+cruisers soon finished her off. Another then appeared, and
+after we had plunked two broadsides into her she slid off in
+flames.</p>
+
+<p>Every man did his bit, and there was a continuous stream of
+jokes. We penciled on the projectiles, "Love from England,"
+"One for the Kaiser," and other such messages. The sight of
+sinking German ships was gloriously terrible, funnels and
+masts lying about in all directions, and amidships a huge
+furnace, the burning steel looking like a big ball of sulphur.
+There was not the slightest sign of fear, from the youngest to
+the oldest man aboard.</p></div>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image64.jpg" width="249" height="400" alt="Kitchener" title="Kitchener" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>ENGLAND'S SECRETARY OF STATE FOR WAR, FIELD MARSHAL EARL
+KITCHENER.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>From the Painting by Angelo.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image65.jpg" width="251" height="400" alt="von Bissing" title="von Bissing" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>GEN. VON BISSING,<br />
+Recently Made Military Governor of Belgium to Succeed Field Marshal von
+der Goltz.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo from Ruschin.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p>But it remained for a naval Lieutenant, whose name is not given, to
+describe, in a letter to a friend, one of the most remarkable incidents
+of the war, an incident which might have occurred in the imagination of
+Jules Verne or of H.G. Wells in his youth. He wrote:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Defender having sunk an enemy, lowered a whaler to pick up
+her swimming survivors; before the whaler got back an enemy's
+cruiser came up and chased the Defender, and thus she
+abandoned her whaler. Imagine their feelings&mdash;alone in an open
+boat without food, twenty-five miles from the nearest land,
+and that land the enemy's fortress, with nothing but fog and
+foes around them. Suddenly a swirl alongside and up, if you
+please, pops his Britannic Majesty's submarine E-4, opens his
+conning tower, takes them all on board, shuts up again, dives,
+and brings them home, 250 miles!</p></div>
+
+<p>In his introduction to the book St. John Adcock calls the private
+letters of the soldiers "the most potent of recruiting literature."
+Undoubtedly this is true of some of them. The casual, almost flippant,
+records of splendid heroism, the reflection of a spirit of gay courage,
+the description of the most picturesque and romantic aspects of
+battle&mdash;these tend, certainly, to fill the mind of the stay-at-home
+readers with a desire for participation in this great adventure.</p>
+
+<p>But, on the other hand, such passages as "The dead were piled up in the
+trenches about ten deep, and there were trenches seven miles long," and
+"Our Maxim gun officer tried to fix his gun up during their murderous
+fire, but he got half his face blown away," are not likely to make
+fighting seem a pleasant occupation. It is true that the dead referred
+to in the first of these passages are the enemy's dead; still, there is
+a wholesale quality about those seven-mile trenches filled with dead ten
+deep that is not a recruiting allurement.</p>
+
+<p>Nor is this letter, vivid in its realism, likely to make those not
+already warlike eager to enlist. It was sent to his parents at
+Ilfracombe by Private William Burgess of the Royal Field Artillery:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>We left our landing place for the front on the Tuesday and got
+there on Saturday night. The Germans had just reached Li&eacute;ge
+then, and we got into action on the Sunday morning. The first
+thing we did was to blow up a bridge to stop the Germans from
+crossing. Then we came into action behind a lot of houses
+attached to the main street. We were there about ten minutes
+when the houses started to fall around us. The poor people
+were buried alive. I saw poor children getting knocked down by
+bursting shells.</p>
+
+<p>The next move was to advance across where there was a Red
+Cross hospital. They dropped shells from airships and fired on
+it until the place was burned down to the ground. Then they
+got a big plan on to retire and let the French get behind
+them. We retired eight miles, but we had to fight until we
+were forced to move again. We got as far as Le Cateau on
+Tuesday night. We camped there until 2 o'clock next morning.</p>
+
+<p>Then we all heard there was a big fight coming off, so we all
+got together and cleared the field for action. [The letter
+mentions the numbers of men engaged, and states that the
+Germans were in the proportion of three to one.] We cut them
+down like rats. We could see them coming on us in heaps and
+dropping like hail. The Colonel passed along the line and
+said, "Stick it, boys."</p>
+
+<p>I tell you, mother, it was awful to see your own comrades
+dropping down&mdash;some getting their heads blown off and others
+their legs and arms. I was fighting with my shirt off. A piece
+of shell went right through my shirt at the back and never
+touched me. It stuck into a bag of earth which we put between
+the wheels to stop bullets.</p>
+
+<p>We were there, all busy fighting, when an airship came right
+over the line and dropped a bomb, which caused a terrible lot
+of smoke. Of course, that gave the Germans our range. Then the
+shells were dropping on us thick. We looked across the line
+and saw the German guns coming toward us. We turned our two
+centre guns on them and sent them yards in the air. I reckon I
+saw one German go quite twenty yards in the air.</p>
+
+<p>Just after that a shell burst right over our gun. That one got
+me out of action. I had to get off the field the best way I
+could. The bullets were going all around me on the way off;
+you see, they got completely around us. I went about two miles
+and met a Red Cross cart. I was taken to St. Quentin Hospital.
+We were shelled out of there about 2 in the morning, and then
+taken in a train and taken down to a plain near Rouen. Next
+morning we were put on a ship for dear old England.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="The_First_German_Prisoners" id="The_First_German_Prisoners"></a>The First German Prisoners</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[From The London Times.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>The following letter from a soldier at the front who has
+taken part in the first fighting appears in the Temps of
+Paris, Aug. 16:</i></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">W</span>&#160;&#160;<b>E</b> are now able to realize the state of mind in which they arrive. The
+army corps to which I belong has already brought its guns into action.
+We have seen prisoners, and we have observed battlefields, and we have
+noticed a thing or two. First of all, these prisoners are not the least
+bit fanatics. Many of them don't know what they are fighting about. They
+have been told a thousand phantasmagoria&mdash;that France had declared war,
+that the Belgians and the Italians were helping the Germans, &amp;c.; and
+one of them was tremendously proud at having the Czar Nicholas as his
+honorary Colonel! They were taken for the most part in isolated patrols,
+and it happened so often that it was impossible to get others to start
+off on reconnoissances, since their comrades never came back and they
+had no desire to share a like fate.</p>
+
+<p>The prisoners are gentle and calm, and follow with their eyes the bits
+of bread which are passed about near them and which one gives them, and
+they eat them voraciously. For two days they have only received two
+rations of coffee. Their appetite is so great that, though in presence
+of a French officer they will click their heels together properly, they
+never cease at the same time to munch noisily and to fill out their
+hollow cheeks.</p>
+
+<p>One feels that they believe us French to be up to every sort of
+devilment, that we are going to undress them, to take their papers, and
+they tremble from head to foot in fear of being shot. Even when you give
+them a cigarette, it does not seem to allay their mistrust. One of them,
+who was dying of thirst, would not drink the water that was offered him
+before the gendarme had tasted it in front of him.</p>
+
+<p>They are all astonished at their adventure. They had been told that they
+were going to enter Maubeuge in company with the Belgians; to seize
+Maubeuge would be as easy as taking a <i>caf&eacute; au lait</i>&mdash;and there they are
+without their <i>caf&eacute; au lait</i>!</p>
+
+<p>The officers are absolutely different. Prussian pride gave them an
+assurance which their mishap has transformed into irritation. A young
+Baron Lieutenant, like von Forstner, pretended that he couldn't make his
+bed, and refused to answer before simple soldiers. He couldn't feel
+anything but the humiliation of being a prisoner, and couldn't get
+accustomed to his new situation.</p>
+
+<p>We found on the field of battle the medicine chest of a vet., who jotted
+down his impressions from minute to minute. When he was killed he was
+writing: "I see the shells bursting with a white smoke in the sky, which
+is lighted up from the south; luckily my helmet protects me from
+sunstroke." Evidently he was on an excursion, this veterinary surgeon,
+and was counting on coming to Paris, and had taken the most minute
+precautions of hygiene and of elegance. He was provided with scent and
+eau de cologne. He had even brought with him a rose ointment for the
+nails, and a superb gilt shoulder-belt which was to raise his prestige
+for when he passed under the Arc de Triomphe. The battery to which he
+belonged is annihilated now. We could observe on the spot the terrific
+effect of our artillery, which was very well commanded. Six abandoned
+guns, of which three are impossible to move, are there on the ground
+with all their crews, all their officers, all their horses&mdash;the pieces
+still mounted, riddled with splinters. They were taken back to the rear,
+and attracted all the way along the curiosity of the soldiers, with
+their sumptuous armorial bearings and their motto, <i>Ultima regis ratio</i>.</p>
+
+<p>But this lesson seems to have made a bit of an impression on the Germans
+who have fled, and it has given a new energy to our troops, because the
+battery to which we owe this success did not have a single man wounded.
+The Germans seem to be forty years behind the times. They go on just as
+in 1870. With childish and barbarous imagination they see
+<i>francs-tireurs</i> everywhere and can't yet believe that we have a regular
+army quite close to the frontier.</p>
+
+<p>They arrive in a village toward 8 in the morning; three French dragoons
+are there as patrols. When the German column is within range, the three
+dragoons bring down the Colonel and dash off at full gallop from the
+other end of the village. The Germans are furious and swear that they
+have been attacked by <i>francs-tireurs</i>, and that they are going to
+inflict punishment. They seize the cur&eacute;, a notable inhabitant, and two
+or three peasants, and take them off to be present at the burning of
+their houses, while waiting to be executed themselves.</p>
+
+<p>I have this story from the cur&eacute;, who arrived to us absolutely done, with
+his cassock in rags, without a hat on, after a day of shocks such as he
+has certainly never had in his life before. Although he has got the
+superb beard of a missionary, they made him march with the chasseurs,
+hitting him with the butts of their rifles till the moment when the
+French shrapnel arrived. Then it was <i>sauve qui peut</i>. Our brave cur&eacute;
+saw all his butchers fall around him. When the noise had finished, five
+unarmed German chasseurs rushed toward him crying with their great,
+thick accent, "Catholics, Catholics!" They were Poles who were flying
+from the army and coming over to our lines. "With my own arms," said the
+cur&eacute; proudly, "I made five prisoners."</p>
+
+<p>Altogether bewilderment, softness, and indifference on the part of the
+men; vanity, cruelty, and foolery on the part of the officers. Those are
+the virtues which they offered us on first acquaintance. Just compare
+them with ours!</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Two_Letters_From_the_Trenches" id="Two_Letters_From_the_Trenches"></a>Two Letters From the Trenches</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[From The London Times, Oct. 25, 1914.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>A Canadian officer attached to the British forces writes as
+follows on Sept. 27:</i></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">&#160;I</span><b>T</b> has been very fortunate for me having a recommendation to Gen. C. He
+said that he would welcome all the French-speaking Canadians with
+military knowledge that crossed the Atlantic. I keep my rank of
+Lieutenant and am attached to the &mdash;&mdash; Guards, which does scouting,
+patrol, and reconnoissance duty in areas prescribed by the Brigadier. We
+have plenty of most interesting work, which suits me down to the ground.
+Nothing could exceed the kindness shown to Canadian officers by their
+English brethren. We are all one in aim, in spirit, and in that
+indefinable quality of loyal co-operation which holds together the
+British Army fighting against enormous odds in France, as it binds
+together the British Empire by bonds not less strong because they are
+invisible.</p>
+
+<p>This afternoon we are taking a good sound rest at the house of a
+retired French farmer, who has three sons fighting in the country. He
+is as game as game, and says he is just holding things together until
+the war is over. He is 75 and remembers the horrors of the last war, in
+which he fought in the artillery.... Our "look-out" men are ever on the
+alert, for we never take a meal or rest altogether. Sentries and
+signalers are always posted before we dismount. The cur&eacute; joined us at
+the farmer's house and we enjoyed an excellent repast, with the honor of
+two local gendarmes who had brought in a German spy caught red-handed
+robbing the house of a peasant the night before and attempting to murder
+her. The man was dressed as a French peasant. Upon him we found evidence
+that he was a spy. Summary procedure made it easy to decide that the
+sentence of drumhead court-martial was death. And here again is an
+instance of the extraordinary clemency of the French clergy. The cur&eacute;
+pleaded that the spy should not be shot and the extreme penalty
+inflicted. So I consented (not being a man of blood) to the prisoner
+being sent to the nearest French military post, to be executed or not,
+as the General shall order.</p>
+
+<p>I really believe that all of the evidence which crowds into me supports
+the charge that this is not a campaign which has proved attractive to
+the German rank and file. Prisoners we have taken say that they have no
+relish for the fighting. They have been well plied with drink, and seem
+to urge that drunkenness may be pleaded as an excuse for crime.</p>
+
+<p><i>An officer whose letter from the trenches we published a few days ago
+has since written a letter, dated Oct. 8, from which we take extracts:</i></p>
+
+<p>Last week I wrote that we had been in the trenches ten days. Now we have
+been in them nearly three weeks, and still the fight goes on. We don't
+mind it now. We hated it at first. The inaction made us ill. But we
+recovered and began to make jokes about it. And now we don't care. We
+eat and sleep, and eat again; and we dig, eternally dig, grubbing our
+way deeper and deeper into the earth, and making covered ways that lead
+hundreds of yards back from the firing line into safety.</p>
+
+<p>And at the end of one of these I sit at this moment; away on the rear
+slope of the hill which is our fortress. The sun is sinking far away
+down the valley of the Aisne, and the river flickers in the distance
+between lines of trees, while the little villages at the foot of the
+slopes are gradually losing themselves in the evening mist. How lovely
+to sit here in time of peace! Could one bear it after this, I wonder?
+With all the beauty, there are sad things around me; signs of war every
+way I look. To the right, a few yards off, are new-cut graves, and they
+are putting up headstones, made by a reservist who is a mason in private
+life. One man was killed yesterday, and we buried him after dark. There
+was no service, because we had neither light nor book; but I said the
+Lord's Prayer before the earth was thrown in, thinking there could be no
+harm.</p>
+
+<p>Then away across a bend of the valley are more of our trenches, with the
+German parapets 200 yards away beyond. And over these our shells are
+bursting, fired by guns on the slope of the hill beneath me; they
+whistle softly as they skim through the air over my head, and I hear the
+burst as they land. Further away to the west is one of the enemy's
+strongholds, and there bigger shells are bursting, throwing up clouds of
+black smoke and dust. These pass by with a louder purring whistle like
+the sound of surplus air escaping from the pipes of an organ in church.
+They come from our big guns up in the woods across the river, hidden
+from view. And always up in the sky the German aeroplanes circle round
+and round, seeking for the guns, their engines buzzing and the sun
+shining on their wings. Now and then they dash away, perhaps to carry
+news, perhaps because a British or French machine has come upon the
+scene. When they spot our positions they drop little silvery packets,
+which unfold and show their gunners where to shoot. Sometimes they drop
+bombs, but these do little harm. At times the weather is foggy, so
+that the aeroplanes can do nothing at all, and warfare becomes suddenly
+ten years out of date.</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image66.jpg" width="250" height="400" alt="Archduke Frederick" title="Archduke Frederick" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>ARCHDUKE FREDERICK,<br />
+Commander in Chief of Austrian Armies Operating Against the Russians.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo from Paul Thompson.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image67.jpg" width="248" height="400" alt="Bethmann-Hollweg" title="Bethmann-Hollweg" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>DR. VON BETHMANN-HOLLWEG, THE GERMAN CHANCELLOR,<br />
+In His Field Uniform, Showing the Helmet in Its New Weatherproof Cover.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo by Brown &amp; Dawson, From Underwood &amp; Underwood.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p>Now the enemy are firing on the little village behind our lines,
+dropping shell among the houses, and always near the house where certain
+staff officers are at work. A curious point this&mdash;how close they get to
+the house when they can't possibly see the result of their fire. The
+explanation must be "spies." They are everywhere here; they wear British
+uniform and French uniform, and, most dangerous of all, civilian dress.
+It is our own fault; we allow the French population to return to the
+village right in our midst, and who in these times can question every
+one's rights? The other day three men in civilian dress were found near
+our lines sitting in trees; they were armed with wire-cutters, and said
+they were engaged in cutting vines. Now there are no vineyards near, but
+our wire entanglements were just beyond the wood. Again, one night we
+were to attack a small position at a given hour, but the order was
+afterward canceled. However, at the appointed time the enemy opened
+fire upon the ground we should have crossed and lighted the scene with
+rockets.</p>
+
+<p>Nighttime is a period of continuous strain. The sentry peers into the
+darkness, imagining every bush to be an approaching enemy. Distant trees
+seem to change their position; bunches of grass, really quite close,
+seem to be men coming over the sky-line. One man questions another; the
+section commander is called upon. He in turn explains his fears to an
+officer. A single shot is ordered at the suspected object, and no sound
+is heard. So the night goes on. When we were new to the game a single
+shot was enough to alarm the whole line, and thousands of rounds were
+fired into the darkness. Now we know better. So also do the enemy. And
+it was satisfactory to find that our ammunition had not all been wasted,
+for a patrol recently discovered more than a hundred dead Germans in a
+wood in front of us. The ammunition had not been wasted that time. But,
+oh, what a wasteful war!</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="The_Baptism_of_Fire" id="The_Baptism_of_Fire"></a>The Baptism of Fire</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[From The London Times, Nov. 4, 1914.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>The following letter, thoroughly characteristic of the pluck
+and cheerfulness of the young British officer, was received
+from a cavalry subaltern at the front:</i></p></div>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">October 27.</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">Y</span><b>OUR</b> two boxes of cigarettes were heaven. We've been in the trenches two
+days and nights, but no excitements, except a good dose of shrapnel
+three times a day, which does one no harm and rather relieves the
+monotony. I've got my half troop, 12 men, in this trench in a root
+field, with the rest of the squadron about 100 yards each side of us,
+and a farmhouse, half knocked down by shells, just behind. We get our
+rations sent up once a day in the dark, and two men creep out to cook
+tea in the quiet intervals. Tea is the great mainstay on service, just
+as it was on manoeuvres. The men are splendid, and as happy as
+schoolboys, and we've got plenty of straw at the bottom of the trench,
+which is better than any feather bed. We only had one pelting night, and
+we've had three or four fine days. We have not seen any German infantry
+from this trench, only one patrol and a sniper or two. Their guns, too,
+are out of sight, but hardly a mile away.</p>
+
+<p>Our first day's real close-up fighting was the 19th. We cavalry went on
+about a day and a half in front of the infantry. We got into a village,
+and our advanced patrols started fighting hard, with a certain amount of
+fire from everywhere in front of us. Our advanced patrols gained the
+first group of houses, and we joined them. Firing came from a farm in
+front of us, and then a man came out of it and waved a white flag. I
+yelled, "Two hundred; white flag; rapid fire." But &mdash;&mdash; wouldn't let us
+fire. Then the squadron advanced across the root fields toward the farm
+(dismounted, in open order), and they opened a sharp fire on us from the
+farm. We took three prisoners in the roots, and retired to the houses
+again. That was our first experience of the white flag dodge; we lost
+two killed and one wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Then I got leave to make a dash across a field, for another farm where
+they were sniping at us. I could only get half way, my Sergeant was
+killed and my Corporal hit. We lay down; luckily it was high roots and
+we were out of sight; but they had fairly got our range, and the bullets
+kept knocking up the dirt into one's face and all round. We just lay
+doggo for about half an hour, and then the fire slackened, and we
+crawled back.</p>
+
+<p>I was pleased with my troop, under bad fire. They used the most awful
+language, talking quite quietly, and laughing all the time, even after
+the men were knocked over within a yard of them. I longed to be able to
+say that I liked it, after all one has heard about being under fire for
+the first time. But it is beastly. I pretended to myself for a bit that
+I like it, but it was no good. But when one acknowledged that it was
+beastly, one became all right again and cool.</p>
+
+<p>After the firing had slackened we advanced again a bit, into the next
+group of houses, the edge of the village proper. I can't tell you how
+muddling it is. We did not know which was our front, we did not know if
+our own troops had come round us on the flanks, or whether they had
+stopped behind and were firing into us. And besides, a lot of German
+snipers were left in the houses we had come through, and every now and
+then bullets came singing by from God knows where. Four of us were
+talking in the road when about a dozen bullets came with a whistle. We
+all dived for the nearest door, and fell over each other, yelling with
+laughter. &mdash;&mdash; said, "I have a bullet through my new Sandon twillette
+breeches." We looked, and he had; it had gone clean through. He didn't
+tell us till two days after that it had gone through him too; but there
+it was, like the holes you make to blow an egg, only about 4 inches
+apart.</p>
+
+<p>We stopped about two hours. Then the cavalry regiment on our left
+retired. Then we saw a lot of Germans among the fires they had lit (they
+set the houses on fire to mark their line of advance.) They were running
+from house to house. We were told not to fire, for fear of our own
+people on the other side. Then came a lot of them, shouting and singing
+and advancing down the street, through the burning houses. One felt a
+peculiar hatred for them. We heard afterward that there was a division
+of infantry, at first we thought there were only a few patrols.</p>
+
+<p>We retired about two miles and dismounted for action. Soon they began to
+come up from three sides, and we retired again. They were pretty close,
+advancing higgledy-piggledy across the fields and firing. They shot
+abominably (nothing like the morning, from the houses, when they had all
+the ranges marked to a yard). We lost only about 20 horses, no men
+killed. "Hellfire Herbert" got his horse shot under him when they were
+within about 200 yards. He was next troop in front of me. He suddenly
+got complete "fou-rires" when he saw me. I got him a spare horse, and he
+was still laughing, and cursing them with a sort of triumph. We only
+trotted away. A man in my troop kept touching his cap to the Germans,
+saying "Third-class shots, third-class shots."</p>
+
+<p>The next day we went forward to another places and intrenched against a
+very big German force, but we only had to face their guns. Poor &mdash;&mdash; was
+killed. They pushed us pretty hard back to our infantry. We were
+supposed to have done well.</p>
+
+<p>Since then we have been doing infantry work in the trenches. We have
+been out of work in our trenches; only shrapnel and snipers. Some one
+described this war as "Months of boredom punctuated by moments of
+terror." It is sad that it is such a bad country for cavalry. Cavalry
+work here against far superior forces of infantry, like we had the other
+day, is not good enough. The Germans are dashing good at that
+house-to-house fighting business.</p>
+
+<p>It is horrible having to leave one's horses; it feels like leaving half
+oneself behind, and one feels the dual responsibility all the time. I
+hope we get them on the run soon, then will come our chance. They have
+been having terrific fighting on the line on each side of us, and it has
+gone well.</p>
+
+<p>I adore war. It is like a big picnic without the objectlessness of a
+picnic. I've never been so well or so happy. Nobody grumbles at one for
+being dirty. I've only had my boots off once in the last ten days, and
+only washed twice. We are up and standing to our rifles at 5 A.M. when
+doing this infantry work, and saddled up by 4:30 A.M. when with our
+horses. Our poor horses don't get their saddles off when we are in
+trenches.</p>
+
+<p>The dogs and cats left in the deserted villages are piteous, and the
+wretched inhabitants trekking away with great bundles and children in
+their hands.</p>
+
+<p>I can't make out what has happened to the Battle of the Aisne; it seems
+to have got tired and died.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians had two men killed directly, and said, "All wars are good,
+but this is a bot'utcha war. Now we advance." A Colonel of a French
+regiment on our flank was sitting in a pub. in the village when the
+Germans came around that flank and started firing their Maxim gun. The
+Colonel and his orderly rushed into the street, and each discharged ten
+rounds quick, and then went back and finished their drinks. It's
+horrible when they put "Jack Johnsons" into your bivouac at night from
+about twelve miles off. You can hear them coming for about 30 seconds,
+and judge whether they are coming for you or a little to one side.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="An_All-Night_Attack" id="An_All-Night_Attack"></a>An All-Night Attack</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[From The New York Tribune.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">P</span><b>ARIS</b>, Jan. 9.&mdash;The most picturesque description of night fighting in
+the trenches written by any French correspondent at the front is
+published today in Le Figaro. It comes from Charles Tardieu, Corporal in
+an infantry regiment, and is a detailed record, half hour by half hour,
+of a night of attacks and counter-attacks from 6 o'clock in the evening
+until dawn. After describing three successive German assaults, during
+which searchlights and flashlights played important parts, the Corporal
+notes:</p>
+
+<p>2:25 A.M.&mdash;All the Corporals run back for ammunition. We had expended a
+hundred rounds each. Away we go to our ammunition reserve, hid in a big
+hole twenty yards to the rear, and we come running back and distribute
+packages of cartridges. Each man cleans his rifle. An hour passes in
+silence, broken only by the intermittent volleys and by the moaning of
+the wounded and dying, some of whom exclaim: "Kamarades, kamarades,
+drink, drink!" We will look after them when the day breaks.</p>
+
+<p>3:15&mdash;Here they come at us again. Bullets whistle over our heads. Our
+Captain passes the order in whispers not to open fire until the bouches
+sales reach our wire network, then to shoot like hell. We smile grimly
+and keep still. Every minute the firing draws nearer. We await behind
+our loopholes, now and then risking a peep through them. These loopholes
+are only fifteen or twenty centimeters wide, but if a bullet comes
+through them it is a skull pierced and certain death. This silent
+waiting is a tremendous mental and nervous strain.</p>
+
+<p>We keep still as mice, with clenched teeth. Luminous fuses, like roman
+candles, burst forth in every direction, exploding in dust over our
+heads. A moment later a dazzling signal light rocket bursts fifty yards
+high, just above our trenches, lighting them up as clear as day for
+several seconds. We crouch down under the lower parapet like moles.
+Immediately afterward a mad fusillade, and the German .77 guns, having
+got a better range than during the previous attacks, throw shells that
+burst, luckily for us, nearly one hundred yards behind our trenches.
+This attack must be general, for we hear fusillades cracking far away to
+the right and left.</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly we tremble in spite of ourselves. The hoarse sound of the short
+German bugles pierces the night with four lugubrious notes in a minor
+key, funereal, deathly. It is their charge. Yells, oaths, and
+vociferations are heard in front of us. Our Captain commands us to fire
+by volleys: "Aim! Fire!" "They must have felt something," drawls out
+some one of us in a nasal, Montmartre-like voice. Then again: "Aim!
+Fire!" What sport! Then comes the cric-crac-cric-crac, sewing
+machine-like hammering of our mitrailleuses. Our Captain passes the
+word: "Fire low! fire low! Aim! Fire!" Volley follows volley. The
+enemy's dash seems checked. Their fire slackens. We hear their officers
+swearing and yelling at their men in shrill, high-pitched, penetrating
+voices. Joyful exaltation gives us a sort of fever. "Aim! Fire!" But the
+bouches sales make another rush at us. Driven on by their infuriated
+officers, they again reach our wire network. Our Captain commands, "Fire
+at will." Then, "Fire at repetition, fire until the magazine is
+exhausted." Just as the Germans, in wavering, hesitating groups,
+presenting vague outlines, try to cut our networks they tumble over like
+marionettes. Already some of our men, intoxicated with fury, stand up in
+the trenches.</p>
+
+<p>Our Captain commands, "En avant &agrave; la baionnette!" ("At them with
+bayonet.") A fierce roar from our chests, and the only bugler left alive
+in our company sounds the charge. Away we go with our bayonets. We
+scarcely reach them when the bouches are put to rout. Some of them
+escape helter-skelter, throwing down rifles and knapsacks. "Halt!"
+commands our Captain. We lie down and keep up the firing on the
+retreating remnants of the enemy. "Back to the trenches!" is the next
+command. A few more volleys in the direction of the Germans, then comes
+the command, "Cease firing. Take your haversacks, eat, and rest." All
+becomes silent again except for the harrowing moans of the wounded. We
+learn that the German assault has been repulsed all along the line.
+Their losses must have been awful.</p>
+
+<p>5 A.M.&mdash;Gray, misty dawn breaks from behind the orme trees. Soon we are
+able to see what has happened. Over three hundred bouches are on the
+ground in front of our company's trench, lying dead or wounded. Our
+cooks with their soup pots get out of our hole and go to the rear to
+prepare in the underground kitchens our well-earned coffee and cabbage
+soup. Our Captain rubs his hands with satisfaction. A strong patrol goes
+out of our trenches to reconnoitre the enemy's positions in the pine
+wood. The rest of us try to get some sleep.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="The_Germans_as_Seen_from_a_Convent" id="The_Germans_as_Seen_from_a_Convent"></a>The Germans as Seen from a Convent</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[From The London Times, Aug. 16, 1914.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Some interesting sidelights on the events of the past
+fortnight in Belgium are provided by extracts from the diary
+of a young English girl, Miss Lydia Evans, who has just
+returned from a convent school at Fouron, near Vis&eacute;. The
+following are among the entries in this graphic narrative,
+published in The Evening News:</i></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">A</span><b>UG.</b> 2.&mdash;All the people of the village passed down with cows, calves,
+horses, hay, &amp;c., which they were obliged to send in for the Belgian
+Army near Li&eacute;ge. The first troop of Prussians came into the village this
+afternoon on the pretense of having a horse shod.</p>
+
+<p>Aug. 3.&mdash;Two more troops of soldiers arrived. The Prussians slept at our
+convent, some in the park, others on beds in the recreation room. The
+reverend mother put everything at their disposal. They asked nicely, but
+gave the impression that if refused they would take more. We all went to
+bed at 10 o'clock. Everybody got an alarm to dress half an hour
+afterward. We came down and found the place full of Germans, who were
+exceedingly polite. They are magnificent. The meanest soldier is
+perfectly equipped, everything perfectly new, and splendid horses. They
+are like theatre soldiers, they are so perfect. They were awfully nice,
+and talked a lot.</p>
+
+<p>Aug. 4.&mdash;Between Monday and Tuesday there was a terrible fight between
+the Germans and Belgians at Vis&eacute; because the Belgians would not let the
+Germans pass to get to Li&eacute;ge. The Belgians blew up several big bridges
+between Vis&eacute; and Li&eacute;ge, also the one at Vis&eacute;.</p>
+
+<p>Aug. 5.&mdash;One man told us all the villagers had left except himself. The
+German soldiers were here all day, but are very polite. They always bow
+and salute. We hear a terrible noise at Vis&eacute; of bombardment, and a great
+fusillade in the convent. A wounded man was brought to the convent.</p>
+
+<p>Aug. 6.&mdash;A curate near here has been shot. The Germans are very nice if
+you give them what they want, but if they are refused the pistol comes
+out. Old Mother Th&eacute;r&egrave;se was at the door when a soldier asked her for a
+kettle. She refused, and he nearly shot her.</p>
+
+<p>Aug. 7.&mdash;A most fearful noise was heard about 2 o'clock. They say that
+it was a fort blown up. A German aeroplane passed yesterday. The
+soldiers are camping in the woods. There are seven wounded here. Nearly
+all the others are taken to Aix-la-Chapelle.</p>
+
+<p>Aug. 8.&mdash;Went to mass in the village. A man told us that the Germans had
+burned two big farms at Warsage (the next village.) Two women and two
+men arrived from Li&eacute;ge. They said that the people had been living in
+caves for the last two days and nights. These poor people saw awful
+sights in coming across the fields, which were covered with dead. We
+have heard that Berneau is burned and the women and children hung. The
+Germans are furious at having lost such a number of men before seeing
+the French. A soldier passed last night, and Maria lifted up a corner of
+the curtain. In a minute he had out his revolver and threatened to shoot
+her. Some of the soldiers opposite the convent were drunk.</p>
+
+<p>Aug. 9.&mdash;An aeroplane passed right over us, and seemed to drop something
+white. The soldiers are going about in bands destroying and laying waste
+every house and garden. They pass with bottles of wine and their pockets
+bulging out with things they have stolen. They set a house on fire just
+near the convent. There are 40,000 soldiers between here and Niouland.</p>
+
+<p>Aug. 10.&mdash;There was a terrific crash at the door. Four German officers,
+who had come in a motor, pointed their revolvers and asked for wine.
+They looked as if they had been drinking. We had a fearful fright after
+dinner. An officer, followed by a soldier, came to ask us where the cur&eacute;
+was, and threatened to shoot us because we could not tell him. Miss
+MacMahon had to lead him to the rector's house, with a revolver pointed
+at her back all the way. The houses on either side are burning. The nuns
+asked the German officers if they would spare the convent. They laughed
+and said they would make it a cemetery for their dead. They took away
+the wounded, and as soon as they had gone the nuns woke us up, and we
+started out, following all the back roads.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 35%;' />
+
+<p>A postcard has been received from Miss Agnes Holliday, daughter of a
+Hammersmith builder, who is at a convent school near Li&eacute;ge, in which she
+states that on Tuesday night last "the convent was full of German
+soldiers, to whom we spoke. At Fouron they have had a terrible time."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="War-Time_Scenes_in_Rouen" id="War-Time_Scenes_in_Rouen"></a>War-Time Scenes in Rouen</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[From <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span>, Sept. 8, 1914.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>The following is a literal translation of a letter just
+received in New York by a French lady's maid from her sister
+at Rouen, and gives the point of view of the modest laboring
+classes in France:</i></p></div>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">ROUEN, Aug. 21, 1914.</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">M</span>&#160;&#160;<b>Y</b> Dear Sister Henriette:
+If I judge according to our impatience to get your news, I understand
+you are anxious for ours. I hope that you made a good voyage and that
+nothing disagreeable has happened to you during the journey. There is a
+little change in life in Rouen. Numerous factories are closed, for the
+reason that the men are gone to war, and women are powerless to operate
+the machinery. As for me, the sewing is still going a little, but I do
+not think that it will last long. Business stops little by little; the
+most of the stores are closing, which gives the city a sad appearance.
+Per contra, there is a big bustle in and around the railroad station of
+the Rue Verte. Hundreds of persons stand on the square near the station,
+to assist the passing of the English troops on their way to Paris; they
+are acclaimed by the cry of "Vive la France!" "Vive l'Angleterre!" "Down
+with Germany and the barbarians!"</p>
+
+<p>Numerous trains bring hundreds of young wounded English, French, and
+Belgian soldiers. Many offices of the Red Cross are settled in the
+largest hotels of the city. Many citizens have asked to take some of the
+wounded into their homes. We are going to have several of them at our
+home. Mother is already preparing two rooms. She has moved Lili's bed
+into the kitchen. As for us, we are going to sleep in the armchairs.
+Lili talks of the war like a grown-up person, and so seriously! She also
+wants to take care of the wounded. She will divert them. She made
+dresses for all her dolls and put them to bed. She set on the table all
+the history books to interest the soldiers. Of course she will do the
+reading herself. Then she collected all the pieces of old sheets to make
+some lint out of them, but she will do that in the kitchen when the
+wounded are sleeping, so as not to worry them. If you were in Rouen now
+you would be proud of your god-child. Maman had to have made for her a
+big white table "for nurse." She goes to school every day, and I
+promised that I would take her with me this afternoon to see an English
+warship which arrived in the Seine yesterday. It seems that the ship had
+narrowly escaped capture by the Germans, but I cannot give you much
+information. We don't have any news from our own soldiers. I do not know
+where father is. George and Maurice must be artillerymen in Belfort.
+Jeanne and Helene are in despair, thinking of their husbands. Maurice's
+baby is always so sweet; he does not suspect that his father is at war.
+Our aunt has no news from Leon, Andr&eacute;, and Joseph.</p>
+
+<p>This is all the news. I hope that my letter will reach you. Do not
+worry. But if the Germans arrive in Rouen they will find somebody to
+receive them. If the men are not strong enough the women will help them.</p>
+
+<p>For my share I would like to kill one of them, and it is the Kaiser
+himself; I assure you that I would do it gladly. My dear Henriette, I
+say "au revoir" to you today.</p>
+
+<p>Maman and Lili send you their best kisses. A big kiss from your fragile</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">MADELEINE.</p>
+
+<p>P.S.&mdash;It is a good thing that I am always so cheerful and contented. It
+happens sometimes that I can make Jeanne and Helene forget, and I give
+them a little hope.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="It_Is_for_Us_and_for_France" id="It_Is_for_Us_and_for_France"></a>"It Is for Us and for France"</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[From The New York Sun.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>LONDON, Oct. 14.&mdash;To those who believe, as Germans would have
+the world believe, that the French Nation is decadent, fit
+only to disappear from the face of the earth, the following
+letter, simple as any letter can be, yet full of the
+Spartanlike qualities that even a German must admire, will
+serve as an inspiration.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>It was written to a French soldier by his sister. The soldier
+showed it to his officer, who was so pleased that he had it
+published anonymously for the troops. One of the men at the
+front has sent the letter to The Times. A translation of it
+follows:</i></p></div>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">Sept. 4, 1914.</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">M</span>&#160;&#160;<b>Y</b> dear Edward:
+I hear that Charles and Lucien died on Aug. 28; Eugene
+is very badly wounded; Louis and Jean are dead also. Rose has
+disappeared.</p>
+
+<p>Mamma weeps. She says that you are strong, and begs you to go to avenge
+them.</p>
+
+<p>I hope your officers will not refuse you permission. Jean had the Legion
+of Honor; succeed him in this.</p>
+
+<p>Of the eleven of us who went to the war eight are dead. My dear brother,
+do your duty, whatever is asked of you. God gave you your life, and He
+has the right to take it back; that is what mamma says.</p>
+
+<p>We embrace you with all our heart and long to see you again.</p>
+
+<p>The Prussians are here. Young Joudon is dead; they have pillaged
+everything. I have come back from Gerbervillers, which is destroyed. The
+brutes!</p>
+
+<p>Now, my dear brother, make the sacrifice of your life. We have hope of
+seeing you again, for something gives me a presentiment and tells me to
+hope.</p>
+
+<p>We embrace you in all our hearts. Adieu and au revoir, if God permits.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">THY SISTER.</p>
+
+<p>It is for us and for France.</p>
+
+<p>Think of your brothers and of grandfather in '70.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Chant_of_Hate_Against_England" id="Chant_of_Hate_Against_England"></a>"Chant of Hate Against England"</h2>
+
+<h3>How Ernst Lissauer's Lines Were "Sung to Pieces" in Germany.</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[From The Basler Nachrichten.]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>The ever-increasing hatred in Germany against England and the
+constantly diminishing bitterness expressed in German circles
+toward the French is commented upon at considerable length by
+the Basler Nachrichten, one of the leading German newspapers
+of Switzerland, which publishes excerpts of utterances of
+leading Germans to illustrate its deductions. The Swiss
+paper's article follows:</i></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">&#160;I</span><b>T</b> pays to take a birdseye view of a phenomenon which, in a most
+interesting fashion, is becoming more and more apparent: the increase of
+the German hatred against Englishmen and the diminution of the German
+hatred against the Frenchmen.</p>
+
+<p>The most eloquent examples of this white-hot wrath against the English
+are the now well-known army orders of the Bavarian Crown Prince,
+Rupprecht. Under date of Oct. 29 the text of the first order was made
+public. It reads:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Soldiers of the Sixth Army! We have now the good luck to have
+also the Englishmen opposite us on our front, troops of that
+race whose envy was at work for years to surround us with a
+ring of foes and to throttle us. That race especially we have
+to thank for this war. Therefore, when now the order is given
+to attack this foe, practice retribution for their hostile
+treachery and for the many heavy sacrifices! Show them that
+the Germans are not so easily to be wiped out of history. Show
+them that, with German blows of a special kind. (<i>Mit deutsche
+Hiebe von ganz besouderer Art!</i>) Here is the opponent who most
+blocks a restoration of the (Drauf,) peace. Up and at him!</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">RUPPRECHT.</p></div>
+
+<p>Under date of Nov. 11 an order of similar purport issued by the same
+army commander was made public:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Soldiers! The eyes of the whole world are upon you. It is now
+imperative that in the battle with our most hated foe we shall
+not grow numb, and that we shall at last break his arrogance.
+Already he is growing pliable, (m&uuml;rbe.) Numerous officers and
+men have surrendered voluntarily, but the great decisive blow
+is still to be struck. Therefore you must persevere to the
+end. The enemy must be downed; you must not let him loose from
+your teeth. (<i>Ihr musst ihn nicht aus den Zahnen lessen.</i>) We
+must, will and shall conquer!</p></div>
+
+<p>At the same time the Bavarian Crown Prince had the "Song of Hate Against
+England" of Ernst Lissauer distributed among the troops as an army
+order. This poem, which was issued as early as Sept. 1 in the
+"Kultur-Beitr&auml;gen," published by R. Dammert in Berlin, reads in full:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">HASSGESANG GEGEN ENGLAND.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Was schiert uns Russe und Franzos'?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Schuss wider Schuss und Stoss um Stoss,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wir lieben sie nicht,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wir hassen sie nicht,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wir sch&uuml;tzen Weichsel und Wasgaupass,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wir haben nur einen einzigen Hass,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wir lieben vereint, wir hassen vereint,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wir haben nur einen einzigen Feind:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Denn ihr alle wisst, denn ihr alle wisst,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Er sitzt geduckt hinter der grauen Flut,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Voll Neid, voll Wut, voll Schl&auml;ue, voll List,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Durch Wasser getrennt, die sind dicker als Blut.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wir wollen treten in ein Gericht,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Einen Schwur zu schw&ouml;ren, Gesicht in Gesicht.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Einen Schwur von Erz, den verbl&auml;st kein Wind,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Einen Schwur f&uuml;r Kind und f&uuml;r Kindeskind,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Vernehmt das Wort, sagt nach das Wort,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Es w&auml;lzt sich durch ganz Deutschland fort:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wir wollen nicht lassen von unserem Hass,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wir haben alle nur einen Hass,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wir lieben vereint, wir hassen vereint,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wir haben alle nur einen Feind:<br /></span>
+<span class="i6"><i>ENGLAND!</i><br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">In der Bordkaj&uuml;te, im Feiersaal,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sassen Schiffsoffiziere beim Liebesmahl,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wie ein S&auml;belhieb, wie ein Segelschwung,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Einer riss gr&uuml;ssend empor den Trunk,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Knapp hinknallend wie Ruderschlag,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Drei Worte sprach er: "Auf den Tag!"<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wem galt das Glas?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sie hatten alle nur einen Hass.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wer war gemeint?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sie hatten alle nur einen Feind:<br /></span>
+<span class="i6"><i>ENGLAND!</i><br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Nimm du die V&ouml;lker der Erde in Sold,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Baue W&auml;lle aus Barren von Gold,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bedecke die Meerflut mit Bug bei Bug,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Du rechnetest klug, doch nicht klug genug.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Was schiert uns Russe und Franzos'!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Schuss wider Schuss, und Stoss um Stoss.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wir k&auml;mpfen den Kampf mit Bronze und Stahl<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Und schliessen Frieden irgend einmal,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dich werden wir Hassen mit langem Hass,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wir werden nicht lassen von unserem Hass,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hass zu Wasser und Hass zu Land,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hass des Hauptes und Hass der Hand,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hass der H&auml;mmer und Hass der Kronen,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Drosselnder Hass von siebzig Millionen,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sie lieben vereint, sie hassen vereint,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sie alle haben nur einen Feind:<br /></span>
+<span class="i6"><i>ENGLAND!</i><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>[Following is a translation of the song by Barbara Henderson, appearing
+in <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span> of Oct. 15, 1914:]</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">French and Russian, they matter not,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A blow for a blow and a shot for a shot!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We love them not, we hate them not,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We hold the Weichsel and Vosges gate.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We have but one and only hate,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We love as one, we hate as one,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We have one foe and one alone.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He is known to you all, he is known to you all,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He crouches behind the dark gray flood,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Full of envy, of rage, of craft, of gall,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cut off by waves that are thicker than blood.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Come, let us stand at the Judgment Place,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">An oath to swear to, face to face,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">An oath of bronze no wind can shake,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">An oath for our sons and their sons to take.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Come, hear the word, repeat the word,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Throughout the Fatherland make it heard.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We will never forego our hate,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We have all but a single hate,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We love as one, we hate as one,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We have one foe and one alone&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i6"><i>ENGLAND!</i><br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">In the Captain's Mess, in the banquet hall,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sat feasting the officers, one and all,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Like a sabre blow, like the swing of a sail,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">One seized his glass and held high to hail;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sharp-snapped like the stroke of a rudder's play,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Spoke three words only: "To the Day!"<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whose glass this fate?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They had all but a single hate.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who was thus known?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They had one foe and one alone&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i6"><i>ENGLAND!</i><br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Take you the folk of the Earth in pay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With bars of gold your ramparts lay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bedeck the ocean with bow on bow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ye reckon well, but not well enough now.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">French and Russian, they matter not,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A blow for a blow, a shot for a shot,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We fight the battle with bronze and steel,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the time that is coming Peace will seal.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">You we will hate with a lasting hate,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We will never forego our hate,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hate by water and hate by land,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hate of the head and hate of the hand,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hate of the hammer and hate of the crown,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hate of seventy millions choking down.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We love as one, we hate as one,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We have one foe and one alone&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i6"><i>ENGLAND!</i><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>This poem, according to the T&auml;gliche Rundschau, has already had the fate
+of every folksong&mdash;the version of it that was circulated among the
+Bavarian troops lacks the middle stanza and has in other ways also been
+"sung to pieces." But it has also been worked over artistically. The
+Chemnitz Director of Church Music, Prof. Mayerhoff, has set the "Chant
+of Hate Against England" to music for male voices. The song was rendered
+publicly at a great meeting in a concert in the Alberthalle at Leipsic,
+and was taken up in roaring chorus by the audience. The composer himself
+accompanied his composition on the piano.</p>
+
+<p>As can be seen, therefore, the popularity of the song and its sentiment is
+by no means confined to Bavaria. It extends throughout the entire empire.
+Of hundreds of voices in the press, let us mention only one. Councilor of
+Justice Eschenbach of Berlin, in the Neue Gesellschaftliche Korrespondenz
+writes:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>To honor our immortal heroes of Tsing-tau, and for the eternal
+shame and reproach of the scoundrel nations, Japan and
+England, I propose the following: Let the entire German press
+scorn in the next fourteen days to permit the words
+"Englishmen" or "Japanese" to appear in its columns and before
+the eyes of our people and of the entire civilized world; but
+instead, and invariably, let the word "M&ouml;rder" (murderers) be
+used for "Englishmen" and the word "Raubm&ouml;rder" (highway
+assassins) for "Japanese." For no other name will there be
+hereafter among us for these greatest scoundrels of history.
+Thereby care will be taken both for the present throughout the
+world as far as the German language is heard and the results
+of the German spirit are known, and also for future
+historians, that the proper point of view shall be given
+throughout eternity for the condemnation of these murderous
+gangs accursed of God.</p></div>
+
+<p>How different is the attitude of the Germans toward the French!</p>
+
+<p>From a trench on the Aisne the following was written to the Heidelberger
+Zeitung:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Four hundred meters from where we lie, likewise intrenched,
+lie these wretched Englishmen, toward whom our people feel a
+holy fury, while they regard the battle with the Frenchmen, on
+the other hand, rather as a member of a university student
+corps regards an honorable duel. I, too, am entirely of that
+view.</p></div>
+
+<p>The well-known psychologist, Prof. W. Hellpach of Karlsruhe, writes to
+the Berliner Tageblatt from the field:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The German soldier, too, does not hate the French people.
+Indeed, no one hates it. That is one of the most amazing
+phenomena of this war&mdash;our inner relation to France. Daily and
+hourly we hear words of disgust concerning the Russians, see
+gestures of hatred against the Britons&mdash;but toward France
+there is expressed amid all purely warlike antagonism a sort
+of sympathy resembling almost a smiling love for a naughty
+child which one feels obliged to punish because it has been
+guilty of stupid but very serious misbehavior.</p>
+
+<p>We must force France to its knees&mdash;perhaps more completely
+than any of our other foes&mdash;but every one seems to hope that
+after this, after this last lesson, France will come to her
+senses and conclude a real peace with her German neighbor.
+Even among the common men in our ranks there has developed
+almost plant like a certain realization of a common duty of
+these two nations, a feeling of certain virtues which they,
+complementing one another, can preserve only by co-operation.
+But for the cultured ones among us, the idea of a hereditary
+feud has given way to a clear consciousness that there is a
+middle European Continental culture, supported by German,
+Austrian, and French genius in common, and that the
+preservation, development, and continuation thereof as against
+a hasty and superficial Anglization must be the task of the
+future. All, all now learn through experience that this matter
+with France is a woe of civilization (kulturjammer), and that
+now at last it is going to change, that it could change,  if&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<p>In the same newspaper the Berlin National Economist, Prof. Werner
+Sombart, writes:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Against France we probably experience the least aversion or
+hatred. At bottom we have really nothing "against the
+Frenchmen," but they have a great deal against us. But we find
+them, in spite of their fanatical hatred of the Germans (which
+we honor and respect) chivalrous antagonists, who in their
+wrath of battle are certainly quite our peers; and in them, we
+find, there is far more force and will for victory than we
+were in the beginning wont to believe. They die for their
+fatherland, and their final reason for fighting is after all
+an ideal one, the faith in the glory and greatness of a
+super-individual, the self-sacrifice to a whole that is higher
+than the personal. Thus, at least, does that France stand
+opposed to us, that is fighting for its existence in the
+trenches along the Aisne.</p>
+
+<p>With the rabble that shouts "&agrave; bas la guerre" in Paris, we
+need reckon just as little as with the rather doubtful
+citizens that constitute the immediate Government of France
+and whose heroism seems to show great rents these days. Yes,
+for the heroic race of Frenchmen we feel almost a sort of
+pity, as with a noble wild game of the forest, wounded unto
+death. And this pity finds expression in wistful sympathy when
+we think of the quixotic strain in this wrestling with an
+overwhelming foe, when we see the childlike faith with which
+the people have grasped at every unplausible hope of rescue
+from its anguish of death and still grasps at it, as a
+drowning man grasps at a wisp of straw. Don Quixote still
+remains the "noble knight" for whom&mdash;if he appears in the age
+of firearms&mdash;we still fire three salvos of honor over his
+grave.</p>
+
+<p>And then, when we mention the word "France," there arise all
+the memories of the imperishable cultural values which its
+people have given to us. I believe that there are many, very
+many among us, who in their hearts hope that there may once
+again be something like a co-operative understanding and
+journeying together of Germans and Frenchmen, even if in a
+distant future which the youngest among us will probably not
+live to see&mdash;an agreement which through a union of German and
+French elements of culture will promise vast achievements for
+the purposes of humanity. In the last analysis&mdash;for that has
+in these very days been more frequently expressed&mdash;these two
+nations belong together; they are of equal worth, of equal
+spirit, of equal fineness, and yet so different that they can
+give each other infinitely much.</p></div>
+
+<p>Just as has the hate against England, so has this friendship for France
+found poetic expression. In the Hamburger Kriegsblatt we read a poem by
+Wilhelm H&ouml;hne, the final stanza of which reads:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Ma pauvre France! Wann siehst du es ein<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dass all deine B&uuml;ndnisse Trug und Schein?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Was meinst du, w&auml;rst du mit dem vereint,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Der dich niederringt heute&mdash;ein ehrlicher Feind!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Auf "Deutsche Treue" da k&ouml;nntest du z&auml;hlen!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mit uns im Bund k&ouml;nnt'st der Welt du befehlen.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dem Briten, dem Russen, dem Asiaten!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Deutschland hat nie einen Freund verraten!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(Translation.)</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Ma pauvre France, when wilt thou see<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That all thy allies are cheating thee?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">What, though if thou with him wouldst go<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who now overwhelms thee&mdash;an honest foe!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On German faith thou couldst reckon sure;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With us, thou couldst rule the world secure,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Briton, the Russian, the Asian, bend.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Germany has never betrayed a friend!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image68.jpg" width="300" height="91" alt="decoration" title="decoration" />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="ANSWERING_THE_CHANT_OF_HATE" id="ANSWERING_THE_CHANT_OF_HATE"></a>ANSWERING THE "CHANT OF HATE."</h2>
+
+<h3>By BEATRICE M. BARRY.</h3>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><b>FRENCH</b> and Russian, they matter not,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For England only your wrath is hot;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But little Belgium is so small<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">You never mentioned her at all&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or did her graveyards, yawning deep,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whisper that silence was discreet?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">For Belgium is waste! Ay, Belgium is waste!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">She welters in the blood of her sons,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the ruins that fill the little place<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Speak of the vengeance of the Huns.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"Come, let us stand at the Judgment place,"<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">German and Belgian, face to face.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">What can you say? What can you do?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">What will history say of you?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For even the Hun can only say<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That little Belgium lay in his way.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Is there no reckoning you must pay?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">What of the Justice of that "Day"?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Belgium one voice&mdash;Belgium one cry<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shrieking her wrongs, inflicted by<br /></span>
+<span class="i2"><i>GERMANY!</i><br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">In her ruined homesteads, her trampled fields,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">You have taken your toll, you have set your seal;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her women are homeless, her men are dead,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her children pitifully cry for bread;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Perchance they will drink with you&mdash;"To the Day!"<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let each man construe it as he may.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">What shall it be?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They, too, have but one enemy;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whose work is this?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Belgium has but one word to hiss&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2"><i>GERMANY!</i><br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Take you the pick of your fighting men<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Trained in all warlike arts, and then<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Make of them all a human wedge<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To break and shatter your sacred pledge;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">You may fling your treaty lightly by,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But that "scrap of paper" will never die!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">It will go down to posterity,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">It will survive in eternity.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Truly you hate with a lasting hate;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Think you you will escape that hate?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"Hate by water and hate by land;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hate of the head and hate of the hand."<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Black and bitter and bad as sin,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Take you care lest it hem you in,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lest the hate you boast of be yours alone,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And curses, like chickens, find roost at home<br /></span>
+<span class="i2"><i>IN GERMANY!</i><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="England_Caused_the_War" id="England_Caused_the_War"></a>England Caused the War</h2>
+
+<h3>By T. von Bethmann-Hollweg, German Imperial Chancellor.</h3>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Following is the full text of the speech delivered by the
+German Chancellor at the session of the Reichstag in Berlin on
+Dec. 2, 1914:</i></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span><b>HE</b> Emperor, who is absent with the army, has charged me to transmit his
+best wishes and cordial greetings to the German Reichstag, with whom he
+is known to be united till death in the stress of danger and in the
+common concern for the weal of the Fatherland.</p>
+
+<p>Our first thought goes out to the Kaiser and the army and navy&mdash;our
+soldiers who are fighting for the honor and greatness of the empire.
+Full of pride and unshakable confidence, we look to them and to our
+Austro-Hungarian comrades in arms, who are firmly united to us, to fight
+great battles with brilliant bravery.</p>
+
+<p>Our most recent ally in battle who has been obliged to join us is the
+Ottoman Empire, which knows well that with the destruction of the German
+Empire it, too, would lose its national right to control its own
+destiny. As our enemies have formed a powerful coalition against us,
+they will, I hope, find that the arm of our brave allies reaches the
+weak spots in their world position.</p>
+
+<p>On Aug. 4 the Reichstag expressed the firm resolution of the whole
+people to undertake the war which had been forced upon them and to
+defend their independence to the utmost.</p>
+
+<p>Since then great deeds have been accomplished. The incomparable
+gallantry of our troops has carried the war into the enemy's country.
+There we still stand firm and can regard the future with every
+confidence, but the enemy's resistance is not broken.</p>
+
+<p>We are not yet at the end of our sacrifices. The nation will continue to
+support those sacrifices with the same heroism as hitherto, for we must
+and will fight to a successful end our defensive war for right and
+freedom. We will then remember how our defenseless compatriots in
+hostile countries were maltreated in a manner which is a disgrace to all
+civilization. The world must learn that no one can hurt a hair on the
+head of a German subject with impunity.</p>
+
+<p>It is evident to us who is responsible for this&mdash;the greatest of all
+wars. The apparent responsibility falls on those in Russia who ordered
+and carried out the mobilization of the Russian Army; the real
+responsibility, however, falls on the British Government. The Cabinet in
+London could have made the war impossible if it had without ambiguity
+declared at Petrograd that Great Britain would not allow a Continental
+war to develop from the Austro-Servian conflict.</p>
+
+<p>Such a declaration would also have obliged France to take energetic
+measures to restrain Russia from undertaking warlike operations. Then
+our action as mediators between Petrograd and Vienna would have been
+successful, and there would have been no war.</p>
+
+<p>But Great Britain did not act thus. Great Britain was aware of the
+bellicose machinations of the partly irresponsible but powerful group
+around the Czar. She saw how the ball was rolling, but placed no
+obstacle in its path. In spite of all its assurances of peace London
+informed Petrograd that Great Britain was on the side of France and,
+consequently, on the side of Russia.</p>
+
+<p>The Cabinet of London allowed this monstrous worldwide war to come about
+hoping, with the help of the Entente, to destroy the vitality of
+England's greatest European competitor in the markets of the world.
+Therefore, England and Russia have before God and men the responsibility
+for the catastrophe which has fallen upon Europe. Belgian neutrality,
+which England pretended to defend, was nothing but a disguise.</p>
+
+<p>On the evening of Aug. 2 we informed Brussels that we were obliged, in
+the interest of self-defense and in consequence of the war plans of
+France, which were known to us, to march through Belgium, but already,
+on the afternoon of the same day, Aug. 2, before anything of our action
+in Brussels could have been known in London, the British Government
+promised France unconditional assistance in case the German fleet should
+attack the French coast. Nothing was said about Belgium neutrality.</p>
+
+<p>How can England maintain that she drew the sword because we violated
+Belgian neutrality? How could the British statesmen, whose past is well
+known, speak at all of Belgian neutrality? When, on Aug. 4, I spoke of
+the wrong which we were committing with our march into Belgium it was
+not yet established whether the Belgian Government at the last moment
+would not desire to spare the country and retire under protest to
+Antwerp. For military reasons I cannot go into whether there was the
+possibility of such a development on Aug. 4.</p>
+
+<p>As to the guilt of the Belgian Government, many indications were already
+known at that time, but there were no positive and written proofs. Now,
+however, that it is demonstrated by documents found in Brussels how the
+Belgians surrendered their neutrality to England the entire world knows
+two facts.</p>
+
+<p>One is that when our troops on the night of Aug. 3-Aug. 4 entered
+Belgian territory they were on the ground of a State which had given up
+its neutrality long ago. The other is that, not for the sake of the
+neutrality of Belgium, which she had herself undermined, did England
+declare war on us, but because she believed that she would be able to
+master us with the help of two great Continental powers.</p>
+
+<p>Since Aug. 2, since her promise to assist France, England was no longer
+neutral, and was actually at war with us, and the argument that the
+declaration of war was a sequel to the violation of Belgian neutrality
+is nothing but a piece of play-acting performed to mystify the English
+people and neutral States.</p>
+
+<p>Now that the Anglo-Belgian war plans are unveiled in their smallest
+details, the policy of British statesmen is branded before the tribunal
+of history for all time.</p>
+
+<p>But British diplomacy went further. At England's request Japan snatches
+away heroic Kiao-Chau and violates the neutrality of China. Has England
+interfered in this violation of neutrality? Has England shown a care for
+neutral States in this case?</p>
+
+<p>When, five years ago, I was called to office the Triple Alliance was
+opposed by a firmly united Entente. England's work was designed to serve
+the known principle of the balance of power, which means in plain German
+that the principle, followed for centuries by British policy and
+directed against the strongest Continental power, should find its
+strongest tool in the Triple Entente. This proves from the beginning the
+aggressive character of the Entente toward the plainly defensive
+tendencies of the Triple Alliance.</p>
+
+<p>This was the germ of the forcible explosion. German policy was obliged
+to try to avert the danger of war by an understanding with the
+individual powers of the Entente. At the same time she was obliged to
+strengthen her defensive forces so that she should be prepared if war
+should come all the same. We did both. In France we always encountered
+ideas of revanche felt by ambitious politicians. With Russia some
+agreements were concluded, but Russia's firm alliance with France, her
+antagonism to us and our ally, Austria-Hungary, her Pan-Slavistic desire
+for power, her artificial hatred for Germany, made it impossible to
+conclude an agreement which in the case of a political crisis would
+exclude the danger of war.</p>
+
+<p>England was comparatively free. Here the best attempt at an
+understanding could be made which would have effectively guaranteed the
+peace of the world. I acted accordingly. The way was narrow, which I
+knew well. For decades the British insular intellect has been evolving
+the political principle, the dogma that the arbitrament of the world is
+due to England, which she can only maintain by undisputed supremacy on
+the sea and the much-quoted balance of power on the Continent.</p>
+
+<p>I never hoped to break the old principle by persuasion. What I believe
+possible was that the growing power of Germany and the growing danger of
+war could be made to compel England to perceive that this old principle
+was untenable and unpractical, and that a peaceable arrangement with
+Germany was preferable, but that dogma always paralyzed the possibility
+of an understanding. After the crisis of 1911 public opinion forced
+British rulers to a rapprochement toward Germany. By wearisome work an
+understanding was finally reached in different disputed questions of
+economic interest which related to Africa and Asia Minor. This
+understanding should have diminished possible political friction if the
+free development of our strength were not impeded. Both peoples had
+sufficient space to measure their strength in peaceful competition.</p>
+
+<p>This was the principle always upheld by German policy. But while we were
+negotiating England was always thinking of strengthening her relations
+with Russia and France. The decisive factor was that more binding
+military agreements for the case eventually of a Continental war were
+concluded outside the political sphere. England negotiated, if possible,
+secretly. If anything leaked out of importance it was minimized in press
+and Parliament. It could not be concealed from us. The whole situation
+was as follows:</p>
+
+<p>England was willing to come to an understanding with us in individual
+questions, but the first principle always was that Germany's free
+development of strength must be checked by the balance of power.</p>
+
+<p>We did not fail to warn the British Government. As recently as the
+beginning of July I notified the British Government that we knew of the
+secret naval negotiations with Russia concerning the Naval Convention. I
+pointed out the serious danger which British policy meant for the peace
+of the world. A fortnight later what I predicted occurred. When war had
+broken out England dropped her disguise. She loudly announced that she
+would fight till Germany was conquered in an economical and military
+sense. We have only one answer. Germany cannot be destroyed. As her
+military strength has stood the test so has her financial strength.</p>
+
+<p>Look at the diminution in the number of unemployed. The unemployed of
+yesterday are the army of today&mdash;their spirit is that of the soldier of
+yesterday and of today&mdash;the one spirit that animates us all.</p>
+
+<p>When this spirit, this moral greatness of the people, when the proved
+heroism of our troops is called by our enemies militarism, if they call
+us Huns and barbarians, we can be proud enough and need not worry. This
+wonderful spirit in the hearts of the German people, this unprecedented
+unity, must and will be victorious. When a glorious and happy peace is
+concluded we will maintain this spirit as the holiest legacy of this
+terrible and serious and great time. I repeat the words of the Emperor:</p>
+
+<p>"I know no parties. I know only Germans. When the war is ended parties
+will return without parties, without a political fight. There is no
+political life, not even for the freest and most united people."</p>
+
+<p>Many seats are vacant here. Where are their holders? You know. There is
+the vacant seat of Herr Frank, (Socialist member;) but he will return no
+more. The spirit of cheerful self-sacrifice which animates us here as
+the guardians of the people's weal inspires the entire people.</p>
+
+<p>Japan joined our enemies from a desire to seize as booty the monument
+of German culture in the Far East. On the other hand, we have found an
+ally in Turkey, as all the Moslem peoples want to throw off the English
+yoke and shatter the foundations of England's colonial power. Under the
+banner of our army and the flag of our fleet we shall conquer.</p>
+
+<p>This, then, is our inspiration&mdash;our vow! Germany shall fight on and
+continue to sacrifice herself on the altar of civilization and progress
+and patriotism until she shall have secured a guarantee from all that
+none henceforth shall disturb&mdash;shall dare to disturb&mdash;the peace of this,
+our German land.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="A_SONG_OF_THE_SIEGE_GUN" id="A_SONG_OF_THE_SIEGE_GUN"></a>A SONG OF THE SIEGE GUN.</h2>
+
+<h3>By KATHERINE DRAYTON MAYRANT SIMONS, Jr.</h3>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><b>WELDED</b> in the devil-workshop of the Essen blacksmith's stall,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">There conceived and consecrated to the nations' final fall,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In the iron of my entrails, in my thews of shrunken steel,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In my mighty bore of barrel, in the claw of cleated wheel,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Through the travail of my forging, was there bred the ancient hate&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Primal blood-feud of the races, which the races' blood must sate!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">You, the Empress of the Ocean&mdash;did your statesmen ne'er foretell<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That your fortresses should crumble at the hot kiss of my shell?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While the garnered greed of ages lay in leash beneath my breast,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Did you deem an oath of honor more than is a royal jest?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While you slept my masters labored! In the metal of my frame<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Molded they the mighty promise of a continent in flame!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In the casting of my carriage, in the boring of my sheath,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They have riveted my armor with the dormant dragon teeth!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">By my twelve-mile range projectile, by my weight of forty tons,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Do I mock the slender playthings which Allies now call their guns!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ever angry and unglutted, when the rocking fight is red,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then my slogan stirs all sleepers save the still and dreamless dead!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Lo! The past is but a promise! When my Saturnalia comes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then the Saxon stands uncovered to a march of muffled drums,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then the northern snows are trampled where the Slavic horsemen sleep,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the Latin women tremble for their lovers as they weep!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image69.jpg" width="252" height="400" alt="Limon von Sanders Pasha" title="Limon von Sanders Pasha" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>GEN. LIMAN VON SANDERS PASHA,<br />
+Commander in Chief of the Turkish Army.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo</i> &copy; <i>by American Press Assn.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image70.jpg" width="256" height="400" alt="Gen. Kamio" title="Gen. Kamio" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>GEN. KAMIO,<br />
+Commander in Chief of the Japanese Tsing-Tau Expedition.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>Photo from Paul Thompson.</i>)</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Why_England_Fights_Germany" id="Why_England_Fights_Germany"></a>Why England Fights Germany</h2>
+
+<h3>By Hilaire Belloc.</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[<i>Copyright, 1915, by The New York Times Company.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hilaire Belloc has for years been among the most prominent of
+English writers, his political and economic opinions being
+widely quoted. As a historian he has given special attention
+to the French Revolution, being the author of "Danton," "Marie
+Antoinette," "The Girondins," and other studies which are
+regarded by scholars as standard works. Mr. Belloc's military
+knowledge and experience (he served in the Eighth Regiment of
+French Artillery) and his understanding of history have made
+him an acute and interesting chronicler of the present war.
+The following article appeared in</i> <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span> <i>of Jan.
+17, 1915.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span> <b>SHALL</b> attempt in what follows to answer the question "Why is England
+at war with Germany?" It is perhaps the most important question upon
+which neutral countries, and especially neutral English-speaking
+countries, should have a true answer. Upon their just appreciation of
+England's position in this war a great deal of the immediate future of
+the world will depend.</p>
+
+<p>But before proceeding to answer the question directly, we must get rid
+of certain misconceptions.</p>
+
+<p>The question must be, as the French say, not only "put," but "put in its
+due proportion." It is not enough to answer the question "Why is England
+at war with Germany?" unless we know to begin with what that event means
+to this gigantic war as a whole.</p>
+
+<p>Let us begin, then, by saying that this great war is not primarily a war
+between England and Germany at all. England and Germany are not the two
+chief combatants. The issue is not a victory to be achieved by Germany
+on the one side, or England upon the other. The victory of one of the
+parties in the great struggle would not produce a much stronger England,
+though it certainly would produce a much stronger Germany.</p>
+
+<p>The struggle is primarily and essentially a struggle between two
+conflicting theories of life and government, which have the Continent of
+Europe for their theatre, and of which the Prussians upon the one hand,
+the French upon the other, are the protagonists and have been the
+protagonists for now more than three generations.</p>
+
+<p>All human conflicts have spiritual roots, and the underlying spiritual
+forces which by their contrast have led to this war are the forces of
+the old Latin and Christian civilization, with its doctrines of human
+equality and the rest, and the North German reaction against that
+tradition. Of the first the French are the guardians and have always
+been. Of the second the North Germans of the Baltic plain, and
+particularly the Prussians, have been the exponents; and one may survey
+Europe as a whole and say that the conflict spreads through the minds of
+all Europeans, dividing them between those who would prefer their
+posterity to live, consciously or unconsciously, under the ancient and
+continuous tradition of the civilization inherited from Rome or under
+some reversal of that tradition.</p>
+
+<p>That conflict is apparent in every department of life; in the arts, in
+the customs of society, and, most important of all, in philosophy.</p>
+
+<p>The direct, immediate, and perceptible issue of the struggle is again
+something different. It is an issue between the German-speaking peoples
+and the Slav. If you were to ask an acute, well-traveled observer, say a
+European diplomat, what, at bottom, this war was, he would answer you
+thus:</p>
+
+<p>"This war is an armed conflict provoked by the German-speaking peoples
+under the leadership of Prussia against the Slavs under the leadership
+of the Russian Empire. It has been provoked by Prussia as leader of the
+German peoples, not in a spirit of aggression but in a spirit of
+self-defense. The German peoples have for centuries regarded themselves
+as the bulwark of European civilization against Slav barbarism. They
+believe that the Slav power is rapidly getting so great as to be an
+immediate peril. They think it must be fought now or never. On this
+account Austria was induced by Prussia to challenge the Russian
+Government over the Servian question.</p>
+
+<p>"Either that challenge would be accepted, with the result of war, or
+Russia would give way, thereby obtaining for the German peoples a
+victory without bloodshed. And Austria would proceed to administrate the
+Servian Slavs and to control them&mdash;driving a wedge into the whole Slav
+power and rendering it innocuous for the future.</p>
+
+<p>"In this struggle between Teuton and Slav France comes in as an
+accessory, having made an alliance with Russia long ago for her own
+ends, and having nothing to do with the quarrel between Teuton and Slav.
+The German-speaking peoples regret the interference of France, but are
+prepared to take on the burden of a French war rather than abandon the
+moment for restricting the growing power of the Slav.</p>
+
+<p>"Now, in all this," (your experienced man with a wide view of Europe
+would add,) "England was not concerned. Her position was quite
+subsidiary in all this quarrel. She had far less to do with it even than
+France had, and it was in every Cabinet of Europe doubted whether
+England would come in at all. By the Prussian Government it was taken
+for granted that England would have no reason to come in. By the French
+it was feared in spite of the recent relations between the two countries
+that England would remain neutral. And, in general, the fact that
+England is at war at all is a fact on one side of the original quarrel
+and its original motives, though it is a fact that will profoundly
+affect the progress and the results of the war."</p>
+
+<p>Such a statement would be no more than the plain truth as educated men
+know and see it in Europe today. The entry of England into the field of
+conflict was an entry from one side. It did not fall into line with the
+general motives of the people. It was, among all English statesmen, a
+matter of debate; it was decided by but a narrow majority of those
+responsible for so enormous a decision.</p>
+
+<p>When we have clearly grasped these two fundamental facts&mdash;first, that
+the war is not on its mechanical side mainly a war between England and
+Germany, but mainly a war between two contrasting European and
+Continental ideals; secondly, the correlative fact that the entry of
+England into the war was not certain until the last hour, and was, when
+it was made, made only after doubtful consideration and after a division
+among the politicians, responsible for the conduct of her affairs,
+something almost accidental, as it were&mdash;we can proceed to consider the
+three causes which converging were sufficiently strong in their
+combination to produce that result, and when we know what those three
+causes were, their strength and the accidents of their convergence, at
+this moment we shall have answered the question, "Why is England at war
+with Germany?"</p>
+
+<p>These three causes are:</p>
+
+<p>1. The fixed cardinal point for English policy upon which no English
+patriot worthy of the name would hesitate for a moment, and which no
+historian with any sense of justice can condemn, to wit, that no one, if
+England can help it, shall have naval predominance over the British
+fleet, particularly in the narrow seas.</p>
+
+<p>2. The effect of certain undertakings, a whole network of diplomatic
+actions, particularly in connection with France, engaged in by the
+English Foreign Office during the last ten years.</p>
+
+<p>3. A certain vague attachment to the Western, or Latin, tradition of
+civilization with its routine of conventions in war and peace, and
+particularly of treaties as between first-class powers. This tradition
+was still sufficiently strong to act as a motive converging with the two
+others mentioned above to produce a sufficient moral stream in favor of
+war as, though sluggish, to help to turn the scale.</p>
+
+<p>I say that these three things combined, upon the whole and doubtfully,
+discovered a sufficient strength between them to make the English
+politicians, after serious hesitation and close division, determine upon
+war.</p>
+
+<p>Let me take them in their order:</p>
+
+<p>1. The cardinal point of statesmanship upon which all English foreign
+policy has turned for two hundred years, that no one shall be more
+powerful at sea than England, especially upon the shores of the narrow
+seas, appears to foreigners unarguably arrogant.</p>
+
+<p>It is, indeed, of its nature a challenge to the rest of the world, but
+if the reader will consider a moment he will see that it is a challenge
+to which modern England, at any rate, is inexorably condemned. However
+much such a position may clash with the temperament of chivalrous and
+peaceable men&mdash;and it does clash with the temperament of many an English
+statesman of the past and of the present&mdash;no one with a respect for his
+country, or paying the common duty of allegiance to it, can compromise
+upon the matter. It is here with England precisely as it has been with
+all her parallels, the great oligarchic commercial commonwealths of the
+past; she lives by the sea, and the closing of the sea would be to her
+not inconvenience, but death.</p>
+
+<p>It is, I think, this very sentiment that England can live only on
+condition that the English fleet is supreme which has led England to use
+that supremacy so sparingly. It is true to say that there has been no
+force of so much superiority to its rivals as the British Navy which in
+all history has been used for such purely defensive purposes as the
+British Navy has been used during the present generation, and this
+moderation I conceive to be due to a clear recognition that morally the
+claim to supremacy at sea is a challenge which the great rival nations
+must feel acutely, and which they have a right to feel acutely, and
+which, therefore, must be softened in every possible way.</p>
+
+<p>But if it is necessary that Great Britain should brook no rival at sea
+it is still more necessary that such a rival, should he arise, should
+not have naval bases within striking distance of her coast. The great
+exception has, of course, been France, and for two centuries at least
+that fact has molded the whole of British policy. Had Germany remained a
+Continental power and rejected maritime ambition that would still
+continue to mold British policy.</p>
+
+<p>The French have, and Europe being what it is, will always continue to
+have the aptitude for the sea, the genius in mechanical invention and
+the superabundant wealth which between them are the three factors of the
+great modern fleet. A lengthy coast line training millions of her
+workers to a seafaring life, a long tradition of naval families, and
+pioneer in every form of modern naval war from the armor plate to the
+submarine, is the proof of this, if proof were needed.</p>
+
+<p>As against the presence of some part of the French naval power on an
+opposing coast across a narrow armed water, the English Channel, Great
+Britain proceeded, generation after generation, to keep her control an
+essentially defensive naval force. She did it upon the position that her
+military effort, and therefore expenditure, should be slight; that her
+economic as her other energies should be chiefly devoted to her marine.</p>
+
+<p>And though the French in the moments of their greatest prosperity were
+able, for all their constant military effort, to produce navies that
+rivaled those of Great Britain, yet Great Britain's effort was the more
+constant. She never engaged large bodies of men in war; she could take
+advantage of every French reverse during the two centuries when the
+French were perpetually engaged in huge Continental conflicts.</p>
+
+<p>Great Britain, in a word, by ceaseless vigilance and at a great expense
+of energy, managed upon the whole to dominate one branch of the narrow
+seas, the channel. Upon the other branch, the North Sea, she felt nearly
+always secure. An exception to this security was found during the brief
+Dutch period in the seventeenth century and again, much more acutely,
+when the French were the masters of the Low Countries, and when Napoleon
+took control of the shipbuilding yards not only from Brest to Dunkirk,
+but from Dunkirk to the Bight of Heligoland.</p>
+
+<p>This presence of the French power in Holland, Belgium, and Frisia, in
+particular the French control of Antwerp, was the true cause of violent
+anxiety, and the no less violent efforts in reply which Britain made
+during the Napoleonic wars. For twenty-three years she fought, with but
+two short intervals of repose, upon a dozen nominal pleas, but with one
+plain piece of statesmanship at the back of her mind&mdash;that no one should
+control the narrow seas against herself.</p>
+
+<p>And especially that if she could not prevent the existence in normal
+times of a very powerful, dangerous French fleet, rendering her anxious
+for one-half of those seas, at least the other half should be free from
+such anxiety.</p>
+
+<p>In the midst of such a secular determination, successfully maintained,
+Germany began to build her new great modern fleet.</p>
+
+<p>The German Empire had a most unquestioned right thus to challenge the
+power of Great Britain. It was indeed the most effective challenge which
+a nation jealous of Britain's commerce could deliver, but it is none the
+less true that the plain policy of self-preservation compelled Britain
+to take up that challenge.</p>
+
+<p>For the first time in three hundred years Britain found herself
+beginning to support French trades, in the general policy of the world.</p>
+
+<p>The French, for reasons which had nothing to do with England and with
+which the mass of the English governing classes in no way sympathized,
+had maintained for more than thirty years a determination to restore
+their own power at the expense of Prussia. Because modern Germany was
+building her fleet, modern Britain, in order to check that movement,
+began thus in novel fashion and against all the old English traditions
+to support the French.</p>
+
+<p>The thing was done at the bottom with reluctance. All Englishmen felt
+the common bond of religion which united their country with that which
+governs modern Germany. Many Englishmen believed that there was some
+vague bond of race between the two countries. Not a few worthy, ignorant
+men, and even one or two men of great ability, attempted to direct
+negotiations whereby a fixed ratio should exist between the two fleets;
+in other words, whereby the German Empire should pledge itself to a
+permanent inferiority at sea.</p>
+
+<p>That empire would indeed have been more foolish even than cowardly had
+it listened to any such proposals. The position, therefore, was one of
+inevitable and increasing friction. It was a matter of life and death to
+England that no other great Western fleet should exist besides the
+French, and it was a matter of national existence to Germany once she
+had undertaken a policy not to give up that policy at the dictation of
+any other power&mdash;for, among other things, modern Germany lived on
+prestige; her whole internal structure depended upon it, and for Prussia
+to lose faith before Europe would be the end of the Germany that Prussia
+had made.</p>
+
+<p>There are those who say that a Germany conducted by some Richelieu, or
+even by a surviving Bismarck, would never have attempted the building of
+a great fleet until accounts had been finally settled with France. There
+are those who say that the elements of statesmanship required the German
+Empire first to settle herself politically upon the shores of the
+Straits of Dover and the Netherlands, first to destroy the danger of a
+great war in the west on land, then and then only to begin building that
+fleet which must inevitably challenge Great Britain. It is no part of
+this criticism to consider the statesmanship of another nation, but at
+any rate once the policy of building the fleet was begun conflict with
+England was in sight.</p>
+
+<p>2. The second cause of England's joining in this war is the effect of a
+number of internal arrangements, some of them of minor importance, but
+all leading in one direction and ultimately placing the Government of
+Great Britain in a position from which it was difficult to retire. In
+general terms these arrangements were based upon the idea of joining the
+group of powers, French and Russian, which formed the counterpoise to
+the Germanic group in Europe, the German Empire and Austria. At the same
+time there was running through these arrangements the idea of detaching
+Italy, whose Government was firmly attached to Germany, but whose
+population was very doubtful, from the Triple Alliance of Germany,
+Austria, and Italy, which had been the cardinal point in European
+affairs for a generation.</p>
+
+<p>The various steps by which Great Britain approached this position are
+well known. In the first place, she came to an arrangement with France
+whereby she should have a free hand in Egypt and France should be
+supported by England in the occupation of Morocco. This was done behind
+the back of Germany to the manifest loss of Germany's colonial ambition
+and, what is more noticeable, England was openly paying a very high
+price for the new state of affairs she hoped to create, for she had
+pretty well a free hand in Egypt, already, while France's opportunity of
+going to Morocco and exploiting a very large area of valuable
+territory&mdash;something quite new and additional to her&mdash;depended upon
+England's withdrawing her opposition.</p>
+
+<p>That opposition was withdrawn; and though the most violent effect was
+produced in Germany, though there were threats of war, pitiable quarrels
+within the French Cabinet and a moment of grave danger, the pact was
+accomplished, and Morocco, all save the strip opposite Gibraltar, became
+French, while all that Germany had to show for her share was an
+irregularly shaped and not valuable couple of slices cut out of tropical
+Africa in the Congo Basin from the vast French possessions there, and
+added to her own still insufficient share.</p>
+
+<p>Another group of arrangements was that with Russia, and here again
+England willingly paid a heavy price, and again completely reversed her
+traditional policy. She gave all that is vital in Persia to Russian
+control. She forgot her old anxiety about the Indian frontier; she lost
+her old and hitherto unbroken policy of supporting Turkey in Europe.
+When the war came she was with the French in supporting the Balkan
+powers, "The Little Nations."</p>
+
+<p>Finally, in the matter of Italy, she supported or permitted the Italian
+attack upon and annexation of Turkish territory in North Africa, and
+consistently, before and after that event, worked for the strengthening
+of Italy in the Triple Alliance and for securing the neutrality of that
+country, at least in case of a European war.</p>
+
+<p>There were many other arrangements besides these three principal and
+typical ones, but all, small or great, were based upon the same idea,
+and pointed in the same direction. England was leaning upon the Russian
+side against Germany. The most important in the minor details in this
+new policy, the one which has had most effect perhaps in producing the
+war, was an understanding whereby the French fleet should virtually
+evacuate the Northern Seas and undertake for England the policing of the
+Mediterranean trade routes, and the guardianship of that source of food
+supply to Great Britain, thus leaving the whole weight of the British
+Navy free to guard the North Sea, and to face the new and growing German
+naval force.</p>
+
+<p>Now, it must always be borne in mind that these arrangements, large and
+small, detailed and general, whereby Great Britain gradually involved
+herself in a network of French and Russian supports and reciprocal
+duties, never took the form of an alliance. The utmost pains were taken
+by English diplomatists and permanent officials at the English Foreign
+Office, experts and servants, to state that England remained free in
+spite of all to act as her conscience or her interest might dictate,
+whenever, or if, war should break out between the two groups of
+Continental powers. No one can read the conflict of evidence between the
+German Ambassador and Sir Edward Grey in the highly typical telephone
+incident which took place immediately before the recent declaration of
+war without seeing that liberty of action was maintained by the
+Government of Great Britain until the very last moment.</p>
+
+<p>But one cannot do a number of things, each weighted with a similar
+tendency, without one's whole conduct and fate being determined in the
+direction to which those actions tend. To preserve one's legal or
+technical independence is not enough. In this specific case, for
+instance, the naval arrangement proved an exceedingly weighty thing.
+France could say:</p>
+
+<p>"Relying on your explicit, though not expressed, support of myself and
+Russia, I guarded your trade routes in the Mediterranean and left my
+northern coasts undefended. Here is war about to break out with those
+northern coasts of mine bare against the overwhelming attack from the
+German fleet, and with nothing wherewith I can guard it; and that
+nakedness is entirely due to having trusted you. You may not have a
+legal obligation, but the moral one is not to be shirked."</p>
+
+<p>At any rate, I insist upon the tendency of all these various diplomatic
+acts, because it has been they that might have dragged the most
+reluctant Government into this conflict, and it was they which, in
+combination with the cardinal policy of preventing maritime rivalry in
+the narrow seas, decided the present policy of this country.</p>
+
+<p>3. But, as I have said, there was a third cause, much vaguer and, until
+war actually broke out, of little effect. Though there had existed for
+thirty years from 1880 until after the beginning of the new century such
+strong bonds of sympathy between Great Britain and North Germany&mdash;bonds
+riveted by Court influence and much more strengthened by the influence
+of the universities and of religious leaders&mdash;though some contempt for
+and alienation from the French had become of increasing note in English
+public utterances and literature, yet Great Britain retained upon the
+whole the Western doctrine of civilization and of its traditions.</p>
+
+<p>The increasing German reaction against those traditions, particularly in
+morals, was not wholly sympathetic to the temper of the gentry, at least
+in England, and was sometimes exasperating.</p>
+
+<p>All nations have cynically violated treaties at one time or another, but
+there is about a solemnly undertaken treaty by the great European powers
+and affecting the happiness of the smaller neutral States something
+particularly sacred. And though it must not for one moment be regarded
+as the principal cause of the war, it is true that the crudity of
+Prussia's neglect of treaties, the too simple fashion in which Prussia
+proposed a breach of international obligations in the matter of Belgium,
+did affect the conscience of not a few powerful men in England, and,
+what is perhaps more important, furnished a definite and concrete point
+on which the doubtful issue of peace or war could repose.</p>
+
+<p>It must be remembered in this connection that Prussia had a novel
+tradition of her own in such matters. The phrase "The Frederickian
+tradition" is an accurate phrase. Frederick the Great did start the open
+and avowed doctrine that a breach of international convention and of
+international morals is always tolerable in the aggrandizement of one's
+country.</p>
+
+<p>I think one is not telling the truth if one says that the proposed
+violation of Belgian territory for the invasion of France was of a
+nature to cause an explosion of anger in the very hardened minds of the
+professional politicians in any modern country. There is not one group
+of them that has not been guilty of something of the sort before. But I
+think one is telling the truth if one says that the over-simple and cold
+way in which Prussia took it for granted that the violation of a solemn
+and most important treaty was nothing just shocked opinion, even of the
+politicians, sufficiently to help to incline the balance against her.</p>
+
+<p>There is much more. The Prussian estimate of Russian, of French, and
+even of English psychology was very erroneous. The Prussian way of
+getting France not to join is about as subtle as spitting in a man's
+face, and the elephantine gambols of the German diplomats in London
+during the fatal week preceding the war were a positive aid to the
+catastrophe that was about to take place. They blundered as hard and as
+heavily as it was possible to blunder; going to the wrong people;
+despising the subtly powerful; paying court to the more advertised and
+less controlling of the English public men, and in a word behaving
+themselves after that fashion for which we have coined the adjective
+"newspaper."</p>
+
+<p>There was further the peculiar aggravation of the tone in which the
+Austrian note had been addressed to Servia. There was further the
+patent and almost puerile double dealing of Berlin in the attempted
+negotiations for peace between Russia and Austria&mdash;in which negotiations
+the British Cabinet was very prominent. But beyond all these other minor
+points, these three causes I have mentioned, by their convergence, seem
+to have determined England's participation in the war, with all the
+enormous but as yet unguessed consequences that will follow therefrom.</p>
+
+<p>I repeat, I do not say that any one of those three causes would in
+itself have been sufficient. The three combining were just sufficient,
+and this account, if I am not mistaken, justly presents the picture that
+history should have of the manner in which Great Britain determined to
+conclude the long process of her recent diplomatic revolution and to
+engage with the Allies against the German Empire and the Hapsburg house,
+which the German Empire tows in its wake.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="AT_THE_VILLA_ACHILLEION_CORFU" id="AT_THE_VILLA_ACHILLEION_CORFU"></a>AT THE VILLA ACHILLEION CORFU.</h2>
+
+<h3>By H.T. SUDDUTH.</h3>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><b>A HAUNTING</b> presence seems to fill the air,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A shade of grandeur gone and e'er to be<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">One with the legends of the Ionian Sea&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">One memory more linked with Corcyra fair,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Disjoined, alas! from presence otherwhere&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A lost illusion of the years once free<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And glorious in the kindling memory<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of grand Homeric Past still lingering there!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The olive orchards crown the hills; the vine<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And rose still flourish on the sunny slopes<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">As in Alcinous' Gardens; Morning opes<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her eyes irradiant with the dawn divine!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But now no longer at Achilleion<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The Kaiser wakes to see fair Eos dawn.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">In Belgian or in Russian lands afar,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Beneath the smoke-cloud cope of shrouded Heaven<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Where hissing shot and shell and War's red levin<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Spread far and wide the canopy of War!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where Nature shudders and seems to abhor<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The awful scene; where myriad souls, unshriven,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">From life and all its joys at once are riven,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Behold the Kaiser now 'neath Mars' red star!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">A stern and sombre, gray-haired figure he,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And standing midst the wreck of youthful dreams<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Sees he at times through battle smoke the gleams<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of rippling waves on blue Ionian Sea?<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Thinks he not sadly on the days now gone,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And dreams he dreamed at fair Achilleion?<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Germanys_Strategic_Railways" id="Germanys_Strategic_Railways"></a>Germany's Strategic Railways</h2>
+
+<h3>By Walter Littlefield.</h3>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">G</span><b>ERMANY'S</b> explanation of her violation of Belgium's neutrality has thus
+far assumed two successive phases which have been placed on record by
+the Imperial Chancellor in as many speeches in the Reichstag. Before
+that body Dr. von Bethmann-Hollweg said on Aug. 4, 1914:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Our troops have occupied Luxemburg, and perhaps have also
+found it necessary to enter Belgium territory. This is
+contrary to international law. The French Government has
+declared in Brussels that they will respect the neutrality of
+Belgium as long as she respects the opponent. We know,
+however, that France was ready to invade Belgium. France could
+wait; we, however, could not, because a French invasion in our
+lower Rhein flanks would have proved fatal. So we were forced
+to disregard the protests of the Luxemburg and Belgian
+Governments. We shall try to make good the injustice we have
+committed as soon as our military goal has been reached. Who,
+like we, are fighting for the highest, must only consider how
+victory can be gained.</p></div>
+
+<p>On Dec. 2 last Dr. von Bethmann-Hollweg said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>When, on Aug. 4, I spoke of the wrong which we were committing
+with our march into Belgium, it was not yet established
+whether the Belgian Government at the last moment would not
+desire to spare the country and retire under protest to
+Antwerp.... Now, however, that it is demonstrated by documents
+found in Brussels how the Belgians surrendered their
+neutrality to England the entire world knows two facts. One is
+that when our troops on the night of Aug. 3-4 entered Belgian
+territory they were on the ground of a State which had given
+up its neutrality long ago....</p></div>
+
+<p>To both these charges the Belgium Government has made reply. To the
+first it said that, while the assurance that France would not invade
+Belgium was sufficient, yet if France did take the initiative the
+Belgian Army stood ready to defend its territory from a French invasion.</p>
+
+<p>To the second, it said that the documents found in Brussels merely
+showed an exchange of ideas as to how England might aid Belgium in
+defending her neutrality against an attack by Germany, and that there
+was nothing binding on either England or Belgium as to the outcome of
+these "conversations" of military experts.</p>
+
+<p>In rebuttal Germany has asked: But why were we also not taken into the
+confidence of Brussels and similar plans formulated by which we might
+aid Belgium in repelling an invasion from either France or England?</p>
+
+<p>To this the answer is simple: It has always been one of the objects of
+British policy to preserve Belgian neutrality, and that, aside from
+moral considerations, it would not be good military science for France
+to seek Germany via Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>But this answer is capable of an expansion it has not hitherto received.
+Why did Belgium appear to fear an invasion from Germany and not one from
+England or France?</p>
+
+<p>One has heard a great deal about Germany's supposed ambition to expand
+her North Sea coast at the expense of Denmark, Holland and Belgium, by
+coercing the Danish and the Dutch Governments to rebuild their coast
+fortifications toward England and to dismantle their forts on the German
+frontier. Much has also been said of Germany's contemplated invasion of
+the Low Countries at the time of the Agadir incident in 1911.</p>
+
+<p>Documentary proof of Germany's contemplated initiative has hitherto been
+missing. Certain facts have, however, recently come to hand which
+enable one to review the German explanation. One of these facts embraces
+a project for railway expansion engineered and carried out on the
+Belgian frontier, which can leave no doubt in any reasonable mind that
+Germany deliberately planned to violate Belgium's neutrality the moment
+it became a military expediency to invade France.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+<p>If, according to jurisprudence, the planning to commit crime is legally
+on a par with its achievement, then Germany, for five years prior to the
+war, had been guilty of violating Belgium's neutrality&mdash;guilty in such a
+manner as to leave no doubt in the minds of Belgian, French, and English
+statesmen and military experts that the actual commission of the crime
+would some day take place.</p>
+
+<p>It was Belgium's peculiar duty, as will be seen, to prepare for that
+day. To have taken Germany into her confidence on a point on which
+Germany was already fully informed would very likely have hastened the
+day and the tragedy thereof.</p>
+
+<p>In keeping up her forts facing Germany and building none on the French
+frontier, in exchanging ideas with English military experts as to how
+best her neutrality could be defended, Belgium was preparing for the
+inevitable. This inevitableness is no longer a matter of moral
+conjecture. It is a matter of material evidence.</p>
+
+<p>First, let us see what it was that Germany violated. Belgium, partly by
+a decree of the Vienna Congress in 1815 and partly by revolution,
+secured her independence from the Netherlands in 1830. The next year she
+inaugurated her Constitution, and by the Treaty of London, signed Nov.
+15, 1831, became the god-child, as it were, of Austria, France, Great
+Britain, Prussia, and Russia, who guaranteed her neutrality for all time
+in the following manner:</p>
+
+<p><i>Article 7&mdash;Belgium, within the limits specified in Articles 1, 2, and
+4, shall form an independent and perpetually neutral State. She shall be
+bound to observe this same neutrality toward all other States.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Article 26&mdash;Consequent upon the stipulation of the present treaty there
+shall be peace and unity between H.M. the King of the Belgians, on one
+part, and H.M. the Emperor of Austria, the King of the French, the King
+of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the King of Prussia,
+and the Emperor of all the Russians, on the other, respectively,
+forever.</i></p>
+
+<p>The treaty, however, was not at once put into force, for there was a
+pending quarrel between Belgium and the Netherlands. When peace was made
+in 1839 the treaty was again brought forward, signed, and promulgated.
+Thereupon all the States of Europe recognized the Kingdom of Belgium.
+The plenipotentiaries who then signed the treaty were Palmerston for
+Great Britain, Sylvan van de Weyer for Belgium, Senfft for Austria, H.
+Sebastiani for France, B&uuml;low for Prussia, and Pozzo di Borgo for Russia.</p>
+
+<p>It has been asserted that, for various reasons, it was not incumbent
+upon the German Empire to observe the treaties contracted for by the
+Kingdom of Prussia. But these assertions, even to German statesmen,
+amount to nothing. That the German Government recognized that "the
+neutrality of Belgium is determined by international conventions" has
+been repeatedly asserted by its numbers, from the inauguration of the
+Imperial Constitution, April 16, 1871, down to Aug. 4, 1914, when the
+Imperial Chancellor admitted that the presence of German troops in
+Belgium was "contrary to international law."</p>
+
+<p>This he stated in the Reichstag. "I speak openly," he had said. That
+same evening he is reported to have exclaimed to the British Ambassador
+that "just for a word&mdash;'neutrality,' a word which in war time had so
+often been disregarded&mdash;just for a scrap of paper Great Britain was
+going to make war on a kindred nation who desired nothing better than to
+be friends with her."</p>
+
+<p>There can be no doubt that Germany realized just what she was doing when
+she marched her troops into Belgium. The question is, had she any
+preconceived idea of such a march?</p>
+
+<p>In the southwest corner of Prussia is a rectangular piece of territory,
+the western and eastern sides of which are formed respectively by the
+Belgian and Luxemburg frontiers and the River Rhine. This territory
+includes about 3,600 square miles, and supports a population including
+the great centres of Cologne, Coblence, Aix-la-Chapelle, and Treves, of
+nearly 1,000,000 souls. In other words, it is an area about half as
+large as New Jersey, if we omit that State's water surface, and just
+about as thickly populated.</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image71a.jpg" width="400" height="329" alt="map" title="map" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Map Showing Germany's Plan to Invade Belgium by a
+Strategic System of Railways Begun in 1909.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a href="images/image71.png">Enlarge</a></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p>Five years ago this little corner of Prussia had about 15.10 miles of
+railway to every 100 square miles of territory and New Jersey 30.23. In
+five years the Prussian territory has increased her railway mileage to
+28.30 and New Jersey to a little less than 30.25.</p>
+
+<p>Five years ago, in the Prussian territory, the only double lines
+existing were those from Cologne to Treves, from Coblence to Treves, and
+the two double lines, one on each side of the Rhine, from Cologne to
+Coblence, thus forming the three sides of a triangle. There was also the
+double track running from Cologne to Aix-la-Chapelle. These double lines
+were fed as commerce required, by only two sets of single-track lines,
+all amounting to a little less than 550 miles of traction&mdash;a very fair
+service, considering the products of the country covered.</p>
+
+<p>In five years, without any apparent industrial and commercial demand for
+it, this traction has been increased to nearly twice its length, or to
+about 1,020 miles. Villages like Dumpelfeld, Ahrdorf, Hillesheim,
+Pronsfeld, and the health resort of Gerolstein of comic opera fame, all
+of less than 1,300 inhabitants, have been linked up by double-track
+lines with towns like Remagen, St. Vith, and Andernach, whose
+populations only range from 1,500 to 9,000.</p>
+
+<p>Exactly what has been done? In the first place the Stolberg-St. Vith
+line has been relaid and doubled, and very extensive detraining stations
+constructed at various points along it, especially at Weiwertz and St.
+Vith. Then the Remagen-Adenau line has been doubled as far as
+Dumpelfeld, whence a double line has been continued to Hillesheim, with
+double branches outward from Hillesheim to Pelm and Junkerath, both on
+the Cologne-Treves railway.</p>
+
+<p>Then from Ahrdorf, between Dumpelfeld and Hillesheim, a single line has
+been built to connect with the Cologne-Treves line at Blankenheim, and a
+most important double track laid across the barren country from
+Junkerath to Weiwertz on the Stolberg-St. Vith line.</p>
+
+<p>It will thus be seen that five lines converge on Pelm: the double line
+from Cologne, the new double line from Remagen via Hillesheim, and the
+single line from Andernach. Pelm is 2-3/4 miles from Gerolstein, and yet
+over this short distance between the two villages there are laid down
+six parallel lines of rail, besides numerous additional sidings.
+Moreover, the double line from Hillesheim to Junkerath crosses over the
+main Cologne-Treves line by a bridge, and runs parallel to it for some
+distance before turning off to the left to reach Weiwertz.</p>
+
+<p>In fact the knot of lines around Junkerath, Pelm and Gerolstein is a
+marvel of construction for heavy, rapid transit, for no congestion would
+arise in a case of a sudden flood of traffic going in various
+directions, and to secure still more freedom the line from Gerolstein to
+Pronsfeld has been doubled.</p>
+
+<p>Few of these lines, it is to be noted, cross the frontier. Three of them
+as late as last May led to blind terminals within less than a day's
+march from it&mdash;the double line from Cologne via Stolberg to Weiwertz,
+the double line from Cologne via Junkerath and Weiwertz to St. Vith, and
+the double line from Remagen via Hillesheim and Pelm to Pronsfeld.</p>
+
+<p>The cost of the whole system, with its numerous bridges and multiple
+sidings, must have been enormous. The German average of $108,500 to the
+mile would hardly cover it.</p>
+
+<p>Here is what a traveler saw when he visited this corner of Prussia last
+May:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The &mdash;&mdash; is as much struck by the significance of the ordinary
+traffic along these lines as he is by the huge embankments and
+cuttings on which nothing has yet had time to grow, and by the
+inordinate extent and number of the sidings to be seen
+everywhere. Baby trains, consisting of a locomotive and four
+short cars, dodder along two or three times a day, and if a
+freight train happens to be encountered, it will be found to
+be loaded with railway plant.</p>
+
+<p>Another point that is noticeable is that provision exists
+everywhere at these new junctions and extensions for avoiding
+an up-line crossing a down-line on the level; the up-line is
+carried over the down-line by a bridge, involving long
+embankments on both sides and great expense, but enormously
+simplifying traffic problems when it comes to a question of
+full troop trains pushing through at the rate of one every
+quarter of an hour, and the empty cars returning eastward at
+the same rate.</p>
+
+<p>The detraining stations are of sufficient length to
+accommodate the longest troop train (ten cars) easily, and
+they generally have at least four sidings apart from the
+through up-and-down lines. Moreover, at almost every station
+there are two lines of siding long enough for troop trains, so
+that they can be used to some extent as detraining stations,
+and so that a couple of troop trains can be held up at any
+time while traffic continues uninterrupted.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is impossible to believe that this system was constructed for any
+other purpose than to prepare for the exigency which might some day
+force Germany to ignore the Treaty of 1839 and invade Belgium. At least
+it presumably accounts for the vast armies which invested Li&eacute;ge and
+Namur in the early days of last August.</p>
+
+<p>Its existence, in both the light and the darkness of the Treaty of
+Neutrality, shows that Belgium was justified in taking any measures
+which were likely to preserve her national existence, so obviously
+threatened. That these measures were always within the letter and spirit
+of the treaty of 1839 is so much to her credit.</p>
+
+<p>The strategic lines that Germany built on her frontier would have
+justified her in going further. Her obligations to herself and to her
+pledged protectors prevented this. Germany went on with her railway
+building unchallenged. She laboriously constructed an edifice which is
+both a monument and an altar&mdash;a monument to military forethought and
+expediency, an altar on which she has sacrificed her national honor.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="GLORY_OF_WAR" id="GLORY_OF_WAR"></a>GLORY OF WAR.</h2>
+
+<h3>By ADELINE ADAMS.</h3>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="poem">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"<b>SINGER</b>, why are you white and sad,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And staring through the stars?"<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"The friend and brother I once had<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Is fallen in the Wars."<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Was he at Mons, or by the Aisne,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Or near the Flanders shore?"<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"Also at Rheims, and in Lorraine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And places many more."<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Had he no children, fair of limb?"<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">"Yes, he had many sons,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But most are fallen there with him,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Before the monstrous guns."<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"And were the daughters of his heart<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Crushed also to the sod?"<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"The nun who saw their lot and part<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Died maniac, cursing God."<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"His wife?" "The woman lives, yet dies<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Daily, and with the grace<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Men say befits her sacrifice,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">As it befits her race."<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"What was her race, and your friend's rank?<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Was he of the first line?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And was he Briton, Russ, or Frank,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Or from beside the Rhine?"<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Ah, many thousand times untold<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">My friend was each of these,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And went from mart or forge or fold,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To drown in red, red seas!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image72a.jpg" width="259" height="400" alt="map" title="map" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Area of War in Western Europe.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a href="images/image72.png">Enlarge</a></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image73a.jpg" width="301" height="400" alt="map" title="map" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Area of War in East Prussia and Poland.</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a href="images/image73.png">Enlarge</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Chronology_of_the_War" id="Chronology_of_the_War"></a>Chronology of the War</h2>
+
+<h3>Showing Progress of Campaigns on All Fronts and Collateral Events from
+Oct. 15, 1914, to and Including Jan. 7, 1915.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></h3>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<h3>CAMPAIGN IN EASTERN EUROPE</h3>
+
+<p>Oct. 16&mdash;German-Austrian forces assume offensive between the Vistula
+River and Galicia; fighting near Warsaw and Przemysl; Germans forced
+back into arid country from vicinity of Ivangorod; Servians and
+Montenegrins defeat Austrians at Glasinatz.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 17&mdash;Germans advance near Mlawa; their attempts to cross the Vistula
+repulsed; Austrians claim successes in Galicia; Montenegrins, French,
+and British bombard Cattaro.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 18&mdash;Austrians repulsed at River San; both sides claim victories in
+Przemysl district; report that Germans have lost heavily in trying to
+cross the Vistula at Ivangorod; Servians rout Austrians on the Save and
+the Drina.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 19&mdash;Fierce fighting near Warsaw and Przemysl; Servians capture
+Serajevo forts.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 20&mdash;Przemysl forts damaged; Austrians advance in Stryi and Stica
+Valleys; Servians win at Prekiet.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 21&mdash;Russian General Staff announces German rout in Poland and
+halting of Austrians at the San; Servians repel Austrian attacks in
+Bosnia.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 22&mdash;Russians defeat Germans near Warsaw; Russians capture many
+Austrian soldiers and some guns in Galicia.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 23&mdash;Russians pursue retreating Austrians in Poland; Germans move
+fortified positions to River Warthe and claim victory west of Augustowo;
+Austrians reoccupy Czernowitz and announce capture of fortifications
+around Sambor.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 24&mdash;Russians drive Germans back forty miles from Warsaw; fighting
+south of Piliza River; Berlin reports repulse of attacks west of
+Augustowo; fighting in Galicia; both sides claim victory in Bosnia.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 25&mdash;Russians defeat German rear guard trying to cross the Rivers
+Ravka, Skernevka, and Rylka; German-Austrian forces repulsed near
+Przemysl; fighting in Bosnia.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 26&mdash;Battle raging between Rawa and the Iijanka River.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 27&mdash;New Russian Army crosses the Vistula north of Ivangorod;
+Russians drive Germans from Rawa; Austrians claim victory in Galicia.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 28&mdash;Germans admit that German and Austrian troops have been forced
+to retire from Russian Poland as fresh Russians come up; fighting along
+River San; Hungarian cavalry division almost annihilated in Galicia.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 29&mdash;Russians split opposing armies north and south of Piliza River;
+Northern German army in retreat.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 30&mdash;German Army retreating from the Vistula is hard pressed by the
+Russians, who capture guns and aeroplanes and reoccupy Czernowitz;
+Austrian defeat near Tarnow.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 31&mdash;Germans lose heavily on East Prussian line; Russians occupy
+towns beyond the Vistula; Austrians capture several Russian positions
+and win victory on border of Bukowina.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 1&mdash;Russians regain more of Poland and advance along whole front
+beyond the Vistula; fighting at Opatow; Montenegrins bombard Cattaro and
+advance in Herzegovina; Austrian movement checked at Nadworna.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 2&mdash;Russians advance on East Prussia, while northern force covers
+Warsaw; Germans retreat in three lines; German-Austrian armies in Poland
+make another stand; battle between Austrians and Servians near Rovrye.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 3&mdash;Russians continue advances in East Prussia and Poland; Austrians
+storm Sabao.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 4&mdash;Russians capture Barkalarjewo, drive left wing of German Army
+back toward Biala and Lyck, and dislodge rear guards from Kola and
+Przedborz; Austrians defeated on entire front from Kielce to Sandomierz.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 5&mdash;Germans in critical position; frost a new misery of the
+campaign.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 6&mdash;Russians recapture Jaroslaw; Austrians in retreat along entire
+Galician front; Germans continue to retreat in East Prussia.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 7&mdash;Russians attack last fortified German position at Sieradz on the
+Warthe; Germans check Russians at Kola; Austrian Embassy at Washington
+denies defeat.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 8&mdash;Russian cavalry invades Posen Province and destroys railroad
+near Pleschen; German border population in Posen and Silesia in flight;
+Russians in Wirballen; Przemysl again attacked.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 9&mdash;Russians are sweeping over the Prussian frontier; they occupy
+Goldapp; Germans withdraw further from the Vistula; Austrians are pushed
+back toward Cracow; Russians take many prisoners near Przemysl; Germans
+win victory near Wyschtuniz Lake and capture 4,000 prisoners; Servians
+force Austrian retirement near Shabats; Russians are twenty miles from
+Insterburg and seventy from Posen; Kaiser's estate at Riminten ruined.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 10&mdash;Right wing of German Army driven back toward Masuran Lakes;
+Germans rush reinforcements to Thorn and Posen; Russians occupy Miechow;
+Austrians defeat Servians near Losnitza.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 11&mdash;Russians attack Cracow defenses; Austrians are pursuing
+Servians on Shabats-Losnitza line.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 12&mdash;Russians control East Prussian frontier railway; siege of
+Przemysl resumed; Austrians win victory at Pruth; at the San River they
+try to halt advance on Cracow; Servians rout Austrians who attempt to
+cross the Danube near Semandria.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 13&mdash;Austrians evacuate Central Galicia; Russians take Tarnow,
+Jaslo, and Krosno; Germans face about and advance on Poland on
+forty-mile front; Germans defeat Russians in Galicia and near Kola.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 14&mdash;Russians continue advance in East Prussia; they cross the River
+Schreniava about fifteen miles from Cracow; Germans have successes at
+Stallupoenen and Vlaclaweo.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 15&mdash;Germans withdraw from Kalisz and Weljun; they are repulsed near
+Czenstochow; Russians reach Angerburg.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 16&mdash;Germans check Russian advance in East Prussia at Stallupoenen;
+Russians advancing from Soldau are defeated and driven back toward
+Plock; Russians in Russian Poland driven back to Kutno after German
+success at Wlozlawsk; Cracow is besieged.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 17&mdash;Great battle is being fought in Poland between the Vistula and
+Warthe Rivers; Germans are falling back on the entire line between
+Gumbinnen and Angerburg; Austrians reach the Kolubara River and capture
+8,000 Servians.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 18&mdash;Russian advance guard between the Vistula and the Warthe driven
+back toward the Bzura; battle fought at Soldau; Russians advance in East
+Prussia; Servians and Montenegrins win fight near Trebinje forts.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 19&mdash;Russians driven back behind the Bzura; Germans, reinforced,
+advance twelve miles beyond Lenczyca; Russians push forward in East
+Prussia and Galicia.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 20&mdash;Russians check von Hindenburg on the Vistula-Warthe line and
+win success near Lodz; both sides claim successes on Cracow-Czentochowo
+line; Russian advance continues in East Prussia around Masurian Lakes;
+Russians take four towns in Galicia.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 21&mdash;Russians take Przemysl trenches and find them filled with lime
+as cholera preventive; heavy fighting in Poland; fighting at Cracow;
+lull in East Prussia; Servians fall back on strong positions; they deny
+Austrian reports of victories.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 22&mdash;German Army advances to forty miles from Warsaw; fighting on
+line from Lowicz to Skierniewice; Russians take Gumbinnen; Austrians
+evacuate Neu Sandec; Russians take 2,000 prisoners near Cracow;
+Austrians cross Kolubara River and capture many Servians.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 23&mdash;German advance on Warsaw checked by arrival of Russian
+reinforcements; many Germans captured near Lowicz; Austrians capture
+2,400 Russians at Pilica; successful sortie by Przemysl garrison.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 24&mdash;Ten-day battle in Poland ends in Russian victory, Germans being
+pressed back.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 25&mdash;Left wing of main German Army surrounded in Russian Poland;
+remainder of army tries to retreat north of Lodz; von Hindenburg
+reported cut off from Crown Prince; Russians again invade Hungary and
+corner Austrians in Carpathian passes; Servians rout Austrians who
+crossed the Kolubara.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 26&mdash;Russians report continued successes, while Germans report
+victories between Lodz and Lowicz; Servians make gains; Austrians report
+Przemysl undamaged.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 27&mdash;Germans are sending reinforcements; Austrians admit evacuation
+of Czernowitz; Montenegrins defeat Austrians near Vishegrad.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 28&mdash;Germans retreat in Poland, fighting hard; Russians gain near
+Cracow, and near Strykow; Russians in Czernowitz.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 29&mdash;Montenegrins defeat Austrians in Bosnia; Russians split German
+Army at Lodz into three parts and repulse relief column at Gombin;
+fighting at Strykow and Zgierz; fighting in the Carpathians.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 30&mdash;Three battles are being fought in Poland; Russians report
+capture of ten miles of German trenches near Lowicz; Russians fail in
+attack on Darkehmen; Russians have successes in Galicia and the
+Carpathians.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 1&mdash;Germans break through Russian wing near Lodz, capturing 12,000
+prisoners and 25 guns; Russians claim they have taken 50,600 Austrian
+prisoners in two weeks in Galicia; Austrians claim victories and capture
+of 35,000 Russians in Poland; Russians seize German ammunition barges on
+the Vistula; Servians capture 1,500 Austrians on the River Djid; Germans
+are suffering from the cold in Poland.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 2&mdash;Austrians take Belgrade; both sides claim victories in Poland;
+Russians win at Szczercow, enter Wieliczka, and occupy strong positions
+on the Vistula; Montenegrins repulse Austrians trying to cut them off
+from Servians.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 3&mdash;Germans claim capture of 100,000 Russians in battles in Poland;
+they attempt to flank Russian right wing; Austrians repulse assaults on
+Przemysl; Russians take Bartfeld; Austrians report continued victories
+and say that Belgrade was taken at the bayonet's point.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 4&mdash;Russians win at Lodz; Germans have suffered heavy losses in
+Poland; Allies land troops in Montenegro.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 5&mdash;Germans, reinforced, form new battle line and move on Piotrkow,
+after losing heavily at Lodz.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 6&mdash;Germans occupy Lodz and drive wedge into Russian centre; one
+Przemysl fort falls; Russians shell Cracow.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 7&mdash;Russians bombard Cracow suburbs; new battle on in Poland;
+Russians besiege fortress of Lotzen; Germans abandon Zgier; Servians
+check Austrian advance.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 8&mdash;Germans again in Cracow.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 9&mdash;Servians recapture towns of Valjevo and Ushirza, and take many
+Austrian prisoners; Germans lose heavily in attack on Lowicz; Austrians
+defeated near Cracow; Russians claim that they have 750,000 Austrian and
+German prisoners in Russia.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 10&mdash;Servians capture many Austrians and large stores of supplies.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 11&mdash;Three German columns repulsed in Poland; Austrians defeated
+north of Kesmaj and Parovnitza.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 12&mdash;Servians repulse Austrians at Kosmai; Germans occupy Przanysz,
+but their front line is pierced; Lodz has been evacuated by the
+Russians.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 13&mdash;Germans are defeated in Mlawa region; Posen prepares for a
+siege; Austrian right wing, driven into Bosnia by the Servians, is
+attacked by Montenegrins.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 14&mdash;Servians reoccupy Belgrade; Austrians reoccupy Dukla in the
+Carpathians and capture 9,000 Russians; Germans gain in Northern Poland.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 15&mdash;Austrians abandon Belgrade without a battle; Germans rush fresh
+troops to the Vistula; Austrians recross Carpathians into Galicia and
+drive Russian left back toward the San River.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 16&mdash;King Peter enters Belgrade at head of an army; Servian General
+Staff announces that country is free of invaders; Russians have new army
+in Warsaw.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 17&mdash;Germans report Russian offensive against Silesia and Posen to
+be completely broken; battle at Sochaczew; Austrians have success in
+West Galicia.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 18&mdash;Russians admit falling back and shifting battle lines, but they
+deny defeat; Russians win in Galicia between Sanok and Lisko; Austrians
+announce capture of Piotrkow and Przedborz.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 19&mdash;Germans capture Lowicz; battle on the Bzura; fighting in
+Galicia; Russians hold lines on Dunajec River against spirited attacks;
+Austria claims to hold all West Galicia.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 20&mdash;Von Hindenburg follows up his success at Lowicz; German wedge
+driven further toward Warsaw; Russians cross the Bzura and destroy
+bridges behind them; Death's Head Hussars reported as having been caught
+in a Russian trap and almost annihilated; Servians and Montenegrins
+again invade Bosnia.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 21&mdash;Russians claim that Germans are being pursued into German
+territory; both sides claim advantages in Poland.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 22&mdash;Russian Army menaces Thorn-Allenstein-Insterburg Railroad;
+Germans re-form to protect it; von Hindenburg's left threatened by a new
+invasion of Germany; Germans cross branches of Bzura and Rawka Rivers;
+Austrians are defeated in the Carpathians.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 23&mdash;Austrians defeated in Carpathians and Southern Galicia.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 25&mdash;Movement of civilians to interior of East Prussia.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 26&mdash;Russians gain in South.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 28&mdash;Russians have raised the siege of Cracow to shatter Austrian
+armies attempting flank movement; Russians believe German attack on
+Warsaw has been checked.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 30&mdash;Germans retreat over the Bzura; Russians advance in South
+Poland.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 31&mdash;Germans claim to have taken 136,000 prisoners, 100 cannon, and
+300 machine guns in Poland since November; reports from Petrograd state
+that the Germans lost 200,000 men at the Bzura.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 1&mdash;Russians invade Hungary; Germans in Poland move south; Austrian
+Army split by Russian operations in Carpathian region.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 2&mdash;Germans commence offensive movement against Kielce; Germans
+fortify captured Polish towns.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 3&mdash;Germans capture Bolimow; German advance on Kielce fails, as well
+as German advance between Bzura and Rawka Rivers; Russians take
+thousands of Austrian prisoners and sweep through Bukowina; Germans rush
+to defend Cracow.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 4&mdash;Russians occupy Suczawa; Cracow again threatened.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 5&mdash;Russians defeat Austrians in Uzsok Pass and prepare to invade
+Transylvania; Germans renew activities along the Vistula.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 6&mdash;New Russian army to take offensive against Germans at Mlawa;
+rain is interfering with many field operations; Germans help Austrians
+check advance against Cracow.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 7&mdash;Mud is hampering Germans.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN EUROPE.</h3>
+
+<p>Oct. 16&mdash;Germans occupy Ostend; battle line reaches the sea; Allies gain
+near Lille; French are near Metz; Allies check Germans in attempt to
+reach Dunkirk.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 17&mdash;Germans advancing again on Dunkirk; sharp fighting in Alsace;
+British take Fromelles; Allies take Fleurbaix and claim gains on line
+from Ypres Canal to the sea.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 18&mdash;Announcement that Allies' left has pushed forward thirty miles;
+they retake Armentieres; battle near Nieuport; Belgians repulse German
+attacks at River Yser; French repulse attack on St. Die and cut railroad
+in Alsace; Germans evacuate Courtrai; German forces in Bruges move
+toward French frontier.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 19&mdash;Allies advance between Nieuport and Dixmude; fighting from
+Ostend to Lille.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 20&mdash;Germans gain near Lille; Allies report recapture of Bruges.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 21&mdash;Allies repulse German attacks at Nieuport, Dixmude, and La
+Bass&eacute;e; heavy fighting on the Yser; Germans gain near Lille.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 22&mdash;Battling on the coast; Allies helped by their fleets; cavalry
+battle at Lille.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 23&mdash;German right wing reinforced and gains ground at La Bass&eacute;e;
+Allies gain near Armentieres; French retake Altkirch; heavy fighting
+between the Ghent-Bruges line and Roulers.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 24&mdash;French gain at Nieuport, but lose ground near Dixmude and La
+Bass&eacute;e; desperate fighting along Yser Canal.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 25&mdash;Germans cross Yser Canal near Dixmude; Allies press Germans at
+Ostend; French gain near Lille and they claim command of German line of
+communication near St. Mihiel; battle at Nieuport.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 26&mdash;German advance checked on the Yser; fighting at Nieuport.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 27&mdash;Allies capture Thourout; fierce fighting on the Yser Canal;
+Allies claim that Germans have been driven across the eastern frontier
+near Nancy.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 28&mdash;Allies repulse night attack near Dixmude; they make gains in
+Ypres region and between La Bass&eacute;e and Lens.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 29&mdash;Allies gain near Ostend; Germans gain west of Lille and
+southwest of Verdun; Germans dig intrenchments near Thielt.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 30&mdash;Belgians flood lower valley of the Yser River and compel
+Germans to withdraw; Germans gain in Argonne region.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 31&mdash;Allies yield ground in Belgium; Germans take two towns south of
+Ypres; they have success near Soissons; fighting around Verdun.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 1&mdash;Germans reinforced in Belgium; their advance made difficult by
+floods along the Yser; Allies take Mariakerke and are near Ostend;
+Allies cross the Yperlee and occupy Bixschoote.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 2&mdash;Germans, reinforced, capture Messines; French gain at several
+points in advance to Ostend; Allies take Ramscapelle with the bayonet.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 3&mdash;Germans are being flooded out of the Yser region; they capture
+men and guns east of Soissons and gain ground east of Vailly; Allies
+check Germans in Argonne region; Belgians trap Germans by ruse at
+Furnes.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 4&mdash;Germans lose along the Yser and shift their line for a new
+attack; they repulse Allies south of Verdun and in the Vosges; they gain
+near Vailly; British and Germans have battled for three days in Ypres
+region; Germans suffer much in flooded trenches.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 5&mdash;Germans repulsed at Arras; Allies lose, then retake trenches;
+Germans, stated to have been watched by the Kaiser, beaten at
+Armentieres; Germans gain in Argonne region and in the Vosges; Belgians
+report progress.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 6&mdash;Allies retake Soupir; they capture German trenches on the Meuse
+and east of Verdun; battle raging around Ypres; French trap Germans in
+Arras.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 7&mdash;Battling from the sea to Alsace; Allies recapture lost trenches
+in centre and take St. Remi; Germans gain southwest of Ypres; Germans
+set up guns at Ostend.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 8&mdash;Allies gain plateau of Vregny; fighting centres at Ypres;
+Germans continue attacks between North Sea and the Lys; they gain in
+Argonne region; Belgians gain at Dixmude and Ypres.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 9&mdash;Germans renew attacks at Ypres and Dixmude; Ypres in flames;
+fighting on the Aisne.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 10&mdash;Allies advance between Ypres and Armentieres and between Rheims
+and Berry-au-Bac.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 11&mdash;Germans capture Dixmude, cross Yser Canal, capture first line
+of Allies' position west of Langemarck, and drive them out of St. Eloi;
+Allies reoccupy Lombaertzyde and repulse attacks near the coast.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 12&mdash;Both sides claim successes on the Yser.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 13&mdash;Germans break through British lines at Ypres; Allies advance on
+the coast to Bixschoote.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 14&mdash;Allies check German assaults near Ypres; fighting at Dixmude;
+Germans win in centre and take Berry-au-Bac; Germans gain in forest of
+Argonne.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 15&mdash;Allies drive Germans across the Yser; German gains in Argonne
+region; they prepare defensive lines from the North Sea to the Rhine.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 16&mdash;Snow and floods check fighting; artillery duels in progress
+from Yser Canal to Dixmude; British Press Bureau report of operations up
+to Nov. 10 praises bravery of Germans.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 17&mdash;Allies gain ground on the Yser between Armentieres and Arras;
+Germans resume bombardment of Rheims.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 18&mdash;Zouaves take forest near Bixschoote; Germans mine and blow up
+west part of Chauvoncourt, occupied by the French; fighting continues in
+West Flanders; Germans have successes in Argonne region and near Cirey;
+pneumonia is in the trenches.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 19&mdash;Fighting in Flanders slackens; French retake Tracy-le-Val; they
+are repulsed in the Argonne region; British bombard Dixmude; many cities
+in West Flanders are in ruins.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 20&mdash;French abandon Chauvoncourt; artillery duel south of Ypres;
+British gain at Bixschoote; new big gun of Allies is doing effective
+work; French wreck German earthworks and supply trains near Rheims.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 21&mdash;French artillery stops German attacks in Woevre district;
+French capture heights at Ornes and advance in Argonne region.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 22&mdash;Cold halts fighting on the Yser; Ypres is bombarded; artillery
+fighting near Soissons and Vailly; Germans trapped by floods at Dixmude;
+Germans fortify Belgian coast.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 23&mdash;Fierce fighting in the Argonne; Ypres again bombarded; German
+operations in Belgium checked by bad weather.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 24&mdash;Germans attack Allies from Ypres to La Bass&eacute;e.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 25&mdash;French bombard Arnaville and claim general gains; Germans gain
+at Arras; Indian troops retake lost trenches in Flanders.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 26&mdash;Allies' armored train wrecks bridge across the Yser.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 27&mdash;Rheims again bombarded; French gain in Alsace.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 28&mdash;Germans mass near Arras; new British army has landed in France.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 29&mdash;Allies capture important positions near Ypres; health of
+Germans on the Yser endangered by flooded trenches.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 30&mdash;German losses on the Yser are found to have been very heavy.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 1&mdash;Germans prepare for new dash toward the sea; cold is depleting
+the British ranks; Germans on the Belgian coast are suffering from
+famine, disease, and cold; battle on the Yser renewed; Germans are
+active north of Arras.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 2&mdash;British, reinforced, take over the command of the Yser region.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 3&mdash;Germans take offensive between Ypres and Dixmude; they lose
+heavily in trying to cross the Yser on rafts; French occupy Lesmenils;
+they take T&ecirc;te de Faux in the Vosges, and Burnhaupt in Alsace.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 4&mdash;Allies repeatedly attack the German lines in Flanders; fresh
+reserves are waiting behind Allies' lines.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 5&mdash;French gain in Upper Alsace; they try to drive Germans from St.
+Mihiel.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 6&mdash;Allies make advances in France.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 7&mdash;Allies begin a general offensive movement; Belgians repulse a
+German boat attack along Yser Canal; Germans are leaving Alsace.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 8&mdash;German headquarters moved from Roulers; Germans make new attack
+on Dixmude.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 9&mdash;Belgians capture German trenches on the Yser by a ruse; Germans
+shell Ypres and Furnes.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 10&mdash;Germans evacuate Roulers and Armentieres; French win victory at
+Vermelles.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 11&mdash;Allies push forward; Germans rush guns to Ostend.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 12&mdash;Allies drive Germans across the Yser Canal.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 13&mdash;Allies have repulsed persistent German attacks in a three-day
+battle on the Lys; French gain in St. Mihiel region.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 14&mdash;French continue aggressive movements in Alsace and Lorraine.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 15&mdash;Allies advance on the whole front in movement to drive Germans
+from Belgium; German attacks south of Ypres repulsed and way to Roulers
+opened.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 16&mdash;Germans evacuate Dixmude; German defenses near Arras mined;
+Allies maintain offensive; Germans force the fighting in Argonne region;
+Allies make gains from Arras to the sea; Germans repulsed in Woevre
+region and in Alsace.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 17&mdash;Allies enter Westende; Germans rush more troops to Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 18&mdash;Allies take Roulers; fighting in Lille and near Arras.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 19&mdash;Allies gain at several points from the North Sea to the Oise;
+they lose near La Bass&eacute;e.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 21&mdash;Allies extend offensive operations; they report progress in the
+centre.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 22&mdash;Allies press offensive; Germans shell hospital at Ypres; they
+claim that Allies' advance has failed.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 23&mdash;Allies make slight gains.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 24&mdash;British are using new howitzers; some German trenches have been
+torn to bits by French guns.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 25&mdash;Reported that the French are shelling the outer forts of Metz;
+unofficial truce along much of the battle front; soldiers feast and get
+many gifts from home; in some instances Allies and Germans exchange
+gifts and visits.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 26&mdash;Fog halts fighting in Flanders.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 27&mdash;Germans pushing preparations for defense of Antwerp.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 28&mdash;New Paris defenses are completed; the Rhine is being
+additionally fortified.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 29&mdash;Germans reinforce line in Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 31&mdash;Lull in the fighting on most of the front in Flanders and
+France; French take half of the village of Steinbach, Upper Alsace,
+which is of strategic importance.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 3&mdash;French gain near Rheims and St. Mihiel, but are repulsed near
+St. Menehould; floods hinder fighting; conditions in Yser trenches are
+very bad.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 4&mdash;Germans admit loss of Steinbach.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 5&mdash;Germans are moving big guns from Ostend; French press on toward
+Cernay.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 6&mdash;French make further progress at St. Mihiel; bombardment of
+Furnes necessitates shifting of Belgian headquarters.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 7&mdash;French make progress in direction of Altkirch.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CAMPAIGN IN FAR EAST.</h3>
+
+<p>Oct. 30&mdash;Japanese attack Germans at Tsing-tau; Indian troops aid
+Japanese.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 1&mdash;Desperate fighting at Tsing-tau; city is in flames.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 4&mdash;Japanese capture German guns and 800 prisoners at Tsing-tau.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 6&mdash;Germans surrender Tsing-tau fortress.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 7&mdash;Formal capitulation of Tsing-tau; Japanese will administer city.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CAMPAIGN IN AFRICA.</h3>
+
+<p>Oct. 28&mdash;Belgians defeat Germans on Lake Tanganyika.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 29&mdash;Allies take Edoa.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 4&mdash;Germans defeat British in German East Africa.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 7&mdash;Belgians aid British forces in the Congo.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 23&mdash;British defeated in attack on German railway terminus in East
+Africa.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 27&mdash;Maritz, Union of South Africa revolutionist, defeated.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 10&mdash;Governor General Lord Buxton says that the revolution in the
+Union of South Africa is ended and reports capture of 7,000 rebels.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 23&mdash;Portuguese retreat before Germans in Angola.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CAMPAIGN IN ASIA MINOR AND EGYPT.</h3>
+
+<p>Oct. 29&mdash;Turkey begins war with Russia by bombarding Odessa from the
+sea.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 2&mdash;Russians and Turks are fighting near Trebizond.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 3&mdash;Turks claim victory over Russians in Armenia; German officers
+are with camel corps on Turkish-Egyptian frontier; Suez Canal
+threatened.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 4&mdash;Russia begins invasion of Armenia.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 5&mdash;England and France declare war on Turkey; Russians seize
+Armenian towns; Turks have successes in Kara-Killissa and Tehan
+districts; England annexes the Island of Cyprus; German officer
+sentenced to life imprisonment by Egyptian police for having plans to
+dynamite Suez Canal.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 6&mdash;Armenians besiege town of Van.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 7&mdash;Russians have successes northeast of Kara-Killissa.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 8&mdash;Russians take Keprekioi in Armenia and hold road to Erzerum.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 9&mdash;Russians take Turkish fort near Erzerum and pursue Kurdish
+cavalry; Russians win at Kohrikoi on River Araxes.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 10&mdash;France, England, Russia, Belgium, and Servia issue a formal
+declaration of war against Turkey; both sides claim victories in Erzerum
+region.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 13&mdash;Russians advance on Erzerum from three directions; Turks fail
+in flank attack.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 14&mdash;Russians rout Kurds in cavalry battle in Armenia; Turks have
+success on Caucasian border.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 15&mdash;Turks occupy Persian town of Kotur; British troops land in
+Basra Province; Indian troops, aided by British cruiser, occupy Turba,
+Arabia.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 16&mdash;Russians defeated near Koprukeui; British take Turkish camp at
+Fao.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 17&mdash;Russians checked near Fao; Turks occupy Duzkeuy.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 19&mdash;Russians defeat Kurds in Persian Armenia; fighting near
+Urumiah; British success in Arabia.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 22&mdash;Turks win near Port Said and reach Suez Canal; Russians gain
+near Juzveran.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 23&mdash;British defeat Turks near Persian Gulf.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 24&mdash;Russians defeat Turks in Armenia.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 26&mdash;Turkish advance checked in Armenia.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 28&mdash;Fierce fighting in the Caucasus; Enver Bey starts for Egypt.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 6&mdash;Turks occupy Keda.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 8&mdash;Turks defeated near Batum.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 9&mdash;Turks at Kurna surrender to Indian troops.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 10&mdash;British take 1,100 Turkish prisoners and nine guns.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 11&mdash;Sheik Kiazim, Chief of the Shiites, proclaims a holy war; Turks
+report occupation of Geda.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 15&mdash;Senussi tribesmen threaten Egypt.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 18&mdash;Turks reinforced in Asia Minor.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 20&mdash;Turks gain near Lake Urumiah.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 21&mdash;Russians win in Armenia&mdash;Turks lose equipment.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 22&mdash;Arabs menace Christians in Hodeida; French Consul is seized.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 23&mdash;Turkish Army leaves Damascus and marches toward Suez Canal.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 25&mdash;Russo-Turkish operations stopped by cold.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 1&mdash;Turks invade Russia but fail to envelop Russian forces.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 2&mdash;Turks penetrate into the Russian Caucasus and occupy Ardahan.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 4&mdash;Turks ravage Persian territory.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 5&mdash;Russians rout Turkish columns at Ardahan and Sari-Kamysh;
+Russians capture Izzet Pasha.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 7&mdash;Turks occupy Urumiah.</p>
+
+
+<h3>NAVAL RECORD.</h3>
+
+<p>Oct. 16&mdash;British cruiser Hawke sunk by German submarine U-9; British
+tramp steamship Induna sunk by Germans; British steamer Guendolen fires
+on German ship on Lake Nyassa; British and Japanese warships bombard
+fort near Tsing-tau.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 17&mdash;British squadron, led by the Undaunted, sinks four German
+torpedo-boat destroyers off Dutch coast; allied fleets bombard Cattaro.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 19&mdash;British battleship Triumph damaged at Tsing-tau; Japanese
+cruiser Takachiho sunk by German submarine S-90 in Kiao-Chau Bay;
+British fleet helps to repel German land attacks between Nieuport and
+Dixmude; Austrian submarine sunk in Adriatic by French cruiser.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 20&mdash;German warships sink British submarine E-3; British gunboats
+fight German submarines and coast batteries; Japanese fleet takes
+islands of Marianne group; two German ships sunk at Jaluit; British
+steamer Giltera sunk by German submarine off Norwegian coast.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 21&mdash;British monitors Severn and Mersey shell German right flank;
+Cattaro again bombarded by French fleet, attack of Austrian submarines
+being repulsed; German cruiser Emden sinks five British steamships and
+captures a sixth in Indian Ocean; British steamer Cormorant sunk.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 22&mdash;British torpedo boat damaged by German artillery fire off
+Nieuport; French ships aid British in bombardment near Ostend; British
+auxiliary cruiser Carmania damaged.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 23&mdash;Allies' squadrons seeking German cruisers Emden and Karlsruhe;
+Emden's activity is having a bad effect on Indian shipping; French ships
+aid British in shelling Belgian coast towns.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 24&mdash;British destroyer Badger sinks German submarine; Ostend
+bombarded by French warships.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 25&mdash;Japanese sink German cruiser Aeolius off Honolulu.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 26&mdash;Vessel containing French and Belgian refugees sunk near Calais,
+probably by a mine, the passengers being rescued by a British ship;
+Germans claim that the British ships have been driven back from the
+Belgian coast.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 27&mdash;Germans lay mines off Irish coast; British freighter Manchester
+Commerce sunk; Germany demands that China release shipwrecked sailors of
+submarine S-90, which was destroyed by the Germans when being pursued by
+Japanese.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 28&mdash;Emden sinks Japanese steamer; Japanese cruiser Chitose repulses
+attack by two German warships.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 29&mdash;Emden, flying the Japanese flag, enters Penang Harbor and sinks
+Russian cruiser Jemtchug and a French destroyer; Turkish warships shell
+Theodosia and sink two Russian steamers; British vessels slightly
+damaged off Belgian coast, with ten men killed; Swedish steamer Ornen
+and two British fishing boats sunk by mine in North Sea; British sink
+German steamer in the Adriatic.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 30&mdash;Russian and Turkish fleets in battle in the Black Sea; Turkish
+torpedo boats bombard Odessa, sinking Russian gunboat Donets, three
+Russian liners, and French steamer Portugal.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 31&mdash;Japanese and British warships attack Tsing-tau; German
+submarine sinks British cruiser Hermes in Strait of Dover; Turkish
+cruiser bombards Sevastopol; Russian fleet attacks Turkish fleet near
+Sevastopol.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 1&mdash;German squadron under Admiral von Spee defeats British squadron
+under Rear Admiral Cradock off Coronel, Chile; British flagship Good
+Hope and the cruiser Monmouth go down with all on board: Germans suffer
+but slightly; shelling of Allied fleets sets fire to Tsing-tau.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 2&mdash;Turkish (formerly German) cruiser Goeben damaged by fire from
+Russian forts; British ship scuttled in Black Sea; Turkish commander
+sinks his ship to prevent capture; Germans blockade coast of Asiatic
+Turkey with mines; Karlsruhe captures British steamers Vandyck,
+Hurtsdale, and Glanton.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 3&mdash;Anglo-French squadron bombards the Dardanelles forts; British
+cruiser Minerva bombards Akabah, Arabia, and sailors occupy the town;
+British submarine D-5 sunk by mine in North Sea.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 4&mdash;Austrian cruiser Kaiserin Elizabeth sunk by Germans to prevent
+seizure; Anglo-French fleet continues bombardment of Dardanelles forts;
+German warships seen off coast of England; German cruiser Yorck sunk by
+mine in Jade Bay.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 5&mdash;British tow German sailing ship into Queenstown, the Captain not
+having heard of the war; British mine sweeper Mary sunk in North Sea.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 6&mdash;British ships shell Belgian coast; Turks bombard Batum; British
+warship damaged while shelling Dardanelles forts.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 7&mdash;Japanese squadron searches for German squadron in the Pacific;
+Russians bombard Turkish Black Sea ports.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 8&mdash;Russians report sinking of four Turkish transports; Turks sink
+Greek steamer carrying British flag; two Dardanelles forts destroyed by
+bombardment.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 9&mdash;Emden escapes British warship, but loses her store ships;
+Russians bombard Bosporus ports; Swedish steamer Ate blown up by mine.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 10&mdash;Australian cruiser Sydney wrecks German cruiser Emden, which
+had destroyed more than $5,000,000 worth of British shipping; war risks
+drop in consequence; British Admiralty reports that the German cruiser
+Koenigsberg has been bottled up in the Rufiji River, German East Africa.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 11&mdash;British torpedo boat Niger sunk by German submarine; Japanese
+torpedo boat sunk by mine in Kiao-Chau Bay.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 12&mdash;Turkish torpedo boat captured by Allies; Turkish cruiser Goeben
+crippled by shell.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 14&mdash;News comes to America by mail of the sinking of the British
+super-dreadnought Audacious on Oct. 27 off the Irish coast; apparently
+done by a mine.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 15&mdash;Many mines picked up by Dutch coast guards; mine layer flying
+Norwegian flag and manned by German sailors captured at Belfast; British
+cruiser Edinburgh aids in capture of Turba, Arabia, by Indian troops.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 16&mdash;Mine cast up by sea kills seven in Holland.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 17&mdash;Swedish steamer Andrew sunk by mine in North Sea; German
+squadron bombards Libau; Russian Black Sea fleet attacks Trebizond;
+German cruiser Berlin interns at Trondhjem to escape enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 19&mdash;British naval guns bombard Dixmude; French cruiser Waldeck
+Rousseau sinks Austrian submarine.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 20&mdash;Austrian steamer Metkovitch sunk by mine off Dalmatian coast.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 21&mdash;The Goeben badly damaged in Black Sea.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 22&mdash;Turkish warships shell Taupse, but are repulsed by Russian land
+batteries.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 23&mdash;British warship Patrol rams German submarine U-18 and captures
+crew off coast of Scotland; German destroyer S-124 wrecked in collision
+with Danish steamer.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 24&mdash;French bark Valentine sunk by Germans near Island of Mas a
+Fuera; British ships attack German naval base at Zeebrugge.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 25&mdash;British steamer Malachite sunk by German submarine near Havre.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 26&mdash;British battleship Bulwark blown up in the Thames; magazine
+explosion is the accepted theory, but there is some suspicion that it
+was the work of spies; Turkish mine layer sunk in the Bosphorus; cruiser
+Goeben is being repaired.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 27&mdash;British collier Khartoum blown up by mine off Grimsby.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 28&mdash;Norwegian and Danish trawlers seized by the British for laying
+mines while using English port as base; British fishermen sweep coast
+waters for mines.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 30&mdash;British ships again bombard Zeebrugge.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 3&mdash;Danish steamer Mary blown up by mine in North Sea, six men
+dying.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 6&mdash;Forty British and French war vessels are off the Dardanelles.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 7&mdash;British steamer Charcas sunk by German transport in the Pacific;
+Swedish ships Luna and Everilda sunk by mines.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 8&mdash;British squadron under Vice Admiral Sturdee defeats German
+squadron under Admiral von Spee off the Falkland Islands; German
+flagship Scharnhorst and the cruisers Gneisenau, Leipzig, and Nurnberg
+are sunk; the British casualties are slight.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 9&mdash;Three German merchantmen sunk in South Atlantic; Gulf of Bothnia
+closed because of mines.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 10&mdash;German submarine raid on Dover repulsed by the forts; Turkish
+gunboat sunk by defense mine.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 12&mdash;Turkish fleet bombards Batum.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 14&mdash;British submarine B-11, by diving under five rows of mines,
+sinks Turkish battleship Messudieh in the Dardanelles.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 15&mdash;German cruiser Cormorant interned at Guam; Turks bombard
+Sevastopol.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 16&mdash;German warships shell the English coast towns of Scarborough,
+Hartlepool, and Whitby; about 120 persons are killed and 550 wounded;
+British warships shell Westende.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 17&mdash;Austrian training ship Beethoven sunk by mine; British squadron
+bombards Turkish troops on Gulf of Saros; Russians sink German steamship
+Derentie off Turkish coast; Norwegian ship Vaaren sunk by mine in North
+Sea; three British ships sunk by mines.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 18&mdash;British auxiliary cruiser Empress of Japan captures collier
+Exford with forty of Emden's crew on board; Russian Black Sea fleet
+sinks two Turkish ships.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 19&mdash;Russian warship Askold captures German steamer Haifa and sinks
+a Turkish steamer; British warships shell German positions between
+Nieuport and Middelkerke.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 20&mdash;Allied fleets bombard interior forts of the Dardanelles.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 21&mdash;British capture German steamers Baden and Santa Isabel.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 22&mdash;Allied fleets shell German positions along Belgian coast;
+French destroyer shells Turkish troops; allied fleets shell Kilid Bahr.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 23&mdash;Russian destroyers in Black Sea bombard coast villages.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 24&mdash;French cruiser slightly damaged by Austrian torpedo; French
+submarine sunk by shore batteries.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 26&mdash;British make naval and air attack on German fleet without
+important results; French attack Austrian naval base at Pola on the
+Adriatic.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 27&mdash;British cruisers, assisted by seaplanes, attack German naval
+base at Cuxhaven; British claim to have done considerable damage.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 29&mdash;English coast towns expected American sympathy over German
+raid; dread new raid, and hold navy was dilatory.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 30&mdash;French submarine torpedoes Austrian dreadnought Viribus Unitis,
+but fails to sink her.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 31&mdash;Thirty French and British warships are bombarding Pola.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 1&mdash;British battleship Formidable torpedoed and sunk in English
+Channel; 600 men lost.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 4&mdash;Official Press Bureau at Berlin announces that the Formidable
+was sunk by a submarine off Plymouth; British ships shell Dar-es-Salaam,
+German East Africa.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 6&mdash;Turkish cruiser Goeben damaged by mines.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 7&mdash;Germans state that Austrian submarines are holding back French
+fleet in the Adriatic.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AERIAL RECORD.</h3>
+
+<p>Oct. 23&mdash;German Taube brought down in Dunkirk; Reymond, French aviator,
+killed near Verdun; German aviators drop bombs on Warsaw.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 24&mdash;Zeppelins harry fighters southwest of Ostend.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 25&mdash;Five German aeroplanes destroyed by French.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 27&mdash;New Zeppelin flies northward from Friedrichshafen; new British
+gun is effective against airmen.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 29&mdash;German airmen drop bombs on Bethune, nineteen women being
+killed; British airman chases bomb-dropping Taube at Hazebrouck.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 30&mdash;French airmen rain bombs on German officers near Dunkirk.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 3&mdash;German airman drops bombs on Furnes; three German aeroplanes
+brought down near Souain; British airman drops bombs in Thielt.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 6&mdash;Austrian airmen drop bombs on Antivari.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 13&mdash;Russian cavalry captures two German aviators near Plock.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 14&mdash;Austrian aeroplane drops bombs on Antivari.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 15&mdash;Prince Danilo's villa in Antivari wrecked by aeroplane bomb.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 21&mdash;French and British aeroplanes drop bombs on Zeppelin sheds at
+Friedrichshafen; one French airman shot down.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 24&mdash;Aeroplane bomb dropped in Warsaw street kills several people
+and narrowly misses American Consulate; airmen are using steel arrows to
+drop from aeroplanes.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 26&mdash;British aviator wrecks German military train.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 29&mdash;German aviators drop bombs on Lodz; French aviators drop
+circulars inviting German soldiers to desert.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 5&mdash;Aeroplane bombs dropped near Baden.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 6&mdash;Russian aviators attack Breslau forts; French aviators attack
+Freiburg.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 7&mdash;Major Gen. von Meyer killed by an arrow dropped by an aviator;
+Ostend set on fire by aeroplane bombs; ten killed at Hazebrouck by bomb
+dropped by German aviator.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 8&mdash;German airmen drop appeals to Indian troops to desert British.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 9&mdash;Aviator of Allies destroys Scheldt pontoon bridge at Antwerp;
+Belgian aviator destroys three German motor trucks and scatters cavalry
+detachment.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 12&mdash;German airman who dropped bombs on Hazebrouck killed by French
+shells.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 16&mdash;British and French aviators are making raids almost daily into
+German territory.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 18&mdash;French aviators drop bombs in Lorraine.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 19&mdash;Two German aviators stranded on a Danish island and interned in
+Denmark.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 20&mdash;German aeroplane drops bomb on Calais.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 21&mdash;Aviators of Allies drop bombs in Brussels and make night attack
+near Ostend.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 22&mdash;Deschamps, Belgian aviator, killed by his own bomb.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 24&mdash;German aeroplane, trying to reach Paris, is shot down; German
+aviator drops bomb in Dover.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 25&mdash;Two German aviators fly up the Thames, but are routed by
+British.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 26&mdash;Zeppelin drops bombs on Nancy; German aeroplanes make raid in
+Russian Poland; French aviators attack Metz.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 30&mdash;German airmen drop bombs in Dunkirk, killing fifteen; French
+aviators active in Flanders.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 1&mdash;German aeroplanes bombard Dunkirk.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 3&mdash;Austrian aviator drops bombs on Kielce.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 4&mdash;French aviators drop bombs near Brussels.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AMERICAN INTERESTS.</h3>
+
+<p>Oct. 30&mdash;Slight damage to American property in bombardment of Odessa.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 31&mdash;American Refugee Society formed in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 10&mdash;Henry Field, grandson of the late Marshall Field, is serving as
+a British Army chauffeur.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 13&mdash;British authorities demand that Americans show passports on
+embarking for home.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 19&mdash;American Consulate in Berlin takes charge of the work of
+finding American baggage in Germany.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 25&mdash;Rush for new passports by Americans in London.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 28&mdash;American Ambassador to Turkey says American missionaries are
+not being molested.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 28&mdash;American Government sends memorandum to British Government
+through Ambassador Page vigorously protesting against interference with
+American commerce by British warships; American Relief Committee in
+London still busy, and renews lease of its offices.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 31&mdash;Full text of American note on British interference with
+American trade is given out in full simultaneously at Washington and
+London; the war has cost the United States $382,000,000 in decreased
+exports up to Dec. 1, according to statement issued by Department of
+Commerce.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.</h3>
+
+<p>Oct. 17&mdash;Men formerly found physically unfit to be now re-examined.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 20&mdash;Wounded fill Budapest and South Austrian towns.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 21&mdash;Troops rushed from Italian frontier to strengthen German line
+in Belgium; Gen. Bruderman, defender of Lemberg, disgraced.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 27&mdash;Acute distress in Southern Hungary; there are reports of
+sedition in the army.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 30&mdash;France is arranging for repatriation of Austrian citizens.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 3&mdash;It is reported that Austria is seeking a separate peace.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 10&mdash;Lists of losses show that many Hungarian nobles have been
+killed in battle.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 12&mdash;Army mutineers are shot.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 22&mdash;Cholera in Przemysl.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 2&mdash;Hungarian Chamber of Deputies votes war bills.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 3&mdash;Opposition members of Hungarian Parliament are bitter against
+the Germans.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 6&mdash;Defenses of Vienna are being strengthened.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 8&mdash;No music after midnight allowed in Vienna; 60,000 wounded are in
+hospital there.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 10&mdash;Czech regiments refuse to fight against Servia.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 16&mdash;Anti-war riots in some cities.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 17&mdash;Emperor orders displacement of Field Marshal Potiorek because
+of defeat in Servian campaign.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 22&mdash;Many soldiers killed in troop train accident.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 23&mdash;Discontent is being manifested in Hungary; independence
+movement gains headway.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 30&mdash;Anti-war riots throughout the country; Servian campaign is
+abandoned.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 31&mdash;Emperor issues a New Year's rescript to the army and navy,
+praising bravery of soldiers and sailors.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 2&mdash;Conditions in Trieste are distressing.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BELGIUM.</h3>
+
+<p>Oct. 16&mdash;People delay returning to Antwerp, where Germans are levying on
+city for supplies; refugees flock to Dover.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 18&mdash;Full text of Belgium's "Gray Paper" published in <span class="smcap">The New York
+Times</span>; movement to secure supplies in England; famine acute.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 19&mdash;Fifty thousand refugees return from Holland; there are nearly
+1,000,000 refugees in Great Britain, France, and Holland.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 21&mdash;British Official Press Bureau praises Belgian Army; Cardinal
+Mercier returns to Belgium from Holland and urges all Catholic refugees
+to follow him; water supply restored and tramways running in Antwerp;
+Brussels now governed as a German city.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 22&mdash;Government denies anti-German plot with England before the war
+and calls on German press to print alleged records of such plot seized
+at Brussels.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 24&mdash;German public is stirred by stories of brutalities by Belgian
+civilians toward wounded Germans.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 26&mdash;Millions are facing starvation.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 28&mdash;One-fourth of the Belgian Army is disabled.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 29&mdash;Many Belgian wounded in Calais.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 31&mdash;Maeterlinck says that buildings in Brussels have been mined.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 12&mdash;Sightseers visit Louvain; city is being restored.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 16&mdash;Fuel supply problem is becoming serious.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 18&mdash;Faculty of University of Louvain invited to University of Notre
+Dame.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 21&mdash;German Information Service says that Belgians interned in
+Holland are bitter against the British for lack of sufficient aid at
+Antwerp.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 22&mdash;Mayor of Ypres shot by Allies as a spy.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 23&mdash;Maeterlinck appeals to the United States and Italy to save
+Flemish art treasures.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 24&mdash;Encounters are frequent between smugglers and Germans at Dutch
+border.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 26&mdash;Germany publishes photographic reproduction of document which,
+it charges, proves Anglo-Belgian military agreement.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 30&mdash;Rotterdam reports that Germany has decided to levy a tax of
+$7,000,000 a month on Belgium, and an additional tax of $75,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 13&mdash;Brussels and suburbs decide to pay fine to Germans.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 15&mdash;Provincial councils ordered by German Governor General to meet
+to consider payment of tax; bankers prepare to pay it.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 20&mdash;Representatives of provinces agree to pay tax.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 23&mdash;Report from London that Brussels tax has been waived and that
+the American Minister protested against its imposition.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 26&mdash;Neutral nations notified by Germany that Consuls will not be
+recognized further.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 28&mdash;Minister to United States protests against cancellation of
+consular exequaturs by Germany.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 29&mdash;Belgian authorities point out to United States that Germany's
+decision to cancel exequaturs raises question of sovereignty in Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 3&mdash;Ghent taxes bachelors to meet German demands.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CANADA.</h3>
+
+<p>Oct. 16&mdash;Canadian troops go into camp at Salisbury Plain, England.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 19&mdash;There are a considerable number of men from New York in camp at
+Salisbury Plain.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 21&mdash;Americans in Montreal supply funds for armored motor cars with
+American crews.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 29&mdash;Border residents apprehensive of raids by Germans and Austrians
+living in United States.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 3&mdash;German newspaper in the West ordered to stop printing seditious
+matter.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 4&mdash;King and Queen visit troops on Salisbury Plain.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 6&mdash;Indians contribute to war fund and offer to send warriors.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 7&mdash;Soldiers go sightseeing in London.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 8&mdash;Major Gen. Hughes, Minister of Militia and Defense, returns from
+England; he says troops are well, but will not go to front for some
+time; they are to have additional training.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 11&mdash;Mines laid near Victoria.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 14&mdash;Premier Borden says hosts of men are volunteering.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 18&mdash;Men in Canadian regiments who are said to be of German blood
+are rejected by British authorities.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 20&mdash;German newspapers barred from Canada.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 24&mdash;American Consuls directed to assist German and Austrian
+subjects in Canada.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 27&mdash;Canadian doctors arrive in France to establish hospital.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 28&mdash;Precautions are taken against possible raids across Niagara
+River by Germans.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 26&mdash;German reservists reported to be gathering in California to
+raid Vancouver; report not taken seriously by Canadian authorities.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 31&mdash;Princess Patricia's Light Infantry Regiment reaches the front.</p>
+
+
+<h3>EGYPT.</h3>
+
+<p>Nov. 2&mdash;Martial law proclaimed.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 14&mdash;Moslems pay no attention to Turkish war moves.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 21&mdash;Turks and Germans seek to sow sedition.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 29&mdash;Princes Abbas and Osman banished by British authorities on
+charge of engaging in anti-British conspiracy.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 1&mdash;Premier Rushdi Pasha declares for Britain; he tells of benefits
+conferred on his country by British.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 17&mdash;England declares protectorate; Turkish suzerainty at an end.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 18&mdash;France recognizes British protectorate.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ENGLAND.</h3>
+
+<p>Oct. 16.&mdash;Labor Party declares sympathy with Government; London hotels
+discharge German and Austrian help.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 17&mdash;Winston Churchill defends sending of marines to Antwerp; he
+says relief plans miscarried.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 18&mdash;Anti-German riots in London.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 19&mdash;Irish Nationalists, at meeting in London, take pledge to avenge
+Belgium; many arrests for the looting of German shops.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 20&mdash;Germans and Austrians expelled from Brighton.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 21&mdash;All unnaturalized German and Austrian residents between ages of
+17 and 45 are to be taken to detention camps.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 22&mdash;Westminster Abbey heavily insured against aeroplane hazard.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 24&mdash;More anti-German riots in London; paintings removed from
+National Gallery to places of safety: Kitchener orders sobriety among
+soldiers; Germany protests to neutrals against seizure of Germans on
+neutral merchant ships.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 25&mdash;John Redmond urges Irish to enlist.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 27&mdash;Government complains that many Germans are getting consular
+certificates from American officials by posing as Englishmen.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 1&mdash;British affairs in Turkey turned over to American Embassy.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 2&mdash;Admiralty orders North Sea closed to commerce; Turkish
+Ambassador handed his passports.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 3&mdash;Government will not molest American ships carrying cotton to
+German ports.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 4&mdash;Americans will fight as First London Machine Battery.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 5&mdash;Proclamation that holy places in Arabia and Mesopotamia must not
+be touched.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 6&mdash;Detectives say some London buildings are strong German forts;
+large trade in mourning clothes in London; Sweden protests against
+closing of North Sea.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 7&mdash;Government thanks United States State Department for help
+rendered at Constantinople by Ambassador Morgenthau.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 8&mdash;Japanese Emperor and Empress send thanks for British aid at
+Tsing-tau.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 10&mdash;Karl Hans Lody shot as a spy in the Tower of London; when first
+arrested he claimed to be an American.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 11&mdash;Germans are exhibiting dumdum bullets which they charge have
+been taken from British soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 12&mdash;Mass meeting in London in support of Kitchener's appeal for
+temperance by soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 13&mdash;Officers sent to Russia to discuss tactics of eastern campaign;
+sentry in concentration camp kills a German prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 14&mdash;Under Secretary of War Tennant urges football players to
+enlist.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 17&mdash;War Office denies that British have used dumdum bullets, but
+accuses Germans of using them; less crime in the country.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 20&mdash;House of Commons votes additional army of 1,000,000 men.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 21&mdash;Balfour says there must be no patched-up truce; Somali chiefs
+in Jubaland want to join the army; 19,000 members of the Automobile
+Association have given their cars for army use.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 22&mdash;Five German rioters killed in detention camp on Isle of Man.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 23&mdash;Newspapers show disgust over failure of attempts to get
+football players and spectators to enlist; recruiting is slow in
+Manchester; War Office is advertising for officers.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 25&mdash;Coast towns prepare to resist invasion; Indian soldier receives
+Victoria Cross; shooting of prisoners on Isle of Man has angered
+Germany; reprisals feared.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 27&mdash;Coroner's jury finds that shooting of prisoners on Isle of Man
+was justified; London newspapers agree to curtail football news as aid
+to recruiting.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 28&mdash;Two German spies found in new army just landed in France;
+famous athletes on casualty lists.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 1&mdash;German-born members of Parliament remain away from war sessions.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 2&mdash;Dublin newspaper suppressed for opposing enlistment and
+expressing pro-German sentiment.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 5&mdash;Many football players are enlisting.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 9&mdash;Preparations are being made to meet possible German landing.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 11&mdash;Gibraltar is being provisioned.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 12&mdash;German officer found hidden in packing case at Gravesend.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 14&mdash;Government is searching for German wireless station on Norfolk
+coast which is blocking messages.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 16&mdash;Movement to form women's volunteer reserve.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 17&mdash;Many Germans arrested following raid on coast towns; numerous
+cases of ptomaine poisoning in Blackheath Camp.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 19&mdash;Many soldiers are insane or have nervous prostration as a
+result of battle horrors.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 21&mdash;Some German prisoners of war are being placed on prison ships.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 23&mdash;Germany's offer to exchange one British prisoner of war for
+five German prisoners is declined.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 26&mdash;Government has constructed a bridge of boats across the Thames.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 30&mdash;Archbishop of Canterbury appeals for recruits.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 31&mdash;An undercurrent of irritation is evident over the American note
+on interference with American commerce; a new decoration, the Military
+Cross, has been instituted for the army.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 3&mdash;Day of intercession and prayer throughout the Empire; second
+expeditionary force sails for England from Australia; a third force is
+being recruited.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 4&mdash;Many men leave their positions in civil life to join the army as
+a result of the raid on the coast towns.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 6&mdash;Many clergymen are enlisting.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FRANCE.</h3>
+
+<p>Oct. 16&mdash;Learned societies plan expulsion of German members.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 17&mdash;Germans arrested in Paris; coal supply low in Paris; sugar
+prices are rising.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 18&mdash;President Poincar&eacute;'s country house destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 20&mdash;Military authorities deny German charge that towers of Rheims
+Cathedral are used as observation post.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 21&mdash;Baron de Coubertin will train young men who would normally
+enter the army in 1916; Germany protests against alleged cruelties.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 22&mdash;It is reported that 500,000 new soldiers are ready to fight.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 24&mdash;Lille and Rheims have been much damaged by German shells;
+exchange of civilians with Germany begins.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 26&mdash;German property in France not confiscated, but taken into
+trusteeship.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 28&mdash;Many volunteer to give their blood to help Dr. Carrel in saving
+the wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 29&mdash;Count de Chambrun shells his own home.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 30&mdash;Ch&acirc;teau of Princess Hohenlohe seized.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 1&mdash;Envoy asks for passports from Turkey; French affairs turned over
+to American Embassy.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 4&mdash;Officers discard swords and conspicuous uniforms; they will
+direct charges from rear to foil German sharpshooters.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 7&mdash;City of Roulers in ruins.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 8&mdash;Premier Viviani decorates Mayor of Rheims and says city will be
+rebuilt.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 9&mdash;Military attach&eacute;s of neutral countries allowed to visit theatre
+of war.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 10&mdash;Rheims still being bombarded.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 18&mdash;Germans declare they saw observation post on towers of Rheims
+Cathedral; bombardment resumed; Appenrodt's restaurant looted in Paris.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 19&mdash;Germans are working coal mines and mills in occupied French
+territory; President Poincar&eacute; strikes names of Germans from roll of
+Legion of Honor.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 21&mdash;New field gun outranges German guns.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 26&mdash;German surgeons and deaconesses sentenced to prison for
+looting.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 28&mdash;Regimental dispatch dog mentioned in orders as having fallen in
+duty; Germans charge use of dumdum bullets by the French.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 1&mdash;Gen. Joffre tells Alsatians that the French have come back
+permanently.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 4&mdash;Youths 18 years old are called for military examination;
+Mohammedan soldiers from Tunis are being sent to serve in Europe;
+Germans charge brutalities to Germans in Morocco.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 11&mdash;The Cabinet meets in Paris, marking the moving of the capital
+from Bordeaux; youths of class of 1915 go into training.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 13&mdash;Full text of France's "Yellow Book" published in <span class="smcap">The New York
+Times</span>; postal notice announces that letters to twenty-one communes in
+Alsace need only ordinary stamps.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 14&mdash;Man who mutilated German sentry is shot.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 17&mdash;Priests hold mass in the trenches; French heroism lauded at
+meeting of French Academy; but a small percentage of the wounded are
+dying.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 18&mdash;French court held in Alsace.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 19&mdash;Lille is near starvation.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 22&mdash;Premier Viviani makes address at opening of Parliament in
+Paris, declaring that the war will end only with restoration of
+Alsace-Lorraine, restoration of Belgium, and assurance of lasting peace.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 25&mdash;Portion of Alsace celebrates Christmas under French rule.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 7&mdash;French Cabinet makes public report of Government Commission
+which has been investigating German methods of waging war; report
+charges Germans with habitual "pillage, outrage, burning, and murder."</p>
+
+
+<h3>GERMANY.</h3>
+
+<p>Oct. 16&mdash;Count Zeppelin is supervising construction of new airships;
+reinforcements sent to von Kluck; tax levied on Bruges.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 20&mdash;Report that Zeppelin fleet is being prepared for attack on
+London; Britons over 55 years old to be allowed to leave country.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 22&mdash;Chancellor Delbrueck announces in Prussian Diet that nation
+will not lay down arms until victory is won; pioneer company of Lorraine
+battalion granted right to wear skull and crossbones on caps.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 23&mdash;Women spies meet death bravely.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 24&mdash;Looting barred in Antwerp; survey of conditions shows many men
+eager to enlist.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 26&mdash;Prince of Monaco protests against manner in which Gen. von
+Buelow proposes to treat his property in France; Government complains of
+seizure by England of Red Cross ship Ophelia.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 27&mdash;Germans in Southern Hungary ask for aid.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 29&mdash;German tourists flock to Antwerp.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 30&mdash;Forty thousand teachers are at the front; 1914 reserves called
+out.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 1&mdash;Freedom of the City of Blankenburg conferred upon Capt. von
+Mueller of the cruiser Emden.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 3&mdash;Consuls of neutral nations allowed to inspect prison camps;
+Government will not interfere with cargoes of ships carrying cotton to
+Russian ports.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 4&mdash;There is a shortage of army officers; the Kaiser decrees
+promotions on short service.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 7&mdash;Conspicuous insignia removed from officers; British civilians
+sent to detention camp.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 8&mdash;Nation regrets loss of Tsing-tau, but bravery of garrison is
+praised; border patrols prevent Belgian civilians from crossing into
+Holland.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 10&mdash;Admiral von Spee and many men of his squadron receive Iron
+Crosses.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 11&mdash;Fortifications of Antwerp are being repaired.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 15&mdash;Three defensive lines prepared between North Sea and the Rhine,
+to be used in event of retreat.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 16&mdash;Names of occupied French and Belgian cities are Germanized.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 17&mdash;All aliens expelled from Frankfort.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 18&mdash;Port of Hamburg deserted, but shipyards are busy.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 21&mdash;Blast furnaces used as crematory at Charleroi; Government has
+granted permission for six officers of the American Army to follow
+forces as military observers; Ambassador Bernstorff files with United
+States State Department complaint that French have violated Red Cross
+Convention of 1906.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 23&mdash;Gen. von Eberhardt removed after defeat in the Vosges.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 24&mdash;Chile charges that German warships have violated her
+neutrality; there is a scarcity of copper; order for locomotives to be
+dismantled to get materials for making ammunition.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 25&mdash;Fortifications north of Kiel Canal are being strengthened for
+fear of invasion; Bavarians are reported by the French to be deserting.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 29&mdash;Indemnity of $37,500 paid to Luxemburg.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 30&mdash;Alsatians are deserting from the army.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 3&mdash;Burgomaster Max of Brussels complains of treatment received from
+Germans.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 4&mdash;Troops are suffering from typhoid; household utensils of copper
+are commandeered because of scarcity of the metal; British prisoner of
+war sentenced to ten years' imprisonment for attack on custodians.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 6&mdash;Second ban of Landsturm told to be ready for service on Dec.
+20.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 8&mdash;Turkish officers are serving with the army in Poland.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 10&mdash;Government has informed the Pope of willingness for Christmas
+truce if other combatants will observe it.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 11&mdash;Many inhabitants of Autry, France, are exiled to Saxony;
+preparations are being made for an extended occupation of French
+territory; French Minister of War obtains affidavits from prisoners in
+concentration camps that Gen. von Stenger ordered killing of wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 12&mdash;Some women refugees at Kiao-Chau want to go to America.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 14&mdash;Socialists disapprove of the anti-war stand taken by Dr.
+Liebknecht, a Socialist member of the Reichstag, who alone of that body
+opposed the new war credit.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 15&mdash;Bavarian soldiers to be court-martialed for mutiny at Antwerp.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 18&mdash;Rumors that Prince Otto of Windisch-Graetz will be the new
+Belgian King.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 19&mdash;Relations between the Prussian Government and the Poles have
+improved.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 21&mdash;George Weill, member of the Reichstag from Metz, is fighting in
+the French Army; Chile protests against alleged violations of her
+neutrality by the navy.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 22&mdash;Supplies in Ghent commandeered for Christmas celebration.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 24&mdash;Germany denies French charges that neutral ships have been
+hired to lay mines in the Mediterranean.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 27&mdash;Commander of the Yorcke gets two-year term for losing vessel;
+German spy seized while trying to enter Gibraltar disguised as a Moor.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 30&mdash;British prisoner sentenced to death for assaulting a German
+officer.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 31&mdash;Kaiser sends New Year's greetings to President Wilson and the
+United States; German press has received with exultation the news of
+American note on British interference with American commerce.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 7&mdash;United States State Department informs Ambassador von Bernstorff
+that the United States cannot investigate the German charge that British
+use dumdum bullets; German military authorities in Belgium deny that
+Cardinal Mercier has been arrested.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HOLLAND.</h3>
+
+<p>Oct. 18&mdash;Government anxious to be relieved of care of Belgian refugees;
+is urging them to return home.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 19&mdash;Cities are feeling the strain of caring for Belgian refugees.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 28&mdash;Army massed on the border because of fear of invasion.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 31&mdash;Ammunition is seized from interned French and Belgian
+soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 7&mdash;Soldiers protest to the German Minister at The Hague against
+alleged atrocities of German troops on the Belgian border.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 8&mdash;Scheldt River is being guarded; new intrenchments are being
+made; canals are guarded.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 3&mdash;Rioting in Belgian concentration camps; troops kill six Belgians
+and wound nine.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 7&mdash;Government loans wheat to Belgium.</p>
+
+
+<h3>INDIA.</h3>
+
+<p>Oct. 28&mdash;Troops surprise German sentries in Belgium and destroy
+ammunition stores.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 1&mdash;Moslems support England against Turkey.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 3&mdash;The Nizam of Hyderabad issues manifesto proclaiming loyalty to
+Britain; Aga Khan says Germans coerced Turks.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 6&mdash;Army of Afghans sent to the frontier; border tribes reported in
+revolt.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 10&mdash;Letters found on wounded Germans show orders to make Indian
+troops a special target.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 18&mdash;German Emperor tells Crown Prince that Sheik-ul-Islam has
+issued proclamation of Moslem holy war; Indian troops are being used
+against Germans in East Africa.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 21&mdash;Detachment of motor ambulances is being formed for troops in
+fighting in Europe.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 6&mdash;Ruling Princes make large donations to expenses of the war.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 19&mdash;Gaekwar of Baroda buys Empress of India to serve as a hospital
+ship.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ITALY.</h3>
+
+<p>Oct. 16&mdash;Austrian Deputy crosses from Trient into Italy and urges people
+to join Allies.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 19&mdash;Fleet is mobilized, with Duke of the Abruzzi in command.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 22&mdash;Marconi says the country is ready for war.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 30&mdash;Ambassador asked to care for Russian interests at
+Constantinople.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 2&mdash;Large part of the public wants war.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 10&mdash;Hotels discharge German employes.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 19&mdash;Many members of Parliament urge action for the Allies.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 20&mdash;Demonstration against Prof. Grassi, a leader of the pro-German
+party.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 22&mdash;Government assigns $9,200,000 for extraordinary military
+expenses in Cyrenaica.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 30&mdash;Cabinet meets to consider the nation's international policy;
+Federation of the Italian Press denounces visit of journalists to
+Germany.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 3&mdash;Premier Salandro makes speech at opening of Parliament; nation
+will preserve armed neutrality; Belgium is cheered.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 4&mdash;Anti-German and anti-Austrian speeches made in Chamber of
+Deputies.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 5&mdash;Chamber of Deputies passes vote of confidence in the Government.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 8&mdash;Reported in Rome that Prince von Buelow, new German Ambassador
+to Italy, comes to offer Trient as price of Italy's neutrality, and that
+Austria is willing to cede it.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 13&mdash;Artillerymen of older classes called out.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 14&mdash;Meetings held in some cities in favor of intervention;
+pro-Germans mobbed in Rome.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 19&mdash;Unanimous manifestation in Senate in favor of peace; National
+Federation of Engineers offers services of 1,000 engineers for
+enlistment.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 20&mdash;Transportation company fined for trying to ship foodstuffs to
+Trieste.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 28&mdash;Government checks plot to export foodstuffs to Germany; two
+arrests.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 30&mdash;Foodstuff smuggling plot proves to be extensive; German Embassy
+stated to be involved.</p>
+
+
+<h3>JAPAN.</h3>
+
+<p>Oct. 21&mdash;Winston Churchill praises the navy.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 18&mdash;Marshall and other German islands in the Pacific to be handed
+over to England until war ends.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 19&mdash;Baron Kato says sending of troops to Europe is a doubtful
+measure.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 3&mdash;It is reported that Japanese officers are serving with the
+Russian Army.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 8&mdash;Baron Kato tells Diet it has not been decided whether Kiao-Chau
+will be returned to China; he says fleet is looking for German ships in
+South American waters.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 9&mdash;Baron Kato's statement causes a sensation in China.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 10&mdash;Military control over South Sea Islands to be divided with
+Australia.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 17&mdash;Ships sent to South Sea Islands for investigation of
+colonization possibilities; great welcome in Tokio to Lieut. Gen. Kamio
+and Vice Admiral Kato, conquerors of Tsing-tau.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 22&mdash;Gabriel Hanotaux opposes sending of Japanese troops to Europe.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 30&mdash;Foreign Office denies that troops have landed in Russia.</p>
+
+
+<h3>RUSSIA.</h3>
+
+<p>Oct. 19&mdash;Desolation in many parts of Russian Poland; prohibition of use
+of vodka since the war has resulted in much good.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 22&mdash;Funds are being raised to help Poland; Russian Poles urge
+German Poles to lay down their arms.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 24&mdash;Reservists from Canada, including Doukhobors, reach Petrograd.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 28&mdash;German girl spy is shot.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 29&mdash;Polish Catholic regiments are being raised.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 30&mdash;Gen. Dimitrieff gives the order, "Don't count the enemy; beat
+him"; nation welcomes the war with Turkey as giving a chance to settle
+the Eastern question; formation of Polish legions under Polish
+commanders is sanctioned.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 1&mdash;Government warns Bulgaria against attacking Servia.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 2&mdash;Caucasus Moslems are loyal.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 6&mdash;Newspapers refer to Constantinople as Tzargrad.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 8&mdash;Grand Duke Nicholas congratulated by Lord Kitchener on his
+successes.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 14&mdash;Czar will grant funds to aid Catholics in rebuilding ruined
+churches; troops withdrawn from Finland.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 15&mdash;Fines are being levied on conquered Prussian towns.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 18&mdash;Report that Russian troops passed through Scotland to France is
+officially denied in British Parliament.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 25&mdash;Mobilization of first reserves ordered in certain centres.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 26&mdash;An industrial panic is feared; it is reported that Russian
+regiments are in Servia.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 30&mdash;Germans expelled from Petrograd for raising funds for warships.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 6&mdash;Russian professors deride German "Kultur."</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 20&mdash;Polish legion organized.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TURKEY.</h3>
+
+<p>Oct. 19&mdash;Turkey declines to discharge German crews of cruisers Goeben
+and Breslau at England's protest.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 21&mdash;Six hundred German officers reported to be in Turkey.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 29&mdash;Grand Vizier is warned that invasion of Egypt means war with
+Allies.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 30&mdash;Allies ask for explanation of bombardment of Odessa.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 1&mdash;British, French, and Russian subjects begin to leave
+Constantinople.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 2&mdash;Grand Vizier expresses regret to Allies for war operations of
+fleet; Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sazonof says it is too late;
+Allies insist on reparation to Russia, dismissal of German officers from
+the Goeben and Breslau, and internment of vessels until end of the war.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 4&mdash;American warship sent to Beirut to protect Christians.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 5&mdash;Authorities restrained from preventing departure of foreign
+subjects by intervention of American Consul.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 6&mdash;Merchandise in cities of Syria seized by Government officials.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 11&mdash;Conspiracy discovered in Constantinople against Germans and
+Young Turks; leaders shot; refugees in Petrograd report Christians in
+peril.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 12&mdash;Military revolt in Adrianople against German commanders.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 13&mdash;Bomb in Enver Bey's palace kills five German officers; Enver
+Bey unharmed.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 14&mdash;Government issues statement blaming war on England.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 16&mdash;Government denies intention to violate international character
+of the Suez Canal; Sultan issues proclamation to army and navy.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 18&mdash;Anti-German plots discovered; army and navy officers protest
+against assumption of authority by Germans; committee formed to rid
+country of German domination.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 23&mdash;Disorders in Constantinople; British Embassy looted; Russian
+hospital pillaged.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 24&mdash;San Stefano church wrecked by mob.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 26&mdash;British, French, and Russians in Jerusalem are imprisoned and
+their homes looted; massacre feared; Italian Consul asks for warships.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 27&mdash;Canadian missionaries allowed to leave the country.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 28&mdash;Riots in Erzerum; Armenians slain.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 29&mdash;Moslem priests urge killing of infidels on first appearance of
+hostile fleets; Government decides to sequestrate all religious
+establishments in Palestine belonging to Allies.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 1&mdash;Turks are becoming brigands at the expense of subjects of the
+Allies.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 4&mdash;Rioting throughout the country; holy war proclaimed against
+Servia and her allies; foreigners in danger.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 12&mdash;Many members of religious orders flee from Palestine; British
+Consul dragged from Italian Consulate in Hodeida.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 13&mdash;Anti-war demonstration by women in Konak and Erzerum;
+foreigners held in Beirut; no letters under seal can be dispatched;
+position of Christians in Armenia is dangerous; mutiny among soldiers in
+barracks and among naval crews; conspiracy against Field Marshal von der
+Goltz.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 17&mdash;Field Marshal von der Goltz is appointed Commandant of
+Constantinople.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 18&mdash;Government permits departure of Consuls and other aliens from
+Syria.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 19&mdash;Government issues manifesto, replying to England's "White
+Paper" on Turkish situation, and giving reasons for joining the war.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 27&mdash;Italian cruiser will help American cruisers in protecting
+Europeans.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 28&mdash;British Consul at Saida freed after threat by American Consul;
+United States cruiser Tennessee takes 500 refugees from Syria.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 2&mdash;Anti-German feeling is growing.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 4&mdash;Germans put Young Turks under oath to support present r&eacute;gime.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 5&mdash;The Pope obtains release of French Catholic missionaries held in
+Syria.</p>
+
+
+<h3>RELIEF WORK.</h3>
+
+<p>Oct. 16&mdash;Cardinal Gibbons appeals for Belgians.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 22&mdash;Dollar Christmas Fund for Belgians is organized; Belgian Relief
+Committee cables $50,000 to Belgians through Ambassador Page.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 24&mdash;British Government lifts embargo on foodstuffs for Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 27&mdash;Gov. Glynn names New York State Committee of Mercy; Salvation
+Army starts "self-denial period."</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 30&mdash;Rohilla, British hospital ship, runs on rocks on Yorkshire
+coast; it is believed 100 perished; American Commission sends foodstuffs
+to Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 31&mdash;King of the Belgians appeals to the American people for help;
+American Red Cross unit leaves Petrograd for Kiev; Queen Mary sends
+thanks for sending of relief ship Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 2&mdash;Rockefeller Foundation is to investigate conditions in Belgium;
+Commission for Relief in Belgium now on an international basis.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 3&mdash;Massapequa, Rockefeller Foundation relief ship, sails.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 4&mdash;Fashion Fete in New York for benefit of Committee of Mercy.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 7&mdash;Committee formed in England to find work for Belgian refugees;
+American Women's Fund in England presents motor ambulances to British
+War Office.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 9&mdash;New York's gifts exceed $1,525,000.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 11&mdash;Wealthy Belgians give $3,000,000 to relief.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 12&mdash;Queen Mary visits the American Women's War Hospital at
+Paignton, Devonshire.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 13&mdash;Two American Red Cross units in Germany; two more Rockefeller
+Foundation relief ships to sail.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 17&mdash;Ambassador von Bernstorff presents statement to Secretary Bryan
+that Germany welcomes American assistance for Belgians.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 18&mdash;Cardinal Mercier sends appeal to America for help for Belgians.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 20&mdash;Cardinal Farley directs special collection for war sufferers.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 22&mdash;Kansas to give 50,000 barrels of flour.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 23&mdash;Rockefeller Foundation will rush relief to wide area; it is
+planned to send supplies to Austria, Servia, and Russia; Massapequa
+unloaded at Rotterdam.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 25&mdash;American Christmas ship Jason, with 5,000,000 Christmas gifts
+for European children, enters Plymouth escorted by warships; Rockefeller
+Foundation investigating agents leave England for the Continent;
+American Relief Clearing House organized to centralize American relief
+in Europe.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 26&mdash;Southern and Western States are contributing liberally;
+American colony in Berlin gives up Thanksgiving dinner to hold
+entertainment for benefit of war sufferers.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 28&mdash;Jason sails from Devonport to Marseilles; American hospital,
+gift of American colony, opened in Petrograd.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 29&mdash;Four ships to be sent by Rockefeller Foundation before Jan. 1.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 1&mdash;American Commission for Relief in Belgium to manage all Belgian
+relief.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 2&mdash;Prince of Wales Fund reaches $20,000,000; Virginia is to send a
+shipload of food and supplies this month.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 3&mdash;Ambassador Gerard cables that Germans approve America's relief
+work.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 4&mdash;American students at Oxford take up relief work in Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 5&mdash;Batiscan, British steamer, sails with food for Belgians under
+safe conduct from Germany; charity bazaar for benefit of German and
+Austrian soldiers opens in New York.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 6&mdash;New Belgian relief plan is started with capital supplied by the
+Belgian, British, and French Governments; Jason sails for Genoa.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 8&mdash;Two sections of American Red Cross leave Italy for Servia.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 9&mdash;Polish-American Relief Committee formed.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 10&mdash;Fund for the Forgotten Poor of Servia formed.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 12&mdash;American Red Cross ships large consignment of hospital
+supplies; Rockefeller Foundation steamer Niches sails with a $400,000
+cargo; Antwerp is suffering from lack of flour; American Consul
+Diederich asks bread for his family.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 15&mdash;Thirty-five carloads of food arrive in New York for the
+Belgians from the South and West; Jason leaves Genoa for Salonika.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 17&mdash;American commission report shows that cargoes of relief
+supplies valued at over $10,000,000 have been delivered or arranged for;
+Dr. Alexis Carrel is making an inspection tour of the French military
+hospitals.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 19&mdash;W.W. Astor contributes $125,000 for needy families of British
+officers; American hospital opened in Nice for wounded French soldiers;
+large American Red Cross consignment of supplies sent to Russia.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 20&mdash;German bazaar closes, with receipts of $300,000.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 23&mdash;King of the Belgians sends message of thanks to America.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 28&mdash;It is planned that every State shall send a food ship to
+Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 29&mdash;Total amount given by the United States for Belgium through the
+Belgium Relief Committee is $1,490,000.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 31&mdash;Steamer Massapequa, sent by Rockefeller Foundation, sails on
+her second voyage with supplies for Belgians; Rockefeller Foundation has
+thus far spent more than $1,000,000 on relief; sailing of the fifth
+Belgian relief ship to leave Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 1&mdash;Rockefeller Foundation buys 6,000,000 bushels of wheat in the
+Chicago market for Belgians.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 3&mdash;Shipload of food to be sent from United States to the Albanians.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 5&mdash;Minister Brand Whitlock sends message that Germany will give
+Americans free hands in sending supplies to Belgium; British and German
+Governments require that ships for Belgium shall carry no other cargo
+than supplies; food ship sent by State of Kansas sails; British War
+Office sends thanks for American assistance.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 7&mdash;French Government thanks Americans for work done by Lafayette
+Fund; Ohio, Nebraska, Maryland, and Virginia will send food ships this
+week.</p>
+
+
+<h3>RESERVISTS.</h3>
+
+<p>Oct. 28&mdash;England orders enemy's reservists on the high seas to be
+seized.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 16&mdash;Arrests result from attempt to smuggle Austrian reservists into
+the United States from Canada.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 20&mdash;Austrian reservists stranded in New York say Consuls have
+neglected them.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 21&mdash;Danish and Swedish reservists in Canada told to report for
+duty.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 2&mdash;Belgian reservists of classes from 1899 to 1914 summoned by
+Consul General in New York.</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 12&mdash;French reservist living in Northern Canada walks 1,300 miles to
+the nearest railway station to start for the front.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 2&mdash;Four German reservists taken off Norwegian-American liner
+Bergenfjord in New York Harbor and placed under arrest; extensive
+fraudulent passport plot is charged.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 4&mdash;John Doe warrants issued for reservists holding fraudulent
+passports; Bureau of Investigation of Department of Justice is
+conducting inquiry in Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Jan. 6&mdash;Federal Grand Jury in New York is to investigate.</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image74a.jpg" width="261" height="400" alt="map" title="map" />
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>South-eastern Theatre of the War</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a href="images/image74.png">Enlarge</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' />
+
+<h3><a name="FOOTNOTES" id="FOOTNOTES">FOOTNOTES</a></h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> It should be noted that the purchasing power of money was
+then approximately four times higher than at present.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Mr. Maslov, who is a well-known Russian economist, was
+arrested shortly after the beginning of the war on suspicion of not
+being loyal enough.&mdash;Translator.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> The Russian Free Economic Association is one of the oldest
+scientific bodies of Russia. It considers at its meetings proposed
+taxation and various questions of economic policy. It is but natural
+that the proposed new taxes should have provoked ardent discussion in
+this association. How the war taxes should be levied (direct versus
+indirect taxation) and who shall be the taxpayers, were among the chief
+topics discussed at its recent meetings.&mdash;Translator.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Duffel, Lierre, Berlaer Saint Rombaut, Konings-Hoyckt,
+Mortsel, Waelhem, Muysen, Wavre Sainte Caterine, Wavre N&ocirc;tre Dame,
+Sempst, Weerde, Eppeghen, Hofstade, Elewyt, Rymenam, Boort-Meerbeek,
+Wespelaer, Haecht, Werchter-Wackerzeel, Rotselaer, Tremeloo; Louvain and
+its suburban environs, Blauwput, Kessel-Loo, Boven-Loo, Linden, H&eacute;rent,
+Thildonck, Bueken, Relst, Aerschot, Wesemael, Hersselt, Diest, Schaffen,
+Molenstede, Rillaer, Gelrode.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Haekendover, Roosbeek, Bautersem, Budingen, Neerlinder,
+Ottignies, Mousty, Wavre, Beyghem, Capelle-au-Bois, Humbeek,
+Nieuwenrode, Liezelo, Londerzeel, Heyndonck, Mariekerke, Weert,
+Blaesvelt.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Their brothers in religion or in the priesthood will wish
+to know their names. Here they are: Dupierreux of the Society of Jesus,
+Brothers Sebastian and Allard of the Congregation of the Josephites,
+Brother Candide of the Congregation of the Brothers of Mercy, Father
+Maximin, Capuchin, and Father Vincent, Conventual; Lombaerts, parish
+priest at Boven-Loo; Goris, parish priest at Autgaerden; Carette,
+professor at the Episcopal College of Louvain; de Clerck, parish priest
+at Bueken; Dergent, parish priest at Gelrode, and Wouters Jean, parish
+priest at Pont-Bu&ucirc;l&eacute;. We have reason to believe that the parish priest
+of H&eacute;rent, van Bladel, an old man of 71, was also killed. Until now,
+however, his body has not been found.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> I have said that thirteen ecclesiastics had been shot
+within the Diocese of Malines. There were, to my own actual personal
+knowledge, more than thirty in the Dioceses of Namur, Tournai, and
+Li&eacute;ge&mdash;Schlogel, parish priest of Hasti&egrave;re; Gille, parish priest of
+Couvin; Pieret, curate at Etalle; Alexandre, curate at Mussy-la-Ville;
+Mar&eacute;chal, seminarist at Maissin; the Rev. Father Gillet, Benedictine of
+Maredsous; the Rev. Father Nicolas, Premonstratensian of the Abbey of
+Leffe; two brothers of the same abbey; one brother of the Congregation
+of Oblates; Poskin, parish priest of Surice; Hotlet, parish priest of
+Les Alloux; Georges, parish priest of Tintigny; Glouden, parish priest
+of Latour; Zenden, retired parish priest of Latour; Jacques, a priest;
+Druet, parish priest of Acoz; Pollart, parish priest of Roselies;
+Labeye, parish priest of Blegny-Trembleur; Thielen, parish priest of
+Haccourt; Janssen, parish priest of Heure le Romain; Chabot, parish
+priest of For&ecirc;t; Dossogne, parish priest of Hockay; Reusonnet, curate of
+Olme; Bilande, chaplain of the Institute of Deaf Mutes at Bouge; Docq, a
+priest, and others.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Compare the railway maps of Northern France and Northern
+Germany in "Cook's Continental Time Tables" for the years 1908 and 1914.
+</p><p>
+A confidential agent of the British Government examined the ground in
+May, 1914. Part of the results of his work has been published from time
+to time by the military correspondents of The Times and The Morning Post
+of London and all is particularly designated in the British Foreign
+Office Memorandum secured by Prof. Hibben of Princeton on Nov. 9, 1914,
+and published in <span class="smcap">The New York Times</span> of Nov. 25. In this memorandum it is
+stated:
+</p><p>
+"The strategic dispositions of Germany, especially as regards railways,
+have for some years given rise to the apprehension that Germany would
+attack France through Belgium."
+</p><p>
+The disposition of the Third, Seventh, Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh
+Germany Army Corps and the First, Fourth, and Fifth Cavalry Divisions,
+from Aug. 2 to 5, shown on French war maps, reveals that the attack was
+so made.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> This war chronology is continued from the issue of Jan. 23,
+and will be carried on in successive issues.</p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY: THE EUROPEAN WAR, FEBRUARY, 1915***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 18880-h.txt or 18880-h.zip *******</p>
+<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br />
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The New York Times Current History: the
+European War, February, 1915, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The New York Times Current History: the European War, February, 1915
+
+
+Author: Various
+
+
+
+Release Date: July 20, 2006  [eBook #18880]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT
+HISTORY: THE EUROPEAN WAR, FEBRUARY, 1915***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Linda Cantoni, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net/)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 18880-h.htm or 18880-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/8/8/8/18880/18880-h/18880-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/8/8/8/18880/18880-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+The New York Times
+
+CURRENT HISTORY: THE EUROPEAN WAR
+
+FEBRUARY, 1915
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE PRINCE OF WALES IN WAR KIT.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _by American Press Assn._)]
+
+[Illustration: FIELD MARSHAL PAUL VON HINDENBURG,
+
+Commander of the German Armies in the East.
+
+(_Photo from Brown Bros._)]
+
+
+
+
+The New Russia Speaks
+
+An Appeal by Russian Authors, Artists, and Actors
+
+[From the Russkia Vedomosti, No. 223, Sept. 28, (Oct. 11,) 1914, P. 6.]
+
+
+We appeal to our country, we appeal to the whole civilized world.
+
+What our heart and our reason refused to believe has come indisputably
+true, to the greatest shame of humanity. Every new day brings new
+horrible proofs of the cruelty and the vandalism of the Germans in the
+bloody clash of nations which we are witnessing, in that neutral
+slaughtering of brothers provoked by the madness of these same Germans;
+in their vainglorious ambition to rule the world with violence, they are
+throwing upon the scales of the world's justice nothing but the sword.
+We fancy that Germany, oblivious of her past fame, has turned to the
+altars of her cruel national gods whose defeat has been accomplished by
+the incarnation of the one gracious god upon earth. Her warriors seem to
+have assumed the miserable duty of reminding humanity of the latent
+vigor of the aboriginal beast within man, of the fact that even the
+leading nations of civilization, by letting loose their ill-will, may
+easily fall back on an equal footing with their forefathers--those half
+naked bands that fifteen centuries ago trampled under their heavy feet
+the ancient inheritance of civilization. As in the days of yore, again
+priceless productions of art, temples, and libraries perish in
+conflagration, whole cities and towns are wiped off the face of the
+earth, rivers are overflowing with blood, through heaps of cadavers
+savage men are hewing their path, and those whose lips are shouting in
+honor of their criminal supreme commander are inflicting untold tortures
+and infamies upon defenseless people, upon aged men and women, upon
+captives and wounded.
+
+Let these horrible crimes be entered upon the Book of Fate with eternal
+letters! These crimes shall awake within us one sole burning wish--to
+wrest the arms from the barbarous hands, to deprive Germany forever of
+that brutal power upon whose achievement she has concentrated all her
+thoughts. Already the seed of national pride and of hatred, widely sown
+by her, has awakened a magnificent growth. This hatred may spread like
+wildfire among other nations, and then will resound the voice of those
+blinded by wrath, the voice of those demanding vengeance, the voice of
+those repudiating everything great and beautiful among the creations of
+the German genius to the rejoicing and for the benefit of all mankind.
+
+But let us remember the disastrous results of such a course--for the
+black crimes thrust by Germany upon herself by drawing the sword, and
+the outrages in which she has indulged herself while drunk with victory
+are the inevitable fruits of the darkness which she has voluntarily
+entered. At present she is pursuing this course, encouraged even by her
+poets, scientists, and social and political leaders.
+
+Her adversaries, carrying peace and victory to their peoples, shall
+indeed be inspired solely by holy motives.
+
+_Signed by:_
+
+K. ARSENIEV, I. BUNIN, A. VESSELOVSKI, NESTOR KOTLIAREVSKI, and D.
+OVSIANIKO-KULIKOVSKI, Honorary Members of the Academy.
+
+F. KORSCH, Regular Member of the Academy.
+
+A. GRUZINSKI, President of the Society of the Amateurs of Russian
+Literature.
+
+Prof. P. SAKULIN, Vice President.
+
+Prof. L. LOPATIN, President of the Moscow Psychological Association.
+
+N. DAVYDOV, President of the Tolstoy League of Moscow.
+
+Prince V. GOLYTZIN, President of the Literary, Dramatic and Musical
+Society of A.N. Ostrovski.
+
+S. SHPAZINSKI, President of the League of Russian Authors and Composers.
+
+I. KONDRATIEV, Secretary.
+
+I. POPOV, President of the Literary-Artistic Circle.
+
+S. IVANTZOV, Vice President.
+
+V. FRITSCHE, President of the Council of the Newspaper Writers and
+Authors' Association.
+
+V. ANZIMIROV, Chairman of the Board.
+
+JULIUS BUNIN, President of the Literary Circle "Sreda" and the Vice
+President of the Moscow Society for Aid to Authors and Newspaper
+Writers.
+
+N. TELESHEV, Chairman of the Moscow Board of the Mutual Aid Fund for
+Authors and Scientists.
+
+A. BAKHRUSHIN, Chairman of the Board of the Literary-Theatrical Museum
+of the Academy of Sciences in Moscow.
+
+JOANN BRUSSOV, Member of the Committee of the Society of Free Esthetics.
+
+P. STRUVE, editor of the magazine, Russkaia Mysl.
+
+N. MIKHAILOV, editor of the magazine, Vestnik Vospitania, (Educational
+Messenger.)
+
+D. TIKHOMIROV, editor of the magazine, Yunaia Rossiia, (Young Russia.)
+
+S. MAKHALOV RAZUMOVSKI, and D. GOLUBEV. TH. ARNOLD, Prof. N. BAZHENOV,
+Y. BALTRUSHAITIS, A. BIBIKOV, BOGDANOVITSCH, I. BELORUSSOV, Lecturer D.
+GENKIN, SERGIUS GLAGOL, MAXIME GORKY, V. YERMILOV, V. KALLASH, Prof. A.
+KIESEVETTER, E. KURTSCH-EK, V. LADYSHENSKI, A. LEDNITZKI, SERGIUS
+NAIDENOV, Prof. M. ROZANOV, Prof. M. ROSTOVTZEV, A. SERAFIMOVICH,
+SKITALETS, (S. PETROV,) I. SURGUTSCHEV, Lecturer K. USPENSKI, L.
+KHITROVO, A. TZATURIAN, Prof. A. TZINGER, I. TSHEKHOV, Lecturer S.
+SHAMBINAGO, N. SHKLIAR, and I. SHMELEV, the representatives of the
+Publishing House of the Authors in Moscow.
+
+RUSSIAN PAINTERS.--A. ARKHIPOV, Member of Academy; A. ALADZHALOV, V.
+BKSHEIEV, V. BYTSCHKOV, A. VASNETZOV, Member of Academy; VICTOR
+VASNETZOV, S. VINOGRADOV, Member of Academy; S. ZHUKOVSKI, M. ZAITZEV,
+P. KELIN, A. KORIN, K. KOROVIN, S. KONENKOV, K. LEBEDEV, S. MALIUTIN, S.
+MERKULOV, sculptor; S. MILORADOVITCH, Y. MINTSCHENKO, L. PASTERNAK, V.
+PEREPLETTSCHIKOV, K. PERVUKHIN, A. STEPANOV, Member of Academy; A.
+SREDIN, E. SHANKS, and M. SHEMIAKIN.
+
+F.O. SHEICHTEL, the President of the Association of the Moscow
+Architects, Member of the Academy.
+
+REPRESENTING THE GREAT IMPERIAL THEATRE.--U. AVRANEK, Ancient Artist; K.
+ANTAROVA, L. BALANOVSKAIA, A. BOGDANOVICH, A. BONATCHITCH, N.
+BAKALEINIKOV, K. VALTZ, R. VASILEVSKI, P. VASILIEV, S. GARDENIN, A.
+GERASIMENKO, E. GREMINA, E. DAVYDOVA, A. DOBROVOLSKAIA, N. DOCTOR, E.
+KUPER, M. KUZHIAMSKI, A. LABINSKI, V. LOSSKI, E. LUTSCHEZARSKAIA, N.
+MAMONTOV, S. MIGDI, A. NEZHDANOVA, S. OLSHANSKI, V. OSIPOV, N.
+OSTROGRADSKAIA, V. OBTSCHINIKOV, F. ORESHKEVITCH, O. PABLOVA, TH.
+PAVLOVSKI, A. PRAVDINA, V. PETROV, G. PIROGOV, E. PODOLSKAIA, L.
+SAVRANSKI, M. SEMENOVA, S. SINITZYNA, LEONID SOBINOV, E. STEPANOVA, V.
+SUK, TOLKATCHEV, TRIANDOPHILION, P. TIKHONOV, A. USPENSKI, N. THEODOROV,
+P. FIGUROV, R. FIDELMAN, L. FILSHIN, TH. SHALIAPIN, V. SHKAFER, and F.
+ZRIST.
+
+SMALL IMPERIAL THEATRE.--S. AIDAROV, &c., altogether the signatures of
+forty artists.
+
+ARTISTIC THEATRE.--N. ALEXANDROV, &c., altogether the signatures of
+forty-nine artists.
+
+THEATRE OF KORSCH.--Director, Mr. TH. KORSH; regisseur, A. LIAROV;
+representatives of the artists, A. TSCHARIN and G. MARTYNOVA.
+
+THEATRE OF NEZLOBIN.--A. ALIABIEVA-NEZLOBINA; regisseur, N. ZVANTZEV;
+representatives of the artists, V. NERONOV, E. LILINA, and A.
+TRETIAKOVA.
+
+MOSCOW DRAMATIC THEATRE.--Director, I. DUVAN; the regisseurs, A. SANIN
+and I. SCHMIDT; artists, B. BORISOV and M. BLUMENTHAL-TAMARINA.
+
+THEATRE OF MR. P. STRUISKI.--Director, P. STRUISKI; regisseur, V.
+VISKOVSKI; M. MORAVSKAIA.
+
+CHAMBER THEATRE.--A. KOONEN, N. ASLANOV, A. ZONOV, and A. TAIROV.
+
+OPERA OF S.I. ZIMIN.--Director, S. ZIMIN; the regisseurs, PETER OLENIN
+and A. IVANOVSKI; conductor, E. PLOTNIKOV; representatives of the
+artists, M. BOTCHAROV, P. VOLGAR, V. DAMAIEV, S. DRUZIAKINA, M.
+ZAKREVSKAIA, V. PETROVA-ZVANTZEVA, V. TZIKOK, A. KHOKHLOV, N. SHEVELIEV,
+M. SHUVANOV, and the whole orchestra and the chorus.
+
+M. IPPOLITOV-IVANOV, Director of the Moscow Conservatory; ancient
+professor, I. GRZHIMALI; professor, A. ILIINSKI.
+
+P. KOTSCHETOV, Director of the Musical and Dramatical School of the
+Philharmonic Society; A. BRANDUKOV, Inspector of same school; professor,
+A. KORESHTSCHENKO.
+
+Y. VASILIEVA, President of the Actors' Aid Society.
+
+
+
+
+Russia in Literature
+
+By British Men of Letters.
+
+     The following address, signed by a number of distinguished
+     writers in Great Britain, and intended for publication in
+     Russia, appeared in The London Times on Dec. 23, 1914.
+
+_To Our Colleagues in Russia:_
+
+
+At this moment, when your countrymen and ours are alike facing death for
+the deliverance of Europe, we Englishmen of letters take the opportunity
+of uttering to you feelings which have been in our hearts for many
+years. You yourselves perhaps hardly realize what an inspiration
+Englishmen of the last two generations have found in your literature.
+
+Many a writer among us can still call back, from ten or twenty or thirty
+years ago, the feeling of delight and almost of bewilderment with which
+he read his first Russian novel. Perhaps it was "Virgin Soil" or
+"Fathers and Sons," perhaps "War and Peace," or "Anna Karenina"; perhaps
+"Crime and Punishment" or "The Idiot"; perhaps, again, it was the work
+of some author still living. But many of us then felt, as our poet Keats
+felt on first reading Homer,
+
+      "like some watcher of the skies
+    When a new planet swims into his ken."
+
+It was a strange world that opened before us, a world full of foreign
+names which we could neither pronounce nor remember, of foreign customs
+and articles of daily life which we could not understand. Yet beneath
+all the strangeness there was a deep sense of having discovered a new
+home, of meeting our unknown kindred, of finding expressed great burdens
+of thought which had lain unspoken and half-realized at the depths of
+our own minds. The books were very different one from another, sometimes
+they were mutually hostile; yet we found in all some quality which made
+them one, and made us at one with them. We will not attempt to analyze
+that quality. It was, perhaps, in part, that deep Russian tenderness,
+which never derides but only pities and respects the unfortunate; in
+part that simple Russian sincerity which never fears to see the truth
+and to express it; but most of all it was that ever-present sense of
+spiritual values, behind the material and utterly transcending the
+material, which enables Russian literature to move so naturally in a
+world of the spirit, where there are no barriers between the ages and
+the nations, but all mankind is one.
+
+And they call you "barbarians"! The fact should make us ask again what
+we mean by the words "culture" and "civilization." Critics used once to
+call our Shakespeare a barbarian, and might equally well give the same
+name to Aeschylus or Isaiah. All poets and prophets are in this sense
+barbarians, that they will not measure life by the standards of external
+"culture." And it is at a time like this, when the material civilization
+of Europe seems to have betrayed us and shown the lie at its heart, that
+we realize that the poets and prophets are right, and that we must, like
+them and like your great writers, once more see life with the simplicity
+of the barbarian or the child, if we are to regain our peace and freedom
+and build up a better civilization on the ruins of this that is
+crumbling.
+
+That task, we trust, will some day lie before us. When at last our
+victorious fleets and armies meet together, and the allied nations of
+East and West set themselves to restore the well-being of many millions
+of ruined homes, France and Great Britain will assuredly bring their
+large contributions of good-will and wisdom, but your country will have
+something to contribute which is all its own. It is not only because of
+your valor in war and your achievements in art, science, and letters
+that we rejoice to have you for allies and friends; it is for some
+quality in Russia herself, something both profound and humane, of which
+these achievements are the outcome and the expression.
+
+You, like us, entered upon this war to defend a weak and threatened
+nation, which trusted you, against the lawless aggression of a strong
+military power; you, like us, have continued it as a war of self-defense
+and self-emancipation. When the end comes and we can breathe again, we
+will help one another to remember the spirit in which our allied nations
+took up arms, and thus work together in a changed Europe to protect the
+weak, to liberate the oppressed, and to bring eventual healing to the
+wounds inflicted on suffering mankind both by ourselves and our enemies.
+
+With assurances of our friendship and gratitude, we sign ourselves,
+
+WILLIAM ARCHER,      J.W. MACKAIL,
+MAURICE BARING,      JOHN MASEFIELD,
+J.M. BARRIE,         A.E.W. MASON,
+ARNOLD BENNETT,      AYLMER MAUDE,
+A.C. BRADLEY,        ALICE MEYNELL,
+ROBERT BRIDGES,      GILBERT MURRAY,
+HALL CAINE,          HENRY NEWBOLT,
+G.K. CHESTERTON,     GILBERT PARKER,
+ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE,  ERNEST DE SELINCOURT,
+NEVILL FORBES,       MAY SINCLAIR,
+JOHN GALSWORTHY,     D. MACKENZIE WALLACE,
+CONSTANCE GARNETT,   MARY A. WARD,
+EDWARD GARNETT,      WILLIAM WATSON,
+A.P. GOUDY,          H.G. WELLS,
+THOMAS HARDY,        MARGARET L. WOODS,
+JANE HARRISON,       C. HAGBERG WRIGHT.
+ANTHONY HOPE,
+HENRY JAMES,
+
+
+
+
+Russia and Europe's War
+
+By Paul Vinogradoff.
+
+
+     _The following letter to The London Times by Paul Vinogradoff,
+     Corpus Professor of Jurisprudence at Oxford University,
+     appeared on Sept. 14, 1914. Prof. Vinogradoff was invited to
+     return to Russia a few years ago to become a Minister of
+     State, but on going there he found the Ministry not liberal
+     enough for him, and returned to Oxford._
+
+_To the Editor of The Times:_
+
+SIR: I hope you may see your way to publish the following somewhat
+lengthy statement on one of the burning questions of the day.
+
+In this time of crisis, when the clash of ideas seems as fierce as the
+struggle of the hosts, it is the duty of those who possess authentic
+information on one or the other point in dispute to speak out firmly and
+clearly. I should like to contribute some observations on German and
+Russian conceptions in matters of culture. I base my claim to be heard
+on the fact that I have had the privilege of being closely connected
+with Russian, German, and English life. As a Russian Liberal, who had to
+give up an honorable position at home for the sake of his opinions, I
+can hardly be suspected of subserviency to the Russian bureaucracy.
+
+I am struck by the insistence with which the Germans represent their
+cause in this worldwide struggle as the cause of civilization as opposed
+to Muscovite barbarism; and I am not sure that some of my English
+friends do not feel reluctant to side with the subjects of the Czar
+against the countrymen of Harnack and Eucken. One would like to know,
+however, since when did the Germans take up this attitude? They were not
+so squeamish during the "war of emancipation," which gave birth to
+modern Germany. At that time the people of Eastern Prussia were
+anxiously waiting for the appearance of Cossacks as heralds of the
+Russian hosts who were to emancipate them from the yoke of Napoleon. Did
+the Prussians and Austrians reflect on the humiliation of an alliance
+with the Muscovites, and on the superiority of the code civil when the
+Russian Guard at Kulm stood like a rock against the desperate onslaughts
+of Vandamme? Perhaps by this time the inhabitants of Berlin have
+obliterated the bas-relief in the Alley of Victories, representing
+Prince William of Prussia, the future victor of Sedan, seeking safety
+within the square of the Kaluga regiment! Russian blood has flowed in
+numberless battles in the cause of the Germans and Austrians. The
+present Armageddon might perhaps have been avoided if Emperor Nicholas
+I. had left the Hapsburg monarchy to its own resources in 1849, and had
+not unwisely crushed the independence of Hungary. Within our memory, the
+benevolent neutrality of Russia guarded Germany in 1870 from an attack
+in the rear by its opponents of Sadowa. Are all such facts to be
+explained away on the ground that the despised Muscovites may be
+occasionally useful as "gun meat," but are guilty of sacrilege if they
+take up a stand against German taskmasters in "shining armor"? The older
+generations of Germany had not yet reached that comfortable conclusion.
+The last recommendation which the founder of the German Empire made on
+his deathbed to his grandson was to keep on good terms with that Russia
+which is now proclaimed to be a debased mixture of Byzantine, Tartar,
+and Muscovite abominations.
+
+Fortunately, the course of history does not depend on the frantic
+exaggerations of partisans. The world is not a classroom in which docile
+nations are distributed according to the arbitrary standards of German
+pedagogues. Europe has admired the patriotic resistance of the Spanish,
+Tyrolese, and Russian peasants to the enlightened tyranny of Napoleon.
+There are other standards of culture besides proficiency in research and
+aptitude for systematic work. The massacre of Louvain, the hideous
+brutality of the Germans--as regards non-combatants--to mention only one
+or two of the appalling occurrences of these last weeks--have thrown a
+lurid light on the real character of twentieth-century German culture.
+"By their fruits ye shall know them," said our Lord, and the saying
+which He aimed at the Scribes and Pharisees of His time is indeed
+applicable to the proud votaries of German civilization today. Nobody
+wishes to underestimate the services rendered by the German people to
+the cause of European progress, but those who have known Germany during
+the years following on the achievements of 1870 have watched with dismay
+the growth of that arrogant conceit which the Greeks called ubris. The
+cold-blooded barbarity advocated by Bernhardi, the cynical view taken of
+international treaties and of the obligations of honor by the German
+Chancellor--these things reveal a spirit which it would be difficult
+indeed to describe as a sign of progress.
+
+One of the effects of such a frame of mind is to strike the victim of it
+with blindness. This symptom has been manifest in the stupendous
+blunders of German diplomacy. The successors of Bismarck have alienated
+their natural allies, such as Italy and Rumania, and have driven England
+into this war against the evident intentions of English Radicals. But
+the Germans have misconceived even more important things--they set out
+on their adventure in the belief that England would be embarrassed by
+civil war and unable to take any effective part in the fray; and they
+had to learn something which all their writers had not taught them--that
+there is a nation's spirit watching over England's safety and greatness,
+a spirit at whose mighty call all party differences and racial strifes
+fade into insignificance. In the same way they had reckoned on the
+unpreparedness of Russia, in consequence of internal dissensions and
+administrative weakness, without taking heed of the love of all Russians
+for Russia, of their devotion to the long-suffering giant whose life is
+throbbing in their veins. The Germans expected to encounter raw and
+sluggish troops under intriguing time-servers and military Hamlets whose
+"native hue of resolution" had been "sicklied o'er with the pale cast of
+thought." Instead of that they were confronted with soldiers of the same
+type as those whom Frederick the Great and Napoleon admired, led at last
+by chiefs worthy of their men. And behind these soldiers they discovered
+a nation. Do they realize now what a force they have awakened? Do they
+understand that a steadfast, indomitable resolution, despising all
+theatrical display, is moving Russia's hosts? Even if the Russian
+Generals had proved mediocre, even if many disappointing days had been
+in store, the nation would not belie its history. It has seen more than
+one conquering army go down before it--the Tartars and the Poles, the
+Swedes of Charles XII., the Prussians of Frederick the Great, the Grand
+Army of Napoleon were not less formidable than the Kaiser's army, but
+the task of mastering a united Russia proved too much for each one of
+them. The Germans counted on the fratricidal feud between Poles and
+Russians, on the resentment of the Jews, on the Mohammedan sympathies
+with Turkey, and so forth. They had to learn too late that the Jews had
+rallied around the country of their hearths, and that the best of them
+cannot believe that Russia will continue to deny them the measure of
+justice and humanity which the leaders of Russian thought have long
+acknowledged to be due to them. More important still, the Germans have
+read the Grand Duke's appeal to the Poles and must have heard of the
+manner in which it was received in Poland, of the enthusiastic support
+offered to the Russian cause. If nothing else came of this great
+historical upheaval but the reconciliation of the Russians and their
+noble kinsmen the Poles, the sacrifices which this crisis demands would
+not be too great a price to pay for the result.
+
+But the hour of trial has revealed other things. It has appealed to the
+best feelings and the best elements of the Russian Nation. It has
+brought out in a striking manner the fundamental tendency of Russian
+political life and the essence of Russian culture, which so many people
+have been unable to perceive on account of the chaff on the surface.
+Russia has been going through a painful crisis. In the words of the
+Manifesto of Oct. 17, (30,) 1905, the outward casing of her
+administration had become too narrow and oppressive for the development
+of society with its growing needs, its altered perceptions of rights and
+duties, its changed relations between Government and people. The result
+was that deep-seated political malaise which made itself felt during the
+Japanese war, when society at large refused to take any interest in the
+fate of the army; the feverish rush for "liberties" after the defeat;
+the subsequent reign of reaction and repression, which has cast such a
+gloom over Russian life during these last years. But the effort of the
+national struggle had dwarfed all these misunderstandings and
+misfortunes as in Great Britain the call of the common fatherland has
+dwarfed the dispute between Unionists and Home Rulers. Russian parties
+have not renounced their aspirations; Russian Liberals in particular
+believe in self-government and the rule of law as firmly as ever. But
+they have realized as one man that this war is not an adventure
+engineered by unscrupulous ambition, but a decisive struggle for
+independence and existence; and they are glad to be arrayed in close
+ranks with their opponents from the Conservative side. A friend, a
+Liberal like myself, writes to me from Moscow: "It is a great,
+unforgettable time; we are happy to be all at one!" And from the ranks
+of the most unfortunate of Russia's children, from the haunts of the
+political exiles in Paris, comes the news that Bourtzeff, one of the
+most prominent among the revolutionary leaders, has addressed an appeal
+to his comrades urging them to stand by their country to the utmost of
+their power.
+
+I may add that whatever may have been the shortcomings and the blunders
+of the Russian Government, it is a blessing in this decisive crisis that
+Russians should have a firmly knit organization and a traditional centre
+of authority in the power of the Czar. The present Emperor stands as the
+national leader, not in the histrionic attitude of a war lord but in the
+quiet dignity of his office. He has said and done the right thing, and
+his subjects will follow him to a man. We are sure he will remember in
+the hour of victory the unstinted devotion and sacrifices of all the
+nationalities and parties of his vast empire. It is our firm conviction
+that the sad tale of reaction and oppression is at an end in Russia, and
+that our country will issue from this momentous crisis with the insight
+and strength required for the constructive and progressive statesmanship
+of which it stands in need.
+
+Apart from the details of political and social reform, is the
+regeneration of Russia a boon or a peril to European civilization? The
+declamations of the Germans have been as misleading in this respect as
+in all others. The masterworks of Russian literature are accessible in
+translation nowadays, and the cheap taunts of men like Bernhardi recoil
+on their own heads. A nation represented by Pushkin, Turgeneff, Tolstoy,
+Dostoyevsky in literature, by Kramskoy, Verestchagin, Repin, Glinka,
+Moussorgsky, Tchaikovsky in art, by Mendeleiff, Metchnikoff, Pavloff in
+science, by Kluchevsky and Solovieff in history, need not be ashamed to
+enter the lists in an international competition for the prizes of
+culture. But the German historians ought to have taught their pupils
+that in the world of ideas it is not such competitions that are
+important. A nation handicapped by its geography may have to start later
+in the field, and yet her performance may be relatively better than that
+of her more favored neighbors. It is astonishing to read German
+diatribes about Russian backwardness when one remembers that as recently
+as fifty years ago Austria and Prussia were living under a regime which
+can hardly be considered more enlightened than the present rule in
+Russia. The Italians in Lombardy and Venice have still a vivid
+recollection of Austrian jails; and, as for Prussian militarism, one
+need not go further than the exploits of the Zabern garrisons to
+illustrate its meaning. This being so, it is not particularly to be
+wondered at that the eastern neighbor of Austria and Prussia has
+followed to some extent on the same lines.
+
+But the general direction of Russia's evolution is not doubtful. Western
+students of her history might do well, instead of sedulously collecting
+damaging evidence, to pay some attention to the building up of Russia's
+universities, the persistent efforts of the Zemstvos, the independence
+and the zeal of the press. German scholars should read Hertzen's vivid
+description of the "idealists of the forties." And what about the
+history of the emancipation of the serfs, or of the regeneration of the
+judicature? The "reforms of the sixties" are a household word in Russia,
+and surely they are one of the noblest efforts ever made by a nation in
+the direction of moral improvement.
+
+Looking somewhat deeper, what right have the Germans to speak of their
+cultural ideals as superior to those of the Russian people? They deride
+the superstitions of the mujikh as if tapers and genuflexions were the
+principal matters of popular religion. Those who have studied the
+Russian people without prejudice know better than that. Read Selma
+Lagerloef's touching description of Russian pilgrims in Palestine. She,
+the Protestant, has understood the true significance of the religious
+impulse which leads these poor men to the Holy Land, and which draws
+them to the numberless churches of the vast country. These simple people
+cling to the belief that there is something else in God's world besides
+toil and greed; they flock toward the light, and find in it the
+justification of their human craving for peace and mercy. For the
+Russian people have the Christian virtues of patience in suffering;
+their pity for the poor and oppressed are more than occasional
+manifestations of individual feeling--they are deeply rooted in national
+psychology. This frame of mind has been scorned as fit for slaves! It is
+indeed a case where the learning of philosophers is put to shame by the
+insight of the simple-minded. Conquerors should remember that the
+greatest victories in history have been won by the unarmed--by the
+Christian confessors whom the Emperors sent to the lions, by the "old
+believers" of Russia who went to Siberia and to the flames for their
+unyielding faith, by the Russian serfs who preserved their human dignity
+and social cohesion in spite of the exactions of their masters, by the
+Italians, Poles, and Jews, when they were trampled under foot by their
+rulers. It is such a victory of the spirit that Tolstoy had in mind when
+he preached his gospel of non-resistance, and I do not think even a
+German on the war path would be blind enough to suppose that Tolstoy's
+message came from a craven soul. The orientation of the so-called
+"intelligent" class in Russia--that is, the educated middle class, which
+is much more numerous and influential than people suppose--is somewhat
+different, of course. It is "Western" in this sense, that it is imbued
+with current European ideas as to politics, economics, and law.
+
+It has to a certain extent lost the simple faith and religious fervor of
+the peasants, but the keynote of popular ideals has been faithfully
+preserved by this class. It is still characteristically humanitarian in
+its view of the world and in its aims. A book like that of Gen. von
+Bernhardi would be impossible in Russia. If anybody were to publish it
+it would not only fall flat, but earn for its author the reputation of a
+bloodhound. Many deeds of cruelty and brutality happen, of course, in
+Russia, but no writer of any standing would dream of building up a
+theory of violence in vindication of a claim to culture. It may be said,
+in fact, that the leaders of Russian public opinion are pacific,
+cosmopolitan, and humanitarian to a fault. The mystic philosopher
+Vladimir Solovieff used to dream of the union of the churches with the
+Pope as the spiritual head, and democracy in the Russian sense as the
+broad basis of the rejuvenated Christendom. Dostoyevsky, a writer most
+sensitive to the claims of nationality in Russia, defined the ideal of
+the Russians in a celebrated speech as the embodiment of a universally
+humanitarian type. These are extremes, but characteristic extremes
+pointing to the trend of national thought. Russia is so huge and so
+strong that material power has ceased to be attractive to her thinkers.
+But we need not yet retire into the desert and deliver ourselves to be
+bound hand and foot by civilized Germans. Russia also wields a sword--a
+charmed sword, blunt in an unrighteous cause, but sharp enough in the
+defense of right and freedom. And this war is indeed our
+"Befreiungskrieg." The Slavs must have their chance in the history of
+the world, and the date of their coming of age will mark a new departure
+in the growth of civilization.
+
+Yours truly,
+
+PAUL VINOGRADOFF.
+
+Court Place, Iffley, Oxford.
+
+
+
+
+Russian Appeal for the Poles
+
+By A. Konovalov of the Russian Duma.
+
+[A Letter to the Russkia Vedomosti, No. 231, P. 2, Oct. 8, 1914.]
+
+
+The population of Poland has been forced to experience the first
+horrible onslaught of the wrathful enemy. All points within the sphere
+of the German offensive offer a picture of utter desolation. The people
+are fleeing in horror before the advancing enemy, leaving their homes
+and their property to sure destruction. An uninterrupted line of arson
+fire shines on the sorrowful path of the exiles. Their fields have been
+devastated and furrowed by the trenches, their animals have been taken
+away, their savings have been wasted, and all their chattels destroyed.
+The prosperity of millions has been destroyed and men have been turned
+into homeless beggars without a morsel of bread.
+
+The flight of these people is beyond description. One cannot fail to
+realize the stupefying horrors of such a deep and overwhelming national
+calamity. The strokes of fate have come down upon the people of Poland
+with a most merciless cruelty. Shall we gaze upon these horrors with
+indifference? Can the Russian people remain neutral witnesses of the
+sufferings and privations thrust upon the population of the devastated
+country?
+
+The Russians are making heavy sacrifices for the war, but in these
+historic days we must speed up our energies still more, we must double
+and treble our sacrifices. Let us not forget that despite all our
+sacrifices, despite all our sorrow and alarm we are not deprived of
+peaceful work, we have not been drawn into destruction as the people of
+Poland have been. Without further delay we have to hasten to their aid.
+
+A widely organized social aid must be brought to the fleeing people. We
+must provide them with shelter and food. These victims are flocking to
+the central provinces of Russia, to Moscow, and they must be assisted up
+to the time when they shall be able to return to their country. It is
+necessary to ascertain the degree of their distress and to help to
+provide them with the necessities of life in places already cleared from
+the enemy by the aggressiveness of the Russian Army.
+
+Of course, the main duty in the regaining of the prosperity of Poland
+lies with the Government. Only the Government is able to stand the
+expense of millions required for this task, only the State through its
+legislative organs is capable of creating the social, economic, and
+political conditions making possible the reconstruction of the
+civilization of Poland. But we also owe a duty of help, a sacred duty of
+immediate sympathy to those stricken with disaster.
+
+To carry out our task we need funds. In submitting this problem to the
+Russian people, in calling upon it for the solution of this tremendous
+and pressing issue, as far as possible, I herewith forward my little
+contribution of 10,000 rubles for aid to the people of Poland suffering
+from war.
+
+A. KONOVALOV,
+
+Member of the Duma.
+
+Moscow, Oct. 7, (20,) 1914.
+
+Note.--Konovalov's appeal met with a most generous response. Not only
+individuals and charitable associations came forward with funds and
+food, but a large number of Russian cities organized permanent aid
+committees for the benefit of the war victims in Poland. Street and
+house-to-house collections were organized, and considerable funds have
+already been collected. Not only Russians, but also the Armenians, the
+Jews, and other nationalities of Russia have shown a deep and
+substantial sympathy for the Poles.
+
+Prince Trubetskoi's appeal emphasized the political side of this
+campaign of succor, while Mr. Konovalov has given prominence to the
+human side of it. Prince Trubetskoi's appeal follows.
+
+
+
+
+I AM FOR PEACE!
+
+By LURANA SHELDON.
+
+
+    I am of New England! A daughter of mountains,
+    Wide-stretching fields, broad rivers that smile
+    With the sun on their breasts. I am of the hills--
+    The great, bald hills where the cattle roam.
+    The peace of the valleys still clings and thrills,
+    And the joy of the tinkling fountains,
+    Where the deep-creviced boulders pile.
+    I am of it, New England, my home!
+
+    The tenure of conflicts, the feeble thriving,
+    Are lore of the past. Now the giant peaks
+    May sleep and sleep. Their watch is ended.
+    The beacon towers may crumble and fall.
+    So well have my people defended--
+    So well have they prospered through striving--
+    Today her triumph New England speaks
+    In the mantling calm that envelops all.
+
+    They have come to New England, the woeful invaders.
+    The hills attracted, the valleys lured;
+    They have sowed their seeds of disturbance and fear.
+    They wrought for destruction, but all in vain.
+    They were told that order was master here.
+    The hills turned censors, the streams, upbraiders.
+    No war of men should be fought, endured!
+    They need wage no battle for peace again!
+
+    Like my native hills, my strife is ended;
+    Like my sleeping hills, I have earned life's calm.
+    The sun that smiles on New England's streams
+    Bids human conflicts forever cease.
+    Let those who must, writhe in their dreams
+    At thought of days with horror blended.
+    For me, the meadow's gentle balm--
+    I am of New England--where all is peace!
+
+
+
+
+United Russia
+
+By Peter Struve.
+
+[From The London Times.]
+
+     Prof. Peter Struve, editor of the monthly, Russian Thought, is
+     recognized as one of the most acute political thinkers in
+     Europe. He was one of the chief founders of the Constitutional
+     Democratic Party (the Cadets) and was member for St.
+     Petersburg in the Second Duma. He is also known as an
+     economist of great erudition.
+
+
+PETROGRAD, Sept. 16.
+
+The future historian will note with astonishment that official Germany,
+when she declared war on Russia, was in no way informed of the state of
+public opinion in our country.
+
+This is all the more astonishing because not a single country to the
+west of Russia maintains so close a communication with Russia as
+Germany. The Germans, better than other peoples, could and should have
+known Russia and her material resources, her internal state, and her
+moral condition. When she declared war on Russia, Germany evidently
+counted, above all, on the weakness of the Russian Army. There was
+nothing, however, to justify such an estimate of the armed forces of
+Russia. Certainly Russia had been beaten in the Japanese war, but in
+that war the decision was reached on the sea, and after the fall of Port
+Arthur the land war had no object. The Germans have probably convinced
+themselves already how superficial was such an estimate of the forces of
+Russia, but in reality their mistake was due to an entirely superficial
+view of the national culture of Russia and an extremely elementary idea
+of our internal development. The Germans did not believe that there is
+in Russia a genuine and growing national civilization, and did not
+understand that the liberation movement in Russia had not only not
+shaken the power of the Russian State, but had, on the contrary,
+increased it.
+
+Not understanding this, they thought that any blow from outside would
+tumble over the Russian State like a rotten tree. German aggression, on
+the contrary, united the whole population of Russia, and by this alone
+strengthened a hundredfold her external power. This, of course, would
+have been the natural effect of any attack from without upon any sound
+people or any State that was not in decomposition. But in this case
+there was something else. Such a war as this could not fail to take on
+at once the character both of a world war and of a national war. That is
+why in this struggle with Germany and Austria-Hungary, elemental forces
+united in one impulse and spirit both the Russian Radicals, with their
+tendency to cosmopolitanism, and the extreme Nationalist Conservatives.
+Nay, more than that, all the races of Russia understood that a challenge
+had been thrown out to Russia by Germany that morally compelled her, in
+the interests of the whole and of the various parts, to forget for the
+time all quarrels and grievances.
+
+This showed itself in the most natural and inevitable way with the
+Poles, of whose national culture Germanism is the sworn foe. The
+well-known manifesto of the Commander in Chief did not awake this
+feeling among the Poles of Russia, but simply met it and gave it
+support. Equally natural and elemental was the patriotic outburst that
+spread among the Jews of Russia. In their case the political and social
+Radicalism which we always find in the Jews turned by some sound
+instinct against German militarism, which had shown itself the chief
+cause and occasion of a world catastrophe.
+
+The German declaration of war on Russia at once dispersed all doubts and
+hesitations in the many millions of the population of the Russian
+Empire. Some may put in the forefront of this war the struggle with the
+uncivilizing militarism of Prussia. Others may see in it, above all
+things, a struggle for the national principle and for the inured rights
+of nationalities--Serbians, Poles, and Belgians. Others, again, see in
+the war the only means of securing the peaceful future of Russia and her
+allies from the extravagant pretensions of Germany. But all alike feel
+that this war is a great, popular, liberating work, which starts a new
+epoch in the history of the world. Thus the war against united Germany
+and Austria-Hungary has become in Russia a truly national war. That is
+the enormous difference between it and the war with Japan, whose
+political grounds and objects, apart from self-defense against a hostile
+attack, were alien to the public conscience.
+
+There is one other consideration which cannot be passed over in silence.
+In Russia many are convinced, and others instinctively feel, that a
+victorious war will contribute to the internal recovery and regeneration
+of the State. Many barriers have already fallen, national and political
+feuds have been softened, new conditions are being created for the
+mutual relations of the people and the Government. There is every reason
+to think that some members of the Government--unfortunately, it is true,
+not all--have understood that at the present time of complete national
+union many of the old methods of administration and all the old
+Government psychology are not only out of place, but simply impossible.
+In one question, the Polish, this conviction has received the supreme
+sanction of the sovereign and of the Commander in Chief, and a striking
+expression in the latter's manifesto to the Poles. Further than this,
+the actual attitude of Russian Liberals and Radicals toward a whole
+series of problems and relations cannot fail to be changed. Thus the war
+will help to reconcile and soften many internal contradictions in
+Russia.
+
+How far we are, with this state of public opinion and these perspectives
+of the internal development of Russia, from those fantastic pictures of
+civil disunion and revolutionary conflagration which were anticipated
+before the war and have sometimes been, even since the war, portrayed in
+the German and Austro-Hungarian press! Our enemies counted on these
+domestic divisions, and they have made a bitter mistake. Constitutional
+Russia, precisely because of the radical internal transformation which
+it has experienced in the period that began with the Japanese war, has
+proved to be fully equal to the immense universal and national task that
+has devolved upon it. The national and political consciousness of Russia
+not only has not weakened, but has wonderfully strengthened and taken
+shape. As one who has had a close and constant share in the struggle for
+the Russian Constitution, I can only note with the greatest satisfaction
+the striking result of Russia's entry into the number of constitutional
+States, a result which has so plainly showed itself in the tremendous
+part that Russia is playing in the great world-crisis of 1914.
+
+
+
+
+Prince Trubetskoi's Appeal to Russians to Help the Polish Victims of War
+
+[Russkia Vedomosti, No. 231, Oct. 8, (21,) 1914, P. 2.]
+
+
+A new era of Russian-Polish relations has begun, and the noble
+initiative of A.J. Konovalov, who has donated 10,000 rubles for the
+needs of the war victims of Poland, offers a shining testimony.
+
+Up to the present the Polish people have had relations with official
+Russia only. The war has brought them for the first time into immediate
+touch with _the Russian people_. Thousands of Polish exiles have gone
+forth to our central provinces. In Moscow alone there are not less than
+1,000 former inhabitants of Kalisz, to say nothing of fleeing people
+from other provinces. Moscow, of course, attracts the largest number of
+these unfortunates. Some particular instinctive faith draws the Poles to
+Moscow, to the centre of popular Russia. To my query why she had chosen
+Moscow among all Russian cities, a poor Polish woman, the wife of a
+reservist, said:
+
+"I was sent here by the military chief. 'Go to Moscow,' said he. 'You
+won't perish there.'"
+
+And indeed in Moscow the Polish exiles have not perished. They have
+found here brotherly love, shelter, and food. The municipality of
+Moscow, numerous philanthropists, both Polish and Russian, are rendering
+them assistance.
+
+It is needless to describe the impression made upon the Poles by this
+attitude of the people of Russia. A prominent municipal worker of the
+City of Kalisz, with tears in his eyes, told me: "Up to the present
+moment Poland has been segregated from Russia by a wall of officialdom
+erected by the Germans; now for the first time this wall has been broken
+down, two peoples are seeing each other and feeling each other."
+
+A tremendous process of mutual understanding has begun before our eyes!
+It has barely begun as yet; for what has been accomplished by Russia for
+Poland is but a drop as compared with what still remains to be done. It
+is not enough to help the Polish immigrants in our central provinces.
+Our help must be carried to the provinces devastated by the German and
+Austrian hordes. Right there the scenes of misery make the hair stand
+upon our heads.
+
+Let us realize that the City of Kalisz alone has suffered not less than
+40,000,000 rubles in loss of property. Representatives of Polish
+municipalities with whom I had opportunity to discuss the situation told
+me that in the City of Kalisz there is no longer a single drug store,
+nor a grocery store, and there were about three thousand of them before.
+
+There are numerous cities and villages where everything has been
+pillaged by the German requisitions. Horses, cows, food, even
+mattresses, have been taken away, and for all these ironical receipts
+have been tendered: "So much worth of goods have been taken; the payment
+for same will be made by the Russian Government."
+
+Owing to the destruction of the inventory and the stock in the villages,
+there is nothing to till the soil with, and the fields have to remain
+unseeded.
+
+Poland is indeed the Belgium of Russia. Belgium is aided by England and
+France, but there is nobody to help Poland except us. The appeal of the
+Commander in Chief has promised, in case of Russian victory, the
+political regeneration of Poland, with her own religion, with her own
+language, and with her own self-government. But before the political
+regeneration we have to think of the saving of the unfortunate country
+from starvation.
+
+_This must be above all our national, Russian affair._ Let the
+exhausted, suffering people of Poland feel that the people of Russia are
+their real brothers; let them see that our words are backed up by deeds.
+Perhaps in this way we shall forever clear away their ancient distrust
+toward us, a distrust which unfortunately had ground in the past
+relations between Russia and Poland.
+
+We are not speaking of a commonplace charity at the present moment.
+There is need for a help which should mark the beginning of a historical
+change in the lives of both peoples. Both peoples should not only
+silence their material sufferings, but they should draw a spiritual
+comfort from this great historical trial and make it a source of their
+moral vigor.
+
+They should feel that their sufferings and their sacrifices have not
+been in vain, that no matter what their further resolutions might be the
+popular affair should by all means be carried on right now, and that
+irrespective of the outcome of the present war one tremendous result has
+already been accomplished. The Polish affair has already become a
+Russian national affair. And this means that henceforth there shall be
+no discrepancy between words and deeds in the relations of both peoples.
+
+The whole might of the people of Russia and their ideals, expressed by
+the Supreme Commander in Chief, shall be the bond for the Poles,
+guaranteeing them the realization of the dreams of their forefathers for
+the resurrection of Poland.
+
+Let us Russians prepare this resurrection and help it by all means
+within our power. Now or never the aid to the suffering people of Poland
+shall grow into a national Russian demonstration. Let all Russian papers
+throw open their columns for subscriptions for aid to the people of
+Poland suffering from war, without prejudice to their religion and race.
+As the funds will be forthcoming, a national Russian committee shall be
+organized to take charge of their distribution.
+
+Let us not fear for the modest beginnings. The tremendous wave of
+sympathy and love which has now swept over the Russian people can create
+wonders, if need be, for the success of the Russian national issue.
+
+Let us hope that wonders will happen even now. I myself witnessed in our
+neighborhood the following dramatic scene: The small provincial City of
+Kaluga was getting ready in August to receive the wounded. Unexpectedly
+it got many times more than at first had been contemplated. The wounded
+had to be placed on the floor, without straw, without linen, without
+food. But within two days all were comfortably placed, fed, and clothed.
+_Unknown_ persons secured straw, other _unknown_ persons sent
+mattresses, linens, and pillows, _unknown peasants_ brought food from
+their villages.
+
+All this was done as a matter of course, without a previous concert,
+without any organization, through an elementary popular movement.
+
+This elementary movement which can heal the wounds is needed at this
+moment in most tremendous proportions. It is not a question of a few
+wounded individuals, not even a question of thousands of wounded, but
+the problem of a whole wounded Polish nation.
+
+Let the great Russian tide of sympathy rise to its aid, without a
+previous agreement, without a previous organization. Let this impulse
+show Poland her protector--_Russia, the liberator of nations_.
+
+This movement of sympathy for a brotherly people shall be our guarantee
+that our coming victory over Germany will call forth the triumph of
+light in Russian herself.
+
+Prince EUGENE TRUBETSKOI.
+
+Moscow, October 7, (20,) 1914.
+
+
+
+
+How Prohibition Came to Russia
+
+Interview with the Peasant-Born Millionaire Reformer, Tchelisheff.
+
+[By the Associated Press.]
+
+
+PETROGRAD, Nov. 18.--There is prohibition in Russia today, prohibition
+which means that not a drop of vodka, whisky, brandy, gin, or any other
+strong liquor is obtainable from one end to the other of a territory
+populated by 130,000,000 people and covering one-sixth of the habitable
+globe.
+
+The story of how strong drink has been utterly banished from the Russian
+Empire was related by Michael Demitrovitch Tchelisheff, the man directly
+responsible for putting an end to Russia's great vice, the vodka habit.
+
+It should be said in the beginning that the word prohibition in Russia
+must be taken literally. Its use does not imply a partially successful
+attempt to curtail the consumption of liquor resulting in drinking in
+secret places, the abuse of medical licenses and general evasion and
+subterfuge. It does mean that a vast population who consumed
+$1,000,000,000 worth of vodka a year; whose ordinary condition has been
+described by Russians themselves as ranging from a slight degree of
+stimulation upward, has been lifted almost in one day from a drunken
+inertia to sobriety.
+
+On that day when the mobilization of the Russian Army began, special
+policemen visited every public place where vodka is sold, locked up the
+supply of the liquor, and placed on the shop the imperial seal. Since
+the manufacture and sale of vodka is a Government monopoly in Russia, it
+is not a difficult thing to enforce prohibition.
+
+From the day this step was taken drunkenness vanished in Russia. The
+results are seen at once in the peasantry; already they are beginning to
+look like a different race. The marks of suffering, the pinched looks of
+illness and improper nourishment have gone from their faces. There has
+been also a remarkable change in the appearance of their clothes. Their
+clothes are cleaner, and both the men and women appear more neatly and
+better dressed. The destitute character of the homes of the poor has
+been replaced with something like order and thrift.
+
+In Petrograd and Moscow the effect of these improved conditions is
+fairly startling. On holidays in these two cities inebriates always
+filled the police stations and often lay about on the sidewalks and even
+in the streets. Things are so different today that unattended women may
+now pass at night through portions of these cities where it was formerly
+dangerous even for men. Minor crimes and misdemeanors have almost
+vanished.
+
+Tchelisheff, the man who virtually accomplished this miracle, was a
+peasant by birth, originally a house painter by profession, then Mayor
+of the city of Samara, and now a millionaire. Physically he is a giant,
+standing over 6 feet 4 inches in his stocking feet, and of powerful
+build. Although he is 55 years old, he looks much younger. His movements
+display the energy of youth, his eyes are animated, and his black hair
+is not tinged by gray.
+
+In Petrograd Mr. Tchelisheff is generally found in a luxurious suite of
+rooms in one of the best hotels. He goes about clad in a blue blouse
+with a tasseled girdle, and baggy black breeches tucked into heavy
+boots. He offers his visitors tea from a samovar and fruit from the
+Crimea. Speaking of what he had accomplished for the cause of sobriety
+in Russia, Mr. Tchelisheff said:
+
+"I was reared in a small Russian village. There were no schools or
+hospitals, or any of the improvements we are accustomed to in civilized
+communities. I picked up an education from old newspapers and stray
+books. One day I chanced upon a book in the hands of a moujik, which
+treated of the harmfulness of alcohol. It stated among other things that
+vodka was a poison.
+
+"I was so impressed with this, knowing that everybody drank vodka, that
+I asked the first physician I met if the statement were true. He said
+yes. Men drank it, he explained, because momentarily it gave them a
+sensation of pleasant dizziness. From that time I decided to take every
+opportunity to discover more about the use of vodka.
+
+"At the end of the eighties there came famine in Russia, followed by
+agrarian troubles. I saw a crowd of peasants demand from a local
+landlord all the grain and foodstuffs in his granary. This puzzled me; I
+could not understand how honest men were indulging in what seemed to be
+highway robbery. But I noted at the time that every man who was taking
+part in this incident was a drinking man, while their fellow villagers,
+who were abstemious, had sufficient provisions in their own homes. Thus
+it was that I observed the industrial effects of vodka drinking.
+
+"At Samara I decided to do more than passively disapprove of vodka. At
+this time I was an Alderman, and many of the tenants living in my houses
+were workingmen. One night a drunken father in one of my houses killed
+his wife. This incident made such a terrible impression on me that I
+decided to fight vodka with all my strength.
+
+"On the supposition that the Government was selling vodka for the
+revenue, I calculated the revenue received from its consumption in
+Samara. I then introduced a bill in the City Council providing that the
+city give this sum of money to the imperial treasury, requesting at the
+same time that the sale of vodka be prohibited. This bill passed, and
+the money was appropriated. It was offered to the Government, but the
+Government promptly refused it.
+
+"It then dawned upon me that Russian bureaucracy did not want the people
+to become sober, for the reason that it was easier to rule
+autocratically a drunken mob than a sober people.
+
+"This was seven years ago. Later I was elected Mayor of Samara, capital
+of the Volga district, a district with over a quarter of a million
+inhabitants. Subsequently I was elected to the Duma on an anti-vodka
+platform. In the Duma I proposed a bill permitting the inhabitants of
+any town to close the local vodka shops, and providing also that every
+bottle of vodka should bear a label with the word poison. At my request
+the wording of this label, in which the evils of vodka were set forth,
+was done by the late Count Leo Tolstoy. This bill passed the Duma and
+went to the Imperial Council, where it was amended and finally tabled.
+
+"I then begged an audience of Emperor Nicholas. He received me with
+great kindness in his castle in the Crimea, not far from the scene of
+the recent Turkish bombardment. He listened to me patiently. He was
+impressed with my recital that most of the revolutionary and Socialist
+excesses were committed by drunkards, and that the Svesborg, Kronstadt,
+and Sebastopol navy revolts and the Petrograd and other mutinous
+military movements were all caused by inebriates. Having heard me out
+his Majesty promised at once to speak to his Minister of Finance
+concerning the prohibition of vodka.
+
+"Disappointed at not having been able to get through a Government bill
+regulating this evil, I had abandoned my seat in the Duma. It was
+evident that the bureaucracy had been able to obstruct the measure.
+Minister of Finance Kokovsoff regarded it as a dangerous innovation,
+depriving the Government of 1,000,000,000 rubles ($500,000,000) yearly,
+without any method of replacing this revenue.
+
+"While I lobbied in Petrograd the Emperor visited the country around
+Moscow and saw the havoc of vodka. He then dismissed Kokovsoff, and
+appointed the present Minister of Finance, M. Bark.
+
+"Mobilization precipitated the anti-vodka measure. The Grand Duke,
+remembering the disorganization due to drunkenness during the
+mobilization of 1904, ordered the prohibition of all alcoholic drinks
+except in clubs and first-class restaurants. This order, enforced for
+one month, showed the Russian authorities the value of abstinence.
+
+"In spite of the general depression caused by the war, the paralysis of
+business, the closing of factories, and the interruption of railroad
+traffic, the people felt no depression. Savings banks showed an increase
+in deposits over the preceding month, and over the corresponding month
+of the preceding year. At the same there was a boom in the sale of
+meats, groceries, clothing, dry goods, and housefurnishings. The
+30,000,000 rubles a day that had been paid for vodka were now being
+spent for the necessities of life.
+
+"The average working week increased from three and four days to six, the
+numerous holiday [Transcriber's Note: so in original] of the drinker
+having been eliminated. The working day also became longer, and the
+efficiency of the worker was perhaps doubled. Women and children, who
+seldom were without marks showing the physical violence of the husband
+and father, suddenly found themselves in an undreamed-of paradise.
+There were no blows, no insults, and no rough treatment. There was bread
+on the table, milk for the babies, and a fire in the kitchen.
+
+"I decided to seize this occasion for a press campaign, so far as this
+is a possible thing in Russia. I organized delegations to present
+petitions to the proper authorities for the prolonging of this new
+sobriety for the duration of the war. This step found favor with his
+Imperial Majesty, and an order was issued to that effect. Another
+similar campaign to remove the licenses from privileged restaurants and
+clubs was successful, and strong liquor is no longer available anywhere
+in Russia.
+
+"The second month of abstinence made the manifold advantages so clear to
+everybody that when we called upon his Majesty to thank him for his
+orders, he promised that the vodka business of the Government would be
+given up forever. This promise was promulgated in a telegram to the
+Grand Duke Constantine.
+
+"There remains only now to find elsewhere the revenue which up to the
+present time has been contributed by vodka. There has been introduced in
+the Duma a bill offering a solution of this question. The aim of this
+bill is not the creation of new taxes or an increase in the present
+taxes, but an effort to render the Government domains and possessions
+more productive."
+
+[Illustration: decoration]
+
+[Illustration: ADMIRAL SIR CHRISTOPHER CRADOCK,
+
+Who Went Down with His Flagship, the Good Hope, in the Naval Engagement
+Off the Coast of Chile.
+
+(_Photo from a Kodak Negative._)]
+
+[Illustration: ADMIRAL COUNT VON SPEE,
+
+Who Went Down with His Flagship, the Scharnhorst, in the Battle with the
+British Squadron Off the South American Coast.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _by Brown Bros._)]
+
+
+
+
+Influence of the War Upon Russian Industry
+
+[From Russkia Vedomosti, No. 260, Nov. 11, (Nov. 24,) 1914, P. 3.]
+
+
+     _The Russian Ministry of Commerce and Industry has lately
+     published the preliminary results of an inquiry into the
+     changes in industry which have occurred during the first two
+     and one-half months of the war, Aug. 1 to Oct. 14, 1914._
+
+Altogether 8,550 of the largest industrial establishments, excepting
+those of Poland, have been investigated. These employ 1,602,000 workers.
+Of those investigated 502 factories employing 46,586 employes had to be
+closed down entirely, while 1,034 establishments with 435,000
+wage-earners have cut down their working force to 319,000. Thus about
+one-third of the total industrial wage-earning force has felt the
+effects of the war either through total discharge or through diminished
+output.
+
+The lack of trained labor power and the failure to obtain funds have
+affected 222 establishments with 58,000 workers. Lack of funds has been
+very severely felt in the Baltic provinces, (there, especially, in the
+chemical industry,) affecting fourteen establishments with 15,701
+workers. Altogether 132 establishments with 50,000 employes have cut
+down their operations, and of these 30 per cent. employing 15,000
+workers belonged to the chemical industry. Also twenty establishments of
+the metal working (fine machinery) industry with 11,000 employes had to
+curtail their volume of business. In other industries the lack of labor
+supply has not been felt. Evidently only the industries requiring highly
+qualified labor have suffered from this cause. The shortage of fuel
+forced 108 establishments with 49,000 workers to diminish their output,
+and eleven establishments with 3,000 workers had to close down
+altogether.
+
+The lack of fuel was very severely felt in the provinces of Petrograd
+and in the Baltic, owing to the stoppage of the importation of British
+coal. Of all establishments closed down for this reason, about 60 per
+cent. belong to the provinces of Petrograd, Livland, and Estland.
+
+In other regions this want was felt less severely. The output of coal in
+the Donetz basin and of naphtha in the Baku region has increased, and
+the decreased demand for fuel owing to the diminished production has
+somewhat lowered the prices of naphtha. Thus in 1913 the average monthly
+price of light naphtha in Balakhany was 42 copecks per pood, (two-thirds
+of a cent per pound,) but in September, 1914, it was 36, and on Nov. 5
+it fell to 25-26 copecks per pood, (13 cents per thirty-six pounds--a
+little over 1-3 cent per pound.)
+
+The main difficulty in the fuel supply lies, however, in the inadequate
+transportation facilities.
+
+The next obstacle in the way of normal development of industry is the
+lack of transportation facilities. This cause alone forced 223 factories
+with 128,000 workers to curtail their output, and fifty-six factories
+with 5,300 workers stopped production.
+
+But the most disastrous effect upon the Russian industry has been
+produced by the diminished demand and by the lack of raw materials. For
+lack of market, 671 establishments with 219,000 workers reduced their
+output. The greatest sufferers have been the building trades and the
+industries connected therewith--structural iron, cement, (concrete,)
+brickmaking, &c.
+
+The railroads have suffered greatly through the cancellation of
+registered orders and by the stoppage of further orders from Poland,
+also by the military mobilization.
+
+During the month of August, 1914, the gross earnings of the Russian
+railroads, both State and private, were only half of their gross
+earnings for August the year before.
+
+The unexpected prohibition of alcoholic beverages has almost ruined the
+liquor industry.
+
+For lack of demand 83 textile factories with 95,000 employes have
+reduced their output. The lack of raw material forced 103 cotton mills
+with 188,000 weavers to cut down their output. This makes 40 per cent.
+of the total cotton mills of Russia. Similar reductions have occurred in
+the silk, woolen, linen, and hemp industries.
+
+The Ministry has withheld the data as to the exact nature of the raw
+materials wanting, but it may be surmised that raw cotton and dyestuffs
+are among the chief items.
+
+Among the remedies suggested are better credit facilities and the
+resumption of interrupted intercourse with friendly and neutral powers
+for the securing of raw material.
+
+
+
+
+Declaration of the Russian Industrial Interests
+
+[Russkia Vedomosti, No. 217, Sept. 21, (Oct. 4,) 1914, P. 5.]
+
+
+Referring to the abundance of donations forthcoming from the industrial
+interests for the victims of war, the Council of the Conventions of the
+industrial interests declares its confidence in the ability of Russian
+industry to bear the burden of war cheerfully and whole-heartedly.
+
+The Council finds the proposed measures of the Government for its
+financing of the campaign insufficient, and promises to come forward
+with its own project of a special single property and personal war tax.
+
+Then the causes of the war are summed up and the importance of the war
+for the industrial interests is outlined. The chief cause of the war is
+assigned to the irreconcilable economic conflict between the German and
+Russian interests created by commercial treaties favorable to Germany.
+
+Victorious Russia should dictate her own economic programme to the
+defeated enemy. Without such a result all sacrifices made will be in
+vain, and will fall as a heavy and unbearable burden upon the shattered
+economic organization of the country.
+
+The industrial interests desire a war to the finish, and they say:
+
+"Let the Government know how to cultivate in the future among the people
+the conviction that the war will be brought to an end, then the task of
+finding the means for carrying on the campaign will be greatly
+facilitated; for no sacrifice is too great for us for the overthrow of
+the economic yoke of Germany and for the conquest of economic
+independence. Nothing but strong will and determination are needed."
+
+     The Council of Industrial Conventions is a permanent
+     organization corresponding roughly to the executive board of
+     the National Manufacturers' Association of the United States.
+     All big industrial interests, like the mining companies, the
+     textile manufacturers, iron manufacturers, are represented in
+     the council.--Translator.
+
+
+
+
+A Russian Financial Authority on the War
+
+[Russkia Vedomosti, No. 167, July 22, (Aug. 4,) 1914, P. 4.]
+
+
+     _Prof. Migoulin, member of the Council of the Russian Ministry
+     of Finance and the author of several works on Russian
+     indebtedness, in his article, published immediately after the
+     beginning of the war and evidently written before the position
+     of Italy had become known, thus sums up the war situation:_
+
+The moment for the declaration of war has been well chosen and carefully
+planned by Germany and Austria. Russia had her hands full with the
+numerous labor strikes and poor crops in certain parts of the country.
+
+England had her troubles with the Ulsterites, and the President of
+France was absent from his country when the Austrian ultimatum was
+handed to Servia.
+
+Austria had already mobilized large numbers of her troops in Bosnia
+under the pretext of manoeuvres, Italy had a partial mobilization, and
+Germany was preparing herself for a grand army show.
+
+The German strategists are looking for a brief campaign. But they are
+mistaken. Even with the capture of Petrograd the war will have barely
+begun, for Petrograd is only the frontier of Russia.
+
+Our troops are numerous and well equipped. The vastness of our country,
+her poor roads, and her severe climate are her defenses. The French
+frontier is strongly fortified. A quick surrender is unthinkable, and
+there is no reason for surrender, for the war will continue to the
+bitter end.
+
+But a long campaign threatens Germany. She is a country with highly
+developed industry and with a tremendous foreign commerce, the breakdown
+of which cannot be compensated by any territorial conquest. A war of
+Germany against England, France, and Russia will stop her commerce
+entirely. It will be impossible for her to export her goods and to
+import foodstuffs. Her manufactures and her commerce will come to a
+deadlock, and unemployment will threaten her cities. All the victories
+of her army will be of no avail. If her enemies draw out the war for a
+year or two Germany will be exhausted. We are not talking of the
+possibility of a German defeat, although Germany is not invincible.
+
+The gold reserve of Russia, France, and England amount to about
+350,000,000 rubles, ($155,000,000,) while the gold reserve of Germany,
+Austria, and Italy is only about 160,000,000 rubles.
+
+The gold currency of the first three countries amounts to about
+7,000,000,000 rubles, ($3,500,000,000,) while the gold currency of the
+other three is only $1,500,000,000.
+
+The food supply of Russia is inexhaustible. Her industries are working
+chiefly for the home market. They can only win by the campaign. The
+curtailing of food and raw material exports may benefit her home
+industries by cheapening production.
+
+In case of a shortage of war supplies Russia will be able to get them
+from neutral countries--for example, from the United States. But where
+will Germany get them? What shall she do when her stock of saltpetre
+runs out? For the time being saltpetre is obtained by all countries from
+Chile only.
+
+France is an agricultural country which has large supplies of food. Her
+manufactures are poorly developed, and they are working for a foreign
+market which will not be closed. Her resources are so large that she
+will be able to stand the campaign with comparative ease.
+
+Owing to her insular position, England will lose but very little through
+this war, provided she is able to maintain the supremacy of her navy
+over the German fleet. The British merchant marine and her manufactures
+will gain quite considerably.
+
+The public credit of France and Great Britain is inexhaustible, and it
+will not be restricted to Russia, while she is an ally of these
+countries.
+
+
+
+
+Proposed Internal Loans of Russia
+
+[Russkia Vedomosti, No. 222, Sept. 27, (Oct. 3,) 1914, P. 3.]
+
+
+Prof. Migoulin has submitted to the Russian Minister of Finance a scheme
+for new internal loans to meet the extraordinary expenditures caused by
+the present war.
+
+It is proposed to enlist the support of various groups of capitalists
+and of small property holders and to obtain from them about
+2,500,000,000 rubles, ($1,500,000,000.)
+
+Four different loans are contemplated. Persons desiring to invest their
+savings at a small but sure interest rate will be able to buy the
+certificates at a 5 per cent. loan. These certificates will have a face
+value of 100 rubles, and they will sell at $90. The interest rate will
+not be changed within the next fifteen or twenty years. Therefore, the
+actual interest rate will be 5.56 per cent. on the original investment.
+
+A 6 per cent. loan will cater to those investors who like to place their
+loans at shorter terms. The certificates of this loan will be sold at
+premiums. Five-year certificates will be sold at ninety-six for a
+hundred rubles face value, four-year certificates at ninety-seven,
+three-year certificates at ninety-eight, two-year certificates at
+ninety-nine, and one-year certificates at par. This loan will be free
+from the interest (coupon) tax, but not from the income and inheritance
+taxes. In case of success one billion worth of these certificates will
+be issued.
+
+For persons interested in the changes of values upon Stock Exchange
+different loans will be issued. In the first place, no interest-bearing
+ten-ruble certificates with a large number of winners will be issued. A
+considerable number of these certificates will be redeemed each year. It
+is proposed to have one winner of 200,000 rubles, one of 100,000, two of
+50,000, one of 25,000, about fifty of 10,000 rubles each, some 3,950
+"chances" of from 100 to 500 rubles each. The whole loan may amount to
+100,000,000 rubles. It is to be redeemed within fifty years.
+
+Should this loan prove a success it will be followed by another of equal
+amount.
+
+Finally, Prof. Migoulin proposes to obtain about 200,000,000 rubles by
+selling 4 per cent. Government bonds in fifty-ruble denominations. This
+loan, too, will be equipped with the winners at the annual draw for the
+redemption.
+
+The first of the proposed loans will be realized soon. The Government
+has decided to obtain 500,000,000 rubles at 5 per cent. This new loan
+will increase the present debt of the Russian Government of
+8,838,000,000 rubles ($4,500,000,000) to 9,338,000,000 rubles. Russia
+has to pay 370,000,000 rubles annually for the interest on her debts.
+About one-half of her indebtedness is due to railroad building and to
+other more or less productive expenditures. But the other half of her
+indebtedness has been spent on armaments, wars, and other unproductive
+items.
+
+Russia's new budget is about 3,500,000,000 rubles ($1,800,000,000.) The
+interest on the new loan will increase this budget only 6 per cent. But
+this new loan increases again her unproductive debt and places a heavy
+burden upon the taxpayer for whom the Government has prepared many
+"surprises" this year.
+
+The possibilities of _internal_ loans are not very great. During the
+first month of the war about 380,000,000 rubles of savings were
+withdrawn from the banks. Of this sum only 76,000,000 were redeposited
+later when the first excitement had passed. The rest of the money
+evidently was either used up for production, for consumption, or for
+private storing of ready cash. How much of this money will come forth to
+buy the various short-time loans no one is able to tell beforehand. But
+the big manufacturing interests are craving for _foreign gold loans_,
+not for internal paper money loans.
+
+
+
+
+How Russian Manufacturers Feel
+
+[Digested from Russkia Vedomosti, No. 266, Nov. 18, (Dec. 1,) 1914, P.
+6.]
+
+
+The manufacturers of war supplies are making large profits through the
+war. All they need is Government advances to buy their raw material. The
+Government permits them to borrow from the State bank upon Government
+orders for war supplies. The only difficulty lies in the extent of the
+credit. The Government would not permit borrowing more than one-third of
+the amount of its orders, while the manufacturers are asking for
+two-fifths.
+
+The manufacturers who are using imported raw material and are working
+for the private consumer are suffering heavily from the war. The lack of
+coal, of hides, of wool and of cotton is threatening Russian industry
+with a crisis. There is a great want of hydroscopic (absorbent) cotton,
+since the only factory for this product was in Poland (City of Zgerzc)
+and has been destroyed. Lack of dyestuffs and other chemicals is
+hampering many other industries. The importation of tea and coffee has
+been curtailed considerably.
+
+Russian cotton mills used to get 45 per cent. of their raw material from
+the United States, since only 55 per cent. of their demand can be
+supplied by Central Asia.
+
+Furthermore, this Asiatic cotton can be used for the coarser grades of
+manufacturing only.
+
+The war has cut off the American supply altogether.
+
+Moreover, the manufacturers need cash to buy the cotton available. But
+they have none. They have already applied for some hundred million
+rubles gold loan from the Treasury, but the Government has promised them
+only about eight million from the new loan.
+
+The wool manufacturers are faring no better than the cotton interests.
+The only way to get raw wool seems to be to ship it from Australia via
+Vladivostok. But the lack of foreign exchange prevents them from using
+this source.
+
+The tea trade of Russia will be paralyzed soon for the same reason.
+
+The big manufacturers see only three possibilities of remedying this
+situation. The first would be to export gold, the other to export
+Russian commodities on a large scale, and the third--to get a gold loan
+from Great Britain.
+
+The first proposition is impossible, since the Government will not
+permit any exportation of gold at this moment. The second proposition
+won't work owing to the demoralized transportation. Thus the only escape
+from a serious national crisis seems to lie in a large foreign gold
+loan.
+
+This idea is favored by such prominent manufacturers as S.I.
+Tschetverikov, G.M. Mark, and A.E. Vladimirov of Moscow, the first
+speaking for the wool interests, and other two for the tea wholesalers.
+Mr. N.A. Vtovov voices the same sentiments on behalf of the Russian
+cotton mill owners.
+
+
+
+
+New Sources of Revenue Needed
+
+By A. Sokolov.
+
+[From Russkia Vedomosti, No. 171, July 26 (Aug. 8), 1914.]
+
+
+Russia entered upon the present war better equipped financially than
+ever before in her history. But it is evident that her ordinary
+resources will not suffice, and the Ministry of Finance will have to
+find new sources of revenue to meet the gigantic expenditures. The
+Ministry of Finance has begun the usual banking and credit
+operations--the supervision of specie payments, the issuance of paper
+money, and the discounting of the Treasury notes in the State Bank. In
+addition to these the Ministry is ready to turn to new taxes.
+
+It proposes to increase the tax on tobacco and to raise the price of
+whisky. Both are desirable objects of taxation. The tobacco tax has been
+relatively low in Russia. Only the poorer grades of tobacco have been
+taxed 100 per cent. ad valorem, while the higher grades have been taxed
+at a lower rate.
+
+Any increase of indirect taxation can be justified only by the present
+emergency. We should bear in mind that already three-fourths of the
+Russian revenue raised by taxation comes through indirect taxes. Further
+increase of these taxes will inflict new heavy burdens upon the poorer
+classes, who in any case will have to bear the heaviest burden of the
+war.
+
+The present historical moment is of such magnitude that it can be
+compared only with the Napoleonic wars. But at that time also the higher
+classes had to contribute to the war expenditures. In 1810 an income tax
+was put upon the landed nobility. Wishing to make it appear that the war
+tax is a voluntary contribution, the Government levied it according to
+the declarations of the taxpayers and refused to listen to informers as
+to tax-dodging. The tax rate was progressive, with a maximum of 10 per
+cent. All incomes below 500 rubles ($250)[1] were exempt.
+
+It is to be hoped that the great memory of the year 1812 will induce the
+well-to-do classes to contribute their share to the expenditures
+inflicted upon us by the war. An income tax and possibly a temporary
+property tax should be accepted by them.
+
+A. SOKOLOV.
+
+[Footnote 1: It should be noted that the purchasing power of money was
+then approximately four times higher than at present.]
+
+
+
+
+Our Russian Ally
+
+By Sir Donald Mackenzie Wallace.
+
+
+LAIDLAWSTIEL, Oct. 5, 1914.
+
+The Publications Committee of the Victoria League, which is endeavoring
+to enlighten the general public on the origin and issues of the war, has
+suggested to me that, as Russia is now in alliance with us, I might
+write an article on her recent advance in civilization and the ideals of
+her people. To condense satisfactorily such a big subject into a few
+pages seems to me hardly possible; but, considering that we are embarked
+on a great national undertaking in which it is the sacred duty of every
+loyal subject to lend a hand according to his abilities, I cannot refuse
+to comply with the committee's suggestion.
+
+To many thoughtful observers of current events it must seem strange that
+in the present worldwide convulsion we should be fighting vigorously on
+the same side as Russia, who has long been regarded as one of our
+natural enemies. Some worthy people may even feel qualms of conscience
+at finding themselves in such questionable company, and may be disposed
+to inquire how far we are politically and morally justified in thus
+putting aside, even for a time, our traditional convictions. It is
+mainly for the benefit of such conscientious doubters, who deserve
+sympathy, that I have undertaken my present task; and I propose to place
+before them certain facts and considerations which may help them in
+their difficulties. For this purpose, I begin by examining the grounds
+on which the traditional conceptions are founded.
+
+If we were to question a dozen fairly intelligent, educated Englishmen
+why Russia has usually been regarded as a hereditary enemy and an
+impossible ally, they would probably give two main reasons: First, that
+she is the modern stronghold of barbarism, ignorance and tyrannical
+government, and, secondly, that she threatens our interests in
+Southeastern Europe and Central Asia. Let us examine dispassionately
+these two contentions.
+
+As to barbarism, there is no doubt that in the general march of
+civilization Russia long remained far behind her West European sisters
+and that she has not yet quite overtaken them, but it should be
+remembered--and here I appeal to the Englishman's proverbial love of
+fair play--that she did not get a fair start. Living on an immense plain
+which stretches far into Asia, her population was for centuries
+constantly exposed to the incursions of lawless, predatory hordes, and
+this life-and-death struggle culminated in the so-called Mongol
+domination, during which her native princes were tributary vassals of
+the great Tartar Khan. Under such circumstances she could hardly be
+expected to make much social progress, and she was further impeded by
+difficulties of intercourse with the more favored nations of the West,
+from whom she was separated by differences of language, customs and
+religious beliefs. It was as if Europe had been divided into two halves
+by a formidable barrier, which condemned the unfortunate Russians to
+isolation. The herculean task of demolishing this barrier was, as we all
+know, begun by Peter the Great. He built for himself a new capital on
+the northwest frontier of his dominions--the beautiful city on the Neva,
+recently christened Petrograd--in order to have, as he expressed it, a
+window through which he might look into Europe. He looked into Europe
+with very good results, and his successors have done likewise; but the
+demolition of the barrier proved a very tedious undertaking, and it was
+not completed till comparatively recent times.
+
+The laudable efforts of the Russians to make up for lost time have been
+particularly successful during the last fifty years. Immediately after
+the Crimean War, which some of us are old enough to remember distinctly,
+a new era of progress began. The Czar of that time, Nicholas I., whose
+name is still familiar to the present generation, was a patriotic,
+chivalrous, well-intentioned man, but unfortunately, as a ruler, he
+belonged to the mailed-fist school, delighted in shining armor, and put
+his faith largely in drill sergeants. Even in the civil administration
+he fostered the spirit of military discipline, and he was at no pains to
+conceal his contemptuous dislike of the self-government and
+constitutional liberties of other countries. By unsympathetic critics he
+has been not inaptly described as "the Don Quixote of Autocracy," and
+for thirty years he remained faithful to his principles; but toward the
+close of his reign, in his struggle with England and France, he learned
+by bitter experience that true national greatness is not to be found in
+militarism. This salutary lesson was happily laid to heart by his son
+and successor, Alexander II., and the more enlightened of his subjects.
+The period of triumphant militarism was accordingly followed by a period
+of national repentance, which was also a memorable epoch of beneficent
+reforms and genuine progress.
+
+No sooner was peace concluded in 1856 than premonitory symptoms of the
+new order of things became apparent in St. Petersburg, in Moscow, and
+throughout the country generally. To all who had eyes to see and ears to
+hear, the war had proved that if their country was to compete
+successfully with its rivals, it must adopt a whole series of
+administrative and economic reforms; and there was a general desire that
+those reforms should be undertaken as speedily as possible. The young
+Czar took the lead in the work of national regeneration, and he had the
+good fortune to find sympathy and co-operation among the educated
+classes. For the first time in Russian history--for on previous
+occasions the efforts of reforming Czars had always encountered a good
+deal of passive resistance--the Government and the people were anxious
+to aid each other, and the main results may be described as eminently
+satisfactory. Three great reforms deserve special mention--the
+emancipation of the serfs, the radical reorganization of the civil and
+criminal courts, and a great extension of local self-government.
+
+By the emancipation decree of 1861, which had been carefully prepared by
+liberal-minded officials in conjunction with local committees of the
+landed proprietors, the millions of serfs, who had been habitually
+bought and sold with the estates on which they were settled, and who had
+known no law except the arbitrary will of their masters, were
+transformed suddenly into a class of free and independent citizens! Next
+came the reorganization of the judicial administration, by which a
+similar beneficent change was effected. In the old times the civil and
+criminal tribunals had been hotbeds of bribery and corruption to such an
+extent that a satirical author had once ventured to write a comedy with
+the significant title, "An Unheard-of Wonder; or, The Honest Clerk of
+Court!" Now they were thoroughly cleansed, and during some half a dozen
+years, when I traveled about the country in search of information, I
+never heard of a Judge suspected of taking bribes. The lawsuits, which
+were previously liable to be prolonged for a lifetime, were curtailed by
+simplifying the procedure; trial by jury was introduced for criminal
+cases; and the condition of the prisoners was greatly improved both
+materially and morally. Some of the new prisons were quite excellent. A
+big reformatory, for example, founded by a benevolent society in Moscow
+and largely supported by voluntary contributions, seemed to me the best
+institution of the kind I had ever seen.
+
+Regarding the new system of local self-government, I may say briefly
+that I was very favorably impressed by the results. The first time I
+followed, as an attentive spectator, the proceedings of a Provincial
+Assembly, I was fairly astonished. It was in 1870--only nine years after
+the beginning of the great reforms--and already the local affairs were
+being discussed, on a footing of perfect equality, by noble landed
+proprietors in fashionable European costume and emancipated serfs in
+sheepskins. Some of the peasants were very able, unpretentious speakers,
+and in one respect they had an advantage over some of their former
+masters--they knew thoroughly what they were talking about. While the
+frock-coated young gentlemen who had finished their education in a
+university or agricultural college were often inclined to deal in
+scientific abstractions, their humble colleagues, who had come direct
+from the plow, confined themselves to thoroughly practical remarks, and
+usually exercised a very beneficial influence on the discussions.
+
+The favorable impressions which I received from this Provincial Assembly
+were subsequently confirmed by wider experience, especially when I
+worked regularly during a Winter in the head office of the local
+administration of the Novgorod province. The chief defect of the new
+institutions seemed to me to be the very pardonable habit of attempting
+too much, without duly estimating the available resources. This
+illustrates a very important national characteristic--intense impatience
+to obtain gigantic results in an incredibly short space of time. Unlike
+the English, who crawl cautiously along the rugged path of progress,
+looking attentively to the right and to the left, and seeking to avoid
+obstacles and circumvent opposition by conciliation and compromise, the
+Russian dashes boldly into the unknown, keeping his eye fixed on the
+distant goal and striving to follow a beeline, regardless of obstacles
+and pitfalls. The natural consequence is that his moments of sanguine
+enthusiasm are frequently followed by hours of depression bordering on
+despair, when he is inclined to attribute his failure to some malign
+influence rather than to his own recklessness. When in this depressed
+mood the more violent natures are apt to have recourse to extreme
+measures.
+
+By bearing in mind this national peculiarity the reader will more easily
+understand the strange events which followed close on the heels of the
+great reforms which I have just mentioned. Alexander II. was preparing
+to advance further along the path on which he had entered so
+successfully, when his reforming ardor was suddenly cooled by alarming
+symptoms of a widespread revolutionary agitation. Many members of the
+young generation, male and female, had imbibed the most advanced
+political and socialist theories of France and Germany, and they
+imagined that, by putting these into practice, Russia might advance by a
+single bound far beyond the more conservative nations and set an example
+for imitation to the future generations of humanity! The less violent of
+these enthusiasts, recognizing that a certain amount of preparatory work
+was necessary, undertook a campaign of propaganda among the lower
+classes, as factory workers in the towns and school teachers in the
+villages. The more violent, on the contrary, considered that a quicker
+and more efficient method of attaining the desired object was the
+destruction of autocracy by revolvers and bombs, and several attempts
+were accordingly made on the lives of the Czar and his advisers. For
+more than ten years, undismayed by these revolutionary manifestations,
+Alexander II. clung to his ideas of reform, but at last, in 1881, on the
+eve of issuing a decree for the convocation of a National Assembly, he
+fell a victim to the bomb throwers.
+
+The practical result of all this was that for the next quarter of a
+century no great reforms were initiated, but those already effected were
+consolidated, and some progress was made in a quiet, unostentatious way,
+especially in the sphere of economic development.
+
+A new period of reform began after the Japanese war, and this time the
+reform current took the direction of parliamentary institutions. At
+last, after much waiting, the political aspirations of the educated
+classes were partially realized, so that Russia has now a Chamber of
+Deputies, called the Imperial Duma, freely elected by the people, and an
+upper house, called the Imperial Council, whose members are selected
+partly by election and partly by nomination.
+
+What strikes a stranger on first entering the Duma is the variety of
+costumes, showing plainly that all classes of the population are
+represented. There are landed proprietors not unlike English country
+squires; long-haired priests in ecclesiastical robes; workingmen from
+the factories and peasants from the villages in their Sunday clothes;
+one or two Cossacks in uniform; Mussulmans from the Eastern provinces in
+semi-Oriental attire. The various nationalities seem to live happily
+together--Great Russians, Little Russians, Poles, Lithuanians,
+Russo-Germans, Circassians, Tartars, &c. Almost as numerous as the
+nationalities are the recognized political parties--Conservatives,
+Nationalists, Liberals, Radicals, Labor Members, Social Democrats, and
+Socialists. Great liberty of speech is allowed, but the President has
+generally no difficulty in keeping order.
+
+Thus, to all appearance, the Duma seems exactly what was required to
+complete the edifice of self-government founded fifty years ago; but we
+must not suppose that a Constitution not yet ten years old can be as
+strong and efficient as a Constitution which has gradually emerged from
+centuries of political struggle. In other words, the Russian Duma
+differs in many respects from the British House of Commons. One
+fundamental difference may be cited by way of example. In England, as
+all the world knows, the Cabinet is practically chosen by the party
+which happens to be predominant for the moment, and as soon as it fails
+to command a majority it must resign; whereas in Russia, as in Germany,
+the Cabinet is nominated by the Emperor. This is, of course, a very
+important difference, and all to our advantage, but it is not so great
+in practice as in theory. The Czar, though free theoretically to choose
+his Ministers as he pleases, must choose such men as can obtain a
+working majority in the Assembly; otherwise, the whole parliamentary
+machinery comes to a standstill. Such a deadlock actually occurred in
+the First Duma. Smarting under the humiliation of the Japanese war,
+attributing the defeats to the incurable incapacity of the Supreme
+Government, and believing that the old system had become too weak to
+withstand a vigorous assault, the majority of the Deputies resolved to
+abolish at once the autocratic power and replace it by ultra-democratic
+institutions. They accordingly adopted, from the very first day of the
+session, an attitude of irreconcilable hostility to the Cabinet, refused
+to listen to Ministerial explanations, abstained from all useful
+legislative work, and carried their strategy of obstruction so far that
+the Government had to take refuge in a dissolution.
+
+For this unfortunate result, which tended to retard the natural growth
+of constitutional freedom in Russia, the Government was severely blamed
+by many of its critics, but I venture to think that a large share of the
+responsibility must be attributed to the unreasonable impatience of the
+Deputies and their supporters. In defense of this opinion I might adduce
+many strong arguments, but I confine myself to citing a significant
+little incident from my personal experience. Happening to meet at dinner
+one evening immediately after the dissolution an old friend who had
+played a leading part in the policy of obstruction, I took the liberty
+of remarking to him that he and his party appeared to me to have
+committed a strategical mistake. If they had shown themselves ready to
+co-operate with the Government in resisting the dangerous revolutionary
+movement and favoring moderate reforms, they might have made for
+themselves, in the course of nine or ten years, a very influential
+position in the parliamentary system, and might have greatly advanced
+the cause of democracy which they had at heart. Here my friend
+interrupted me with the exclamation: "Nine or ten years? We can't wait
+so long as that!"
+
+The Second Duma was shipwrecked, like its predecessor, through youthful
+impatience. Among the Deputies there was a small group of Social
+Democrats who attempted to prepare a military insurrection, and when the
+conspiracy was discovered there was great reason to fear that the
+Government might adopt a reactionary policy; but it happily confined
+itself to some changes in the suffrage regulations and a dissolution of
+the Chamber, followed by a general election. Since that time the
+parliamentary machinery has worked much more smoothly. The Duma has
+learned the truth of the old adage that half a loaf is better than no
+bread, and on many important subjects, such as the preparation of the
+annual budget, it now co-operates loyally with the Ministers. In this
+way it gets its half loaf, and the country benefits by the new-born
+spirit of compromise.
+
+Before going further, perhaps I ought to warn my readers that I am often
+reproached by my Russian friends with taking too favorable a view of the
+Duma and of many other things in Russia. To this I usually reply by
+taking those friends to task for their habitual pessimism in criticising
+themselves and their institutions. Naturally inclined to idealism, and
+not possessing sufficient hereditary experience to correct this
+tendency, they compare their institutions with ideals which nowhere
+exist in the real world, and consequently they condemn them very
+severely. The impartial foreigner who wishes to form a true estimate of
+these institutions must always take this into account. In spite of the
+impassioned philippics to which I have listened hundreds of times from
+my Russian friends, I am strongly of opinion that the Russian people
+have made in recent years considerable progress in their political
+education, and that they will continue to do so in the future.
+
+But how is genuine national progress possible so long as the great mass
+of the population are grossly ignorant, conservative, and superstitious?
+Here again we must beware of adopting current exaggerations. To begin
+with the peasantry, who are by far the most numerous class, we must
+admit that they are very far from being well educated, but they are keen
+to learn and they gladly send their children to the village schools,
+which have been greatly increased and improved in recent years. Another
+source of education is the army. Since the introduction of universal
+military service every unlettered recruit must learn to read and write.
+A third educational agency is the peculiar village organization. As
+every head of a family has a house of his own and a share of the
+communal land, he is a miniature farmer; and, unlike agricultural
+laborers, who need not look much ahead beyond the weekly pay day, he
+must make his agricultural and domestic arrangements for an entire year,
+under pain of incurring starvation or falling into the clutches of the
+usurer. This is in itself a sort of practical education. Then he has to
+attend regularly the meetings of the village assembly, at which all
+communal affairs are discussed and decided. To this I must add that he
+is by no means obstinately conservative. Habitually cautious, he may be
+slow to change his traditional habits and methods of cultivation, but he
+does change them when he sees, by the experience of his neighbors, that
+new methods are more profitable than old ones. Ask any dealer in
+improved implements and machines how many he has sold to peasants in a
+single year. Or ask any director of a peasant land bank how many
+thousand peasants within the area of his activity are purchasing land
+outside the communal limits and farming on their own account. If you
+desire any further information on this subject, ask any liberal-minded
+landed proprietor who takes an interest in the prosperity of his humble
+neighbors to describe to you the small credit societies and similar
+associations which have recently sprung up in his neighborhood. Nor is
+it only in agricultural affairs that the peasants have manifested a
+progressive spirit. If you should happen to pass through the industrial
+districts around Moscow, you will see many gigantic factories, which
+employ thousands of hands. Incredible as it may seem, not a few of these
+were founded by unlettered peasants, whose sons and grandsons have
+become millionaires.
+
+Let us now go up a step in the social scale and inquire whether those
+born in the mercantile class are as progressive as the peasantry.
+Formerly they were regarded, and not without reason, as extremely
+conservative, and certainly they used to show little sympathy with
+education or culture; but in recent years their character has been
+profoundly modified by the ever-increasing influx of foreign capital and
+foreign enterprise. The upper ranks at least are now being Europeanized
+in the best sense of the term, not only in their methods of doing
+business, but also in many other respects. Their homes are becoming more
+comfortable and elegant according to modern ideas, refinement is
+gradually permeating their daily life, and the sons of not a few of them
+are being sent abroad to complete their education in universities or
+technical colleges.
+
+Compared with the peasantry and the mercantile community, the clergy as
+a class do not show signs of great progress, but I must do them the
+justice to say that they do not obstruct. Toward science and culture the
+Russian Church has always maintained an attitude of neutrality, and it
+has rarely troubled the adherents of other confessions by aggressive
+missionary propaganda, while among its own flock it has systematically
+fostered a spirit of humility and resignation to the Divine will. This
+helps to explain the wonderful tolerance habitually shown by all classes
+toward people of another faith. I remember once asking a common laborer
+what he thought of the Mussulman Tartars among whom he happened to be
+living, and his reply, given with evident sincerity, was: "Not a bad
+sort of people." "And what about their religion?" I inquired. "Not at
+all a bad sort of faith; you see, they received it, like the color of
+their skins, from God." He assumed, of course, in his simple piety, that
+whatever comes from God must be good.
+
+Why, then, it may be asked, is this tolerance not extended to the Jews?
+They complain, and apparently not without reason, that they are subject
+to certain disabilities and exposed to persecution in Russia. Thereby
+hangs a tale! Peter the Great would not allow Jews to settle in his
+dominions on the ground that his single-minded, ignorant subjects could
+not compete with a naturally clever race endowed with a marvelous talent
+for money-making. Under his successors, by the annexation of Poland,
+several millions of Polish Jews became Russian subjects; but the policy
+of exclusion, so far as Russia proper is concerned, has been maintained
+down to the present day, so that, throughout the purely Russian
+provinces, Jews are not yet allowed to settle in the villages. If you
+ask the reason, you will probably be told that if a single Jew were
+allowed to live in a village, all the Orthodox inhabitants would soon be
+deeply in debt to him. In some respects, however, the old regulations
+have been relaxed. A certain proportion of Jewish students are admitted
+to the universities and higher schools, and such of them as pass their
+examinations may settle in the towns and freely exercise their
+professions. As a matter of fact, a considerable proportion of the most
+capable barristers, physicians, bankers, &c., in Petrograd, Moscow, and
+other cities are Jews by race and religion, and I have never heard of
+any of them being persecuted. Anti-Semitic feeling, so far as it exists,
+has nothing to do with religious beliefs. It is confined to such people
+as the trader who suffers from the competition of Jewish rivals, or the
+peasant who finds that the money-lender, from whom he has borrowed at a
+high rate of interest, exacts rigorously the fulfillment of the
+contract. The pillaging of Jewish shops and houses which occurred some
+years ago in certain towns of the southwestern provinces and was
+graphically described in the English press was due to pecuniary rather
+than religious enmity, and was organized by political intriguers.
+
+In order to complete my cursory review of the various social classes
+from the point of view of social and political progress, I must say
+something of the nobility and gentry; but I need not say much, because
+their general character is pretty well known in Western Europe. They are
+well educated, highly cultured, remarkably open-minded, most anxious to
+acquaint themselves with the latest ideas in science, literature, and
+art, and very fond of studying the most advanced foreign theories of
+social and political development, with a view to applying them to their
+own country. Thus it may safely be asserted that they are unquestionably
+progressive. They are, in fact, more disposed to rush forward regardless
+of consequences than to lag behind in the race, so that their impatience
+has sometimes to be restrained in the sphere of politics by the
+Government. This brings us face to face with the important question as
+to how far the Government and the Supreme Ruler are favorable to
+national progress and enlightenment.
+
+The antiquated idea that Czars are always heartless tyrants who devote
+much of their time to sending troublesome subjects to Siberia is now
+happily pretty well exploded, but the average Englishman is still
+reluctant to admit that an avowedly autocratic Government may be, in
+certain circumstances, a useful institution. There is no doubt, however,
+that in the gigantic work of raising Russia to her present level of
+civilization the Czars have played a most important part. As for the
+present Czar, he has followed, in a humane spirit, the best traditions
+of his ancestors. Any one who has had opportunities of studying closely
+his character and aims, and who knows the difficulties with which he has
+had to contend, can hardly fail to regard him with sympathy and
+admiration. Among the qualities which should commend him to Englishmen
+are his scrupulous honesty and genuine truthfulness. Of these--were I
+not restrained by fear of committing a breach of confidence--I might
+give some interesting illustrations.
+
+As a ruler Nicholas II. habitually takes a keen, sympathetic interest in
+the material and moral progress of his country, and is ever ready to
+listen attentively and patiently to those who are presumably competent
+to offer sound advice on the subject. At the same time he is very
+prudent in action, and this happy combination of zeal and caution, which
+distinguishes him from his too impetuous countrymen, has been signally
+displayed in recent years. During the revolutionary agitation which
+followed close on the disastrous Japanese war, when the impetuous
+would-be reformers wished to overturn the whole existing fabric of
+administration, and the timid counselors recommended vigorous retrograde
+measures, he wisely steered a middle course, which has resulted in the
+creation of a moderate form of parliamentary institutions. That seems to
+indicate that Nicholas II. has something of the typical Englishman's
+love of compromise.
+
+So much for the first of the two reasons commonly adduced to prove that
+Russia is an undesirable ally. I trust I have said enough to show that
+the idea of her being the great modern stronghold of barbarism,
+ignorance, and tyrannical government is very far from the truth. Now I
+come to the second reason--that she has repeatedly threatened our
+interests in the past and is sure to threaten them in the future because
+she has an insatiable territorial appetite.
+
+That Russia has a formidable territorial appetite cannot be denied, but
+it ill becomes us Britishers to reproach her on that score, because, if
+we may judge by results, our own territorial appetite is at least
+equally formidable. Like her, we began our national life with a very
+modest amount of territory, and now the British Empire is considerably
+larger than the Empire of the Czars. According to recent trustworthy
+statistics, the former contains over 13,000,000 square miles, and the
+latter less than 8,500,000. To this I may add that the motives and
+methods of annexation have a strong family resemblance. Both of us have
+been urged forward partly by rapidly increasing population and partly by
+national ambition; and both of us have systematically added to our
+dominions, partly by colonization and partly by conquest. As examples of
+colonizing expansion we may take Siberia and Australia, and as examples
+of expansion by conquest we may point to Russian Central Asia and
+British India.
+
+Fortunately for the peace of the world, the two spheres of expansion
+long lay wide apart. The Russians, as a continental nation hemmed in by
+no natural frontiers, naturally overflowed into adjacent thinly peopled
+territory and spread out very much as a drop of oil spreads out on soft
+paper; while we, being islanders with an adventurous seafaring
+population, chose our fields of colonization and conquest in various
+distant regions of the globe. Thus, until comparatively recent times, we
+had no occasion to come into conflict with our rivals, or, to speak more
+accurately, the two nations were not rivals at all. Now, it is true, we
+have approached within striking distance of each other, and there is
+some danger of our coming into hostile contact. Of this danger and the
+possibility of averting it I shall speak presently, but meanwhile I must
+make a little digression in order to anticipate an objection that may be
+made to the foregoing remarks.
+
+Some conscientious inquirer, while admitting that there is a certain
+resemblance between British and Russian territorial expansion, may
+reasonably point to some important differences in the results. The
+expansion of England, he may say, has resulted in spreading over the
+world the benefits of civilization and freedom; her more important
+colonies have grown into self-governing sister nations, who are showing
+their loyalty and affection for the mother country by rushing to her
+assistance in the present crisis; at the same time her great Indian
+dependency and her Crown Colonies, which do not yet enjoy complete
+self-government, are likewise showing their sympathetic appreciation of
+the blessings conferred on them by the central power.
+
+In comparison with all this, what has Russia to show? Not so much, I
+confess, but she has effected considerable improvements in the annexed
+territories. The great plains to the north of the Black Sea, which were
+formerly the home of nomadic, predatory tribes, have been brought under
+cultivation; the tents of the nomads have been replaced by thriving
+villages, flaming blast furnaces, great foundries, and fine towns, such
+as Odessa, Taganrog and Rostoff; the Crimea, whose inhabitants once
+lived mainly by marauding expeditions and the slave trade, is now a
+peaceful and prosperous province; in the Caucasus, which was long the
+scene of constant tribal warfare and where the well-to-do inhabitants
+were not ashamed to sell their young, beautiful daughters to the Pashas
+of Constantinople, permanent order has been everywhere established and
+many abuses suppressed; in Siberia, which was little better than a
+wilderness, there are now thousands of prosperous farmers, railways and
+river steamboats have been constructed, and the mineral resources are
+being rapidly developed; thanks to the improvement of communications in
+that part of the empire, Peking is now well within a fortnight of
+Petrograd. Even in Central Asia there is evidence of improvement; the
+Russian military administration, with all its defects, is better than
+the native rule which preceded it. Such was, at least, the impression
+which I received in semi-Russianized territories like Bokhara and
+Samarcand. Thus, while we may be justly proud of our achievements in
+imperial consolidation and progress, we may well regard with sympathy
+the efforts of our rival in the same direction.
+
+Apologizing for this little digression, I proceed now to consider very
+briefly the danger of future conflict between the two great empires
+which have come within striking distance of each other.
+
+This danger, as it seems to me, though serious enough, is not so great
+as is commonly supposed. We have many interests in common, as our
+present alliance proves, and there are only two localities in which a
+future conflict is to be apprehended. These are Constantinople and our
+Indian frontier.
+
+Napoleon is reported to have said that the nation which occupies
+Constantinople must dominate the world. The present occupants have
+proved that this dictum is, to say the least, an exaggeration, but there
+is no doubt that if Russia possessed the Bosphorus and Dardanelles, her
+power, for defensive and offensive purposes, would be greatly increased,
+and she might seriously threaten our line of communications with India
+through the Suez Canal. This danger, however, is very remote. So many
+great powers are interested in preventing her from obtaining such a
+commanding position in the Mediterranean, that if she made any
+aggressive movement in that direction she would certainly find herself
+confronted by a very formidable European coalition.
+
+An attack on our Indian frontier is likewise, I venture to think, a very
+improbable contingency. There may possibly be in Russia some political
+dreamers who imagine, in their idle hours, that it would be a grand
+thing to conquer India, with its teeming millions of inhabitants, and
+appropriate the countless wealth which it is falsely supposed to
+possess; but I have never met or heard of any serious Russian politician
+capable of advocating such a hazardous enterprise. Certainly there is no
+immediate danger. When the European struggle in which we are now engaged
+is brought to an end, the nations who are taking part in it will husband
+their resources for many years before launching into any wild
+adventures. Moreover, our position in our great Eastern dependency has
+never previously been so secure as it is now. The Government has long
+been taking precautionary measures against possible troubles on the
+frontier, and in the interior of the country the great mass of the
+inhabitants are prosperous and contented. Hindus and Mahommedans alike
+are learning to appreciate the benefits of British rule, as is shown by
+the fact that in the present crisis the native Princes are generously
+placing all the available resources of their States at the disposal of
+the Central Government.
+
+An additional security against danger in that quarter is afforded by the
+character of the present Czar. His natural disposition is not at all of
+the adventurous type, and he will doubtless profit by past experience.
+He will not soon forget how he inadvertently drifted into the Japanese
+conflict because he let himself be persuaded by ill-informed counselors
+that a war with Japan was altogether out of the question. We can hardly
+suppose that he will listen to such counselors a second time. Moreover,
+he showed on one memorable occasion that he was animated with friendly
+sentiments toward England. The incident has hitherto been kept secret,
+but may now be divulged. During the South African war a hint came to him
+from a foreign potentate that the moment had arrived for clipping
+England's wings and that Russia might play a useful part in the
+operation by making a military demonstration on the Afghan frontier. To
+this suggestion the Czar turned a deaf ear. I am well aware that in
+semi-official conversation the foreign potentate in question has
+represented the incident in a very different light, but recent
+experience has taught us to be chary of accepting literally any
+diplomatic assurances coming from that quarter.
+
+On this subject of possible future conflicts with Russia and of the best
+means of averting them, I have a great deal more to say, but I have now
+reached the limits of the space at my disposal, not to mention the
+patience of my readers, I confine myself, therefore, to a single
+additional remark. The conflicting interests of the two great empires
+are not so irreconcilable as they are often represented, and the chances
+of solving the difficult problem by mutually satisfactory compromises
+may be greatly increased by cultivating friendly relations with the
+power which was formerly our rival and is now happily our ally.
+
+
+
+
+Confiscation of German Patents
+
+[From Russkia Vedomosti, No. 235, Oct. 12 (25), 1914; No. 273, Nov. 27
+(Dec. 10), 1914.]
+
+
+The conference of the representatives of industry at the Ministry of
+Commerce and Industry decided that it is desirable that the Government
+should confiscate the patents granted to Austrian and German subjects
+for inventions which may be of special interest for the State, provided,
+however, that the patent holders should be reimbursed after the end of
+the war.
+
+The conference found it impossible to abolish the trade marks of German
+and Austrian subjects, for this would hurt the Russian consumer, who
+could be then easily cheated by false labels.
+
+Two conflicting opinions prevailed in the conference. The one held that
+the commercial treaties between Russia and Germany (and Austria) have
+left the question of patents out of consideration, while the other
+pointed out that the commercial treaties had granted to German subjects
+equal rights and privileges with Russians as regards patents.
+
+The decision seems to be a compromise between the two.
+
+A delegation of the Moscow Merchants' Association, consisting of Messrs.
+N.N. Shustov, I.G. Volkov, and A.D. Liamin, will soon go to Petrograd to
+petition the Ministers of Finance, Commerce and Industry and of the
+Interior for measures against German "oppression." The delegation
+intends to ask for the revocation of all privileges (franchises) and
+patents granted to Austrian, German, and Turkish subjects and for the
+granting to the Moscow merchants of the right to admit foreigners to the
+Merchants' Association only at its own discretion.
+
+Finally, the delegation intends to discuss with the Ministers the
+special fund created recently at the State Bank for the settlement of
+payments to foreign merchants belonging to the warring nations. With
+this fund Russian merchants are depositing money for their matured
+notes. Thus the payment for foreign goods is now better guaranteed than
+before. The German merchants are taking advantage of this arrangement,
+offering their goods to Russian consumers through their agents and
+branch houses and commercial agents located in neutral countries.
+Therefore the new arrangement helps rather than hurts the German trade
+in Russia.
+
+
+
+
+A Russian Income Tax
+
+Proposed by the Ministry of Finance.
+
+[From Russkia Vedomosti, No. 225, Oct. 1 (14), 1914.]
+
+
+In the long list of new Russian taxes the income tax is the most
+interesting. It is still only a drafted bill. The Government hesitates
+to press it. Perhaps the Duma will take some steps to make this bill a
+law. Its main provisions are as follows:
+
+All annual incomes of 1,000 rubles ($500) and above are to be assessed
+at a progressive rate ranging from 1-1/2 per cent. on 1,000 rubles to
+the maximum of 8 per cent. on incomes of 200,000 rubles ($100,000) and
+above. All persons engaged actively in the present war shall be exempt
+from this tax.
+
+All persons freed from military service within the last four years are
+to pay an additional tax equal to 50 per cent. of their income tax,
+provided the incomes of the parents whose sons have been freed reach
+2,000 rubles ($1,000).
+
+All persons freed from military service having incomes below 1,000
+rubles ($500) are to pay a uniform tax of 6 rubles ($3). A special war
+tax is to be levied in provinces where the whole population or certain
+groups of the population are freed from military service.
+
+Note: For a poor country like Russia the minimum exempt from taxation is
+very high. The large number of able-bodied men in war would cut into
+this tax considerably. It has been figured out that the special 6-ruble
+tax on those freed from the military service would yield about
+13,000,000 rubles ($6,500,000). The total revenue from this tax would
+hardly reach 50,000,000 rubles. Commenting upon this bill, critics have
+proposed to reduce the minimum exempt from taxation from 1,000 rubles
+($500) to 750 rubles ($375) and to cut out the special 6-ruble war tax.
+
+
+
+
+PING PONG.
+
+By BEATRICE BARRY.
+
+
+    Faith, hear our soldier boys a-sighin'
+    'Cause Major General John O'Ryan
+      Won't let 'em dance!
+    The hard-wood floors he's goin' to rip--
+    They may not hesitate or dip;
+    I'm told that he was heard to say
+    They're 'sposed to work and not to play
+      Ping Pong!
+             Ping Pong!
+                    Ping Pong!
+
+    No more about a slender waist
+    Shall arm in uniform be placed.
+      He looks askance
+    At signs of happiness and mirth;
+    Soldiers were put upon the earth
+    To sweat and dig in hard dirt floors,
+    And so prepare 'emselves for war's--
+      Ping Pong!
+             Ping Pong!
+                    Ping Pong!
+
+    I cannot say--I do not know
+    Whether the boys would have it so;
+      But if by chance
+    We should engage in carnage grim,
+    And harm, alas! should come to him--
+    Would they feel sorrow then, or bliss,
+    The while they heard the bullets hiss
+      Ping Pong,
+             Ping Pong,
+                    Ping Pong?
+
+
+
+
+Tools of the Russian Juggernaut
+
+By M.J. Bonn.
+
+     Prof. Bonn is Professor of Political Economy at the University
+     of Munich and German Visiting Professor to the University of
+     California. The following article by him was published on Aug.
+     8, 1914, in the first week of war.
+
+
+As long as hostile censors muzzle truth there is no use in discussing
+the European military situation. Where the ingenuity of American
+newspaper men has failed it would be presumptuous for any one to try.
+But the question, Why are we at war? can be answered fairly well by
+anybody conversant with the facts of the European situation.
+
+We are not at war because the Emperor, as war lord, has sent out word to
+his legions to begin a war of world-wide aggression, carrying into its
+vortex intellectual Germany, notwithstanding all her peaceful
+aspirations.
+
+I may fairly claim to be a representative of that intellectual Germany
+which comes in now for a good deal of sympathy, but I must own that
+intellectual Germany, as far as I know about her, thoroughly approves of
+the Emperor's present policy.
+
+She approves of it not on the principle merely "Right or wrong, my
+country"; she does so because she knows that war has become inevitable,
+and that we must face that ordeal when we are ready for it, not at the
+moment most agreeable to our enemies. If intellectual Germany wants to
+develop the moral and intellectual qualities of the German people she
+can do so only if there is peace--real peace--not endangered by the fear
+of some sudden and treacherous aggression.
+
+We approve of the war because we realize that such a peace was no longer
+possible. Some of our critics are trying to show that we wanted a war,
+as we wanted the colonial empire of France.
+
+We have, indeed, refused the demand made by England as the price for her
+neutrality--that we should not be allowed to take any part of France's
+colonial domains, even in case of complete victory.
+
+We refused this stipulation, not because we were after those colonies,
+but because a so-called neutral power tried to impose conditions upon us
+she would never have dreamed of asking from France.
+
+If we were hankering after conquest we would have made war long ago. We
+would have done so during the Morocco crisis, when Russia had not yet
+recovered from the Japanese war; when Turkey was still a mighty empire,
+ready to take our side, overawing the Balkan States and threatening
+Russia; when Rumania was our ally and when France, trying to swallow up
+the independent States of Morocco, but put herself morally in the wrong.
+
+We refrained from war not because England supported France. The
+developments of the last week have shown that we are ready to face
+England, too, when needs must be. We decided for peace because we were
+convinced that no amount of colonial aggrandizement could compensate us
+for the dangers and horrors of a big European war.
+
+Our diplomatic methods during those days may have been brusque and
+annoying, but our aim was peace. Though we are held up continually as
+the disturber of European peace, driven on by a mad desire for
+territorial aggrandizement, we are the only big European nation which
+has not increased her territory during the last twenty-five years.
+
+Russia tried to steal the Far East and is now going half shares with
+England in Persia. England annexed the Boer republics and is playing
+with Russia for the Persian States.
+
+France has taken Morocco; Italy, Tripoli; Austria-Hungary has formally
+annexed Bosnia.
+
+Even little Servia, who is praised just now as the most just and
+God-fearing nation, has succeeded in wresting a large part of Macedonia,
+inhabited by Bulgarians, from her Bulgarian allies.
+
+The only conquest we went in for was an exchange of a strip of West
+Africa, which we got from France as a kind of hush money, for her
+Morocco policy, England, Italy, and Spain having taken their payment in
+advance.
+
+We have led no war of aggression for new territories, and we are held up
+to moral contempt by all those nations who have taken their shares.
+
+We went to war because we had to keep faith with Austria. We do not and
+we did not approve of every step our ally has taken. But our idea of a
+faithful alliance is not that you can chuck your partner whenever he has
+made a mistake, but that you must stick to him through good and evil.
+
+You may upbraid him privately if you dislike his methods; you may give
+him a fair warning, but as long as your bargain exists you must stick to
+it.
+
+And our alliance with Austria is not a mere piece of political strategy,
+not an unholy alliance like that of republican France with despotic
+Russia or Anglo-Saxon England with Mongol Japan.
+
+Our States have a common history. We are, as far as the Austrian Germans
+are concerned--about a third of the population of Austria--the same
+people. We have, and that is perhaps the most decisive point in the
+alliance, nearly the same position on the surface of the globe.
+
+We are both inland empires situated in the centre of Europe, surrounded
+by many different nations, all of whom may bear some grudge against us.
+
+As long as our joint frontiers are safe we can stand back to back and
+face calmly any unnatural confederation like the present one.
+
+We concluded the alliance with Austria because we wanted to safeguard
+ourselves against foreign attack; it has turned out the alliance has
+involved us in war. We might have avoided the war at present if we had
+broken faith with our ally.
+
+It would not have been difficult for us to find some legal quibbles,
+like those which Italy, following a policy of very sober national
+egotism, is now earnestly exclaiming to all the world.
+
+If we had done so we should have been knaves, but we should have been
+fools as well. For surely nobody can believe that the forces
+antagonistic to Germany would have ceased to act if we had left Austria
+in the lurch.
+
+Neither France nor Russia nor England would have changed their policy.
+They might, moreover, have tried to make Austria join in some future
+conspiracy against us.
+
+There are three main causes to which the war is due:
+
+1. The French have never forgotten their defeat in 1870 and 1871. They
+have always been thirsting for revenge.
+
+2. We are at war because Russia thinks she has a mission on behalf of
+the Slavic world; she feels that mission can only be fulfilled by
+smashing Germany, the bulwark of Western idea.
+
+3. We are at war because England has returned to her old political
+ideals. She means to enforce anew the balance of power and she wants to
+cut down Germany to that normal dead-level which alone, she thinks, is
+consistent with her own security.
+
+As far as our antagonism to France is concerned, we have always looked
+upon it as a regrettable fact which time, perhaps, might do away with.
+We are just enough to understand that a country like France, with a
+glorious past, a gallant spirit and an undaunted courage, cannot forget
+the blow we dealt her forty-three years ago.
+
+We think we have been right in retaking from her Alsace-Lorraine,
+belonging originally to the German Empire. But we look with a kind of
+envy upon her who succeeded in denationalizing the people of those
+provinces to such a degree that we have not yet been able to make them
+Germans once more.
+
+We have always regretted that the two most civilized nations in
+Continental Europe should be rent asunder by an unforgotten past.
+
+We hoped that the creation of a wonderful African empire might in the
+long run soothe French national feeling. We should have been always
+willing to come to an understanding on the existing state of affairs,
+but though there have been lucky statesmen in France who tried such a
+policy, public opinion was too strong for them. French people preferred
+to sacrifice the main ideas on which their republican government is
+based and made an alliance with Russia.
+
+Religious, national, and political oppression in Russia against Pole,
+Jew, and Finn, against workingman and intellectual, is propped up by the
+help of liberal thinking France, whose conservatism threw a Western
+glamour over Russian ill-deeds.
+
+We have regretted more than words can say it that France has annihilated
+herself as a power for the moral improvement of the universe by making
+herself a tool of the Russian Juggernaut.
+
+We read in the papers today that after a small frontier engagement in
+Alsace-Lorraine the signs of mourning were taken off from the statues
+representing Alsatian towns on Parisian squares.
+
+We know in our innermost hearts that they will have to be attached for a
+long time to come to those three emblems of human progress for which
+France is supposed to stand, liberty, fraternity, equality, if our arms
+are not successful.
+
+We realize that the gallant spirit of the French people has furnished
+the mainspring which has made this war possible.
+
+We honor her for her courage. For we know well enough that it is she
+alone among the partners who runs real risks. We know that she is not
+moved by sordid motives. But as we know her unforgiving attitude, as we
+knew that she was helping Russia and egging her on against us; that she
+was instigating Britain and Belgium as well as Serb and Rumanian, we had
+to take her attitude as what it was; as the firm policy of a patriotic
+and passionate people, waiting for the moment when they could wipe out
+the memory of 1870, putting nationality to the front, sacrificing their
+own ideals of humanity.
+
+Would France have given up this attitude if we had not stood by our
+Austrian ally? Would she have broken her word to her Russian friend if
+we had been a little more conciliatory?
+
+I think we would commit a libel on French honor and on French patriotism
+if we assumed that any step on our part could have prevented her from
+trying to redress the state of affairs produced by the events of 1871.
+
+[Illustration: decoration]
+
+
+
+
+Fate of the Jews in Poland
+
+By Georg Brandes.
+
+[From The Day, Nov. 29, 1914.]
+
+     Georg Brandes, Denmark's critic and man of letters, has lived
+     in many European countries and spent the year 1886-87 in
+     Russian Poland. His books on "Impressions of Poland" and
+     "Impressions of Russia" show his interest in the political and
+     social conditions of the Russian Empire.
+
+
+The war raging in and out of Europe does not give the experienced much
+reason to hope. The immense mischief daily caused by it is certain
+enough. The benefits which are believed to be the result of it and of
+which the various nations dream differently are so uncertain that they
+cannot possibly be reckoned upon. Before those whose sympathy was with
+the deep national misfortune of the Polish people, there rose the image
+of the reunion and emancipation of this tripartited people under
+extensive autonomy, and most probably under the protection and supremacy
+of a great power.
+
+For the present we are far away from that goal. Poles are compelled by
+necessity to fight in the Prussian, Austrian and Russian armies, against
+each other. Not the smallest attempt at emancipation has been made
+either in Prussian Posen or in the Russian "Kingdom" or in Austrian
+Galicia. We might even say that the dismemberment at present is going
+deeper than ever, as it is now cleaving the minds as well.
+
+The only indication of a future union is the manifesto of the Grand Duke
+Nikolai, the Russian Field Marshal, to the Poles, issued in the middle
+of August. It began: "Poles, the hour has struck in which the holy dream
+of your fathers and grandfathers may be fulfilled. Let the borders
+cutting asunder the Polish people be effaced; let them unite under the
+sceptre of the Czar. Under this sceptre Poland will regenerate, free in
+religion, language, and autonomy."
+
+And it ended in the following way: "The dawn of a new life is beginning
+for you. In this dawn let the sign of the cross, the symbol of the
+sufferings and the resurrection of the people, shine."
+
+How clearly this manifesto, with its surprising love of liberty, its
+pious reference to the cross, bore the stamp of having been enforced by
+circumstances, and how accustomed one had become to disregard promises
+from the Russian Government of full constitutional liberty and the like,
+as those given before had not meant very much either in Finland or in
+Russia itself. Still the manifesto, as a sign of the time, was well apt
+to make an impression on the great masses who had always heard the
+authorities stamp as criminal plots, as high treason, what was now
+suddenly called from the supreme place "the holy dream of the
+forefathers."
+
+The purpose of the proclamation was probably, above all, to prevent a
+revolt in Russian Poland the moment hostile troops invaded it. On the
+Austrian Poles the manifesto seems to have failed to produce its effect.
+As these Poles enjoy full autonomy in Galicia, and for a century have
+witnessed the severity and cruelty with which their kinsmen in Russian
+Poland have been oppressed, they received the proclamation with loud
+vows of faithfulness to the house of Hapsburg; nay, all the _sokol_
+societies which in time of peace (keeping a decision in view) had
+trained their members in games and the use of arms, placed themselves as
+Polish legions at the disposal of the Government against the Russians.
+But that was not all. The Ruthenian inhabitants of Galicia, one-half the
+population of the country, founded _a League for the Release of Ukraine_
+and flooded Europe from the 25th of August with notifications and
+descriptions hostile to Russia. The founders did not withhold their
+names. They are D. Donzow, W. Doroschenko, M. Melenewsky, A.
+Skoropyss-Joltuchowsky, N. Zalizniak and A. Zuk.
+
+And it has very soon proved that, in spite of the proclamation of the
+independence of Poland, the Czar, at any rate, includes East Galicia in
+Poland as little as the inhabitants are regarded or treated as Poles or
+Ruthenians. The Russians were hardly in Lemberg, before this town and
+the whole of East Galicia were called in the orders of the day old
+Russian land and the inhabitants described as Russians, whom their
+brothers had now come to set free.
+
+What impression the imperial manifesto made in Posen can scarcely be
+proved, as each hostile remark against Prussia would have been punished
+as high treason.
+
+The German Emperor has, however, no less than the Russian Czar, been
+courting the favor of the Poles and trying to win them through promises.
+One month after the issue of the Czar's manifesto, a proclamation from
+von Morgen, the German Lieutenant General, was displayed in the
+Governments of Lomza and Warsaw. In this the following sentences are to
+be found: "Arise and drive away with me those Russian barbarians who
+made you slaves; drive them out of your beautiful country, which shall
+now regain her political and religious liberty. That is the will of my
+mighty and gracious King." Knowing the passion with which the Poles have
+hitherto been driven away from their soil and persecuted because of
+their language, we learn from this proclamation that the German
+Government has felt the necessity of outbidding the Czar.
+
+As far as may be seen, the Czar's manifesto made very little impression
+on the intellectual in Russian Poland, who, of course, received it with
+much suspicion. The masses in Russian, as in Austrian, Poland have for
+some time stood passionately against each other, hurling accusations of
+treason to the holy cause of their native country, until a new party has
+now been formed which is politically most unripe, but for that very
+reason has an enormous extension. Its password is this: "We do not want
+to hear of Russia or of Austria; we only want one thing: the Polish
+State without guardianship from any side." In other words, we want the
+quite impossible. Political oppression for almost one and one-half
+centuries brings its own punishment to a people. In such a people
+political skill too easily becomes local patriotism, or it remains in
+the state of innocence.
+
+Of what use is it to begin singing: _Polonia fara de se_? That Poland
+cannot become free by itself is evident to anybody who has any political
+idea.
+
+Still I am inclined to say, never mind the forms which the Polish
+independence and thirst of liberty are taking: they seem to pass like a
+purifying storm through all Polish minds. Many times before this has a
+glorious future risen before the Poles--1812, when Napoleon began the
+second Polish campaign; 1830, when the Poles were buoyed up by the
+sympathy of Europe; 1848 and 1863. But hardly has a change of
+established conditions appeared so possible and painful barriers so near
+the point of falling, as in this great and dreadful crisis.
+
+He who for a generation has been busy with Polish and Russian affairs
+can therefore, without much difficulty, imagine how many young Polish
+hearts are now beating and burning with hope, expectation and the most
+noble aspirations.
+
+Nevertheless, the state of affairs in Russian Poland is at present more
+desperate than it has ever been before, during war and revolt; and this
+is not due to the pressure of the conditions or the horror of the
+situation, but is due to the Poles themselves, to the overstimulation
+of the national feeling which sends forth its breath of madness all over
+Europe and now whirls round in Polish brains to drive out magnanimity
+and humanity, not to speak of reason, which, on the whole, has no
+jubilee in Europe in the year 1914.
+
+I dare truthfully say that for no other people have I felt the
+enthusiasm that I have felt for the Poles. I have revealed this feeling
+at a time when they were not the order of the day, and only very few
+shared my sentiments. I pronounced this feeling long ago, but it had
+slight effect in drawing the attention of the Poles to my writings about
+them or in winning their thanks. The Poles did not discover my book
+about them till ten years after it had appeared, and when it had been by
+chance translated into German. To write in Danish is as a rule to write
+in water.
+
+It would be very ungrateful of me, on this occasion, when I am obliged
+to use sharp words to the Poles, not to remember the indescribable
+affection and kindness they have shown me in Russian Poland as well as
+in Austrian Poland. Among them I have found quite incomparable friends.
+
+For a long time I have therefore refused to say an unkind, not to
+mention an offensive word. As far back as in 1898 I refused so
+absolutely to make myself the advocate of the Ruthenians against them
+that the Ruthenian leaders became my bitter enemies, who never tired of
+attacking me, and I was mute as a fish when Bjoernstjerne Bjoernson, not
+long before his death, upon application of the Ruthenians, attacked the
+Poles, fortunately for them with such unreasonable exaggerations that
+the attacks did no harm. (Bjoernson maintained that the Pole as such was
+the devil himself as the Middle Ages had imagined him.) I knew better
+than Bjoernson what might be said against electioneering and pressure on
+electors in Galicia, but I remained silent because I considered it
+unworthy to attack a people which was in such a difficult position and
+which was able to defend many minor injustices committed by it as
+self-defense. I considered it especially impossible for me to attack the
+Poles to whom I was bound by honor and toward whom I bore the warmest,
+most sincere sympathy.
+
+It is therefore with no light heart that I write these lines.
+
+Denial of the rights of man to Jewish subjects belongs to the nature of
+Russia. Now and then Europe has been startled when an uncommon massacre
+of innocent Jews has taken place, as in Kishineff, but all have known
+and know that Russia stows her Jewish population together in the Polish
+outskirts of the realm, stows them together so tightly that they can
+neither live nor die, denies them the liberty of moving, the liberty of
+studying, even the right of school--and university--education beyond a
+certain (too small) percentage. Only such Jews who hold a university
+degree are allowed to live in the capitals of the Empire. No young
+Jewish woman is allowed to take up her abode near the universities in
+Petrograd or Moscow, unless she has been enrolled as a prostitute, and
+it has happened that the police have made their appearance and accused
+her of forgery, complaining that she did not carry on her profession,
+but was reading scientific books instead. If a man is, for instance, a
+doctor of medicine, he may take up his abode in Moscow; in case he is
+married his wife may live there with him. But if the couple has a
+two-year-old child, the mother is not allowed to take it with her into
+the railway carriage and let it live with her in the capital. For the
+child has no right to live there. If this right is wanted a detailed
+petition must be sent in to the Governor General, in whose power it is
+to grant or refuse it.
+
+In a few of the cases where plunder and murder of a Jewish population in
+Russia have taken place, the outrages have partly been excused, or at
+any rate explained, through the almost incomprehensible ignorance of the
+peasants. Russia's most famous political economist, who at the same time
+is a great estate owner, has told me himself that when the elections to
+the First Duma took place he was informed that each of the peasants on
+his estate had voted for himself. He asked them, surprised, what they
+meant, and explained to them that in this way none of them could be
+elected; but they answered with the question, "Does not each Deputy get
+so many rubles a day? Yes. And do you think that we should let so much
+money go to another if we, perhaps, might get it ourselves?"
+
+The same prominent estate owner told me that one day he asked some of
+his peasants if they really had partaken in a Pogrom which had taken
+place in the neighboring parish--he could not believe it, as they looked
+so good-natured. To his astonishment they answered yes, and when he
+asked them about the reason they replied: "You know it very well." They
+then explained that they had killed these Jews because the Jews had
+killed their Saviour. He: "But that was so long ago and it was not they
+who did it and it did not happen in this country." To which they, again
+astonished, exclaimed: "Was it long ago? We thought it was last week."
+It appeared that they had understood from the priest's explanation that
+the crucifixion had taken place then and there.
+
+Under such conditions one is not surprised by any outrage. But to see
+the hatred of the Jews spread in Russian Poland, where people understand
+how to read and write, that must surely fill one with wonder. The great
+number of Jews in the old Polish Kingdom originated in the days of
+Casimir the Great (1309-1370), who out of love for his concubine,
+Esther, opened his country to the Jews and made conditions favorable for
+them. Since then the number has increased, as the Czars locked up all
+their Jewish subjects there. So they have been living separated and with
+a special dress like the Jews of Denmark at the time of Holberg. They
+have, however, felt and suffered as Polish patriots. As early as 1794 a
+regiment of Jewish volunteers fought under Kosciusko; their Colonel fell
+in 1809. In 1830 the shallow Polish national Government refused the
+Jews' petition to be allowed to enter the army. As they then ventured to
+apply for admission to the Polish public schools Nicholas I. punished
+them, allowing 36,000 families to be carried away to the steppes of
+South Russia, where the regulation for the enlistment of children
+overtook them. All their small boys from the age of 6 years were sent to
+Archangel in Cossack custody to be trained as sailors. They died in
+multitudes on the way.
+
+The evils which befell all the inhabitants of Poland regardless of their
+creed for some time suppressed the hatred of the Jews which is always
+lurking in the masses. The great men of Poland checked its development.
+Adam Mickiewicz, Poland's greatest author, went so far that in his chief
+work, Poland's national epic, "Pan Tadeusz" (1834) he makes a Jewish
+innkeeper one of the most sympathetic leading characters. He is
+introduced in the fourth canto as a genius in music, the great master of
+the national instrument, the cymbal; and Mickiewicz makes the
+culmination of his poem the moment when Jankiel before Dombrowski
+himself plays the Dombrowski marche, symbolical of the whole history of
+Poland from 1791-1812, the year in which the poem takes place, the
+Napoleon year.
+
+In the year 1860 the equalization of the Jews with the Catholics was a
+reality in Warsaw, and when, in February, 1861, at two large public
+places in Warsaw, the Russians had shot on the kneeling masses singing
+the national anthem, ("Zdymem pozarow,") the Jews felt impelled to show
+their national feeling through an unmistakable manifestation.
+
+In masses they accompanied their rabbis into the Catholic churches just
+as the Christians in crowds entered the synagogues to sing the same
+hymn.
+
+This last feature, the processions of the two creeds into each other's
+churches singing the same song, made such an impression on Henrik Ibsen,
+the great Scandinavian poet, that again and again he returned in his
+conversations to this as one of the greatest and most beautiful
+experiences he had ever had.
+
+And now under the whirlstorm of madness which nationalism has driven
+across Europe, all this is lost; nay, from a religious reconciliation it
+has been turned into flaming hatred between the races.
+
+
+II.
+
+In 1912 the election of a Deputy to the Duma was to take place in
+Warsaw. The population of the town consists of between seven and eight
+hundred thousand. As among them there are 300,000 Jews, the majority of
+the electors, it was in the power of that majority to elect a Jewish
+Deputy. Because of their Polish national feeling, however, they gave up
+this right, as they wanted Warsaw, as the capital of the Kingdom of
+Poland, to be represented by a man who not only in spirit, but also by
+race, was a Pole. Of the Polish committee they only demanded that the
+party concerned be no enemy to the Jews. It proved, however, that the
+committee in its arrogance would not deal with them at all and proposed
+Kucharschewski, a pronounced anti-Semitic candidate and a man who
+publicly declared that he desired the election to the Duma only to work
+for the extermination of the Jews of Poland. By the way, it is strange
+to notice how the word "exterminate," which thirty years ago in the days
+of Bismarck and Eduard von Hartmann as _Ausrotten_ was subject to the
+curse and condemnation of the Poles, has now come to honor, and how
+easily it passes their lips.
+
+As the Jews, of course, could not vote on such a man, they urgently
+asked the committee to propose another candidate not inimical to them.
+This reasonable request was refused with coarseness and Kucharschewski's
+candidacy maintained. Because of that the Jews were obliged to look
+about for another candidate of Polish family who was fit for the
+position and was not hostile to them. In spite of numerous applications,
+they did not succeed in finding such a man; at the last moment, when all
+attempts had failed, Jagello, the Social Democrat, declared himself
+willing to accept the candidacy of the Jews.
+
+The only thing in his favor was the fact that he was of pure Polish
+blood. As their leading men all belong to the higher middle class, they
+did not share his views. But the state of affairs forced them to support
+him. Lord Beaconsfield used to maintain that the natural disposition of
+the Jewish race was conservative, but foolish politics, instead of
+encouraging the conservative instincts of the race, forced it to cast
+its lot with the most extreme elements of the opposition. It has proved
+true here.
+
+Jagello was elected.
+
+The leading men in Russian Poland, who, as a matter of fact, through the
+whole new century, had fought against the Jews, although secretly, for
+fear they should forfeit the sympathy of the intellectual aristocracy of
+Europe, used this electoral victory of the Jews, which had been forced
+upon them, to throw off the mask and openly act as their passionate
+enemies. The so-called co-operative movement developed during the last
+twelve years, and in itself nothing but a fight against the Jewish
+commerce, under a different name, now changed into a systematic and
+cruelly effected boycotting of the Jewish population. In private as in
+public life, the openly pronounced password was: not to buy from Jews,
+not to associate with Jews.
+
+At the head of this movement marched the intelligence of Poland, among
+others some of its most famous authors, avowed free thinkers as
+Nemojewski, nay, as Alexander Swientochowski. Literary life presents
+many changes, metamorphoses, which in thoroughness are not very much
+inferior to those of Ovid. A good deal is necessary to make one who for
+one-half century has witnessed the want of character among writers feel
+even the slightest surprise. But I should willingly have sworn that I
+should never have lived to see Alexander Swientochowski a nationalist,
+he the most uncompromising adversary of nationalism, who endured a good
+deal for his conviction, to see the poet of "Chawa Rubin" an
+anti-Semitic chief. Not only does all that Alexander Swientochowski
+wrote rise against him, but also the words, the powerful words, which
+issued from his mouth in his palmy days.
+
+The whole Polish press placed itself at the disposal of this movement.
+Young Polish louts were posted outside the Jewish shops and ill-treated
+the Christian women and children who wanted to buy there. By means of
+the well-known Dumowski a new paper, Dwa Groszi, was started, which
+simply urged pogroms. It soon came to bloody struggles. Polish
+undergraduates killed an old Jew in the Sliska Street in Warsaw. In the
+little town of Welun peasants poured naphtha on the house of a Jew and
+put fire to it, burning a large family. Similar acts occurred in several
+other places, until the Russian Government stopped this pogrom movement
+in order to prevent the Polish nationalism from getting stronger.
+
+The Polish priests in the villages incited the people from the pulpit to
+boycotting of and war against the Jews. After the sentence in the Beilis
+action the Polish newspapers were almost alone in publishing on
+circulars the information that Beilis had been acquitted, but that the
+existence of religious murder had been satisfactorily proved. Nay, the
+free thinker, Nemojewski, wrote a book, in which he maintained the
+monstrous lie that Jewish religious murders are facts, and traveled all
+over the country with an agitatorial lecture to the same purpose.
+
+Under these circumstances, the Jews in Russian Poland turned to the few
+men whose names were so esteemed or whose characters were so
+unimpeachable that their words could not be unheeded.
+
+Ladislas Mickiewicz, the excellent son of the great Mickiewicz, who had
+passed his whole life in Paris, first as a publisher and translator of
+the works of his father, and then as a Polish patriotic author,
+convened, together with some other prominent men, a great meeting at
+Warsaw to restore the inner peace. In vain he begged and besought his
+countrymen, who had enemies enough otherwise, not to act as enemies of
+the Jews, who had always been their friends. No Polish newspaper gave
+any report of his speech.
+
+All this took place before the war. The provisional result was the
+economic destruction of the Russian-Polish Jews. But now during the war
+the glow of the bloody hatred of the Jews has blazed out in far stronger
+flames and the Russian Government has as yet done nothing to subdue or
+quench the fire.
+
+During the mobilization several Polish newspapers, for instance, The
+Glos Lubelski, brought the alarming news in heavy type: "In England
+great pogroms against the Jews. The English Government does not check
+them." The paper was conscious of the lie. But the question was to set
+an example to follow.
+
+When the lack of gold and silver began to be felt the Polish newspapers
+accused the Jews of hiding the valuable metals. On closer examination,
+it was found that many non-Jewish business people (for instance,
+Ignaschewski in Lublin, a very rich Pole) were withholding whole bags
+full of gold and silver coins, for which they were punished rather
+severely; but this was not proved against a single Jew.
+
+Furthermore, the Jews were, among other things, accused of having
+smuggled in a coffin 1,500,000 rubles in gold into Germany; and the
+protest against the accusation entered by the representatives and
+ministers of the Jewish congregation at Warsaw was printed in Russian
+papers, but not in a single Polish one.
+
+All these things were preparations for pogroms; but many others were
+made. The anti-Semites printed a proclamation in Yiddish in which the
+Jews were called upon to revolt against Russia; they took care that this
+proclamation was put into the pockets of the unsuspecting Jews in the
+streets of the different towns; those who had distributed the papers
+denounced the party concerned to the police. Everybody upon whom the
+proclamation was found was shot.
+
+At last the Jews were, as in the Middle Ages, both in word and writing
+accused of having poisoned the wells. If some Cossacks or other Russian
+soldiers died, the Poles accused the Jews of having caused their death.
+
+The chief accusation was, however, the accusation of espionage, which
+obtained general credence and was used both when Austrian troops came to
+some town or village and when Russian troops expelled the Austrians. The
+result was the same. A suitable number of Jews were conscientiously shot
+by the Russians as well as by the Austrians. There are, however, lists
+of those who really have been unmasked as spies. A Potocki was among
+them, and had to pay for it with his life; but no Jewish name is found
+on these lists.
+
+The accusation is, however, always believed, as the Jew has, for about
+two thousand years, been characterized as Judas.
+
+The legend about Judas may without exaggeration be described as one of
+the most foolish legends of antiquity; that it has been believed is one
+proof among thousands of the indescribable simplicity of mankind. Few
+legends carry like it the stamp of lie on their faces and few legends
+have millennium after millennium caused so many evils and horrors. It
+has tortured and murdered by hundred thousands.
+
+According to the supposition the story is impossible. The supposition is
+that a man in possession of superhuman attributes, a god or a demi-god,
+day after day goes about and speaks in the open air in a town and its
+neighborhood. So little does he make a secret of his doings that a short
+time before he had made his entry at broad daylight, welcomed with
+exultation by the whole population. He is known by each and all, by each
+woman and each child. So little does he want to hide that he walks about
+accompanied by his disciples, preaching day and night, sleeping among
+them. And to think it should be necessary to buy one of his disciples to
+denounce him and deliver him, to betray him, and that--for the sake of
+the effect--with a kiss! Indeed if he had hidden in some cellar, then
+there would be some meaning in it; but as things are, those who seek
+him need only ask: which of you is Jesus? He would not have tried to
+deny his name.
+
+Judas is then not only quite superfluous, but an absurdity, the origin
+of which is to be found in the desire to place the black traitor
+opposite the white hero of light and in the hatred of Jews arising among
+the first Gentile Christians, who later made the world forget that not
+only this straw-doll, Judas, but also Jesus and all the Apostles, all
+the Disciples and all the evangelists were Jews.
+
+Nevertheless, in the conception of the rude masses this Judas--as he was
+called--has become the Jew, the typical Jew, the traitor, and the spy.
+
+Still as late as in the last decennium of the last century, Capt. Alfred
+Dreyfus fell a victim to this old foolish legend.
+
+And now it is again rehashed against the Jews in Russian Poland.
+
+The pogroms have, by virtue of these Judas accusations and the many
+other dreadful accusations, spread all over Russian Poland and there
+they are spreading more and more, while Galicia as well as Posen has
+proved susceptible to the incitations which have not failed. Many
+hundreds of innocent people have fallen victims to them.
+
+Here are a few instances from many:
+
+In the town of Bechava, conquered by the Austrians, the Polish leaders,
+among whom was a very well-known estate owner, applied to the Austrian
+commandant, accusing the Jews of secret connection with the Russian
+Army. In consequence of this the Austrians killed a 67-year-old man
+called Wallstein, and his 17-year-old son. When, after a short time, the
+Austrians were driven away, the same estate owner accused the Jews of
+the town to the Russian commandant of being in communication with the
+Austrians, having delivered to them all provisions for the purpose of
+depriving the Russians of them. In consequence of his accusation, many
+Jews were shot and their houses burned down.
+
+In the towns of Janow and Krasnik the Jews were accused of having put
+out mines to destroy the Russians. The Jews, and among them many
+children, were hanged on the telegraph poles, and the two towns
+destroyed.
+
+The town of Samosch was conquered by the Austrian Sokol troops, those
+beautiful slender people whom you do not forget when once you have seen
+them train in the capital of Galicia. When they were driven away from
+the Russian Army the Poles accused the Jews of the town of having been
+the accomplices of the Austrians. Twelve Jews were arrested. When they
+denied the charge they were sentenced to death. Five of them had been
+already hanged, when in the middle of the execution a Russian priest,
+carrying an image of the Virgin in his hand, appeared and with his hand
+on this image took the oath that the Jews were innocent and that the
+accusation was all an outcome of Polish hatred of the Jews. He proved
+that the Poles of the town themselves had supported the Austrians and
+that even a telephone connection with Lemberg could be found. The seven
+Jews were then set free; five had already been hanged.
+
+In the town of Jusefow, the Jews were accused of having poisoned the
+wells through which hundreds of Cossacks had lost their lives.
+Seventy-eight Jews were killed, many women were ravished, and houses and
+shops plundered.
+
+Similar events happened and still happen daily by hundreds. Greater or
+smaller pogroms with murder, rape, and plunder have thus taken place in
+the districts of Warsaw, Random, Petrikow, and Kelts.
+
+Only a few Russian Governors, such as Korff, in Warsaw; Kelepowski, in
+Lublin, and the Governors of Wilna, Petrikow, and Grodno have spoken,
+although too late, against the pogroms, but neither the Government nor
+the Poles take these warnings seriously.
+
+Eyewitnesses have told me about Jewish soldiers in the different
+lazarets who have turned mad, not through the unavoidable horrors of the
+war, but because of the pogroms they have witnessed in the towns they
+have passed. They mistake those they have seen murdered for their own
+relations; they imagine they see their own mothers, sisters, or beloved
+ones in that plight. They are always raving about the same thing.
+
+The pursuit of the Jews by the Russian-Polish anti-Semites is the more
+invidious under these circumstances, as 300,000 Jewish soldiers, among
+them many volunteers, are serving in the Russian Army, and as the
+self-sacrifice of the army and the Red Cross hitherto has been
+immeasurable. In the great congregations are special hospitals for
+Russian soldiers--regardless of their creed--founded by Jews and with
+Jewish money. Not a few Jewish soldiers have already won the highest
+military distinctions, nay, a few of them have even received them from
+Mr. Rennenkampf, the Commander in Chief himself, who used to be a
+zealous anti-Semite, as the Russian Court on the whole is passionately
+anti-Semitic. The manifesto from the Czar _To my dear Jewish subjects_,
+which has been printed in the French newspapers, has never been anything
+but a fabrication.
+
+While the usual accusation against the Jews in Russian Poland was that
+of sympathizing with the Russians--for which they have no special
+reason--Mr. A. Warinski, who in Russia is classed among the black ones,
+also called the true Russians--in "Politiken" has made the charge
+against them that the German attempts of gaining the Poles "have only
+had the effect desired on the Russian and Polish Jews, as these
+elements, because of psychological relation with the Prussians, feel
+disposed to place themselves at the side of Germany." This accusation
+and the arguments for it might express the culmination. The Jew shall
+and must be Judas. If it cannot be accomplished in one way the opposite
+way is tried. Mr. Warinski does not say one word about how many Jews
+have gone into the war as volunteers out of pure enthusiasm for Poland.
+They have not been able to believe, as I for my part cannot believe,
+that the last outcrop of nationalism in Russian Poland is more than a
+temporary epidemic.
+
+How could Russian Poles in the long run be unfaithful to the only powers
+they have been able to appeal to, the only powers which took an
+interest in them? How can they who are fighting for their liberty after
+so many years' ill-treatment be willing to seize an opportunity to
+ill-treat the only people who (to its misfortune) is in their power, the
+only people who have suffered far more and twenty times as long as they
+themselves; and the only ones who are too strong to be destroyed through
+any ill-treatment? How can the Poles, who were at times ruined as a
+State through the treachery of their own men, want to fling out the
+accusation of treason against a tribe which has never betrayed itself
+and which even in the deepest abasement never betrayed the only Slavic
+tribe who in the Middle Ages gave a refuge to its children?
+
+I suppose that the Poles will maintain against this appeal to them that
+I, whom the Ruthenians could never bring to make any attack on them, am
+now, because of my descent, speaking in favor of a matter, which is very
+unpleasant to them. My personal descent has so little influenced my
+proceedings and way of thinking that during the whole of my public life
+I have been subject to continual attacks in national Jewish periodicals
+and newspapers as the man who denied community of descent and supposed
+community of faith.
+
+This Spring during my stay in America I was continually attacked in the
+American Jewish papers as the callous denier of the Jews. It was
+nonsense, as is most of that which appears in print, but it proves at
+least that it is not on behalf of my blood but on behalf of my mind that
+I speak on this occasion. My sympathy is not with the Jews as Jews, but
+as the suppressed and ill-treated.
+
+I am the man who a generation ago wrote: "We love Poland, not in the
+same way that we love Germany or France or England, but as we love
+liberty. For what is to love Poland but to love liberty, to feel a deep
+sympathy with misfortune and to admire courage and combative enthusiasm?
+Poland is the symbol of all that which the supreme among mankind have
+loved and for which they have fought."
+
+These were my words and hitherto I have adhered to them.
+
+Shall I have to feel ashamed of having written them, now that Poland's
+future is being decided?
+
+GEORG BRANDES.
+
+[Illustration: decoration]
+
+
+
+
+Commercial Treaties After the War
+
+By P. Maslov.
+
+[From Russkia Vedomosti, No. 207, Sept. 10, (23,) 1914.]
+
+
+For reasons beyond my control,[2] I am unable as a member of the Free
+Economic Association[3] to participate in the discussion of the methods
+of raising money by taxation for the war expenditures. The political
+group to which I belong may not give full expression to its views. What
+follows is my personal opinion shared by several men.
+
+[Footnote 2: Mr. Maslov, who is a well-known Russian economist, was
+arrested shortly after the beginning of the war on suspicion of not
+being loyal enough.--Translator.]
+
+[Footnote 3: The Russian Free Economic Association is one of the oldest
+scientific bodies of Russia. It considers at its meetings proposed
+taxation and various questions of economic policy. It is but natural
+that the proposed new taxes should have provoked ardent discussion in
+this association. How the war taxes should be levied (direct versus
+indirect taxation) and who shall be the taxpayers, were among the chief
+topics discussed at its recent meetings.--Translator.]
+
+The attack by Germany is not only a menace to the democracy of France
+and Belgium, it not only threatens a political dictatorship by the
+Prussian nobility over Europe, but is a danger of far greater magnitude
+than these. For the first time Europe is in peril of having her
+commercial treaties determined by the sword. Up to this time even the
+smaller countries have been saved from such a violent course, and
+European capital has been obliged to restrict itself to the oppression
+of Asiatic countries. Now for the first time--in case of a German
+victory--Europe stands in danger of having her commercial arrangements
+forced upon her by an iron hand, and is threatened with being turned
+into a German colony. For in the case of a German victory no power in
+Europe will be able to withstand Germany. And Germany will deal without
+ceremony even with Austria.
+
+On the other hand, in case of German defeat, the foremost capitalistic
+country, Great Britain, may not menace Europe for two reasons: First,
+Great Britain holds to the policy of free trade; second--and this is the
+main point--she cannot support with armed force her policy as against
+her allies.
+
+In the meantime the danger indicated above threatens economically
+backward Russia; her agricultural population may be ruined, her
+industries may be destroyed. An unprecedented situation has arisen for
+Russia. All the social classes of the empire are deeply interested in
+the repulse of the armies of the Kaiser. The working class is just as
+much interested in the existence of Russian industries as are the
+employers. The peasants are in no lesser degree interested in the
+development of agriculture; the killing of industries and agriculture
+like that committed by England in Ireland centuries ago is a gloomy
+prospect for all classes of society. If France and Belgium are
+threatened with a political oppression then Russia is threatened with an
+even more terrible economic subjugation. Such is the situation.
+
+The poorest classes of the people are taking part in this fight with
+what they have, with their blood. It is but natural that they should
+expect that the material burdens of the war will fall not upon their
+shoulders, but upon big business.
+
+It seems to me that in discussing the sinews of war the Free Economic
+Association has not considered fully the psychology of the masses. And
+yet this psychology has a decisive influence upon the war, and is bound
+to be unfavorable to the war, if the masses of the people feel that the
+financial burdens of the war are to be placed upon the weakest
+shoulders.
+
+Considering that at the present moment our supreme duty is to repel the
+German invasion at all costs, I think that this duty will be better
+performed by putting the economic burden of the war upon the shoulders
+of the well-to-do classes, for we have to reckon not only with the
+taxpaying capacity of the mass of the people, but also with their
+psychology.
+
+I regard it as a great mistake that the important problem of the most
+economical methods of spending money raised by taxation has not been
+considered.
+
+P. MASLOV.
+
+
+
+
+THE WOMAN'S PART.
+
+By MAZIE V. CARUTHERS.
+
+
+    Beside my ruined cottage, desolate,
+      The children cowering 'round me, mute from fright,
+    With tearless eyes and brooding heart, I wait,
+      Watching through all the long, the weary night.
+    God of the homeless, look from Heaven and see!
+    Out of the deeps, a woman calls on Thee!
+
+    My little ones, they cry all day for bread,
+      And, 'neath the shelter of my meagre breast,
+    Stirs one unborn, who must e'er long be fed--
+      Another babe to hunger with the rest.
+    Madonna Mary, hear a mother's moan!
+    Pity the travail I must bear alone!
+
+    The tasseled corn would plenteous harvest yield,
+      But all the crops are rotting in the sun.
+    Where are the reapers? On some battlefield
+      They fight for nought and die there, one by one!
+    God's comfort be upon them where they lie,
+    Sheep to war's shambles driven--who knows why?
+    Death and destruction walk by day, by night,
+      Men's blood is spilt and sacrificed in vain,
+    While women wait for tidings of the fight
+      Who may not even sepulchre their slain!
+    They say "God's in His Heaven"--but, instead,
+    'Twould seem He is asleep--or, maybe, dead!
+
+
+
+
+A PHOTOGRAPHIC REVIEW OF THE WAR
+
+_CONSISTING OF A CAREFULLY SELECTED SERIES OF THE BEST PICTURES OF THE
+WAR PRINTED IN ROTOGRAVURE_
+
+[Illustration: decoration]
+
+[Illustration: Shell Opens the Wall Surrounding the Convent of the
+Little Sisters of the Poor at Nieuport, Belgium, Exposing But Not
+Damaging the Shrine
+
+(C) (_Photo, International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Middle-Aged and Elderly Men in Response to the Last Call
+Leaving Berlin for the Front.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Louvain Peasant in Flight, Conveying His Sleeping Child
+and His Possessions on a Wheelbarrow.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _Underwood & Underwood._)]
+
+[Illustration: "Bridge of the Arches" Over the Meuse at Liege, Blown Up
+by the Belgians to Hamper the Enemy.
+
+(_Photo by Boon, Holland._)]
+
+[Illustration: French Artillery Advancing Through Chauconier, Near
+Meaux, on the Marne. One of the Houses on the Right Is Still Burning as
+a Result of the Bombardment.
+
+(_Photo by Paul Thompson._)]
+
+[Illustration: Ruins of the Cathedral at Louvain (to the left) After the
+German Destruction of the City. In the Background is the Hotel de Ville,
+Which Was but Slightly Damaged.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Belgian Soldier Turning Sadly from a Mere Lad Who Had
+Been Shot in the Fierce Engagement at Huy, and Whose Suffering He Is
+Unable to Relieve.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _Underwood & Underwood._)]
+
+[Illustration: Interior of the Famous Library at Louvain.
+
+(_Photo by N.J. Boon, Holland._)]
+
+[Illustration: Cupola of a Maubeuge Fort Shattered by the German
+42-Centimeter Siege Gun.
+
+(_Photo by Paul Thompson._)]
+
+[Illustration: Trenches Dug in Paris in Preparation for Street Fighting.
+
+(_Photo--Sports & General._)]
+
+[Illustration: Battery of Searchlights from the Place de la Concorde
+Sweeping the Sky Over Paris by Night for German Airships.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: German Soldiers Examining One of the Belgian Army's
+Concealed Forts Near Brussels.
+
+(_Photo by Paul Thompson._)]
+
+[Illustration: Sunken Belgian Battery Replying to German Siege Guns Near
+Antwerp.
+
+(_Photo--Sports & General._)]
+
+[Illustration: Belgian Armored Train in Action During the Attack on
+Antwerp.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Belgian Soldier in Armored Car Watching the Bursting of a
+German Shell at the Attack on Antwerp.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _Underwood & Underwood._)]
+
+[Illustration: Fort Wavre St. Catherine, One of the Strongest in the
+Ring Around Antwerp, Crumpled by the German 42-Centimeter Siege Guns.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Striking Photograph of the Destroyed Shoe-Market Section
+of Antwerp, Looking Toward the Cathedral.]
+
+[Illustration: Belgian Men, Women, and Children Sleeping on Straw at
+Rosendaal, Holland.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: A Captured German Officer Salutes a Belgian Standard,
+Though His Men Ignore It as They March Past.]
+
+[Illustration: Sinking of the German Cruiser Mainz in the Naval Battle
+Off Heligoland. The Photograph, Taken from the Deck of a British
+Warship, Shows the Cruiser in Flames and Settling in the Water.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: German Prisoners of War, Nearly a Thousand in Number,
+Reaching Southern England.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Belgian Girls Distributing Walnuts to the Soldiers Behind
+Antwerp's Now Ruined Defenses.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _Underwood & Underwood._)]
+
+[Illustration: A Remarkable Photograph Taken on the Firing Line at
+Ernecourt. One Man Lies Dead, Another Is Being Tended by a Red Cross
+Surgeon, and the Second Soldier from the Left Has Just Been Hit.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Huge German Siege Gun Used in Bombarding Malines.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Scene in the Krupp Gun Works, Where Germany's Army and
+Navy Guns Are Manufactured.
+
+(_Photo from Brown Bros._)]
+
+[Illustration: Zeppelin Dirigible, One of the Great Fleet of Airships
+Which Germany Is Using in the War.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Belgian Guns in Action During the Defense of Antwerp.]
+
+[Illustration: King Albert of Belgium Talking to One of the French
+General Staff in the Square at Furnes During a Review of French
+Reinforcements.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: German Soldiers on Outpost Duty Near Antwerp Sharing
+Their Food with Little Belgian Orphans.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _Underwood & Underwood._)]
+
+[Illustration: Nurse Reading to a Convalescent Soldier in the War
+Hospital at Calais.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: A Red Cross Nurse Taking Down the Last Message of a Dying
+British Soldier on the Battlefield.
+
+(_Photo by Paul Thompson._)]
+
+[Illustration: French Artillery Assembled in a Square at Stenay, Just
+Before the Town Was Captured by the Germans.
+
+(_Photo by Paul Thompson._)]
+
+[Illustration: A Belgian Outpost in Action on the Battle Line Near the
+Franco-Belgian Frontier.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Gen. Belin, Who Is Gen. Joffre's Right-Hand Man and an
+Important Factor in the Control of the French Forces.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Belgian Sharpshooters Attacking from an Armored Train in
+the Vicinity of Ypres.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: German Crown Prince and the King of Saxony Witnessing a
+Parade of the Ninety-eighth Regiment of Infantry Before the Crown
+Prince's Headquarters.]
+
+[Illustration: The Kaiser (at the extreme left) Witnessing the Parade of
+a Saxon Landsturm Regiment.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: King George and King Albert Reviewing the Belgian Troops
+in Flanders. Immediately Behind the Sovereigns Are the Prince of Wales
+and His Highness Pertab Singh.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Algerian Troops Bringing in German Prisoners From the
+Flanders Battle in the Canal Region of Belgium.]
+
+[Illustration: King George V., Queen Mary, and Lord Kitchener Cheered by
+Canadian Highlanders at Salisbury, England.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _American Press Assn._)]
+
+[Illustration: German Motor Convoy Destroyed in the Forest Near
+Villers-Cotteret, France.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Red Cross Nurse at a Hospital in Northern France Hanging
+Christmas Evergreens Above a Wounded Soldier's Cot.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _American Press Assn._)]
+
+[Illustration: Gen. von Heeringen, "the Victor of Saarburg," on the
+Right, Talking with Gen. von Emmich, Who Commanded Before Liege.
+
+(_Photo by R. Sennecke._)]
+
+[Illustration: Bringing a Suspected Spy Through the French Lines to
+Headquarters After Enveloping His Head to Prevent His Seeing Anything of
+Military Value.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _American Press Assn._)]
+
+[Illustration: Constantinople Crowds Gathered at the Mosque of Faith
+While Sheikh Ul-Islam Proclaims the Declaration of War Against the
+Allies.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: Japanese Bluejackets Coming Ashore Near Tsing-Tau.
+
+(_Photo from Paul Thompson._)]
+
+[Illustration: The Defenders of Tsing-Tau Moving to the Outer Defenses
+During the Siege.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _International News Service._)]
+
+[Illustration: German Gun in the Bismarck Fortress, Tsing-Tau, Crumpled
+by Japanese and British Shells
+
+(_Photos by Paul Thompson._)]
+
+
+
+
+Patriotism and Endurance
+
+By Cardinal D.J. Mercier, Archbishop of Malines.
+
+[_Copyright by Burns & Oates, Ltd., 28 Orchard Street, London. All
+rights reserved._]
+
+     Here is the celebrated Christmas pastoral letter of Cardinal
+     Mercier, Archbishop of Malines. It is the first authentic
+     translated copy of the now famous document to be received in
+     America. The letter has caused a worldwide sensation because
+     of its bold appeal to the Belgian people. Its publication
+     resulted in the detention of the Cardinal by the Germans in
+     his palace and a consequent protest by the Pope and throughout
+     the whole Roman Catholic world.
+
+     The first reports of the arrest of the Cardinal were denied by
+     the German authorities. Subsequently an official report made
+     to the Pope stated that 15,000 copies of the pastoral letter
+     were seized in Malines and destroyed, the printer being fined;
+     that the Cardinal was detained in his palace during all Jan.
+     4; that he was prevented by German officers on Jan. 3 from
+     presiding at a religious ceremony; that they subjected him to
+     interrogations and demanded of him a retraction, which he
+     refused to make. The English reprint of the Cardinal's letter
+     is copyrighted by Burns & Oates, Ltd., 28 Orchard Street,
+     London. THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY reproduces it by
+     permission.
+
+
+My Very Dear Brethren: I cannot tell you how instant and how present
+thought of you has been to me throughout the months of suffering and of
+mourning through which we have passed. I had to leave you abruptly on
+the 20th of August in order to fulfill my last duty toward the beloved
+and venerated Pope whom we have lost, and in order to discharge an
+obligation of the conscience from which I could not dispense myself, in
+the election of the successor of Pius X., the Pontiff who now directs
+the Church under the title, full of promise and of hope, of Benedict XV.
+
+It was in Rome itself that I received the tidings--stroke after
+stroke--of the partial destruction of the Cathedral Church of Louvain,
+next of the burning of the library and of the scientific installations
+of our great university and of the devastation of the city, and next of
+the wholesale shooting of citizens, and tortures inflicted upon women
+and children and upon unarmed and undefended men.
+
+And, while I was still under the shock of these calamities, the
+telegraph brought us news of the bombardment of our beautiful
+metropolitan church, of the Church of Notre Dame au dela la Dyle, of the
+episcopal palace, and of a great part of our dear City of Malines.
+
+Afar from my diocese, without means of communication with you, I was
+compelled to lock my grief within my own afflicted heart and to carry
+it, with the thought of you, which never left me, to the foot of the
+Crucifix.
+
+I craved courage and light, and sought them in such thoughts as these: A
+disaster has visited the world, and our beloved little Belgium, a nation
+so faithful in the great mass of her population to God, so upright in
+her patriotism, so noble in her King and Government, is the first
+sufferer. She bleeds; her sons are stricken down within her fortresses
+and upon her fields, in defense of her rights and of her territory.
+
+Soon there will not be one Belgian family not in mourning. Why all this
+sorrow, my God? Lord, Lord, hast Thou forsaken us? Then I looked upon
+the Crucifix. I looked upon Jesus, most gentle and humble Lamb of God,
+crushed, clothed in His blood as in a garment, and I thought I heard
+from His own mouth the words which the psalmist uttered in His name: "O
+God, my God, look upon me; why hast Thou forsaken me? O my God, I shall
+cry, and Thou wilt not hear."
+
+And forthwith the murmur died upon my lips, and I remembered what our
+Divine Saviour said in His gospel: "The disciple is not above the
+master, nor the servant above his lord." The Christian is the servant of
+a God who became man in order to suffer and to die.
+
+To rebel against pain, to revolt against Providence because it permits
+grief and bereavement, is to forget whence we came, the school in which
+we have been taught, the example that each of us carries graven in the
+name of a Christian, which each of us honors at his hearth, contemplates
+at the altar of his prayers, and of which he desires that his tomb, the
+place of his last sleep, shall bear the sign.
+
+My dearest brethren, I shall return by and by to the providential law of
+suffering, but you will agree that since it has pleased a God-made man
+who was holy, innocent, without stain, to suffer and to die for us who
+are sinners, who are guilty, who are perhaps criminals, it ill becomes
+us to complain whatever we may be called upon to endure. The truth is
+that no disaster on earth, striking creatures only, is comparable with
+that which our sins provoked and whereof God Himself chose to be the
+blameless victim.
+
+Having recalled to mind this fundamental truth, I find it easier to
+summon you to face what has befallen us and to speak to you simply and
+directly of what is your duty and of what may be your hope. That duty I
+shall express in two words--patriotism and endurance.
+
+My dearest brethren, I desire to utter in your name and my own the
+gratitude of those whose age, vocation, and social conditions cause them
+to benefit by the heroism of others without bearing in it any active
+part.
+
+When, immediately on my return from Rome, I went to Havre to greet our
+Belgian, French, and English wounded; when, later, at Malines, at
+Louvain, at Antwerp, it was given to me to take the hands of those brave
+men who carried a bullet in their flesh, a wound on their forehead,
+because they had marched to the attack of the enemy or borne the shock
+of his onslaught, it was a word of gratitude to them that rose to my
+lips. "O valiant friends," I said, "it was for us, it was for each one
+of us, it was for me, that you risked your lives and are now in pain. I
+am moved to tell you of my respect, of my thankfulness, to assure you
+that the whole nation knows how much she is in debt to you."
+
+For in truth our soldiers are our saviors.
+
+A first time, at Liege, they saved France; a second time, in Flanders,
+they arrested the advance of the enemy upon Calais. France and England
+know it; and Belgium stands before them both, and before the entire
+world, as a nation of heroes.
+
+Never before in my whole life did I feel so proud to be a Belgian as
+when, on the platforms of French stations, and halting a while in Paris,
+and visiting London, I was witness of the enthusiastic admiration our
+allies feel for the heroism of our army. Our King is, in the esteem of
+all, at the very summit of the moral scale. He is doubtless the only man
+who does not recognize that fact, as, simple as the simplest of his
+soldiers, he stands in the trenches and puts new courage, by the
+serenity of his face, into the hearts of those of whom he requires that
+they shall not doubt of their country. The foremost duty of every
+Belgian citizen at this hour is gratitude to the army.
+
+If any man had rescued you from shipwreck or from a fire, you would
+assuredly hold yourselves bound to him by a debt of everlasting
+thankfulness. But it is not one man, it is 250,000 men who fought, who
+suffered, who fell for you so that you might be free, so that Belgium
+might keep her independence, her dynasty, her patriotic unity; so that
+after the vicissitudes of battle she might rise nobler, purer, more
+erect, and more glorious than before.
+
+Pray daily, my brethren, for these 250,000 and for their leaders to
+victory; pray for our brothers in arms; pray for the fallen; pray for
+those who are still engaged; pray for the recruits who are making ready
+for the fight to come.
+
+In your name I send them the greeting of our fraternal sympathy and our
+assurance that not only do we pray for the success of their arms and for
+the eternal welfare of their souls, but that we also accept for their
+sake all the distress, whether physical or moral, that falls to our own
+share in the oppression that hourly besets us, and all that the future
+may have in store for us, in humiliation for a time, in anxiety, and in
+sorrow. In the day of final victory we shall all be in honor; it is just
+that today we should all be in grief.
+
+To judge by certain rumors that have reached me, I gather that from
+districts that have had least to suffer some bitter words have arisen
+toward our God, words which, if spoken with cold calculation, would not
+be far from blasphemous.
+
+Oh, all too easily do I understand how natural instinct rebels against
+the evils that have fallen upon Catholic Belgium. The spontaneous
+thought of mankind is ever that virtue should have its instantaneous
+crown and injustice its immediate retribution.
+
+But the ways of God are not our ways, the Scripture tells us. Providence
+gives free course, for a time measured by Divine wisdom, to human
+passions and the conflict of desires. God, being eternal, is patient.
+The last word is the word of mercy, and it belongs to those who believe
+in love. "Why art thou sad, O my soul? and why dost thou disquiet me?
+_Quare tristis es anima, et quare conturbas me?_" Hope in God. Bless Him
+always. Is He not thy Saviour and thy God? _Spera in Deo quoniam adhuc
+confitebor illi, salutare vultus mei et Deus meus._
+
+When holy Job, whom God presented as an example of constancy to the
+generations to come, had been stricken, blow upon blow, by Satan, with
+the loss of his children, of his goods, of his health, his enemies
+approached him with provocations to discouragement; his wife urged upon
+him a blasphemy and a curse. "Dost thou still continue in thy
+simplicity? Curse God, and die." But the man of God was unshaken in his
+confidence. "And he said to her: Thou hast spoken like one of the
+foolish women: if we have received good things at the hand of God, why
+should we not receive evil? _Dominus dedit, Dominus abstulit; sicut
+Domino placuit ita factum est. Sit nomen Domini benedictum._" And
+experience proved that saintly one to be right. It pleased the Lord to
+recompense, even here below, His faithful servant. "The Lord gave Job
+twice as much as he had before. And for his sake God pardoned his
+friends."
+
+Better than any other man, perhaps, do I know what our unhappy country
+has undergone. Nor will any Belgian, I trust, doubt of what I suffer in
+my soul, as a citizen and as a Bishop, in sympathy with all this sorrow.
+These last four months have seemed to me age long. By thousands have our
+brave ones been mowed down. Wives, mothers are weeping for those they
+shall not see again; hearths are desolate; dire poverty spreads, anguish
+increases.
+
+At Malines, at Antwerp the people of two great cities have been given
+over, the one for six hours, the other for thirty-four hours, to a
+continuous bombardment, to the throes of death.
+
+I have traversed the greater part of the districts most terribly
+devastated in my diocese,[4] and the ruins I beheld, and the ashes, were
+more dreadful than I, prepared by the saddest of forebodings, could have
+imagined.
+
+[Footnote 4: Duffel, Lierre, Berlaer Saint Rombaut, Konings-Hoyckt,
+Mortsel, Waelhem, Muysen, Wavre Sainte Caterine, Wavre Notre Dame,
+Sempst, Weerde, Eppeghen, Hofstade, Elewyt, Rymenam, Boort-Meerbeek,
+Wespelaer, Haecht, Werchter-Wackerzeel, Rotselaer, Tremeloo; Louvain and
+its suburban environs, Blauwput, Kessel-Loo, Boven-Loo, Linden, Herent,
+Thildonck, Bueken, Relst, Aerschot, Wesemael, Hersselt, Diest, Schaffen,
+Molenstede, Rillaer, Gelrode.]
+
+Other parts of my diocese, which I have not had time to visit,[5] have
+in like manner been laid waste. Churches, schools, asylums, hospitals,
+convents in great numbers are in ruins. Entire villages have all but
+disappeared. At Werchter-Wackerzeel, for instance, out of 380 homes 130
+remain. At Tremeloo two-thirds of the village are overthrown. At Bueken,
+out of 100 houses 20 are standing. At Schaffen, 189 houses out of 200
+are destroyed; 11 still stand. At Louvain the third part of the
+buildings are down; 1,074 dwellings have disappeared. On the town land
+and in the suburbs 1,823 houses have been burned.
+
+[Footnote 5: Haekendover, Roosbeek, Bautersem, Budingen, Neerlinder,
+Ottignies, Mousty, Wavre, Beyghem, Capelle-au-Bois, Humbeek,
+Nieuwenrode, Liezelo, Londerzeel, Heyndonck, Mariekerke, Weert,
+Blaesvelt.]
+
+In this dear City of Louvain, perpetually in my thoughts, the
+magnificent Church of St. Peter will never recover its former splendor.
+The ancient College of St. Ives, the art schools, the consular and
+commercial schools of the university, the old markets, our rich library
+with its collections, its unique and unpublished manuscripts, its
+archives, its gallery of great portraits of illustrious rectors,
+chancellors, professors, dating from the time of its foundation, which
+preserved for masters and students alike a noble tradition, and were an
+incitement in their studies, all this accumulation of intellectual, of
+historic, and of artistic riches, the fruit of the labors of five
+centuries--all is in the dust.
+
+Many a parish lost its pastor. There is now sounding in my ears the
+sorrowful voice of an old man, of whom I asked whether he had had mass
+on Sunday in his battered church. "It is two months," he said, "since we
+had a church." The parish priest and the curate had been interned in a
+concentration camp.
+
+Thousands of Belgian citizens have in like manner been deported to the
+prisons of Germany, to Munsterlagen, to Celle, to Magdeburg. At
+Munsterlagen alone, 3,100 civil prisoners were numbered. History will
+tell of the physical and moral torments of their long martyrdom.
+
+Hundreds of innocent men were shot. I possess no complete necrology; but
+I know that there were ninety-one shot at Aerschot and that there, under
+pain of death, their fellow-citizens were compelled to dig their graves.
+In the Louvain group of communes 176 persons, men and women, old men and
+sucklings, rich and poor, in health and sickness, were shot or burned.
+
+In my diocese alone I know that thirteen priests or religious were put
+to death.[6]
+
+[Footnote 6: Their brothers in religion or in the priesthood will wish
+to know their names. Here they are: Dupierreux of the Society of Jesus,
+Brothers Sebastian and Allard of the Congregation of the Josephites,
+Brother Candide of the Congregation of the Brothers of Mercy, Father
+Maximin, Capuchin, and Father Vincent, Conventual; Lombaerts, parish
+priest at Boven-Loo; Goris, parish priest at Autgaerden; Carette,
+professor at the Episcopal College of Louvain; de Clerck, parish priest
+at Bueken; Dergent, parish priest at Gelrode, and Wouters Jean, parish
+priest at Pont-Buule. We have reason to believe that the parish priest
+of Herent, van Bladel, an old man of 71, was also killed. Until now,
+however, his body has not been found.]
+
+One of these, the parish priest of Gelrode, suffered, I believe, a
+veritable martyrdom. I made a pilgrimage to his grave, and amid the
+little flock which so lately he had been feeding with the zeal of an
+apostle, there did I pray to him that from the height of Heaven he would
+guard his parish, his diocese, his country.
+
+We can neither number our dead nor compute the measure of our ruins. And
+what would it be if we turned our sad steps toward Liege, Namur,
+Audenne, Dinant, Tamines, Charleroi, and elsewhere?[7] And there, where
+lives were not taken, and there, where the stones of buildings were not
+thrown down, what anguish unrevealed! Families hitherto living at ease
+now in bitter want; all commerce at an end, all careers ruined, industry
+at a standstill, thousands upon thousands of workingmen without
+employment, working women, shopgirls, humble servant girls without the
+means of earning their bread, and poor souls forlorn on the bed of
+sickness and fever, crying, "O Lord, how long, how long?"
+
+[Footnote 7: I have said that thirteen ecclesiastics had been shot
+within the Diocese of Malines. There were, to my own actual personal
+knowledge, more than thirty in the Dioceses of Namur, Tournai, and
+Liege--Schlogel, parish priest of Hastiere; Gille, parish priest of
+Couvin; Pieret, curate at Etalle; Alexandre, curate at Mussy-la-Ville;
+Marechal, seminarist at Maissin; the Rev. Father Gillet, Benedictine of
+Maredsous; the Rev. Father Nicolas, Premonstratensian of the Abbey of
+Leffe; two brothers of the same abbey; one brother of the Congregation
+of Oblates; Poskin, parish priest of Surice; Hotlet, parish priest of
+Les Alloux; Georges, parish priest of Tintigny; Glouden, parish priest
+of Latour; Zenden, retired parish priest of Latour; Jacques, a priest;
+Druet, parish priest of Acoz; Pollart, parish priest of Roselies;
+Labeye, parish priest of Blegny-Trembleur; Thielen, parish priest of
+Haccourt; Janssen, parish priest of Heure le Romain; Chabot, parish
+priest of Foret; Dossogne, parish priest of Hockay; Reusonnet, curate of
+Olme; Bilande, chaplain of the Institute of Deaf Mutes at Bouge; Docq, a
+priest, and others.]
+
+There is nothing to reply. The reply remains the secret of God.
+
+Yes, dearest brethren, it is the secret of God. He is the Master of
+events and the Sovereign Director of the human multitude. _Domini est
+terra et plenitudo ejus; orbis terrarum et universi qui habitant in eo._
+The first relation between the creature and his Creator is that of
+absolute dependence. The very being of the creature is dependent;
+dependent are his nature, his faculties, his acts, his works.
+
+At every passing moment that dependence is renewed, is incessantly
+reasserted, inasmuch as, without the will of the Almighty, existence of
+the first single instant would vanish before the next. Adoration, which
+is the recognition of the sovereignty of God, is not, therefore, a
+fugitive act; it is the permanent state of a being conscious of his own
+origin. On every page of the Scriptures Jehovah affirms His sovereign
+dominion.
+
+The whole economy of the old law, the whole history of the chosen
+people, tend to the same end--to maintain Jehovah upon His throne and to
+cast idols down. "I am the first and the last. I am the Lord, and there
+is none else; there is no God beside Me. I form the light and create
+darkness, I make peace and create evil. Woe to him that gainsayeth his
+maker, a sherd of the earthen pots. Shall the clay say to him that
+fashioneth it, What art thou making, and thy work is without hands? Tell
+ye, and come, and consult together. A just God and a Saviour, there is
+none beside Me."
+
+Ah, did the proud reason of mankind dream that it could dismiss our God?
+Did it smile in irony when through Christ and through His Church He
+pronounced the solemn words of expiation and of repentance? Vain of
+fugitive successes, O light-minded man, full of pleasure and of wealth,
+hast thou imagined that thou couldst suffice even to thyself?
+
+Then was God set aside in oblivion, then was He misunderstood, then was
+He blasphemed, with acclamation, and by those whose authority, whose
+influence, whose power had charged them with the duty of causing His
+great laws and His great order to be revered and obeyed. Anarchy then
+spread among the lower ranks of mankind, and many sincere consciences
+were troubled by the evil example. How long, O Lord, they wondered, how
+long wilt Thou suffer the pride of this iniquity? Or wilt Thou finally
+justify the impious opinion that Thou carest no more for the work of Thy
+hands? A shock from a thunderbolt, and behold, all human foresight is
+set at nought! Europe trembles upon the brink of destruction!
+
+The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom.
+
+Many are the thoughts that throng the breast of man today, and the chief
+of them all is this:
+
+God reveals Himself as the Master. The nations that made the attack, and
+the nations that are warring in self-defense, alike confess themselves
+to be in the hand of Him without Whom nothing is made, nothing is done.
+
+Men long unaccustomed to prayer are turning again to God. Within the
+army, within the civil world, in public, and within the individual
+conscience, there is prayer. Nor is that prayer today a word learned by
+rote, uttered lightly by the lip; it surges from the troubled heart, it
+takes the form, at the feet of God, of the very sacrifice of life. The
+being of man is a whole offering to God. This is worship, this is the
+fulfillment of the primal moral and religious law--the Lord thy God
+shalt thou adore, and Him only shalt thou serve.
+
+And even those who murmur, and whose courage is not sufficient for
+submission to the hand that smites us and saves us, even these
+implicitly acknowledge God to be the Master, for if they blaspheme Him,
+they blaspheme Him for His delay in closing with their desires.
+
+But as for us, my brethren, we will adore Him in the integrity of our
+souls. Not yet do we see in all its magnificence the revelation of His
+wisdom, but our faith trusts Him with it all. Before His justice we are
+humble, and in His mercy hopeful. With holy Tobias we know that because
+we have sinned He has chastised us, but because He is merciful He will
+save us.
+
+It would perhaps be cruel to dwell upon our guilt now, when we are
+paying so well and no nobly what we owe. But shall we not confess that
+we have indeed something to expiate? He who has received much, from him
+shall much be required. Now dare we say that the moral and religious
+standard of our people has risen as its economic prosperity has risen?
+The observance of Sunday rest, the Sunday mass, the reverence for
+marriage, the restraints of modesty--what had you made of these?
+
+What, even within Christian families, had become of the simplicity
+practiced by our fathers, what of the spirit of penance, what of respect
+for authority? And we, too, we priests, we religious, I, the Bishop, we
+whose great mission it is to present in our lives, yet more than in our
+speech, the Gospel of Christ, have we earned the right to speak to our
+people the word spoken by the Apostle to the nations, "Be ye followers
+of me, as I also am of Christ"?
+
+We labor indeed, we pray indeed, but it is all too little. We should be,
+by the very duty of our state, the public expiators for the sins of the
+world. But which was the thing dominant in our lives--expiation or our
+comfort and well-being as citizens? Alas! we have all had times in which
+we, too, fell under God's reproach to His people after the escape from
+Egypt: "The beloved grew fat and kicked; they have provoked me with that
+which was no god, and I will provoke them with that which is no people."
+Nevertheless, He will save us, for He wills not that our adversaries
+should boast that they, and not the Eternal, did these things. "See ye
+that I alone am, and there is no other God beside me. I will kill and I
+will make to live. I will strike and I will heal."
+
+God will save Belgium, my brethren; you cannot doubt it.
+
+Nay, rather, He is saving her.
+
+Across the smoke of conflagration, across the stream of blood, have you
+not glimpses, do you not perceive signs of His love for us? Is there a
+patriot among us who does not know that Belgium has grown great? Nay,
+which of us would have the heart to cancel this last page of our
+national history? Which of us does not exult in the brightness of the
+glory of this shattered nation? When in her throes she brings forth
+heroes, our mother country gives her own energy to the blood of those
+sons of hers. Let us acknowledge that we needed a lesson in patriotism.
+There were Belgians, and many such, who wasted their time and their
+talents in futile quarrels of class with class, of race with race, of
+passion with personal passion.
+
+Yet when, on Aug. 2, a mighty foreign power, confident in its own
+strength and defiant of the faith of treaties, dared to threaten us in
+our independence, then did all Belgians, without difference of party, or
+of condition, or of origin, rise up as one man, close ranged about their
+own King and their own Government, and cry to the invader: "Thou shalt
+not go through!"
+
+At once, instantly, we were conscious of our own patriotism. For down
+within us all is something deeper than personal interests, than personal
+kinships, than party feeling, and this is the need and the will to
+devote ourselves to that more general interest which Rome termed the
+public thing, _Res publica_. And this profound will within us is
+patriotism.
+
+Our country is not a mere concourse of persons or of families inhabiting
+the same soil, having among themselves relations more or less intimate,
+of business, of neighborhood, of a community of memories happy or
+unhappy.
+
+Not so; it is an association of living souls subject to a social
+organization, to be defended and safeguarded at all costs, even the cost
+of blood, under the leadership of those presiding over its fortunes. And
+it is because of this general spirit that the people of a country live a
+common life in the present, through the past, through the aspirations,
+the hopes, the confidence in a life to come, which they share together.
+
+Patriotism, an internal principle of order and of unity, an organic bond
+of the members of a nation, was placed by the finest thinkers of Greece
+and Rome at the head of the natural virtues. Aristotle, the prince of
+the philosophers of antiquity, held disinterested service of the
+city--that is, the State--to be the very ideal of human duty.
+
+And the religion of Christ makes of patriotism a positive law; there is
+no perfect Christian who is not also a perfect patriot. For our religion
+exalts the antique ideal, showing it to be realizable only in the
+absolute. Whence, in truth, comes this universal, this irresistible
+impulse which carries at once the will of the whole nation in one single
+effort of cohesion and of resistance in face of the hostile menace
+against her unity and her freedom?
+
+Whence comes it that in an hour all interests were merged in the
+interest of all, and that all lives were together offered in willing
+immolation? Not that the State is worth more, essentially, than the
+individual or the family, seeing that the good of the family and of the
+individual is the cause and reason of the organization of the State. Not
+that our country is a Moloch on whose altar lives may lawfully be
+sacrificed. The rigidity of antique morals and the despotism of the
+Caesars suggested the false principle--and modern militarism tends to
+revive it--that the State is omnipotent, and that the discretionary
+power of the State is the rule of right. Not so, replies Christian
+theology; right is peace--that is, the interior order of a nation,
+founded upon justice. And justice itself is absolute only because it
+formulates the essential relation of man with God and of man with man.
+
+Moreover, war for the sake of war is a crime. War is justifiable only if
+it is the necessary means for securing peace. St. Augustine has said:
+"Peace must not be a preparation for war. And war is not to be made
+except for the attainment of peace." In the light of this teaching,
+which is repeated by St. Thomas Aquinas, patriotism is seen in its
+religious character.
+
+Family interests, class interests, party interests, and the material
+good of the individual take their place, in the scale of values, below
+the ideal of patriotism, for that ideal is right, which is absolute.
+Furthermore, that ideal is the public recognition of right in national
+matters and of national honor. Now, there is no absolute except God. God
+alone, by His sanctity and His sovereignty, dominates all human
+interests and human wills. And to affirm the absolute necessity of the
+subordination of all things to right, to justice, and to truth, is
+implicitly to affirm God.
+
+When, therefore, humble soldiers whose heroism we praise answer us with
+characteristic simplicity, "We only did our duty," or "We were bound in
+honor," they express the religious character of their patriotism. Which
+of us does not feel that patriotism is a sacred thing, and that a
+violation of national dignity is in a manner a profanation and a
+sacrilege?
+
+I was asked lately by a staff officer whether a soldier falling in a
+righteous cause--and our cause is such, to demonstration--is not
+veritably a martyr. Well, he is not a martyr in the rigorous theological
+meaning of the word, inasmuch as he dies in arms, whereas the martyr
+delivers himself, undefended and unarmed, into the hands of the
+executioner; but if I am asked what I think of the eternal salvation of
+a brave man who has consciously given his life in defense of his
+country's honor and in vindication of violated justice, I shall not
+hesitate to reply that, without any doubt whatever, Christ crowns his
+military valor, and that death, accepted in this Christian spirit,
+assures the safety of that man's soul. "Greater love than this no man
+hath," said our Saviour, "that a man lay down his life for his friends."
+
+And the soldier who dies to save his brothers and to defend the hearths
+and altars of his country reaches this highest of all degrees of
+charity. He may not have made a close analysis of the value of his
+sacrifice, but must we suppose that God requires of the plain soldier in
+the excitement of battle the methodical precision of the moralist or the
+theologian? Can we who revere his heroism doubt that his God welcomes
+him with love?
+
+Christian mothers, be proud of your sons. Of all griefs, of all our
+human sorrows, yours is perhaps the most worthy of veneration. I think I
+behold you in your affliction, but erect, standing at the side of the
+Mother of Sorrows, at the foot of the Cross. Suffer us to offer you not
+only our condolence, but our congratulation. Not all our heroes obtain
+temporal honors, but for all we expect the immortal crown of the elect.
+For this is the virtue of a single act of perfect charity--it cancels a
+whole lifetime of sins. It transforms a sinful man into a saint.
+
+Assuredly a great and a Christian comfort is the thought that not only
+among our own men, but in any belligerent army whatsoever, all who in
+good faith submit to the discipline of their leaders in the service of a
+cause they believe to be righteous are sharers in the eternal reward of
+the soldier's sacrifice. And how many may there not be among these young
+men of 20 who, had they survived, might possibly not have had the
+resolution to live altogether well, and yet in the impulse of patriotism
+had the resolution to die so well?
+
+Is it not true, my brethren, that God has the supreme art of mingling
+His mercy with His wisdom and His justice? And shall we not acknowledge
+that if war is a scourge for this earthly life of ours, a scourge
+whereof we cannot easily estimate the destructive force and the extent,
+it is also for multitudes of souls an expiation, a purification, a force
+to lift them to the pure love of their country and to perfect Christian
+unselfishness?
+
+We may now say, my brethren, without unworthy pride, that our little
+Belgium has taken a foremost place in the esteem of nations. I am aware
+that certain onlookers, notably in Italy and in Holland, have asked how
+it could be necessary to expose this country to so immense a loss of
+wealth and of life, and whether a verbal manifesto against hostile
+aggression, or a single cannon shot on the frontier, would not have
+served the purpose of protest. But assuredly all men of good feeling
+will be with us in our rejection of these paltry counsels. Mere
+utilitarianism is no sufficient rule of Christian citizenship.
+
+On the 19th of April, 1839, a treaty was signed in London by King
+Leopold, in the name of Belgium, on the one part, and by the Emperor of
+Austria, the King of France, the Queen of England, the King of Prussia,
+and the Emperor of Russia, on the other; and its seventh article decreed
+that Belgium should form a separate and perpetually neutral State, and
+should be held to the observance of this neutrality in regard to all
+other States. The co-signatories promised, for themselves and their
+successors, upon their oath, to fulfill and to observe that treaty in
+every point and every article without contravention or tolerance of
+contravention. Belgium was thus bound in honor to defend her own
+independence. She kept her oath. The other powers were bound to respect
+and to protect her neutrality. Germany violated her oath; England kept
+hers.
+
+These are the facts.
+
+The laws of conscience are sovereign laws. We should have acted
+unworthily had we evaded our obligation by a mere feint of resistance.
+And now we would not rescind our first resolution; we exult in it. Being
+called upon to write a most solemn page in the history of our country,
+we resolved that it should be also a sincere, also a glorious page. And
+as long as we are required to give proof of endurance, so long we shall
+endure.
+
+All classes of our citizens have devoted their sons to the cause of
+their country, but the poorer part of the population have set the
+noblest example, for they have suffered also privation, cold, and
+famine. If I may judge of the general feeling from what I have witnessed
+in the humbler quarters of Malines and in the most cruelly afflicted
+districts of my diocese, the people are energetic in their endurance.
+They look to be righted; they will not hear of surrender.
+
+Affliction is, in the hand of Divine Omnipotence, a two-edged sword. It
+wounds the rebellious, it sanctifies him who is willing to endure.
+
+God proveth us, as St. James has told us, but He "is not a tempter of
+evils." All that comes from Him is good, a ray of light, a pledge of
+love. "But every man is tempted by his own concupiscence.... Blessed is
+he that endureth temptation, for when he hath been proved he shall
+receive the crown of life, which God hath promised to them that love
+Him."
+
+Truce, then, my brethren, to all murmurs of complaint. Remember St.
+Paul's words to the Hebrews, and through them to all of Christ's flock,
+when, referring to the bloody sacrifice of our Lord upon the cross, he
+reminded them that they had not yet resisted unto blood. Not only to the
+Redeemer's example shall you look, but also to that of the
+30,000--perhaps 40,000--men who have already shed their life blood for
+their country.
+
+In comparison with them, what have you endured who are deprived of the
+daily comforts of your lives, your newspapers, your means of travel,
+communication with your families? Let the patriotism of our army, the
+heroism of our King, of our beloved Queen in her magnanimity, serve to
+stimulate us and support us. Let us bemoan ourselves no more. Let us
+deserve the coming deliverance. Let us hasten it by our virtue even more
+than by our prayers. Courage, brethren! Suffering passes away; the
+crown of life for our souls, the crown of glory for our nation, shall
+not pass!
+
+I do not require of you to renounce any of your national desires. On the
+contrary, I hold it as part of the obligations of my episcopal office to
+instruct you, as to your duty in face of the power that has invaded our
+soil and now occupies the greater part of our country. The authority of
+that power is no lawful authority. Therefore in soul and conscience you
+owe it neither respect nor attachment nor obedience.
+
+The sole lawful authority in Belgium is that of our King, of our
+Government, of the elected representatives of the nation. This authority
+alone has a right to our affection, our submission.
+
+Thus the invader's acts of public administration have in themselves no
+authority; but legitimate authority has tacitly ratified such of those
+acts as affect the general interest, and this ratification, and this
+only, gives them juridic value. Occupied provinces are not conquered
+provinces. Belgium is no more a German province than Galicia is a
+Russian province. Nevertheless, the occupied portion of our country is
+in a position it is compelled to endure. The greater part of our towns,
+having surrendered to the enemy on conditions, are bound to observe
+those conditions. From the outset of military operations the civil
+authorities of the country urged upon all private persons the necessity
+of abstention from hostile acts against the enemy's army.
+
+That instruction remains in force. It is our army, and our army solely,
+in league with the valiant troops of our allies, that has the honor and
+the duty of national defense. Let us intrust the army with our final
+deliverance.
+
+Toward the persons of those who are holding dominion among us by
+military force, and who assuredly cannot but be sensible of the
+chivalrous energy with which we have defended and are still defending
+our independence, let us conduct ourselves with all needful forbearance.
+Some among them have declared themselves willing to mitigate, as far as
+possible, the severity of our situation and to help us to recover some
+minimum of regular civic life. Let us observe the rules they have laid
+upon us so long as those rules do not violate our personal liberty, nor
+our consciences as Christians, nor our duty to our country. Let us not
+take bravado for courage, nor tumult for bravery.
+
+You especially, my dearest brethren in the priesthood, be you at once
+the best examples of patriotism and the best supporters of public order.
+On the field of battle you have been magnificent. The King and the army
+admire the intrepidity of our military chaplains in face of death, their
+charity at the work of the ambulance. Your Bishops are proud of you. You
+have suffered greatly. You have endured much calumny. But be patient;
+history will do you justice. I today bear my witness for you.
+
+Wherever it has been possible I have questioned our people, our clergy,
+and particularly a considerable number of priests who had been deported
+to German prisons, but whom a principle of humanity, to which I gladly
+render homage, has since set at liberty. Well, I affirm, upon my honor,
+and I am prepared to assert upon faith of my oath, that until now I have
+not met a single ecclesiastic, secular or regular, who had once incited
+civilians to bear arms against the enemy. All have loyally followed the
+instructions of their Bishops, given in the early days of August, to the
+effect that they were to use their moral influence over the civil
+population so that order might be preserved and military regulations
+observed.
+
+I exhort you to persevere in this ministry of peace, which is for you
+the sanest form of patriotism; to accept with all your hearts the
+privations you have to endure; to simplify still further, if it is
+possible, your way of life. One of you who is reduced by robbery and
+pillage to a state bordering on total destitution, said to me lately: "I
+am living now as I wish I had lived always."
+
+Multiply the efforts of your charity, corporal and spiritual. Like the
+great Apostle, do you endure daily the cares of your Church, so that no
+man shall suffer loss and you not suffer loss, and no man fall and you
+not burn with zeal for him. Make yourselves the champions of all those
+virtues enjoined upon you by civic honor as well as by the Gospel of
+Christ.
+
+"Whatsoever things are true, whatsoever modest, whatsoever just,
+whatsoever holy, whatsoever lovely, whatsoever of good fame, if there be
+any virtue, if any praise of discipline, think on these things." So may
+the worthiness of our lives justify us, my most dear colleagues, in
+repeating the noble claim of St. Paul: "The things which ye have learned
+and received and heard and seen in me, these do ye, and the God of Peace
+shall be with you."
+
+Let us continue then, dearest brethren, to pray, to do penance, to
+attend holy mass, and to receive holy communion for the sacred intention
+of our dear country.... I recommend parish priests to hold a funeral
+service on behalf of our fallen soldiers on every Saturday.
+
+Money, I know well, is scarce with you all. Nevertheless, if you have
+little, give of that little for the succor of those among your
+fellow-countrymen who are without shelter, without fuel, without
+sufficient bread. I have directed my parish priests to form for this
+purpose in every parish a relief committee. Do you second them
+charitably and convey to my hands such alms as you can save from your
+superfluity, if not from your necessities, so that I may be the
+distributer to the destitute who are known to me.
+
+Our distress has moved the other nations. England, Ireland, and
+Scotland, France, Holland, the United States, Canada, have vied with
+each other in generosity for our relief. It is a spectacle at once most
+mournful and most noble. Here again is a revelation of the Providential
+wisdom which draws good from evil. In your name, my brethren, and in my
+own, I offer to the Governments and the nations that have succored us
+the assurance of our admiration and our gratitude.
+
+With a touching goodness, our Holy Father Benedict XV. has been the
+first to incline his heart toward us. When, a few moments after his
+election, he deigned to take me in his arms, I was bold enough there to
+ask that the first Pontifical benediction he spoke should be given to
+Belgium, already in deep distress through the war. He eagerly closed
+with my wish, which I knew would also be yours. Today, with delicate
+kindness, his Holiness has decided to renounce the annual offering of
+Peter's Pence from Belgium.
+
+In a letter dated on the beautiful festival of the Immaculate Virgin,
+Dec. 8, he assures us of the part he bears in our sufferings. He prays
+for us, calls down upon our Belgium the protection of Heaven, and
+exhorts us to hail in the then approaching advent of the Prince of Peace
+the dawn of better days. Here is the text of this valued message:
+
+     _To Our Dear Son, Desire Mercier, Cardinal Priest of the Holy
+     Roman Church, of the Title of St. Peter in Chains, Archbishop
+     of Malines, at Malines:_
+
+     Our Dear Son: Health and apostolic benediction. The fatherly
+     solicitude which we feel for all the faithful whom Divine
+     Providence has intrusted to our care causes us to share their
+     griefs even more fully than their joys.
+
+     Could we, then, fail to be moved by keenest sorrow at the
+     sight of the Belgian Nation, which we so dearly love, reduced
+     by a most cruel and most disastrous war to this lamentable
+     state?
+
+     We behold the King and his august family, the members of the
+     Government, the chief persons of the country, Bishops,
+     priests, and a whole people enduring woes which must fill with
+     pity all gentle hearts, and which our own soul, in the fervor
+     of paternal love, must be the first to compassionate. Thus,
+     under the burden of this distress and this mourning, we call
+     in our prayers for an end to such misfortunes. May the God of
+     mercy hasten the day.
+
+     Meanwhile we strive to mitigate, as far as in us lies, this
+     excessive suffering. Therefore the step taken by our dear son,
+     Cardinal Hartmann, Archbishop of Cologne, at whose request it
+     was arranged that French or Belgian priests detained in
+     Germany should have the treatment of officers, gave us great
+     satisfaction, and we have expressed our thanks to him for his
+     action.
+
+     As regards Belgium, we have been informed that the faithful of
+     that nation, so sorely tried, did not neglect, in their piety,
+     to turn toward us their thoughts, and that even under the blow
+     of so many calamities they proposed to gather this year, as in
+     all preceding years, the offerings to St. Peter, which supply
+     the necessities of the Apostolic See.
+
+     This truly incomparable proof of piety and of attachment
+     filled us with admiration; we accept it with all the affection
+     that is due from a grateful heart; but having regard to the
+     painful position in which our dear children are placed, we
+     cannot bring ourselves to favor the fulfillment of that
+     project, noble though it is. If any alms are to be gathered,
+     our wish is that the money should be entirely devoted to the
+     benefit of the Belgian people, who are as illustrious by
+     reason of their nobility and their piety as they are today
+     worthy of all sympathy.
+
+     Amid the difficulties and anxieties of the present hour we
+     would remind the sons who are so dear to us that the arm of
+     God is not shortened, that He is ever able to save, that His
+     ear is not deaf to prayer.
+
+     Let the hope of Divine aid increase with the approach of the
+     festival of Christmas and of the mysteries that celebrate the
+     birth of our Lord, and recall that peace which God proclaimed
+     to mankind by His angels.
+
+     May the souls of the suffering and afflicted find comfort and
+     consolation in the assurance of the paternal tenderness that
+     prompts our prayers. Yes, may God take pity upon the Belgian
+     people and grant them the abundance of all good.
+
+     As a pledge of these prayers and good wishes, we now grant to
+     all, and in the first place to you, our dear son, the
+     apostolic benediction.
+
+     Given in Rome, by St. Peter's, on the feast of the Immaculate
+     Conception of Our Lady, in the year MCMXIV., the first of our
+     Pontificate.
+
+     BENEDICT XV., Pope.
+
+One last word, my dearest brethren: At the outset of these troubles I
+said to you that in the day of the liberation of our territory we should
+give to the Sacred Heart and to the Blessed Virgin a public testimony of
+our gratitude. Since that date I have been able to consult my colleagues
+in the episcopate, and, in agreement with them, I now ask you to make,
+as soon as possible, a fresh effort to hasten the construction of the
+national basilica, promised by Belgium in honor of the Sacred Heart.
+
+As soon as the sun of peace shall shine upon our country we shall
+redress our ruins, we shall restore shelter to those who have none, we
+shall rebuild our churches, we shall reconstitute our libraries, and we
+shall hope to crown this work of reconciliation by raising, upon the
+heights of the capital of Belgium, free and Catholic, that national
+basilica of the Sacred Heart. Furthermore, every year we shall make it
+our duty to celebrate solemnly, on the Friday following Corpus Christi,
+the festival of the Sacred Heart.
+
+Lastly, in every region of the diocese the clergy will organize an
+annual pilgrimage of thanksgiving to one of the privileged sanctuaries
+of the Blessed Virgin in order to pay especial honor to the protectress
+of our national independence and universal mediatrix of the Christian
+Commonwealth.
+
+The present letter shall be read on the following dates: On the first
+day of the year and on the Sundays following the day on which it shall
+severally reach you.
+
+Accept, my dearest brethren, my wishes and prayers for you and for the
+happiness of your families, and receive, I pray you, my paternal
+benediction.
+
+D.J. CARDINAL MERCIER,
+
+Archbishop of Malines.
+
+
+
+
+APPEAL TO AMERICA FOR BELGIUM.
+
+By THOMAS HARDY.
+
+
+               Seven millions stand
+    Emaciate, in that ancient Delta-land:
+    We here, full charged with our own maimed and dead,
+    And coiled in throbbing conflicts slow and sore,
+    Can soothe how slight these ails unmerited
+    Of souls forlorn upon the facing shore!
+    Where naked, gaunt, in endless band on band
+               Seven millions stand.
+
+               No man can say
+    To your great country that, with scant delay,
+    You must, perforce, ease them in their sore need:
+    We know that nearer first your duty lies;
+    But--is it much to ask that you let plead
+    Your loving kindness with you--wooing wise--
+    Albeit that aught you owe and must repay
+               No man can say?
+
+
+
+
+With the German Army
+
+By Cyril Brown.
+
+[Staff Correspondent of THE NEW YORK TIMES.]
+
+
+I.
+
+GERMAN GREAT HEADQUARTERS IN FRANCE, Dec. 1.--There is a certain
+monotony about the "scientific murder" of the firing line--a routine
+repetition of artillery duels, alarums, and excursions which can be (and
+are being) vividly described by "war correspondents" from the safe
+vantage ground of comfortable cafes miles away. The real human interest
+end of this ultra-modern war is to be gleaned from rambling around the
+operating zone in a thoroughly irresponsible American manner, trusting
+in Providence and the red American eagle sealed on your emergency
+passport and a letter from Charles Lesimple, the genial Consul at
+Cologne, to keep you from being shot.
+
+For instance, you get some interesting first-hand knowledge as to how
+spies can "get away with it," in spite of the perfect German military
+system of controls and passes. There is no "spy hysteria" in Germany as
+there apparently is in England, judging from the London papers, but none
+the less the German authorities know perfectly well that there are
+swarms of spies in their midst and are hunting them down with quiet,
+typically Teutonic thoroughness.
+
+But the very perfection of the German military machine is its weak spot,
+and on this, my second visit to the German Great Headquarters, I was
+able to give the astonished authorities a personal demonstration as to
+how any smooth-tongued stranger could turn up at even this "holy of
+holies." The nocturnal trail led in a military train from Luxemburg over
+Longwy to Longuyon, where at 3 o'clock in the morning I met an old
+reader of THE NEW YORK TIMES, Herman Herzberger, a wealthy glove leather
+manufacturer of Berlin, well known to the trade in New York and
+Gloversville.
+
+"What a coincidence," Mr. Herzberger remarked in good American. "I am
+going to the front with my wife to see my 18-year-old son, who is in a
+hospital at Vonziers. My son, who was in the high school, enlisted as a
+volunteer, with practically the whole school, at the outbreak of the
+war."
+
+With "constant reader," I boarded a troop transport at Longuyon and
+crawled on through the night to the front. It was a reserve battalion of
+a Prussian infantry regiment of the line, and a little research work
+produced the interesting discovery that it was composed of men who had
+been wounded, were recovered, and going back for the second time. They
+were delighted to have an American in their midst, and promptly made me
+an honorary member. They had no idea where they were going, but eagerly
+hoped "they would be back in the trenches by evening."
+
+"Many of us," said a Sergeant, "did not need to come back because owing
+to having received serious wounds the first time we were excused from
+further military service--but they all came back none the less. Here's
+one man who had nine wounds, from bullets and shell splinters, and this
+one was shot through the lungs, but you're all right again, aren't you?
+and this one is going back, although he has a wife and six children at
+home."
+
+It was an interesting revelation as to the morale of the German
+reinforcements.
+
+At 9 o'clock in the morning the troop transport stopped for refreshments
+at the French village of X, and here a funny phenomenon was witnessed.
+From all sides the shrewd inhabitants of the village came running,
+scores of them, with bottles of wine. The laughing German soldiers got
+out and, negotiating over a picket fence, returned with the refreshments
+while the inhabitants made off with German coin. I saw bottles of
+champagne change hands here for the sum of 25 cents. In spite of the
+cheapness of wine, however, the German soldier is well disciplined and
+does not "go the limit"; I have never seen an intoxicated specimen
+afield.
+
+One of the soldiers told the following story to illustrate the iron
+discipline enforced in the Kaiser's army in the case of the inevitable
+black sheep: "A Frenchwoman, who kept a small tavern, came to our
+commandant and complained because a Bavarian soldier had wantonly turned
+the spigot and allowed a whole cask of red wine to run out on the
+ground. After an investigation the offender was found guilty and for
+punishment tied to a tree for two hours. To be tied fast by your head
+and legs is the most dreaded punishment, because you are disgraced
+before all your comrades."
+
+From X I started out on a foot tour, and entered the Grosses
+Hauptquartier (Great Headquarters) unchallenged, by the back door.
+Journalistically it was disappointing at first, for it was Sunday
+morning, and apparently Prussian militarism keeps the Sabbath holy.
+There was no interviewing the Kaiser, for he had gone "way down East"
+and with him his War Minister, Gen. von Falkenhayn. The courteous
+commandant, Col. von Hahnke, was not on the job. Even the brilliant
+chief of the press division, Major Nikolai, was out of town when I
+called on the Great General Staff.
+
+But there were compensations, for at a turn of the road I saw a more
+impressive sight than even the motoring Kaiser--a mile of German
+cavalry coming down the straight chausse, gray horsemen as far as the
+eye could see and more constantly coming over the brow of the distant
+hill, with batteries of field artillery sandwiched between, while on the
+railroad track, paralleling the highway, infantry and heavy artillery
+troop trains crawled past in endless succession, as closely together as
+subway trains during the rush hour at home. An allied aeroplane,
+hovering overhead, would have learned something to its advantage.
+
+I had innocently blundered into one of the most important troop
+movements of the war, but how many and where they were coming from or
+where they were going to I pledged myself not to disclose. The
+inevitable company of cyclists rode at the head of the long column that
+was still passing when I went to bed. Next came an imposing staff--then
+a mounted band blaring away, then a crack guard cavalry regiment, proud
+standard flying, then cavalry less elite, here and there a palefaced
+spectacled trooper who looked like a converted theological student.
+Whole regiments came riding down the pike singing "The Red, White, and
+Black" in unison--a stirring, marching song, which for patriotic fervor
+and fighting spirit "puts it all over" the British "It's a Long Way from
+Tipperary."
+
+It was a Roman holiday for the French inhabitants of the town of ----,
+who lined the roads en masse quivering with suppressed emotion and
+happiness, thinking they were eyewitnessing a great German retreat. "Our
+French soldiers will soon be here again," they whispered to one another.
+But it wasn't a retreat--it was one of those mysterious strategic shifts
+you read about in the papers without really realizing what it means till
+you see it--great masses being rushed from one battlefield to another on
+the long line.
+
+For weeks these same regiments had been daily "decimated," "cut to
+pieces," and otherwise badly mauled by English war correspondents, but
+you would never have suspected it. Bearded dragoons and Uhlans were
+still able to sit up and smoke big Hamburg cigars as they rode along,
+the horses looked fresh, the guns of the batteries were spick and span,
+the men seemed to have "morale" to spare; they looked as if they were
+just going for the first time--and not coming from the scrimmage.
+
+By way of digression and as illustrating the military "discipline" on
+which the Germans pride themselves so, the following whimsical interlude
+took place in front of the sacred portals of the Great German Staff: A
+famous German professor of philosophy, adorned in civil life with the
+high title of Privy Councilor, 65 years old, white-haired,
+white-bearded, and with big yellow horn-rimmed spectacles, incongruously
+wearing the field gray uniform whose collar and shoulder straps
+indicated that he was an unterofficier of the reserve regiment of a
+German university town well known to Americans, was waiting patiently
+outside of the guarded gate in company with a young Feldwebel (a
+non-commissioned officer of higher rank.) The old philosophy professor
+had enlisted with practically his whole class at the outbreak of the
+war, but on account of his age was not sent to the front with them at
+the time, but finally was allowed to go with a transport of four
+automobile loads of gifts and supplies for the regiment. He and the
+Feldwebel had to hang around outside while the Lieutenant in charge went
+inside to do the talking in the Great General Staff Building. Presently
+the old philosophy professor ransacked his pockets, produced an apple,
+clicked his heels together in regulation fashion and, saluting his young
+superior, (infinitely inferior in the civil social scale,) said: "Am I
+permitted to offer you an apple, Herr Feldwebel?"
+
+His ranking superior acknowledged the gift with curt military punctilio,
+then added respectfully, "I thank you, Herr Privy Councilor."
+
+In the afternoon a forced march of two miles brought me to the handsome
+villa occupied by the foreign military attaches, where Major Langhorne,
+the American expert, was again found in good health and spirits, and
+particularly happy because in a couple of days he was again to see some
+real fighting. The Great General Staff continues to give our military
+attache every possible opportunity to see things for himself and give
+Uncle Sam the benefit of the military lessons to be learned from the big
+scrap, no matter which way it goes.
+
+Today I again dropped in on the Great General Staff and found it not
+only at home, but very much interested on discovering that I had no pass
+to come or go or be there at that time. The wartime mind of Prussian
+militarism is keen and right to the point. It saw not the chance of
+getting publicity in America, but the certainty that other more
+dangerous spies could come through the same way. By all the rules of the
+war game, Prussian militarism would have been thoroughly justified in
+treating me as a common spy in possession of vital military secrets, but
+it courteously contented itself in insisting on plucking out the heart
+of the journalistic mystery. All attempts at evasion and humor were
+vain--here was the ruthless reality of war. It was the mailed Prussian
+eagle against the bluff American bird of the same species, and the
+unequal contest was soon ended when Major Nikolai, Chief of Division
+III. of the Great General Staff, stood up very straight and dignified
+and said: "I am a German officer. What German violated his duty? I ask
+you as a man of honor, how was it possible for you to come here?"
+
+The answer was quite simple: "The German military machine was so perfect
+that it covered every contingency except the most obvious and guarded
+every road except the easiest way. All you have to do is to take a
+passenger train to Luxemburg, and hang around the platform until the
+next military train pulls out for Belgium or France, hop aboard, and
+keep on going. In case of doubt utter the magic phrase, 'I am an
+American,' and flash the open sesame, the red seal of the United States
+of America--to which bearded Landsturm guards pay the tribute of
+regarding it as equally authoritative as the purple Prussian eagle
+stamped on a military pass."
+
+Followed a two-hour dialogue in the private office of the chief of the
+Kaiser's secret field police, as a result of which future historians
+will find in the Kaiser's secret archives the following unique document,
+couched in Berlin "detectivese" and signed and subscribed to by THE
+TIMES correspondent:
+
+     Secret Field Police, Great Headquarters, Dec. 1, 1914.
+
+     There appears the American war correspondent, and at the
+     particular request of the authorities, explains:
+
+     On Saturday, Nov. 30, I arrived at Trier on a second-class
+     ticket at about 10:30 P.M. There I bought a third-class ticket
+     and boarded a train leaving about 11:10 P.M. and reached
+     Luxemburg at about 12:15 A.M. I did not go into the railroad
+     station, but, trusting to my papers, boarded a military train
+     leaving at 12:45 A.M., going over Longwy to Longuyon, where I
+     arrived at 3:30 A.M., Sunday. There an official whose name I
+     do not know took me to a troop train and made a place for me
+     in the brake box. I left the train at X and went on foot to H
+     (the Great Headquarters,) where I reported myself to the Chief
+     of Police.
+
+     I recommend that a sharper control be exercised on the station
+     platform at Luxemburg, as it is a simple matter to avoid the
+     only control which is at the ticket gate, by simply not going
+     out and therefore not having to come in.
+
+The lot of the professional spy will be harder in the future. Meanwhile,
+I expect to shake the dust of the German Great Headquarters from my
+reportorial feet early tomorrow morning, for pedestrianism is not a safe
+pastime in the war zone.
+
+
+
+
+Story of the Man Who Fired on the Rheims Cathedral
+
+
+II.
+
+WITH THE GERMAN ARMY BEFORE RHEIMS, Dec. 5.--Eating a ham sandwich while
+squinting through an artillery telescope at the cathedral and hearing
+the man who fired the famous shots tell all about it was the unique
+combination I experienced today, and in retrospect the ham sandwich
+stands out as the most important feature, for it symbolizes the morale
+of the men before Rheims.
+
+The post of observation was in a sometime French fort, now riddled by
+French shells, on the crest of a hill affording a fine panoramic view of
+the city, and my sightseeing predecessors here had included the Imperial
+Chancellor, von Bethmann-Hollweg; Muktar Pasha, the Turkish Ambassador
+to Berlin; Major Langhorne, the American Military Attache, and other
+celebrities.
+
+Rheims Cathedral was said to be about four miles away, but through the
+powerful magnifying telescope (of the scissors type and so contrived
+that only its two eyes peered over the breastworks while the observer
+was completely hidden from view) it showed up as clearly as Caruso
+through an opera glass. The top of one of the two towers had a decidedly
+moth-eaten appearance--it looked as if one of the corners had been shot
+away, and the roof was evidently gone, but otherwise the exterior of the
+cathedral looked--through the telescope--to be in a good state of
+preservation and likely to enjoy a ripe old age. No French observer was
+seen on the cathedral towers, and I was informed by First Lieut. Wengler
+of the Heavy Artillery that none had been since his admonitory shells
+had carried their iron warning to climb down. A staff officer of the
+---- Division had introduced him to me as "the friend of the Rheims
+Cathedral," explaining that it probably wouldn't be standing today but
+for him.
+
+[Illustration: VICE ADMIRAL FREDERICK STURDEE,
+
+Commander of the British Squadron Which Destroyed the German Fleet Off
+the Falkland Islands.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _American Press Assn._)]
+
+[Illustration: ADMIRAL SIR JOHN FISHER,
+
+First Sea Lord of the Admiralty, Who Holds the Guardianship of the
+English Coast.
+
+(_Photo from Underwood & Underwood._)]
+
+"So you are the vandal?" "the friend of the Rheims Cathedral" was asked.
+
+"Yes, I am the 'barbarian,'" he laughed modestly. He wears the Iron
+Cross of the first and second class, and, although still only a
+Lieutenant, commands two batteries. A most picturesque but paradoxical
+"barbarian," with a soft-spoken lisp, mild blue eyes, boyish face in
+spite of a tawny-reddish full beard of long standing, and slightly bowed
+legs, it required a most rigorous reportorial inquisition as practiced
+on millionaires and politicians at home to extract these details from
+the modest "friend of the Rheims Cathedral":
+
+"The French observer on the cathedral was first noticed on Sept. 13.
+After that the French artillery fire became uncomfortably accurate.
+Eighty shells fell here in one day alone--killing only one cow," he
+added, with a plaintive note of reminiscence. He pointed to three big
+holes in the ground close by and all within a circle of ten yards'
+radius, where three French shells had dropped in quick succession, as
+further evidence of how well they had got the range.
+
+"The fellow continued 'on the job' quite shamelessly until the 18th," he
+went on, "when I aimed two shots at the cathedral, and only two. No more
+were needed to dislodge him. One from a 15-centimeter howitzer struck
+the top of the 'observation tower,' the other, from a 21-centimeter
+mortar, hit the roof and set it on fire. I used both howitzers and
+mortars so as to let the French know that we could shoot well with both
+kinds. I wanted to dislodge the observer with the least possible damage
+to the fine old cathedral, and the result shows that it is possible to
+shoot just as accurately with heavy artillery as with field artillery.
+The French also had a battery planted about 100 yards from the
+cathedral. It isn't there any more," he added laconically.
+
+A few turns of the screw brought a row of trees marking a boulevard into
+the field of vision. "There is a French battery there at the present
+time," he said.
+
+"How do you know?" For I saw trees but no guns.
+
+"Aeroplanes," "the friend of the Cathedral" explained. Another turn of
+the screw brought a church steeple into view.
+
+"The French are now using this church steeple for observation purposes,"
+the battery commander said. "The observer is reported to me every
+morning. He is getting to be too shameless. I shall take a shot at that
+steeple this afternoon in all probability. And then I suppose they will
+again call us barbarians. I saw the fellow myself this morning. He sits
+in that little arched window there." I saw the window quite distinctly,
+and only regret that the culprit had climbed down for the luncheon
+intermission, which is religiously kept by both the French and German
+artillery.
+
+A tour of the wrecked fort followed and among other interesting sights
+the guide pointed out the trail of the famous freak shot that killed the
+cow. The shell went first through a glass window, then through the wall
+at the back of the room, into a second chamber, where, without
+exploding, it had amputated a hind leg of the milch cow whose loss is
+still mourned by two batteries of heavy artillery.
+
+Up to now, war as experienced from the vantage ground of a high hill
+overlooking Rheims seemed a pleasant picnic, for the German arsenal was
+well stocked with plenty of good food, while the Chief of the Division
+Staff, with typical German hospitality, had sent along his adjutant
+armed with two baskets of Teuton sandwiches, which added to the picnic
+illusion and claimed far more attention than the Cathedral of Rheims.
+The frequent sight of Generals down to high privates taking hearty
+nourishment all along the front in France with the same comfortable
+enjoyment as in their own homes was more convincing than all official
+bulletins that they are not worrying about the outcome in the West, for
+morale and meals are synonyms.
+
+The luncheon interval over, the French batteries woke up and began
+sending over shells with Gallic prodigality, the Germans replying
+sparingly, and as if in invitation, for my benefit, a French aeroplane
+no bigger than a Jersey mosquito appeared and circled over the German
+positions trying to locate the cleverly concealed heavy batteries, while
+down on the plain back of the hills a German motor aeroplane gun popped
+away for dear life trying to connect with the inquisitive visitor.
+Little cottonball clouds of white smoke, like daylight fireworks, hung
+high in the air, where the French flier had been, also black "smoke
+pots" to help the gunners in getting the range, but the Frenchman
+managed to dodge all the shrapnel that came his way, and escaped.
+
+By request, "the friend of the cathedral" led the way (a long and
+strenuous one) to his 15-centimeter howitzer battery, concealed with
+amazing cleverness even against the observation of aviators, and pointed
+out the gun that had fired "the shot heard round the world." He would
+gladly have fired a sample shot, but the guns of the battery were
+already set for the night (although it was only noon!) that is, aimed at
+certain portions of the landscape which French troops would have to
+cross if they attempted to make a night attack on certain of the German
+trenches, so that no time would be lost in aiming the guns--all they had
+to do was to fire the moment the telephone bell rang a night alarm.
+
+"Was there any connection between his iron crosses and the Rheims
+Cathedral?" he was tactfully asked. There was not, but modest heroes are
+a nuisance journalistically, and "the friend of the cathedral" required
+a lot of coaxing before he told that he had won both the first and
+second class sometime before and elsewhere, the second for galloping his
+heavy howitzer battery into action like field artillery and by getting
+it to work at close range, "smearing" a desperate French attack; first
+class for continuing to direct the fire of his battery from the roof of
+a building until it was literally shot from under his feet. "The friend
+of the cathedral," is also an experienced aviator and when business is
+dull in the howitzer line around Rheims, kills time by aerial
+reconnoitring. "Be sure and send me a copy of your paper," he laughed,
+when I beat a hasty strategic retreat to the rear to keep the Wilsonian
+neutrality from being violated, for after lunch French shells have a
+habit of raining alike on the just and the unjust.
+
+The strategic retreat led through a village where in a farmyard was seen
+one of the most curious freaks of the war. A French shell had exploded
+here, and the terrific air pressure had lifted a farm wagon bodily and
+deposited it on the roof of the stable, where it still perches.
+
+Half a mile beyond was something even more curious--a subterranean
+village built in the woods by German pioneers, and consisting of many
+small block houses of fir logs, sunk three-quarters of the way into the
+ground, the rest covered over with mounds of dirt and laid with sod. The
+idea, it was explained, was to have a cozy and safe place of retreat
+when the French batteries, as occasionally happened, took the village
+ahead under fire.
+
+My retreat ended at Chateau Mumm, well out of the firing zone, where
+Gen. Count von Waldersee did the honors in the unavoidable absence of
+the owner, said to be related to a well-known brand of champagne. On
+inquiry, I learned that the champagne cellars of Chateau Mumm were quite
+empty, but the retreating French were said to have caused the vacuum,
+not the Germans. Chateau Mumm's absentee owner will be glad to learn
+that his property is being well cared for, pending his return. I was
+interested to note quite recent issues of The London Times, Daily Mail,
+and London Daily Telegraph on the drawing room table.
+
+"It's very interesting, you know, to read what our enemies are saying
+about us," a staff officer explained.
+
+Two other items of miscellaneous interest were picked up. From a well
+informed source I learned that at one stage of the game, the English
+"Long Toms" were posted to good advantage back of Rheims out of range of
+the German heavy artillery. Although their lyddite shells were alleged
+to have been comparatively harmless and did little damage, they were
+nevertheless silenced on general principles and by a very simple
+expedient. Every time the "Long Toms" were fired, a few answering shells
+were sent their way and, of course, falling short, dropped into the
+city. This gave rise to stories of "furious bombardment of Rheims," but
+also caused the withdrawal of the "Long Toms" to spare the city.
+
+A General whose name is familiar to every reader of THE NEW YORK TIMES
+said:
+
+"I could take Rheims with my corps in twenty-four hours."
+
+But there was no present advantage in storming it at this time, and
+certain disadvantages, for in addition to certain strategic reasons, it
+was explained, the Germans would be saddled with the burden of having to
+administer and feed the large city.
+
+The "battle of Rheims" looked to me very much like a put-up job, a game
+of trying to silence one another's batteries and nothing more. A heavy
+artillery duel is essentially a contest between trained observers trying
+to get a line on the whereabouts of the enemy's guns, and looking down
+on Rheims from the German hills, even a lay correspondent could sense
+the military necessity which would drive the French to make use of the
+only high spots in town from which you could see anything for
+observation purposes, and the equally grim necessity for the Germans to
+dislodge them. I came away with the impression that the world owes a
+real debt of gratitude to "the friend of the Rheims Cathedral."
+
+
+
+
+Richard Harding Davis's Comment
+
+
+_To the Editor of The New York Times_:
+
+I have just seen a letter in THE TIMES from a correspondent in the
+German trenches outside of Rheims. He reports a statement made to him by
+Lieut. Wengler of the Heavy Artillery, who claims he is the officer who
+shelled the cathedral, at which he fired two shots, and "only two."
+
+Wengler says, "The French observer on the cathedral was first noticed on
+Sept. 13 ... the fellow continued 'on the job' quite shamelessly until
+the 18th, when I aimed two shots at the cathedral and only two. No more
+were needed to dislodge him. One from a 15-centimeter howitzer struck
+the top of the 'observation tower,' the other, from a 21-centimeter
+mortar, hit the roof and set it on fire. I wanted to dislodge the
+observer with the least possible damage to the fine old cathedral ...
+the French also had a battery placed about 100 yards from the
+cathedral."
+
+Editorially THE TIMES says such a statement may prove of "value as
+evidence." May I also, as evidence, tell what I saw? I arrived at the
+cathedral at 3 o'clock in the afternoon of the day Lieut. Wengler says
+he fired two shells, one of which hit the observation tower and one of
+which set fire to the roof. Up to the hour of 3, howitzer shells had
+passed through the southern wall of the cathedral, killing two of the
+German wounded inside, had wrecked the Grand Hotel opposite the
+cathedral, knocked down four houses immediately facing it, and in a
+dozen places torn up immense holes in the cathedral square. Twenty-four
+hours after Lieut. Wengler claims he ceased firing shells set fire to
+the roof and utterly wrecked the chapel of the cathedral and the
+Archbishop's palace, which is joined to the cathedral by a yard no wider
+than Fifth Avenue, and in the direction of the German guns the two
+shells fired by Lieut. Wengler had already wrecked all that part of the
+city surrounding the cathedral for a quarter of a mile.
+
+To get an idea of the destruction, suppose St. Patrick's Cathedral, on
+Fifth Avenue, to be the Rheims Cathedral, the Union Club, and the
+Vanderbilt houses, the chapel and Archbishop's palace, and all the
+buildings running north from St. Patrick's Cathedral to Central Park and
+east and west to Madison Avenue and Sixth Avenue, that part of Rheims
+that was utterly wrecked. That gives you some idea of the effectiveness
+of Lieut. Wengler's fire.
+
+"Father," he says, "I cannot tell a lie. I did it with only two shells!"
+
+The statement of Lieut. Wengler that the French placed a battery a
+hundred yards from the cathedral also is interesting. The cathedral
+stands in a maze of twisting narrow lanes. From no spot within a quarter
+of a mile of it could you drive a golf ball without smashing a window a
+hundred feet distant. To place a battery of artillery a hundred yards
+from the Rheims Cathedral with the intent of firing upon the German
+position would be like placing a battery in Wall Street with the idea of
+shelling Germans in the Bronx. Before your shells reached the Bronx you
+first would have to destroy all of Northern New York.
+
+Wengler says the only shells aimed at the cathedral were fired by him on
+the 18th, and that after that date neither he nor any other officer
+fired a shot. On the 22d I was in the cathedral. It was then being
+shelled. I was with the Abbe Chinot, Gerald Morgan of this city, Capt.
+Granville Fortescue of Washington, and on the steps of the cathedral was
+Robert Bacon, our ex-Ambassador to France.
+
+The "evidence" of Lieut. Wengler is a question of veracity. It lies
+between him and these gentlemen. I am content to let it go at that.
+
+RICHARD HARDING DAVIS.
+
+New York, Jan. 7, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+The German Airmen
+
+
+III.
+
+HEADQUARTERS OF GERMAN NTH ARMY, "Somewhere" in France, Dec.
+6.--Sensational duels between hostile aeroplanes are regular occurrences
+now, and not infrequently aerial battles take place between whole
+squadrons. I heard this from the chief of an aeroplane squadron, who was
+returning from a reconnoitring flight around Rheims. When I met him he
+was traveling in his luxurious private limousine which he had brought
+with him into the field from Berlin. My military motor car had executed
+a flank attack on the road embankment with disastrous results, and the
+aviator kindly gave me a lift into town and some interesting
+information.
+
+"We are all eagerly awaiting orders for a raid on England," the Captain
+led off. "Yes, I have flown over Paris. Going to Paris is mere
+chauffeur's work. The six machines of my squadron have covered 15,000
+miles since the war began. The French machines are about twenty miles an
+hour faster than ours; but there is no advantage in going so fast, for
+you can't make good observations. At a height of 6,000 feet, you are
+quite safe against fire from below. We also find the safest thing to do
+is to circle right over a battery. They can't get at you then.
+
+"Fights in the air are regular occurrences now. We attack every chance
+we get in spite of the fact that we have only our revolvers against the
+machine guns which they have mounted on their aeroplanes. We find the
+best defense against their machine-gun fire is to get up close to the
+French aeroplane and then dodge and twist in sharp dips and curves,
+spoiling the aim of their mounted machine gun, and giving us an
+advantage with our revolvers.
+
+"One of the most interesting engagements was between a squadron of four
+of our aeroplanes armed with revolvers and a big and a little
+'Bauerschreck,' [the German nickname for the armored French aeroplanes
+armed with machine guns.] The fight lasted for nearly an hour at an
+altitude ranging from 5,000 to 6,000 feet, the big 'Bauerschreck' being
+finally forced to land, while the little one flew off. One of our
+aviators did a fine piece of work recently, landing behind the French
+lines, destroying the railway at that point and flying off again. The
+French are magnificent fliers, and so are the English, but we Germans
+have the training. Especially in trained observers we have a big
+advantage."
+
+I saw one of the German flier heroes in a base hospital. To the nurse's
+chart over his cot were pinned the Iron Cross of the second and first
+class and a bunch of flowers, and the Surgeon General coaxed him to give
+the details of the winning of his decorations.
+
+Sergt. Luchs and his observer were returning from an aerial
+reconnoissance when they were overtaken and attacked by a fast French
+aeroplane. The effectiveness of the French machine gun fire was later
+shown by seventy holes in the wings of the German aeroplane. For
+forty-five minutes the battle in the air lasted--6,000 feet up--revolver
+against machine gun, ending only when Luchs was shot through the lungs
+and liver. He was able to guide his machine safely to the ground within
+the German lines before he lost consciousness. But one of his revolver
+bullets had gone home, probably puncturing the gasoline tank, for the
+French aeroplane was also seen making a forced landing.
+
+Gen. von Heeringen, Commander in Chief of the Nth Army, told me a
+similar story about two officers who fought with revolver against
+machine gun until their motor and tank were shot to pieces, forcing them
+to glide to earth. The General said he had learned about their bravery
+only by accident, as they had reported only the results of their
+reconnoissance.
+
+That the German aviators are at a disadvantage in fighting against the
+Allies' aeroplanes armed with machine guns was freely admitted by Gen.
+von Heeringen, who said significantly that that would be attended to in
+the near future.
+
+"French aeroplanes have paid me a number of visits," the commanding
+General said with a laugh, "Our aviation camp seems to be an attraction
+for them. We have shot down six of them in the last few weeks. Our
+gunners are really only just beginning to get the hang of it, with
+practice. The trouble in peace time was always to find some sort of a
+target to train our gunners in the use of the new motor gun. We couldn't
+very well ask of our own aviators to go up and let themselves be shot
+at. But now the French are affording us just the moving target we have
+been looking for, and our shooting is improving splendidly."
+
+Gen. von Haenisch, von Heeringen's brilliant Chief of Staff, who as
+former Inspector General of the aviation arm had more to do than any
+other one individual with bringing German military aviation to its
+present high pitch of efficiency, supplemented his chief's remarks by
+saying:
+
+"We recently brought down a French aeroplane from an altitude of 8,100
+feet. Our new gun can shoot four miles high."
+
+I had the interesting experience of visiting an aviation camp in the
+field, inspecting a full sample line of aero bombs, and looking over the
+very latest thing in German military aeroplanes, a big new Aviatik
+biplane. For the benefit of THE NEW YORK TIMES readers, who have grown
+accustomed to headlines about "German Taubes over Paris," it must be
+explained that, just as all German cavalry are not Uhlans, so all German
+aeroplanes are not Taubes. "Taube" is the name of the German military
+monoplane, of which there are comparatively few in use; and I am
+informed that hardly any Taubes have flown over Paris, the bomb-throwing
+visitors having been the more practical double-decker Aviatiks. The new
+model which I inspected had a monoplane body, observer and pilot sitting
+tandem fashion, the Mercedes motor (several cylinders) being in front.
+It was designed, not for speed but for weight-lifting, as indicated by
+its formidable arsenal of bombs.
+
+The beauty of workmanship and finish of these infernal machines was
+interesting. The forty-pounders and twenty-pounders looked like
+miniature torpedoes, with slightly bulb-shaped bodies and tapering
+rounded noses, with a tiny three-bladed propeller for a tail and a steel
+ring to serve as a hand grip. When the aviator is ready to drop a bomb
+all he has to do is to make a simple adjustment, taking not more than a
+second, which releases the propeller, and then throw the bomb overboard.
+As it drops the propeller is set into rapid motion and drives the
+clockwork mechanism inside the bomb. After a hundred-yard drop it is all
+ready to explode when it strikes. There are also round cannon-ball-shaped
+bombs, and special bombs for starting a conflagration when they strike.
+
+Following the lead of the French, the Germans have also adopted the
+"silent death," and half a dozen of the German aerial darts were given
+me for souvenirs. They are of steel, about three inches long, with one
+end pointed and the other flanged, so as to give a rotary motion as they
+whizz through the air. They look more murderous than they really are,
+for I was told by one of the aviator officers that they were not very
+effective. The Germans, methodical in everything, wanted no doubt left
+in any one's mind that the "silent death" was introduced by the French
+and only copied by them in self-defense; so every one of the steel
+darts--a touch of grim humor--bears on one side of the point, in French,
+the legend "French invention" and on the other side "German
+manufacture."
+
+
+
+
+German Generals Talk of the War
+
+
+IV.
+
+GERMAN GREAT HEADQUARTERS IN FRANCE, Dec. 9.--I have just eaten my way
+along the German front in France, for a second visit to the German Great
+Headquarters. This week's lunch and dinner "bag" included Gen. von
+Heeringen, "the Victor of Saarburg"; Gen. von Emmich, "the Conqueror of
+Liege"; Gen. von Zwehl, "the Hero of Maubeuge"; Gen. von Wild, the new
+Quartermaster General, who before his appointment fought a twenty-round
+draw with the English at Ypres, though he thinks he won on points, and
+hosts of coming champions.
+
+It is literally necessary for an American correspondent on this side of
+the fence to eat his way to the firing line and back again, for the
+German afield is as hospitable as the tented Arab, and, thanks to their
+wonderful field telephone service, they "have you." The A.O.K. (Armee
+Ober Kommando) telephones to the Corps Kommando that you are on the way,
+the Corps Kommando relays the news to the Division Staff, the Division
+Staff rings up the Regimental Commander, who 'phones the Battalion or
+Battery Chief. To reach the firing line you have to run the gauntlet of
+anywhere from three to six meals, and if you happen to be one of those
+"amazing Americans" and insist on being shown to an orchestra seat in
+the first trench, you will be sure to find some sort of a table spread
+for you in the very shadow of death, for their habit of hospitality is
+fireproof.
+
+But while robbing war corresponding of all its old-time romance, the
+German, gastronomic way has the great advantage of giving you the
+maximum of information in the minimum of time and of letting you meet
+the masters of modern warfare, the men who have done big things, under
+ideal conditions, for over after-dinner coffee and cigars you can and
+will--if you are an American--ask the most imprudent questions with the
+certainty of getting a good-natured and courteous answer.
+
+Von Emmich makes the most instant appeal to an American. Short and
+stockily built and looking every inch a fighter, he gives you the
+impression of possessing tremendous, almost Rooseveltian vitality, with
+a saving sense of humor. Von Emmich is the General with a winning smile.
+He could have been a successful machine politician if he had emigrated
+to America instead of remaining in Germany and becoming the most popular
+General in the German Army, among the men, for he has the rare gift of
+inspiring his followers with a sense of personal loyalty. His troops
+idolize him. They break out into hearty hurrahs at the slightest
+provocation when they see him. It is lese-majeste, but none the less
+true, to say that they think as much of their General as of their
+Kaiser. They tell you proudly that he rode at their head when the City
+of Liege was taken by storm, and after seeing him you could never
+picture von Emmich bringing up the rear in a motor car, after the manner
+that more prudent Generals use. He has iron-gray hair and a bristly,
+close-cropped mustache to match, and a very florid complexion, and looks
+absolutely unlike the sleek individual whose photograph was published
+with his obituary notice in the London press while the forts of Liege
+were still "holding out" on paper.
+
+Asked point blank, Gen. von Emmich stoutly and with great good humor
+denied that he had ever committed suicide or even contemplated the step.
+
+"But you know, Excellency, that you were reported to have lost something
+like 120,000 men before Liege," it was suggested.
+
+"That's three times as many as I had," he answered with the "winning
+smile."
+
+Gen. von Emmich will talk quite freely about anything but himself and
+military matters, but a few odds and ends were snapped up. It was
+interesting to learn that he was in Liege only a day and a half, then
+pushed on ahead in the direction of Namur with the bulk of his corps,
+leaving only his heavy artillery behind to finish up the remaining
+forts. He did not even know that Zeppelins had taken part in the
+bombardment of these forts until he heard about it afterward. Later he
+turned up at Mons and had a hand in beating the British or expediting
+their strategic retreat, according to the point of view. His subsequent
+movements and present whereabouts are interesting, but would never pass
+the German censor.
+
+"Did you feel proud at being selected to lead the way into Belgium,
+Excellency?" I inquired.
+
+"Yes, of course I did," he replied.
+
+"Would you like to lead your corps into England?" For just an instant
+what looked very much like the light of battle was in his eye.
+
+"I will go anywhere I am ordered to go--anywhere," he replied with
+smiling emphasis.
+
+I was interested to discover that the staff of the Nth Army Corps had
+also been racking its brains about quite other than tactical problems
+when Gen. von Emmich led the way into the dining room of the very modest
+so-called "chateau" of the French village, where he and his staff were
+quartered, and pointed to the extensive but quite mongrel art collection
+on the walls. "The absent owner does not appear to have been much of a
+connoisseur," he laughed, "That picture over there worried and puzzled
+us for a long time," pointing out a large impressionistic canvas over
+the mantelpiece representing a nude male and female figure kneeling on
+the seashore and looking out over the impressionistic water at what
+looked like an island. "Finally my Chief of Staff hit upon a
+satisfactory solution, suggested that it represented 'Adam and Eve
+Discovering Heligoland.'"
+
+Gen. von Emmich's headquarters produced another interesting story. At 3
+P.M. a general alarm was sent out to the reserve troops to prepare for
+immediate retreat, as the French were coming. Every bit of baggage was
+picked up and loaded on wagons, the infantry in full marching kit lined
+up--everything ready in record-breaking time without rush or confusion
+to withdraw on the word of command. But no command to march
+came--instead a "well done" from the General as he rode down the long
+column. It was just a little "fire-alarm drill" to keep the reserve
+troops up to the high-water mark of efficiency.
+
+Gen. von Zwehl, nicknamed Zwehl-Maubeuge, is probably almost unknown in
+America, though the dark blue enamel maltese cross of the Pour le Merite
+order at his throat tags him at once as worth while. Von Zwehl is the
+outward antithesis of von Emmich. He looks like anything but a
+fighter--a quiet, gentle-looking soul with kind and a bit tired eyes,
+soft silverly hair, and a whimsical sense of humor, a gentleman of the
+old school. "But you should just see him in the field during a
+fight--he's a regular whirlwind," one of his staff said.
+
+He confirmed the fact that Maubeuge had fallen on schedule time in ten
+days and that he had taken over 40,000 French prisoners, that he had
+given the French commandant till 7 P.M. (German time) to surrender, and
+that the appointment was kept with great promptness, also that the
+French were a bit chagrined when they learned they had been "taken in"
+by a single corps. I also learned that he and his corps had arrived in
+time to stop the first English corps which had crossed the Aisne and was
+marching on X.
+
+Gen. von Zwehl praised the English troops against whom he had
+successfully fought, and who are now in the North, saying, "The English
+soldier is a splendid fighter, especially on the defensive." Asked if
+the remark of one of his staff that "the English can't attack" was a
+fact, von Zwehl said: "I can only speak as far as my own experience
+goes, and that is that the English never were able to carry through a
+bayonet charge with success against my troops. They came on bravely
+enough, but when our troops would open fire on them at 50 yards and
+follow it up with a counter attack, the English would invariably go over
+into the defensive, at which they are at their best. They are
+particularly experienced in 'bush warfare,' and display the utmost skill
+in making the most of every bit of cover."
+
+The commanding General confirmed the following gruesome story which one
+of his staff officers had told me:
+
+"The English apparently do not bother to bury their dead, but let them
+lie. We are still burying English who fell on Sept. 14 and later. We
+found and buried two only yesterday. That the abandonment of their dead
+is deliberate is indicated by the fact that we have found the bodies of
+dead English soldiers in corners and nooks of the approaches to the
+English trenches, where the wounded had evidently crawled to die, and
+where their comrades must constantly have passed them and seem them."
+
+More Generals were met during a visit to the "office building" of the
+Great General Staff in the Great Headquarters. Here, too, I was allowed
+to examine the historic room where around a large mahogany table the
+chiefs of the staff hold their daily conferences, at which the Kaiser
+himself is often present. A huge map of France and a slice of Belgium
+covered the table and hung down to the floor on either side. I noted
+with interest that it was a French General Staff map. On one wall hung
+another map showing the exact location of all the armies in the West.
+
+In the unavoidable absence of the combination Chief of Staff and War
+Minister von Falkenhayn, the new Quartermaster General von Wild did the
+honors in the long Louis XIV. Room where the Great General Staff eats
+together--an interesting sight, for it represents the round-up of the
+brains of the German Army. Gen. von Wild, until his promotion, commanded
+a division against the English at Ypres and spoke in generous terms of
+his opponents.
+
+"The English are excellent fighters," he said. "I have walked over many
+of the battlefields in the North--gruesome sights, beyond words to
+describe. From what I saw, I am convinced that the English losses have
+been much heavier than ours."
+
+Gen. von Wild said that a puzzling and unexplainable feature of these
+battlefields was that so many of the dead were found lying on their
+backs with rigid arms stretched straight up toward heaven--a ghastly
+spectacle.
+
+Here, too, was a German General who knew more about the American Army
+than most Americans, the Bavarian General, Zoellner, the great General
+Staff's specialist on Americana, and it was interesting to note that, in
+spite of its own pressing problems, the General Staff is still taking a
+keen interest in those of America and deriving valuable lessons.
+
+"I have been particularly interested in the Mexican troubles," Gen.
+Zoellner said. "To my mind, the lesson for America is the need of a
+larger standing army. I was particularly impressed by the speed of your
+mobilization and your dispatch in landing your expeditionary force at
+Vera Cruz. I was also especially interested in your splendid Texas
+cavalry division. We have nothing like it in the German Army, because
+such a body of men could not be developed in a closely settled country.
+You may not know that only a short time before being sent to Mexico the
+Texas cavalry had received brand-new drill and exercise instructions,
+but in spite of this they acquitted themselves splendidly, showing the
+remarkable adaptability of your soldiers.
+
+"In sending your coast artillery as infantry regiments to Mexico you
+anticipated us in a rather similar use of our marine divisions on the
+coast. The most valuable lesson we have learned from you is typhus
+vaccination. This we owe to the American Army. I believe it goes back to
+the fact that your Gen. Wood was a medical man before becoming Chief of
+Staff."
+
+Gen. Zoellner intimated that the whole German Army either had been or
+was being vaccinated against typhoid on the American plan. "And there is
+also a very American flavor about our volunteer automobile corps--their
+dash and speed they have learned that from you Americans," he concluded.
+
+My previously formed suspicion that the Germans were making war on the
+American plan, managing their armies like so many subsidiary companies
+of a big trust, was fully confirmed by my second visit to the office of
+the Great General Staff. Instead of a picturesque bunch of Generals
+spending anxious days and sleepless nights over their maps with faithful
+attendants trying to coax them to leave off dispatch writing long enough
+to eat a sandwich, I found a live lot of army officials, keeping regular
+office hours and taking ample time out for meals. The staff was
+quartered in a handsome old municipal building; the ground floor,
+devoted to living purposes, quite like an exclusive club; the business
+offices upstairs.
+
+Gen. von Haenisch took me aloft and explained to me how business was
+done. A good telephone operator, it developed, was almost as important
+as a competent General--the telephone "central" the most vital spot of
+an army. Here were three large switchboards with soldiers playing
+telephone girl, while other soldiers, with receivers fastened over their
+heads, sat at desks busy taking down messages on printed "business"
+forms. In the next room sat the staff officers on duty, waiting for the
+telephone bell to jingle with latest reports from the front. There was
+no waiting because numbers were "engaged" or operators gossiping; you
+could get Berlin or Vienna without once having to swear at "long
+distance." Gen. von Haenisch had his chief of field telephone and
+telegraph trot out what looked like a huge family tree, but turned out
+to be a most minute chart of the entire telephone system of the --nth
+Army. It showed the position of every corps and division headquarters'
+regiment, battalion, and company, and all the telephone lines connecting
+them, even to the single trenches and batteries.
+
+Gen. von Haenisch suggested having some fun with Gen. von X., commanding
+the army next door on the right, and I was made Acting Chief of Staff
+for two minutes, getting von X.'s Chief of Staff on the phone and
+inquiring if there was "anything doing."
+
+"No; everything quiet here," came the reassuring answer.
+
+An art exhibition within sound of the guns at the front by the
+well-known Munich artist, Ernst Vollbehr, the Kaiser's own war painter
+with the --nth army, was another real novelty. The long-haired painter,
+wearing the regulation field gray uniform, brought his portfolio of
+sketches into the billiard hall of the headquarters and showed them with
+sprightly running comment:
+
+"Here is the library of Brimont. You can see most of the books lying on
+the ground. It wasn't a comfortable place to paint because there were
+too many shells flying around loose. Here is the Cathedral of Dinant.
+Very much improved aesthetically by the shells knocking the ugly points
+of the towers off. Here is a picture of Rheims Cathedral looming through
+the fog, as seen from the German lines. I painted this picture of the
+battle of the Aisne from a captive balloon. Here is a picture of the
+surrender of Maubeuge, showing two of the 40,000 French prisoners. I can
+usually paint better during a battle because there's nobody looking on
+over my shoulder to distract my attention. I have about 140 sketches
+done in all. His Majesty has most of them now, to pick out those he
+wants painted. This sketch of a pretty young Frenchwoman is 'Mlle. Nix
+zu Macken,' so nicknamed by some sixty-odd hungry but good-natured
+Landsturm men quartered in a tavern of a French village, where she was
+the only woman left. Every time they made signs indicative of a desire
+for food she would laugh and say in near-German, 'Nix zu macken,' and
+that's how she got her name."
+
+Painter Vollbehr was authority for the following Kaiser anecdote:
+
+"One day as the Kaiser was motoring along a chaussee he met a herd of
+swine under the guardianship of a bearded Landsturm man, who drove them
+rapidly to one side to keep them from being prematurely slaughtered by
+the imperial auto. As the motor slowed up the Kaiser asked him if he was
+a farmer by profession. 'No; professor of the University of Tubingen,'
+came the answer, to the great amusement of the Over War Lord."
+
+
+
+
+Human Documents of the War
+
+Swift Reversal to Barbarism
+
+By Vance Thompson.
+
+[From The New York Sun, Sept. 13, 1914.]
+
+
+I.
+
+There is in Brussels--if the Uhlans have spared it--a mad and monstrous
+picture. It is called "A Scene in Hell," and hangs in the Musee Wiertz.
+And what you see on the canvas are the fierce and blinding flames of
+hell; and amid them looms the dark figure of Napoleon, and around him
+the wives and mothers and maids of Belgium scream and surge and clutch
+and curse--taking their posthumous vengeance.
+
+And since Napoleon was a notable Emperor in his time, the picture is not
+without significance today. Paint in another face; and let it go at
+that.
+
+War is a bad thing. Even hell is the worse for it.
+
+War is a bad thing; it is a reversal, sudden and complete, to barbarism.
+That is what I would get at in this article. One day there is
+civilization, authentic, complex, triumphant; comes war, and in a moment
+the entire fabric sinks down into a slime of mud and blood. In a day, in
+an hour, a cycle of civilization is canceled. What you saw in the
+morning was suave and ordered life; and the sun sets on howling
+savagery. In the morning black-coated men lifted their hats to women.
+Ere nightfall they are slashing them with sabres and burning the houses
+over their heads. And, the grave old professors who were droning
+platitudes of peace and progress and humanitarianism are screaming, ere
+today is done, shrill senile clamors for blood and ravage and rapine.
+(Not less shrill than others is the senile yawp of that good old man
+Ernst Haeckel, under whom I studied in my youth.)
+
+A reversal to barbarism.
+
+Here; it is in the tearoom of the smartest hotel in Munich; war has
+come; high-voiced women of title chatter over their teacups; comes
+swaggering in the Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria; he has just had his
+sabre sharpened and has girt his abdomen for war. His wife runs to him.
+And she kisses the sabre and shouts: "Bring it back to me covered with
+blood--that I may kiss it again!" And the other high-voiced women flock
+to kiss the sword.
+
+A reversal to barbarism.
+
+It has taken place in an hour; but yesterday these were sweet patrician
+ladies, who prattled of humanity and love and the fair graces of life;
+and now they would fain wet their mouths with blood--laughingly as
+harlots wet their mouths with wine.
+
+The unclean and vampirish spirit of war has swept them back to the
+habits of the cave-dwelling ages of the race. In an hour the culture so
+painfully acquired in slow generations has been swept away. Royalty, in
+the tearoom of the "Four Seasons," is one with the blonde nude female
+who romped and fought in the dark Teutonic forests ere Caesar came
+through Gaul.
+
+Reversal to barbarism.
+
+War is declared; and in Berlin the Emperor of Germany rides in an open
+motor car down Unter den Linden; he is in full uniform, sworded, erect,
+hieratic; and at his side sits the Empress--she the good mother, the
+housewife, the fond grandmother--garmented from head to foot in cloth
+the color of blood.
+
+Theatricalism? No. The symbolism is more significant. The symbol bears a
+savage significance. It marks, as a red sunset, the going down of
+civilization and the coming of the dark barbarism of war.
+
+
+II.
+
+BREAKING POINT OF CIVILIZATION.
+
+There was war; and the whole machinery of civilization stopped.
+
+Modern civilization is the most complex machine imaginable; its infinite
+cogged wheels turn endlessly upon each other; and perfectly it
+accomplishes its multifarious purposes; but smash one wheel and it all
+falls apart into muddle and ruin. The declaration of war was like
+thrusting a mailed fist into the intricate works of a clock. There was
+an end of the perfected machine of civilization. Everything stopped.
+
+That was a queer world we woke in. A world that seemed new, so old it
+was.
+
+Money had ceased to exist. It seemed at that moment an appalling thing.
+I was on the edge and frontier of a neutral State. I had money in a
+bank. It ceased to be money. A thousand-franc note was paper. A
+hundred-mark note was rubbish. British sovereigns were refused at the
+railway station. The Swiss shopkeeper would not change a Swiss note.
+What had seemed money was not money.
+
+Values were told in terms of bread.
+
+It was a swift and immediate return to the economic conditions of
+barbarism. Metals were hoarded; and where there had been trade there was
+barter. And it all happened in an hour, in that first fierce panic of
+war.
+
+Traffic stopped with a clang as of rusty iron. The mailed fist had
+dislocated the complex machinery of European traffic. Frontiers which
+had been mere landmarks of travel became suddenly formidable and
+impassable barriers, guarded by harsh, hysterical men with bayonets.
+
+War makes men brave and courageous? Rubbish! It fills them with the
+cruelty of hysteria and the panic of the unknown. I am not talking of
+battle, which is a different thing. But I say the men who guarded the
+German frontier--and I dare say every other frontier--in the first
+stress of war, were wrenched and shaken with veritable hysteria. At St.
+Ludwig and Constance those husky soldiers in ironmongery, with shaved
+heads and beards and outstanding ears, fell into sheer savagery, not
+because they were bad and savage men, but simply because they were
+hysterical. The fact is worth noting.
+
+It explains many a bloody and infamous deed in the tragic history of sad
+Alsace and of little Belgium. The war-begotten reversal to savagery
+brought with it all the hysteria of the savage man. The sentries at St.
+Ludwig struck with muskets and sabres because they were hysterical with
+terror of the new, unknown state into which they had been plunged, not
+because they were not men like you and me. Surely the savage Uhlan who
+ravaged the cottages of Alsace was your brother and mine, and the Magyar
+beyond the Danube and the Cossack at Kovna. Only they had gone back to
+the terrors of the man who dwelt in a cave.
+
+Traffic stopped; and when it stopped civilization fell away from the
+travelers. That was strange. Take the afternoon of the day war was
+declared, the date being Aug. 1, in the year of our Lord 1914, and the
+hour 7:30 P.M., Berlin time. It was the last train that reached the
+frontier from Paris. Between Delle and Bicourt lies a neutral zone about
+three kilometers--say, nearly two and a half miles--in extent. On one
+side France and invasion and terror and war; on the other side of the
+zone the relative safety of Switzerland. Six hundred passengers poured
+out of the French train at noon into that neutral zone and started to
+walk to Swiss safety. A blazing August sun; a road of pebbles and
+stinging, upblown dust.
+
+The passengers had been permitted to bring on the train only what
+luggage they could carry; so they were laden with bags and coats,
+dressing bags and jewel cases--all they had deemed most valuable. Mostly
+women. German ladies fleeing for refuge; Russian ladies; English,
+American; and a crowd of men, urgent to reach their armies, German,
+Swiss, Russian, Austrian, Servian, Italian; withal many of the kind of
+American men who go to Switzerland in August.
+
+And the caravan started in the dust and heat of a desert. A woman let
+fall her heavy bag and plodded on. Another threw away her coats. Men
+shook off their bundles. The heat was stifling. And through the clouds
+of dust a panic terror crept. It was the antique terror of the God
+Pan--the God All; it was a fear as immense as the sky.
+
+A woman screamed and began to run, throwing away everything she had
+safeguarded so she might run with empty hands. A score followed her. Men
+began to run. They thrust the women aside, cursing; and ran. And for
+over two miles the road was covered thick with coats and bags, with
+packages and jewel cases. The greed of possession died out in the
+causeless fear.
+
+These hoarse, pushing men, these sweating, shameless women had gone back
+10,000 years into prehistoric savagery. Lightly they threw away all the
+baubles and gewgaws civilization had fashioned for adorning and
+disguising their raw humanity, and the habits of civilization as well.
+
+They had touched but the outermost edge of war, and their very clothes
+fell off them.
+
+
+III.
+
+BARBARISM AND WOMEN.
+
+War; and it takes eighty-four hours to make a twelve-hour journey from
+the Alps to Paris; the cable is dead; the telegraph is dumb; letters go
+only when smuggled over the frontiers by couriers; you look about you
+and find you are in a mediaeval and mysterious world. You stand amid the
+melancholy ruins of canceled cycles. The mailed fist of war has smashed
+your world to pieces. You do not know it.
+
+The man you thought of as a brother looks at you with eyes of passionate
+hatred; you have eaten bread and salt together; you have drunk together;
+you have been uplifted by the same books; you have been sublimed by the
+same music; but he is a German, and your blood was made in another land,
+and he looks at you with suspicion and hate--perhaps you are a spy. (The
+spy mania! Dear Lord, what absurd, bloody, and abominable stories I
+could write of this madness which has Europe by the throat, this madness
+which is only another form of war hysteria.) A reversal to barbarism;
+you and the man who was your friend have gone back to the fear and
+hatred of primitive savages, meeting at the corner of a dark wood. All
+of humanity we have acquired in the slow way of evolution sloughs off
+us.
+
+We are savages once more. For science is dead. All the laboratories are
+shut, save those where poison is brewed and destruction is put up in
+packages. Education has ceased, save that fierce Nietzschean education
+which declares: "The weak and helpless must go to the wall; and we shall
+help them go." All that made life humanly fair is hidden in the fetid
+clouds of war where savages (in terror and hysteria) grope for each
+other's throats.
+
+The glory of war--rot! The heroism of war--rot! The scarlet and
+beneficent energies of war--rot! When you look at it close what you see
+are hulking masses of brutes with fear behind them prodding them on, or
+wild and splendid savages, hysterical with hate, battling to save their
+hearth fires and women from the oncoming horde. Reversal to barbarism.
+
+Think it over. Upon whom falls the stress of war? Not upon the soldier.
+He is killed and fattens the soil where he falls; or he is maimed and
+hobbles off toward a pension or beggary--both tolerable things; anyway
+he has drunk deep of cruelty and terror and may go his way. By rare good
+grace he may have been a hero. In other words, he may have been a
+Belgian--which is a word like a decoration, a name to make one strut
+like a Greek of Thermopylae--and become thus a permanent part of the
+world's finest history.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I would like to write here the name of a friend, Charles Flamache of
+Brussels. He was 21 years old. He was an artist who had already tasted
+fame. He had known the love of woman. That his destiny might be
+fulfilled he died, the blithe, brave boy, in front of Liege. It was the
+right death at the right time--ere yet the massed Prussians had rolled
+in fire and blood over his fair small land. Wherefore, hail and
+farewell, young hero!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But upon whom falls the stress of war?
+
+In a time of barbarism those who suffer are always the weak. War is in
+its essence (as said Nietzsche, the German philosopher of "world power")
+an attack upon weakness. The weakest suffer most.
+
+I saw children born on cinder heaps, and I saw them die; and the mothers
+die gasping like she dogs in a smother of flies.
+
+Some day the story of what was done in Alsace will be written and the
+stories of Vise and Aerschot and Onsmael and Louvain will seem pale and
+negligible; but not now--five generations to come will whisper them in
+the Vosges.
+
+What I would emphasize is that in the natural state of barbarism induced
+by the war the woman falls back to her antique state of she animal. In
+thousands of years she has been made into a thing of exquisite and
+mysterious femininity; in a day she is thrown back to kinship with the
+she dog. Slashed with sabres, pricked with lances, she is a mere thing
+of prey.
+
+Surely not the dear Countess and Baroness? Of course not. War is made
+in the palaces, but it does not attack the palaces. The worth of every
+nation dwells in the cottage; and it is upon the cottage that war works
+its worst infamy. Go to Alsace and see.
+
+Pillage, loot, incendiarism, "indemnity"--you can read that in the
+records of the invasion of Belgium; that is war; it is all right if war
+is to be, for all this talk of chivalrous consideration for foes and
+regard for international law is all nonsense; necessity, as
+Bethmann-Hollweg said, knows no law, and necessity has always been the
+tyrant's plea; it is the business of a soldier to kill and terrify; if
+he restricts his killing and terrifying he is a bad soldier and bad at
+his work of barbarism; but--
+
+There is a more sinister side to Europe's lapse into barbarism. The
+women are paying too dear. And to make them pay dear is not really the
+business of a soldier, not even a bad soldier. Yet the woman is paying,
+God knows. A tragic payment.
+
+
+IV.
+
+AFTER BARBARISM, WHAT?
+
+One morning at dawn--it was at Amberieu--I saw the long trains go by
+carrying the German wounded and the German prisoners, who had been taken
+in the battles of the Vosges. There were 2,400 taken on toward the
+south. There were French nurses with the wounded. I saw water and fruit
+and chocolate given to the prisoners.
+
+This was early in the war. The sheer lapse into barbarism had not yet
+come. Soon the German newspapers announced:
+
+"Great concern is expressed in press and public utterances lest
+prisoners of war receive anything in the line of favored treatment.
+Newspapers have conducted an angry campaign against women who have
+ventured at the railway station to give coffee or food to prisoners of
+war passing through; commanding officers have ordered that persons
+'demeaning themselves by such unworthy conduct' are to be immediately
+ejected from the stations, and in response to public clamor official
+announcements have been issued that such prisoners in transport receive
+only bread and water."
+
+And the French followed suit; no "coddling" of prisoners; back to
+barbarism, the lessons of humanity forgot and savagery come again.
+
+Civilization in the old world is smashed. I have traversed the ruins;
+and my feet are still dirty with mud and blood. But I can tell you what
+is going to come out of that welter of ruin. There will come a sane and
+righteous hatred of militarism. What will be surely destroyed is
+Caesarism. Prophecy? This is not prophecy; I am stating an assured fact.
+Even at this hour of hysterical and relentless warfare there lies deep
+in the heart of the democracy of Europe a consuming hatred of
+militarism.
+
+Drops of water (or blood) do not more naturally flow into each than did
+the English hatred of Caesarism blend with the high French hatred of the
+evil thing; and when the palaces have done fighting, the cottages of
+Europe, from the Baltic to the Mediterranean and from the Black Sea to
+the Hebrides, will proclaim its destruction.
+
+And you will see it; you will see Caesarism drowned in the very blood it
+has shed. And the German, mark you, will not be the least bitter of the
+foes of militarism. He will be indeed a relentless foe.
+
+Reversal to barbarism, say you? A shuddering lapse into savagery?
+
+Quite true; that is the state of Europe over the fairest and most highly
+civilized provinces. The picture of Sir John French strolling up and
+down the battle line smoking a cigarette does not give a fair idea of
+it; nor do you get it from the Kaiser on a hilltop surveying his massed
+war bullocks surging forth patiently to battle; all that belongs to the
+picture books of war.
+
+The real thing is dirtier.
+
+
+
+
+Civil Life in Berlin
+
+[From The London Times, Oct. 17, 1914.]
+
+
+     _A gentleman, the subject of a neutral country, who has just
+     returned from a visit to Germany, has furnished The Times with
+     the following statement as to his impressions. He says:_
+
+I did not hear any boasting over German successes. When I spoke to
+Germans of their victories they would reply: "Yes, we have had
+victories--but what of the dead?" This thought is present even in places
+where one might think that for the time being every effort would be made
+to prevent its intrusion. In Berlin, for example, where all the theatres
+are open and attracting crowded audiences, it is the burden of a song
+sung during one of the patriotic plays, of which several are now being
+performed.
+
+I went to a theatre on the night of the fall of Antwerp. A play entitled
+"1914" was acted, in the course of which many topical allusions were
+made by the well-known comedian Thielscher. Even in these serious times
+the Berliner, who is famous for the form of humor known as Berliner
+Witze, cannot refrain from his jokes. One of these was the question:
+"Why does Germany understand war so well? Because it has been declared
+upon her eight times!"--the point of the jest lying in the fact that the
+German word _Erklaren_, "to declare," means also "to explain." Another
+pun of the same kind was made out of the word _Niederlage_, which means
+both "defeat" and "depot." "Germany," said one of the characters, "is
+surrounded by enemies on all sides." "Yes," was the reply, "she is the
+head establishment, while England, France, and Russia only have the
+_Niederlage_."
+
+There were some serious scenes in this play, in the middle of one of
+which some one stepped quickly on to the stage and, interrupting the
+actors, exclaimed: "One moment, one moment, if you please! Antwerp has
+fallen!" Of course, there was tremendous enthusiasm at this
+announcement, but when it had subsided, one of the company came forward
+and sang:
+
+    Nicht zu laut!
+    Nicht zu laut!
+    Denkt g'rad' jetzt wo Ihr jubelt und lacht;
+    Nicht zu laut!
+    Nicht zu laut!
+    Fiel ein Krieger vielleicht in der Schlacht
+    Und er liegt beim zerschossenen Pferde
+    Und nimmt Abschied von Mutter und Braut--
+    Nicht zu laut!
+    Nicht zu laut!
+
+    (Not too loud! Not too loud! Think just now while you laugh
+    and cheer; Not too loud! Not too loud! Perchance a warrior
+    fallen in the battle lies beside his shot down steed, and bids
+    farewell to mother and bride; Not too loud! Not too loud!)
+
+I have mentioned this to give an idea of the kind of life which the
+Berliners are living just now. There are other popular theatres in which
+similar plays are now running with titles such as "Der Kaiser Rief"
+("The Emperor Called") and "Fest d'Rauf" ("Hit Hard!") the latter being
+borrowed from the words of the famous telegram sent by the Crown Prince
+at the time of the Zabern incident. These theatres are crowded. At the
+principal theatres classical plays such as "Hamlet" and Lessing's "Minna
+von Barnhelm" were being played while I was in Berlin.
+
+Berlin keeps open many places of amusement until the early hours of the
+morning, and the war has not made any difference in this respect. What
+is known as the "night life" of Berlin continues. For years past the
+fast element in Berlin has been one of its most notorious features. This
+accompaniment of the prosperity of the capital since the war of 1870 has
+struck with surprise many observers of German life accustomed to the
+idea of German simplicity and purity of morals, rendered classical by
+Tacitus and exemplified by many representatives of German national life
+in the earlier part of the nineteenth century, when Germany was rallying
+from the blows inflicted by Napoleon. All that need be said upon this
+head is that, as far as report can be accepted as evidence, vice is the
+only commodity which has become less expensive since the war began.
+
+The spy fever seems somewhat to have abated. At present, however, the
+public are not allowed to walk on the footway beside the headquarters of
+the army or the General Telegraph Office, obviously with a view to
+protecting these buildings against damage from hostile persons. The
+Germans still think that many spies exist in their country. The presence
+of women acting as tramcar conductors struck me as strange. These are
+the wives of men summoned to the colors. Notices are affixed to the
+interior of the cars stating the reason for the presence of these women,
+and requesting the public to be considerate toward them, and to help
+them over any little difficulties they might encounter in the discharge
+of their duty. Traffic in Berlin is absolutely regular. There are as
+many taxicabs as before, but instead of benzine, which is wanted for the
+army, they now use other spirit. The streets are as brilliantly lighted
+as ever. Riding exercise is taken by gentlemen in the Thiergarten every
+morning as usual. Sport is reviving, and there are a good many football
+matches. Two recently played were those between Berlin and Vienna and
+Berlin and Leipsic, the latter for the Red Cross. The universities will
+open on the 25th inst., the regular date.
+
+The population, as a whole, is serious and confident of victory; but the
+war is by no means the sole topic of conversation. England is the enemy
+most bitterly hated, the Germans maintaining that her only reason for
+entering on the war was to destroy German trade. England's desire to
+preserve the neutrality of Belgium is scouted. The common people in
+Germany say that having fought the Belgians and defeated them they will
+retain their country. This, however, is not the attitude of the more
+educated section of the population, who express the opinion that the
+difficulty of ruling Belgium would be greater than the advantage to be
+derived from it.
+
+[Illustration: ADMIRAL VON TIRPITZ, GERMAN NAVAL MINISTER,
+
+As Head of the Naval Administration He Is Second in Authority to the
+Major Admiral in Chief, the Kaiser.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _by Brown Bros._)]
+
+[Illustration: PRINCE HENRY OF PRUSSIA,
+
+In Supreme Command of the German Battleship Fleet.
+
+(_Photo from Bain._)]
+
+The fierce hatred of England in Germany is due in large measure to what
+the Germans call "the shopkeepers' warfare" of the English. They
+maintain that the English confiscation of German patents is a wholly
+unfair method of fighting, and it has caused the deepest resentment.
+When asked as to the future, they reply that they will do all in due
+time. After Belgium will come France, and then the turn of England will
+arrive. They are not discouraged by the failure to reach Paris, since
+the strategy adopted by the French would have rendered the possession of
+Paris of little value. It will still be taken.
+
+With regard to England not much is said of an army of invasion, but
+German confidence is evidently reposed in her Zeppelins, of which a
+large number is being constructed with all possible speed. They are to
+be employed against England, whose part in the war is the least
+honorable of all. Belgium's attitude at the outset they can understand,
+France's desire for _la revanche_ is natural, but England's only motive
+was jealousy of Germany's industrial development and the desire to
+cripple her trade and commercial prosperity. Therefore, Woe to England!
+
+
+
+
+Belgian Boy Tells Story of Aerschot
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, Nov. 18, 1914.]
+
+
+     _The following letter from an American civil engineer, lately
+     in business in Belgium, whose reliability is vouched for by
+     the person named in his letter as having been associated with
+     him in business in Pittsburgh, has been received by_ THE
+     TIMES:
+
+B----, ----shire, England,
+Oct. 3, 1914.
+
+_To the Editor of The New York Times:_
+
+I have just read an article in your issue of Sept. 16 on the German
+killings at Aerschot, Belgium. You suggest an investigation into this
+crime. I happen to have a first-hand contribution, which I herewith
+inclose.
+
+The writer is an American citizen, civil engineer, late partner of ----
+---- of Pittsburgh, Penn., to whom you can refer. When war was declared I
+had an engineering office in Belgium. As the use of telegraph and
+telephone was suddenly stopped there remained nothing but to close the
+office. I therefore paid off my employes, among whom was a young office
+boy, a Belgian, about 16 years old, frail stature, small build, almost
+childlike appearance, but well educated and intelligent.
+
+The inclosed narrative is a strict translation of a letter received from
+the boy. This is, therefore, first-hand information, and my knowledge of
+the character of the boy, as well as the ring in what he has to tell,
+justifies me in vouching for the correctness of his narrative.
+
+In reading these pages, you will note a weak point in our administration
+of charity, which has been repeatedly brought to my attention. England
+has every intention to act generously and warm-heartedly with the
+Belgian people, who you may say have been sacrificed for the Allies.
+They tender homes for refugees and transportation from Belgian shores to
+England. They give out money liberally, but when this boy, utterly
+without means, friends or papers arrived in Antwerp, there is no help
+for him. If he had been smaller, somebody would have treated him as a
+child and brought him along. If his father had not been dragged off into
+slavery in Germany he might with an old aunt have represented a family.
+Had he been able to preserve his legitimatization papers the Belgian
+authorities would have given him some support. Had he been older, he
+would have been enlisted in the defense of his country.
+
+Here, therefore, is an individual, not small enough, not large enough,
+not having relations enough and not having any documents. He was worthy
+of help, but did not fit in anywhere. I am now doing my best to get
+money over to him through the Belgian National Bank, also to get him
+some sort of a paper, through the Belgian Legation in London, which will
+enable him at least to cross the frontier to Holland, whence he might be
+able to pay for his way to England.
+
+I hope you will publish the boy's letter, _but it is necessary that you
+suppress both his and the writer's name_. Should either be given and the
+boy remain in Belgium, _it may cost him his life_. The mention of my own
+may later on cause me difficulties with our German friends of liberty.
+Yours truly,
+
+---- ----.
+
+[Inclosure.]
+
+Translation of letter received from one of my employes, a young Belgian
+boy of about 16 years of age. Received in England Sept. 28, 1914.
+
+ANTWERP, Sept. 23, 1914.
+
+Dear Sir: As you correctly said in my testimonial when you were closing
+the office, the war has isolated Belgium. Really I can well say that I
+have been painfully struck by this scourge, and I permit myself, dear
+Sir, to give you a little description of my Calvary.
+
+Your offices were closed in the beginning of August. As I did not know
+what to do and as the fatherland had not enough men to defend its
+territory I tried to get myself accepted as a volunteer.
+
+On Aug. 10 I went to Aerschot, my native town, to get my certificate of
+good conduct. Then I went to Louvain to have same signed by the
+commander of the place. This gentleman sent me to St. Nicholas and
+thence to Hemixem, where I was rejected as too young. I then decided to
+return to Brussels, passing through Aerschot. Here my aunt asked me to
+stay with her, saying that she was afraid of the Germans.
+
+I remained at Aerschot. This was Aug. 15. Suddenly, on the 19th, at 9
+o'clock in the morning, after a terrible bombardment, the Germans made
+their entry into Aerschot. In the first street which they passed through
+they broke into the houses. They brought out six men whom I knew very
+well and immediately shot them. Learning of this, I fled to Louvain,
+where I arrived on Aug. 19 at 1 o'clock.
+
+At 1:30 P.M. the Germans entered Louvain. They did not do anything to
+the people in the beginning. On the following Saturday, Aug. 22, I
+started to return to Aerschot, as I had no money. (All my money was
+still in Brussels.) The whole distance from Louvain to Aerschot I saw
+nothing but German armies, always Germans. They did not say a word to me
+until I suddenly found myself alone with three of the "Todeshusaren,"
+(Death's Head Hussars,) the vanguard of their regiment. They arrested me
+at the point of the revolver, demanded where I was going, and why I had
+run away from Aerschot. They said that the whole of Aerschot was now on
+fire, because the son of the Burgomaster had killed a General. Finally
+they searched me from head to foot, and I heard them discuss the
+question of my fate.
+
+Finally the non-commissioned officer told me that I could continue on my
+way; that they would certainly take care of me in Aerschot, as I had
+been firing at Germans, and they would shoot me when I arrived. I would
+have liked better to return to Louvain, but with an imperious gesture he
+pointed out my road to Aerschot, and I continued. On arriving within a
+few hundred meters of the town I was arrested once more.
+
+I forgot to tell you that of all the houses which I passed between
+Louvain and Aerschot, there were only a few left intact. Upon these the
+Germans had written in chalk in the German language: "Please spare. Good
+people. Do not burn." Lying along the road I saw many dead horses
+putrefying. There were also to be seen pigs, goats, and cows which had
+nothing to eat, and which were howling like wild beasts. Not a soul was
+to be seen in the houses or in the streets. Everything was empty.
+
+I was then arrested when a short distance from Aerschot. There were with
+me two or three families from Sichem, a village between Diest and
+Aerschot. We remained in the fields alongside the road, while the
+Prussian regiments with their artillery continued to pass by. When the
+artillery had passed we were marched at the point of the bayonet to the
+church in Aerschot. On arrival at the church the families of Sichem
+(there were at least twenty small children) were permitted to continue
+on their way, and the non-commissioned officer, delighted that I could
+speak German, permitted me to go to my aunt's house.
+
+The aspect of the town was terrible. Not more than half the houses were
+standing. In the first three streets which the Germans traversed there
+was not a single house left. There was not a house in the town but had
+been pillaged. All doors had been burst open. There was nothing, nothing
+left. The stench in the streets was insupportable.
+
+I then went home, or, rather, I should say, I went to the house where my
+father had always been boarding. You know, perhaps, that my mother died
+twelve years ago. I did not find my father, but according to what the
+people told me he had been arrested, and, with five other Aerschot men,
+taken to Germany--I do not know for what purpose.
+
+I got into this house without any difficulty, because the door was
+smashed in. I stayed there from Saturday, Aug. 22, up to Wednesday, the
+26th, a little more comfortable. There was nothing to eat left in the
+house. I lived on what a few women who remained in Aerschot could give
+me. I was forced to go with the soldiers into the cellars of M.X.,
+director of a large factory, to hunt for wine. As recompense I got a
+loaf. It was not much, but at this moment it meant very much for me.
+
+On Wednesday, Aug. 26, we were all once more locked up in the church. It
+was then half-past four in the afternoon. We could not get out, even for
+our necessities. On Thursday, about 9 o'clock, each of us was given a
+piece of bread and a glass of water. This was to last the whole day. At
+10 o'clock a Lieutenant came in, accompanied by fifteen soldiers. He
+placed all the men who were left in a square, selected seventy of us and
+ordered us out to bury the corpses of Germans and Belgians around the
+town, which had been lying there since the battle of the 19th. That was
+a week that these bodies had remained there, and it is no use to ask if
+there was a stench. Afterward we had to clean the streets, and then it
+was evening.
+
+They just got ready to shoot us. There were then ten of us. The guns had
+already been leveled at us, when suddenly a German soldier ran out
+shouting that we had not fired on them. A few minutes before we had
+heard rifle firing and the Germans said it was the Aerschot people who
+were shooting, though all these had been locked up in the church and we
+were the only inhabitants then in the streets, cleaning them, under
+surveillance of Germans. It was this German who saved our lives.
+
+Picture to yourself what we have suffered! It is impossible to describe.
+On Aug. 28 we were brought to Louvain, always guarded by German
+soldiers. There were with us about twenty old men, over eighty years of
+age. These were placed in two carts, tied to one another in pairs. I and
+about twenty of my unfortunate compatriots had then to pull the carts
+all the way to Louvain. It was hard, but that could be supported all the
+same.
+
+On arriving at Louvain I saw with my own eyes a German who shot at us.
+The Germans who were at the station shouted "The civilians have been
+shooting," and commenced a fusillade against us. Many of us fell dead,
+others wounded, but I had the chance to run away.
+
+I now took the road to Tirlemont, marching all the time among German
+camps. Once I was arrested. Again they wanted to shoot me, insisting
+that I was a student of the University of Louvain. The Germans pretend
+it was the student who had caused the population in Louvain to shoot at
+them. However, my youth saved me, and I was set at liberty.
+
+I arrived in this way, making small marches, sleeping under the stars,
+at a small village, St. Pierre Rhode, six miles from Aerschot. This
+village had not been occupied by the Germans. A benevolent farmer took
+me in, and I lived there peacefully until Wednesday, Sept. 9. On that
+day the Germans arrived. They took us all with them and we had to march
+in front of them to prevent the Belgians from shooting. After one hour
+they gave us our liberty.
+
+The Belgians had now retaken Aerschot. I returned there as quickly as I
+could. Only a few houses were still burning. It was Sept. 10. I left
+again in the afternoon at 4 o'clock, taking a train, together with the
+railway officials, and arrived at 6 P.M. in Antwerp, where I now stay
+without any resources.
+
+All my money, the 20 francs which you presented me and my salary for
+five weeks, as well as my little savings, are lying in Brussels, and I
+cannot get at them. I cannot work, because there is no work to be got. I
+cannot cross over to England, as, to do this, it is necessary that there
+should be a whole family. In these horrible circumstances, I
+respectfully take the liberty of addressing you, and I hope you will aid
+me as best you can. I swear to you that I shall pay you back all that
+you give me. I have here in Antwerp no place, no family. The town will
+not give me any aid, because I have no papers to prove my identity. I
+threw all my papers away for fear of the Germans. I count then on you
+with a firm hope to pay you back later.
+
+Please accept, dear Sir, my respectful greetings.
+
+---- ----.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Special to The New York Times._
+
+PITTSBURGH, Penn., Oct. 17.--The Pittsburgh civil engineer mentioned as
+the former partner of the writer of the letter to THE TIMES citing acts
+of the Germans in Belgium, is well known here. He was informed by THE
+TIMES correspondent tonight that he had been named by the writer of the
+letter as likely to testify to his trustworthiness and was asked if he
+cared to say anything regarding this. He replied:
+
+"While I have no idea what my former partner has written to THE TIMES, I
+would credit his statements, whatever they might be."
+
+
+
+
+THE NEUTRALS.
+
+By BEATRICE BARRY.
+
+
+    Ours is the "neutral nation"
+      In this war that the white men wage,
+    And we on the Reservation
+      Care naught how the white men rage.
+
+    Where are the forest spaces
+      That the red man was free to roam?
+    And what of the woodland places
+      Where the red man made his home?
+
+    Gone! There's a paleface house
+      Where the brave had his strong tepee,
+    And the white man's cattle browse
+      Where the wild herds used to be.
+
+    For our power sites he reaches
+      While both smoothly he speaks and well
+    Of the God whose love he teaches
+      And whose justice he would tell.
+
+    O Great White Spirit who rideth
+      On the wings of the Winter gale,
+    Though thy children's faith abideth,
+      Alas! they have lost the trail.
+
+
+
+
+Fifteen Minutes on the Yser
+
+[Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES.]
+
+
+IN BELGIUM, Dec. 12, (Dispatch to The London Daily News.)--Fighting of
+an exceedingly desperate character has been taking place during the
+latter portion of the week along the line which extends between the Yser
+and the Lys. Success has attended the efforts of both Germans and French
+in turn; but the losses of the enemy have been by far the greater, and
+the French have in places gained a slight advantage. This is
+particularly noteworthy when it is considered that the Germans on
+Thursday especially attacked in overwhelming force time after time.
+Their movement was concentrated on a zigzag line of trenches not far
+from the village of Dichebusch, which, as it happened, was not
+particularly strongly held by the French.
+
+A terrific prelude to the attack was made by the German artillery, which
+concentrated a furious shrapnel fire upon the French position. At this
+point the trenches of the Germans were only seventy yards from the
+French, and for fear of hitting their own men the German guns were aimed
+fairly high, so that the Frenchmen in the rear trenches suffered most
+heavily. Those in the front trench huddled against its sides while the
+storm of shot and shell raged over them. There was nothing else for them
+to do at the moment, and, as it proved, it was extremely fortunate for
+the Allies that the German guns spared these men.
+
+The French seventy-fives raked the German batteries in answer, and
+things were going hot and strong when the German infantrymen suddenly
+became active. From their trenches seventy yards away a shower of hand
+grenades came bowling over toward the first French trench. Many of them
+fell short, and few did any damage; but hardly had this second plague
+come to an end when out from the trenches climbed a swarm of Germans
+rushing furiously toward the Frenchmen. At last the men in that first
+trench had something to do. They jumped to their loopholes and blazed
+magazine fire into this raging, tearing attack. Every bullet seemed to
+find its mark; it could hardly have done otherwise at such a range.
+
+The advance line wavered, stumbled over prostrate parts of itself, and
+then swept onward again. There was no time for the Frenchmen to reload
+their rifles; besides they did not want to do so. They simply climbed
+out of the trenches and met the Germans with the bayonet. The German
+guns were still roaring to prevent the arrival of French reinforcements;
+but the reinforcements came quickly, suffering heavily in coming.
+
+The few Frenchmen still struggled sturdily with their enemies, who
+outnumbered them three to one, and eventually the Germans who survived
+the attack turned and bolted back to their trenches, with the Frenchmen,
+seeing red, at their heels.
+
+It was as furious a fifteen minutes as could be conceived. The No Man's
+Land between the trenches was heaped with men tangled and twisted in
+death or writhing with wounds which unmercifully let them live. Neither
+side dared venture across to aid these sufferers, so they were left in
+their agony.
+
+But this one desperate charge did not end the day's work. The French
+mortars thumped away incessantly, and showers of hand grenades were
+exchanged. One more attack was made by the Germans in daylight, with a
+like result. The ground was piled high in places with bodies. Then,
+when night had fallen, yet another attack was made. One mighty mass of
+Germans came charging over the narrow space. By sheer weight of numbers
+they overwhelmed the French and took the trench for which they had paid
+such a ghastly price. They held it only for a few hours. By converging
+on it from three points at once the French retook it soon after
+midnight.
+
+On Friday morning a wonderful French bayonet charge at length drove out
+the Germans, who had fought most gallantly and stubbornly throughout the
+day and during the night, and the terrible morning which followed. The
+Red Cross workers were busy without ceasing; but many men had bled to
+death, lacking surgical aid, in that strip of ground between the
+trenches.
+
+This is the kind of warfare which is going to be waged in this seemingly
+inevitable battle between the two rivers. It may last as long as the
+battle of the Yser or the Aisne, and we may wait day after day again for
+the verdict. If the Allies can press forward just three or four miles
+before the year is out they will have done extraordinarily well.
+Hereabout the German artillery is in greater strength than anywhere else
+along the whole line of battle.
+
+Progress will undoubtedly be slow because the Germans have taken such
+tremendous pains to pave (in a literal sense) with concrete trenches the
+way of retreat. British airmen report line upon line of intrenchments
+where the Germans have defensively furrowed the land behind them for
+miles. As the Allies advance--and they indubitably will advance--these
+trenches will in turn be stubbornly defended. It is going to be, I am
+afraid, a long, weary, and bloody business. Those in England who
+sometimes complain at the absence of decisive victories may have to wait
+a long time yet before it can be said that the Germans are in full
+retreat; for full retreat is the very thing they have guarded against
+most carefully.
+
+In the semi-circle of slaughter around Ypres the trenches of the Allies
+and the Germans are at nearly all points extraordinarily close together.
+This means an immense strain on the men. They remain for hours together
+in cramped, unnatural positions, knowing from experience that an unwise
+move will bring a bullet from crack marksmen told off to snipe them.
+
+This close proximity of the rival forces confounds all the theories of
+the military writers of the past. According to the army textbooks this
+war is being conducted in a grossly unprofessional manner. For bringing
+his men so close to the enemy many a young company commander has
+received a severe dressing down on manoeuvres.
+
+Of course under such circumstances abuse and badinage is continually
+being bandied across the intervening spaces between the trenches, and
+the quick-witted Frenchmen generally get the better of it in the war of
+words.
+
+One of them, who came back from the Ypres neighborhood a few days ago,
+told me a delightful story of a practical joke played upon the Germans,
+who were entrenched only about thirty or forty yards away from his
+platoon. One bright spirit was lecturing the enemy and making
+dialectical rings round them.
+
+"Hola, bosches," he cried, "your Kaiser is very brave, isn't he? He
+wears the Iron Cross, but he doesn't come into your trenches. Tomorrow
+M. Poincare, our President, will visit us. He does not wear an Iron
+Cross, but he isn't afraid."
+
+On the morrow the Germans saw a top hat come bobbing and bowing along
+the French trench and heard loud cries of "Vive le President!" Time
+after time they riddled that top hat with bullets, and still it went
+bobbing along until the French took it off the spade handle, threw it
+into the air and howled in derision.
+
+
+
+
+Seeing Nieuport Under Shell Fire
+
+[Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES.]
+
+
+FURNES, Dec. 21, (Dispatch to The London Daily News.)--For several days
+I have been in possession of an authorization from the French commandant
+permitting me to penetrate to Nieuport. This town has been under
+bombardment by the Germans since Oct. 20. There were days, however, when
+no shells fell in the town and a walk in the streets presented no
+danger, though this was by no means the case last week, when, after a
+period of calm, an event of considerable importance occurred. The Allies
+took up the offensive in an effort to drive the Germans from the coast
+and recapture Ostend and Zeebrugge.
+
+Along the whole front from the Yser to the sea there were important
+movements of troops. These I am not at liberty to describe, but they
+have for the most part only a small significance in relation to the
+events described in this letter. For eight days the struggle has been
+very severe on the Yser, and night and day hundreds of guns have been
+sending shells across the space dividing the two armies. Since the end
+of October the Germans had been established at St. Georges and
+Lombartzyde, close to Nieuport, and their trenches between Nieuport and
+Nieuport-les-Bains were separated from those of the French and Belgians
+only by a canal twenty yards wide running from Furnes through Nieuport
+to the sea.
+
+I left Furnes on a French motor truck carrying bread and meat to the
+troops at Nieuport. For about three miles the truck followed the canal,
+passing the village of Wulpen, and then came to a stop. We had arrived
+near the bridge over which we must pass to reach Nieuport. As we slowly
+approached the bridge I asked the chauffeur: "What is delaying us?" "It
+is a little too warm for the moment," he replied.
+
+When a soldier admits that things are warm it is certain that there is
+serious fighting afoot. To the right and left over the fields we could
+see the inundations. On the roads our soldiers were moving and the guns
+of the Allies were filling the air with thunder. In the intervals one
+could hear the spitting of quick-firers and the lesser chorus of rifle
+fire. Just ahead on a little bridge were a few soldiers of the engineer
+corps busily at work under the direction of a Lieutenant.
+
+Suddenly I saw them fall flat on the ground. At the same moment a shell
+whistled over their heads and buried itself in the canal bank only forty
+yards from us.
+
+"Shelter your machine behind the house," shouted the Lieutenant, and the
+chauffeur did not want a second telling. He backed the truck a few yards
+to place it against a house opposite the bridge at the corner of the
+road from Ramscapelle.
+
+I left the truck and stood with some soldiers close against the wall. In
+five minutes fifteen shells fell within a radius of 100 yards of the
+bridge, but not one struck the bridge itself. We could hear them come
+shrieking toward us, and the only comment of the soldiers each time was
+"Here comes another."
+
+We passed over the bridge and advanced along the canal bank in the
+direction of the Germans. As we approached the trenches near the Dixmude
+railway bridge we were able to survey the plain of St. Georges, which is
+now completely under water. For a moment the firing between the trenches
+had ceased, and we were able to take a leisurely view of the scene from
+the height of the bridge over an area half a mile square. The water is
+three feet deep, and in the centre of the lake stands a farmhouse
+surrounded by trees. French and Belgian soldiers had crossed the water,
+advancing under the protection of artillery fire, and had captured the
+houses standing on the far side.
+
+Returning to our motor, we quickly reached Nieuport. The aspect of the
+place was strange. The houses, as in all ancient fortified towns, press
+closely one against another. The streets, however, are wide and regular.
+They were as empty as the streets of a dead city. In the roofs of the
+houses were large holes. Windows and doors had been destroyed, and
+blinds and curtains were floating out on the wind.
+
+To my great surprise I learned that four or five houses were still
+occupied. About twenty inhabitants, I was told, were still living in
+their cellars after the two months' bombardment. The soldiers did what
+they could to feed these people, who said that rather than leave their
+homes they would perish in the ruins. The rest of the inhabitants, about
+4,000, had fled, taking with them only what they could carry in their
+hands. In every house one could see broken furniture covered with dust.
+In many of them gaping holes had been torn by shells, while some of the
+front walls had been carried clean away. Bedsteads and wardrobes were
+seen standing awry on the upper floors, ready to fall into the street.
+Of other houses, reduced, one may say, to powder, only heaps of rubbish
+remain, in which one can distinguish among pieces of tiles and bricks
+and plaster chests of drawers, pianos, sideboards, sewing machines, and
+so forth, broken and mixed with what is left of household linen and
+crockery. Family portraits, as if in mockery, remain hanging in places
+and contemplate the scene of ruin. The contents of the shops have been
+scattered over the floors, and whatever has not been destroyed by
+shells, shrapnel, and bombs, has been left to rot under the rain which
+comes through the roofs and ceilings. All sorts of merchandise was lying
+about in confusion on the pavements.
+
+The church, one of the oldest Gothic monuments in the country, has been
+completely demolished. The belfry tower is torn open, and one broken
+bell is lying on the ground at the edge of a pit some thirty feet in
+width, made by the explosion of an enormous German shell. A large wooden
+crucifix by the side of the church has been torn from the ground and
+lies in a ditch.
+
+There is a layer three feet deep of pieces of wood covering the floor of
+the church. This was once the roof and furniture of the old Gothic
+temple.
+
+The cemetery, furrowed by shells, contains fresh graves covered with
+flowers. These are graves of officers and soldiers. On one of them are a
+soldier's coat and cap; on another a small Belgian flag. The second
+grave was dug only this morning, the young soldier, I was told by a
+Sergeant, having arrived at 8 o'clock and having been killed by a German
+shell at 10.
+
+Only one structure in Nieuport remained intact, the Templars' Tower, a
+very solid piece of masonry, five centuries old.
+
+Groups of officers and men were moving about among the ruins of the
+town. They were all young men, whose laughter and jokes contrasted
+grimly with the terrible howl of the guns and the crash of the
+projectiles which were still falling in the town. The French batteries
+added to the noise. Nothing can describe the terrible power of the heavy
+French artillery. The voice of the guns pierced my ear drums. Though
+they were posted at a considerable distance, one might almost think them
+close at hand. As a shell passes over your head it reminds you of a
+hurricane blowing through the bare branches of a forest.
+
+Accompanied by my chauffeur, I ran through streets which he pointed out
+as being more dangerous than others. They were being shelled from the
+flank by the Germans, and sometimes, I was told, accidents would occur;
+that is, somebody would be killed by a shell flying along the street
+from one end to the other. One feels one's self much more at ease in
+the streets which intersect these thoroughfares at right angles.
+
+In one spot I met a Red Cross motor ambulance laden with wounded, and
+going in the midst of the gravest danger, in the direction of Furnes. At
+another point we saw a French Captain, who, in a stern voice, ordered
+his soldiers to keep away from the middle of the street. These men were
+not on duty for the moment and were chatting as merrily as if they were
+in no danger.
+
+
+
+
+Raid on Scarborough Seen from a Window
+
+By Ruth Kauffmann.
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES.]
+
+
+CLOUGHTON, Scarborough, England, Dec. 17.--It's a very curious thing to
+watch a bombardment from your house.
+
+Everybody knew the Kaiser would do it. But there was a little doubt
+about the date, and then somehow the spy-hunting sport took up general
+attention. When the Kaiser did send his card here yesterday morning it
+was quite as much of a surprise as most Christmas cards--from a friend
+forgotten.
+
+Eighteen people were killed yesterday morning between 8 o'clock and 8:30
+in the streets and houses of Scarborough by German shrapnel, 200 were
+wounded, and more than 200 houses were damaged or demolished.
+
+A little before 8 o'clock three dreadnought cruisers were seen to cut
+through the light fog, which was just lifting, and, hugging the cliffs
+opposite our house, scuttle south to Scarborough. From our windows we
+could not at that hour quite make out the contours of the ruined castle,
+which is generally plainly visible. Our attention was called to the fact
+that there was "practicing" going on, and we could, at 8:07, see quick
+flashes. That these flashes pointed directly at Scarborough we did not
+for a few minutes comprehend. Then, the fog slowly lifting, we saw a fog
+that was partly smoke. The castle grew into its place in the six miles
+distance. It seemed for a moment that the eight-foot-thick Norman walls
+tottered; but no, whatever tottered was behind the keep. Curiously
+enough we could barely hear the cannonading, for the wind was keen in
+the opposite direction, yet we could, as the minutes crept by and the
+air cleared, see distinctly the flashes from the boats and the flashes
+in the city.
+
+After about fifteen minutes there was a cessation, or perhaps a
+hesitation, that lasted two minutes; then the flashes continued. Ten
+minutes more and the boats began to move again. One cruiser disappeared
+completely from sight, sailing south by east. The other two rushed, like
+fast trains, north again, again close to our cliffs; and in another half
+hour we heard all too plainly the cannonading which had almost escaped
+our ears from Scarborough. We thought it was Robin Hood's Bay, as far
+north of us as Scarborough is south; but afterward we learned that the
+boats omitted this pretty red-roofed town and concentrated their
+remaining energy on Whithy, fifteen miles north; the wind blowing
+toward us brought us the vibrating boom.
+
+We drove to Scarborough. We had not gone one mile of the distance when
+we began to meet people coming in the opposite direction. A small
+white-faced boy in a milk cart that early every morning makes its
+Scarborough rounds showed us a piece of shell he had picked up and said
+it had first struck a man a few yards from him and killed the man. A
+woman carrying a basket told us, with trembling lips, that men and women
+were lying about the streets dead. The postman assured us that
+Scarborough was in flames. A road worker told us we should be turned
+back, and another man warned us to beware of a big hole in the road
+further along, large enough to swallow our horse and trap; yet we could
+certainly see no flames issuing from Scarborough, which now lay directly
+before us.
+
+We put up the horse at a stable on the very edge of the city and walked
+up the steep hill. The hotelkeeper and his wife, we were told, were
+already "refugees."
+
+Scarborough is a sprawling town that stretches a length of about three
+miles from the extreme north end to the extreme south. Inland about a
+mile and a half is a wireless station, and on the cliff, 300 feet high,
+stands the ruined castle and its walled-in grounds, in the midst of
+which is--or was, for it was yesterday blown clean away--a signal
+station. Although there are barracks the town is unfortified. A seaside
+resort of considerable importance, its population varies by many
+thousands in Winter and Summer, with a stationary population of 45,000.
+But to compensate for its Summer losses are the numerous fashionable
+schools for both boys and girls.
+
+We did not meet a deserted city when we entered. The streets were
+thronging. There was a Sunday hush over everything without the
+accompanying Sunday clothes, but people moved about or stood at their
+doorways. Many of the shop fronts were boarded up and shop windows were
+empty of display. The main street, a narrow passageway that clambers up
+from the sea and points due west, was filled with a procession that
+slowly marched down one side and up the other. People hardly spoke.
+They made room automatically for a group of silent boy scouts, who
+carried an unconscious woman past us to the hospital. There was the
+insistent honk of a motor car as it pushed its way through; all that
+struck me about the car was the set face of an old man rising above
+improvised bandages about his neck, part of the price of the Kaiser's
+Christmas card.
+
+The damage to property did not first reach our attention. But as we
+walked down the main street and then up it with the procession we saw
+that shops and houses all along had windows smashed next to windows
+unhurt. At first we thought the broken windows were from concussion, but
+apparently very few were so broken; there was not much concussion, but
+the shells, splintering as they exploded, had flown red-hot in every
+direction. The smoke we had seen had come from fires quickly
+extinguished. Scarborough was not "in flames."
+
+We left the main business street and picked our way toward the Foreshore
+and the South Cliff, the more fashionable part of town as well as the
+school section. Here there was a great deal of havoc, and we had to
+climb over some of the debris. Roofs were half torn off and balancing in
+mid-air; shells had shot through chimneys, and some chimneys tottered,
+while several had merely round roles through the brickwork; mortar,
+bricks, and glass lay about the streets; here a third-story room was
+bare to the view, the wall lifted out as for a child's dollhouse and
+disclosing a single bedroom with shaving materials on the bureau still
+secure; there a drug store lay fallen into the street, and the iron
+railing about it was torn and twisted out of shape. A man and a boy had
+just been carried away dead. All around small pieces of iron rail and
+ripped-up asphalt lay scattered. Iron bars were driven into the woodwork
+of houses; there were great gaps in walls and roofs; the attack had not
+spent itself on any one section of the city, but had scattered itself in
+different wards. The freaks of the shells were as inexplicable as those
+of a great fire that destroys everything in a house except a piano and a
+mantelpiece with its bric-a-brac, or a flood that carries away a log
+cabin and leaves a rose bush unharmed and blooming.
+
+Silent pedestrians walked along and searched the ground for souvenirs,
+of which there were aplenty. Sentries guarded houses and streets where
+it was dangerous to explore, and park benches were used as barriers to
+the public. All the cabs were requisitioned to take away luggage and
+frightened inhabitants. During the shelling hundreds of women and
+children, breakfastless, their hair hanging, hatless, and even
+penniless, except for their mere railway fares, had rushed to the
+station and taken tickets to the first safe town they could think of.
+There was no panic, these hatless, penniless women all asserted, when
+they arrived in York and Leeds. A wealthy woman whom I slightly know
+nearly rushed into my arms, her face very flushed, and told me that she
+had left the servants to pack her china and vases, and was now on her
+way to find a workman to dig a hole in the garden to receive them; as
+for herself, she would eat from kitchen dishes henceforth.
+
+A friend of mine hurried into Scarborough by motor to rescue her sister,
+who was a pupil at one of the boarding schools. But it appeared that
+when the windows of the school began to crash the teachers hurried from
+prayers, ordered the pupils to gather hats and coats and sweet chocolate
+that happened to be on hand as a substitute for breakfast, and made them
+run for a mile and a half, with shells exploding about them, through the
+streets to the nearest out-of-Scarborough railway station. My friend,
+after unbelievable difficulties, finally found her sister in a private
+house of a village near by, the girl in tears and pleading not to be
+sent to London; she had been told that her family's house was probably
+destroyed, as it was actually on the seacoast.
+
+On the other hand, instances of self-possession were not lacking.
+Another school hardby took all its children to the cellars, where the
+teachers made light of the matter, and the frightened father of one very
+nervous child was pleasantly amazed to find his child much calmer than
+himself--and quite delighted with the experience. In St. Martin's
+Church, the Archdeacon was celebrating communion. Shells struck the roof
+of the church. The Archdeacon stopped the service for a brief moment to
+say:
+
+"We are evidently being bombarded. But we are as safe here as we can be
+anywhere," and proceeded calmly with the service.
+
+We left Scarborough at night. The exodus of inhabitants, school
+children, whose Christmas holidays began earlier by one day on account
+of the raid, and visitors continued steadily. The cabmen, so idle in
+Winter, were rejoiced to find that work for today would not be lacking.
+
+"At this rate," said one of them to me as he lighted the carriage
+candles for our trap and handed me the reins, "if the Germans come again
+there'll be no one left for them to kill."
+
+There is, the Admiralty tells us, no military significance in this
+event, and, from the British point of view, I doubt if a woman will ever
+be considered worthy of a hearing in anything military; but I presume
+there is some sort of significance from a real estate point of view in
+the holes made in the hotels and houses, and from the hospital point of
+view in the sad procession of stretchers. But however little
+significance the December bombardment of Scarborough has, it is
+certainly a surprise to be wakened by three hostile cruisers, and one
+must admit that the Kaiser has at least left his greetings of the season
+on the east coast.
+
+
+
+
+How the Baroness Hid Her Husband on a Vessel
+
+[Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES.]
+
+
+LONDON, Dec. 7.--The story of how Baroness Hans Heinrich von Wolf, who
+was Miss Humphreys, well known in New York society, smuggled her husband
+into Germany after the beginning of the war past a British cruiser and
+two sets of British shipping inspectors so that he could fight for the
+Fatherland is revealed in news received here giving details as to the
+bestowal upon the Baron of the Iron Cross of the First Class.
+
+Baron von Wolf and his wife, who is the daughter of a wealthy patent
+medicine manufacturer and whose stepfather is Consul General St. John
+Gaffney, at Munich, were on their plantation in German Southwest Africa,
+when the Kaiser ordered the mobilization. Being a reserve officer, the
+Baron started homeward on board a German steamship on July 29, and,
+fortunately for him, the Baroness accompanied him.
+
+On receipt of wireless information that war had been declared, their
+ship promptly put into Rio Janeiro toward the middle of August, and it
+was two weeks later before the Wolfs found a neutral vessel headed for
+Holland.
+
+In South American waters they were halted by a British cruiser, but
+although there were many German reservists among the passengers, the
+cruiser was so full of Germans already that she could not carry any
+more, so they were permitted to proceed.
+
+Baron von Wolf left the ship "officially" at Vigo, Spain, his wife
+waving a tearful farewell to his imaginary figure on the tender. He was
+really secreted, through the connivance of a generously bribed steward,
+in a tiny closet, where he remained for twenty-four hours. Finally he
+was spirited into his wife's state-room, and during the rest of the
+voyage spent most of his time lying under her berth. All his meals,
+drinks, and cigarettes were brought in by the steward, who was in the
+plot, and, as the Baroness remarked laughingly to friends afterward, "I
+gained a frightful reputation as a heavy drinker and smoker, and one
+Mrs. Grundy even spread the scandalous report that I had a man in my
+room."
+
+British warships compelled the Dutch vessel to enter Falmouth, where the
+authorities searched her for contraband and reservists. Knowing that the
+Baroness was a German officer's wife, naval officials called upon her
+several times in the course of the two weeks during which the ship was
+forced to remain at Falmouth, but each time they found her either doing
+up her hair, whereupon they retreated hastily with apologies for the
+intrusion, or lying in her bunk, feigning illness. The ship manifest, of
+course, showed that Capt. von Wolf had disembarked at Vigo, and the
+Captain of the vessel, ignorant of the truth, swore that he had seen
+Capt. von Wolf on board the tender, waving to his wife on deck.
+
+There was a further search at Dover, but von Wolf's hiding place was
+never discovered.
+
+The Kaiser awarded the Iron Cross to von Wolf for capturing seven
+English soldiers single-handed near Ypres and for carrying dispatches in
+an automobile under a fire so hot that his chauffeur and two officers in
+a car following were killed.
+
+As far as his neutrality will permit, Consul General Gaffney, in whose
+Munich residence the Baroness is living during the war, has indicated to
+friends his delight over the valor of his stepson-in-law.
+
+
+
+
+Warsaw Swamped With Refugees
+
+By H.W. Bodkinson of The London Standard.
+
+
+WARSAW, Oct. 15.--Thousands of fugitives crowd the city. They come from
+all parts of Poland, but principally from the frontier towns and
+villages which the Germans have been ravaging for over six weeks.
+
+It rends one's heart to hear of the sufferings of these poor refugees,
+who are mostly Jews, but with a considerable sprinkling of Poles and
+Lithuanians. Every available hall and every empty warehouse is filled
+with them. They must have shelter and food, and Warsaw has risen
+heroically to the task of providing them with these necessities. Yet how
+they suffer and what a struggle is theirs for bare existence!
+
+My first visit was to the largest hall in Warsaw, called the Swiss
+Valley, where the large Philharmonic concerts are usually held and which
+in ordinary times is the gathering place of society. It is now converted
+into a refuge for 600 or 700 homeless fugitives, who have left their all
+behind them and fled in terror, frequently on foot, for many miles, and
+carrying their possessions on their backs. The majority are old men,
+women, and children. In the babel of voices are frequently heard pitiful
+cries of poorly fed children, shrieks of more lusty ones, and groans and
+wailings of mothers who still seem stunned and stupefied by their
+frightful experiences.
+
+Dinner was being served when I arrived. At several tables sat women,
+many with babies in arms, and children, while men were being served in
+one of the large corridors. Standing in endless rows, they took their
+turn at the steaming pots. In the main hall many fugitives were
+crouching on the floor, some on mattresses, and piled about them were
+little mounds of household effects that they had succeeded in saving
+from their wrecked and ruined homes. It was truly a picture of direst
+misery, and in the faces of young and old one could read calamity.
+
+Kalisch is probably a heap of ruins, these recent arrivals tell me, and
+of the usual population of 65,000 barely 2,000 are left. German soldiers
+have abandoned the city, but are quartered three or four miles away, in
+the village of Oputook. Kalisch is only a fortified camp, visited daily,
+however, by German cavalry, who use it as a reconnoitring base. All
+gardens have been destroyed and trees cut up for barricades, and even
+crosses from the cemetery have been displaced and used in fortification
+work.
+
+Refugees tell dreadful stories of what they saw on their flight through
+this unfortunate part of Poland. Everywhere are burned and pillaged
+villages, towns destroyed, and gardens that are heaps of ashes and
+ruins.
+
+One old man, formerly a country school teacher, saw three peasants
+hanging from a tree, with all the signs of having been frightfully
+tortured, as their arms and legs were broken in several places. They
+evidently had been accused of espionage and summarily executed. While
+telling me of this sight the old man fairly shook with the terror of
+reminiscence, and when he finished he was sobbing aloud.
+
+How Warsaw is going to take care of these poor unfortunates is still an
+unsolved problem. Already a wave of unemployment is spreading in the
+city, and it will be impossible to find work for this enormous increase
+in the town's population. Some are being sent to the southern coal mines
+and others are being employed on fortification works at Novo
+Georgieoak, but they are the pick of the lot. It is the old and infirm,
+the women and children, who must be provided for, and though
+contributions come in steadily, yet there is not half enough relief for
+all, and appeals are being made both to Petrograd and Moscow, cities
+which still are practically free from the horrors of war, for speedy
+help.
+
+
+
+
+After the Russian Advance in Galicia
+
+[From The London Times.]
+
+
+LWOW (Lemberg), Oct. 17.
+
+I have returned from a trip of several hundred kilometers through
+Galicia, covering the zone of the Russian conquest and subsequent
+occupation. I believe it is fair to consider the district traversed as
+typical of the general conditions in the existing conquered zones and of
+those prevailing during and after the fighting.
+
+The portion traversed lies from Lwow in a southeasterly direction to
+Bessarabia, along the Carpathians and the line of retreat of the heavy
+Austrian column and the subsequent advance of Gen. Brussiloff. The
+situation at Halicz offers an opportunity to judge of the conduct of the
+Russians, as this position was occupied after considerable severe
+fighting nearby. Gen. Brussiloff's advance was preceded by heavy masses
+of Cossacks, and two checks were experienced before this point was
+reached, and therefore it may be assumed that their blood was roused
+when Halicz was reached and any excesses or lack of control were to be
+expected here, where there are many Jews. The facts, which are obvious
+and not dependent upon hearsay or official confirmation, are that though
+this country was swept by a huge army, three divisions of Cossacks
+crossing the river at Halicz, besides a mass of infantry, there is in
+the rural districts no sign to indicate this deluge of a few weeks
+earlier. The fields have at present an absolutely normal aspect, with
+stock grazing contentedly everywhere, while in every village there are
+quantities of geese, chickens, and pigs. There are acres and acres of
+rich farming land, with grain still stacked, while the Autumn plowing
+and belated harvesting are proceeding as usual.
+
+Nine villages through which the Russian armies swept give no sign of war
+having passed this way. At an occasional station or village a few
+destroyed buildings are seen, but these in every instance appear to have
+been places where the retreating Austrians halted or attempted to make
+stands, and the fire even at these points seems to have been carefully
+concentrated on strategic points--for instance, a town where the railway
+depot and a warehouse have been leveled. I was particularly impressed by
+the village of Botszonce, near Halicz. A few versts from there a
+stubborn fight lasting several days resulted in the abandonment of the
+Austrian line of resistance and a retreat, with a halt at Botszonce.
+
+Hence the town was shelled, and the municipal offices and big buildings
+in the centre were utterly destroyed, but three buildings stand
+conspicuously among the ruins. These are two churches, and the Town
+Hall, with a spire resembling that of a church. The fact that the
+building next to the latter was leveled utterly, while not a single
+shell entered the supposed church, indicates that the Russian practice
+at 5,000 meters was sufficiently accurate to insure the protection of
+sacred edifices, while neighboring buildings were wrecked. It is also
+significant of the Russian restraint following a hard battle where
+losses were substantial.
+
+It is universally observable that where villages were shelled attempts
+were made to spare the peasants' houses, few of which were damaged, save
+by fires spreading from other buildings. Everywhere wanton destruction
+has obviously been avoided, and the percentage of towns in this zone
+where any damage whatever was done is small. The foregoing facts signify
+the restraint and soberness exercised both by the Cossacks and the
+following infantry. The natives were not unfriendly to the Russians,
+which would partially account for this, but such discipline as was
+exhibited is significant even in a friendly country, when one considers
+the size and extent of the invading armies.
+
+Other conclusions based on conversations with Russian officials, which
+were obviously prejudiced, and with peasants, whose evidence was given
+to a correspondent who accompanied these officers, must be accepted
+guardedly. Such information as was obtained from these sources
+indicated no complaint against the Russian soldier. Little material was
+taken, and this, it is said, has been paid for. This I personally
+believe, as the merchants and natives appear to be genuinely friendly,
+the occupying troops stating that even the Cossacks were docile. Many
+Austrian officials are wearing their old uniforms with Russian colors on
+their arms.
+
+It would be unwise to attempt to estimate the underlying feelings of the
+population, but I believe it is a safe assumption that Russia's Galician
+Government will be the most progressive and liberal of all her
+experiments, and will probably prove an easy yoke for all those who do
+not attempt to interfere politically. It is obvious that an exceptional
+effort has been made throughout the campaign and the occupation to keep
+the inhabitants friendly and establish the Government here as a
+demonstration of Russian progressive tendencies. I believe, too, that
+this time the tendencies are distinctly liberal, but it is futile to
+attempt to estimate the future.
+
+
+
+
+Officer in Battle Had Little Feeling
+
+[Correspondence of The Associated Press.]
+
+
+ROTTERDAM, Dec. 1.--The psychology of the battlefield gets a rather
+thorough and able treatment by an Austrian reserve officer, who, after
+having been wounded in an engagement with the Russians, gave the
+following interview to a Hungarian journalist. The officer in question
+was with Gen. Dankl in the fighting southeast of Krasnik.
+
+"You feel little or nothing while in battle," he said. "At least, you
+forget how things affect your mind. The eyes see and the ears hear, but
+those are perceptions which do not result in impressions one could
+co-ordinate. They do not even affect your sentiments. But it is not
+cynicism, for all that; merely the lack of appreciation of what takes
+place. My Captain, a most lovable fellow, whom I did not alone respect
+as an officer, but of whom I also thought a great deal personally, was
+leading his company into fire when three bullets hit him in the abdomen.
+I saw him fall, but thought nothing of it and marched on.
+
+"In spite of the fact that you have no ill-feelings against the enemy,
+and may not even fear him, you destroy him as best you can. On the
+evening before our first battle we were sitting about the mess
+table--most of us officers of the line. None of us had ever killed a
+man. I said: 'Friends, when I meet the first Russian officer tomorrow my
+impulse will be to shake his hand.' My comrades agreed with me. But on
+the following day I was obliged to lay a number of Russians low.
+
+"My Slovacs are the most phlegmatic people in the world, but excellent
+soldiers. They shoot without anger, but simply because they are fired
+upon. One fights because one is on the battlefield and cannot do any
+different. The terrible thing is that often you are shot at without
+being able to return the fire. But this is not as fear-inspiring as it
+is discouraging. You learn to know what fear is when you begin to
+realize that you might be killed without killing somebody first.
+
+"Of course I have been scared. That was after I had been wounded. We had
+been firing a long time, and when next we advanced we came into a deep
+and sandy road, out of which we could not get because of the enemy's
+terrible fire. We had to lie perfectly still while bullets simply poured
+over us. That was awful."
+
+The officer omitted to state that while in this position he was shot
+three times in the arm, but continued to lead his troops throughout the
+action.
+
+"It is a well-known fact that the soldier sees very little of the
+battle. On Aug. 24, early in the morning, we re-received [Transcriber's
+Note: so in original] orders to occupy a low hill at the edge of a tract
+covered with brushwood. Forming part of the reserve, we were expected to
+remain under cover. In front of us was a large open battlefield. To each
+side of us were batteries which had thundered away since early morning.
+The result of this was that many of the enemy's shells dropped right in
+front of us. I remember noticing that while the smoke of our shells had
+a lilac color that of the enemy's was white.
+
+"So far we had not been disquieted by the shells at all. On the edge of
+the brushwood had been planted a yellow-black flag, showing that
+somewhere in that vicinity was to be found our General Staff. Our
+Colonel left us and walked toward it, possibly to get orders, but just
+as he got there a shrapnel exploded a little ahead of him in the air and
+we saw our commanding officer, in whom we placed all our confidence, go
+down. After that it was a terrible feeling to lie still. From that
+moment on, too, a veritable hail of shells began to come. Some sappers,
+who had been busy digging a trench for the protection of the General
+Staff, started to run. I feared that my soldiers would follow the
+example, and began to make fun of the poor sappers, scolding them at the
+same time. Thank God, my battalion found that funny and began to laugh.
+They lived through a terrific shrapnel fire with not a care and even
+found occasion for laughter.
+
+"A Major took command of the regiment and we received orders to retake a
+hill which the enemy had captured under heavy fire. But of the enemy
+nothing at all was to be seen as we neared the position, though the hail
+of shell and shrapnel increased in fury. The flag bearer marched about
+300 paces off my side. By accident I looked in his direction, saw the
+white cloud of smoke of a Russian shell, and where the flag bearer had
+been there was nothing more to be seen.
+
+"The enemy meanwhile had taken to flight, and later we saw the Russians
+wading through a swamp. Then they got to the River Por and crossed
+it--we after them, shooting, wading, out of breath. Of a sudden a
+village behind us went up in flames, the light falling on us like the
+rays of a huge reflector. Then and there we received a rain of fire, and
+saw the enemy had taken possession in good order of the other bank. We
+had to fall back, not because we were afraid, but because those were the
+orders. The sensation of being in danger of death we did not have.
+
+"Flags and drums are useless things in warfare. What is the use of a
+flag which by its bright colors reveals your position, which, as the
+brown paint on my sabre shows, it has been intended to conceal? In the
+one case even the slightest reflection of light is guarded against,
+while in the other a large field of colors undoes all that it has been
+wished to accomplish. The drummer, on the other hand, must beat his drum
+as he goes to the attack, yet he is expected to run into the enemy
+unarmed. He would prefer exchanging his drum for a rifle, so that he
+would be able to shoot down a soldier.
+
+"One feels nothing of the presence of the enemy in battle and on the
+marches. To be wounded is also not such a bad experience. But you begin
+to think after the battle. To bear the horrors of war a sort of ideal is
+necessary. Once, when I took my Slovacs into an attack, we passed a
+cross by the wayside. Many of them knelt down for a moment and said a
+prayer. That was sincere and sublime. The ideal which makes it possible
+for me to bear everything is to be a good officer on the
+battlefield--under the circumstances my duty toward the social aggregate
+to which I belong."
+
+
+
+
+The Battle of New Year's Day
+
+By Perceval Gibbon.
+
+[Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES.]
+
+
+ZYRARDOW, Poland, Jan. 3, via London, Jan. 8, (Dispatch to The London
+Daily Chronicle.)--The lines of trenches, the position of which I am
+able to observe from here, are those extending south from Sochaczew, and
+to the west of Msczonow. The chief German efforts are being directed
+against the centre of this line.
+
+They have made a concentration of their best troops opposite our
+positions west of the village of Guzow, against the trenches of the
+second army at a point where an army corps of veterans have turned their
+position into an earthen fortress. Here within the last few days the
+Germans have brought up guns of all but the largest calibre and
+generally displayed considerable increases in their artillery. Here also
+their infantry attacks, those tragic and wasteful assaults in force
+which send so many thousand German corpses down the streams of the Rawka
+and Bzura to the Vistula, and so home, are most intense.
+
+During the last few days a certain lull in the frequency of these
+attacks has been observable and has been construed by the Russians as
+prefatory to renewed endeavors to force the line and advance a short
+stage on the dangerous road to Warsaw. This premonition was justified on
+New Year's Day when the enemy's attacks were renewed east of Guzow. The
+armies are facing each other across their breastworks at a distance
+varying from 200 to 300 yards. The dawn of 1915, the Germans roused
+themselves again to the dreary energy of the hopeless battle. I watched
+the shelling from the headquarters of a regiment which is occupying a
+trench in the centre of the front line.
+
+It was impossible to approach the trench more nearly during daylight, as
+the grassless brown flats were noisy with bullets from the German lines.
+They shoot with wasteful prodigality shrapnel and even heavier shells on
+any single figure that is discernible; but when early dark came down the
+attempt was made successfully and the first line held by the Bielojevsky
+Regiment was reached. I had the advantage of the company up to the zone
+of fire of Prince Peter Volkonsky, who is leader of a Red Cross motor
+column. Throughout our journey the Germans were firing rockets. A slow,
+green ball of fire ascends as gradually into the air as a loaded
+balloon, seems to poise aloft for a moment, then sinks slowly to earth,
+lighting the country for a long way around with a ghastly green
+illumination. Each rocket is followed by a prompt fire from the field
+batteries and a short spurt of rifle fire.
+
+The trench to which I finally came at midnight was that in almost the
+mathematical centre of the Guzow positions. Here behind an
+eight-foot-high breastwork the famous regiment, which invariably has
+been in the front line during the five months of the war, has made
+itself efficiently at home. Since the war began the regiment, whose
+normal strength is 4,000 men, has lost 5,500, making good its losses out
+of the reserves, so that now again it is at its full strength.
+
+The Germans have made a routine of their attacks, always making them at
+night and always ineffectually. They advance as far as the barbed wire,
+30 yards in front of the trench. There they encounter the full force of
+the Russian rifle fire and fall back again. The Germans shell without
+ceasing. All the Russians speak of their profuse expenditure of
+ammunition. The commander of the trench told me that at the lowest they
+fired over 3,000 shells on a single day.
+
+Although intermittent firing continued through the night, no attack was
+made. With the morning the German guns resumed their exhaustive questing
+along the rear of the trenches, and a big factory to the southward once
+more became their target. Its great chimney began to acquire a kind of
+sporting significance, it was so obviously the object of fire in that
+direction; and bets were going in the trench backing the chimney against
+the German gunners.
+
+I counted in an hour thirty-six shells directed at the factory, but the
+chimney, like the steeple of a persecuted but triumphant religion, was
+cocking its unbowed head to the skies.
+
+Now began the shelling of the trench, while the German rifle bullets
+searched along the front. This, however, is a game at which the Russian
+riflemen are specially proficient. They can in a few moments organize a
+combined murderous fire which forces every German who is not weary of
+life to keep his head down. After a few minutes the German rifle fire
+goes wild, their bullets no longer striking about our loopholes.
+
+Toward late afternoon their fire increased, and the Russian long-range
+battery came into position behind us. The gun out of sight astern of us
+roared grandly. A shell traveled over us, whistling in its flight, then
+splashed in brief fire, and a great cloud of smoke arose a hundred yards
+ahead of us and the same distance short of the German trenches. A second
+shell burst about the same distance beyond the German line. Then, after
+careful sighting, and the position having been verified, came a third
+shell and landed superbly and within easy sight upon the very lip of the
+trench, blowing a great gap in the earthwork. It was gunnery of the most
+exact and expert kind.
+
+Shell after shell under our eyes, timed to a fraction, raked the trench;
+then came the reply to it. A German heavy battery out of sight in a dip
+toward the river came into action. From horizon to horizon the world was
+noisy with the stupendous drum of artillery, while at each brief
+interval the rending reverberation of rifle fire from trench to trench
+tore at one's ears.
+
+The dreary, icy night darkened over the desolate fields which in this
+war have seen their crops trampled and have been sown with dead men. The
+darkness was lit by gun flashes and brief moons of shrapnel winking
+aloft, while from the opposite trench issued a ghostly, flickering blaze
+of rifles at their work.
+
+The attack developed after all to the left of the trench in which we
+were. It was part of a great attack along a line which extended from
+near Gradow southward to Rawa, and was unsuccessful everywhere.
+
+When dark came I made my way out of the trench in the same way I had
+previously entered it--under fire; but this time the moon was showing
+frostily clear over the horrible levels, so that as we went we were
+silhouetted against her vacant face. We obviously were plainly visible
+to the Germans, for besides bullets, which were beginning to become
+commonplace and unremarkable, a shrapnel shell came screaming up and
+burst on the ground about twenty feet away.
+
+We gained the road to Chervonaneva. The road was white and straight,
+bare as one's empty hand. Here I endured the most curious experience of
+my life. Myself and companion, John Bass, correspondent of The Chicago
+Daily News, were walking in our heavy furs between the glaring moon and
+the German gunners, who will fire extravagantly at anything. Their guns
+got to work along the road and a shell came screaming up and burst
+perhaps twenty feet away, followed by three or four others.
+
+Our attempt to take to the fields, where we would not be so conspicuous,
+was thwarted by the Russian barbed wire and other preparations for the
+enemy. There was nothing for it but to continue along the naked road
+till we got out of range. Further on low trees began at the side of the
+road. We hastened toward them, hoping to make them serve as cover, but
+shell after shell arrived, each bursting close by. The trees were of no
+use.
+
+There was not another soul upon the road for over two miles. Each time
+we heard a shell coming toward us we cowered with our arms covering neck
+and face. After each shot we inquired of each other if either had been
+hit. The shooting of the gunners with such a small and distant target
+appeared to me superb.
+
+At last a shell exploded overhead, smashing the branches and sending a
+load of metal flying. I felt blows of flying earth and twigs on my back.
+Bass asked, "Have they got you?"
+
+"Are you all right?" I inquired.
+
+"Think they have got me in the face," was the reply.
+
+I had an electric pocket lamp, with which I made an examination. He was
+cut across the jaw with a fragment of shell and bleeding freely. I
+bandaged him with our handkerchiefs, Bass, as always, uncomplaining and
+treating the wound humorously.
+
+Several shells followed, each too near for comfort, but we were now
+reaching the limit of the guns' range, and we came without further
+incident clear of their fire.
+
+
+
+
+Bass's Story
+
+[Special Dispatch to THE NEW YORK TIMES.]
+
+
+CHICAGO, Jan. 7.--John F. Bass, the staff correspondent of The Chicago
+Daily News, who with Perceval Gibbon had a remarkable escape from being
+blown to pieces by German shells while returning from a visit to a
+Russian first-line trench in Poland, cables to his paper his version of
+their experiences, which duplicates largely that by Perceval Gibbon
+cabled to THE NEW YORK TIMES.
+
+Recounting their arrival at the trench held by the Bielojevski Regiment,
+in the centre of the battle line, he says:
+
+"The officers, in small underground bomb-proofs, gave us a hospitable
+welcome. The men had cut small recesses in the front wall of the
+trench, where they were comfortably housed in straw with bagging in
+front to keep out the cold. The trenches were in good condition and
+clean for war time.
+
+"In the loopholes rifles lay ready for firing. One man in every four
+watched while the other three slept. As we walked through the trench we
+stepped over dead bodies of men who had recently fallen. Two of the
+regiment's battalions are commanded by Staff Capt. Podjio, one of the
+finest specimens of a conscientious, hard-working line officer I have
+met. He passed the night traveling the trenches, keeping a vigilant
+watch and encouraging the men, who seemed to be in fine condition.
+
+"It was bitterly cold, so we lay for a time on the straw of a
+bomb-proof, watching by candlelight a giant orderly sending and
+receiving messages on a buzzing telephone from different parts of the
+line. It is a habit of Germans to make night attacks that bring them
+within fifty yards of the Russian trenches before they are driven off.
+
+"We saw indistinctly across the trenches the Russian videttes in front.
+It is reported that the Germans do not take the precaution of posting a
+line of sentinels before their trenches. Just before morning the
+videttes came running to report activity in the German trenches. Quickly
+the sleeping soldiers were roused to man the loopholes. The machine guns
+cracked and the rifles rolled out volleys in the cold morning light. The
+Germans answered and bullets kicked the top of our trench. Some of the
+bullets seemed to crack on striking and it was reported to us that the
+Germans were using explosive missiles. Under the Russian fire the
+Germans failed to leave their trench.
+
+"When the light swelled into day the German artillery began shelling the
+houses, the tall chimney, and the trenches. Black clouds of smoke rose
+from the spots where the shells struck. On our trench they used
+shrapnel, which burst for the most part beyond us in white puffs. The
+German infantry continued a heavy fusillade, but our machine gun fire,
+which seemed to sweep the dust from the top of the German trench, caused
+their rifle fire to go high and the bullets hissed overhead.
+
+"Two German aeroplanes swept down the line above the Russian trench, but
+retired when chased by a Russian biplane. In the distance a German
+observation balloon hung in the sky like a huge sausage."
+
+[Illustration: H.S.H. PRINCE LOUIS ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG,
+
+Who Was Forced to Resign as First Sea Lord of the British Admiralty.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _by Pach Bros., N.Y._)]
+
+[Illustration: FIELD MARSHAL LORD ROBERTS,
+
+From a Photograph Taken on His Eighty-second Birthday.
+
+(_Photo by L.N.A._)]
+
+
+
+
+The Waste of German Lives
+
+By Perceval Gibbon.
+
+[Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES.]
+
+
+ZYRARDOW, Poland, Jan. 5, (Dispatch to The London Daily
+Chronicle.)--Once again Poland has seen a great German general attack
+along the whole line of the Bzura and Rawka positions from Gradow to
+Rawa. For thirty-six hours the battle has shifted like a moving flame in
+a long line. Now that its intensity is abated, it is clear that the
+German purpose has again failed of accomplishment, and at several points
+the Russian line has advanced.
+
+We have no key to the German mentality which inspires these attacks so
+wasteful in lives of soldiers, so ineffectual in their general result.
+In the records of this struggle along the courses of the two little
+rivers I have notes of upward of 100 attacks in considerable force,
+of which not a single one resulted in shifting the imperturbable Russian
+infantry from a trench, but each of which has been accompanied by
+ghastly loss to the Germans.
+
+A fight characteristic of the operations on this front took place west
+of Gradow, where the German attack was exceptionally heavy throughout
+New Year's Day, culminating in an assault by infantry on the same night.
+Throughout the day they shelled the Russian trenches, spending
+ammunition with their customary lavishness. The day's shelling justified
+the Russian opinion that of the German forces their artillery and
+cavalry are the weakest arm and their infantry is the best. The
+positions are not greatly disturbed by the day-long aspersion with
+shrapnel, and the Russians are more than ready for the attack. On this
+front the infantry attacks usually in line, but this night they came up
+in dense columns. The Russian guns were at work promptly with the fuses
+of the shells reduced, so that they burst almost at the gun's mouth, and
+from the trenches a steady, schooled infantry fire tore gaps in the
+masses of the enemy.
+
+At Gradow the Russians were utterly outnumbered. To this extent the
+German concentration of forces was successful, but no further. They
+succeeded in reducing the Russians' tactics from a mere defense of the
+trenches to delivering a counter-attack; but this was the limit of their
+success.
+
+I have talked with three Russian officers here who were wounded during
+the counter-attack. Five machine guns were at work on them as they left
+their trenches in a charge. One of the officers was shot through the
+chest as he climbed the bank of the trench; the second got perhaps
+twenty yards before being hit in the head; the third, however, led his
+men home into the German trench. Of the Russians who set out only eighty
+were alive and unhurt when they reached the German trench, but this
+eighty took it with the bayonet, killing about five times their own
+number of Germans.
+
+At Gradow, on the morning of Jan. 2, the ground resembled the strewn
+battlefield of Brzezny or the body-littered valleys between the woods
+of Augustowo in October. As in those other tragic defeats where the
+ruthless Generals sacrificed their soldiers like water, there were heaps
+and ridges of gray-clad dead. Gradow is only one single point in the
+line which the Germans assaulted, yet here alone they lost upward of
+6,000 killed. The same night they attacked positions corresponding at
+the villages of Guzow, Radziwillow, Msczonow, and Rawa. In every place
+they were beaten back with heavy losses. The estimates from various
+sources, some official, state that their losses for the single night's
+abortive fighting, giving them nowhere an advance of a single yard of
+territory, were assuredly not fewer than 30,000 dead on the ground and
+three times as many wounded or dead within their own lines.
+
+I am cured of prophecy, but through the fog of imminent events certain
+happenings are dimly indicated. Roughly speaking, the next fortnight is
+Germany's final opportunity. During that time they may pour out lives
+with the same hope as hitherto of making an impression on the steadfast
+line of the Bzura and Rawka. Then that last glamour of hope of success
+in Poland vanishes.
+
+In the highest opinions the Austrian Army is finished, and it remains
+only to clear up the mess they have made and then again the great
+advance on poor, dim, beautiful Cracow will proceed. Przemysl is at its
+last gasp, and then the Russian armies will be in Silesia, the source
+and headquarters of Prussia's industrial wealth, the one province she
+cannot afford to see invaded. Within a time, which I hear estimated
+between three and six weeks, these wind-swept, icy plains of Poland must
+see a stage in the war completed.
+
+Germans have been captured lately in whose possession was found the last
+proclamation of the Kaiser that "if compelled to retire from Poland,
+leave standing neither house nor town; leave only the bare earth
+underfoot." Well, the road to Berlin does not end at the Polish
+frontier.
+
+
+
+
+The Flight Into Switzerland
+
+By Ethel Therese Hugli.
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, Jan. 10, 1915.]
+
+
+BERNE, Nov. 18.--Question: What is Switzerland?
+
+Answer: A small neutral State entirely surrounded by war!
+
+At the first glance such would seem to be the actual state of affairs,
+for neutral Italy, our southern neighbor, takes up but a small part of
+our border; to the west we have France, to the north Germany, and to the
+east Austria, all engaged in deadly combat, all realizing that this time
+the loser will go down, never to come up again as a power of the first
+class. The drawback in being so neutral and so near the stage of all
+these dramatic proceedings, is that we are overwhelmed with "latest
+dispatches." Our papers bristle with the victories, defeats, denials,
+assertions, protests, accusations, blame, as contained in the dispatches
+of the various news agencies.
+
+Reuter is the official English agency. His news is taken with a generous
+pinch of salt. The German agency is Wolff, whose proud boast it is never
+to have announced a single German defeat. As a consequence, he is also
+taken with a large pinch. The French pin their faith to Havas, whose
+rose-colored dispatches have earned for themselves the name of
+"Havas-Lies." The Austrians believe in the Wiener agency, whose
+dispatches are too busy saying: "The reports of Austrian defeats, spread
+by the enemy, are absolutely untrue," to have time for any real news;
+while in Italy--"neutral Italy"--the Italian news agency shows such
+unholy glee over German reverses as to make an impartial person sniff
+rather suspiciously at its "neutrality." The Wesbuick agency in Russia,
+severely censored from Petrograd, gives a dry, business-like view of the
+White Bear's progress in the east. And so it goes.
+
+Of course, officially, Switzerland is absolutely neutral, but it is
+asking too much of human nature to expect the individual to have no
+opinion. The fact, therefore, that French Switzerland sympathizes
+unofficially with France, and German Switzerland with Germany, has had
+its effect on the Swiss mobilization, which has called the
+French-speaking Swiss to the German border and the German-speaking to
+the French. This fact is about the only one that has leaked out of the
+movements of our army. The secrecy maintained is absolute, reigning even
+in the ranks of mothers and sweethearts, to say nothing of wives, who
+all of them are proud to show their loyalty by at least refraining from
+saying where their men are posted. It is said that Switzerland is armed,
+mined, and barb-wired along every foot of her frontier, and it has
+lately transpired that this perfect defense, and the fact that
+practically every soldier is a sharpshooter, led the Germans to give up
+their plan of breaking through Switzerland to get at France, and made
+them choose Belgium instead.
+
+Switzerland has always been a sort of sanctuary for refugees,
+principally political, and now, especially, she is full of all kinds of
+strangers. In the first days of the war there were streams of Italians,
+suddenly thrown out of work in Germany and Austria and packed off home,
+who passed through Switzerland in every stage of want and despair. Every
+big town organized its soup kitchens at the railway station; women of
+the best families took the matter in hand, and so the huddling,
+apprehensive columns were passed from one town to another, fed, clothed,
+and comforted, finally landing in their own country, safe and sound. An
+enthusiastic letter of thanks has been published in the papers,
+emanating from these grateful "Chinks," (Swiss for "Dago,") and ending
+up with "Eviva la Svizzera!" ("Long live Switzerland!")
+
+Germany began to clean out the Russians on the first day of the war.
+Hordes of them poured into our country with fistfuls of ruble notes that
+no one would take, and with a growing hunger that they could not
+appease. A doctor was called to visit a band of twelve that were herded
+together in two rooms of a cheap hotel here. He expected to find
+emigrants; instead, they were people of the highest refinement. Their
+story was pitiful. They had been inmates of a private sanatorium in
+Germany and were summarily dismissed at the outbreak of the war.
+Separated from their trunks, ill and weak, and too confused to think
+clearly, they arrived in Berne with nothing but their piles of ruble
+notes, that no one would take, and the fear of death in their hearts.
+
+They were quartered in the hotel by the committee, and the physician was
+called. One woman of the party begged him to take a ring, worth many
+hundred dollars, and give her $10 for it, so that she might buy some
+comforts for herself and daughter. Of course, the whole party was
+immediately removed to a private sanatorium, where its members were
+cared for, and where, little by little, they recovered their calm and
+gathered up their scattered wits.
+
+Very far from calm is a Swiss who has just returned from captivity in
+the interior of Morocco on account of being mistaken for a German. The
+day of the declaration of war the French authorities ordered him out of
+his beautiful Moroccan home, giving him forty-eight hours to pack up.
+His wife was visiting her mother here in Berne, and one can fancy her
+state of mind on receiving a telegram to the effect that her husband
+and babies, twins of 7 and a little fellow of a year and a half, were
+ordered off, with the nurse, to parts unknown, as political prisoners.
+In vain the man protested he was Swiss. His name was German, and he was
+in a German firm; therefore he was a "canaille d'allemand"; so off they
+went. At first they were packed on a little steamer whose capacity was
+thirty people--there were 150 of them, and they cruised along the
+Mediterranean for a night and a day.
+
+At last they lay before Casa Blanca, and, on asking why they were not
+landed, received the reply that the authorities must first of all clear
+the pier, as the boatload of refugees landed there the day before had
+been received with showers of stones and vile epithets from the mob,
+whose hate of the Germans knew no bounds. When they finally landed they
+were quartered in a riding school with 150 others, where they all slept
+on the tanbark. They had coffee for breakfast, and during the three days
+they were there had a thick soup each day for dinner, and nothing more.
+One day it was bean soup, one day peas, and the third day lentils. They
+were finally transported to the interior of Morocco and assigned to the
+barracks of the Foreign Legion, the members of which are now fighting in
+France, and here they passed strange, uncomfortable, heart-breaking
+days.
+
+Finally, when summoned to deliver up his money, the man said: "I shall
+telegraph this outrage to Berne."
+
+"What, are you Swiss?" was the officer's surprised question.
+
+"Yes."
+
+"Well, keep your money," said the officer; and a few days later Mr. X.,
+through the efforts of our State Department and our Minister to France,
+was released and joined his wife in Switzerland. This story was told me
+by the agonized grandmother, whose tears flowed fast at the thought of
+the hardships to which her daughter's babies had been exposed.
+
+And now come the Belgian refugees to us, a most pitiable band. French
+Switzerland has the honor of beginning the movement which has made
+possible the bringing to Switzerland and placing in hundreds of
+households these innocent victims of this hideous war. In addition,
+subscriptions have been opened in various papers, and thousands of
+francs have been gathered and sent to this most unfortunate of nations.
+The movement to receive Belgian refugees is gaining ground, too, in
+German-speaking Switzerland, though here the sympathy for Germany stands
+somewhat in the way of a full and open hospitality. Some papers write:
+
+"Let the Belgians stay in their country. The Germans will take care of
+them. Let those that have fled return to their hearths and take up their
+daily vocations. In this way the misery of the country--which is
+certainly not entirely the fault of Germany (a hit at England)--will be
+alleviated. Furthermore, Switzerland's harboring of Belgian refugees is
+a demonstration against Germany. Let Switzerland beware of doing
+anything to prejudice her neutrality. Finally, there are in our own
+country plenty of miserable poor people to exercise our charity upon,
+and every one knows that charity begins at home."
+
+Articles have appeared in the German papers expressing surprise at
+Switzerland's hospitality, and to all of these carpers, at home and
+abroad, these people who have acted out of the purest motives of charity
+and love for their neighbor, answer somewhat as follows:
+
+The Belgians that have come to take refuge in Switzerland wished nothing
+better than to stay in their own land. They were driven out in hordes,
+at the point of the sword, by the Germans. It would be hard to convince
+them that they ought to go back and that the Germans will take care of
+them. Some of these miserable beings did return, hoping to pick up their
+life again after the great shock. They found their village a heap of
+stones, their business ruined. How could they, therefore, "return to
+their hearths and take up their daily vocations"? If Switzerland's
+charitable impulse is to be construed as a demonstration against
+Germany, then must Switzerland reflect that any excuse will do, and that
+her neutrality has the same validity in Germany's eyes as had Belgium's.
+No country, thinking and acting objectively, could find in this movement
+anything to "prejudice Switzerland's neutrality."
+
+As for charity beginning at home, one might add that it does not end
+there. It would be hard to find a country whose charitable organizations
+are so all-embracing as here. In times of peace there are committees who
+sew for and otherwise look after every kind of human misery. There are
+the tuberculous poor, the girl-mothers, the creches, the new-born
+babies, the soup kitchens, the visiting trained nurses, the clinics, the
+blind, the vicious, the vacation colonies, the swimming lessons, the
+gymnastics, the tramps and their woodyard, &c., and every organization
+has its Christmas tree, with distribution of presents when the season of
+rejoicing comes around. Now that the war is here, and every available
+man is standing at the frontier guarding his Fatherland from invasion,
+the soldiers have been added to the list of charities, and none of the
+old has been stricken off.
+
+In addition to babies' socks, every one has time to knit a pair of
+soldiers' socks, and in every dainty work basket, lying next to
+neglected fancy work, there are sure to be some half-finished warm
+woolen gloves or wristlets or knee warmers for the boys at the frontier.
+If Switzerland can keep up her home charities and look out so splendidly
+for her soldiers at the same time, and still have the means and the will
+to welcome and care for the poor and unhappy of a sister folk whose fate
+might very well have been her own, it is surely not a subject for
+adverse criticism, but, on the contrary, for encouragement. And who was
+it who said: "For as much as ye did it unto the least of these, ye did
+it unto Me"?
+
+
+
+
+Once Fair Belgrade Is a Skeleton City
+
+[Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES.]
+
+
+LONDON, Jan. 11.--Z.D. Ferriman, special correspondent of The Daily
+Chronicle with the Servian Army and the first English journalist to
+enter Belgrade since the Austrian occupation, sends a long dispatch
+describing the Servians' re-entry into their capital, in the course of
+which he says:
+
+"On the first view Belgrade does not seem to have suffered to any great
+extent from the bombardment. Walking up the broad thoroughfare of the
+Rasia, you arrive nearly at the top before you see a house with the
+upper story blown away and with a fragment of what appears to have been
+the roof--an imminent peril to passers-by.
+
+"But appearances are specious. Many buildings whose facades are intact
+are skeletons. Projectiles with high trajectory have fallen through the
+roof and wrought destruction within. This is the case with a wing of the
+Royal Palace. The windows are shattered, but the masonry has not
+suffered. Within, however, all is devastated. Among the public buildings
+the museum is a shapeless heap of debris, and the university is so much
+knocked about that the plainest and cheapest remedy will be an entirely
+new edifice.
+
+"The higher part of the city has suffered most, with the exception,
+perhaps, of the district around the station, which is completely
+battered down. Rents in the pavement show that shells charged with very
+high explosives were employed. One huge gulf I noticed at least twelve
+feet deep by fifteen long and eight wide.
+
+"There are many instances of the vagaries of these missiles of
+destruction. I visited a house in which M. Nikovitz, who accompanied me
+in my peregrinations, had occupied an apartment. There was nothing the
+matter with the front, but a neat hole in the side marked the passage of
+a projectile which had traversed the building and exploded in the
+adjoining house, now a mound of brick-bats and matchwood. One half of a
+large establishment in Prince Michael Street was completely wrecked, but
+the other half was undamaged, and rolls of textile fabrics were in order
+on their shelves or piled on counters. The best shops are in this
+street, and much havoc has been wrought.
+
+"I picked up spherical shrapnel bullets on several premises. Shrapnel
+has no battering force. Its object is to kill or disable men. It can do
+no harm to walls. Its employment in this instance was a wanton act
+intended to inspire terror and doubtless augmented the loss of life
+among the citizens.
+
+"The principal hotel, the Moskwa, situated at the highest part of the
+town, has been devastated partially within, but the framework of the
+building is intact. On the other side of the street a row of houses far
+less conspicuous has been demolished. In one street we met a little girl
+of 12 coming out of a house opposite to one which was a heap of ruins.
+We asked her if she had seen it destroyed. She said she had and was very
+frightened. Shortly afterward a shell fell in their own garden; then
+they ran away and took refuge with friends at the other end of the town.
+An old woman had a stall containing tins of shoe polish and other
+trifles. A jumble of charred wood and twisted iron behind had been her
+shop. The caretaker at the house occupied by M. Nikovitz, a cheerful old
+dame, told us how she had hid herself at the other end of the long
+garden, but it was terrible.
+
+"We asked some urchins, who would be at school in normal times, but
+whose occupation and delight are now to hold officers' horses, if they
+were not frightened. 'At first,' they replied, 'but not afterward. They
+make a great noise, but they never catch us, and we do not mind
+them--the shells.' A boy of 12, who was carrying on his father's
+hair-dressing business single-handed during the latter's absence on
+service, expressed a similar opinion.
+
+"I am told that about 3,000 people remained, out of the normal
+population of 100,000, during the bombardment. I cannot ascertain the
+number of killed and injured, but it certainly runs into the hundreds.
+Those of the inhabitants who left the city but remained in the
+neighborhood returned after the bombardment and were here during the
+eleven days of the Austrian occupation.
+
+"The practice of taking hostages, which it has been reserved for this
+twentieth century civilized war to revive, was resorted to at Belgrade.
+I am assured on unimpeachable authority, supported by accounts of
+several eyewitnesses, that not fewer than 1,000 persons were carried off
+to Austria. Among them were boys of 15 and 16. Nor were foreign
+residents immune. M. Bissers, the Belgian Consul, who is also a Director
+of the electric tram and light company, was of the number. He was
+handcuffed like a common criminal. Neither the fate nor whereabouts of
+these civilian prisoners of war is known.
+
+"The plate-glass fronts of many shops in the principal thoroughfares are
+smashed, and the interiors present a picture of desolation, overturned
+cash registers and objects that have not been stolen lying broken and
+scattered on the floor, but the majority of the establishments that have
+been ransacked do not show outward signs of it. The system seems to have
+been to obtain ingress from the back.
+
+"In the Rasia there is a stately mansion. Its owner, M. Kersmanovitz,
+died a short time ago, leaving large sums for charitable purposes. The
+house was occupied by his widow when the war broke out. Chalked on the
+door were names distinguished in the Austro-Hungarian peerage--Baron
+Zichy, Graf Festetics, and Graf Vanderstraten, all Lieutenants on the
+staff, who had been its denizens during occupation. Though their tenure
+was brief they had made the most of their time. The place was gutted,
+carpets torn up, tapestry torn down, and pictures destroyed. It was also
+indescribably filthy. This may have been the work of the soldiery after
+the departure of the young noblemen.
+
+"The poor suffered equally with the rich. A humble restaurant used by
+the working classes, one of two or three still open, was despoiled of
+its linen and cutlery. Small shops had been sacked as well as the larger
+establishments. It was all fish that came to the Austrian net. I have
+not yet met any one whose dwelling escaped. The Russian Legation is
+wrecked.
+
+"The Royal Palace was thrown open to the people. 'It is yours,' said the
+Austrian liberators in the generosity of their hearts; but they had gone
+over it with care first."
+
+[Illustration: decoration]
+
+
+
+
+Letters and Diaries
+
+A Group of Soldiers' Letters
+
+
+A German cavalry division was pursuing a division of English infantry.
+The English ranks were suddenly reinforced; they turned and charged the
+Germans, who fled in disorder.
+
+All the Germans fled--but one. Says an English soldier, Trooper S.
+Cargill:
+
+     When they saw us coming they turned and fled, at least all but
+     one, who came rushing at us with his lance at the charge. I
+     caught hold of his horse, which was half mad with terror, and
+     my chum was going to run the rider through when he noticed the
+     awful glaze in his eyes, and we saw that the poor devil was
+     dead.
+
+That ghastly vision of the mounted corpse can find no place in histories
+of this war. It has no historical significance even if it did receive a
+place in the cable dispatches from the front. Only from the lips of
+soldiers or from their pens when they snatch a few moments from the
+business of war to write to their people at home come such naively
+graphic accounts of trivial but illuminative incidents.
+
+In many an American family is treasured a packet of yellow papers, on
+which are written, in ink fast fading away, brief and intimate
+impressions of the civil war by men who waged it. Every war has thus its
+unknown, unhonored chroniclers, who send to their little home circles
+narratives that for startling realism no highly paid special
+correspondent could surpass.
+
+Trooper Cargill's letter is one of a number contained in an
+extraordinary volume just published by the George H. Doran Company of
+New York, with the title "In the Firing Line," (50 cents net.) Mr. A.
+St. John Adcock collected a large number of letters sent home during the
+last few weeks by English soldiers fighting in France and has arranged
+them to form what is perhaps the most essentially human account of the
+great war that has yet appeared.
+
+Consider, for instance, the narrative of Private Whitaker of the
+Coldstream Guards. He fought through the terrific four-day battle near
+Mons, and his account of it follows. It must be remembered that the
+British troops who took part in that battle had sailed from Southampton
+only four days before:
+
+     You thought it was a big crowd that streamed out of the
+     Crystal Palace when we went to see the Cup Final. Well,
+     outside Compiegne it was just as if that crowd came at us. You
+     couldn't miss them. Our bullets plowed into them, but still
+     they came for us. I was well intrenched, and my rifle got so
+     hot I could hardly hold it. I was wondering if I should have
+     enough bullets when a pal shouted, "Up, Guards, and at 'em!"
+     The next second he was rolled over with a nasty knock on the
+     shoulder. He jumped up and hissed, "Let me get at them!" His
+     language was a bit stronger than that.
+
+     When we really did get the order to get at them we made no
+     mistake, I can tell you. They cringed at the bayonet, but
+     those on our left wing tried to get around us, and after
+     racing as hard as we could for quite five hundred yards we cut
+     up nearly every man who did not run away.
+
+     You have read of the charge of the Light Brigade. It was new
+     to our cavalry chaps. I saw two of our fellows who were
+     unhorsed stand back to back and slash away with their swords,
+     bringing down nine or ten of the panic-stricken devils. Then
+     they got hold of the stirrup-straps of a horse without a rider
+     and got out of the melee. This kind of thing was going on all
+     day.
+
+     In the afternoon I thought we should all get bowled over, as
+     they came for us again in their big numbers. Where they came
+     from goodness knows; but as we could not stop them with
+     bullets they had another taste of the bayonet. My Captain, a
+     fine fellow, was near to me, and as he fetched them down he
+     shouted, "Give them socks, my lads!" How many were killed and
+     wounded I don't know; but the field was covered with them.
+
+It is also of the four days' battle that Private J.R. Taft of the Second
+Essex Regiment wrote. How typical of real life, as distinct from
+romance, is his ready transition from his devout thanksgiving for his
+safety to his amused recollection of the popular song that rose above
+the crash of shot and shell:
+
+     We were near Mons when we had the order to intrench. It was
+     just dawn when we were half way down our trenches, and we were
+     on our knees when the Germans opened a murderous fire with
+     their guns and machine guns.
+
+     We opened a rapid fire with our Maxims and rifles; we let them
+     have it properly, but no sooner did we have one lot down than
+     up came another lot, and they sent their cavalry to charge us,
+     but we were there with our bayonets, and we emptied our
+     magazines on them. Their men and horses were in a confused
+     heap. There were a lot of wounded horses we had to shoot to
+     end their misery.
+
+     We had several charges with their infantry, too. We find they
+     don't like the bayonets. Their rifle shooting is rotten; I
+     don't believe they could hit a haystack at 100 yards.
+
+     We find their field artillery very good; we don't like their
+     shrapnel; but I noticed that some did not burst; if one shell
+     that came over me had burst. I should have been blown to
+     atoms. I thanked the Lord it did not. I also heard our men
+     singing that famous song, "Get Out and Get Under." I know that
+     for an hour in our trench it would make any one keep under,
+     what with their shells and machine guns. Many poor fellows
+     went to their death like heroes.
+
+The writer of the following letter, too, was telling of Mons. To friends
+far away, at peaceful Barton-on-Humber, he wrote:
+
+     Just a line to tell you I have returned from the front, and I
+     can tell you we have had a very trying time of it. I must also
+     say I am very lucky to be here. We were fighting from Sunday,
+     23d, to Wednesday evening, on nothing to eat or drink--only
+     the drop of water in our bottles which we carried.
+
+     No one knows--only those that have seen us could credit such a
+     sight, and if I live for years may I never see such a sight
+     again. I can tell you it is not very nice to see your chum
+     next to you with half his head blown off. The horrible sights
+     I shall never forget. There seemed nothing else only certain
+     death staring us in the face all the time. I cannot tell you
+     all on paper. We must, however, look on the bright side, for
+     it is no good doing any other.
+
+     There are thousands of these Germans, and they simply throw
+     themselves at us. It is no joke fighting seven or eight to
+     one. I can tell you we have lessened them a little, but there
+     are millions more yet to finish.
+
+Of the battle that reddened the foam of the North Sea during the last
+days of August many a seaman recorded his impressions. And what curious
+things stuck in the memories of the weary, powder-stained survivors!
+"The funny thing which you should have seen," wrote Midshipman Hartley
+to his parents, "was all the stokers grubbing around after the action
+looking for bits of shell." And a seaman on H.M.S. Hearty wrote:
+
+     Two cooks were in the galley of the Arethusa, just having
+     their rum, when a shell killed one and blew the other's arm
+     off. A funny thing, they've got a clock hanging up; it smashed
+     the glass and one hand, but the blooming thing's still going.
+
+There is fine realism in Seaman Gunner Brown's letter to the parents who
+waited for tidings in their cottage on the Isle of Wight:
+
+     We and another ship in our squadron came across two German
+     cruisers. We routed one and started on the second, but battle
+     cruisers soon finished her off. Another then appeared, and
+     after we had plunked two broadsides into her she slid off in
+     flames.
+
+     Every man did his bit, and there was a continuous stream of
+     jokes. We penciled on the projectiles, "Love from England,"
+     "One for the Kaiser," and other such messages. The sight of
+     sinking German ships was gloriously terrible, funnels and
+     masts lying about in all directions, and amidships a huge
+     furnace, the burning steel looking like a big ball of sulphur.
+     There was not the slightest sign of fear, from the youngest to
+     the oldest man aboard.
+
+[Illustration: ENGLAND'S SECRETARY OF STATE FOR WAR, FIELD MARSHAL EARL
+KITCHENER.
+
+(_From the Painting by Angelo._)]
+
+[Illustration: GEN. VON BISSING,
+
+Recently Made Military Governor of Belgium to Succeed Field Marshal von
+der Goltz.
+
+(_Photo from Ruschin._)]
+
+But it remained for a naval Lieutenant, whose name is not given, to
+describe, in a letter to a friend, one of the most remarkable incidents
+of the war, an incident which might have occurred in the imagination of
+Jules Verne or of H.G. Wells in his youth. He wrote:
+
+     The Defender having sunk an enemy, lowered a whaler to pick up
+     her swimming survivors; before the whaler got back an enemy's
+     cruiser came up and chased the Defender, and thus she
+     abandoned her whaler. Imagine their feelings--alone in an open
+     boat without food, twenty-five miles from the nearest land,
+     and that land the enemy's fortress, with nothing but fog and
+     foes around them. Suddenly a swirl alongside and up, if you
+     please, pops his Britannic Majesty's submarine E-4, opens his
+     conning tower, takes them all on board, shuts up again, dives,
+     and brings them home, 250 miles!
+
+In his introduction to the book St. John Adcock calls the private
+letters of the soldiers "the most potent of recruiting literature."
+Undoubtedly this is true of some of them. The casual, almost flippant,
+records of splendid heroism, the reflection of a spirit of gay courage,
+the description of the most picturesque and romantic aspects of
+battle--these tend, certainly, to fill the mind of the stay-at-home
+readers with a desire for participation in this great adventure.
+
+But, on the other hand, such passages as "The dead were piled up in the
+trenches about ten deep, and there were trenches seven miles long," and
+"Our Maxim gun officer tried to fix his gun up during their murderous
+fire, but he got half his face blown away," are not likely to make
+fighting seem a pleasant occupation. It is true that the dead referred
+to in the first of these passages are the enemy's dead; still, there is
+a wholesale quality about those seven-mile trenches filled with dead ten
+deep that is not a recruiting allurement.
+
+Nor is this letter, vivid in its realism, likely to make those not
+already warlike eager to enlist. It was sent to his parents at
+Ilfracombe by Private William Burgess of the Royal Field Artillery:
+
+     We left our landing place for the front on the Tuesday and got
+     there on Saturday night. The Germans had just reached Liege
+     then, and we got into action on the Sunday morning. The first
+     thing we did was to blow up a bridge to stop the Germans from
+     crossing. Then we came into action behind a lot of houses
+     attached to the main street. We were there about ten minutes
+     when the houses started to fall around us. The poor people
+     were buried alive. I saw poor children getting knocked down by
+     bursting shells.
+
+     The next move was to advance across where there was a Red
+     Cross hospital. They dropped shells from airships and fired on
+     it until the place was burned down to the ground. Then they
+     got a big plan on to retire and let the French get behind
+     them. We retired eight miles, but we had to fight until we
+     were forced to move again. We got as far as Le Cateau on
+     Tuesday night. We camped there until 2 o'clock next morning.
+
+     Then we all heard there was a big fight coming off, so we all
+     got together and cleared the field for action. [The letter
+     mentions the numbers of men engaged, and states that the
+     Germans were in the proportion of three to one.] We cut them
+     down like rats. We could see them coming on us in heaps and
+     dropping like hail. The Colonel passed along the line and
+     said, "Stick it, boys."
+
+     I tell you, mother, it was awful to see your own comrades
+     dropping down--some getting their heads blown off and others
+     their legs and arms. I was fighting with my shirt off. A piece
+     of shell went right through my shirt at the back and never
+     touched me. It stuck into a bag of earth which we put between
+     the wheels to stop bullets.
+
+     We were there, all busy fighting, when an airship came right
+     over the line and dropped a bomb, which caused a terrible lot
+     of smoke. Of course, that gave the Germans our range. Then the
+     shells were dropping on us thick. We looked across the line
+     and saw the German guns coming toward us. We turned our two
+     centre guns on them and sent them yards in the air. I reckon I
+     saw one German go quite twenty yards in the air.
+
+     Just after that a shell burst right over our gun. That one got
+     me out of action. I had to get off the field the best way I
+     could. The bullets were going all around me on the way off;
+     you see, they got completely around us. I went about two miles
+     and met a Red Cross cart. I was taken to St. Quentin Hospital.
+     We were shelled out of there about 2 in the morning, and then
+     taken in a train and taken down to a plain near Rouen. Next
+     morning we were put on a ship for dear old England.
+
+
+
+
+The First German Prisoners
+
+[From The London Times.]
+
+
+     _The following letter from a soldier at the front who has
+     taken part in the first fighting appears in the Temps of
+     Paris, Aug. 16:_
+
+We are now able to realize the state of mind in which they arrive. The
+army corps to which I belong has already brought its guns into action.
+We have seen prisoners, and we have observed battlefields, and we have
+noticed a thing or two. First of all, these prisoners are not the least
+bit fanatics. Many of them don't know what they are fighting about. They
+have been told a thousand phantasmagoria--that France had declared war,
+that the Belgians and the Italians were helping the Germans, &c.; and
+one of them was tremendously proud at having the Czar Nicholas as his
+honorary Colonel! They were taken for the most part in isolated patrols,
+and it happened so often that it was impossible to get others to start
+off on reconnoissances, since their comrades never came back and they
+had no desire to share a like fate.
+
+The prisoners are gentle and calm, and follow with their eyes the bits
+of bread which are passed about near them and which one gives them, and
+they eat them voraciously. For two days they have only received two
+rations of coffee. Their appetite is so great that, though in presence
+of a French officer they will click their heels together properly, they
+never cease at the same time to munch noisily and to fill out their
+hollow cheeks.
+
+One feels that they believe us French to be up to every sort of
+devilment, that we are going to undress them, to take their papers, and
+they tremble from head to foot in fear of being shot. Even when you give
+them a cigarette, it does not seem to allay their mistrust. One of them,
+who was dying of thirst, would not drink the water that was offered him
+before the gendarme had tasted it in front of him.
+
+They are all astonished at their adventure. They had been told that they
+were going to enter Maubeuge in company with the Belgians; to seize
+Maubeuge would be as easy as taking a _cafe au lait_--and there they are
+without their _cafe au lait_!
+
+The officers are absolutely different. Prussian pride gave them an
+assurance which their mishap has transformed into irritation. A young
+Baron Lieutenant, like von Forstner, pretended that he couldn't make his
+bed, and refused to answer before simple soldiers. He couldn't feel
+anything but the humiliation of being a prisoner, and couldn't get
+accustomed to his new situation.
+
+We found on the field of battle the medicine chest of a vet., who jotted
+down his impressions from minute to minute. When he was killed he was
+writing: "I see the shells bursting with a white smoke in the sky, which
+is lighted up from the south; luckily my helmet protects me from
+sunstroke." Evidently he was on an excursion, this veterinary surgeon,
+and was counting on coming to Paris, and had taken the most minute
+precautions of hygiene and of elegance. He was provided with scent and
+eau de cologne. He had even brought with him a rose ointment for the
+nails, and a superb gilt shoulder-belt which was to raise his prestige
+for when he passed under the Arc de Triomphe. The battery to which he
+belonged is annihilated now. We could observe on the spot the terrific
+effect of our artillery, which was very well commanded. Six abandoned
+guns, of which three are impossible to move, are there on the ground
+with all their crews, all their officers, all their horses--the pieces
+still mounted, riddled with splinters. They were taken back to the rear,
+and attracted all the way along the curiosity of the soldiers, with
+their sumptuous armorial bearings and their motto, _Ultima regis ratio_.
+
+But this lesson seems to have made a bit of an impression on the Germans
+who have fled, and it has given a new energy to our troops, because the
+battery to which we owe this success did not have a single man wounded.
+The Germans seem to be forty years behind the times. They go on just as
+in 1870. With childish and barbarous imagination they see
+_francs-tireurs_ everywhere and can't yet believe that we have a regular
+army quite close to the frontier.
+
+They arrive in a village toward 8 in the morning; three French dragoons
+are there as patrols. When the German column is within range, the three
+dragoons bring down the Colonel and dash off at full gallop from the
+other end of the village. The Germans are furious and swear that they
+have been attacked by _francs-tireurs_, and that they are going to
+inflict punishment. They seize the cure, a notable inhabitant, and two
+or three peasants, and take them off to be present at the burning of
+their houses, while waiting to be executed themselves.
+
+I have this story from the cure, who arrived to us absolutely done, with
+his cassock in rags, without a hat on, after a day of shocks such as he
+has certainly never had in his life before. Although he has got the
+superb beard of a missionary, they made him march with the chasseurs,
+hitting him with the butts of their rifles till the moment when the
+French shrapnel arrived. Then it was _sauve qui peut_. Our brave cure
+saw all his butchers fall around him. When the noise had finished, five
+unarmed German chasseurs rushed toward him crying with their great,
+thick accent, "Catholics, Catholics!" They were Poles who were flying
+from the army and coming over to our lines. "With my own arms," said the
+cure proudly, "I made five prisoners."
+
+Altogether bewilderment, softness, and indifference on the part of the
+men; vanity, cruelty, and foolery on the part of the officers. Those are
+the virtues which they offered us on first acquaintance. Just compare
+them with ours!
+
+
+
+
+Two Letters From the Trenches
+
+[From The London Times, Oct. 25, 1914.]
+
+
+     _A Canadian officer attached to the British forces writes as
+     follows on Sept. 27:_
+
+It has been very fortunate for me having a recommendation to Gen. C. He
+said that he would welcome all the French-speaking Canadians with
+military knowledge that crossed the Atlantic. I keep my rank of
+Lieutenant and am attached to the ---- Guards, which does scouting,
+patrol, and reconnoissance duty in areas prescribed by the Brigadier. We
+have plenty of most interesting work, which suits me down to the ground.
+Nothing could exceed the kindness shown to Canadian officers by their
+English brethren. We are all one in aim, in spirit, and in that
+indefinable quality of loyal co-operation which holds together the
+British Army fighting against enormous odds in France, as it binds
+together the British Empire by bonds not less strong because they are
+invisible.
+
+This afternoon we are taking a good sound rest at the house of a
+retired French farmer, who has three sons fighting in the country. He
+is as game as game, and says he is just holding things together until
+the war is over. He is 75 and remembers the horrors of the last war, in
+which he fought in the artillery.... Our "look-out" men are ever on the
+alert, for we never take a meal or rest altogether. Sentries and
+signalers are always posted before we dismount. The cure joined us at
+the farmer's house and we enjoyed an excellent repast, with the honor of
+two local gendarmes who had brought in a German spy caught red-handed
+robbing the house of a peasant the night before and attempting to murder
+her. The man was dressed as a French peasant. Upon him we found evidence
+that he was a spy. Summary procedure made it easy to decide that the
+sentence of drumhead court-martial was death. And here again is an
+instance of the extraordinary clemency of the French clergy. The cure
+pleaded that the spy should not be shot and the extreme penalty
+inflicted. So I consented (not being a man of blood) to the prisoner
+being sent to the nearest French military post, to be executed or not,
+as the General shall order.
+
+I really believe that all of the evidence which crowds into me supports
+the charge that this is not a campaign which has proved attractive to
+the German rank and file. Prisoners we have taken say that they have no
+relish for the fighting. They have been well plied with drink, and seem
+to urge that drunkenness may be pleaded as an excuse for crime.
+
+_An officer whose letter from the trenches we published a few days ago
+has since written a letter, dated Oct. 8, from which we take extracts:_
+
+Last week I wrote that we had been in the trenches ten days. Now we have
+been in them nearly three weeks, and still the fight goes on. We don't
+mind it now. We hated it at first. The inaction made us ill. But we
+recovered and began to make jokes about it. And now we don't care. We
+eat and sleep, and eat again; and we dig, eternally dig, grubbing our
+way deeper and deeper into the earth, and making covered ways that lead
+hundreds of yards back from the firing line into safety.
+
+And at the end of one of these I sit at this moment; away on the rear
+slope of the hill which is our fortress. The sun is sinking far away
+down the valley of the Aisne, and the river flickers in the distance
+between lines of trees, while the little villages at the foot of the
+slopes are gradually losing themselves in the evening mist. How lovely
+to sit here in time of peace! Could one bear it after this, I wonder?
+With all the beauty, there are sad things around me; signs of war every
+way I look. To the right, a few yards off, are new-cut graves, and they
+are putting up headstones, made by a reservist who is a mason in private
+life. One man was killed yesterday, and we buried him after dark. There
+was no service, because we had neither light nor book; but I said the
+Lord's Prayer before the earth was thrown in, thinking there could be no
+harm.
+
+Then away across a bend of the valley are more of our trenches, with the
+German parapets 200 yards away beyond. And over these our shells are
+bursting, fired by guns on the slope of the hill beneath me; they
+whistle softly as they skim through the air over my head, and I hear the
+burst as they land. Further away to the west is one of the enemy's
+strongholds, and there bigger shells are bursting, throwing up clouds of
+black smoke and dust. These pass by with a louder purring whistle like
+the sound of surplus air escaping from the pipes of an organ in church.
+They come from our big guns up in the woods across the river, hidden
+from view. And always up in the sky the German aeroplanes circle round
+and round, seeking for the guns, their engines buzzing and the sun
+shining on their wings. Now and then they dash away, perhaps to carry
+news, perhaps because a British or French machine has come upon the
+scene. When they spot our positions they drop little silvery packets,
+which unfold and show their gunners where to shoot. Sometimes they drop
+bombs, but these do little harm. At times the weather is foggy, so
+that the aeroplanes can do nothing at all, and warfare becomes suddenly
+ten years out of date.
+
+[Illustration: ARCHDUKE FREDERICK,
+
+Commander in Chief of Austrian Armies Operating Against the Russians.
+
+(_Photo from Paul Thompson._)]
+
+[Illustration: DR. VON BETHMANN-HOLLWEG, THE GERMAN CHANCELLOR,
+
+In His Field Uniform, Showing the Helmet in Its New Weatherproof Cover.
+
+(_Photo by Brown & Dawson, From Underwood & Underwood._)]
+
+Now the enemy are firing on the little village behind our lines,
+dropping shell among the houses, and always near the house where certain
+staff officers are at work. A curious point this--how close they get to
+the house when they can't possibly see the result of their fire. The
+explanation must be "spies." They are everywhere here; they wear British
+uniform and French uniform, and, most dangerous of all, civilian dress.
+It is our own fault; we allow the French population to return to the
+village right in our midst, and who in these times can question every
+one's rights? The other day three men in civilian dress were found near
+our lines sitting in trees; they were armed with wire-cutters, and said
+they were engaged in cutting vines. Now there are no vineyards near, but
+our wire entanglements were just beyond the wood. Again, one night we
+were to attack a small position at a given hour, but the order was
+afterward canceled. However, at the appointed time the enemy opened
+fire upon the ground we should have crossed and lighted the scene with
+rockets.
+
+Nighttime is a period of continuous strain. The sentry peers into the
+darkness, imagining every bush to be an approaching enemy. Distant trees
+seem to change their position; bunches of grass, really quite close,
+seem to be men coming over the sky-line. One man questions another; the
+section commander is called upon. He in turn explains his fears to an
+officer. A single shot is ordered at the suspected object, and no sound
+is heard. So the night goes on. When we were new to the game a single
+shot was enough to alarm the whole line, and thousands of rounds were
+fired into the darkness. Now we know better. So also do the enemy. And
+it was satisfactory to find that our ammunition had not all been wasted,
+for a patrol recently discovered more than a hundred dead Germans in a
+wood in front of us. The ammunition had not been wasted that time. But,
+oh, what a wasteful war!
+
+
+
+
+The Baptism of Fire
+
+[From The London Times, Nov. 4, 1914.]
+
+
+     _The following letter, thoroughly characteristic of the pluck
+     and cheerfulness of the young British officer, was received
+     from a cavalry subaltern at the front:_
+
+October 27.
+
+Your two boxes of cigarettes were heaven. We've been in the trenches two
+days and nights, but no excitements, except a good dose of shrapnel
+three times a day, which does one no harm and rather relieves the
+monotony. I've got my half troop, 12 men, in this trench in a root
+field, with the rest of the squadron about 100 yards each side of us,
+and a farmhouse, half knocked down by shells, just behind. We get our
+rations sent up once a day in the dark, and two men creep out to cook
+tea in the quiet intervals. Tea is the great mainstay on service, just
+as it was on manoeuvres. The men are splendid, and as happy as
+schoolboys, and we've got plenty of straw at the bottom of the trench,
+which is better than any feather bed. We only had one pelting night, and
+we've had three or four fine days. We have not seen any German infantry
+from this trench, only one patrol and a sniper or two. Their guns, too,
+are out of sight, but hardly a mile away.
+
+Our first day's real close-up fighting was the 19th. We cavalry went on
+about a day and a half in front of the infantry. We got into a village,
+and our advanced patrols started fighting hard, with a certain amount of
+fire from everywhere in front of us. Our advanced patrols gained the
+first group of houses, and we joined them. Firing came from a farm in
+front of us, and then a man came out of it and waved a white flag. I
+yelled, "Two hundred; white flag; rapid fire." But ---- wouldn't let us
+fire. Then the squadron advanced across the root fields toward the farm
+(dismounted, in open order), and they opened a sharp fire on us from the
+farm. We took three prisoners in the roots, and retired to the houses
+again. That was our first experience of the white flag dodge; we lost
+two killed and one wounded.
+
+Then I got leave to make a dash across a field, for another farm where
+they were sniping at us. I could only get half way, my Sergeant was
+killed and my Corporal hit. We lay down; luckily it was high roots and
+we were out of sight; but they had fairly got our range, and the bullets
+kept knocking up the dirt into one's face and all round. We just lay
+doggo for about half an hour, and then the fire slackened, and we
+crawled back.
+
+I was pleased with my troop, under bad fire. They used the most awful
+language, talking quite quietly, and laughing all the time, even after
+the men were knocked over within a yard of them. I longed to be able to
+say that I liked it, after all one has heard about being under fire for
+the first time. But it is beastly. I pretended to myself for a bit that
+I like it, but it was no good. But when one acknowledged that it was
+beastly, one became all right again and cool.
+
+After the firing had slackened we advanced again a bit, into the next
+group of houses, the edge of the village proper. I can't tell you how
+muddling it is. We did not know which was our front, we did not know if
+our own troops had come round us on the flanks, or whether they had
+stopped behind and were firing into us. And besides, a lot of German
+snipers were left in the houses we had come through, and every now and
+then bullets came singing by from God knows where. Four of us were
+talking in the road when about a dozen bullets came with a whistle. We
+all dived for the nearest door, and fell over each other, yelling with
+laughter. ---- said, "I have a bullet through my new Sandon twillette
+breeches." We looked, and he had; it had gone clean through. He didn't
+tell us till two days after that it had gone through him too; but there
+it was, like the holes you make to blow an egg, only about 4 inches
+apart.
+
+We stopped about two hours. Then the cavalry regiment on our left
+retired. Then we saw a lot of Germans among the fires they had lit (they
+set the houses on fire to mark their line of advance.) They were running
+from house to house. We were told not to fire, for fear of our own
+people on the other side. Then came a lot of them, shouting and singing
+and advancing down the street, through the burning houses. One felt a
+peculiar hatred for them. We heard afterward that there was a division
+of infantry, at first we thought there were only a few patrols.
+
+We retired about two miles and dismounted for action. Soon they began to
+come up from three sides, and we retired again. They were pretty close,
+advancing higgledy-piggledy across the fields and firing. They shot
+abominably (nothing like the morning, from the houses, when they had all
+the ranges marked to a yard). We lost only about 20 horses, no men
+killed. "Hellfire Herbert" got his horse shot under him when they were
+within about 200 yards. He was next troop in front of me. He suddenly
+got complete "fou-rires" when he saw me. I got him a spare horse, and he
+was still laughing, and cursing them with a sort of triumph. We only
+trotted away. A man in my troop kept touching his cap to the Germans,
+saying "Third-class shots, third-class shots."
+
+The next day we went forward to another places and intrenched against a
+very big German force, but we only had to face their guns. Poor ---- was
+killed. They pushed us pretty hard back to our infantry. We were
+supposed to have done well.
+
+Since then we have been doing infantry work in the trenches. We have
+been out of work in our trenches; only shrapnel and snipers. Some one
+described this war as "Months of boredom punctuated by moments of
+terror." It is sad that it is such a bad country for cavalry. Cavalry
+work here against far superior forces of infantry, like we had the other
+day, is not good enough. The Germans are dashing good at that
+house-to-house fighting business.
+
+It is horrible having to leave one's horses; it feels like leaving half
+oneself behind, and one feels the dual responsibility all the time. I
+hope we get them on the run soon, then will come our chance. They have
+been having terrific fighting on the line on each side of us, and it has
+gone well.
+
+I adore war. It is like a big picnic without the objectlessness of a
+picnic. I've never been so well or so happy. Nobody grumbles at one for
+being dirty. I've only had my boots off once in the last ten days, and
+only washed twice. We are up and standing to our rifles at 5 A.M. when
+doing this infantry work, and saddled up by 4:30 A.M. when with our
+horses. Our poor horses don't get their saddles off when we are in
+trenches.
+
+The dogs and cats left in the deserted villages are piteous, and the
+wretched inhabitants trekking away with great bundles and children in
+their hands.
+
+I can't make out what has happened to the Battle of the Aisne; it seems
+to have got tired and died.
+
+The Indians had two men killed directly, and said, "All wars are good,
+but this is a bot'utcha war. Now we advance." A Colonel of a French
+regiment on our flank was sitting in a pub. in the village when the
+Germans came around that flank and started firing their Maxim gun. The
+Colonel and his orderly rushed into the street, and each discharged ten
+rounds quick, and then went back and finished their drinks. It's
+horrible when they put "Jack Johnsons" into your bivouac at night from
+about twelve miles off. You can hear them coming for about 30 seconds,
+and judge whether they are coming for you or a little to one side.
+
+
+
+
+An All-Night Attack
+
+[From The New York Tribune.]
+
+
+PARIS, Jan. 9.--The most picturesque description of night fighting in
+the trenches written by any French correspondent at the front is
+published today in Le Figaro. It comes from Charles Tardieu, Corporal in
+an infantry regiment, and is a detailed record, half hour by half hour,
+of a night of attacks and counter-attacks from 6 o'clock in the evening
+until dawn. After describing three successive German assaults, during
+which searchlights and flashlights played important parts, the Corporal
+notes:
+
+2:25 A.M.--All the Corporals run back for ammunition. We had expended a
+hundred rounds each. Away we go to our ammunition reserve, hid in a big
+hole twenty yards to the rear, and we come running back and distribute
+packages of cartridges. Each man cleans his rifle. An hour passes in
+silence, broken only by the intermittent volleys and by the moaning of
+the wounded and dying, some of whom exclaim: "Kamarades, kamarades,
+drink, drink!" We will look after them when the day breaks.
+
+3:15--Here they come at us again. Bullets whistle over our heads. Our
+Captain passes the order in whispers not to open fire until the bouches
+sales reach our wire network, then to shoot like hell. We smile grimly
+and keep still. Every minute the firing draws nearer. We await behind
+our loopholes, now and then risking a peep through them. These loopholes
+are only fifteen or twenty centimeters wide, but if a bullet comes
+through them it is a skull pierced and certain death. This silent
+waiting is a tremendous mental and nervous strain.
+
+We keep still as mice, with clenched teeth. Luminous fuses, like roman
+candles, burst forth in every direction, exploding in dust over our
+heads. A moment later a dazzling signal light rocket bursts fifty yards
+high, just above our trenches, lighting them up as clear as day for
+several seconds. We crouch down under the lower parapet like moles.
+Immediately afterward a mad fusillade, and the German .77 guns, having
+got a better range than during the previous attacks, throw shells that
+burst, luckily for us, nearly one hundred yards behind our trenches.
+This attack must be general, for we hear fusillades cracking far away to
+the right and left.
+
+Suddenly we tremble in spite of ourselves. The hoarse sound of the short
+German bugles pierces the night with four lugubrious notes in a minor
+key, funereal, deathly. It is their charge. Yells, oaths, and
+vociferations are heard in front of us. Our Captain commands us to fire
+by volleys: "Aim! Fire!" "They must have felt something," drawls out
+some one of us in a nasal, Montmartre-like voice. Then again: "Aim!
+Fire!" What sport! Then comes the cric-crac-cric-crac, sewing
+machine-like hammering of our mitrailleuses. Our Captain passes the
+word: "Fire low! fire low! Aim! Fire!" Volley follows volley. The
+enemy's dash seems checked. Their fire slackens. We hear their officers
+swearing and yelling at their men in shrill, high-pitched, penetrating
+voices. Joyful exaltation gives us a sort of fever. "Aim! Fire!" But the
+bouches sales make another rush at us. Driven on by their infuriated
+officers, they again reach our wire network. Our Captain commands, "Fire
+at will." Then, "Fire at repetition, fire until the magazine is
+exhausted." Just as the Germans, in wavering, hesitating groups,
+presenting vague outlines, try to cut our networks they tumble over like
+marionettes. Already some of our men, intoxicated with fury, stand up in
+the trenches.
+
+Our Captain commands, "En avant a la baionnette!" ("At them with
+bayonet.") A fierce roar from our chests, and the only bugler left alive
+in our company sounds the charge. Away we go with our bayonets. We
+scarcely reach them when the bouches are put to rout. Some of them
+escape helter-skelter, throwing down rifles and knapsacks. "Halt!"
+commands our Captain. We lie down and keep up the firing on the
+retreating remnants of the enemy. "Back to the trenches!" is the next
+command. A few more volleys in the direction of the Germans, then comes
+the command, "Cease firing. Take your haversacks, eat, and rest." All
+becomes silent again except for the harrowing moans of the wounded. We
+learn that the German assault has been repulsed all along the line.
+Their losses must have been awful.
+
+5 A.M.--Gray, misty dawn breaks from behind the orme trees. Soon we are
+able to see what has happened. Over three hundred bouches are on the
+ground in front of our company's trench, lying dead or wounded. Our
+cooks with their soup pots get out of our hole and go to the rear to
+prepare in the underground kitchens our well-earned coffee and cabbage
+soup. Our Captain rubs his hands with satisfaction. A strong patrol goes
+out of our trenches to reconnoitre the enemy's positions in the pine
+wood. The rest of us try to get some sleep.
+
+
+
+
+The Germans as Seen from a Convent
+
+[From The London Times, Aug. 16, 1914.]
+
+
+     _Some interesting sidelights on the events of the past
+     fortnight in Belgium are provided by extracts from the diary
+     of a young English girl, Miss Lydia Evans, who has just
+     returned from a convent school at Fouron, near Vise. The
+     following are among the entries in this graphic narrative,
+     published in The Evening News:_
+
+Aug. 2.--All the people of the village passed down with cows, calves,
+horses, hay, &c., which they were obliged to send in for the Belgian
+Army near Liege. The first troop of Prussians came into the village this
+afternoon on the pretense of having a horse shod.
+
+Aug. 3.--Two more troops of soldiers arrived. The Prussians slept at our
+convent, some in the park, others on beds in the recreation room. The
+reverend mother put everything at their disposal. They asked nicely, but
+gave the impression that if refused they would take more. We all went to
+bed at 10 o'clock. Everybody got an alarm to dress half an hour
+afterward. We came down and found the place full of Germans, who were
+exceedingly polite. They are magnificent. The meanest soldier is
+perfectly equipped, everything perfectly new, and splendid horses. They
+are like theatre soldiers, they are so perfect. They were awfully nice,
+and talked a lot.
+
+Aug. 4.--Between Monday and Tuesday there was a terrible fight between
+the Germans and Belgians at Vise because the Belgians would not let the
+Germans pass to get to Liege. The Belgians blew up several big bridges
+between Vise and Liege, also the one at Vise.
+
+Aug. 5.--One man told us all the villagers had left except himself. The
+German soldiers were here all day, but are very polite. They always bow
+and salute. We hear a terrible noise at Vise of bombardment, and a great
+fusillade in the convent. A wounded man was brought to the convent.
+
+Aug. 6.--A curate near here has been shot. The Germans are very nice if
+you give them what they want, but if they are refused the pistol comes
+out. Old Mother Therese was at the door when a soldier asked her for a
+kettle. She refused, and he nearly shot her.
+
+Aug. 7.--A most fearful noise was heard about 2 o'clock. They say that
+it was a fort blown up. A German aeroplane passed yesterday. The
+soldiers are camping in the woods. There are seven wounded here. Nearly
+all the others are taken to Aix-la-Chapelle.
+
+Aug. 8.--Went to mass in the village. A man told us that the Germans had
+burned two big farms at Warsage (the next village.) Two women and two
+men arrived from Liege. They said that the people had been living in
+caves for the last two days and nights. These poor people saw awful
+sights in coming across the fields, which were covered with dead. We
+have heard that Berneau is burned and the women and children hung. The
+Germans are furious at having lost such a number of men before seeing
+the French. A soldier passed last night, and Maria lifted up a corner of
+the curtain. In a minute he had out his revolver and threatened to shoot
+her. Some of the soldiers opposite the convent were drunk.
+
+Aug. 9.--An aeroplane passed right over us, and seemed to drop something
+white. The soldiers are going about in bands destroying and laying waste
+every house and garden. They pass with bottles of wine and their pockets
+bulging out with things they have stolen. They set a house on fire just
+near the convent. There are 40,000 soldiers between here and Niouland.
+
+Aug. 10.--There was a terrific crash at the door. Four German officers,
+who had come in a motor, pointed their revolvers and asked for wine.
+They looked as if they had been drinking. We had a fearful fright after
+dinner. An officer, followed by a soldier, came to ask us where the cure
+was, and threatened to shoot us because we could not tell him. Miss
+MacMahon had to lead him to the rector's house, with a revolver pointed
+at her back all the way. The houses on either side are burning. The nuns
+asked the German officers if they would spare the convent. They laughed
+and said they would make it a cemetery for their dead. They took away
+the wounded, and as soon as they had gone the nuns woke us up, and we
+started out, following all the back roads.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A postcard has been received from Miss Agnes Holliday, daughter of a
+Hammersmith builder, who is at a convent school near Liege, in which she
+states that on Tuesday night last "the convent was full of German
+soldiers, to whom we spoke. At Fouron they have had a terrible time."
+
+
+
+
+War-Time Scenes in Rouen
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, Sept. 8, 1914.]
+
+
+     _The following is a literal translation of a letter just
+     received in New York by a French lady's maid from her sister
+     at Rouen, and gives the point of view of the modest laboring
+     classes in France:_
+
+ROUEN, Aug. 21, 1914.
+
+My Dear Sister Henriette:
+
+If I judge according to our impatience to get your news, I understand
+you are anxious for ours. I hope that you made a good voyage and that
+nothing disagreeable has happened to you during the journey. There is a
+little change in life in Rouen. Numerous factories are closed, for the
+reason that the men are gone to war, and women are powerless to operate
+the machinery. As for me, the sewing is still going a little, but I do
+not think that it will last long. Business stops little by little; the
+most of the stores are closing, which gives the city a sad appearance.
+Per contra, there is a big bustle in and around the railroad station of
+the Rue Verte. Hundreds of persons stand on the square near the station,
+to assist the passing of the English troops on their way to Paris; they
+are acclaimed by the cry of "Vive la France!" "Vive l'Angleterre!" "Down
+with Germany and the barbarians!"
+
+Numerous trains bring hundreds of young wounded English, French, and
+Belgian soldiers. Many offices of the Red Cross are settled in the
+largest hotels of the city. Many citizens have asked to take some of the
+wounded into their homes. We are going to have several of them at our
+home. Mother is already preparing two rooms. She has moved Lili's bed
+into the kitchen. As for us, we are going to sleep in the armchairs.
+Lili talks of the war like a grown-up person, and so seriously! She also
+wants to take care of the wounded. She will divert them. She made
+dresses for all her dolls and put them to bed. She set on the table all
+the history books to interest the soldiers. Of course she will do the
+reading herself. Then she collected all the pieces of old sheets to make
+some lint out of them, but she will do that in the kitchen when the
+wounded are sleeping, so as not to worry them. If you were in Rouen now
+you would be proud of your god-child. Maman had to have made for her a
+big white table "for nurse." She goes to school every day, and I
+promised that I would take her with me this afternoon to see an English
+warship which arrived in the Seine yesterday. It seems that the ship had
+narrowly escaped capture by the Germans, but I cannot give you much
+information. We don't have any news from our own soldiers. I do not know
+where father is. George and Maurice must be artillerymen in Belfort.
+Jeanne and Helene are in despair, thinking of their husbands. Maurice's
+baby is always so sweet; he does not suspect that his father is at war.
+Our aunt has no news from Leon, Andre, and Joseph.
+
+This is all the news. I hope that my letter will reach you. Do not
+worry. But if the Germans arrive in Rouen they will find somebody to
+receive them. If the men are not strong enough the women will help them.
+
+For my share I would like to kill one of them, and it is the Kaiser
+himself; I assure you that I would do it gladly. My dear Henriette, I
+say "au revoir" to you today.
+
+Maman and Lili send you their best kisses. A big kiss from your fragile
+
+MADELEINE.
+
+P.S.--It is a good thing that I am always so cheerful and contented. It
+happens sometimes that I can make Jeanne and Helene forget, and I give
+them a little hope.
+
+
+
+
+"It Is for Us and for France"
+
+[From The New York Sun.]
+
+
+     _LONDON, Oct. 14.--To those who believe, as Germans would have
+     the world believe, that the French Nation is decadent, fit
+     only to disappear from the face of the earth, the following
+     letter, simple as any letter can be, yet full of the
+     Spartanlike qualities that even a German must admire, will
+     serve as an inspiration.
+
+     It was written to a French soldier by his sister. The soldier
+     showed it to his officer, who was so pleased that he had it
+     published anonymously for the troops. One of the men at the
+     front has sent the letter to The Times. A translation of it
+     follows:_
+
+Sept. 4, 1914.
+
+My dear Edward: I hear that Charles and Lucien died on Aug. 28; Eugene
+is very badly wounded; Louis and Jean are dead also. Rose has
+disappeared.
+
+Mamma weeps. She says that you are strong, and begs you to go to avenge
+them.
+
+I hope your officers will not refuse you permission. Jean had the Legion
+of Honor; succeed him in this.
+
+Of the eleven of us who went to the war eight are dead. My dear brother,
+do your duty, whatever is asked of you. God gave you your life, and He
+has the right to take it back; that is what mamma says.
+
+We embrace you with all our heart and long to see you again.
+
+The Prussians are here. Young Joudon is dead; they have pillaged
+everything. I have come back from Gerbervillers, which is destroyed. The
+brutes!
+
+Now, my dear brother, make the sacrifice of your life. We have hope of
+seeing you again, for something gives me a presentiment and tells me to
+hope.
+
+We embrace you in all our hearts. Adieu and au revoir, if God permits.
+
+THY SISTER.
+
+It is for us and for France.
+
+Think of your brothers and of grandfather in '70.
+
+
+
+
+"Chant of Hate Against England"
+
+How Ernst Lissauer's Lines Were "Sung to Pieces" in Germany.
+
+[From The Basler Nachrichten.]
+
+
+     _The ever-increasing hatred in Germany against England and the
+     constantly diminishing bitterness expressed in German circles
+     toward the French is commented upon at considerable length by
+     the Basler Nachrichten, one of the leading German newspapers
+     of Switzerland, which publishes excerpts of utterances of
+     leading Germans to illustrate its deductions. The Swiss
+     paper's article follows:_
+
+It pays to take a birdseye view of a phenomenon which, in a most
+interesting fashion, is becoming more and more apparent: the increase of
+the German hatred against Englishmen and the diminution of the German
+hatred against the Frenchmen.
+
+The most eloquent examples of this white-hot wrath against the English
+are the now well-known army orders of the Bavarian Crown Prince,
+Rupprecht. Under date of Oct. 29 the text of the first order was made
+public. It reads:
+
+     Soldiers of the Sixth Army! We have now the good luck to have
+     also the Englishmen opposite us on our front, troops of that
+     race whose envy was at work for years to surround us with a
+     ring of foes and to throttle us. That race especially we have
+     to thank for this war. Therefore, when now the order is given
+     to attack this foe, practice retribution for their hostile
+     treachery and for the many heavy sacrifices! Show them that
+     the Germans are not so easily to be wiped out of history. Show
+     them that, with German blows of a special kind. (_Mit deutsche
+     Hiebe von ganz besouderer Art!_) Here is the opponent who most
+     blocks a restoration of the (Drauf,) peace. Up and at him!
+
+     RUPPRECHT.
+
+Under date of Nov. 11 an order of similar purport issued by the same
+army commander was made public:
+
+     Soldiers! The eyes of the whole world are upon you. It is now
+     imperative that in the battle with our most hated foe we shall
+     not grow numb, and that we shall at last break his arrogance.
+     Already he is growing pliable, (muerbe.) Numerous officers and
+     men have surrendered voluntarily, but the great decisive blow
+     is still to be struck. Therefore you must persevere to the
+     end. The enemy must be downed; you must not let him loose from
+     your teeth. (_Ihr musst ihn nicht aus den Zahnen lessen._) We
+     must, will and shall conquer!
+
+At the same time the Bavarian Crown Prince had the "Song of Hate Against
+England" of Ernst Lissauer distributed among the troops as an army
+order. This poem, which was issued as early as Sept. 1 in the
+"Kultur-Beitraegen," published by R. Dammert in Berlin, reads in full:
+
+    HASSGESANG GEGEN ENGLAND.
+
+    Was schiert uns Russe und Franzos'?
+    Schuss wider Schuss und Stoss um Stoss,
+    Wir lieben sie nicht,
+    Wir hassen sie nicht,
+    Wir schuetzen Weichsel und Wasgaupass,
+    Wir haben nur einen einzigen Hass,
+    Wir lieben vereint, wir hassen vereint,
+    Wir haben nur einen einzigen Feind:
+    Denn ihr alle wisst, denn ihr alle wisst,
+    Er sitzt geduckt hinter der grauen Flut,
+    Voll Neid, voll Wut, voll Schlaeue, voll List,
+    Durch Wasser getrennt, die sind dicker als Blut.
+    Wir wollen treten in ein Gericht,
+    Einen Schwur zu schwoeren, Gesicht in Gesicht.
+    Einen Schwur von Erz, den verblaest kein Wind,
+    Einen Schwur fuer Kind und fuer Kindeskind,
+    Vernehmt das Wort, sagt nach das Wort,
+    Es waelzt sich durch ganz Deutschland fort:
+    Wir wollen nicht lassen von unserem Hass,
+    Wir haben alle nur einen Hass,
+    Wir lieben vereint, wir hassen vereint,
+    Wir haben alle nur einen Feind:
+          _ENGLAND!_
+
+    In der Bordkajuete, im Feiersaal,
+    Sassen Schiffsoffiziere beim Liebesmahl,
+    Wie ein Saebelhieb, wie ein Segelschwung,
+    Einer riss gruessend empor den Trunk,
+    Knapp hinknallend wie Ruderschlag,
+    Drei Worte sprach er: "Auf den Tag!"
+    Wem galt das Glas?
+    Sie hatten alle nur einen Hass.
+    Wer war gemeint?
+    Sie hatten alle nur einen Feind:
+          _ENGLAND!_
+
+    Nimm du die Voelker der Erde in Sold,
+    Baue Waelle aus Barren von Gold,
+    Bedecke die Meerflut mit Bug bei Bug,
+    Du rechnetest klug, doch nicht klug genug.
+    Was schiert uns Russe und Franzos'!
+    Schuss wider Schuss, und Stoss um Stoss.
+    Wir kaempfen den Kampf mit Bronze und Stahl
+    Und schliessen Frieden irgend einmal,
+    Dich werden wir Hassen mit langem Hass,
+    Wir werden nicht lassen von unserem Hass,
+    Hass zu Wasser und Hass zu Land,
+    Hass des Hauptes und Hass der Hand,
+    Hass der Haemmer und Hass der Kronen,
+    Drosselnder Hass von siebzig Millionen,
+    Sie lieben vereint, sie hassen vereint,
+    Sie alle haben nur einen Feind:
+          _ENGLAND!_
+
+[Following is a translation of the song by Barbara Henderson, appearing
+in THE NEW YORK TIMES of Oct. 15, 1914:]
+
+    French and Russian, they matter not,
+    A blow for a blow and a shot for a shot!
+    We love them not, we hate them not,
+    We hold the Weichsel and Vosges gate.
+    We have but one and only hate,
+    We love as one, we hate as one,
+    We have one foe and one alone.
+    He is known to you all, he is known to you all,
+    He crouches behind the dark gray flood,
+    Full of envy, of rage, of craft, of gall,
+    Cut off by waves that are thicker than blood.
+    Come, let us stand at the Judgment Place,
+    An oath to swear to, face to face,
+    An oath of bronze no wind can shake,
+    An oath for our sons and their sons to take.
+    Come, hear the word, repeat the word,
+    Throughout the Fatherland make it heard.
+    We will never forego our hate,
+    We have all but a single hate,
+    We love as one, we hate as one,
+    We have one foe and one alone--
+          _ENGLAND!_
+
+    In the Captain's Mess, in the banquet hall,
+    Sat feasting the officers, one and all,
+    Like a sabre blow, like the swing of a sail,
+    One seized his glass and held high to hail;
+    Sharp-snapped like the stroke of a rudder's play,
+    Spoke three words only: "To the Day!"
+    Whose glass this fate?
+    They had all but a single hate.
+    Who was thus known?
+    They had one foe and one alone--
+          _ENGLAND!_
+
+    Take you the folk of the Earth in pay,
+    With bars of gold your ramparts lay,
+    Bedeck the ocean with bow on bow,
+    Ye reckon well, but not well enough now.
+    French and Russian, they matter not,
+    A blow for a blow, a shot for a shot,
+    We fight the battle with bronze and steel,
+    And the time that is coming Peace will seal.
+    You we will hate with a lasting hate,
+    We will never forego our hate,
+    Hate by water and hate by land,
+    Hate of the head and hate of the hand,
+    Hate of the hammer and hate of the crown,
+    Hate of seventy millions choking down.
+    We love as one, we hate as one,
+    We have one foe and one alone--
+          _ENGLAND!_
+
+This poem, according to the Taegliche Rundschau, has already had the fate
+of every folksong--the version of it that was circulated among the
+Bavarian troops lacks the middle stanza and has in other ways also been
+"sung to pieces." But it has also been worked over artistically. The
+Chemnitz Director of Church Music, Prof. Mayerhoff, has set the "Chant
+of Hate Against England" to music for male voices. The song was rendered
+publicly at a great meeting in a concert in the Alberthalle at Leipsic,
+and was taken up in roaring chorus by the audience. The composer himself
+accompanied his composition on the piano.
+
+As can be seen, therefore, the popularity of the song and its sentiment is
+by no means confined to Bavaria. It extends throughout the entire empire.
+Of hundreds of voices in the press, let us mention only one. Councilor of
+Justice Eschenbach of Berlin, in the Neue Gesellschaftliche Korrespondenz
+writes:
+
+     To honor our immortal heroes of Tsing-tau, and for the eternal
+     shame and reproach of the scoundrel nations, Japan and
+     England, I propose the following: Let the entire German press
+     scorn in the next fourteen days to permit the words
+     "Englishmen" or "Japanese" to appear in its columns and before
+     the eyes of our people and of the entire civilized world; but
+     instead, and invariably, let the word "Moerder" (murderers) be
+     used for "Englishmen" and the word "Raubmoerder" (highway
+     assassins) for "Japanese." For no other name will there be
+     hereafter among us for these greatest scoundrels of history.
+     Thereby care will be taken both for the present throughout the
+     world as far as the German language is heard and the results
+     of the German spirit are known, and also for future
+     historians, that the proper point of view shall be given
+     throughout eternity for the condemnation of these murderous
+     gangs accursed of God.
+
+How different is the attitude of the Germans toward the French!
+
+From a trench on the Aisne the following was written to the Heidelberger
+Zeitung:
+
+     Four hundred meters from where we lie, likewise intrenched,
+     lie these wretched Englishmen, toward whom our people feel a
+     holy fury, while they regard the battle with the Frenchmen, on
+     the other hand, rather as a member of a university student
+     corps regards an honorable duel. I, too, am entirely of that
+     view.
+
+The well-known psychologist, Prof. W. Hellpach of Karlsruhe, writes to
+the Berliner Tageblatt from the field:
+
+     The German soldier, too, does not hate the French people.
+     Indeed, no one hates it. That is one of the most amazing
+     phenomena of this war--our inner relation to France. Daily and
+     hourly we hear words of disgust concerning the Russians, see
+     gestures of hatred against the Britons--but toward France
+     there is expressed amid all purely warlike antagonism a sort
+     of sympathy resembling almost a smiling love for a naughty
+     child which one feels obliged to punish because it has been
+     guilty of stupid but very serious misbehavior.
+
+     We must force France to its knees--perhaps more completely
+     than any of our other foes--but every one seems to hope that
+     after this, after this last lesson, France will come to her
+     senses and conclude a real peace with her German neighbor.
+     Even among the common men in our ranks there has developed
+     almost plant like a certain realization of a common duty of
+     these two nations, a feeling of certain virtues which they,
+     complementing one another, can preserve only by co-operation.
+     But for the cultured ones among us, the idea of a hereditary
+     feud has given way to a clear consciousness that there is a
+     middle European Continental culture, supported by German,
+     Austrian, and French genius in common, and that the
+     preservation, development, and continuation thereof as against
+     a hasty and superficial Anglization must be the task of the
+     future. All, all now learn through experience that this matter
+     with France is a woe of civilization (kulturjammer), and that
+     now at last it is going to change, that it could change,  if--
+
+In the same newspaper the Berlin National Economist, Prof. Werner
+Sombart, writes:
+
+     Against France we probably experience the least aversion or
+     hatred. At bottom we have really nothing "against the
+     Frenchmen," but they have a great deal against us. But we find
+     them, in spite of their fanatical hatred of the Germans (which
+     we honor and respect) chivalrous antagonists, who in their
+     wrath of battle are certainly quite our peers; and in them, we
+     find, there is far more force and will for victory than we
+     were in the beginning wont to believe. They die for their
+     fatherland, and their final reason for fighting is after all
+     an ideal one, the faith in the glory and greatness of a
+     super-individual, the self-sacrifice to a whole that is higher
+     than the personal. Thus, at least, does that France stand
+     opposed to us, that is fighting for its existence in the
+     trenches along the Aisne.
+
+     With the rabble that shouts "a bas la guerre" in Paris, we
+     need reckon just as little as with the rather doubtful
+     citizens that constitute the immediate Government of France
+     and whose heroism seems to show great rents these days. Yes,
+     for the heroic race of Frenchmen we feel almost a sort of
+     pity, as with a noble wild game of the forest, wounded unto
+     death. And this pity finds expression in wistful sympathy when
+     we think of the quixotic strain in this wrestling with an
+     overwhelming foe, when we see the childlike faith with which
+     the people have grasped at every unplausible hope of rescue
+     from its anguish of death and still grasps at it, as a
+     drowning man grasps at a wisp of straw. Don Quixote still
+     remains the "noble knight" for whom--if he appears in the age
+     of firearms--we still fire three salvos of honor over his
+     grave.
+
+     And then, when we mention the word "France," there arise all
+     the memories of the imperishable cultural values which its
+     people have given to us. I believe that there are many, very
+     many among us, who in their hearts hope that there may once
+     again be something like a co-operative understanding and
+     journeying together of Germans and Frenchmen, even if in a
+     distant future which the youngest among us will probably not
+     live to see--an agreement which through a union of German and
+     French elements of culture will promise vast achievements for
+     the purposes of humanity. In the last analysis--for that has
+     in these very days been more frequently expressed--these two
+     nations belong together; they are of equal worth, of equal
+     spirit, of equal fineness, and yet so different that they can
+     give each other infinitely much.
+
+Just as has the hate against England, so has this friendship for France
+found poetic expression. In the Hamburger Kriegsblatt we read a poem by
+Wilhelm Hoehne, the final stanza of which reads:
+
+    Ma pauvre France! Wann siehst du es ein
+    Dass all deine Buendnisse Trug und Schein?
+    Was meinst du, waerst du mit dem vereint,
+    Der dich niederringt heute--ein ehrlicher Feind!
+    Auf "Deutsche Treue" da koenntest du zaehlen!
+    Mit uns im Bund koennt'st der Welt du befehlen.
+    Dem Briten, dem Russen, dem Asiaten!
+    Deutschland hat nie einen Freund verraten!
+
+(Translation.)
+
+    Ma pauvre France, when wilt thou see
+    That all thy allies are cheating thee?
+    What, though if thou with him wouldst go
+    Who now overwhelms thee--an honest foe!
+    On German faith thou couldst reckon sure;
+    With us, thou couldst rule the world secure,
+    The Briton, the Russian, the Asian, bend.
+    Germany has never betrayed a friend!
+
+[Illustration: decoration]
+
+
+
+
+ANSWERING THE "CHANT OF HATE."
+
+By BEATRICE M. BARRY.
+
+
+    French and Russian, they matter not,
+    For England only your wrath is hot;
+    But little Belgium is so small
+    You never mentioned her at all--
+    Or did her graveyards, yawning deep,
+    Whisper that silence was discreet?
+
+    For Belgium is waste! Ay, Belgium is waste!
+      She welters in the blood of her sons,
+    And the ruins that fill the little place
+      Speak of the vengeance of the Huns.
+    "Come, let us stand at the Judgment place,"
+    German and Belgian, face to face.
+    What can you say? What can you do?
+    What will history say of you?
+    For even the Hun can only say
+    That little Belgium lay in his way.
+    Is there no reckoning you must pay?
+    What of the Justice of that "Day"?
+    Belgium one voice--Belgium one cry
+    Shrieking her wrongs, inflicted by
+      _GERMANY!_
+
+    In her ruined homesteads, her trampled fields,
+    You have taken your toll, you have set your seal;
+    Her women are homeless, her men are dead,
+    Her children pitifully cry for bread;
+    Perchance they will drink with you--"To the Day!"
+    Let each man construe it as he may.
+    What shall it be?
+    They, too, have but one enemy;
+    Whose work is this?
+    Belgium has but one word to hiss--
+      _GERMANY!_
+
+    Take you the pick of your fighting men
+    Trained in all warlike arts, and then
+    Make of them all a human wedge
+    To break and shatter your sacred pledge;
+    You may fling your treaty lightly by,
+    But that "scrap of paper" will never die!
+    It will go down to posterity,
+    It will survive in eternity.
+    Truly you hate with a lasting hate;
+    Think you you will escape that hate?
+    "Hate by water and hate by land;
+    Hate of the head and hate of the hand."
+    Black and bitter and bad as sin,
+    Take you care lest it hem you in,
+    Lest the hate you boast of be yours alone,
+    And curses, like chickens, find roost at home
+      _IN GERMANY!_
+
+
+
+
+England Caused the War
+
+By T. von Bethmann-Hollweg, German Imperial Chancellor.
+
+
+     _Following is the full text of the speech delivered by the
+     German Chancellor at the session of the Reichstag in Berlin on
+     Dec. 2, 1914:_
+
+The Emperor, who is absent with the army, has charged me to transmit his
+best wishes and cordial greetings to the German Reichstag, with whom he
+is known to be united till death in the stress of danger and in the
+common concern for the weal of the Fatherland.
+
+Our first thought goes out to the Kaiser and the army and navy--our
+soldiers who are fighting for the honor and greatness of the empire.
+Full of pride and unshakable confidence, we look to them and to our
+Austro-Hungarian comrades in arms, who are firmly united to us, to fight
+great battles with brilliant bravery.
+
+Our most recent ally in battle who has been obliged to join us is the
+Ottoman Empire, which knows well that with the destruction of the German
+Empire it, too, would lose its national right to control its own
+destiny. As our enemies have formed a powerful coalition against us,
+they will, I hope, find that the arm of our brave allies reaches the
+weak spots in their world position.
+
+On Aug. 4 the Reichstag expressed the firm resolution of the whole
+people to undertake the war which had been forced upon them and to
+defend their independence to the utmost.
+
+Since then great deeds have been accomplished. The incomparable
+gallantry of our troops has carried the war into the enemy's country.
+There we still stand firm and can regard the future with every
+confidence, but the enemy's resistance is not broken.
+
+We are not yet at the end of our sacrifices. The nation will continue to
+support those sacrifices with the same heroism as hitherto, for we must
+and will fight to a successful end our defensive war for right and
+freedom. We will then remember how our defenseless compatriots in
+hostile countries were maltreated in a manner which is a disgrace to all
+civilization. The world must learn that no one can hurt a hair on the
+head of a German subject with impunity.
+
+It is evident to us who is responsible for this--the greatest of all
+wars. The apparent responsibility falls on those in Russia who ordered
+and carried out the mobilization of the Russian Army; the real
+responsibility, however, falls on the British Government. The Cabinet in
+London could have made the war impossible if it had without ambiguity
+declared at Petrograd that Great Britain would not allow a Continental
+war to develop from the Austro-Servian conflict.
+
+Such a declaration would also have obliged France to take energetic
+measures to restrain Russia from undertaking warlike operations. Then
+our action as mediators between Petrograd and Vienna would have been
+successful, and there would have been no war.
+
+But Great Britain did not act thus. Great Britain was aware of the
+bellicose machinations of the partly irresponsible but powerful group
+around the Czar. She saw how the ball was rolling, but placed no
+obstacle in its path. In spite of all its assurances of peace London
+informed Petrograd that Great Britain was on the side of France and,
+consequently, on the side of Russia.
+
+The Cabinet of London allowed this monstrous worldwide war to come about
+hoping, with the help of the Entente, to destroy the vitality of
+England's greatest European competitor in the markets of the world.
+Therefore, England and Russia have before God and men the responsibility
+for the catastrophe which has fallen upon Europe. Belgian neutrality,
+which England pretended to defend, was nothing but a disguise.
+
+On the evening of Aug. 2 we informed Brussels that we were obliged, in
+the interest of self-defense and in consequence of the war plans of
+France, which were known to us, to march through Belgium, but already,
+on the afternoon of the same day, Aug. 2, before anything of our action
+in Brussels could have been known in London, the British Government
+promised France unconditional assistance in case the German fleet should
+attack the French coast. Nothing was said about Belgium neutrality.
+
+How can England maintain that she drew the sword because we violated
+Belgian neutrality? How could the British statesmen, whose past is well
+known, speak at all of Belgian neutrality? When, on Aug. 4, I spoke of
+the wrong which we were committing with our march into Belgium it was
+not yet established whether the Belgian Government at the last moment
+would not desire to spare the country and retire under protest to
+Antwerp. For military reasons I cannot go into whether there was the
+possibility of such a development on Aug. 4.
+
+As to the guilt of the Belgian Government, many indications were already
+known at that time, but there were no positive and written proofs. Now,
+however, that it is demonstrated by documents found in Brussels how the
+Belgians surrendered their neutrality to England the entire world knows
+two facts.
+
+One is that when our troops on the night of Aug. 3-Aug. 4 entered
+Belgian territory they were on the ground of a State which had given up
+its neutrality long ago. The other is that, not for the sake of the
+neutrality of Belgium, which she had herself undermined, did England
+declare war on us, but because she believed that she would be able to
+master us with the help of two great Continental powers.
+
+Since Aug. 2, since her promise to assist France, England was no longer
+neutral, and was actually at war with us, and the argument that the
+declaration of war was a sequel to the violation of Belgian neutrality
+is nothing but a piece of play-acting performed to mystify the English
+people and neutral States.
+
+Now that the Anglo-Belgian war plans are unveiled in their smallest
+details, the policy of British statesmen is branded before the tribunal
+of history for all time.
+
+But British diplomacy went further. At England's request Japan snatches
+away heroic Kiao-Chau and violates the neutrality of China. Has England
+interfered in this violation of neutrality? Has England shown a care for
+neutral States in this case?
+
+When, five years ago, I was called to office the Triple Alliance was
+opposed by a firmly united Entente. England's work was designed to serve
+the known principle of the balance of power, which means in plain German
+that the principle, followed for centuries by British policy and
+directed against the strongest Continental power, should find its
+strongest tool in the Triple Entente. This proves from the beginning the
+aggressive character of the Entente toward the plainly defensive
+tendencies of the Triple Alliance.
+
+This was the germ of the forcible explosion. German policy was obliged
+to try to avert the danger of war by an understanding with the
+individual powers of the Entente. At the same time she was obliged to
+strengthen her defensive forces so that she should be prepared if war
+should come all the same. We did both. In France we always encountered
+ideas of revanche felt by ambitious politicians. With Russia some
+agreements were concluded, but Russia's firm alliance with France, her
+antagonism to us and our ally, Austria-Hungary, her Pan-Slavistic desire
+for power, her artificial hatred for Germany, made it impossible to
+conclude an agreement which in the case of a political crisis would
+exclude the danger of war.
+
+England was comparatively free. Here the best attempt at an
+understanding could be made which would have effectively guaranteed the
+peace of the world. I acted accordingly. The way was narrow, which I
+knew well. For decades the British insular intellect has been evolving
+the political principle, the dogma that the arbitrament of the world is
+due to England, which she can only maintain by undisputed supremacy on
+the sea and the much-quoted balance of power on the Continent.
+
+I never hoped to break the old principle by persuasion. What I believe
+possible was that the growing power of Germany and the growing danger of
+war could be made to compel England to perceive that this old principle
+was untenable and unpractical, and that a peaceable arrangement with
+Germany was preferable, but that dogma always paralyzed the possibility
+of an understanding. After the crisis of 1911 public opinion forced
+British rulers to a rapprochement toward Germany. By wearisome work an
+understanding was finally reached in different disputed questions of
+economic interest which related to Africa and Asia Minor. This
+understanding should have diminished possible political friction if the
+free development of our strength were not impeded. Both peoples had
+sufficient space to measure their strength in peaceful competition.
+
+This was the principle always upheld by German policy. But while we were
+negotiating England was always thinking of strengthening her relations
+with Russia and France. The decisive factor was that more binding
+military agreements for the case eventually of a Continental war were
+concluded outside the political sphere. England negotiated, if possible,
+secretly. If anything leaked out of importance it was minimized in press
+and Parliament. It could not be concealed from us. The whole situation
+was as follows:
+
+England was willing to come to an understanding with us in individual
+questions, but the first principle always was that Germany's free
+development of strength must be checked by the balance of power.
+
+We did not fail to warn the British Government. As recently as the
+beginning of July I notified the British Government that we knew of the
+secret naval negotiations with Russia concerning the Naval Convention. I
+pointed out the serious danger which British policy meant for the peace
+of the world. A fortnight later what I predicted occurred. When war had
+broken out England dropped her disguise. She loudly announced that she
+would fight till Germany was conquered in an economical and military
+sense. We have only one answer. Germany cannot be destroyed. As her
+military strength has stood the test so has her financial strength.
+
+Look at the diminution in the number of unemployed. The unemployed of
+yesterday are the army of today--their spirit is that of the soldier of
+yesterday and of today--the one spirit that animates us all.
+
+When this spirit, this moral greatness of the people, when the proved
+heroism of our troops is called by our enemies militarism, if they call
+us Huns and barbarians, we can be proud enough and need not worry. This
+wonderful spirit in the hearts of the German people, this unprecedented
+unity, must and will be victorious. When a glorious and happy peace is
+concluded we will maintain this spirit as the holiest legacy of this
+terrible and serious and great time. I repeat the words of the Emperor:
+
+"I know no parties. I know only Germans. When the war is ended parties
+will return without parties, without a political fight. There is no
+political life, not even for the freest and most united people."
+
+Many seats are vacant here. Where are their holders? You know. There is
+the vacant seat of Herr Frank, (Socialist member;) but he will return no
+more. The spirit of cheerful self-sacrifice which animates us here as
+the guardians of the people's weal inspires the entire people.
+
+Japan joined our enemies from a desire to seize as booty the monument
+of German culture in the Far East. On the other hand, we have found an
+ally in Turkey, as all the Moslem peoples want to throw off the English
+yoke and shatter the foundations of England's colonial power. Under the
+banner of our army and the flag of our fleet we shall conquer.
+
+This, then, is our inspiration--our vow! Germany shall fight on and
+continue to sacrifice herself on the altar of civilization and progress
+and patriotism until she shall have secured a guarantee from all that
+none henceforth shall disturb--shall dare to disturb--the peace of this,
+our German land.
+
+
+
+
+A SONG OF THE SIEGE GUN.
+
+By KATHERINE DRAYTON MAYRANT SIMONS, Jr.
+
+
+    Welded in the devil-workshop of the Essen blacksmith's stall,
+    There conceived and consecrated to the nations' final fall,
+    In the iron of my entrails, in my thews of shrunken steel,
+    In my mighty bore of barrel, in the claw of cleated wheel,
+    Through the travail of my forging, was there bred the ancient hate--
+    Primal blood-feud of the races, which the races' blood must sate!
+
+    You, the Empress of the Ocean--did your statesmen ne'er foretell
+    That your fortresses should crumble at the hot kiss of my shell?
+    While the garnered greed of ages lay in leash beneath my breast,
+    Did you deem an oath of honor more than is a royal jest?
+    While you slept my masters labored! In the metal of my frame
+    Molded they the mighty promise of a continent in flame!
+    In the casting of my carriage, in the boring of my sheath,
+    They have riveted my armor with the dormant dragon teeth!
+
+    By my twelve-mile range projectile, by my weight of forty tons,
+    Do I mock the slender playthings which Allies now call their guns!
+    Ever angry and unglutted, when the rocking fight is red,
+    Then my slogan stirs all sleepers save the still and dreamless dead!
+
+    Lo! The past is but a promise! When my Saturnalia comes,
+    Then the Saxon stands uncovered to a march of muffled drums,
+    Then the northern snows are trampled where the Slavic horsemen sleep,
+    And the Latin women tremble for their lovers as they weep!
+
+[Illustration: GEN. LIMAN VON SANDERS PASHA,
+
+Commander in Chief of the Turkish Army.
+
+(_Photo_ (C) _by American Press Assn._)]
+
+[Illustration: GEN. KAMIO,
+
+Commander in Chief of the Japanese Tsing-Tau Expedition.
+
+(_Photo from Paul Thompson._)]
+
+
+
+
+Why England Fights Germany
+
+By Hilaire Belloc.
+
+[_Copyright, 1915, by The New York Times Company._]
+
+
+     _Hilaire Belloc has for years been among the most prominent of
+     English writers, his political and economic opinions being
+     widely quoted. As a historian he has given special attention
+     to the French Revolution, being the author of "Danton," "Marie
+     Antoinette," "The Girondins," and other studies which are
+     regarded by scholars as standard works. Mr. Belloc's military
+     knowledge and experience (he served in the Eighth Regiment of
+     French Artillery) and his understanding of history have made
+     him an acute and interesting chronicler of the present war.
+     The following article appeared in_ THE NEW YORK TIMES _of Jan.
+     17, 1915._
+
+I shall attempt in what follows to answer the question "Why is England
+at war with Germany?" It is perhaps the most important question upon
+which neutral countries, and especially neutral English-speaking
+countries, should have a true answer. Upon their just appreciation of
+England's position in this war a great deal of the immediate future of
+the world will depend.
+
+But before proceeding to answer the question directly, we must get rid
+of certain misconceptions.
+
+The question must be, as the French say, not only "put," but "put in its
+due proportion." It is not enough to answer the question "Why is England
+at war with Germany?" unless we know to begin with what that event means
+to this gigantic war as a whole.
+
+Let us begin, then, by saying that this great war is not primarily a war
+between England and Germany at all. England and Germany are not the two
+chief combatants. The issue is not a victory to be achieved by Germany
+on the one side, or England upon the other. The victory of one of the
+parties in the great struggle would not produce a much stronger England,
+though it certainly would produce a much stronger Germany.
+
+The struggle is primarily and essentially a struggle between two
+conflicting theories of life and government, which have the Continent of
+Europe for their theatre, and of which the Prussians upon the one hand,
+the French upon the other, are the protagonists and have been the
+protagonists for now more than three generations.
+
+All human conflicts have spiritual roots, and the underlying spiritual
+forces which by their contrast have led to this war are the forces of
+the old Latin and Christian civilization, with its doctrines of human
+equality and the rest, and the North German reaction against that
+tradition. Of the first the French are the guardians and have always
+been. Of the second the North Germans of the Baltic plain, and
+particularly the Prussians, have been the exponents; and one may survey
+Europe as a whole and say that the conflict spreads through the minds of
+all Europeans, dividing them between those who would prefer their
+posterity to live, consciously or unconsciously, under the ancient and
+continuous tradition of the civilization inherited from Rome or under
+some reversal of that tradition.
+
+That conflict is apparent in every department of life; in the arts, in
+the customs of society, and, most important of all, in philosophy.
+
+The direct, immediate, and perceptible issue of the struggle is again
+something different. It is an issue between the German-speaking peoples
+and the Slav. If you were to ask an acute, well-traveled observer, say a
+European diplomat, what, at bottom, this war was, he would answer you
+thus:
+
+"This war is an armed conflict provoked by the German-speaking peoples
+under the leadership of Prussia against the Slavs under the leadership
+of the Russian Empire. It has been provoked by Prussia as leader of the
+German peoples, not in a spirit of aggression but in a spirit of
+self-defense. The German peoples have for centuries regarded themselves
+as the bulwark of European civilization against Slav barbarism. They
+believe that the Slav power is rapidly getting so great as to be an
+immediate peril. They think it must be fought now or never. On this
+account Austria was induced by Prussia to challenge the Russian
+Government over the Servian question.
+
+"Either that challenge would be accepted, with the result of war, or
+Russia would give way, thereby obtaining for the German peoples a
+victory without bloodshed. And Austria would proceed to administrate the
+Servian Slavs and to control them--driving a wedge into the whole Slav
+power and rendering it innocuous for the future.
+
+"In this struggle between Teuton and Slav France comes in as an
+accessory, having made an alliance with Russia long ago for her own
+ends, and having nothing to do with the quarrel between Teuton and Slav.
+The German-speaking peoples regret the interference of France, but are
+prepared to take on the burden of a French war rather than abandon the
+moment for restricting the growing power of the Slav.
+
+"Now, in all this," (your experienced man with a wide view of Europe
+would add,) "England was not concerned. Her position was quite
+subsidiary in all this quarrel. She had far less to do with it even than
+France had, and it was in every Cabinet of Europe doubted whether
+England would come in at all. By the Prussian Government it was taken
+for granted that England would have no reason to come in. By the French
+it was feared in spite of the recent relations between the two countries
+that England would remain neutral. And, in general, the fact that
+England is at war at all is a fact on one side of the original quarrel
+and its original motives, though it is a fact that will profoundly
+affect the progress and the results of the war."
+
+Such a statement would be no more than the plain truth as educated men
+know and see it in Europe today. The entry of England into the field of
+conflict was an entry from one side. It did not fall into line with the
+general motives of the people. It was, among all English statesmen, a
+matter of debate; it was decided by but a narrow majority of those
+responsible for so enormous a decision.
+
+When we have clearly grasped these two fundamental facts--first, that
+the war is not on its mechanical side mainly a war between England and
+Germany, but mainly a war between two contrasting European and
+Continental ideals; secondly, the correlative fact that the entry of
+England into the war was not certain until the last hour, and was, when
+it was made, made only after doubtful consideration and after a division
+among the politicians, responsible for the conduct of her affairs,
+something almost accidental, as it were--we can proceed to consider the
+three causes which converging were sufficiently strong in their
+combination to produce that result, and when we know what those three
+causes were, their strength and the accidents of their convergence, at
+this moment we shall have answered the question, "Why is England at war
+with Germany?"
+
+These three causes are:
+
+1. The fixed cardinal point for English policy upon which no English
+patriot worthy of the name would hesitate for a moment, and which no
+historian with any sense of justice can condemn, to wit, that no one, if
+England can help it, shall have naval predominance over the British
+fleet, particularly in the narrow seas.
+
+2. The effect of certain undertakings, a whole network of diplomatic
+actions, particularly in connection with France, engaged in by the
+English Foreign Office during the last ten years.
+
+3. A certain vague attachment to the Western, or Latin, tradition of
+civilization with its routine of conventions in war and peace, and
+particularly of treaties as between first-class powers. This tradition
+was still sufficiently strong to act as a motive converging with the two
+others mentioned above to produce a sufficient moral stream in favor of
+war as, though sluggish, to help to turn the scale.
+
+I say that these three things combined, upon the whole and doubtfully,
+discovered a sufficient strength between them to make the English
+politicians, after serious hesitation and close division, determine upon
+war.
+
+Let me take them in their order:
+
+1. The cardinal point of statesmanship upon which all English foreign
+policy has turned for two hundred years, that no one shall be more
+powerful at sea than England, especially upon the shores of the narrow
+seas, appears to foreigners unarguably arrogant.
+
+It is, indeed, of its nature a challenge to the rest of the world, but
+if the reader will consider a moment he will see that it is a challenge
+to which modern England, at any rate, is inexorably condemned. However
+much such a position may clash with the temperament of chivalrous and
+peaceable men--and it does clash with the temperament of many an English
+statesman of the past and of the present--no one with a respect for his
+country, or paying the common duty of allegiance to it, can compromise
+upon the matter. It is here with England precisely as it has been with
+all her parallels, the great oligarchic commercial commonwealths of the
+past; she lives by the sea, and the closing of the sea would be to her
+not inconvenience, but death.
+
+It is, I think, this very sentiment that England can live only on
+condition that the English fleet is supreme which has led England to use
+that supremacy so sparingly. It is true to say that there has been no
+force of so much superiority to its rivals as the British Navy which in
+all history has been used for such purely defensive purposes as the
+British Navy has been used during the present generation, and this
+moderation I conceive to be due to a clear recognition that morally the
+claim to supremacy at sea is a challenge which the great rival nations
+must feel acutely, and which they have a right to feel acutely, and
+which, therefore, must be softened in every possible way.
+
+But if it is necessary that Great Britain should brook no rival at sea
+it is still more necessary that such a rival, should he arise, should
+not have naval bases within striking distance of her coast. The great
+exception has, of course, been France, and for two centuries at least
+that fact has molded the whole of British policy. Had Germany remained a
+Continental power and rejected maritime ambition that would still
+continue to mold British policy.
+
+The French have, and Europe being what it is, will always continue to
+have the aptitude for the sea, the genius in mechanical invention and
+the superabundant wealth which between them are the three factors of the
+great modern fleet. A lengthy coast line training millions of her
+workers to a seafaring life, a long tradition of naval families, and
+pioneer in every form of modern naval war from the armor plate to the
+submarine, is the proof of this, if proof were needed.
+
+As against the presence of some part of the French naval power on an
+opposing coast across a narrow armed water, the English Channel, Great
+Britain proceeded, generation after generation, to keep her control an
+essentially defensive naval force. She did it upon the position that her
+military effort, and therefore expenditure, should be slight; that her
+economic as her other energies should be chiefly devoted to her marine.
+
+And though the French in the moments of their greatest prosperity were
+able, for all their constant military effort, to produce navies that
+rivaled those of Great Britain, yet Great Britain's effort was the more
+constant. She never engaged large bodies of men in war; she could take
+advantage of every French reverse during the two centuries when the
+French were perpetually engaged in huge Continental conflicts.
+
+Great Britain, in a word, by ceaseless vigilance and at a great expense
+of energy, managed upon the whole to dominate one branch of the narrow
+seas, the channel. Upon the other branch, the North Sea, she felt nearly
+always secure. An exception to this security was found during the brief
+Dutch period in the seventeenth century and again, much more acutely,
+when the French were the masters of the Low Countries, and when Napoleon
+took control of the shipbuilding yards not only from Brest to Dunkirk,
+but from Dunkirk to the Bight of Heligoland.
+
+This presence of the French power in Holland, Belgium, and Frisia, in
+particular the French control of Antwerp, was the true cause of violent
+anxiety, and the no less violent efforts in reply which Britain made
+during the Napoleonic wars. For twenty-three years she fought, with but
+two short intervals of repose, upon a dozen nominal pleas, but with one
+plain piece of statesmanship at the back of her mind--that no one should
+control the narrow seas against herself.
+
+And especially that if she could not prevent the existence in normal
+times of a very powerful, dangerous French fleet, rendering her anxious
+for one-half of those seas, at least the other half should be free from
+such anxiety.
+
+In the midst of such a secular determination, successfully maintained,
+Germany began to build her new great modern fleet.
+
+The German Empire had a most unquestioned right thus to challenge the
+power of Great Britain. It was indeed the most effective challenge which
+a nation jealous of Britain's commerce could deliver, but it is none the
+less true that the plain policy of self-preservation compelled Britain
+to take up that challenge.
+
+For the first time in three hundred years Britain found herself
+beginning to support French trades, in the general policy of the world.
+
+The French, for reasons which had nothing to do with England and with
+which the mass of the English governing classes in no way sympathized,
+had maintained for more than thirty years a determination to restore
+their own power at the expense of Prussia. Because modern Germany was
+building her fleet, modern Britain, in order to check that movement,
+began thus in novel fashion and against all the old English traditions
+to support the French.
+
+The thing was done at the bottom with reluctance. All Englishmen felt
+the common bond of religion which united their country with that which
+governs modern Germany. Many Englishmen believed that there was some
+vague bond of race between the two countries. Not a few worthy, ignorant
+men, and even one or two men of great ability, attempted to direct
+negotiations whereby a fixed ratio should exist between the two fleets;
+in other words, whereby the German Empire should pledge itself to a
+permanent inferiority at sea.
+
+That empire would indeed have been more foolish even than cowardly had
+it listened to any such proposals. The position, therefore, was one of
+inevitable and increasing friction. It was a matter of life and death to
+England that no other great Western fleet should exist besides the
+French, and it was a matter of national existence to Germany once she
+had undertaken a policy not to give up that policy at the dictation of
+any other power--for, among other things, modern Germany lived on
+prestige; her whole internal structure depended upon it, and for Prussia
+to lose faith before Europe would be the end of the Germany that Prussia
+had made.
+
+There are those who say that a Germany conducted by some Richelieu, or
+even by a surviving Bismarck, would never have attempted the building of
+a great fleet until accounts had been finally settled with France. There
+are those who say that the elements of statesmanship required the German
+Empire first to settle herself politically upon the shores of the
+Straits of Dover and the Netherlands, first to destroy the danger of a
+great war in the west on land, then and then only to begin building that
+fleet which must inevitably challenge Great Britain. It is no part of
+this criticism to consider the statesmanship of another nation, but at
+any rate once the policy of building the fleet was begun conflict with
+England was in sight.
+
+2. The second cause of England's joining in this war is the effect of a
+number of internal arrangements, some of them of minor importance, but
+all leading in one direction and ultimately placing the Government of
+Great Britain in a position from which it was difficult to retire. In
+general terms these arrangements were based upon the idea of joining the
+group of powers, French and Russian, which formed the counterpoise to
+the Germanic group in Europe, the German Empire and Austria. At the same
+time there was running through these arrangements the idea of detaching
+Italy, whose Government was firmly attached to Germany, but whose
+population was very doubtful, from the Triple Alliance of Germany,
+Austria, and Italy, which had been the cardinal point in European
+affairs for a generation.
+
+The various steps by which Great Britain approached this position are
+well known. In the first place, she came to an arrangement with France
+whereby she should have a free hand in Egypt and France should be
+supported by England in the occupation of Morocco. This was done behind
+the back of Germany to the manifest loss of Germany's colonial ambition
+and, what is more noticeable, England was openly paying a very high
+price for the new state of affairs she hoped to create, for she had
+pretty well a free hand in Egypt, already, while France's opportunity of
+going to Morocco and exploiting a very large area of valuable
+territory--something quite new and additional to her--depended upon
+England's withdrawing her opposition.
+
+That opposition was withdrawn; and though the most violent effect was
+produced in Germany, though there were threats of war, pitiable quarrels
+within the French Cabinet and a moment of grave danger, the pact was
+accomplished, and Morocco, all save the strip opposite Gibraltar, became
+French, while all that Germany had to show for her share was an
+irregularly shaped and not valuable couple of slices cut out of tropical
+Africa in the Congo Basin from the vast French possessions there, and
+added to her own still insufficient share.
+
+Another group of arrangements was that with Russia, and here again
+England willingly paid a heavy price, and again completely reversed her
+traditional policy. She gave all that is vital in Persia to Russian
+control. She forgot her old anxiety about the Indian frontier; she lost
+her old and hitherto unbroken policy of supporting Turkey in Europe.
+When the war came she was with the French in supporting the Balkan
+powers, "The Little Nations."
+
+Finally, in the matter of Italy, she supported or permitted the Italian
+attack upon and annexation of Turkish territory in North Africa, and
+consistently, before and after that event, worked for the strengthening
+of Italy in the Triple Alliance and for securing the neutrality of that
+country, at least in case of a European war.
+
+There were many other arrangements besides these three principal and
+typical ones, but all, small or great, were based upon the same idea,
+and pointed in the same direction. England was leaning upon the Russian
+side against Germany. The most important in the minor details in this
+new policy, the one which has had most effect perhaps in producing the
+war, was an understanding whereby the French fleet should virtually
+evacuate the Northern Seas and undertake for England the policing of the
+Mediterranean trade routes, and the guardianship of that source of food
+supply to Great Britain, thus leaving the whole weight of the British
+Navy free to guard the North Sea, and to face the new and growing German
+naval force.
+
+Now, it must always be borne in mind that these arrangements, large and
+small, detailed and general, whereby Great Britain gradually involved
+herself in a network of French and Russian supports and reciprocal
+duties, never took the form of an alliance. The utmost pains were taken
+by English diplomatists and permanent officials at the English Foreign
+Office, experts and servants, to state that England remained free in
+spite of all to act as her conscience or her interest might dictate,
+whenever, or if, war should break out between the two groups of
+Continental powers. No one can read the conflict of evidence between the
+German Ambassador and Sir Edward Grey in the highly typical telephone
+incident which took place immediately before the recent declaration of
+war without seeing that liberty of action was maintained by the
+Government of Great Britain until the very last moment.
+
+But one cannot do a number of things, each weighted with a similar
+tendency, without one's whole conduct and fate being determined in the
+direction to which those actions tend. To preserve one's legal or
+technical independence is not enough. In this specific case, for
+instance, the naval arrangement proved an exceedingly weighty thing.
+France could say:
+
+"Relying on your explicit, though not expressed, support of myself and
+Russia, I guarded your trade routes in the Mediterranean and left my
+northern coasts undefended. Here is war about to break out with those
+northern coasts of mine bare against the overwhelming attack from the
+German fleet, and with nothing wherewith I can guard it; and that
+nakedness is entirely due to having trusted you. You may not have a
+legal obligation, but the moral one is not to be shirked."
+
+At any rate, I insist upon the tendency of all these various diplomatic
+acts, because it has been they that might have dragged the most
+reluctant Government into this conflict, and it was they which, in
+combination with the cardinal policy of preventing maritime rivalry in
+the narrow seas, decided the present policy of this country.
+
+3. But, as I have said, there was a third cause, much vaguer and, until
+war actually broke out, of little effect. Though there had existed for
+thirty years from 1880 until after the beginning of the new century such
+strong bonds of sympathy between Great Britain and North Germany--bonds
+riveted by Court influence and much more strengthened by the influence
+of the universities and of religious leaders--though some contempt for
+and alienation from the French had become of increasing note in English
+public utterances and literature, yet Great Britain retained upon the
+whole the Western doctrine of civilization and of its traditions.
+
+The increasing German reaction against those traditions, particularly in
+morals, was not wholly sympathetic to the temper of the gentry, at least
+in England, and was sometimes exasperating.
+
+All nations have cynically violated treaties at one time or another, but
+there is about a solemnly undertaken treaty by the great European powers
+and affecting the happiness of the smaller neutral States something
+particularly sacred. And though it must not for one moment be regarded
+as the principal cause of the war, it is true that the crudity of
+Prussia's neglect of treaties, the too simple fashion in which Prussia
+proposed a breach of international obligations in the matter of Belgium,
+did affect the conscience of not a few powerful men in England, and,
+what is perhaps more important, furnished a definite and concrete point
+on which the doubtful issue of peace or war could repose.
+
+It must be remembered in this connection that Prussia had a novel
+tradition of her own in such matters. The phrase "The Frederickian
+tradition" is an accurate phrase. Frederick the Great did start the open
+and avowed doctrine that a breach of international convention and of
+international morals is always tolerable in the aggrandizement of one's
+country.
+
+I think one is not telling the truth if one says that the proposed
+violation of Belgian territory for the invasion of France was of a
+nature to cause an explosion of anger in the very hardened minds of the
+professional politicians in any modern country. There is not one group
+of them that has not been guilty of something of the sort before. But I
+think one is telling the truth if one says that the over-simple and cold
+way in which Prussia took it for granted that the violation of a solemn
+and most important treaty was nothing just shocked opinion, even of the
+politicians, sufficiently to help to incline the balance against her.
+
+There is much more. The Prussian estimate of Russian, of French, and
+even of English psychology was very erroneous. The Prussian way of
+getting France not to join is about as subtle as spitting in a man's
+face, and the elephantine gambols of the German diplomats in London
+during the fatal week preceding the war were a positive aid to the
+catastrophe that was about to take place. They blundered as hard and as
+heavily as it was possible to blunder; going to the wrong people;
+despising the subtly powerful; paying court to the more advertised and
+less controlling of the English public men, and in a word behaving
+themselves after that fashion for which we have coined the adjective
+"newspaper."
+
+There was further the peculiar aggravation of the tone in which the
+Austrian note had been addressed to Servia. There was further the
+patent and almost puerile double dealing of Berlin in the attempted
+negotiations for peace between Russia and Austria--in which negotiations
+the British Cabinet was very prominent. But beyond all these other minor
+points, these three causes I have mentioned, by their convergence, seem
+to have determined England's participation in the war, with all the
+enormous but as yet unguessed consequences that will follow therefrom.
+
+I repeat, I do not say that any one of those three causes would in
+itself have been sufficient. The three combining were just sufficient,
+and this account, if I am not mistaken, justly presents the picture that
+history should have of the manner in which Great Britain determined to
+conclude the long process of her recent diplomatic revolution and to
+engage with the Allies against the German Empire and the Hapsburg house,
+which the German Empire tows in its wake.
+
+
+
+
+AT THE VILLA ACHILLEION CORFU.
+
+By H.T. SUDDUTH.
+
+
+    A haunting presence seems to fill the air,
+      A shade of grandeur gone and e'er to be
+      One with the legends of the Ionian Sea--
+    One memory more linked with Corcyra fair,
+    Disjoined, alas! from presence otherwhere--
+      A lost illusion of the years once free
+      And glorious in the kindling memory
+    Of grand Homeric Past still lingering there!
+
+    The olive orchards crown the hills; the vine
+      And rose still flourish on the sunny slopes
+      As in Alcinous' Gardens; Morning opes
+    Her eyes irradiant with the dawn divine!
+      But now no longer at Achilleion
+      The Kaiser wakes to see fair Eos dawn.
+
+    In Belgian or in Russian lands afar,
+      Beneath the smoke-cloud cope of shrouded Heaven
+      Where hissing shot and shell and War's red levin
+    Spread far and wide the canopy of War!
+    Where Nature shudders and seems to abhor
+      The awful scene; where myriad souls, unshriven,
+      From life and all its joys at once are riven,
+    Behold the Kaiser now 'neath Mars' red star!
+
+    A stern and sombre, gray-haired figure he,
+      And standing midst the wreck of youthful dreams
+      Sees he at times through battle smoke the gleams
+    Of rippling waves on blue Ionian Sea?
+      Thinks he not sadly on the days now gone,
+      And dreams he dreamed at fair Achilleion?
+
+
+
+
+Germany's Strategic Railways
+
+By Walter Littlefield.
+
+
+Germany's explanation of her violation of Belgium's neutrality has thus
+far assumed two successive phases which have been placed on record by
+the Imperial Chancellor in as many speeches in the Reichstag. Before
+that body Dr. von Bethmann-Hollweg said on Aug. 4, 1914:
+
+     Our troops have occupied Luxemburg, and perhaps have also
+     found it necessary to enter Belgium territory. This is
+     contrary to international law. The French Government has
+     declared in Brussels that they will respect the neutrality of
+     Belgium as long as she respects the opponent. We know,
+     however, that France was ready to invade Belgium. France could
+     wait; we, however, could not, because a French invasion in our
+     lower Rhein flanks would have proved fatal. So we were forced
+     to disregard the protests of the Luxemburg and Belgian
+     Governments. We shall try to make good the injustice we have
+     committed as soon as our military goal has been reached. Who,
+     like we, are fighting for the highest, must only consider how
+     victory can be gained.
+
+On Dec. 2 last Dr. von Bethmann-Hollweg said:
+
+     When, on Aug. 4, I spoke of the wrong which we were committing
+     with our march into Belgium, it was not yet established
+     whether the Belgian Government at the last moment would not
+     desire to spare the country and retire under protest to
+     Antwerp.... Now, however, that it is demonstrated by documents
+     found in Brussels how the Belgians surrendered their
+     neutrality to England the entire world knows two facts. One is
+     that when our troops on the night of Aug. 3-4 entered Belgian
+     territory they were on the ground of a State which had given
+     up its neutrality long ago....
+
+To both these charges the Belgium Government has made reply. To the
+first it said that, while the assurance that France would not invade
+Belgium was sufficient, yet if France did take the initiative the
+Belgian Army stood ready to defend its territory from a French invasion.
+
+To the second, it said that the documents found in Brussels merely
+showed an exchange of ideas as to how England might aid Belgium in
+defending her neutrality against an attack by Germany, and that there
+was nothing binding on either England or Belgium as to the outcome of
+these "conversations" of military experts.
+
+In rebuttal Germany has asked: But why were we also not taken into the
+confidence of Brussels and similar plans formulated by which we might
+aid Belgium in repelling an invasion from either France or England?
+
+To this the answer is simple: It has always been one of the objects of
+British policy to preserve Belgian neutrality, and that, aside from
+moral considerations, it would not be good military science for France
+to seek Germany via Belgium.
+
+But this answer is capable of an expansion it has not hitherto received.
+Why did Belgium appear to fear an invasion from Germany and not one from
+England or France?
+
+One has heard a great deal about Germany's supposed ambition to expand
+her North Sea coast at the expense of Denmark, Holland and Belgium, by
+coercing the Danish and the Dutch Governments to rebuild their coast
+fortifications toward England and to dismantle their forts on the German
+frontier. Much has also been said of Germany's contemplated invasion of
+the Low Countries at the time of the Agadir incident in 1911.
+
+Documentary proof of Germany's contemplated initiative has hitherto been
+missing. Certain facts have, however, recently come to hand which
+enable one to review the German explanation. One of these facts embraces
+a project for railway expansion engineered and carried out on the
+Belgian frontier, which can leave no doubt in any reasonable mind that
+Germany deliberately planned to violate Belgium's neutrality the moment
+it became a military expediency to invade France.[8]
+
+[Footnote 8: Compare the railway maps of Northern France and Northern
+Germany in "Cook's Continental Time Tables" for the years 1908 and 1914.
+
+A confidential agent of the British Government examined the ground in
+May, 1914. Part of the results of his work has been published from time
+to time by the military correspondents of The Times and The Morning Post
+of London and all is particularly designated in the British Foreign
+Office Memorandum secured by Prof. Hibben of Princeton on Nov. 9, 1914,
+and published in THE NEW YORK TIMES of Nov. 25. In this memorandum it is
+stated:
+
+"The strategic dispositions of Germany, especially as regards railways,
+have for some years given rise to the apprehension that Germany would
+attack France through Belgium."
+
+The disposition of the Third, Seventh, Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh
+Germany Army Corps and the First, Fourth, and Fifth Cavalry Divisions,
+from Aug. 2 to 5, shown on French war maps, reveals that the attack was
+so made.]
+
+If, according to jurisprudence, the planning to commit crime is legally
+on a par with its achievement, then Germany, for five years prior to the
+war, had been guilty of violating Belgium's neutrality--guilty in such a
+manner as to leave no doubt in the minds of Belgian, French, and English
+statesmen and military experts that the actual commission of the crime
+would some day take place.
+
+It was Belgium's peculiar duty, as will be seen, to prepare for that
+day. To have taken Germany into her confidence on a point on which
+Germany was already fully informed would very likely have hastened the
+day and the tragedy thereof.
+
+In keeping up her forts facing Germany and building none on the French
+frontier, in exchanging ideas with English military experts as to how
+best her neutrality could be defended, Belgium was preparing for the
+inevitable. This inevitableness is no longer a matter of moral
+conjecture. It is a matter of material evidence.
+
+First, let us see what it was that Germany violated. Belgium, partly by
+a decree of the Vienna Congress in 1815 and partly by revolution,
+secured her independence from the Netherlands in 1830. The next year she
+inaugurated her Constitution, and by the Treaty of London, signed Nov.
+15, 1831, became the god-child, as it were, of Austria, France, Great
+Britain, Prussia, and Russia, who guaranteed her neutrality for all time
+in the following manner:
+
+_Article 7--Belgium, within the limits specified in Articles 1, 2, and
+4, shall form an independent and perpetually neutral State. She shall be
+bound to observe this same neutrality toward all other States._
+
+_Article 26--Consequent upon the stipulation of the present treaty there
+shall be peace and unity between H.M. the King of the Belgians, on one
+part, and H.M. the Emperor of Austria, the King of the French, the King
+of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the King of Prussia,
+and the Emperor of all the Russians, on the other, respectively,
+forever._
+
+The treaty, however, was not at once put into force, for there was a
+pending quarrel between Belgium and the Netherlands. When peace was made
+in 1839 the treaty was again brought forward, signed, and promulgated.
+Thereupon all the States of Europe recognized the Kingdom of Belgium.
+The plenipotentiaries who then signed the treaty were Palmerston for
+Great Britain, Sylvan van de Weyer for Belgium, Senfft for Austria, H.
+Sebastiani for France, Buelow for Prussia, and Pozzo di Borgo for Russia.
+
+It has been asserted that, for various reasons, it was not incumbent
+upon the German Empire to observe the treaties contracted for by the
+Kingdom of Prussia. But these assertions, even to German statesmen,
+amount to nothing. That the German Government recognized that "the
+neutrality of Belgium is determined by international conventions" has
+been repeatedly asserted by its numbers, from the inauguration of the
+Imperial Constitution, April 16, 1871, down to Aug. 4, 1914, when the
+Imperial Chancellor admitted that the presence of German troops in
+Belgium was "contrary to international law."
+
+This he stated in the Reichstag. "I speak openly," he had said. That
+same evening he is reported to have exclaimed to the British Ambassador
+that "just for a word--'neutrality,' a word which in war time had so
+often been disregarded--just for a scrap of paper Great Britain was
+going to make war on a kindred nation who desired nothing better than to
+be friends with her."
+
+There can be no doubt that Germany realized just what she was doing when
+she marched her troops into Belgium. The question is, had she any
+preconceived idea of such a march?
+
+In the southwest corner of Prussia is a rectangular piece of territory,
+the western and eastern sides of which are formed respectively by the
+Belgian and Luxemburg frontiers and the River Rhine. This territory
+includes about 3,600 square miles, and supports a population including
+the great centres of Cologne, Coblence, Aix-la-Chapelle, and Treves, of
+nearly 1,000,000 souls. In other words, it is an area about half as
+large as New Jersey, if we omit that State's water surface, and just
+about as thickly populated.
+
+[Illustration: Map Showing Germany's Plan to Invade Belgium by a
+Strategic System of Railways Begun in 1909.]
+
+Five years ago this little corner of Prussia had about 15.10 miles of
+railway to every 100 square miles of territory and New Jersey 30.23. In
+five years the Prussian territory has increased her railway mileage to
+28.30 and New Jersey to a little less than 30.25.
+
+Five years ago, in the Prussian territory, the only double lines
+existing were those from Cologne to Treves, from Coblence to Treves, and
+the two double lines, one on each side of the Rhine, from Cologne to
+Coblence, thus forming the three sides of a triangle. There was also the
+double track running from Cologne to Aix-la-Chapelle. These double lines
+were fed as commerce required, by only two sets of single-track lines,
+all amounting to a little less than 550 miles of traction--a very fair
+service, considering the products of the country covered.
+
+In five years, without any apparent industrial and commercial demand for
+it, this traction has been increased to nearly twice its length, or to
+about 1,020 miles. Villages like Dumpelfeld, Ahrdorf, Hillesheim,
+Pronsfeld, and the health resort of Gerolstein of comic opera fame, all
+of less than 1,300 inhabitants, have been linked up by double-track
+lines with towns like Remagen, St. Vith, and Andernach, whose
+populations only range from 1,500 to 9,000.
+
+Exactly what has been done? In the first place the Stolberg-St. Vith
+line has been relaid and doubled, and very extensive detraining stations
+constructed at various points along it, especially at Weiwertz and St.
+Vith. Then the Remagen-Adenau line has been doubled as far as
+Dumpelfeld, whence a double line has been continued to Hillesheim, with
+double branches outward from Hillesheim to Pelm and Junkerath, both on
+the Cologne-Treves railway.
+
+Then from Ahrdorf, between Dumpelfeld and Hillesheim, a single line has
+been built to connect with the Cologne-Treves line at Blankenheim, and a
+most important double track laid across the barren country from
+Junkerath to Weiwertz on the Stolberg-St. Vith line.
+
+It will thus be seen that five lines converge on Pelm: the double line
+from Cologne, the new double line from Remagen via Hillesheim, and the
+single line from Andernach. Pelm is 2-3/4 miles from Gerolstein, and yet
+over this short distance between the two villages there are laid down
+six parallel lines of rail, besides numerous additional sidings.
+Moreover, the double line from Hillesheim to Junkerath crosses over the
+main Cologne-Treves line by a bridge, and runs parallel to it for some
+distance before turning off to the left to reach Weiwertz.
+
+In fact the knot of lines around Junkerath, Pelm and Gerolstein is a
+marvel of construction for heavy, rapid transit, for no congestion would
+arise in a case of a sudden flood of traffic going in various
+directions, and to secure still more freedom the line from Gerolstein to
+Pronsfeld has been doubled.
+
+Few of these lines, it is to be noted, cross the frontier. Three of them
+as late as last May led to blind terminals within less than a day's
+march from it--the double line from Cologne via Stolberg to Weiwertz,
+the double line from Cologne via Junkerath and Weiwertz to St. Vith, and
+the double line from Remagen via Hillesheim and Pelm to Pronsfeld.
+
+The cost of the whole system, with its numerous bridges and multiple
+sidings, must have been enormous. The German average of $108,500 to the
+mile would hardly cover it.
+
+Here is what a traveler saw when he visited this corner of Prussia last
+May:
+
+     The ---- is as much struck by the significance of the ordinary
+     traffic along these lines as he is by the huge embankments and
+     cuttings on which nothing has yet had time to grow, and by the
+     inordinate extent and number of the sidings to be seen
+     everywhere. Baby trains, consisting of a locomotive and four
+     short cars, dodder along two or three times a day, and if a
+     freight train happens to be encountered, it will be found to
+     be loaded with railway plant.
+
+     Another point that is noticeable is that provision exists
+     everywhere at these new junctions and extensions for avoiding
+     an up-line crossing a down-line on the level; the up-line is
+     carried over the down-line by a bridge, involving long
+     embankments on both sides and great expense, but enormously
+     simplifying traffic problems when it comes to a question of
+     full troop trains pushing through at the rate of one every
+     quarter of an hour, and the empty cars returning eastward at
+     the same rate.
+
+     The detraining stations are of sufficient length to
+     accommodate the longest troop train (ten cars) easily, and
+     they generally have at least four sidings apart from the
+     through up-and-down lines. Moreover, at almost every station
+     there are two lines of siding long enough for troop trains, so
+     that they can be used to some extent as detraining stations,
+     and so that a couple of troop trains can be held up at any
+     time while traffic continues uninterrupted.
+
+It is impossible to believe that this system was constructed for any
+other purpose than to prepare for the exigency which might some day
+force Germany to ignore the Treaty of 1839 and invade Belgium. At least
+it presumably accounts for the vast armies which invested Liege and
+Namur in the early days of last August.
+
+Its existence, in both the light and the darkness of the Treaty of
+Neutrality, shows that Belgium was justified in taking any measures
+which were likely to preserve her national existence, so obviously
+threatened. That these measures were always within the letter and spirit
+of the treaty of 1839 is so much to her credit.
+
+The strategic lines that Germany built on her frontier would have
+justified her in going further. Her obligations to herself and to her
+pledged protectors prevented this. Germany went on with her railway
+building unchallenged. She laboriously constructed an edifice which is
+both a monument and an altar--a monument to military forethought and
+expediency, an altar on which she has sacrificed her national honor.
+
+
+
+
+GLORY OF WAR.
+
+By ADELINE ADAMS.
+
+
+    "Singer, why are you white and sad,
+      And staring through the stars?"
+    "The friend and brother I once had
+      Is fallen in the Wars."
+
+    "Was he at Mons, or by the Aisne,
+      Or near the Flanders shore?"
+    "Also at Rheims, and in Lorraine,
+      And places many more."
+
+    "Had he no children, fair of limb?"
+      "Yes, he had many sons,
+    But most are fallen there with him,
+      Before the monstrous guns."
+
+    "And were the daughters of his heart
+      Crushed also to the sod?"
+    "The nun who saw their lot and part
+      Died maniac, cursing God."
+
+    "His wife?" "The woman lives, yet dies
+      Daily, and with the grace
+    Men say befits her sacrifice,
+      As it befits her race."
+
+    "What was her race, and your friend's rank?
+      Was he of the first line?
+    And was he Briton, Russ, or Frank,
+      Or from beside the Rhine?"
+
+    "Ah, many thousand times untold
+      My friend was each of these,
+    And went from mart or forge or fold,
+      To drown in red, red seas!"
+
+[Illustration: Area of War in Western Europe.]
+
+[Illustration: Area of War in East Prussia and Poland.]
+
+
+
+
+Chronology of the War
+
+Showing Progress of Campaigns on All Fronts and Collateral Events from
+Oct. 15, 1914, to and Including Jan. 7, 1915.[9]
+
+[Footnote 9: This war chronology is continued from the issue of Jan. 23,
+and will be carried on in successive issues.]
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN EASTERN EUROPE
+
+Oct. 16--German-Austrian forces assume offensive between the Vistula
+River and Galicia; fighting near Warsaw and Przemysl; Germans forced
+back into arid country from vicinity of Ivangorod; Servians and
+Montenegrins defeat Austrians at Glasinatz.
+
+Oct. 17--Germans advance near Mlawa; their attempts to cross the Vistula
+repulsed; Austrians claim successes in Galicia; Montenegrins, French,
+and British bombard Cattaro.
+
+Oct. 18--Austrians repulsed at River San; both sides claim victories in
+Przemysl district; report that Germans have lost heavily in trying to
+cross the Vistula at Ivangorod; Servians rout Austrians on the Save and
+the Drina.
+
+Oct. 19--Fierce fighting near Warsaw and Przemysl; Servians capture
+Serajevo forts.
+
+Oct. 20--Przemysl forts damaged; Austrians advance in Stryi and Stica
+Valleys; Servians win at Prekiet.
+
+Oct. 21--Russian General Staff announces German rout in Poland and
+halting of Austrians at the San; Servians repel Austrian attacks in
+Bosnia.
+
+Oct. 22--Russians defeat Germans near Warsaw; Russians capture many
+Austrian soldiers and some guns in Galicia.
+
+Oct. 23--Russians pursue retreating Austrians in Poland; Germans move
+fortified positions to River Warthe and claim victory west of Augustowo;
+Austrians reoccupy Czernowitz and announce capture of fortifications
+around Sambor.
+
+Oct. 24--Russians drive Germans back forty miles from Warsaw; fighting
+south of Piliza River; Berlin reports repulse of attacks west of
+Augustowo; fighting in Galicia; both sides claim victory in Bosnia.
+
+Oct. 25--Russians defeat German rear guard trying to cross the Rivers
+Ravka, Skernevka, and Rylka; German-Austrian forces repulsed near
+Przemysl; fighting in Bosnia.
+
+Oct. 26--Battle raging between Rawa and the Iijanka River.
+
+Oct. 27--New Russian Army crosses the Vistula north of Ivangorod;
+Russians drive Germans from Rawa; Austrians claim victory in Galicia.
+
+Oct. 28--Germans admit that German and Austrian troops have been forced
+to retire from Russian Poland as fresh Russians come up; fighting along
+River San; Hungarian cavalry division almost annihilated in Galicia.
+
+Oct. 29--Russians split opposing armies north and south of Piliza River;
+Northern German army in retreat.
+
+Oct. 30--German Army retreating from the Vistula is hard pressed by the
+Russians, who capture guns and aeroplanes and reoccupy Czernowitz;
+Austrian defeat near Tarnow.
+
+Oct. 31--Germans lose heavily on East Prussian line; Russians occupy
+towns beyond the Vistula; Austrians capture several Russian positions
+and win victory on border of Bukowina.
+
+Nov. 1--Russians regain more of Poland and advance along whole front
+beyond the Vistula; fighting at Opatow; Montenegrins bombard Cattaro and
+advance in Herzegovina; Austrian movement checked at Nadworna.
+
+Nov. 2--Russians advance on East Prussia, while northern force covers
+Warsaw; Germans retreat in three lines; German-Austrian armies in Poland
+make another stand; battle between Austrians and Servians near Rovrye.
+
+Nov. 3--Russians continue advances in East Prussia and Poland; Austrians
+storm Sabao.
+
+Nov. 4--Russians capture Barkalarjewo, drive left wing of German Army
+back toward Biala and Lyck, and dislodge rear guards from Kola and
+Przedborz; Austrians defeated on entire front from Kielce to Sandomierz.
+
+Nov. 5--Germans in critical position; frost a new misery of the
+campaign.
+
+Nov. 6--Russians recapture Jaroslaw; Austrians in retreat along entire
+Galician front; Germans continue to retreat in East Prussia.
+
+Nov. 7--Russians attack last fortified German position at Sieradz on the
+Warthe; Germans check Russians at Kola; Austrian Embassy at Washington
+denies defeat.
+
+Nov. 8--Russian cavalry invades Posen Province and destroys railroad
+near Pleschen; German border population in Posen and Silesia in flight;
+Russians in Wirballen; Przemysl again attacked.
+
+Nov. 9--Russians are sweeping over the Prussian frontier; they occupy
+Goldapp; Germans withdraw further from the Vistula; Austrians are pushed
+back toward Cracow; Russians take many prisoners near Przemysl; Germans
+win victory near Wyschtuniz Lake and capture 4,000 prisoners; Servians
+force Austrian retirement near Shabats; Russians are twenty miles from
+Insterburg and seventy from Posen; Kaiser's estate at Riminten ruined.
+
+Nov. 10--Right wing of German Army driven back toward Masuran Lakes;
+Germans rush reinforcements to Thorn and Posen; Russians occupy Miechow;
+Austrians defeat Servians near Losnitza.
+
+Nov. 11--Russians attack Cracow defenses; Austrians are pursuing
+Servians on Shabats-Losnitza line.
+
+Nov. 12--Russians control East Prussian frontier railway; siege of
+Przemysl resumed; Austrians win victory at Pruth; at the San River they
+try to halt advance on Cracow; Servians rout Austrians who attempt to
+cross the Danube near Semandria.
+
+Nov. 13--Austrians evacuate Central Galicia; Russians take Tarnow,
+Jaslo, and Krosno; Germans face about and advance on Poland on
+forty-mile front; Germans defeat Russians in Galicia and near Kola.
+
+Nov. 14--Russians continue advance in East Prussia; they cross the River
+Schreniava about fifteen miles from Cracow; Germans have successes at
+Stallupoenen and Vlaclaweo.
+
+Nov. 15--Germans withdraw from Kalisz and Weljun; they are repulsed near
+Czenstochow; Russians reach Angerburg.
+
+Nov. 16--Germans check Russian advance in East Prussia at Stallupoenen;
+Russians advancing from Soldau are defeated and driven back toward
+Plock; Russians in Russian Poland driven back to Kutno after German
+success at Wlozlawsk; Cracow is besieged.
+
+Nov. 17--Great battle is being fought in Poland between the Vistula and
+Warthe Rivers; Germans are falling back on the entire line between
+Gumbinnen and Angerburg; Austrians reach the Kolubara River and capture
+8,000 Servians.
+
+Nov. 18--Russian advance guard between the Vistula and the Warthe driven
+back toward the Bzura; battle fought at Soldau; Russians advance in East
+Prussia; Servians and Montenegrins win fight near Trebinje forts.
+
+Nov. 19--Russians driven back behind the Bzura; Germans, reinforced,
+advance twelve miles beyond Lenczyca; Russians push forward in East
+Prussia and Galicia.
+
+Nov. 20--Russians check von Hindenburg on the Vistula-Warthe line and
+win success near Lodz; both sides claim successes on Cracow-Czentochowo
+line; Russian advance continues in East Prussia around Masurian Lakes;
+Russians take four towns in Galicia.
+
+Nov. 21--Russians take Przemysl trenches and find them filled with lime
+as cholera preventive; heavy fighting in Poland; fighting at Cracow;
+lull in East Prussia; Servians fall back on strong positions; they deny
+Austrian reports of victories.
+
+Nov. 22--German Army advances to forty miles from Warsaw; fighting on
+line from Lowicz to Skierniewice; Russians take Gumbinnen; Austrians
+evacuate Neu Sandec; Russians take 2,000 prisoners near Cracow;
+Austrians cross Kolubara River and capture many Servians.
+
+Nov. 23--German advance on Warsaw checked by arrival of Russian
+reinforcements; many Germans captured near Lowicz; Austrians capture
+2,400 Russians at Pilica; successful sortie by Przemysl garrison.
+
+Nov. 24--Ten-day battle in Poland ends in Russian victory, Germans being
+pressed back.
+
+Nov. 25--Left wing of main German Army surrounded in Russian Poland;
+remainder of army tries to retreat north of Lodz; von Hindenburg
+reported cut off from Crown Prince; Russians again invade Hungary and
+corner Austrians in Carpathian passes; Servians rout Austrians who
+crossed the Kolubara.
+
+Nov. 26--Russians report continued successes, while Germans report
+victories between Lodz and Lowicz; Servians make gains; Austrians report
+Przemysl undamaged.
+
+Nov. 27--Germans are sending reinforcements; Austrians admit evacuation
+of Czernowitz; Montenegrins defeat Austrians near Vishegrad.
+
+Nov. 28--Germans retreat in Poland, fighting hard; Russians gain near
+Cracow, and near Strykow; Russians in Czernowitz.
+
+Nov. 29--Montenegrins defeat Austrians in Bosnia; Russians split German
+Army at Lodz into three parts and repulse relief column at Gombin;
+fighting at Strykow and Zgierz; fighting in the Carpathians.
+
+Nov. 30--Three battles are being fought in Poland; Russians report
+capture of ten miles of German trenches near Lowicz; Russians fail in
+attack on Darkehmen; Russians have successes in Galicia and the
+Carpathians.
+
+Dec. 1--Germans break through Russian wing near Lodz, capturing 12,000
+prisoners and 25 guns; Russians claim they have taken 50,600 Austrian
+prisoners in two weeks in Galicia; Austrians claim victories and capture
+of 35,000 Russians in Poland; Russians seize German ammunition barges on
+the Vistula; Servians capture 1,500 Austrians on the River Djid; Germans
+are suffering from the cold in Poland.
+
+Dec. 2--Austrians take Belgrade; both sides claim victories in Poland;
+Russians win at Szczercow, enter Wieliczka, and occupy strong positions
+on the Vistula; Montenegrins repulse Austrians trying to cut them off
+from Servians.
+
+Dec. 3--Germans claim capture of 100,000 Russians in battles in Poland;
+they attempt to flank Russian right wing; Austrians repulse assaults on
+Przemysl; Russians take Bartfeld; Austrians report continued victories
+and say that Belgrade was taken at the bayonet's point.
+
+Dec. 4--Russians win at Lodz; Germans have suffered heavy losses in
+Poland; Allies land troops in Montenegro.
+
+Dec. 5--Germans, reinforced, form new battle line and move on Piotrkow,
+after losing heavily at Lodz.
+
+Dec. 6--Germans occupy Lodz and drive wedge into Russian centre; one
+Przemysl fort falls; Russians shell Cracow.
+
+Dec. 7--Russians bombard Cracow suburbs; new battle on in Poland;
+Russians besiege fortress of Lotzen; Germans abandon Zgier; Servians
+check Austrian advance.
+
+Dec. 8--Germans again in Cracow.
+
+Dec. 9--Servians recapture towns of Valjevo and Ushirza, and take many
+Austrian prisoners; Germans lose heavily in attack on Lowicz; Austrians
+defeated near Cracow; Russians claim that they have 750,000 Austrian and
+German prisoners in Russia.
+
+Dec. 10--Servians capture many Austrians and large stores of supplies.
+
+Dec. 11--Three German columns repulsed in Poland; Austrians defeated
+north of Kesmaj and Parovnitza.
+
+Dec. 12--Servians repulse Austrians at Kosmai; Germans occupy Przanysz,
+but their front line is pierced; Lodz has been evacuated by the
+Russians.
+
+Dec. 13--Germans are defeated in Mlawa region; Posen prepares for a
+siege; Austrian right wing, driven into Bosnia by the Servians, is
+attacked by Montenegrins.
+
+Dec. 14--Servians reoccupy Belgrade; Austrians reoccupy Dukla in the
+Carpathians and capture 9,000 Russians; Germans gain in Northern Poland.
+
+Dec. 15--Austrians abandon Belgrade without a battle; Germans rush fresh
+troops to the Vistula; Austrians recross Carpathians into Galicia and
+drive Russian left back toward the San River.
+
+Dec. 16--King Peter enters Belgrade at head of an army; Servian General
+Staff announces that country is free of invaders; Russians have new army
+in Warsaw.
+
+Dec. 17--Germans report Russian offensive against Silesia and Posen to
+be completely broken; battle at Sochaczew; Austrians have success in
+West Galicia.
+
+Dec. 18--Russians admit falling back and shifting battle lines, but they
+deny defeat; Russians win in Galicia between Sanok and Lisko; Austrians
+announce capture of Piotrkow and Przedborz.
+
+Dec. 19--Germans capture Lowicz; battle on the Bzura; fighting in
+Galicia; Russians hold lines on Dunajec River against spirited attacks;
+Austria claims to hold all West Galicia.
+
+Dec. 20--Von Hindenburg follows up his success at Lowicz; German wedge
+driven further toward Warsaw; Russians cross the Bzura and destroy
+bridges behind them; Death's Head Hussars reported as having been caught
+in a Russian trap and almost annihilated; Servians and Montenegrins
+again invade Bosnia.
+
+Dec. 21--Russians claim that Germans are being pursued into German
+territory; both sides claim advantages in Poland.
+
+Dec. 22--Russian Army menaces Thorn-Allenstein-Insterburg Railroad;
+Germans re-form to protect it; von Hindenburg's left threatened by a new
+invasion of Germany; Germans cross branches of Bzura and Rawka Rivers;
+Austrians are defeated in the Carpathians.
+
+Dec. 23--Austrians defeated in Carpathians and Southern Galicia.
+
+Dec. 25--Movement of civilians to interior of East Prussia.
+
+Dec. 26--Russians gain in South.
+
+Dec. 28--Russians have raised the siege of Cracow to shatter Austrian
+armies attempting flank movement; Russians believe German attack on
+Warsaw has been checked.
+
+Dec. 30--Germans retreat over the Bzura; Russians advance in South
+Poland.
+
+Dec. 31--Germans claim to have taken 136,000 prisoners, 100 cannon, and
+300 machine guns in Poland since November; reports from Petrograd state
+that the Germans lost 200,000 men at the Bzura.
+
+Jan. 1--Russians invade Hungary; Germans in Poland move south; Austrian
+Army split by Russian operations in Carpathian region.
+
+Jan. 2--Germans commence offensive movement against Kielce; Germans
+fortify captured Polish towns.
+
+Jan. 3--Germans capture Bolimow; German advance on Kielce fails, as well
+as German advance between Bzura and Rawka Rivers; Russians take
+thousands of Austrian prisoners and sweep through Bukowina; Germans rush
+to defend Cracow.
+
+Jan. 4--Russians occupy Suczawa; Cracow again threatened.
+
+Jan. 5--Russians defeat Austrians in Uzsok Pass and prepare to invade
+Transylvania; Germans renew activities along the Vistula.
+
+Jan. 6--New Russian army to take offensive against Germans at Mlawa;
+rain is interfering with many field operations; Germans help Austrians
+check advance against Cracow.
+
+Jan. 7--Mud is hampering Germans.
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN EUROPE.
+
+Oct. 16--Germans occupy Ostend; battle line reaches the sea; Allies gain
+near Lille; French are near Metz; Allies check Germans in attempt to
+reach Dunkirk.
+
+Oct. 17--Germans advancing again on Dunkirk; sharp fighting in Alsace;
+British take Fromelles; Allies take Fleurbaix and claim gains on line
+from Ypres Canal to the sea.
+
+Oct. 18--Announcement that Allies' left has pushed forward thirty miles;
+they retake Armentieres; battle near Nieuport; Belgians repulse German
+attacks at River Yser; French repulse attack on St. Die and cut railroad
+in Alsace; Germans evacuate Courtrai; German forces in Bruges move
+toward French frontier.
+
+Oct. 19--Allies advance between Nieuport and Dixmude; fighting from
+Ostend to Lille.
+
+Oct. 20--Germans gain near Lille; Allies report recapture of Bruges.
+
+Oct. 21--Allies repulse German attacks at Nieuport, Dixmude, and La
+Bassee; heavy fighting on the Yser; Germans gain near Lille.
+
+Oct. 22--Battling on the coast; Allies helped by their fleets; cavalry
+battle at Lille.
+
+Oct. 23--German right wing reinforced and gains ground at La Bassee;
+Allies gain near Armentieres; French retake Altkirch; heavy fighting
+between the Ghent-Bruges line and Roulers.
+
+Oct. 24--French gain at Nieuport, but lose ground near Dixmude and La
+Bassee; desperate fighting along Yser Canal.
+
+Oct. 25--Germans cross Yser Canal near Dixmude; Allies press Germans at
+Ostend; French gain near Lille and they claim command of German line of
+communication near St. Mihiel; battle at Nieuport.
+
+Oct. 26--German advance checked on the Yser; fighting at Nieuport.
+
+Oct. 27--Allies capture Thourout; fierce fighting on the Yser Canal;
+Allies claim that Germans have been driven across the eastern frontier
+near Nancy.
+
+Oct. 28--Allies repulse night attack near Dixmude; they make gains in
+Ypres region and between La Bassee and Lens.
+
+Oct. 29--Allies gain near Ostend; Germans gain west of Lille and
+southwest of Verdun; Germans dig intrenchments near Thielt.
+
+Oct. 30--Belgians flood lower valley of the Yser River and compel
+Germans to withdraw; Germans gain in Argonne region.
+
+Oct. 31--Allies yield ground in Belgium; Germans take two towns south of
+Ypres; they have success near Soissons; fighting around Verdun.
+
+Nov. 1--Germans reinforced in Belgium; their advance made difficult by
+floods along the Yser; Allies take Mariakerke and are near Ostend;
+Allies cross the Yperlee and occupy Bixschoote.
+
+Nov. 2--Germans, reinforced, capture Messines; French gain at several
+points in advance to Ostend; Allies take Ramscapelle with the bayonet.
+
+Nov. 3--Germans are being flooded out of the Yser region; they capture
+men and guns east of Soissons and gain ground east of Vailly; Allies
+check Germans in Argonne region; Belgians trap Germans by ruse at
+Furnes.
+
+Nov. 4--Germans lose along the Yser and shift their line for a new
+attack; they repulse Allies south of Verdun and in the Vosges; they gain
+near Vailly; British and Germans have battled for three days in Ypres
+region; Germans suffer much in flooded trenches.
+
+Nov. 5--Germans repulsed at Arras; Allies lose, then retake trenches;
+Germans, stated to have been watched by the Kaiser, beaten at
+Armentieres; Germans gain in Argonne region and in the Vosges; Belgians
+report progress.
+
+Nov. 6--Allies retake Soupir; they capture German trenches on the Meuse
+and east of Verdun; battle raging around Ypres; French trap Germans in
+Arras.
+
+Nov. 7--Battling from the sea to Alsace; Allies recapture lost trenches
+in centre and take St. Remi; Germans gain southwest of Ypres; Germans
+set up guns at Ostend.
+
+Nov. 8--Allies gain plateau of Vregny; fighting centres at Ypres;
+Germans continue attacks between North Sea and the Lys; they gain in
+Argonne region; Belgians gain at Dixmude and Ypres.
+
+Nov. 9--Germans renew attacks at Ypres and Dixmude; Ypres in flames;
+fighting on the Aisne.
+
+Nov. 10--Allies advance between Ypres and Armentieres and between Rheims
+and Berry-au-Bac.
+
+Nov. 11--Germans capture Dixmude, cross Yser Canal, capture first line
+of Allies' position west of Langemarck, and drive them out of St. Eloi;
+Allies reoccupy Lombaertzyde and repulse attacks near the coast.
+
+Nov. 12--Both sides claim successes on the Yser.
+
+Nov. 13--Germans break through British lines at Ypres; Allies advance on
+the coast to Bixschoote.
+
+Nov. 14--Allies check German assaults near Ypres; fighting at Dixmude;
+Germans win in centre and take Berry-au-Bac; Germans gain in forest of
+Argonne.
+
+Nov. 15--Allies drive Germans across the Yser; German gains in Argonne
+region; they prepare defensive lines from the North Sea to the Rhine.
+
+Nov. 16--Snow and floods check fighting; artillery duels in progress
+from Yser Canal to Dixmude; British Press Bureau report of operations up
+to Nov. 10 praises bravery of Germans.
+
+Nov. 17--Allies gain ground on the Yser between Armentieres and Arras;
+Germans resume bombardment of Rheims.
+
+Nov. 18--Zouaves take forest near Bixschoote; Germans mine and blow up
+west part of Chauvoncourt, occupied by the French; fighting continues in
+West Flanders; Germans have successes in Argonne region and near Cirey;
+pneumonia is in the trenches.
+
+Nov. 19--Fighting in Flanders slackens; French retake Tracy-le-Val; they
+are repulsed in the Argonne region; British bombard Dixmude; many cities
+in West Flanders are in ruins.
+
+Nov. 20--French abandon Chauvoncourt; artillery duel south of Ypres;
+British gain at Bixschoote; new big gun of Allies is doing effective
+work; French wreck German earthworks and supply trains near Rheims.
+
+Nov. 21--French artillery stops German attacks in Woevre district;
+French capture heights at Ornes and advance in Argonne region.
+
+Nov. 22--Cold halts fighting on the Yser; Ypres is bombarded; artillery
+fighting near Soissons and Vailly; Germans trapped by floods at Dixmude;
+Germans fortify Belgian coast.
+
+Nov. 23--Fierce fighting in the Argonne; Ypres again bombarded; German
+operations in Belgium checked by bad weather.
+
+Nov. 24--Germans attack Allies from Ypres to La Bassee.
+
+Nov. 25--French bombard Arnaville and claim general gains; Germans gain
+at Arras; Indian troops retake lost trenches in Flanders.
+
+Nov. 26--Allies' armored train wrecks bridge across the Yser.
+
+Nov. 27--Rheims again bombarded; French gain in Alsace.
+
+Nov. 28--Germans mass near Arras; new British army has landed in France.
+
+Nov. 29--Allies capture important positions near Ypres; health of
+Germans on the Yser endangered by flooded trenches.
+
+Nov. 30--German losses on the Yser are found to have been very heavy.
+
+Dec. 1--Germans prepare for new dash toward the sea; cold is depleting
+the British ranks; Germans on the Belgian coast are suffering from
+famine, disease, and cold; battle on the Yser renewed; Germans are
+active north of Arras.
+
+Dec. 2--British, reinforced, take over the command of the Yser region.
+
+Dec. 3--Germans take offensive between Ypres and Dixmude; they lose
+heavily in trying to cross the Yser on rafts; French occupy Lesmenils;
+they take Tete de Faux in the Vosges, and Burnhaupt in Alsace.
+
+Dec. 4--Allies repeatedly attack the German lines in Flanders; fresh
+reserves are waiting behind Allies' lines.
+
+Dec. 5--French gain in Upper Alsace; they try to drive Germans from St.
+Mihiel.
+
+Dec. 6--Allies make advances in France.
+
+Dec. 7--Allies begin a general offensive movement; Belgians repulse a
+German boat attack along Yser Canal; Germans are leaving Alsace.
+
+Dec. 8--German headquarters moved from Roulers; Germans make new attack
+on Dixmude.
+
+Dec. 9--Belgians capture German trenches on the Yser by a ruse; Germans
+shell Ypres and Furnes.
+
+Dec. 10--Germans evacuate Roulers and Armentieres; French win victory at
+Vermelles.
+
+Dec. 11--Allies push forward; Germans rush guns to Ostend.
+
+Dec. 12--Allies drive Germans across the Yser Canal.
+
+Dec. 13--Allies have repulsed persistent German attacks in a three-day
+battle on the Lys; French gain in St. Mihiel region.
+
+Dec. 14--French continue aggressive movements in Alsace and Lorraine.
+
+Dec. 15--Allies advance on the whole front in movement to drive Germans
+from Belgium; German attacks south of Ypres repulsed and way to Roulers
+opened.
+
+Dec. 16--Germans evacuate Dixmude; German defenses near Arras mined;
+Allies maintain offensive; Germans force the fighting in Argonne region;
+Allies make gains from Arras to the sea; Germans repulsed in Woevre
+region and in Alsace.
+
+Dec. 17--Allies enter Westende; Germans rush more troops to Belgium.
+
+Dec. 18--Allies take Roulers; fighting in Lille and near Arras.
+
+Dec. 19--Allies gain at several points from the North Sea to the Oise;
+they lose near La Bassee.
+
+Dec. 21--Allies extend offensive operations; they report progress in the
+centre.
+
+Dec. 22--Allies press offensive; Germans shell hospital at Ypres; they
+claim that Allies' advance has failed.
+
+Dec. 23--Allies make slight gains.
+
+Dec. 24--British are using new howitzers; some German trenches have been
+torn to bits by French guns.
+
+Dec. 25--Reported that the French are shelling the outer forts of Metz;
+unofficial truce along much of the battle front; soldiers feast and get
+many gifts from home; in some instances Allies and Germans exchange
+gifts and visits.
+
+Dec. 26--Fog halts fighting in Flanders.
+
+Dec. 27--Germans pushing preparations for defense of Antwerp.
+
+Dec. 28--New Paris defenses are completed; the Rhine is being
+additionally fortified.
+
+Dec. 29--Germans reinforce line in Belgium.
+
+Dec. 31--Lull in the fighting on most of the front in Flanders and
+France; French take half of the village of Steinbach, Upper Alsace,
+which is of strategic importance.
+
+Jan. 3--French gain near Rheims and St. Mihiel, but are repulsed near
+St. Menehould; floods hinder fighting; conditions in Yser trenches are
+very bad.
+
+Jan. 4--Germans admit loss of Steinbach.
+
+Jan. 5--Germans are moving big guns from Ostend; French press on toward
+Cernay.
+
+Jan. 6--French make further progress at St. Mihiel; bombardment of
+Furnes necessitates shifting of Belgian headquarters.
+
+Jan. 7--French make progress in direction of Altkirch.
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN FAR EAST.
+
+Oct. 30--Japanese attack Germans at Tsing-tau; Indian troops aid
+Japanese.
+
+Nov. 1--Desperate fighting at Tsing-tau; city is in flames.
+
+Nov. 4--Japanese capture German guns and 800 prisoners at Tsing-tau.
+
+Nov. 6--Germans surrender Tsing-tau fortress.
+
+Nov. 7--Formal capitulation of Tsing-tau; Japanese will administer city.
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN AFRICA.
+
+Oct. 28--Belgians defeat Germans on Lake Tanganyika.
+
+Oct. 29--Allies take Edoa.
+
+Nov. 4--Germans defeat British in German East Africa.
+
+Nov. 7--Belgians aid British forces in the Congo.
+
+Nov. 23--British defeated in attack on German railway terminus in East
+Africa.
+
+Nov. 27--Maritz, Union of South Africa revolutionist, defeated.
+
+Dec. 10--Governor General Lord Buxton says that the revolution in the
+Union of South Africa is ended and reports capture of 7,000 rebels.
+
+Dec. 23--Portuguese retreat before Germans in Angola.
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN ASIA MINOR AND EGYPT.
+
+Oct. 29--Turkey begins war with Russia by bombarding Odessa from the
+sea.
+
+Nov. 2--Russians and Turks are fighting near Trebizond.
+
+Nov. 3--Turks claim victory over Russians in Armenia; German officers
+are with camel corps on Turkish-Egyptian frontier; Suez Canal
+threatened.
+
+Nov. 4--Russia begins invasion of Armenia.
+
+Nov. 5--England and France declare war on Turkey; Russians seize
+Armenian towns; Turks have successes in Kara-Killissa and Tehan
+districts; England annexes the Island of Cyprus; German officer
+sentenced to life imprisonment by Egyptian police for having plans to
+dynamite Suez Canal.
+
+Nov. 6--Armenians besiege town of Van.
+
+Nov. 7--Russians have successes northeast of Kara-Killissa.
+
+Nov. 8--Russians take Keprekioi in Armenia and hold road to Erzerum.
+
+Nov. 9--Russians take Turkish fort near Erzerum and pursue Kurdish
+cavalry; Russians win at Kohrikoi on River Araxes.
+
+Nov. 10--France, England, Russia, Belgium, and Servia issue a formal
+declaration of war against Turkey; both sides claim victories in Erzerum
+region.
+
+Nov. 13--Russians advance on Erzerum from three directions; Turks fail
+in flank attack.
+
+Nov. 14--Russians rout Kurds in cavalry battle in Armenia; Turks have
+success on Caucasian border.
+
+Nov. 15--Turks occupy Persian town of Kotur; British troops land in
+Basra Province; Indian troops, aided by British cruiser, occupy Turba,
+Arabia.
+
+Nov. 16--Russians defeated near Koprukeui; British take Turkish camp at
+Fao.
+
+Nov. 17--Russians checked near Fao; Turks occupy Duzkeuy.
+
+Nov. 19--Russians defeat Kurds in Persian Armenia; fighting near
+Urumiah; British success in Arabia.
+
+Nov. 22--Turks win near Port Said and reach Suez Canal; Russians gain
+near Juzveran.
+
+Nov. 23--British defeat Turks near Persian Gulf.
+
+Nov. 24--Russians defeat Turks in Armenia.
+
+Nov. 26--Turkish advance checked in Armenia.
+
+Nov. 28--Fierce fighting in the Caucasus; Enver Bey starts for Egypt.
+
+Dec. 6--Turks occupy Keda.
+
+Dec. 8--Turks defeated near Batum.
+
+Dec. 9--Turks at Kurna surrender to Indian troops.
+
+Dec. 10--British take 1,100 Turkish prisoners and nine guns.
+
+Dec. 11--Sheik Kiazim, Chief of the Shiites, proclaims a holy war; Turks
+report occupation of Geda.
+
+Dec. 15--Senussi tribesmen threaten Egypt.
+
+Dec. 18--Turks reinforced in Asia Minor.
+
+Dec. 20--Turks gain near Lake Urumiah.
+
+Dec. 21--Russians win in Armenia--Turks lose equipment.
+
+Dec. 22--Arabs menace Christians in Hodeida; French Consul is seized.
+
+Dec. 23--Turkish Army leaves Damascus and marches toward Suez Canal.
+
+Dec. 25--Russo-Turkish operations stopped by cold.
+
+Jan. 1--Turks invade Russia but fail to envelop Russian forces.
+
+Jan. 2--Turks penetrate into the Russian Caucasus and occupy Ardahan.
+
+Jan. 4--Turks ravage Persian territory.
+
+Jan. 5--Russians rout Turkish columns at Ardahan and Sari-Kamysh;
+Russians capture Izzet Pasha.
+
+Jan. 7--Turks occupy Urumiah.
+
+
+NAVAL RECORD.
+
+Oct. 16--British cruiser Hawke sunk by German submarine U-9; British
+tramp steamship Induna sunk by Germans; British steamer Guendolen fires
+on German ship on Lake Nyassa; British and Japanese warships bombard
+fort near Tsing-tau.
+
+Oct. 17--British squadron, led by the Undaunted, sinks four German
+torpedo-boat destroyers off Dutch coast; allied fleets bombard Cattaro.
+
+Oct. 19--British battleship Triumph damaged at Tsing-tau; Japanese
+cruiser Takachiho sunk by German submarine S-90 in Kiao-Chau Bay;
+British fleet helps to repel German land attacks between Nieuport and
+Dixmude; Austrian submarine sunk in Adriatic by French cruiser.
+
+Oct. 20--German warships sink British submarine E-3; British gunboats
+fight German submarines and coast batteries; Japanese fleet takes
+islands of Marianne group; two German ships sunk at Jaluit; British
+steamer Giltera sunk by German submarine off Norwegian coast.
+
+Oct. 21--British monitors Severn and Mersey shell German right flank;
+Cattaro again bombarded by French fleet, attack of Austrian submarines
+being repulsed; German cruiser Emden sinks five British steamships and
+captures a sixth in Indian Ocean; British steamer Cormorant sunk.
+
+Oct. 22--British torpedo boat damaged by German artillery fire off
+Nieuport; French ships aid British in bombardment near Ostend; British
+auxiliary cruiser Carmania damaged.
+
+Oct. 23--Allies' squadrons seeking German cruisers Emden and Karlsruhe;
+Emden's activity is having a bad effect on Indian shipping; French ships
+aid British in shelling Belgian coast towns.
+
+Oct. 24--British destroyer Badger sinks German submarine; Ostend
+bombarded by French warships.
+
+Oct. 25--Japanese sink German cruiser Aeolius off Honolulu.
+
+Oct. 26--Vessel containing French and Belgian refugees sunk near Calais,
+probably by a mine, the passengers being rescued by a British ship;
+Germans claim that the British ships have been driven back from the
+Belgian coast.
+
+Oct. 27--Germans lay mines off Irish coast; British freighter Manchester
+Commerce sunk; Germany demands that China release shipwrecked sailors of
+submarine S-90, which was destroyed by the Germans when being pursued by
+Japanese.
+
+Oct. 28--Emden sinks Japanese steamer; Japanese cruiser Chitose repulses
+attack by two German warships.
+
+Oct. 29--Emden, flying the Japanese flag, enters Penang Harbor and sinks
+Russian cruiser Jemtchug and a French destroyer; Turkish warships shell
+Theodosia and sink two Russian steamers; British vessels slightly
+damaged off Belgian coast, with ten men killed; Swedish steamer Ornen
+and two British fishing boats sunk by mine in North Sea; British sink
+German steamer in the Adriatic.
+
+Oct. 30--Russian and Turkish fleets in battle in the Black Sea; Turkish
+torpedo boats bombard Odessa, sinking Russian gunboat Donets, three
+Russian liners, and French steamer Portugal.
+
+Oct. 31--Japanese and British warships attack Tsing-tau; German
+submarine sinks British cruiser Hermes in Strait of Dover; Turkish
+cruiser bombards Sevastopol; Russian fleet attacks Turkish fleet near
+Sevastopol.
+
+Nov. 1--German squadron under Admiral von Spee defeats British squadron
+under Rear Admiral Cradock off Coronel, Chile; British flagship Good
+Hope and the cruiser Monmouth go down with all on board: Germans suffer
+but slightly; shelling of Allied fleets sets fire to Tsing-tau.
+
+Nov. 2--Turkish (formerly German) cruiser Goeben damaged by fire from
+Russian forts; British ship scuttled in Black Sea; Turkish commander
+sinks his ship to prevent capture; Germans blockade coast of Asiatic
+Turkey with mines; Karlsruhe captures British steamers Vandyck,
+Hurtsdale, and Glanton.
+
+Nov. 3--Anglo-French squadron bombards the Dardanelles forts; British
+cruiser Minerva bombards Akabah, Arabia, and sailors occupy the town;
+British submarine D-5 sunk by mine in North Sea.
+
+Nov. 4--Austrian cruiser Kaiserin Elizabeth sunk by Germans to prevent
+seizure; Anglo-French fleet continues bombardment of Dardanelles forts;
+German warships seen off coast of England; German cruiser Yorck sunk by
+mine in Jade Bay.
+
+Nov. 5--British tow German sailing ship into Queenstown, the Captain not
+having heard of the war; British mine sweeper Mary sunk in North Sea.
+
+Nov. 6--British ships shell Belgian coast; Turks bombard Batum; British
+warship damaged while shelling Dardanelles forts.
+
+Nov. 7--Japanese squadron searches for German squadron in the Pacific;
+Russians bombard Turkish Black Sea ports.
+
+Nov. 8--Russians report sinking of four Turkish transports; Turks sink
+Greek steamer carrying British flag; two Dardanelles forts destroyed by
+bombardment.
+
+Nov. 9--Emden escapes British warship, but loses her store ships;
+Russians bombard Bosporus ports; Swedish steamer Ate blown up by mine.
+
+Nov. 10--Australian cruiser Sydney wrecks German cruiser Emden, which
+had destroyed more than $5,000,000 worth of British shipping; war risks
+drop in consequence; British Admiralty reports that the German cruiser
+Koenigsberg has been bottled up in the Rufiji River, German East Africa.
+
+Nov. 11--British torpedo boat Niger sunk by German submarine; Japanese
+torpedo boat sunk by mine in Kiao-Chau Bay.
+
+Nov. 12--Turkish torpedo boat captured by Allies; Turkish cruiser Goeben
+crippled by shell.
+
+Nov. 14--News comes to America by mail of the sinking of the British
+super-dreadnought Audacious on Oct. 27 off the Irish coast; apparently
+done by a mine.
+
+Nov. 15--Many mines picked up by Dutch coast guards; mine layer flying
+Norwegian flag and manned by German sailors captured at Belfast; British
+cruiser Edinburgh aids in capture of Turba, Arabia, by Indian troops.
+
+Nov. 16--Mine cast up by sea kills seven in Holland.
+
+Nov. 17--Swedish steamer Andrew sunk by mine in North Sea; German
+squadron bombards Libau; Russian Black Sea fleet attacks Trebizond;
+German cruiser Berlin interns at Trondhjem to escape enemy.
+
+Nov. 19--British naval guns bombard Dixmude; French cruiser Waldeck
+Rousseau sinks Austrian submarine.
+
+Nov. 20--Austrian steamer Metkovitch sunk by mine off Dalmatian coast.
+
+Nov. 21--The Goeben badly damaged in Black Sea.
+
+Nov. 22--Turkish warships shell Taupse, but are repulsed by Russian land
+batteries.
+
+Nov. 23--British warship Patrol rams German submarine U-18 and captures
+crew off coast of Scotland; German destroyer S-124 wrecked in collision
+with Danish steamer.
+
+Nov. 24--French bark Valentine sunk by Germans near Island of Mas a
+Fuera; British ships attack German naval base at Zeebrugge.
+
+Nov. 25--British steamer Malachite sunk by German submarine near Havre.
+
+Nov. 26--British battleship Bulwark blown up in the Thames; magazine
+explosion is the accepted theory, but there is some suspicion that it
+was the work of spies; Turkish mine layer sunk in the Bosphorus; cruiser
+Goeben is being repaired.
+
+Nov. 27--British collier Khartoum blown up by mine off Grimsby.
+
+Nov. 28--Norwegian and Danish trawlers seized by the British for laying
+mines while using English port as base; British fishermen sweep coast
+waters for mines.
+
+Nov. 30--British ships again bombard Zeebrugge.
+
+Dec. 3--Danish steamer Mary blown up by mine in North Sea, six men
+dying.
+
+Dec. 6--Forty British and French war vessels are off the Dardanelles.
+
+Dec. 7--British steamer Charcas sunk by German transport in the Pacific;
+Swedish ships Luna and Everilda sunk by mines.
+
+Dec. 8--British squadron under Vice Admiral Sturdee defeats German
+squadron under Admiral von Spee off the Falkland Islands; German
+flagship Scharnhorst and the cruisers Gneisenau, Leipzig, and Nurnberg
+are sunk; the British casualties are slight.
+
+Dec. 9--Three German merchantmen sunk in South Atlantic; Gulf of Bothnia
+closed because of mines.
+
+Dec. 10--German submarine raid on Dover repulsed by the forts; Turkish
+gunboat sunk by defense mine.
+
+Dec. 12--Turkish fleet bombards Batum.
+
+Dec. 14--British submarine B-11, by diving under five rows of mines,
+sinks Turkish battleship Messudieh in the Dardanelles.
+
+Dec. 15--German cruiser Cormorant interned at Guam; Turks bombard
+Sevastopol.
+
+Dec. 16--German warships shell the English coast towns of Scarborough,
+Hartlepool, and Whitby; about 120 persons are killed and 550 wounded;
+British warships shell Westende.
+
+Dec. 17--Austrian training ship Beethoven sunk by mine; British squadron
+bombards Turkish troops on Gulf of Saros; Russians sink German steamship
+Derentie off Turkish coast; Norwegian ship Vaaren sunk by mine in North
+Sea; three British ships sunk by mines.
+
+Dec. 18--British auxiliary cruiser Empress of Japan captures collier
+Exford with forty of Emden's crew on board; Russian Black Sea fleet
+sinks two Turkish ships.
+
+Dec. 19--Russian warship Askold captures German steamer Haifa and sinks
+a Turkish steamer; British warships shell German positions between
+Nieuport and Middelkerke.
+
+Dec. 20--Allied fleets bombard interior forts of the Dardanelles.
+
+Dec. 21--British capture German steamers Baden and Santa Isabel.
+
+Dec. 22--Allied fleets shell German positions along Belgian coast;
+French destroyer shells Turkish troops; allied fleets shell Kilid Bahr.
+
+Dec. 23--Russian destroyers in Black Sea bombard coast villages.
+
+Dec. 24--French cruiser slightly damaged by Austrian torpedo; French
+submarine sunk by shore batteries.
+
+Dec. 26--British make naval and air attack on German fleet without
+important results; French attack Austrian naval base at Pola on the
+Adriatic.
+
+Dec. 27--British cruisers, assisted by seaplanes, attack German naval
+base at Cuxhaven; British claim to have done considerable damage.
+
+Dec. 29--English coast towns expected American sympathy over German
+raid; dread new raid, and hold navy was dilatory.
+
+Dec. 30--French submarine torpedoes Austrian dreadnought Viribus Unitis,
+but fails to sink her.
+
+Dec. 31--Thirty French and British warships are bombarding Pola.
+
+Jan. 1--British battleship Formidable torpedoed and sunk in English
+Channel; 600 men lost.
+
+Jan. 4--Official Press Bureau at Berlin announces that the Formidable
+was sunk by a submarine off Plymouth; British ships shell Dar-es-Salaam,
+German East Africa.
+
+Jan. 6--Turkish cruiser Goeben damaged by mines.
+
+Jan. 7--Germans state that Austrian submarines are holding back French
+fleet in the Adriatic.
+
+
+AERIAL RECORD.
+
+Oct. 23--German Taube brought down in Dunkirk; Reymond, French aviator,
+killed near Verdun; German aviators drop bombs on Warsaw.
+
+Oct. 24--Zeppelins harry fighters southwest of Ostend.
+
+Oct. 25--Five German aeroplanes destroyed by French.
+
+Oct. 27--New Zeppelin flies northward from Friedrichshafen; new British
+gun is effective against airmen.
+
+Oct. 29--German airmen drop bombs on Bethune, nineteen women being
+killed; British airman chases bomb-dropping Taube at Hazebrouck.
+
+Oct. 30--French airmen rain bombs on German officers near Dunkirk.
+
+Nov. 3--German airman drops bombs on Furnes; three German aeroplanes
+brought down near Souain; British airman drops bombs in Thielt.
+
+Nov. 6--Austrian airmen drop bombs on Antivari.
+
+Nov. 13--Russian cavalry captures two German aviators near Plock.
+
+Nov. 14--Austrian aeroplane drops bombs on Antivari.
+
+Nov. 15--Prince Danilo's villa in Antivari wrecked by aeroplane bomb.
+
+Nov. 21--French and British aeroplanes drop bombs on Zeppelin sheds at
+Friedrichshafen; one French airman shot down.
+
+Nov. 24--Aeroplane bomb dropped in Warsaw street kills several people
+and narrowly misses American Consulate; airmen are using steel arrows to
+drop from aeroplanes.
+
+Nov. 26--British aviator wrecks German military train.
+
+Nov. 29--German aviators drop bombs on Lodz; French aviators drop
+circulars inviting German soldiers to desert.
+
+Dec. 5--Aeroplane bombs dropped near Baden.
+
+Dec. 6--Russian aviators attack Breslau forts; French aviators attack
+Freiburg.
+
+Dec. 7--Major Gen. von Meyer killed by an arrow dropped by an aviator;
+Ostend set on fire by aeroplane bombs; ten killed at Hazebrouck by bomb
+dropped by German aviator.
+
+Dec. 8--German airmen drop appeals to Indian troops to desert British.
+
+Dec. 9--Aviator of Allies destroys Scheldt pontoon bridge at Antwerp;
+Belgian aviator destroys three German motor trucks and scatters cavalry
+detachment.
+
+Dec. 12--German airman who dropped bombs on Hazebrouck killed by French
+shells.
+
+Dec. 16--British and French aviators are making raids almost daily into
+German territory.
+
+Dec. 18--French aviators drop bombs in Lorraine.
+
+Dec. 19--Two German aviators stranded on a Danish island and interned in
+Denmark.
+
+Dec. 20--German aeroplane drops bomb on Calais.
+
+Dec. 21--Aviators of Allies drop bombs in Brussels and make night attack
+near Ostend.
+
+Dec. 22--Deschamps, Belgian aviator, killed by his own bomb.
+
+Dec. 24--German aeroplane, trying to reach Paris, is shot down; German
+aviator drops bomb in Dover.
+
+Dec. 25--Two German aviators fly up the Thames, but are routed by
+British.
+
+Dec. 26--Zeppelin drops bombs on Nancy; German aeroplanes make raid in
+Russian Poland; French aviators attack Metz.
+
+Dec. 30--German airmen drop bombs in Dunkirk, killing fifteen; French
+aviators active in Flanders.
+
+Jan. 1--German aeroplanes bombard Dunkirk.
+
+Jan. 3--Austrian aviator drops bombs on Kielce.
+
+Jan. 4--French aviators drop bombs near Brussels.
+
+
+AMERICAN INTERESTS.
+
+Oct. 30--Slight damage to American property in bombardment of Odessa.
+
+Oct. 31--American Refugee Society formed in the United States.
+
+Nov. 10--Henry Field, grandson of the late Marshall Field, is serving as
+a British Army chauffeur.
+
+Nov. 13--British authorities demand that Americans show passports on
+embarking for home.
+
+Nov. 19--American Consulate in Berlin takes charge of the work of
+finding American baggage in Germany.
+
+Nov. 25--Rush for new passports by Americans in London.
+
+Nov. 28--American Ambassador to Turkey says American missionaries are
+not being molested.
+
+Dec. 28--American Government sends memorandum to British Government
+through Ambassador Page vigorously protesting against interference with
+American commerce by British warships; American Relief Committee in
+London still busy, and renews lease of its offices.
+
+Dec. 31--Full text of American note on British interference with
+American trade is given out in full simultaneously at Washington and
+London; the war has cost the United States $382,000,000 in decreased
+exports up to Dec. 1, according to statement issued by Department of
+Commerce.
+
+
+AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
+
+Oct. 17--Men formerly found physically unfit to be now re-examined.
+
+Oct. 20--Wounded fill Budapest and South Austrian towns.
+
+Oct. 21--Troops rushed from Italian frontier to strengthen German line
+in Belgium; Gen. Bruderman, defender of Lemberg, disgraced.
+
+Oct. 27--Acute distress in Southern Hungary; there are reports of
+sedition in the army.
+
+Oct. 30--France is arranging for repatriation of Austrian citizens.
+
+Nov. 3--It is reported that Austria is seeking a separate peace.
+
+Nov. 10--Lists of losses show that many Hungarian nobles have been
+killed in battle.
+
+Nov. 12--Army mutineers are shot.
+
+Nov. 22--Cholera in Przemysl.
+
+Dec. 2--Hungarian Chamber of Deputies votes war bills.
+
+Dec. 3--Opposition members of Hungarian Parliament are bitter against
+the Germans.
+
+Dec. 6--Defenses of Vienna are being strengthened.
+
+Dec. 8--No music after midnight allowed in Vienna; 60,000 wounded are in
+hospital there.
+
+Dec. 10--Czech regiments refuse to fight against Servia.
+
+Dec. 16--Anti-war riots in some cities.
+
+Dec. 17--Emperor orders displacement of Field Marshal Potiorek because
+of defeat in Servian campaign.
+
+Dec. 22--Many soldiers killed in troop train accident.
+
+Dec. 23--Discontent is being manifested in Hungary; independence
+movement gains headway.
+
+Dec. 30--Anti-war riots throughout the country; Servian campaign is
+abandoned.
+
+Dec. 31--Emperor issues a New Year's rescript to the army and navy,
+praising bravery of soldiers and sailors.
+
+Jan. 2--Conditions in Trieste are distressing.
+
+
+BELGIUM.
+
+Oct. 16--People delay returning to Antwerp, where Germans are levying on
+city for supplies; refugees flock to Dover.
+
+Oct. 18--Full text of Belgium's "Gray Paper" published in THE NEW YORK
+TIMES; movement to secure supplies in England; famine acute.
+
+Oct. 19--Fifty thousand refugees return from Holland; there are nearly
+1,000,000 refugees in Great Britain, France, and Holland.
+
+Oct. 21--British Official Press Bureau praises Belgian Army; Cardinal
+Mercier returns to Belgium from Holland and urges all Catholic refugees
+to follow him; water supply restored and tramways running in Antwerp;
+Brussels now governed as a German city.
+
+Oct. 22--Government denies anti-German plot with England before the war
+and calls on German press to print alleged records of such plot seized
+at Brussels.
+
+Oct. 24--German public is stirred by stories of brutalities by Belgian
+civilians toward wounded Germans.
+
+Oct. 26--Millions are facing starvation.
+
+Oct. 28--One-fourth of the Belgian Army is disabled.
+
+Oct. 29--Many Belgian wounded in Calais.
+
+Oct. 31--Maeterlinck says that buildings in Brussels have been mined.
+
+Nov. 12--Sightseers visit Louvain; city is being restored.
+
+Nov. 16--Fuel supply problem is becoming serious.
+
+Nov. 18--Faculty of University of Louvain invited to University of Notre
+Dame.
+
+Nov. 21--German Information Service says that Belgians interned in
+Holland are bitter against the British for lack of sufficient aid at
+Antwerp.
+
+Nov. 22--Mayor of Ypres shot by Allies as a spy.
+
+Nov. 23--Maeterlinck appeals to the United States and Italy to save
+Flemish art treasures.
+
+Nov. 24--Encounters are frequent between smugglers and Germans at Dutch
+border.
+
+Nov. 26--Germany publishes photographic reproduction of document which,
+it charges, proves Anglo-Belgian military agreement.
+
+Nov. 30--Rotterdam reports that Germany has decided to levy a tax of
+$7,000,000 a month on Belgium, and an additional tax of $75,000,000.
+
+Dec. 13--Brussels and suburbs decide to pay fine to Germans.
+
+Dec. 15--Provincial councils ordered by German Governor General to meet
+to consider payment of tax; bankers prepare to pay it.
+
+Dec. 20--Representatives of provinces agree to pay tax.
+
+Dec. 23--Report from London that Brussels tax has been waived and that
+the American Minister protested against its imposition.
+
+Dec. 26--Neutral nations notified by Germany that Consuls will not be
+recognized further.
+
+Dec. 28--Minister to United States protests against cancellation of
+consular exequaturs by Germany.
+
+Dec. 29--Belgian authorities point out to United States that Germany's
+decision to cancel exequaturs raises question of sovereignty in Belgium.
+
+Jan. 3--Ghent taxes bachelors to meet German demands.
+
+
+CANADA.
+
+Oct. 16--Canadian troops go into camp at Salisbury Plain, England.
+
+Oct. 19--There are a considerable number of men from New York in camp at
+Salisbury Plain.
+
+Oct. 21--Americans in Montreal supply funds for armored motor cars with
+American crews.
+
+Oct. 29--Border residents apprehensive of raids by Germans and Austrians
+living in United States.
+
+Nov. 3--German newspaper in the West ordered to stop printing seditious
+matter.
+
+Nov. 4--King and Queen visit troops on Salisbury Plain.
+
+Nov. 6--Indians contribute to war fund and offer to send warriors.
+
+Nov. 7--Soldiers go sightseeing in London.
+
+Nov. 8--Major Gen. Hughes, Minister of Militia and Defense, returns from
+England; he says troops are well, but will not go to front for some
+time; they are to have additional training.
+
+Nov. 11--Mines laid near Victoria.
+
+Nov. 14--Premier Borden says hosts of men are volunteering.
+
+Nov. 18--Men in Canadian regiments who are said to be of German blood
+are rejected by British authorities.
+
+Nov. 20--German newspapers barred from Canada.
+
+Nov. 24--American Consuls directed to assist German and Austrian
+subjects in Canada.
+
+Nov. 27--Canadian doctors arrive in France to establish hospital.
+
+Nov. 28--Precautions are taken against possible raids across Niagara
+River by Germans.
+
+Dec. 26--German reservists reported to be gathering in California to
+raid Vancouver; report not taken seriously by Canadian authorities.
+
+Dec. 31--Princess Patricia's Light Infantry Regiment reaches the front.
+
+
+EGYPT.
+
+Nov. 2--Martial law proclaimed.
+
+Nov. 14--Moslems pay no attention to Turkish war moves.
+
+Nov. 21--Turks and Germans seek to sow sedition.
+
+Nov. 29--Princes Abbas and Osman banished by British authorities on
+charge of engaging in anti-British conspiracy.
+
+Dec. 1--Premier Rushdi Pasha declares for Britain; he tells of benefits
+conferred on his country by British.
+
+Dec. 17--England declares protectorate; Turkish suzerainty at an end.
+
+Dec. 18--France recognizes British protectorate.
+
+
+ENGLAND.
+
+Oct. 16.--Labor Party declares sympathy with Government; London hotels
+discharge German and Austrian help.
+
+Oct. 17--Winston Churchill defends sending of marines to Antwerp; he
+says relief plans miscarried.
+
+Oct. 18--Anti-German riots in London.
+
+Oct. 19--Irish Nationalists, at meeting in London, take pledge to avenge
+Belgium; many arrests for the looting of German shops.
+
+Oct. 20--Germans and Austrians expelled from Brighton.
+
+Oct. 21--All unnaturalized German and Austrian residents between ages of
+17 and 45 are to be taken to detention camps.
+
+Oct. 22--Westminster Abbey heavily insured against aeroplane hazard.
+
+Oct. 24--More anti-German riots in London; paintings removed from
+National Gallery to places of safety: Kitchener orders sobriety among
+soldiers; Germany protests to neutrals against seizure of Germans on
+neutral merchant ships.
+
+Oct. 25--John Redmond urges Irish to enlist.
+
+Oct. 27--Government complains that many Germans are getting consular
+certificates from American officials by posing as Englishmen.
+
+Nov. 1--British affairs in Turkey turned over to American Embassy.
+
+Nov. 2--Admiralty orders North Sea closed to commerce; Turkish
+Ambassador handed his passports.
+
+Nov. 3--Government will not molest American ships carrying cotton to
+German ports.
+
+Nov. 4--Americans will fight as First London Machine Battery.
+
+Nov. 5--Proclamation that holy places in Arabia and Mesopotamia must not
+be touched.
+
+Nov. 6--Detectives say some London buildings are strong German forts;
+large trade in mourning clothes in London; Sweden protests against
+closing of North Sea.
+
+Nov. 7--Government thanks United States State Department for help
+rendered at Constantinople by Ambassador Morgenthau.
+
+Nov. 8--Japanese Emperor and Empress send thanks for British aid at
+Tsing-tau.
+
+Nov. 10--Karl Hans Lody shot as a spy in the Tower of London; when first
+arrested he claimed to be an American.
+
+Nov. 11--Germans are exhibiting dumdum bullets which they charge have
+been taken from British soldiers.
+
+Nov. 12--Mass meeting in London in support of Kitchener's appeal for
+temperance by soldiers.
+
+Nov. 13--Officers sent to Russia to discuss tactics of eastern campaign;
+sentry in concentration camp kills a German prisoner.
+
+Nov. 14--Under Secretary of War Tennant urges football players to
+enlist.
+
+Nov. 17--War Office denies that British have used dumdum bullets, but
+accuses Germans of using them; less crime in the country.
+
+Nov. 20--House of Commons votes additional army of 1,000,000 men.
+
+Nov. 21--Balfour says there must be no patched-up truce; Somali chiefs
+in Jubaland want to join the army; 19,000 members of the Automobile
+Association have given their cars for army use.
+
+Nov. 22--Five German rioters killed in detention camp on Isle of Man.
+
+Nov. 23--Newspapers show disgust over failure of attempts to get
+football players and spectators to enlist; recruiting is slow in
+Manchester; War Office is advertising for officers.
+
+Nov. 25--Coast towns prepare to resist invasion; Indian soldier receives
+Victoria Cross; shooting of prisoners on Isle of Man has angered
+Germany; reprisals feared.
+
+Nov. 27--Coroner's jury finds that shooting of prisoners on Isle of Man
+was justified; London newspapers agree to curtail football news as aid
+to recruiting.
+
+Nov. 28--Two German spies found in new army just landed in France;
+famous athletes on casualty lists.
+
+Dec. 1--German-born members of Parliament remain away from war sessions.
+
+Dec. 2--Dublin newspaper suppressed for opposing enlistment and
+expressing pro-German sentiment.
+
+Dec. 5--Many football players are enlisting.
+
+Dec. 9--Preparations are being made to meet possible German landing.
+
+Dec. 11--Gibraltar is being provisioned.
+
+Dec. 12--German officer found hidden in packing case at Gravesend.
+
+Dec. 14--Government is searching for German wireless station on Norfolk
+coast which is blocking messages.
+
+Dec. 16--Movement to form women's volunteer reserve.
+
+Dec. 17--Many Germans arrested following raid on coast towns; numerous
+cases of ptomaine poisoning in Blackheath Camp.
+
+Dec. 19--Many soldiers are insane or have nervous prostration as a
+result of battle horrors.
+
+Dec. 21--Some German prisoners of war are being placed on prison ships.
+
+Dec. 23--Germany's offer to exchange one British prisoner of war for
+five German prisoners is declined.
+
+Dec. 26--Government has constructed a bridge of boats across the Thames.
+
+Dec. 30--Archbishop of Canterbury appeals for recruits.
+
+Dec. 31--An undercurrent of irritation is evident over the American note
+on interference with American commerce; a new decoration, the Military
+Cross, has been instituted for the army.
+
+Jan. 3--Day of intercession and prayer throughout the Empire; second
+expeditionary force sails for England from Australia; a third force is
+being recruited.
+
+Jan. 4--Many men leave their positions in civil life to join the army as
+a result of the raid on the coast towns.
+
+Jan. 6--Many clergymen are enlisting.
+
+
+FRANCE.
+
+Oct. 16--Learned societies plan expulsion of German members.
+
+Oct. 17--Germans arrested in Paris; coal supply low in Paris; sugar
+prices are rising.
+
+Oct. 18--President Poincare's country house destroyed.
+
+Oct. 20--Military authorities deny German charge that towers of Rheims
+Cathedral are used as observation post.
+
+Oct. 21--Baron de Coubertin will train young men who would normally
+enter the army in 1916; Germany protests against alleged cruelties.
+
+Oct. 22--It is reported that 500,000 new soldiers are ready to fight.
+
+Oct. 24--Lille and Rheims have been much damaged by German shells;
+exchange of civilians with Germany begins.
+
+Oct. 26--German property in France not confiscated, but taken into
+trusteeship.
+
+Oct. 28--Many volunteer to give their blood to help Dr. Carrel in saving
+the wounded.
+
+Oct. 29--Count de Chambrun shells his own home.
+
+Oct. 30--Chateau of Princess Hohenlohe seized.
+
+Nov. 1--Envoy asks for passports from Turkey; French affairs turned over
+to American Embassy.
+
+Nov. 4--Officers discard swords and conspicuous uniforms; they will
+direct charges from rear to foil German sharpshooters.
+
+Nov. 7--City of Roulers in ruins.
+
+Nov. 8--Premier Viviani decorates Mayor of Rheims and says city will be
+rebuilt.
+
+Nov. 9--Military attaches of neutral countries allowed to visit theatre
+of war.
+
+Nov. 10--Rheims still being bombarded.
+
+Nov. 18--Germans declare they saw observation post on towers of Rheims
+Cathedral; bombardment resumed; Appenrodt's restaurant looted in Paris.
+
+Nov. 19--Germans are working coal mines and mills in occupied French
+territory; President Poincare strikes names of Germans from roll of
+Legion of Honor.
+
+Nov. 21--New field gun outranges German guns.
+
+Nov. 26--German surgeons and deaconesses sentenced to prison for
+looting.
+
+Nov. 28--Regimental dispatch dog mentioned in orders as having fallen in
+duty; Germans charge use of dumdum bullets by the French.
+
+Dec. 1--Gen. Joffre tells Alsatians that the French have come back
+permanently.
+
+Dec. 4--Youths 18 years old are called for military examination;
+Mohammedan soldiers from Tunis are being sent to serve in Europe;
+Germans charge brutalities to Germans in Morocco.
+
+Dec. 11--The Cabinet meets in Paris, marking the moving of the capital
+from Bordeaux; youths of class of 1915 go into training.
+
+Dec. 13--Full text of France's "Yellow Book" published in THE NEW YORK
+TIMES; postal notice announces that letters to twenty-one communes in
+Alsace need only ordinary stamps.
+
+Dec. 14--Man who mutilated German sentry is shot.
+
+Dec. 17--Priests hold mass in the trenches; French heroism lauded at
+meeting of French Academy; but a small percentage of the wounded are
+dying.
+
+Dec. 18--French court held in Alsace.
+
+Dec. 19--Lille is near starvation.
+
+Dec. 22--Premier Viviani makes address at opening of Parliament in
+Paris, declaring that the war will end only with restoration of
+Alsace-Lorraine, restoration of Belgium, and assurance of lasting peace.
+
+Dec. 25--Portion of Alsace celebrates Christmas under French rule.
+
+Jan. 7--French Cabinet makes public report of Government Commission
+which has been investigating German methods of waging war; report
+charges Germans with habitual "pillage, outrage, burning, and murder."
+
+
+GERMANY.
+
+Oct. 16--Count Zeppelin is supervising construction of new airships;
+reinforcements sent to von Kluck; tax levied on Bruges.
+
+Oct. 20--Report that Zeppelin fleet is being prepared for attack on
+London; Britons over 55 years old to be allowed to leave country.
+
+Oct. 22--Chancellor Delbrueck announces in Prussian Diet that nation
+will not lay down arms until victory is won; pioneer company of Lorraine
+battalion granted right to wear skull and crossbones on caps.
+
+Oct. 23--Women spies meet death bravely.
+
+Oct. 24--Looting barred in Antwerp; survey of conditions shows many men
+eager to enlist.
+
+Oct. 26--Prince of Monaco protests against manner in which Gen. von
+Buelow proposes to treat his property in France; Government complains of
+seizure by England of Red Cross ship Ophelia.
+
+Oct. 27--Germans in Southern Hungary ask for aid.
+
+Oct. 29--German tourists flock to Antwerp.
+
+Oct. 30--Forty thousand teachers are at the front; 1914 reserves called
+out.
+
+Nov. 1--Freedom of the City of Blankenburg conferred upon Capt. von
+Mueller of the cruiser Emden.
+
+Nov. 3--Consuls of neutral nations allowed to inspect prison camps;
+Government will not interfere with cargoes of ships carrying cotton to
+Russian ports.
+
+Nov. 4--There is a shortage of army officers; the Kaiser decrees
+promotions on short service.
+
+Nov. 7--Conspicuous insignia removed from officers; British civilians
+sent to detention camp.
+
+Nov. 8--Nation regrets loss of Tsing-tau, but bravery of garrison is
+praised; border patrols prevent Belgian civilians from crossing into
+Holland.
+
+Nov. 10--Admiral von Spee and many men of his squadron receive Iron
+Crosses.
+
+Nov. 11--Fortifications of Antwerp are being repaired.
+
+Nov. 15--Three defensive lines prepared between North Sea and the Rhine,
+to be used in event of retreat.
+
+Nov. 16--Names of occupied French and Belgian cities are Germanized.
+
+Nov. 17--All aliens expelled from Frankfort.
+
+Nov. 18--Port of Hamburg deserted, but shipyards are busy.
+
+Nov. 21--Blast furnaces used as crematory at Charleroi; Government has
+granted permission for six officers of the American Army to follow
+forces as military observers; Ambassador Bernstorff files with United
+States State Department complaint that French have violated Red Cross
+Convention of 1906.
+
+Nov. 23--Gen. von Eberhardt removed after defeat in the Vosges.
+
+Nov. 24--Chile charges that German warships have violated her
+neutrality; there is a scarcity of copper; order for locomotives to be
+dismantled to get materials for making ammunition.
+
+Nov. 25--Fortifications north of Kiel Canal are being strengthened for
+fear of invasion; Bavarians are reported by the French to be deserting.
+
+Nov. 29--Indemnity of $37,500 paid to Luxemburg.
+
+Nov. 30--Alsatians are deserting from the army.
+
+Dec. 3--Burgomaster Max of Brussels complains of treatment received from
+Germans.
+
+Dec. 4--Troops are suffering from typhoid; household utensils of copper
+are commandeered because of scarcity of the metal; British prisoner of
+war sentenced to ten years' imprisonment for attack on custodians.
+
+Dec. 6--Second ban of Landsturm told to be ready for service on Dec.
+20.
+
+Dec. 8--Turkish officers are serving with the army in Poland.
+
+Dec. 10--Government has informed the Pope of willingness for Christmas
+truce if other combatants will observe it.
+
+Dec. 11--Many inhabitants of Autry, France, are exiled to Saxony;
+preparations are being made for an extended occupation of French
+territory; French Minister of War obtains affidavits from prisoners in
+concentration camps that Gen. von Stenger ordered killing of wounded.
+
+Dec. 12--Some women refugees at Kiao-Chau want to go to America.
+
+Dec. 14--Socialists disapprove of the anti-war stand taken by Dr.
+Liebknecht, a Socialist member of the Reichstag, who alone of that body
+opposed the new war credit.
+
+Dec. 15--Bavarian soldiers to be court-martialed for mutiny at Antwerp.
+
+Dec. 18--Rumors that Prince Otto of Windisch-Graetz will be the new
+Belgian King.
+
+Dec. 19--Relations between the Prussian Government and the Poles have
+improved.
+
+Dec. 21--George Weill, member of the Reichstag from Metz, is fighting in
+the French Army; Chile protests against alleged violations of her
+neutrality by the navy.
+
+Dec. 22--Supplies in Ghent commandeered for Christmas celebration.
+
+Dec. 24--Germany denies French charges that neutral ships have been
+hired to lay mines in the Mediterranean.
+
+Dec. 27--Commander of the Yorcke gets two-year term for losing vessel;
+German spy seized while trying to enter Gibraltar disguised as a Moor.
+
+Dec. 30--British prisoner sentenced to death for assaulting a German
+officer.
+
+Dec. 31--Kaiser sends New Year's greetings to President Wilson and the
+United States; German press has received with exultation the news of
+American note on British interference with American commerce.
+
+Jan. 7--United States State Department informs Ambassador von Bernstorff
+that the United States cannot investigate the German charge that British
+use dumdum bullets; German military authorities in Belgium deny that
+Cardinal Mercier has been arrested.
+
+
+HOLLAND.
+
+Oct. 18--Government anxious to be relieved of care of Belgian refugees;
+is urging them to return home.
+
+Oct. 19--Cities are feeling the strain of caring for Belgian refugees.
+
+Oct. 28--Army massed on the border because of fear of invasion.
+
+Oct. 31--Ammunition is seized from interned French and Belgian
+soldiers.
+
+Nov. 7--Soldiers protest to the German Minister at The Hague against
+alleged atrocities of German troops on the Belgian border.
+
+Nov. 8--Scheldt River is being guarded; new intrenchments are being
+made; canals are guarded.
+
+Dec. 3--Rioting in Belgian concentration camps; troops kill six Belgians
+and wound nine.
+
+Dec. 7--Government loans wheat to Belgium.
+
+
+INDIA.
+
+Oct. 28--Troops surprise German sentries in Belgium and destroy
+ammunition stores.
+
+Nov. 1--Moslems support England against Turkey.
+
+Nov. 3--The Nizam of Hyderabad issues manifesto proclaiming loyalty to
+Britain; Aga Khan says Germans coerced Turks.
+
+Nov. 6--Army of Afghans sent to the frontier; border tribes reported in
+revolt.
+
+Nov. 10--Letters found on wounded Germans show orders to make Indian
+troops a special target.
+
+Nov. 18--German Emperor tells Crown Prince that Sheik-ul-Islam has
+issued proclamation of Moslem holy war; Indian troops are being used
+against Germans in East Africa.
+
+Nov. 21--Detachment of motor ambulances is being formed for troops in
+fighting in Europe.
+
+Dec. 6--Ruling Princes make large donations to expenses of the war.
+
+Dec. 19--Gaekwar of Baroda buys Empress of India to serve as a hospital
+ship.
+
+
+ITALY.
+
+Oct. 16--Austrian Deputy crosses from Trient into Italy and urges people
+to join Allies.
+
+Oct. 19--Fleet is mobilized, with Duke of the Abruzzi in command.
+
+Oct. 22--Marconi says the country is ready for war.
+
+Oct. 30--Ambassador asked to care for Russian interests at
+Constantinople.
+
+Nov. 2--Large part of the public wants war.
+
+Nov. 10--Hotels discharge German employes.
+
+Nov. 19--Many members of Parliament urge action for the Allies.
+
+Nov. 20--Demonstration against Prof. Grassi, a leader of the pro-German
+party.
+
+Nov. 22--Government assigns $9,200,000 for extraordinary military
+expenses in Cyrenaica.
+
+Nov. 30--Cabinet meets to consider the nation's international policy;
+Federation of the Italian Press denounces visit of journalists to
+Germany.
+
+Dec. 3--Premier Salandro makes speech at opening of Parliament; nation
+will preserve armed neutrality; Belgium is cheered.
+
+Dec. 4--Anti-German and anti-Austrian speeches made in Chamber of
+Deputies.
+
+Dec. 5--Chamber of Deputies passes vote of confidence in the Government.
+
+Dec. 8--Reported in Rome that Prince von Buelow, new German Ambassador
+to Italy, comes to offer Trient as price of Italy's neutrality, and that
+Austria is willing to cede it.
+
+Dec. 13--Artillerymen of older classes called out.
+
+Dec. 14--Meetings held in some cities in favor of intervention;
+pro-Germans mobbed in Rome.
+
+Dec. 19--Unanimous manifestation in Senate in favor of peace; National
+Federation of Engineers offers services of 1,000 engineers for
+enlistment.
+
+Dec. 20--Transportation company fined for trying to ship foodstuffs to
+Trieste.
+
+Dec. 28--Government checks plot to export foodstuffs to Germany; two
+arrests.
+
+Dec. 30--Foodstuff smuggling plot proves to be extensive; German Embassy
+stated to be involved.
+
+
+JAPAN.
+
+Oct. 21--Winston Churchill praises the navy.
+
+Nov. 18--Marshall and other German islands in the Pacific to be handed
+over to England until war ends.
+
+Nov. 19--Baron Kato says sending of troops to Europe is a doubtful
+measure.
+
+Dec. 3--It is reported that Japanese officers are serving with the
+Russian Army.
+
+Dec. 8--Baron Kato tells Diet it has not been decided whether Kiao-Chau
+will be returned to China; he says fleet is looking for German ships in
+South American waters.
+
+Dec. 9--Baron Kato's statement causes a sensation in China.
+
+Dec. 10--Military control over South Sea Islands to be divided with
+Australia.
+
+Dec. 17--Ships sent to South Sea Islands for investigation of
+colonization possibilities; great welcome in Tokio to Lieut. Gen. Kamio
+and Vice Admiral Kato, conquerors of Tsing-tau.
+
+Dec. 22--Gabriel Hanotaux opposes sending of Japanese troops to Europe.
+
+Dec. 30--Foreign Office denies that troops have landed in Russia.
+
+
+RUSSIA.
+
+Oct. 19--Desolation in many parts of Russian Poland; prohibition of use
+of vodka since the war has resulted in much good.
+
+Oct. 22--Funds are being raised to help Poland; Russian Poles urge
+German Poles to lay down their arms.
+
+Oct. 24--Reservists from Canada, including Doukhobors, reach Petrograd.
+
+Oct. 28--German girl spy is shot.
+
+Oct. 29--Polish Catholic regiments are being raised.
+
+Oct. 30--Gen. Dimitrieff gives the order, "Don't count the enemy; beat
+him"; nation welcomes the war with Turkey as giving a chance to settle
+the Eastern question; formation of Polish legions under Polish
+commanders is sanctioned.
+
+Nov. 1--Government warns Bulgaria against attacking Servia.
+
+Nov. 2--Caucasus Moslems are loyal.
+
+Nov. 6--Newspapers refer to Constantinople as Tzargrad.
+
+Nov. 8--Grand Duke Nicholas congratulated by Lord Kitchener on his
+successes.
+
+Nov. 14--Czar will grant funds to aid Catholics in rebuilding ruined
+churches; troops withdrawn from Finland.
+
+Nov. 15--Fines are being levied on conquered Prussian towns.
+
+Nov. 18--Report that Russian troops passed through Scotland to France is
+officially denied in British Parliament.
+
+Nov. 25--Mobilization of first reserves ordered in certain centres.
+
+Nov. 26--An industrial panic is feared; it is reported that Russian
+regiments are in Servia.
+
+Nov. 30--Germans expelled from Petrograd for raising funds for warships.
+
+Dec. 6--Russian professors deride German "Kultur."
+
+Dec. 20--Polish legion organized.
+
+
+TURKEY.
+
+Oct. 19--Turkey declines to discharge German crews of cruisers Goeben
+and Breslau at England's protest.
+
+Oct. 21--Six hundred German officers reported to be in Turkey.
+
+Oct. 29--Grand Vizier is warned that invasion of Egypt means war with
+Allies.
+
+Oct. 30--Allies ask for explanation of bombardment of Odessa.
+
+Nov. 1--British, French, and Russian subjects begin to leave
+Constantinople.
+
+Nov. 2--Grand Vizier expresses regret to Allies for war operations of
+fleet; Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sazonof says it is too late;
+Allies insist on reparation to Russia, dismissal of German officers from
+the Goeben and Breslau, and internment of vessels until end of the war.
+
+Nov. 4--American warship sent to Beirut to protect Christians.
+
+Nov. 5--Authorities restrained from preventing departure of foreign
+subjects by intervention of American Consul.
+
+Nov. 6--Merchandise in cities of Syria seized by Government officials.
+
+Nov. 11--Conspiracy discovered in Constantinople against Germans and
+Young Turks; leaders shot; refugees in Petrograd report Christians in
+peril.
+
+Nov. 12--Military revolt in Adrianople against German commanders.
+
+Nov. 13--Bomb in Enver Bey's palace kills five German officers; Enver
+Bey unharmed.
+
+Nov. 14--Government issues statement blaming war on England.
+
+Nov. 16--Government denies intention to violate international character
+of the Suez Canal; Sultan issues proclamation to army and navy.
+
+Nov. 18--Anti-German plots discovered; army and navy officers protest
+against assumption of authority by Germans; committee formed to rid
+country of German domination.
+
+Nov. 23--Disorders in Constantinople; British Embassy looted; Russian
+hospital pillaged.
+
+Nov. 24--San Stefano church wrecked by mob.
+
+Nov. 26--British, French, and Russians in Jerusalem are imprisoned and
+their homes looted; massacre feared; Italian Consul asks for warships.
+
+Nov. 27--Canadian missionaries allowed to leave the country.
+
+Nov. 28--Riots in Erzerum; Armenians slain.
+
+Nov. 29--Moslem priests urge killing of infidels on first appearance of
+hostile fleets; Government decides to sequestrate all religious
+establishments in Palestine belonging to Allies.
+
+Dec. 1--Turks are becoming brigands at the expense of subjects of the
+Allies.
+
+Dec. 4--Rioting throughout the country; holy war proclaimed against
+Servia and her allies; foreigners in danger.
+
+Dec. 12--Many members of religious orders flee from Palestine; British
+Consul dragged from Italian Consulate in Hodeida.
+
+Dec. 13--Anti-war demonstration by women in Konak and Erzerum;
+foreigners held in Beirut; no letters under seal can be dispatched;
+position of Christians in Armenia is dangerous; mutiny among soldiers in
+barracks and among naval crews; conspiracy against Field Marshal von der
+Goltz.
+
+Dec. 17--Field Marshal von der Goltz is appointed Commandant of
+Constantinople.
+
+Dec. 18--Government permits departure of Consuls and other aliens from
+Syria.
+
+Dec. 19--Government issues manifesto, replying to England's "White
+Paper" on Turkish situation, and giving reasons for joining the war.
+
+Dec. 27--Italian cruiser will help American cruisers in protecting
+Europeans.
+
+Dec. 28--British Consul at Saida freed after threat by American Consul;
+United States cruiser Tennessee takes 500 refugees from Syria.
+
+Jan. 2--Anti-German feeling is growing.
+
+Jan. 4--Germans put Young Turks under oath to support present regime.
+
+Jan. 5--The Pope obtains release of French Catholic missionaries held in
+Syria.
+
+
+RELIEF WORK.
+
+Oct. 16--Cardinal Gibbons appeals for Belgians.
+
+Oct. 22--Dollar Christmas Fund for Belgians is organized; Belgian Relief
+Committee cables $50,000 to Belgians through Ambassador Page.
+
+Oct. 24--British Government lifts embargo on foodstuffs for Belgium.
+
+Oct. 27--Gov. Glynn names New York State Committee of Mercy; Salvation
+Army starts "self-denial period."
+
+Oct. 30--Rohilla, British hospital ship, runs on rocks on Yorkshire
+coast; it is believed 100 perished; American Commission sends foodstuffs
+to Belgium.
+
+Oct. 31--King of the Belgians appeals to the American people for help;
+American Red Cross unit leaves Petrograd for Kiev; Queen Mary sends
+thanks for sending of relief ship Red Cross.
+
+Nov. 2--Rockefeller Foundation is to investigate conditions in Belgium;
+Commission for Relief in Belgium now on an international basis.
+
+Nov. 3--Massapequa, Rockefeller Foundation relief ship, sails.
+
+Nov. 4--Fashion Fete in New York for benefit of Committee of Mercy.
+
+Nov. 7--Committee formed in England to find work for Belgian refugees;
+American Women's Fund in England presents motor ambulances to British
+War Office.
+
+Nov. 9--New York's gifts exceed $1,525,000.
+
+Nov. 11--Wealthy Belgians give $3,000,000 to relief.
+
+Nov. 12--Queen Mary visits the American Women's War Hospital at
+Paignton, Devonshire.
+
+Nov. 13--Two American Red Cross units in Germany; two more Rockefeller
+Foundation relief ships to sail.
+
+Nov. 17--Ambassador von Bernstorff presents statement to Secretary Bryan
+that Germany welcomes American assistance for Belgians.
+
+Nov. 18--Cardinal Mercier sends appeal to America for help for Belgians.
+
+Nov. 20--Cardinal Farley directs special collection for war sufferers.
+
+Nov. 22--Kansas to give 50,000 barrels of flour.
+
+Nov. 23--Rockefeller Foundation will rush relief to wide area; it is
+planned to send supplies to Austria, Servia, and Russia; Massapequa
+unloaded at Rotterdam.
+
+Nov. 25--American Christmas ship Jason, with 5,000,000 Christmas gifts
+for European children, enters Plymouth escorted by warships; Rockefeller
+Foundation investigating agents leave England for the Continent;
+American Relief Clearing House organized to centralize American relief
+in Europe.
+
+Nov. 26--Southern and Western States are contributing liberally;
+American colony in Berlin gives up Thanksgiving dinner to hold
+entertainment for benefit of war sufferers.
+
+Nov. 28--Jason sails from Devonport to Marseilles; American hospital,
+gift of American colony, opened in Petrograd.
+
+Nov. 29--Four ships to be sent by Rockefeller Foundation before Jan. 1.
+
+Dec. 1--American Commission for Relief in Belgium to manage all Belgian
+relief.
+
+Dec. 2--Prince of Wales Fund reaches $20,000,000; Virginia is to send a
+shipload of food and supplies this month.
+
+Dec. 3--Ambassador Gerard cables that Germans approve America's relief
+work.
+
+Dec. 4--American students at Oxford take up relief work in Belgium.
+
+Dec. 5--Batiscan, British steamer, sails with food for Belgians under
+safe conduct from Germany; charity bazaar for benefit of German and
+Austrian soldiers opens in New York.
+
+Dec. 6--New Belgian relief plan is started with capital supplied by the
+Belgian, British, and French Governments; Jason sails for Genoa.
+
+Dec. 8--Two sections of American Red Cross leave Italy for Servia.
+
+Dec. 9--Polish-American Relief Committee formed.
+
+Dec. 10--Fund for the Forgotten Poor of Servia formed.
+
+Dec. 12--American Red Cross ships large consignment of hospital
+supplies; Rockefeller Foundation steamer Niches sails with a $400,000
+cargo; Antwerp is suffering from lack of flour; American Consul
+Diederich asks bread for his family.
+
+Dec. 15--Thirty-five carloads of food arrive in New York for the
+Belgians from the South and West; Jason leaves Genoa for Salonika.
+
+Dec. 17--American commission report shows that cargoes of relief
+supplies valued at over $10,000,000 have been delivered or arranged for;
+Dr. Alexis Carrel is making an inspection tour of the French military
+hospitals.
+
+Dec. 19--W.W. Astor contributes $125,000 for needy families of British
+officers; American hospital opened in Nice for wounded French soldiers;
+large American Red Cross consignment of supplies sent to Russia.
+
+Dec. 20--German bazaar closes, with receipts of $300,000.
+
+Dec. 23--King of the Belgians sends message of thanks to America.
+
+Dec. 28--It is planned that every State shall send a food ship to
+Belgium.
+
+Dec. 29--Total amount given by the United States for Belgium through the
+Belgium Relief Committee is $1,490,000.
+
+Dec. 31--Steamer Massapequa, sent by Rockefeller Foundation, sails on
+her second voyage with supplies for Belgians; Rockefeller Foundation has
+thus far spent more than $1,000,000 on relief; sailing of the fifth
+Belgian relief ship to leave Philadelphia.
+
+Jan. 1--Rockefeller Foundation buys 6,000,000 bushels of wheat in the
+Chicago market for Belgians.
+
+Jan. 3--Shipload of food to be sent from United States to the Albanians.
+
+Jan. 5--Minister Brand Whitlock sends message that Germany will give
+Americans free hands in sending supplies to Belgium; British and German
+Governments require that ships for Belgium shall carry no other cargo
+than supplies; food ship sent by State of Kansas sails; British War
+Office sends thanks for American assistance.
+
+Jan. 7--French Government thanks Americans for work done by Lafayette
+Fund; Ohio, Nebraska, Maryland, and Virginia will send food ships this
+week.
+
+
+RESERVISTS.
+
+Oct. 28--England orders enemy's reservists on the high seas to be
+seized.
+
+Nov. 16--Arrests result from attempt to smuggle Austrian reservists into
+the United States from Canada.
+
+Nov. 20--Austrian reservists stranded in New York say Consuls have
+neglected them.
+
+Nov. 21--Danish and Swedish reservists in Canada told to report for
+duty.
+
+Dec. 2--Belgian reservists of classes from 1899 to 1914 summoned by
+Consul General in New York.
+
+Dec. 12--French reservist living in Northern Canada walks 1,300 miles to
+the nearest railway station to start for the front.
+
+Jan. 2--Four German reservists taken off Norwegian-American liner
+Bergenfjord in New York Harbor and placed under arrest; extensive
+fraudulent passport plot is charged.
+
+Jan. 4--John Doe warrants issued for reservists holding fraudulent
+passports; Bureau of Investigation of Department of Justice is
+conducting inquiry in Philadelphia.
+
+Jan. 6--Federal Grand Jury in New York is to investigate.
+
+[Illustration: South-eastern Theatre of the War]
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY:
+THE EUROPEAN WAR, FEBRUARY, 1915***
+
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