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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Insect Folk, by Margaret Warner Morley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Insect Folk
+
+Author: Margaret Warner Morley
+
+Release Date: July 8, 2006 [EBook #18790]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE INSECT FOLK ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joseph R. Hauser, Janet Blenkinship and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  The Insect Folk
+
+  BY
+
+  MARGARET WARNER MORLEY
+
+
+  AUTHOR OF "SEED-BABIES," "FLOWERS AND THEIR FRIENDS"
+  "LITTLE WANDERERS," ETC.
+
+  _ILLUSTRATED BY THE AUTHOR_
+
+
+
+  BOSTON, U.S.A.
+  GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS
+  1903
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1903, BY
+  MARGARET WARNER MORLEY
+
+  _All rights reserved_
+
+
+
+
+A WORD TO THE CHILDREN
+
+
+DEAR CHILDREN,--The very best way to know the insects is to go
+and watch them. Watch them whenever you can, and each time you will find
+out something new. Books will help you, but you must watch, too. Look
+more than you read.
+
+If you need to catch them, put them under a tumbler, and feed them and
+give them a drop of water every day to drink. Slip a card under the rim
+of the tumbler on one side so as to let in the air. If you do not know
+what to feed them, or if they will not eat, let them go after a day or
+two.
+
+If you wish to kill an injurious insect, do it _quickly and completely_.
+Remember the insects are alive, and we should not make them suffer
+unnecessarily.
+
+Of course you must try to make your captives feel at home. If they live
+in the sand, put sand in the tumbler and tie a piece of netting over the
+top so they cannot escape.
+
+If they live in the water, put them in a tumbler of water. And when you
+have secured your captives, watch them as much as you can.
+
+If you do not know how to pronounce the words in this book, study the
+glossary at the back and it will help you.
+
+I hope you will have a very happy time getting acquainted with your
+little insect neighbors.
+
+                                      MARGARET WARNER MORLEY.
+
+  BOSTON,
+    April 18, 1903.
+
+
+
+
+  CONTENTS
+                                                                    PAGE
+
+  OUR PRETTY DRAGON FLIES                                              3
+
+  THE FAIRY MAY FLIES                                                 25
+
+  THE STONE FLY FOLK                                                  33
+
+  THE SILVER FISH                                                     36
+
+  THE OLD COCKROACHES                                                 41
+
+  NEIGHBOR WALKING STICK                                              52
+
+  THE GRASSHOPPER TRIBES                                              59
+
+  THE SHORTHORNED GRASSHOPPERS                                        61
+
+  THE LONGHORNED GRASSHOPPERS                                         81
+
+  PRETTY KATYDIDS                                                     94
+
+  THE CRICKET-LIKE GRASSHOPPERS                                       99
+
+  THE CHEERY CRICKET PEOPLE                                          101
+
+  A LARGE FAMILY                                                     107
+
+  THE GREAT BUG FAMILY                                               115
+
+  THE WATER BOATMAN                                                  116
+
+  THE FUNNY BACK-SWIMMERS                                            124
+
+  THE GIANT WATER BUG                                                125
+
+  LITTLE MRS. SHORE BUG                                              127
+
+  THE AIRY WATER STRIDERS                                            127
+
+  A QUEER FELLOW                                                     129
+
+  THE WELL DRESSED LACE BUG                                          132
+
+  A BAD BUG                                                          133
+
+  THE TROUBLESOME RED BUG                                            135
+
+  THE RAVENOUS CHINCH BUGS                                           138
+
+  THE WELL PROTECTED STINK BUG                                       139
+
+  THE LOUSE                                                          142
+
+  BIRD LICE AND BOOK LICE                                            142
+
+  FRIEND CICADA                                                      143
+
+  THE ODD SPITTLE INSECT                                             152
+
+  PRETTY LEAF HOPPERS                                                154
+
+  THE COMICAL TREE HOPPERS                                           157
+
+  THE JUMPING PLANT LICE                                             157
+
+  THE APHIDS                                                         158
+
+  SCALE BUGS                                                         165
+
+  THE HORNED CORYDALUS                                               175
+
+  FAIRY LACEWING                                                     183
+
+  THE ANT LION                                                       187
+
+  THE LITTLE CADDICE FLIES                                           190
+
+
+
+
+  ~ODONATA~
+
+  ~EPHEMERIDA~
+
+  ~PLECOPTERA~
+
+  ~THYSANURA~
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+OUR PRETTY DRAGON FLIES
+
+
+Come, children; come with me.
+
+Come to a pond I know of.
+
+See how the water shines in the sun.
+
+Over there is an old log lying on the edge of the pond.
+
+It is covered with green moss, and a green frog is sitting on one end of
+it.
+
+Let us go and sit on the other end.
+
+Goop! he says, and--plump! he has jumped into the water.
+
+That is too bad, frog; we did not mean to disturb you.
+
+How pretty it is here!
+
+See the pickerel weed growing out in the water with its arrow-shaped
+leaves, and its spikes of purple flowers.
+
+See, down in the water are little fish, and very likely pollywogs are
+there too, and lots of queer little things.
+
+But who is this darting over the pond?
+
+Ah, we know you.
+
+You are our queer little, dear little old dragon fly.
+
+Look, children; see the dragon flies darting about like flashes of light
+in every direction.
+
+They are having such a good time.
+
+Whizz! One flashed right past Mollie's ear.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Pretty people, I wish one of you would come and sit by us a little
+while, so we could get a good look at you.
+
+What is that, Ned? You have found a large one lying on the ground?
+
+Sure enough; it is a beauty too, with a green body and silver wings.
+
+Something seems to be wrong with it; it does not fly nor try to get
+away.
+
+What a big one it is!
+
+My! my! what eyes!
+
+Don't crowd, Amy; let little Nell see too.
+
+What is that you say, Richard? "It catches mosquitoes and gnats and
+flies and other insects while flying."
+
+Yes, and that is why it has such big eyes. We should need big eyes
+ourselves if we were to spend our time chasing mosquitoes.
+
+Two eyes you have, little dragon fly, like the rest of us, but your eyes
+are not like ours.
+
+No, indeed!
+
+Each of your big eyes is made up of a great many small eyes packed close
+together.
+
+Do you know, children, that some of the largest of the dragon flies have
+as many as twenty thousand facets, or small eyes, in each large eye?
+
+Think of it! Forty thousand eyes in one little dragon fly head. It
+_ought_ to see well.
+
+These facets are six-sided, excepting those along the edge, which are
+rounded on the outside. You cannot see their real shape without a
+microscope, they are so small. But here is a picture of some facets as
+they look under the microscope.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Eyes like these, made up of many facets, we call compound eyes.
+
+All grown-up insects have compound eyes, though not many have as large
+ones as the dragon fly.
+
+Only insects that chase other insects or that need to see in the dark
+have very large eyes.
+
+See what a big mouth the dragon fly has. Its jaws do not show unless it
+opens its lower lip, which fits over its mouth like a mask.
+
+I should not care to have it bite my finger.
+
+It could not hurt very much, and its bite is not poisonous, still I
+shall handle it carefully.
+
+Some call the dragon fly a darning needle, and say it sews up people's
+ears when they lie on the grass. This is not true. It does not sew up
+anything. It has nothing to sew with.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Why should it want to sew up people's ears, anyway?
+
+It does nothing unpleasant but bite fingers, and it never goes out of
+its way to do that.
+
+If we let it alone, it always lets us alone.
+
+It is our good friend because it catches mosquitoes. For this reason it
+is sometimes called mosquito hawk.
+
+We should never kill a dragon fly.
+
+Sometimes it is called a spindle, I suppose because it is long and
+slender like a spindle.
+
+Down South the colored people believe the dragon fly brings dead snakes
+to life, and they call it snake doctor.
+
+In some places it is called snake feeder.
+
+But it has nothing to do with snakes, dead or alive.
+
+The French have given it a pretty name, _demoiselle_, or damsel fly, and
+that is quite deserved, for the dragon fly is a graceful little
+creature, as pretty as pretty can be.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+See, sticking out of the front of its head are two little feelers, or
+antennæ, as we must call them.
+
+They are very short, but it does not need long ones.
+
+Insects smell with their feelers, you know, but our dragon flies see so
+well they do not need to smell very well, I suppose.
+
+See how it can turn its head around. That is because it has a little
+short neck between its head and its body.
+
+Its eyes, its mouth, and its antennæ belong to its head.
+
+Of course our demoiselle can fly well; one need only look at those wings
+to know that.
+
+To fly well is quite as necessary to one of its habits as to see well.
+
+What would be the use of seeing an insect if it could not fly fast
+enough to catch it?
+
+We all like your pretty wings, little dragon fly; they look like glass
+and they shine so in the sun.
+
+How fast the wings can move! See that dragon fly skimming over the pond;
+its wings make a whizzing sound as it darts about.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Why does it zigzag so?
+
+Why doesn't it fly in a straight line?
+
+Yes, Mollie, you are right, it goes zigzagging along after insects.
+
+It sees one it wants off at one side--whizz! around it turns after it.
+
+Shouldn't you like to fly like that, children?
+
+And yet we would not be willing to exchange our arms and hands for
+wings.
+
+We could not whittle a stick nor write a letter if we had only wings.
+
+In fact we could not do most of the things we now do.
+
+I am glad I have my hands.
+
+We are glad, too, that the dragon flies have their pretty, swift wings.
+
+They have four wings, all nearly the same size and shape, you see, and
+they are all stiff and shining.
+
+Some dragon flies, like this one we have picked up, always keep their
+wings spread out.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+But over there, standing on the end of that stick, is another kind.
+
+When it rests its wings are folded together.
+
+What a pretty one it is! Do you see it?
+
+It is small, but so pretty.
+
+It is bright blue and shines as though it had been polished.
+
+Sometimes birds catch these smaller dragon flies, though birds, as a
+rule, are not fond of any of them.
+
+They are so hard and their wings are so stiff I should think a bird
+might almost as well swallow nails.
+
+I am sure no bird could swallow one of the big ones, wings and all!
+
+But frogs can.
+
+A frog will try to swallow almost anything it can catch, and it watches
+for the dragon flies when they come to lay their eggs in the water.
+
+Suddenly it jumps out, and away goes poor dragon fly into that great
+wide frog-mouth.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Now look at the legs of the dragon fly. It has six.
+
+Every dragon fly has six legs.
+
+They are rather short and small for so large an insect, but that is
+because it does not need large, strong legs.
+
+You never saw a dragon fly dig a hole, or run, or even walk, did you?
+
+Their legs are not arranged for walking. All six of them are directed
+forwards as though they were reaching out after something. And so they
+are--reaching out after insects.
+
+Dragon fly catches his prey while he is flying, and he grasps the
+insects with his feet.
+
+He snatches one, and then what?
+
+Does he sit down somewhere and eat it?
+
+Not he, he is far too hungry for that; he continues his swift flight,
+and as he flies he eats.
+
+As soon as he has finished one fly or gnat, zip! he snatches another.
+
+He has an insatiable appetite, consuming hundreds of insects in the
+course of a day. Nor does he confine his attention to flies and gnats
+and mosquitoes and such small fry. He catches what he can. A large
+dragon fly will even gorge himself on one of the large-sized
+butterflies, and one has been seen calmly chewing away at an enormous
+wasp!
+
+No, indeed, Mabel, the dragon fly does not eat the wings of the
+butterfly, it eats only the soft body.
+
+Probably nothing eats a butterfly, wings and all. Birds and insects
+sometimes catch butterflies, and you often see the bright wings lying on
+the ground. The wings of insects are not worth eating, and are almost
+always cast aside by the creatures that eat the insects.
+
+Besides catching insects with their legs, the dragon flies cling fast to
+things with them, but when they wish to move they do not walk, they fly.
+
+Yes, indeed, Frank, you are right; their legs are jointed.
+
+That is so they can move them easily and fold them up when they want
+to.
+
+They would find it as hard to get along without joints to their legs as
+we should.
+
+Wouldn't we be stiff if we had no joints!
+
+See, the legs and wings are fastened to the middle part of the body, the
+_thorax_, we call it.
+
+All insects have the legs and wings attached to the thorax.
+
+The rest of the body is the abdomen. See how long it is.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is the long abdomen that gives the dragon fly its name of spindle, I
+suppose.
+
+The abdomen is jointed, and it can curl up.
+
+All grown-up insects have a head, a thorax, and a jointed abdomen.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+What are you looking at, Charlie?
+
+Something moving in the bottom of the pond?
+
+Let us get it out.
+
+Here, we will dip it out with this cup.
+
+What a lot of stuff!
+
+Sticks and mud--and--what is that?
+
+Something alive, surely.
+
+Let us put some clean water in the cup and examine what we have found.
+
+My! my! what a queer little thing!
+
+What do you suppose it is?
+
+Ah, I know now, but I do not think you could ever, ever guess, not if
+you tried a week.
+
+It is a young dragon fly!
+
+It does not look much like its shiny-winged parents.
+
+It looks like I don't know what, with a face like--well, when you look
+right in front of it, like a pug dog.
+
+Queer! Well, I should think so! What is that, Amy? Am I sure it is a
+dragon fly?
+
+Yes, there is no mistake; a dragon fly one day dropped an egg in the
+pond, and out of it hatched--this.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It will some day become a shiny-winged dragon fly and catch mosquitoes.
+
+We will call it larva, and we will watch it a little while.
+
+Look and see if it has a head, a thorax, and an abdomen.
+
+Are there antennæ on its head? And has it eyes?
+
+If you were to look at its eyes with a microscope, you would find that
+they are made of six-sided facets, like the eyes of the grown-up dragon
+fly.
+
+They are compound eyes, but they are not as large as the eyes of the
+grown-up dragon fly.
+
+How many legs has it? What are its legs fastened to?
+
+Yes, Nellie, thorax is right.
+
+Its six legs are fastened to its thorax. I am glad you remembered
+thorax.
+
+Has it a jointed abdomen? and has it wings?
+
+Look! did you see that?
+
+It opened its innocent-looking face all of a sudden, just darted it out
+into a long-handled spoon, with hooks at the end, and hooked up that
+little grub.
+
+Now it is holding the grub on the hooks in front of its mouth and eating
+it as greedily as if it were half starved.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+So that is why its face looks so queer.
+
+It is its long under lip all folded up in front like a mask that makes
+it look like a pug dog.
+
+When it pleases it darts out that lip, and any unlucky insect or snail
+may fall a prey to its greedy appetite.
+
+It is said that the larvæ of some dragon flies even eat pollywogs and
+small fishes.
+
+Ned wants to know if "larvæ" means the same as "larva."
+
+Yes, it is the plural form of the word. When we speak of only one we say
+"larva"; when we speak of more than one, instead of saying "larvas," we
+say "larvæ."
+
+The dragon fly larvæ are terrible gluttons, and hidden under the mask
+are strong jaws for chewing up their prey.
+
+Their legs are quite large and strong, too, for they crawl about the
+bottom of the pond or up the stalks of the plants.
+
+They do not move about very fast, but they do shoot out that under lip
+very, very, _very_ fast indeed, so good-by to any little live thing in
+the pond that comes within reach of it.
+
+The dragon fly larvæ do not all look alike. They are different in the
+different species of dragon flies, and, like the rest of us, they change
+as they grow older.
+
+Yes, May, you can keep the dragon fly larvæ until they change into
+dragon flies.
+
+You must supply them with fresh water and with enough to eat.
+
+And you must put a net over the bowl or aquarium in which you keep them,
+otherwise as soon as they are able they will fly away.
+
+How can they fly without wings?
+
+Oh, but they are going to have wings. You know they are young dragon
+flies in spite of their strange appearance.
+
+Be sure and feed them enough, or else they will eat each other, and that
+would be a pity; and be sure there are some water plants for them to
+hide under and crawl upon.
+
+You can give them a little fresh fish or a tiny bit of very fresh meat,
+though they like best the living things they find in the bottom of the
+pond.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+When the dragon fly larva first hatches it is very small and its legs
+are rather long and spidery, but it eats and eats and eats,--my, how it
+eats!
+
+And it grows and grows, and one day it finds its skin too tight.
+
+A tight skin must be rather uncomfortable.
+
+But the larva does not care much for its skin.
+
+It merely splits it open down the back and pulls itself out.
+
+Perhaps you think it must be yet more uncomfortable to be without a
+skin.
+
+But it is not without a skin. It is covered by a new and soft one that
+soon hardens, and that is larger than the old one.
+
+It wriggles out of its old skin as though it were an old coat, and
+leaves it clinging to the weeds in the pond.
+
+Sometime you may find these cast-off dragon fly overcoats.
+
+After it has shed its skin the dragon fly continues to grow. It keeps on
+growing until it has outgrown its new skin.
+
+Then what do you think it does?
+
+Yes, Charlie, that is right, it sheds this skin too.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+When it sheds its skin we say it moults.
+
+It moults several times, and at last little short wings appear. At first
+it has no wings at all, you know.
+
+Amy wonders how the larva breathes under water.
+
+Ah, Master Ned, you are laughing too soon. You think insects do not have
+to breathe, but you are very much mistaken, sir.
+
+Insects do have to breathe.
+
+They would die if they could get no air to breathe.
+
+Some of the dragon fly larvæ have an odd arrangement for breathing under
+water. They have a sort of syringe in the end of the body, and there are
+breathing pores or gills in the syringe.
+
+The water goes in and out of this syringe, and the larva breathes as the
+fish does, by means of its gills.
+
+Yes, May, its gills are in its syringe, which seems very odd,--you see
+the dragon fly larva breathes at its tail end instead of at its head
+end.
+
+Mollie thinks it is an upside-down, inside-out sort of a creature
+anyway. But it knows what it is about.
+
+Ned wants to know how it can get any air to breathe when it lives under
+water.
+
+The truth is, there is always air mixed in with water, and it is this
+air the larva breathes when the water goes in and out of the syringe.
+
+It uses the syringe for another purpose too. When it pleases it can
+shoot out the water with great force, and thus propel itself quite a
+distance.
+
+By means of the syringe it can leap through the water faster than it can
+move by its slow-going legs.
+
+Mollie wants to know if we can see the syringe.
+
+No, it is inside the body.
+
+But there is a kind of dragon fly that has a pair of gills outside, at
+the end of the abdomen, instead of the syringe inside.
+
+The best I can do is to show you a picture of one. Some day we may find
+it in the pond.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Those two feather-like parts at the tail end are gills.
+
+Yes, John, it can propel itself through the water by rowing, as it were,
+with these gills.
+
+There are some species of dragon fly larvæ that swim by moving the tip
+of the abdomen from side to side, as a fish moves its body when it
+swims.
+
+But now let us return to our funny larva that lives at the bottom of the
+pond. It stays down there, eating and growing and moulting, for nine or
+ten months or even longer; then something very wonderful happens.
+
+It suddenly feels a great desire to get up to the top of the pond.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It climbs up a weed or a stick until it is clear out of the water.
+
+Then its skin splits down the back for the last time, and out there
+pulls itself, not a larva, but a weak-looking dragon fly, with soft and
+flabby little wings.
+
+Now is its hour of danger, and now is the time for such birds as like
+the taste of young dragon flies to help themselves.
+
+Catbirds seem to have a special fondness for these helpless insects, and
+have been known to eat them before the flabby little wings had grown
+stiff.
+
+If the birds do not find the newly emerged dragon fly, it remains
+motionless an hour or so, but it does not remain unchanged.
+
+Its wings stretch out and harden.
+
+Bright metallic colors begin to play over them and over its body; and
+all at once--off it darts, away and away, glittering in the sunshine, a
+swift, beautiful winged creature.
+
+Towards the end of summer you will often see dragon flies darting about
+in every direction.
+
+They seem to come in swarms and I think they usually come where there
+are ponds or marshes, for in such places there are many gnats and
+mosquitoes.
+
+Mollie wants to know why it would not be a good plan for people who live
+where there are many mosquitoes to raise dragon flies?
+
+That is a very sensible idea, Mollie, and it has been tried.
+
+Yes, indeed; some men once collected dragon fly larvæ, and took care of
+them until they changed into dragon flies.
+
+Then what do you think happened?
+
+As soon as they got their wings, away went those dragon flies,--away
+and away, without stopping to catch a single mosquito for the men who
+had taken the trouble to raise them.
+
+The dragon flies will not stay at home.
+
+They fly so fast and so far there is no use raising them.
+
+They are among the swiftest and strongest of insects.
+
+How do the larvæ get in the ponds? Frank is asking.
+
+I will tell you what I know about it.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The winged dragon flies mate, and the female then drops her eggs in the
+water or lays them on twigs in the water, where they hatch out into
+larvæ.
+
+The dragon flies have to be very careful when they go close to the water
+to lay their eggs.
+
+You all know why.
+
+Yes, it is because the frogs are on the watch to catch them.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The mother dragon fly knows the larvæ have to live in the water, and so
+she takes pains to put the eggs there; sometimes she even crawls down
+under the water on stems of plants to lay her eggs. Isn't she a wise
+little mother?
+
+There are a good many species of dragon flies.
+
+Some are large and some are small.
+
+Some are bright and some are dull.
+
+There are black ones and bright blue ones, or green ones with blue eyes.
+
+Some are marked with red and yellow.
+
+They are a very gay family.
+
+The dragon fly family is also a very old one.
+
+Indeed, it is one of the oldest families on earth.
+
+Long before there were bees or butterflies or dogs or horses or human
+beings, there were dragon flies.
+
+Don't you suppose that may be why the dragon fly is such a
+strange-looking insect?
+
+It does not look like other insects; it is very old-fashioned, like the
+pine trees.
+
+Pine trees, too, belong to a very old plant family that lived long ago,
+before there were oaks or maples, or other trees that shed their leaves.
+
+Now we must go home.
+
+Good-by, green frog, you may come back to your log now.
+
+Good-by, pretty dragon fly people, we shall never forget you.
+
+Good-by, pleasant pond and moss-grown log, we hope to see you often
+again.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE FAIRY MAY FLIES
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Come, children, and see! Hundreds and hundreds of them are dancing
+about.
+
+What are they? Yes, May, they do make us think of the dragon flies, but
+they are like fairy demoiselles.
+
+They are the May flies, fairy ships sailing in the sea of air.
+
+See how they are tossed about.
+
+Many have fallen to the ground, which is covered with them.
+
+They live but a day, or sometimes only a few hours, and so they are
+called day flies, and also ephemeræ, which means short-lived.
+
+They have eyes, as you can see, little round eyes, but their mouth is so
+tiny they cannot eat.
+
+Strange little beings to come into the world so helpless!
+
+How different from the strong, fierce dragon flies!
+
+See their dainty little legs. Six, you see, and legs and wings grow out
+from the thorax.
+
+Have they an abdomen?
+
+See the long threads at the end of it, they look like slender tails. How
+they spread these threads out as they fly!
+
+They have four wings, but the wings are not shaped like those of the
+dragon fly, and they are very much more delicate.
+
+[Illustration: DRAGON FLY WINGS.]
+
+[Illustration: MAY FLY WINGS.]
+
+Yes, May, I agree with you, they look like fine lace.
+
+The fore wings, you see, are larger than the hind ones.
+
+Richard asks, "Where do May flies come from? and why are they called May
+flies?"
+
+Now, Richard, one question at a time, if you please, and the last shall
+come first because it is easier to answer.
+
+They are called May flies because they often come out in the month of
+May, though sometimes not until June, and some species are as late as
+July in appearing.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+We shall have to look into the ponds and little streams to discover
+where they come from.
+
+See, John has scooped up some little speckled grubs out of the mud. Is
+it possible that _they_ are the larvæ of our fairy May flies? _They_
+have a mouth!--see what big jaws for such little creatures.
+
+And what do you suppose they eat?
+
+No doubt they, too, live on animal food.
+
+No doubt they move about in the mud and catch what they can.
+
+You see, John had to dig them up; they like to burrow in the weeds and
+mud, and some of them even make tunnels of mud in which to protect their
+soft bodies. Their short, stout legs enable them to dig well.
+
+Their bodies are soft, but their jaws are not. O dear, no!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The grown-up May flies mate, and then the female drops her eggs on the
+surface of the water. When she does this a fish will very often jump up
+and seize her, for fish are very fond of May flies, and lucky are the
+May flies to escape these ravenous enemies.
+
+The eggs are heavy and sink to the bottom, where they hatch into these
+queer-looking larvæ that eat and grow and shed their skin just like the
+dragon fly larvæ.
+
+Those brushes along their sides are the gills they breathe with.
+
+See the gills moving swiftly back and forth; they look as though the
+larva wished to swim with them, but this is not why it moves them so
+constantly.
+
+The continual motion of the gills stirs up the water and keeps our larva
+supplied with fresh air.
+
+Nellie is asking what gills are.
+
+Well, gills in fishes and in such insects as have gills, and in crabs
+and lobsters and other creatures that live in the water, are parts that
+often look like fringes or flat plates.
+
+The gills of fishes have a great many blood vessels running through
+them. The walls of these blood vessels are very thin, and the oxygen
+from the air that is in the water passes into the blood that is in the
+gills, and then this blood, all full of oxygen, circulates through the
+fish's body.
+
+You see in fishes the blood vessels come into the gills and get the
+oxygen.
+
+In insects it is different. There are air tubes running like tiny pipes
+all through the gills and into the body of the insect. The oxygen of the
+air that is in the water passes out through the walls of these tubes
+into the blood of the insect.
+
+Yes, John, in fishes the blood comes to the air, in insects the air goes
+to the blood. The air passes into the air tubes of the insects, and thus
+is carried all through their bodies.
+
+The blood takes the oxygen out of the air.
+
+Without oxygen in the blood no animal could live.
+
+Now let us go back to our May flies. They remain in the larval state a
+year, and some species remain two years. Think of living in the mud for
+two long years!
+
+In the mud they creep about, eating, eating, eating. Then some summer
+day they leave the mud and swim to the surface of the water.
+
+Pop! they are gone.
+
+They were so quick about it we could not see what happened.
+
+The larval skin burst open and forth leaped the May fly, like a winged
+fairy from a prison cell.
+
+They do not come out slowly and wait for their wings to dry like the
+dragon fly.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+They spring out all of a sudden and fly away, leaving their cast-off
+skin in the pond.
+
+Unless their motions were quick they might be snapped up by the fish
+that are so fond of them.
+
+But though they seem to emerge thus quickly into perfect winged May
+flies, they are not quite done with infancy. They are still wrapped
+about by a very delicate skin that they have to get rid of. So they fly
+to a bush near the water and stay a little while until this skin splits
+and comes off, and they are free.
+
+In spite of their quick motions when they spring from the water, many of
+the May flies fall back into it and are caught by the fish.
+
+[Illustration here, as the text is broken]
+
+It is said that the trout become fat and good-flavored when the May
+flies emerge, they eat so many of them. And what the fish do not catch
+the birds try to. Swallows and other insect-loving birds have a glorious
+feast when the May flies come out. For a season they live in the midst
+of more delicacies than they can possibly use.
+
+Fish like the May fly larvæ, too, which is probably the reason the larvæ
+have learned to live in the mud, out of reach.
+
+Fishermen dig up the larvæ for bait, so you see the May flies have a
+hard time to get safely through the world.
+
+But in spite of difficulties a great many of them live, and some summer
+day out they come trooping.
+
+They spring all at once from the surface of the water as by magic,
+hundreds and thousands, yes, millions of them. They fill the air, they
+cover everything.
+
+The great naturalist Swammerdam, who was the first to make a thorough
+study of the May flies, thus tells us how they appeared in France one
+year:--
+
+"I then saw a sight beyond all expectation. The ephemeræ filled the air
+like the snowflakes in a dense snowstorm.
+
+"The steps were covered to a depth of two, three, or even four inches. A
+tract of water five or six feet across was completely hidden, and as the
+floating insects slowly drifted away, others took their places. Several
+times I was obliged to retreat to the top of the stairs from the
+annoyance caused by the ephemeræ, which dashed in my face, and got into
+my eyes, mouth, and nose."
+
+These swarms of May flies appear only from three to five days at a
+time.
+
+Wherever there are streams there are May flies, and the canals of
+Holland make good breeding places for them; no wonder, then, the Dutch,
+who you know live in Holland, have a saying, "As thick as May flies."
+
+Although so many of the May flies perish at once, multitudes of them
+drop their eggs into the water to renew the race of May flies.
+
+Is it not wonderful that after so long a period of creeping about in the
+mud as larvæ, these graceful and beautiful little creatures have but a
+few hours in which to dance joyously about in the upper air on wings of
+gossamer? Some, indeed, live less than an hour, and some, that come out
+in the evening, finish their dance of life and perish before sunrise,
+without ever having seen the beautiful daylight.
+
+Yes, strange little beings are they.
+
+They do us no harm and we should not kill them.
+
+Let them live their short lives and be happy.
+
+
+
+
+THE STONE FLY FOLK
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+John has been fishing.
+
+What do you think he caught?
+
+Nary fish, my dears, but a goodly number of stone flies, which he has
+brought to show us.
+
+Yes, Mollie, they do remind us a very little of our May flies, only, of
+course, they are many times larger.
+
+It is rather a clumsy creature in spite of its large wings, and John
+says he had no trouble whatever in catching it.
+
+See, it has four wings, and the hind ones are the larger.
+
+Yes, May, they fold up in plaits, like the sticks of a fan.
+
+See its long antennæ and its compound eyes. Its eyes are not so large as
+are those of the dragon fly. It does not spend its time pursuing other
+insects, but is more like the May fly after it gets its wings.
+
+Yes, Ned, it lives longer than the May fly, but it does not live very
+long, and it eats little.
+
+It is a pretty little gray thing as it rests on the side of John's box,
+with its wings folded like a gossamer cloak over its body.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It lays its eggs in the water, and out of them hatch little six-legged
+larvæ that are not troubled by want of appetite. If the winged stone fly
+does not eat, its larva does; it is like the other larvæ we know, always
+devouring something.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Yes, Charlie, it feeds on living creatures, greatly relishing the larvæ
+of the May flies, or any other luckless insect infants it can capture.
+
+It grows fast and moults several times, and when winter comes it hides
+away, only to come forth at the first breath of spring and continue its
+eating.
+
+Like other larvæ that live under water, it does its breathing by means
+of gills, and these gills are in little tufts just above the base of
+each leg.
+
+It lives under stones, which is why it is called the stone fly, and it
+slides quickly around a corner when you lift up its stone.
+
+Fish are very fond of it, and hunt it as eagerly as it hunts larvæ.
+Since it makes good bait for brook trout, its life is always in danger.
+It finishes its growth in early summer, and emerges from its larval
+skin as a perfect winged insect.
+
+Yes, indeed, John, you can often find dozens of the cast-off skins of
+the stone flies along the brook sides in the month of June.
+
+The stone flies are harmless little people, and we should never kill one
+needlessly.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE SILVER FISH
+
+
+May has something here for us to look at. She says it is a slippery
+rascal. Let us see it. Oh, yes, you have it in that little box. See, the
+box has a glass top. May cut the top off the box herself, and fastened
+in a little pane of glass so we could see the rascal without danger of
+its escaping.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Pretty rascal! Like a little silver fish slipping about the box.
+
+Yes, Charlie, it is called the silver fish. A land fish? Why, yes, it
+would be a land fish if it were a fish at all. But in spite of its name
+it is no fish. It is covered with shining scales, though, that are very
+much like fish scales, and it is shaped a good deal like a fish.
+
+Oh, yes, it is an insect. You see it has six legs. But it has no wings.
+
+No, it is not a young one.
+
+It never will have any wings, no matter how old it may get to be.
+
+It is flat, you see, and its scales make it very slippery, so that it is
+hard to catch and yet harder to hold on to after you have caught it. It
+goes flashing about like a little silver dart, and it loves to eat
+starch.
+
+That is why May calls it a rascal. It eats the starch from the paste
+that fastens on her wall paper, and from book-bindings, so you see it
+makes things fall to pieces. But my! what a pretty rascal it is! Besides
+its name of silver fish, it is also called fish moth, though it is not a
+moth at all. It is also called bristle-tail, because of the long,
+bristle-like parts at the end of its body; and in some places it is
+called a slink, because, you know, it loves dark places, and when you
+uncover it in the daytime, it slips around a corner into the dark again.
+
+Yes, it seems to slink about as if it were ashamed of itself, but it is
+not ashamed; it does not like the light, and it does not like us to see
+it.
+
+Perhaps it is afraid of us.
+
+
+
+
+ORTHOPTERA
+
+
+
+
+THE OLD COCKROACHES
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Children, here is a cockroach.
+
+It was one of the first insects that came to live on the earth;
+cockroaches were here before people, and they are here yet.
+
+You do not think it is pretty?
+
+Neither do I.
+
+I don't know anybody who thinks a cockroach pretty.
+
+Oh, no, it won't bite you.
+
+It will only get into your pantry and eat your food.
+
+It will walk around in the night and frighten you if you go suddenly
+into the kitchen.
+
+It will not frighten you on purpose, but when it hears you coming, it
+will run, and then maybe you will scream and run too.
+
+What is that, May? You've a good mind to scream and run as it is?
+
+Very well, scream and run if you want to; the cockroach won't care.
+
+We do not often see these big black fellows in the North, but sometimes
+we do. Down South cockroaches seem to be everywhere.
+
+What, May? You are never going South, then?
+
+Well, you do not need to go; the cockroaches won't care.
+
+They have little heads and long antennæ, like threads.
+
+What is that, May? You don't care anything about their heads? You don't
+want to know anything about cockroaches?
+
+Oh, yes, you want to know about cockroaches. Remember how old they are.
+
+They have six legs, you see.
+
+You don't care how many legs they have?
+
+Oh, yes, you do. They could not walk if they had no legs.
+
+You wish they couldn't walk?
+
+Dear me, May; you don't seem to like cockroaches.
+
+Poor old cockroaches.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Think how old they are.
+
+What is that you say? They are old enough to know better?
+
+Why, May, what have they ever done to you?
+
+Nothing, only you don't like them?
+
+Well, well, they don't like you, either. Poor old cockroaches; nobody
+seems to like them.
+
+Perhaps they don't care.
+
+Will you let me tell you where they came from?
+
+They do not belong to this country.
+
+Their natural home is tropical Asia.
+
+You see, about four hundred years ago, the ships that bore fruits and
+other merchandise from India and other warm countries in Asia, bore, as
+well, a number of little, flat, reddish brown stowaways.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Stowaways, as you know, are people that do not buy their tickets, but
+that hide among the ship's cargo, and so get free transportation to
+other countries.
+
+Well, these little flat stowaways were not human beings, they were
+insects. Yes, May, they were the cockroaches.
+
+When they landed from their hot land of Asia in cold England, they must
+have wondered what was to become of them. Many of them no doubt died,
+for they cannot stand cold weather at all; but some of them were
+carried, with the fruits and other things, quite unintentionally, of
+course, for nobody guessed they were there, into warm cellars and
+kitchen cupboards.
+
+_Then_ they felt at home!
+
+They knew better than to leave the cosey nooks where they could hide
+away and sleep all day, and when they came out at night would find a
+delicious supper close at hand.
+
+They are great eaters, you know, so what with the good things in the
+pantry and the warmth of the kitchen quarters they prospered wherever
+they could find a kitchen to live in.
+
+Soon they spread all over the large cities of England and finally into
+even remote country districts.
+
+Of course they found their way to the United States of America, and in
+many houses in the North they have taken lodging. But down South, where
+it is always warm enough, they have prospered greatly, and they are
+there in far greater numbers than in the North.
+
+Besides, there is a large American cockroach that belongs to tropical
+America, but that has found its way pretty well over the country. And
+there are cockroaches that live in the woods, some of them coming in the
+night to visit our houses and help themselves from our pantries.
+
+Yes, Mollie, the cockroaches eat almost anything they can find, and what
+they do not eat they spoil by an ill-smelling liquid they give out when
+disturbed.
+
+It is this liquid that makes the cockroaches so very offensive to us.
+We cannot bear to touch one because of it.
+
+Cockroaches eat one variety of food that nobody objects to their having.
+They are fond of bed bugs and greedily devour them.
+
+Besides the large, dark, reddish brown cockroaches there is a little
+tan-colored fellow that is often very troublesome.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is not a native of this country, but is supposed to have been brought
+to England by soldiers from the Crimea, and later it found its way to
+America.
+
+We call it the croton bug, but it is not a bug at all, it is a
+cockroach.
+
+It is particularly numerous about water pipes, and, like the rest of the
+cockroaches, it hides in the daytime.
+
+At night out troop crowds and crowds of the little tan-colored water
+bugs. They run about the floor, and over the pantry shelves. They get
+into everything they can find, and have a beautiful time.
+
+They are funny little fellows, and if they were not so troublesome, we
+might admire them.
+
+How they can run!
+
+All the cockroaches run very fast, so that it is hard to catch one. And
+they are hard and smooth, too, which makes it yet more difficult to
+catch them. They are well made to escape their enemies, and they are so
+flat they can hide in cracks or almost anywhere.
+
+No, May, they do not fly very much. You see this one has short wings. It
+is a male cockroach. The female of this species of cockroach has no
+wings at all, only little hints of wings, as it were.
+
+Such little useless wings we call "rudimentary" wings.
+
+John says he thinks that is a long word for short wings.
+
+Yes, but it is not a hard word,--ru-di-ment-ary, see if you can remember
+it.
+
+The croton bugs have longer wings and they sometimes fly.
+
+If you were to spread out the wings of a cockroach, you would find it
+had four.
+
+What is that, May? You wouldn't spread them out for anything?
+
+Yet wise men have been very much interested in our poor, ill-smelling
+old cockroaches, and have studied carefully all about them.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+If you dislike to touch the cockroach so much, perhaps you will look at
+this picture of a croton bug.
+
+See, the upper wings are different; the cockroach does not fly with
+them, he merely uses them to cover up the under wings, and we call them
+wing covers.
+
+It is the under wings the cockroach flies with.
+
+Cockroaches may not be pleasant, but who can say they are not
+interesting?
+
+What other insect lays its eggs in little bandboxes?
+
+Here is one of the little boxes, shiny and hard.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+This little case is at first a sticky substance that soon hardens. The
+eggs lie in it side by side in two rows.
+
+These cases remain attached to the abdomen of the female cockroach until
+the eggs are all laid. Then the case falls off, and soon out runs a
+crowd of infant cockroaches.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The case is something like a satchel that shuts with a spring. The
+youngsters are packed close together, side by side, with their heads
+towards the mouth of the satchel.
+
+As soon as one hatches it pushes open the side of the case and creeps
+out. Then the case springs together again to protect the rest of the
+brood.
+
+They are funny fellows when they first come out, little and
+white-looking. But they eat and grow of course, and shed their skins,
+and after each moult they become darker in color.
+
+Now, do look again at this cockroach I have taken such pains to catch
+for you and put into the tumbler.
+
+I think even May will own that it has a cunning little head.
+
+See it turn its head around to look at us.
+
+After all, the cockroach is a knowing little fellow.
+
+This one is hungry; it has had nothing to eat for some time. We will
+give it this crumb of cake.
+
+Be careful, or it will get away; it can run very fast, and it is very
+quick, you see, in all its motions.
+
+Ah, it is examining the crumb with the tips of its long antennæ.
+
+See how daintily it touches the crumb.
+
+It can smell with its antennæ, you know.
+
+Now it has decided the cake is good to eat.
+
+See how eager it is!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It almost stands on its head to reach just the part it wants.
+
+John says he does not understand how insects smell with their antennæ.
+
+I can tell you a little about it, John.
+
+If you look at one of the cockroach's antennæ under the magnifying
+glass, you will see it is made up of a good many short pieces, or
+segments, as we call them, fastened together end to end.
+
+Yes, Mollie, that is why it can move about so easily. It can curl up
+like a whiplash, you see.
+
+Next the head is a round segment that fits into a socket.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Double up your right fist and fit it into the half-closed palm of your
+left hand.
+
+There! That is like the ball-and-socket joint.
+
+You see you can move your fist around in all directions.
+
+The insect can move its antennæ in all directions because they are
+fastened to its head by ball-and-socket joints.
+
+On the segments of the antennæ, particularly towards the tip, are little
+dots.
+
+You cannot see the dots without the help of a strong microscope, but
+they are there.
+
+These little dots are sensitive spots. There is a nerve coming from the
+insect's brain to each dot.
+
+Some of the dots are sensitive to odors, just as the nerves of our nose
+are sensitive to odors.
+
+May thinks it is very funny that the insects smell with antennæ instead
+of with noses.
+
+The insects, no doubt, would think it very funny for us to smell with,
+noses instead of with antennæ, if they thought about it at all.
+
+The little dots on the antennæ are extremely sensitive to smells. They
+are often much more sensitive than our noses.
+
+Put a bit of food at some distance from a hungry cockroach, and it will
+not be long before a pair of long, sensitive feelers will come waving to
+and fro out of some dark corner.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Little Mrs. Cockroach has smelled the dainty morsel, and, as soon as it
+is dark, out she will run, her feelers moving eagerly this way and that,
+until she has found it.
+
+Yes, May, insects also feel with their antennæ. That is why the antennæ
+are often called "feelers."
+
+There are other dots on the segments that are sensitive to touch.
+Sometimes there are tiny hairs on the antennæ, also sensitive to touch.
+
+The little fellows feel and smell, yes, and oftentimes _hear_ with their
+antennæ.
+
+Many insects have spots sensitive to sound on the antennæ.
+
+Yes, indeed, May, it is wonderful that such tiny threads as an insect's
+antennæ should hold so many kinds of sensitive spots.
+
+An insect's antennæ are among the most wonderful things in the world.
+
+And _I_ think a cockroach, in spite of its bad reputation, is a very
+wonderful little fellow.
+
+What is that, May? Our cockroach is drawing one of its antennæ through
+its mouth?
+
+Ah, yes, see it clean its antenna, children.
+
+It seems to nibble at it as it draws it through its mouth.
+
+Insects are very careful to keep their antennæ clean.
+
+It would not do to let these sensitive spots become covered with dust,
+you know.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+NEIGHBOR WALKING STICK
+
+
+Isn't this a pretty place to sit down and--
+
+"Ouch! ow! ow! ow!"
+
+Why, May, what is the matter?
+
+Anybody would think you had seen a cockroach.
+
+What has she found, John?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Oh, it is a walking stick!
+
+Why do I call it that?
+
+Look and see.
+
+Does it not look like a stick?
+
+And does it not walk?
+
+Then why is not walking stick a good name for it?
+
+May thinks its legs look like a collection of pine needles, for they are
+green and flat on the upper joints.
+
+It is as pretty as it is queer, with its brown body and its green legs.
+
+This is the male walking stick; the female has brown legs. She is brown
+all over, just the color of dried leaves, and she is not as slender as
+her mate.
+
+Mollie thinks it is the long and slender thorax that makes the walking
+stick look so queer.
+
+See its thorax. Its six legs are attached to its thorax, which is as
+long and as slender as the abdomen.
+
+John thinks it looks queer because everything about it is so long and
+slender.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Long antennæ, long legs, long thorax, long abdomen--that is Mr. Walking
+Stick.
+
+Sir, why do you have such long antennæ? Can you hear and feel and smell
+extra well because of them?
+
+I wish you could tell us about them.
+
+Now where is it?
+
+Oh, yes, it is standing on that brown twig. It is so nearly the color of
+the twig and so much the shape of a little stick itself, that it is not
+easy to find it.
+
+There, it is walking off again.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It has a good name, for I am sure that if a stick tried to walk, it
+could not do it more awkwardly.
+
+See now, what it is doing, hanging by one foot from that twig.
+
+How still it is.
+
+Who would imagine, seeing it thus for the first time, that it was a
+living creature?
+
+The walking sticks feed on leaves, and I suppose their queer shape and
+their color protect them from being eaten by birds.
+
+A bird would have to be very close to a walking stick to tell it from a
+twig.
+
+The female drops the eggs on the ground, and leaves them to hatch out
+and make their way in the world as best they can.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The young walking sticks look just like their parents, only of course
+they are very small, and they are green in color, like the leaves they
+eat.
+
+Yes, little Nell, I should like to find some too; they must be cunning
+little things.
+
+They eat and grow and moult, and eat and grow and moult, until they are
+grown up.
+
+There are a good many species of walking sticks in the world,
+particularly in hot countries; and to their family belong the longest of
+known insects, some being nearly a foot long. Just imagine a walking
+stick a foot long!
+
+And some of them are quite prettily colored, though certain species are
+not pleasant to handle, as they give forth a bad-smelling milky fluid
+when disturbed.
+
+They are gentle little folk, all of them, and move slowly about over the
+leaves and twigs, not wishing to harm any living thing.
+
+Some members of the walking stick family have wings, and these are even
+more curious than those that have none.
+
+Their wings and legs are flattened to look like leaves, so that it is
+very difficult to find them among the foliage.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Yes, May, they are also the color of the leaves they live among.
+
+Here is a picture of one that will give some idea of these strange
+little people.
+
+We have none of these leaf-like insects in our country, but we do have a
+near relative to the walking sticks, though it does not feed on leaves,
+I assure you.
+
+How many of you are acquainted with his lordship, the praying mantis?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Charlie says he has seen these fellows in Kansas, and Nellie says she
+has a cousin in the South who has told her about them.
+
+Here is a picture of one; is it not a beauty!
+
+Its wings are green and its body is brown, so that it can stealthily
+creep about among the foliage without being noticed.
+
+When at rest it holds its front legs up as though it were raising its
+arms in an attitude of devotion.
+
+But not a thought of devotion lies in that cruel little head. There is
+only one idea there; and if any unwary insect were to come along, those
+devotional arms would be thrust out with incredible rapidity, and the
+unfortunate insect clasped tightly in them.
+
+Then the mantis, hugging its prey in the strong trap-like clasp of its
+spiked legs, would coolly proceed to devour it alive, eating it as a boy
+would eat an apple.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+This praying mantis is called a "mule-killer" in the South, where the
+people think the brown liquor it spits out of its mouth, when disturbed,
+is fatal to mules.
+
+The mantis is also called a devil-horse, a rear-horse, a camel-cricket,
+and many other names inspired by its outlandish appearance.
+
+Some have even thought it looked wise, standing in that knowing attitude
+with extended arms, and so it has been called prophet and soothsayer, as
+though it could foretell what is going to happen.
+
+Undoubtedly it never foretells anything but the approaching death of
+some insect and possibly a coming change in the weather, for insects
+often know when the weather is going to change long before we do.
+
+Although our mantes are brown or green, there are a great many species
+living in hot countries that are much more brightly attired; and when
+you find yourself on a visit to the tropics, you must look for the
+flower mantis.
+
+It mimics in color the brilliant hues of the showy orchids in which it
+hides.
+
+It does not seem to wear its gorgeous robes from a love for the
+beautiful, however, but rather that it may the better lie concealed in
+the heart of the gay flowers, to pounce upon unsuspecting insects that
+come there for refreshing draughts of honey.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In some parts of Africa the mantis is worshipped by the natives, and in
+France these fellows are believed to point out the way to travellers by
+stretching out one leg when questioned.
+
+Its strange attitude, with uplifted arms, has won the mantis regard in
+all parts of the world, though the insects it clasps in these uplifted
+arms would not be likely to share the good opinion held of this hardy
+cannibal.
+
+For it is a cannibal, and enjoys eating another mantis as much as
+anything else.
+
+The mantes are terrible fighters, too, and if there is a meeting between
+two of them, there is very apt to be a battle in which one is vanquished
+and devoured by the other.
+
+Our mantis lays its eggs, thirty or forty in number, on tree twigs, and
+they are embedded in a soft substance that soon becomes very tough and
+horny. These strange egg-cases of the mantis are easily recognized
+because they look as though they were braided on top, as you can see in
+the picture.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Yes, May, the tough covering is to protect the eggs from wet and from
+prying birds and hungry insects.
+
+The young mantes are similar to their parents, only they have no wings.
+But they hold up their spiny front legs and catch insects, and they grow
+and moult in the usual way.
+
+While we have been talking about leaf-like insects and mule-killers our
+walking stick has gone off.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Well, well, let him go, and good luck go with him.
+
+I am glad you like the walking stick, children.
+
+And now, May, let me tell you something.
+
+This queer fellow is a very near relative of your friend, the
+cockroach.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE GRASSHOPPER TRIBES
+
+
+Don't you often wonder where they come from? The swarms of grasshoppers
+in the late summer?
+
+Charlie says he walked across a field last night where he believes there
+were as many grasshoppers as there were blades of grass.
+
+Just think of it! and yet they do not seem to do any harm.
+
+In some places, however, they do a great deal of harm.
+
+They come flying in swarms that darken the sun, and they settle on the
+trees and the crops and eat up every green thing. There is nothing a
+Western farmer dreads so much as the passing of the grasshoppers.
+
+Grasshoppers are funny little fellows, and we like them--when there are
+not too many of them.
+
+Summer would not seem quite like summer unless we heard the grasshoppers
+shrilling.
+
+There are a great many species of them, and we have placed them in two
+divisions,--The Shorthorned Grasshoppers and The Longhorned
+Grasshoppers.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE SHORTHORNED GRASSHOPPERS
+
+
+They have no horns, of course, but some have short antennæ that stick
+out like little horns, and those we call shorthorned.
+
+The right name for the shorthorned grasshoppers is locusts.
+
+We call another insect a locust, but the shorthorned grasshoppers are
+the true locusts.
+
+Some say it was these locusts that John the Baptist ate with his honey
+in the wilderness.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+A good many people in different parts of the world still eat locusts.
+
+They are said to be good food when roasted, but I would rather eat
+roasted peanuts.
+
+Come here, little locust, and let us look at you.
+
+Now, stand still, and show us your short "horns."
+
+See its eyes!
+
+Yes, May, they are compound eyes, but I do not know how many facets they
+have.
+
+What a funny little rabbit face it has.
+
+See it move its little mouth parts.
+
+It bites bits out of the leaves and chews them up very fast.
+
+Has it teeth? May is asking.
+
+Well, yes, but not like our teeth. Sometime you must see the mouth parts
+of the grasshopper under the microscope. They are very interesting.
+
+Mollie says the locust has a cape on.
+
+John says the cape is the top of its thorax.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Frank has been counting its legs; he says it has six.
+
+See it walk. It uses all six legs to walk with.
+
+But it does something besides walk with its hind legs.
+
+Yes, it jumps with them. How long and large they are! Now watch it jump.
+
+See! It draws those long hind legs close up to its body, then suddenly
+straightens them out--and away it goes as though it had been shot from a
+spring board.
+
+John says its hind legs work just like a spring, and so they do. It can
+leap several times the length of its body. Amy thinks it should be
+called a grass-jumper instead of a grasshopper.
+
+Suppose we all look carefully at the locust's long hind leg, segment by
+segment.
+
+What, John? You do not know what a segment is?
+
+Well, a segment is the part between two joints. The joints are where
+the leg bends, you know.
+
+May proposes that we draw a picture of the long hind leg.
+
+It will be fun to try.
+
+There are two tiny segments close to the body.
+
+If you are not careful, you will find only one.
+
+You must look sharp to see both of them.
+
+How well Charlie has drawn his! He has both the little segments.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The one next the body we will mark I, and we will call it the coxa.
+
+The next little one we will mark II, and that we will call the
+trochanter.
+
+The long, strong one, III, we will call the femur.
+
+The next one, long and narrow, we will mark IV, and call the tibia.
+
+All the rest of the leg, made of several short segments, we will call
+the tarsus, and we will mark it V.
+
+Now how are we to remember all those hard names?
+
+Here is a jingle that perhaps will help us:--
+
+  _Coxa_ first, and then _trochanter_,
+  Number three the _femur_ stands,
+  After this, the long, straight _tibia_,
+  And last of all the _tarsus_ comes.
+
+Now let us see who can learn it first.
+
+Charlie says we are taking a good deal of trouble over the hind legs of
+a grasshopper.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Very true, Mr. Philosopher, but let me tell you something.
+
+When we have learned the names of the segments in the grasshopper's hind
+leg, we have learned the names of the segments in the legs of all
+insects.
+
+You see all the legs are made on one common plan, and it is very
+convenient, as you will soon see, to have the parts named.
+
+What a fine set of drawings of the grasshopper's hind leg we have!
+
+Why do you suppose the coxa and trochanter are so small?
+
+Yes, John, it is in order that the leg can move easily.
+
+The grasshopper can turn its leg in almost any direction because of
+these small upper segments.
+
+It can put its leg up over its head if it wants to. Next to the little
+coxa and trochanter is the longest and largest segment in the
+grasshopper's leg; I suppose nobody remembers its name.
+
+Listen to little Nell,--"number three the _femur_ stands."
+
+So it does, and what a very useful femur it is!
+
+If it were not for the long femur and the long, slender tibia, the
+grasshopper would not be a grasshopper--it could not hop at all.
+
+Watch the grasshopper, and see how he uses those long segments to jump
+with.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+First he draws the tibia close up to the femur--now he is off!
+
+He just straightened those long hind legs out with a jerk, and away he
+went!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+What do you suppose the two little sharp spines at the end of the tibia
+are for?
+
+What, May? You did not see any spines?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Look again.
+
+See, Charlie has drawn them very plainly in his picture of the
+grasshopper's leg. Mark them _s_, Charlie.
+
+Now we must all look at Charlie's picture.
+
+He says he thinks he knows what the spines are for--they are to keep
+the grasshopper from slipping when he makes his leap forward.
+
+I have no doubt Charlie is right.
+
+May wants us to look at the beautiful little hinge x where the femur and
+the tibia are fastened together.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Let us mark it _X_.
+
+See the little ball on the end of the tibia. How well it fits into the
+hollow on the end of the femur.
+
+In order to see this hollow or groove, you must look on the under side
+of the leg.
+
+Yes, John, it reminds us of the ball-and-socket joint, only this is a
+hinge joint, and does not move in so many directions.
+
+The tibia can move towards the femur and away from it on this hinge.
+
+When our little friend gets ready to jump, he draws the tibia close up
+to the femur. When he jumps, he pushes the femur quickly away from the
+tibia.
+
+If you watch the grasshoppers, you will soon understand just how they
+use their hind legs in jumping.
+
+The tarsus bends easily.
+
+It has three joints.
+
+The last segment is a cunning little foot.
+
+What is John doing?
+
+He is looking at the grasshopper's foot through the magnifying glass.
+Wise John!
+
+Let us all look.
+
+Yes, Charlie, we will try to draw it.
+
+Mollie has hers drawn already. Do not hurry too much, Mollie. You cannot
+draw well if you hurry.
+
+See the sharp claw on each side of the foot.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Let us mark these claws _a_ and _b_.
+
+Between them is a flat little pad which we may as well mark _c_.
+
+May says her picture looks like a crazy pond lily.
+
+Let us see, May. Well, it _is_ rather funny.
+
+If I were you, I should try again. Any child can learn to draw who will
+keep trying.
+
+Touch the grasshopper's foot with the tip of your finger.
+
+How the little foot clings to you!
+
+It clings by the two little claws that have caught in your skin, and
+that hold fast.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+What do you suppose the little pad between the claws is for?
+
+It is important, I can tell you.
+
+John says he has heard there is a little pad in the fly's foot that
+enables it to walk on glass.
+
+Yes, and it is the same with the grasshopper.
+
+The little pad between the claws is fringed with hairs.
+
+You can see them with a good magnifying glass.
+
+Out of the tip of each hair comes a little drop of sticky liquid.
+
+This fastens the foot to any smooth surface.
+
+Many insects have these sticky hairs on their foot pads.
+
+When a fly walks up a window pane, it does it by gluing its feet, one
+after the other, to the glass.
+
+I don't wonder you laugh.
+
+No, Mollie, the glue does not harden and hold it fast.
+
+The fly can easily pull its foot loose. The grasshopper cannot walk on
+glass quite as well as the fly. Its foot pads do not cling so well.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Would you not like to know the name of these curious little foot pads?
+
+We call the foot pad a _pulvillus_.
+
+Some insects do not have sticky hairs on the pulvillus.
+
+There are beetles that simply put the pulvillus so flat against a smooth
+surface that it stays there by the pressure of the air above.
+
+Some people think that is the way the pulvillus on the fly's foot acts.
+
+Perhaps it acts both ways, sucking fast and sticking by hairs.
+
+John wants to know if the beetle's pulvillus does not act just like the
+"sucker" that boys make.
+
+The sucker, you know, is a round piece of leather with a string attached
+to the middle.
+
+When the leather is wet and laid flat on the floor or on a smooth stone,
+all the air below it is pushed out, and the air above presses so hard
+that a boy cannot pull the leather up from the floor.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+You can peel it up from one edge and let the air under easily enough,
+and then a baby could lift it.
+
+When the insect wants to move, it peels its foot loose.
+
+It can do this very quickly.
+
+Mollie wants to know what all these little sharp spines on the back of
+the tibia are for.
+
+Let us look at them.
+
+There is a double row of them.
+
+Do they not look a little like a comb?
+
+I suspect that is what they are, the grasshopper's comb.
+
+Insects are very neat little folks.
+
+They are always cleaning their wings and their legs and their antennæ
+and their bodies.
+
+The spines on their legs are very convenient for that.
+
+Charlie says he thinks the grasshopper's legs are as good as a whole box
+of tools.
+
+So they are, and you have not yet heard all they can do.
+
+The funniest is to come.
+
+Mr. Grasshopper sings his song with his hind legs!
+
+He rubs the inside of his femurs against the outside of his wings.
+
+There is a row of very fine spines down the inside of the femur for the
+use of the little fiddler.
+
+He scrapes away with these on his wing covers.
+
+Yes, Ned, his femur is his violin bow, and his wing cover is his violin.
+
+The noise he makes does not sound much like a violin, little Nell
+thinks.
+
+No, indeed, it does not.
+
+It is the shrilling sound we hear in the grass in the summer time.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is only the male grasshopper that sings.
+
+The little lady grasshopper sits still and listens to him.
+
+Now, let us look at the other legs.
+
+The front pair are the smallest.
+
+Can you find the little coxa and trochanter?
+
+Yes, Charlie, we will draw the little front leg.
+
+Let us number the segments as we did those of the hind leg.
+
+See, the femur is larger than the other segments, but it is small as
+compared to the femur of the hind leg.
+
+The tibia is shorter, too, than the tibia of the hind leg.
+
+The little tarsus is like the tarsus of the hind leg with its claws and
+its pulvillus, only, of course, it is smaller.
+
+The middle pair of legs is like the front pair, only larger.
+
+Now, see how the legs are placed on the grasshopper's body.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The front pair are directed forward. When the insect walks, they pull.
+
+The middle and hind legs are directed backward. When the insect walks,
+they push.
+
+Well, little legs, you all have your own work to do, and you surely do
+it very well.
+
+Let me see, who has front legs as odd as the grasshopper's hind legs.
+
+Yes, Mollie, the mantis has.
+
+Let us look again at the mantis.
+
+Here is another picture of it.
+
+Its hind legs are just common walking legs, you see.
+
+And so are its middle legs.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+John says they are directed forward instead of backward.
+
+You can see why.
+
+They have to take the place of the front legs, that do not touch the
+ground at all.
+
+They have to hold Mr. Mantis up, and pull him along when he wants to
+walk.
+
+Now, let us see if we can make anything out of these front legs.
+
+The coxa is small and close to the body.
+
+The trochanter, II, is very large and long.
+
+Yes, Charlie, it increases the size and strength of the leg very
+greatly, by being thus enlarged.
+
+The femur, III, is large and strong, too, and it has a row of sharp,
+spiny teeth down the inside.
+
+The tibia, IV, is also well supplied with cruel teeth, and at the end of
+it is the tarsus, as you see.
+
+You know how the mantis uses these legs. The joint between the tibia and
+femur is a strong hinge joint. If can shut the tibia close to the femur,
+the spiny teeth of the one locking into the spiny teeth of the other,
+and forming a terrible trap for the insects that are so unfortunate as
+to get caught in its merciless grip.
+
+Altogether, you see, it is quite a terrible leg, though it has no more
+segments than a common leg.
+
+The segments are changed in shape and size from the regular leg
+segments.
+
+When any part is changed from the regular shape or size, we say it is
+_modified_.
+
+The front legs of the mantis are modified to catch and hold its prey.
+
+Yes, John, the hind legs of the grasshopper are modified too.
+
+They are modified to jump with.
+
+Ned says he didn't know there was so much to learn about a little thing
+like an insect's leg.
+
+Yes, indeed, there is a great deal to learn about all living things.
+
+I wonder how you would like to look at the grasshopper's wings for a
+little while.
+
+Here is one with large wings.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+See how they lie along each side of the body.
+
+They come together on top like the ridge of a sloping house roof.
+
+Yes, May, they are the roof to the grasshopper's body, and they help to
+protect it.
+
+Let us gently spread them out.
+
+Ah! these roof wings are not what the locust flies with at all.
+
+See, folded up under them is a pair of delicate gauzy wings.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+If we are careful, we can spread them out.
+
+We will use this dead grasshopper that Charlie has found.
+
+What pretty wings! So dainty! And how cleverly they are folded up, like
+little fans.
+
+Who would imagine such delicate gauzy wings were folded away under the
+hard, stiff roof wings.
+
+The roof wings are called wing covers, because they cover up these
+pretty inner wings.
+
+The locust does not fly with the wing covers.
+
+It spreads them out wide to get them out of the way.
+
+It flies with the inner wings.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+How pretty the flying wings are when they are spread out!
+
+See, over there goes a grasshopper whose flying wings are bright yellow.
+
+And there goes another with red flying wings.
+
+Some of the grasshoppers are almost as pretty as butterflies when they
+are flying.
+
+They show their gay inner wings only during flight.
+
+As soon as the grasshopper comes to rest the inner wings close of
+themselves.
+
+The wing joints act like springs.
+
+The grasshopper does not have to think about shutting up its wings.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+John says it has a spring in its wing covers too.
+
+Open the wing cover.
+
+There, it locks itself, as it were, and stays open without any effort on
+the part of the grasshopper.
+
+You see the grasshopper wants its wing covers to stay open and out of
+the way of the inner wings when it flies.
+
+So it just opens them, and there they are.
+
+It moves the inner wings very fast indeed when it is flying. It would
+not do at all for them to be fastened open.
+
+If it did not move them, it could not fly. The wings fairly _whirr_,
+they go so fast. They beat against the air, and thus the grasshopper is
+pushed along through the air.
+
+As soon as it is done flying it stops moving the wings, and they
+instantly close of themselves.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Then it unlocks the wing covers and they shut down over the inner wings.
+They shut down very tightly. They overlap, as you can see, just below
+where they are fastened to the insect's body. Thus they form a very good
+roof.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+What wonderful wings the grasshopper has!
+
+And there is something more to be said about them.
+
+Some species of locusts use their wings as musical instruments. When
+they wish to, they rub the upper end of the inner wings against the
+upper end of the wing covers when they are flying.
+
+This makes the crackling sound we sometimes hear when the locusts fly.
+
+What is that, Mollie? You have caught a locust that has no wings at all?
+
+Who can guess why?
+
+Ah, yes, our wise John says he thinks it is because it is a young one.
+
+What makes you think so, John?
+
+I know, you remembered the larva of the dragon fly and of the May fly.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Those larvæ had no wings at first, but the wings grew, and finally at
+the last moult they were full-sized.
+
+When first hatched, the locust larva is like the full-grown locust,
+only, of course, it is very small, and it has no wings at all.
+
+It is a little dot of a thing with an enormous head.
+
+Here are three clinging to a blade of grass.
+
+Are they not funny little rascals!
+
+The baby locust eats and grows and moults until, finally, the wings
+begin to show as little pads at its sides.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is easy to find these half-grown grasshoppers in the middle of the
+summer.
+
+Here is one that little Nell has caught.
+
+See its wing pads.
+
+Mollie says they are rudimentary wings.
+
+It continues to eat and grow and moult, and the little wings are moulted
+off with the rest of the skin--for the wings of the insect are only
+modified parts of the skin.
+
+But there are new and larger wings underneath, and these grow and are
+moulted off with the next skin, until, at last, the grasshopper is
+full-grown, with full-grown wings.
+
+It will not moult any more after that.
+
+When full-grown, the females lay their eggs.
+
+Where do you suppose they lay their eggs?
+
+Some of them make a hole in the ground.
+
+The end of the abdomen is very strong and sharp, and the locust can make
+a hole with it quite easily.
+
+When the hole is made, then the eggs are laid in it, and the locust
+covers the opening to the hole with a sticky substance to keep out the
+wet.
+
+The eggs usually lie in the ground all winter.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Just think of the locust eggs there are under our feet as we cross the
+fields!
+
+Millions and millions of little eggs are hidden in the ground.
+
+Early in the next summer the little eggs hatch, and then tiny locusts
+creep up out of the earth and go hopping about everywhere.
+
+Most of the full-grown locusts die in the fall.
+
+As you know, the young ones have no wings, and this is why there are so
+few winged locusts early in the summer.
+
+Some locusts make their holes in fence rails or in old stumps.
+
+It is the locusts, or shorthorned grasshoppers, that sometimes come in
+swarms that darken the sun.
+
+There is nothing the Western farmer dreads so much as a swarm of
+locusts.
+
+I have heard how the grasshoppers came in Kansas one year.
+
+They appeared all of a sudden in countless millions.
+
+They were piled up against the fences clear to the top.
+
+They swarmed into the houses, and in places on the railroad track they
+were piled so deep the trains could not run through them.
+
+Think of a railway train being stopped by grasshoppers!
+
+They stripped every leaf from the trees and left them as bare as in
+winter.
+
+They ate up every blade of grass.
+
+But in the East they do not do so much damage, though they sometimes
+cause the farmers serious loss. When summer comes we may listen to their
+cheery din with pleasure.
+
+I am sure we shall enjoy the merry sounds of the grasshoppers all the
+more now that we know something about how they are made, and something
+about the little fellow that makes them.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE LONGHORNED GRASSHOPPERS
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Probably it was the longhorned grasshoppers that Charlie saw so many of
+in the meadow.
+
+Look, next time, Charlie, and see if the swarms that start up before you
+have not long, slender antennæ.
+
+See, here is one.
+
+Its antennæ are like threads, and they are longer than its body.
+
+If you were to look at its tarsus, you would find it had four joints
+instead of three.
+
+Otherwise, the longhorned, or meadow grasshoppers are very much like the
+locusts, or shorthorned grasshoppers.
+
+John says he thinks the meadow grasshoppers are more slender and
+delicate in shape.
+
+That is true, as a rule, though there are some species of the locusts
+that are as slender as the longhorned grasshoppers.
+
+But there is one thing about these longhorned fellows that will amuse
+you.
+
+Some of them have ears on their front legs!
+
+It is not uncommon for insects to have hearing organs on their front
+legs.
+
+You know what an ear is. It is something to hear with. The hearing part
+of our own ears is way inside, out of sight.
+
+The outer part of the ear, that we can take hold of, is only a sort of
+funnel to gather up the sound, and we could still hear if this part of
+our ears were cut off.
+
+Way back inside the ear is a little curtain, or eardrum, made of a thin
+membrane.
+
+When sounds enter the ear they cause the eardrum to tremble or vibrate,
+and this excites the nerve of hearing that is behind the eardrum.
+
+Now some grasshoppers have a little flat membrane on the tibia of each
+front leg. It is an eardrum. Behind it is the nerve of hearing. When
+sounds strike the eardrum it vibrates and excites the nerve of hearing.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+So you see the insects have _ears_, though they have no funnel-like
+outsides to them.
+
+So, after all, there isn't so _very_ much difference between the way the
+grasshoppers hear, and the way we hear, although they do hear with their
+legs.
+
+Yes, Ned, it is about the same thing when they hear with sensitive spots
+on their antennæ.
+
+The sounds strike the sensitive spots, which are tiny eardrums, and
+cause the nerves that come to them to hear.
+
+You see, after all, an ear is only a membrane able to vibrate when
+sounds strike it and a nerve sensitive to those sounds.
+
+It does not matter much where the ear is located. Our ears are on either
+side of our head, and so are the ears of all the higher animals.
+
+But the ears of the insects are more useful to them when on the antennæ,
+or the legs, or some have them on the abdomen. An ear is an ear wherever
+it happens to be, and the insects hear well enough with theirs.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In many species of the longhorned grasshoppers, the male has a curious
+musical instrument on his wing covers, close to where they grow from the
+body.
+
+Little Mr. Grasshopper sings to his lady-love by rubbing the upper parts
+of the wing covers together. You see the round places at _X_,--those are
+the modified parts of the wing cover, by means of which he can make his
+music.
+
+What is that, May? Your grasshopper has a long sword at the end of its
+body?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Yes, that is its ovipositor. Ovipositor means "egg-placer."
+
+With this long, sharp ovipositor the grasshopper can roughen the bark of
+twigs or make holes in the stems of plants or in the earth.
+
+Then the eggs are guided down through the long ovipositor to the place
+prepared for them, and fastened there by a gummy substance.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Only the female grasshoppers have the long, sword-shaped ovipositor.
+
+The ovipositor of the locust is not long and sword-like.
+
+It is short, but it is strong and sharp, and you remember how the locust
+uses it to dig with.
+
+Yes, indeed, Mollie, there are a great many species of locusts and
+grasshoppers, and some of them are very beautiful.
+
+In hot countries they sometimes grow to an enormous size.
+
+May is asking why they make molasses.
+
+No, Ned, of course it isn't molasses. Children call it molasses because
+it looks like it.
+
+Now, May, where does it make its molasses?
+
+In its mouth, you say, and then it spits it out on your finger.
+
+What? You don't like its old molasses on your finger?
+
+No, of course not.
+
+It smells bad, and it is sticky and disagreeable to the touch, and if
+you happen to put your finger in your mouth it has a nasty taste.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+John says he hates to touch the grasshopper on account of this molasses.
+
+You _all_ do?
+
+Well, I guess that is why it makes its molasses; it doesn't want you to
+touch it.
+
+It doesn't want birds to eat it, or other insects to bother it, and so
+it smears them with this ill-smelling, sticky liquid.
+
+Some birds eat it, however, in spite of its molasses.
+
+Turkeys do.
+
+What is that, Ned? turkeys are not birds, you think?
+
+What are they?
+
+If you think about it, you will have to come to the conclusion that
+turkeys are birds.
+
+Then chickens and ducks and geese must be birds?
+
+Well, so they are. They are all birds.
+
+But to return to turkeys.
+
+A flock of turkeys will spread out in a long line, and go across a
+field, driving the grasshoppers ahead of them, and eating them as fast
+as they can pick them up.
+
+It is a funny sight to see a big flock of turkeys hunting grasshoppers
+in a meadow.
+
+It is not funny to the grasshoppers, though.
+
+What is that, Charlie? The grasshopper somehow reminds you of the
+praying mantis?
+
+Do you know it is a near relative of the mantis?
+
+Now, I will tell you something funny about the mantis.
+
+It makes "molasses" like the grasshopper. Yes, it is this harmless
+"molasses" that has given it the name of "mule-killer."
+
+I will tell you something else. If you lie down in the grass and watch
+the grasshoppers, you will have a good time, and you will see some
+strange things.
+
+Nobody can tell you very much about the grasshoppers--or about the
+living creature. The best way is to use your own eyes and watch.
+
+Just lie down in the grass perfectly still, and soon the insects that
+live in the grass will begin to appear.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+What they will do you must find out for yourselves; but you may be sure
+it will be worth finding out,--the funny, clever, wise little
+people!--ah! they are good to watch.
+
+They will soon go on chirping and shrilling and rasping and kricking and
+tapping and whizzing and whirring and buzzing all about you; and if you
+listen sharp, perhaps you can understand some of the things they say.
+
+And this I am sure of; if you really watch and listen, you can learn to
+know the different insects by their sounds, just as you can know the
+birds by their songs. You can even tell whether you are listening to the
+meadow grasshopper, or the locust.
+
+If I thought you were not tired of hearing how grasshoppers are made, I
+should tell you some more.
+
+John says he would like to know some more.
+
+Well, then, I will tell you about their rings.
+
+You can see the rings of the grasshopper people very plainly in their
+abdomens.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Here is a picture of a grasshopper. It is not all drawn. The legs and
+wings are not shown, and the abdomen is drawn by itself so you can see
+it easily.
+
+There are ten rings, you see.
+
+The rings are covered with a hard, horny substance.
+
+This horny substance is what makes the body of the insect so stiff. It
+would be soft but for the chitin, as the horny substance is called.
+
+It is better for the insect to have a chitinous covering.
+
+If you had no bones, you would be glad to have your skin hardened with
+chitin.
+
+You see how it is, you wear your skeleton inside. Your skeleton is of
+bones; it is an inside skeleton.
+
+The grasshoppers and all the insects wear their skeleton outside. It is
+made of chitin; it is an outside skeleton.
+
+Insects have no bones.
+
+They do not need any. They are kept stiff by the chitin.
+
+Each ring in the insect's abdomen is made of four pieces, the back
+piece, the side pieces, and the under piece. You can see the back piece
+and one side piece in the picture, but you cannot see the other side
+piece nor the under piece without turning the insect over.
+
+The rings are made in pieces so the insect can move.
+
+Suppose each ring were made of one stiff piece like a finger ring. What
+a poor stiff, old grasshopper it would be! The rings are called
+segments.
+
+Segment number one has only a back piece, you see.
+
+All the other segments have four pieces.
+
+Segments two, three, four, five, six, seven, and eight are alike.
+
+Segments nine and ten are modified to form the ovipositor.
+
+The segments are fastened together by skin. The skin is soft so the
+segments can move back and forth.
+
+The segments can be crowded close together to shorten the abdomen.
+
+The segments can be separated from each other to lengthen the abdomen.
+
+There is no chitin in the skin between the segments. It is soft so the
+segments can move.
+
+Do you know how a telescope is made?
+
+The abdomen of the insect can lengthen and shorten somewhat like a
+telescope.
+
+It is easy to see the rings in the abdomen of the locust or grasshopper.
+
+Now, what about the thorax?
+
+That, you tell me, has no rings.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Look again, and look carefully.
+
+You will have to see another picture.
+
+This is a picture of the head and thorax of the grasshopper. It is drawn
+to show the separate parts of the thorax.
+
+Yes, John, the thorax has three segments. They are grown so close
+together you would not suspect it until you looked very close.
+
+The front legs are fastened to the first segment.
+
+What is fastened to the middle segment?
+
+Yes, May, the middle pair of legs and the wing covers.
+
+Mollie says the long hind legs and the flying wings are fastened to the
+third or hind segment.
+
+Oh, you funny little folks! you are all made up of rings.
+
+Yes, indeed, little Nell, the segments of the thorax are made of chitin;
+they are very stiff.
+
+Ned thinks the segments of the legs are made of chitin too.
+
+Their outside shell certainly is.
+
+The whole outer shell of the insect is made of the horny chitin.
+
+You hard little chitin-covered, segmented people, you are very different
+from us.
+
+Ah! yes, May, they are like us in many ways.
+
+Indeed, Mollie, insects do have brains.
+
+They have muscles, too, to move their little bodies with.
+
+We have muscles under our skin, you know. The muscles move our arms and
+legs and bodies.
+
+If you clasp your fingers around your arm and then move your arm, you
+can feel the muscles.
+
+The insects have muscles inside their chitinous shells. The muscles move
+their bodies.
+
+The muscles are very, very strong.
+
+They are stronger for their size than the muscles of a horse.
+
+John, do you know how heavy a load a horse can pull?
+
+Well, it cannot pull a load equal to the weight of its own body.
+
+Now, listen to this,--almost any insect can pull a load that is five
+times the weight of its body!
+
+Ah, yes, some insects can pull a much heavier weight than that. The
+honey bee, for instance, can pull a load twenty times as heavy as its
+body.
+
+And think how our little insect friends can jump! Why, a kangaroo cannot
+begin to jump like a grasshopper.
+
+No, indeed, Ned, the finest jumper in the world of men cannot begin to
+jump as well as a grasshopper, not even with the aid of a spring board.
+He is a mere baby in comparison.
+
+Ah, yes, we can do a great many things better than the grasshoppers,
+but, you see, they can do some things better than we can.
+
+What is that, John?
+
+You want to know about the mouth parts of the grasshopper?
+
+Suppose we leave the mouth parts.
+
+They are difficult to understand. We have had a good many new names to
+learn lately.
+
+What, May? You can't remember such hard words?
+
+Oh, yes, of course you can.
+
+You don't mind learning "rhinoceros," and "Mississippi," and
+"Popocatepetl," and "eenie, meenie, monie mike," and they are quite as
+hard as femur and tibia; and, besides, you have a femur yourself! Did
+you know it?
+
+Your thigh bone, like the grasshopper's thigh, is called a femur.
+
+Yes, Mollie, there is a bone in your leg called the tibia, and you have
+a tarsus in your foot.
+
+So, after all, when you are learning hard words about insects you are
+learning a great deal besides, as you will find.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+PRETTY KATYDIDS
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Katy did!
+
+Katy didn't!
+
+Katy did!
+
+Well, well, did she or didn't she, and what of it anyway.
+
+Come here, Katy did and Katy didn't, the children want to see you.
+
+She's a pretty little Did and Didn't, isn't she.
+
+Katy, why do you not know your own mind and always tell the same story?
+
+Krick--krick--krick, there, she is talking; that's her way of saying
+"Katy did."
+
+Krick--krick--krickkrick. Now she has said "Katy didn't."
+
+Well, we never shall know anything more about it.
+
+No, little Nell, she doesn't really say Katy did or Katy didn't, but it
+sounds like that, and we make believe she says it.
+
+John says he is sure the katydids are first cousins to the grasshoppers
+and locusts, and so they are.
+
+They are very closely related to--which division of locusts, do you
+think?
+
+Oh, yes, the longhorned, of course.
+
+See their long, long antennæ, and the male has the same little musical
+places on his wings, little membranes that vibrate and make his song of
+Katy did and Katy didn't.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+No, the little lady katydid cannot sing--only the little male, and he
+keeps it up all night long.
+
+We sometimes wish he would get tired or sleepy and stop, but he never
+does.
+
+Why do you suppose he likes to sing so well in the night?
+
+The katydids generally live on trees and bushes.
+
+Yes, they are a beautiful, pale green people, and that is one reason we
+do not often see them. It is not easy to find a katydid among the green
+leaves.
+
+The female katydids have a long sword-shaped ovipositor with which they
+roughen the bark on twigs, and place the eggs there, fastening them with
+a gummy substance.
+
+The egg is glued fast so it will not fall off.
+
+It hatches into a little dot of a katydid that has no wings, but, like
+the larvæ of the other insects we know about, it eats and grows and
+moults, and at last its wings and the rest of its body are full grown.
+
+It casts its skin for the last time; it is no longer a larva, but a
+full-grown insect.
+
+Yes, May, we call the young of all insects larvæ.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+See this dainty katydid that Charlie has caught for us.
+
+How pretty it is!
+
+Its feelers are like long green threads.
+
+And how sensitive they are!
+
+It quickly starts away when we touch one of the feelers.
+
+Yes, Mollie, the katydid walks more than the grasshopper.
+
+It can jump well with those long, slender hind legs. How beautiful its
+hind legs are! They are longer and more delicate than those of the
+grasshopper.
+
+And its wings, how gauzy and dainty! Its wing covers are not so stiff as
+those of the grasshopper. They look almost like flying wings, they are
+so delicate.
+
+See, they open, and fasten themselves open, like the wing covers of the
+grasshopper; and when they are at rest they overlap like the wings of
+the grasshopper.
+
+The inner wings are like fine lace.
+
+They look too delicate for use, and yet the katydid flies very well
+indeed with them.
+
+They are a little longer than the wing covers.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+When the katydid is at rest you can see the tips of the wings extending
+beyond the ends of the wing covers.
+
+The part of the inner wing that extends beyond the wing covers is green,
+like the wing covers, you see.
+
+But the rest of the inner wing is not green, it is like very thin glass,
+or like fine isinglass.
+
+Look for a moment at the long curved ovipositor of the female katydid.
+
+If you look sharp, you will see teeth on it like a little saw. It is
+with these teeth the little katydid is able to rasp the surface of the
+twigs, and make a place to fasten her eggs to.
+
+Her wings are wrapped about her form like an ample cloak of green.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Now, my little katydid, you may fly away if you want to.
+
+We are very much obliged to you for letting us look at you, and we hope
+we have not troubled you too much.
+
+See her go!
+
+How prettily the katydids fly.
+
+They seem almost like little birds.
+
+I am sure they love to fly about in the bright summer-time.
+
+Happy katydids.
+
+
+
+
+THE CRICKET-LIKE GRASSHOPPERS
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Now what strange-looking little creature are you?
+
+John says it looks like a grasshopper, only it has no wings and its body
+is not that of a grasshopper.
+
+May says it looks like a cricket, only it has the long legs of a
+grasshopper.
+
+It is called the cricket-like grasshopper, and it is partly like a
+cricket, as you see, and partly like a grasshopper.
+
+It is a funny little fellow that lives around in dark corners, usually
+in the woods.
+
+Do see those long, spiny legs!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+How he _can_ jump.
+
+He has strong, short, sharp spines on the femurs and on the tibias.
+
+He has spines on all his legs, and what long feet he has!
+
+Yes, Nell, his antennæ are longer than anything else about him. I
+should think they would be in his way.
+
+He has no wings at all, and he never will have any.
+
+He has two pairs of feelers in front of his mouth that show very
+plainly. They show more plainly than the mouth parts of the grasshopper,
+though they are quite like them.
+
+Yes, Ned, they are larger than the mouth parts of the grasshopper.
+
+There is another little fellow very similar to the cricket-like
+grasshopper.
+
+It has no wings, and the top of the thorax is like a broad shield.
+
+It is called the shield-backed grasshopper.
+
+See if you can find one of them.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE CHEERY CRICKET PEOPLE
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Chirp! chirp!
+
+Chirp! chirp!
+
+Ah, listen to that cheery song. It is the cricket on the hearth singing
+thus gayly.
+
+Dear little cricket; he lives in the corner by the fireplace. When all
+is still we hear his cheery chirp! chirp! chirp!
+
+Sometimes he comes peering out and runs across the hearth, a little
+black fireside fairy.
+
+Do you know one of the prettiest stories in the world has been written
+about a cricket?
+
+Charles Dickens wrote it, and it is called "The Cricket on the Hearth."
+
+Be sure to read this beautiful story. If you do not own it, ask to have
+it for Christmas. It is in the book of "Christmas Tales," a book that
+everybody ought to have.
+
+Grasshoppers and katydids are pleasant people, but they live out of
+doors, and they do not seem quite so much like our very own little
+friends as the crickets.
+
+Of course the crickets live out of doors, too, only once in a while one
+of them comes into the house to live with us.
+
+We hear them chirping in the grass and among the stones.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+There is a certain place near the seashore where the rocks are alive
+with the black cricket folk.
+
+They come peeping out at you from all sides. They skip over the rocks,
+and you will often see a pair of long feelers and an inquisitive little
+head looking around a corner.
+
+You too, know there are crickets, little Nell?
+
+Let us go and see them.
+
+Ah, yes, there is one, looking at us out of inquisitive eyes, over there
+by that big stone.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Of course they are cousins to the grasshoppers. I knew you would guess
+that right away.
+
+Yes, John, the little cricket people have flat backs.
+
+Their wing covers do not make a peaked roof over their backs, but are
+flat on top and bent down at the sides like a box cover.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+They are not so long as the wings of the grasshopper, but they overlap
+on top.
+
+Sometimes they are not so long as the body of the cricket.
+
+Just watch now!
+
+How spry the cricket folk are!
+
+They jump well, but they also run well. They are always running about as
+though they enjoyed it.
+
+It is not easy to catch one of them unless we, too, are "as spry as a
+cricket."
+
+Funny little rascals, to come peeping at us like that, from out the
+crevices in the stones.
+
+When we stir,--pop! they are back out of sight.
+
+They eat leaves, and they enjoy a piece of nice, ripe fruit, or a bit of
+juicy vegetable.
+
+See here, one has jumped on my hand and is sitting quite still.
+
+It is a male cricket.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+How do I know that?
+
+May says because it has no ovipositor.
+
+Yes, that is one way to know.
+
+Look at his wing covers.
+
+[Illustration: MALE CRICKET]
+
+See how they are ribbed.
+
+[Illustration: FEMALE CRICKET]
+
+Now look at this cricket Mabel has caught. It is a female, and its
+wings, you see, are not ornamented like those of the male.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Do you know the meaning of his heavily ribbed wing covers?
+
+Why, his wing covers are his musical instruments. See one of them
+magnified.
+
+It is divided into spaces like so many little drum-heads. The ridge that
+runs across the top of the wing is something like a file in structure.
+
+When little Mr. Cricket is in the mood for chirping, he raises his wing
+covers and rubs them together.
+
+This throws the stiff membranes of which the wing covers are made into
+vibration, and the result is the cheery call of our little black fairy.
+
+Little Nell says the cricket is more like a brownie than a fairy, and
+maybe she is right.
+
+You can easily see the crickets rub their wings together if you watch in
+the fall of the year.
+
+John says, Why do you have to watch in the fall of the year?
+
+Now who can guess?
+
+Yes, May, it is because the crickets are then full-grown, and have
+large wing covers. At first, in the early summer, they have no wings,
+and so of course, we could not see them chirp.
+
+The whole grasshopper tribe is a vocal one; the males all have musical
+instruments, and in Japan, the people are so fond of the song of _their_
+grasshopper folk, which are not quite like ours, that they make tiny
+cages for them.
+
+The chirpers are caught and put in these cages, and sold in the city
+streets.
+
+Yes, little Nell, the crickets make molasses. So do the katydids.
+
+All these little hopping neighbors of ours seem to understand the useful
+art of molasses making.
+
+The mole crickets are different from the others.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+They burrow in the ground like a mole, and we do not often see them.
+
+The strangest thing about them is their hands.
+
+No, of course they are not really hands, but they look like them.
+
+All the joints of the fore legs are modified to form strong digging
+tools, and they look very much like the paws of the mole.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+They are troublesome fellows, sometimes, when they eat the tender roots
+of the vegetables in the garden.
+
+You all have seen the little tree cricket, but you might not recognize
+it as a cricket, it is such a pale little creature.
+
+Its light green body may often be seen on bushes in the summer-time,
+and, if you look carefully, the form will tell you what the little one
+is.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+A LARGE FAMILY
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+The crickets, grasshoppers, walking sticks, praying mantes, and
+cockroaches, strange as it may seem, are all near relatives to each
+other.
+
+They all belong to one large family or order, the ORTHOPTERA.
+
+Or-thop-te-ra, is it not a hard word!
+
+It will not seem so hard when you know what it means.
+
+It comes from two Greek words _orthos_, meaning straight, and _pteron_,
+meaning a wing.
+
+Straight-wing.
+
+And do you know, it does not mean that the _upper_ wings are straight,
+but that the under wings are folded down in long straight lines.
+
+Now let us see if we can tell in what ways all of our Orthoptera are
+alike.
+
+They all have--?
+
+"Four wings"--that is right, little Nell.
+
+What, John? the walking sticks have no wings?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Not our walking sticks, but yet they belong to a winged family. You
+remember the tropical walking sticks that have queer leaf-like wings, do
+you not?
+
+Are the four wings alike?
+
+No, John says, the upper ones are narrow and stiff and serve as wing
+covers.
+
+The inner ones are broader and more delicate. They fold up when not in
+use and are used to fly with.
+
+Very good indeed, John. Now I will tell you something. The Orthoptera
+all have mouth parts made to bite with. They do not bite anything but
+what they eat, however. They are quite harmless so far as we are
+concerned.
+
+The young Orthoptera look like the old ones, only they have no wings.
+They hatch out of the egg with a head, a six-legged thorax, and an
+abdomen.
+
+Now, come, let us look at all of our orthopterous friends again,
+cockroaches first.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+How do they get about, John?
+
+Yes, indeed, they run, the rascals. They run fast too. They are flat and
+their six legs are very much alike. They are well built for running and
+hiding in cracks.
+
+Suppose we call them the _Running Orthoptera_.
+
+Now, look at our mantis.
+
+He does not run very much. How is he different from the others?
+
+Ah, yes, he has big front legs, and little Nell says he grabs things
+with them.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+So he does. Now, what shall we call these grabbers?
+
+The Grabbing Orthoptera, Ned says.
+
+Suppose we say instead the _Grasping Orthoptera_, because grasping
+sounds a little better than grabbing. Do you not think so?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Now for Mr. Walking Stick.
+
+We cannot very well call him a member of the Running Orthoptera, can we?
+
+Ah, Mollie has it. We must call his kind the _Walking Orthoptera_.
+
+His six legs are all long and slender, and he moves them slowly.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Now for those fellows with the long hind legs, the locusts and katydids
+and crickets. Yes, all of you are ready to name them.
+
+We call them--what?
+
+May says, the Hopping Orthoptera.
+
+John thinks Jumping Orthoptera would sound better.
+
+And that is what we name them, the _Jumping Orthoptera_.
+
+How many kinds of Jumping Orthoptera are we acquainted with, Ned? Now,
+think before you speak.
+
+He says we know the shorthorned grasshoppers, or locusts, the
+longhorned, or meadow, grasshoppers, and the crickets.
+
+Very well done, Ned.
+
+May wants to know what has become of the katydids and the cricket-like
+grasshoppers--she thinks Ned has left them out.
+
+Ned says they belong to the longhorned grasshoppers.
+
+Now you shall have a list of the Orthoptera that will help you to
+remember them.
+
+If we can group together things that are like each other, it is easier
+to remember them.
+
+       ORDER ORTHOPTERA.
+
+      _Running Orthoptera._
+          Cockroaches, Croton Bugs.
+      _Grasping Orthoptera._
+          Praying Mantis.
+      _Walking Orthoptera._
+          Walking Sticks.
+      _Jumping Orthoptera._
+          Shorthorned Grasshoppers, or Locusts.
+          Longhorned, or Meadow, Grasshoppers.
+          Crickets.
+
+There are a great many species of Orthoptera in the world, and we have
+seen but a very few of them.
+
+But I can tell you, we feel a little better acquainted with you
+orthopterous fellows than we did.
+
+The dragon fly says we have not given him a place.
+
+But, dear dragon fly, you belong to another family. You are not an
+orthopterous insect.
+
+Your order is called the ODO-NA-TA.
+
+The wings of the Odonata are very different from those of the
+Orthoptera.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+You remember how they are?
+
+Yes, Ned, they are stiff and covered with a close network of fine veins,
+and all four of them are alike.
+
+No wing covers, you see.
+
+I do not know why they have the name Odonata.
+
+The young Odonata are not like their parents, excepting that they have a
+head, a thorax with six legs, and an abdomen. But they certainly do not
+look like their parents!
+
+No, John, the May flies do not belong to the Odonata. Their wings are
+quite different.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Do you not remember how small the hind wings are?
+
+The name of their order is EPH-E-MER-I-DA.
+
+There is a big name for a little insect!
+
+It comes from the Greek word _ephemeros_, and you know what it means.
+
+What? Has everybody forgotten about the dainty little ephemeræ, that
+live but a day?
+
+That is what _ephemeros_ means, lasting but a day.
+
+The stone flies have four wings, but they are not like those of the
+Odonata, or of the Ephemerida.
+
+Do you remember how the hind wings are folded?
+
+Yes, May, in plaits, so these are the plaited wings, or
+PLE-COP-TE-RA, from _pteran_, a wing, and _plecos_, plaited.
+
+The little silver fish, as you remember, has no wings at all,
+so its order is called THY-SA-NU-RA, from its bristle tail,
+_thysanos_, in Greek, meaning a tassel, and _oura_, the tail.
+
+
+
+
+HEMIPTERA
+
+
+
+
+THE GREAT BUG FAMILY
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Now, my children, do you know what a bug is? Most people do not.
+
+They call every insect a "bug," but bugs are bugs, flies are flies, ants
+are ants, and neither flies nor ants are bugs.
+
+Indeed, no insects are bugs--excepting just bugs!
+
+Our croton bugs are not really bugs. They do not belong to the bug
+family.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+A bug has four wings--when it has any.
+
+But its wings are not like those of the Orthoptera or Odonata or
+Ephemerida or Plecoptera.
+
+Some bugs have no wings.
+
+Young bugs are like old bugs, only smaller, and they have no wings.
+
+You remember the Orthoptera and Odonata bite their food.
+
+They chew it up and swallow it.
+
+Bugs do not bite, they suck. Their mouth parts are often grown together
+in the form of a tube that is sometimes very sharp.
+
+They stick these sharp tubes or beaks into their food, and suck it up.
+
+
+
+
+THE WATER BOATMAN
+
+
+What, May; you want to see a bug? Well, that is easy enough.
+
+Here is one in this pond at our feet. Do you know it?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Yes, John; it is the water boatman.
+
+Nell says she doesn't see it.
+
+There, Nell, that little thing that shines like silver under the water.
+It is clinging to a weed.
+
+No, we cannot see it very well unless we catch it.
+
+Ned, do you think you can be spry enough to scoop it out with the net?
+
+There, he has it,--no, it is off.
+
+Well, we shall never see that one again; but here, in this corner of the
+pond, see, several of them.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Now don't be in too great a hurry, Ned; they are hard to catch.
+
+He has it!
+
+Here, don't touch it,--bugs are biters, remember.
+
+Put it in this tumbler of water, and clap the cover over
+it--quick--so!--now we have it.
+
+What is that, Mollie? I just said bugs do not bite, and now I call them
+biters?
+
+I don't wonder you are puzzled.
+
+They do _not_ bite, but they pierce with their mouth tubes, and that
+feels just as though they bit us. So we commonly speak of bugs as
+biting.
+
+If you wish to be very exact, we will hereafter speak of bugs as
+piercing or sucking.
+
+Now, Mr. Water Boatman, we are going to have a good look at you.
+
+Nell says it is not like silver any more, but just a little black and
+gray speckled bug.
+
+That is because it is now on top of the water. When it goes under it is
+surrounded with a layer of air, and that is what makes it look as though
+it had on a silver dress.
+
+May wants to know how it manages to take a layer of air down under the
+water. If you were to look at it with a magnifying glass, May, you would
+see it is covered with fine hairs; the air becomes entangled in these
+hairs. Do you not remember how the leaf of the jewel weed, or
+touch-me-not, as it is also called, shines when you plunge it in water?
+It, too, is covered with fine hairs that hold air. Many leaves shine in
+this way when put under water, and always because of the fine hairs
+that prevent the air from being pushed out by the water. You see the
+hairs on the bugs serve the same purpose as those on the leaves; they
+hold fast the air.
+
+Our water boatman breathes this air that surrounds him.
+
+You know how insects breathe do you not?
+
+Dear me, then I shall have to tell you.
+
+They have no lungs; of course, so they cannot breathe with lungs as we
+do.
+
+Take a long breath--see how your chest rises--that is because you filled
+your lungs full of air.
+
+Well, the insects have to breathe air.
+
+Every living thing has to breathe air. Nothing in the world could live
+without air.
+
+Even plants breathe the air, you know.
+
+Now, there is a little row of holes or pores along each side of the
+abdomen of the insect.
+
+These are the breathing pores. No, May, the insects do not breathe
+through their mouths, they breathe through their sides.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+You can see the breathing pores, or spiracles, as they are called, very
+plainly in many insects.
+
+You can see them on the abdomen of the locust, and in some caterpillars
+they are bright-colored spots.
+
+There are spiracles on the sides of the thorax, too, but they do not
+show so plainly as those on the abdomen.
+
+The spiracles open into air tubes that carry air to the blood of the
+insect.
+
+[Illustration: _Spiracles_]
+
+If you watch a grasshopper or a bee, you can plainly see it breathe. The
+abdomen moves in the bee as though it were panting. These movements of
+the abdomen cause the air to go in and out. All insects move their
+abdomens to send the air in and out, but it does not show plainly in all
+of them, for, though insects need air, some of them can get along with
+very little.
+
+Yes, John, insects have blood. It is not just like our blood, but still
+it is blood.
+
+It is not generally red in color, though sometimes it is reddish, and
+sometimes it is brown, or violet, or even bright green.
+
+Yes, that seems strange to you, but you remember how ears are ears, and
+serve to hear with, no matter where on the body of the creature they are
+located. So blood is blood, and serves the purpose of blood, no matter
+what its color. The blood of some insects has a very bad odor, and in
+the case of certain beetles, when they are disturbed, this foul-smelling
+liquid oozes out of the joints of the legs.
+
+Yes, Mabel, it is probably used, like the "molasses" of other little
+friends we know, to repel enemies.
+
+But to return to breathing. Some larvæ breathe by gills, and do not have
+spiracles until they are grown up, but all grown-up insects breathe by
+spiracles.
+
+Yes, John, the larvæ of the dragon flies and May flies breathe with
+gills.
+
+I thought you would remember that.
+
+The water boatman breathes by spiracles, and carries his supply of air
+with him. All grown-up bugs breathe by spiracles.
+
+Now look down into the pond. I think you will see some water boatmen
+anchored near the bottom.
+
+Yes, May, they cling by their front feet. Their hind pair of legs are
+rather odd-looking; they have a fringe of hairs on the inside.
+
+John says their hind legs are modified to swim with.
+
+Very good, John.
+
+The hind legs are the oars that row these little boats about in the
+water.
+
+But why are the little boats that have come to anchor down there moving
+their paddles so constantly?
+
+Ah, yes; it is because they want fresh air to breathe.
+
+You know there is always air in pond water, and they keep their paddles
+moving, so as to change the envelope of air that surrounds them.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+They know what to do to take care of themselves, if they _are_ nothing
+but little bugs.
+
+When winter comes, they go down to the bottom of the pond and bury
+themselves in the mud. They lie there without moving or breathing until
+spring, when out they come, as lively as ever.
+
+Yes, certain other animals pass the winter in this way; the bears, for
+instance, find a snug den and sleep all through the coldest winter
+weather. We call this winter sleep of animals hibernation, and many of
+the insects hibernate.
+
+Yes, Ned, hibernating animals can get on with very little air; they
+sometimes seem to need none at all, and they take no food.
+
+May wants to know what these queer water boatmen eat.
+
+They suck out the juices of other insects.
+
+They must lay their eggs in the water, little Nell thinks.
+
+And so they do, on water plants.
+
+Near the city of Mexico there are species that lay enormous quantities
+of eggs in the ponds, and what do you think? The Indians mix these eggs
+with meal, make them into cakes, and eat them.
+
+The Mexican bugs are gathered by the ton, too, and sent to England as
+food for cage birds, fish, and poultry.
+
+Little Nell thinks there must be a great many bugs in a ton. Indeed,
+there are, probably about twenty-five millions of them; so you can
+imagine Mexico is well supplied with water boatmen!
+
+When the young ones hatch out they look like their parents, only, of
+course, they are tiny little dots of things that have no wings.
+
+But they eat and grow and moult like other larvæ until they are
+full-grown insects.
+
+What have you discovered, Ned? You look surprised.
+
+The water boatman has no antennæ!
+
+It doesn't seem to have any. But look carefully and I think you will
+find some tiny ones tucked away under its head.
+
+Nell wants to know if the water boatman has a thorax and an abdomen.
+
+Indeed, it has, but you will have to look carefully to see them. Its
+abdomen is short and thick and hard. The water boatman is much more
+compact in form than the Orthoptera, or any of the other insects we have
+studied.
+
+You are right, John, an insect with a long abdomen, like the
+grasshopper, could not get on very well in the water.
+
+Now, May, take the cover off the tumbler. There!
+
+Our water boatman was not slow to make use of his wings.
+
+Well, good-by and good luck to you, little water boatman.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE FUNNY BACK-SWIMMERS
+
+
+What, John? You know a water boatman that swims on its back?
+
+That makes Nell laugh, and no wonder.
+
+Yes, there is a little bug that swims on its back.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is very much like the water boatman, and it has long paddles made of
+its queer hind legs.
+
+Unlike the water boatman, however, its back is not flat but is shaped
+like the keel of a boat.
+
+This being the case, it just turns over and swims with its keel-shaped
+back in the water.
+
+It is sometimes called the back-swimmer, and most boys are well
+acquainted with it.
+
+What do you think about catching it in your fingers, Ned?
+
+Ah, you do not like to!
+
+It has a very sharp beak for sucking the life out of other insects, and
+if you succeed in getting hold of it, it will stick that into your
+finger.
+
+And my! how it does sting!
+
+It is not an easy matter to catch it, however,--it is such a quick
+little rascal.
+
+
+
+
+THE GIANT WATER BUG
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+A good many kinds of bugs live in the water, but perhaps the oddest of
+all is the giant water bug.
+
+It _is_ a giant!
+
+Have you ever seen very large, flat brown bugs lying on the ground under
+the electric street lamps?
+
+Those are the giant water bugs.
+
+They fly in the night from pond to pond, and are attracted by bright
+lights.
+
+They fly into the electric lights, and are killed in great numbers
+sometimes.
+
+This is such a common habit with them that in some places they are
+called electric light bugs.
+
+A good many people never saw these bugs until they were found dead
+under the electric lights, and so they imagined they did not exist until
+electric lights were invented.
+
+But that is a very foolish notion; the bugs were here thousands of years
+before electric lights were dreamed of.
+
+The giant water bugs are not pleasant to handle when alive.
+
+If you ever succeed in catching one in the water, which is not easy,
+they slip about so quickly, be sure and not take it in your fingers.
+
+The California children call a species they have there "toe-biters," and
+they say they bite their toes when they go in wading.
+
+The giant water bugs are the largest of living bugs, and they even kill
+and eat fish.
+
+Their fore legs can shut up like a jackknife. The tibia shuts into a
+groove in the femur, and thus the bug is able to seize and hold its
+prey.
+
+It clasps its victim in its arms, as it were, and calmly proceeds to
+suck out its blood.
+
+In some species of the giant water bugs the female does not leave her
+eggs in the pond to take care of themselves; she puts them on the back
+of her mate, who is obliged to carry all of his progeny about with him
+until they relieve him by hatching out and swimming off to see life for
+themselves.
+
+
+
+
+LITTLE MRS. SHORE BUG
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+May says she wants to hear more about bugs. Well, there is little Mrs.
+Shore Bug. I think you must all know her.
+
+She is the little bug that flies along in front of you on the seashore,
+or, indeed, on the edge of any body of water.
+
+She flits along just in front of you, and is so quick in her motions
+that you will hardly ever catch her.
+
+She does not fly far--she alights just far enough ahead to make you try
+again to capture her, but when you think you have her, she isn't there!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+She has sped off on one of her short flights, and so she will continue
+to do as long as you continue to chase her.
+
+
+
+
+THE AIRY WATER STRIDERS
+
+
+Then there are the water striders.
+
+They are bugs, and it is easy to guess how they got their name.
+
+You surely remember the longlegged, dark colored fellows that straddle
+about on top of the water, in ponds or in still pools in streams?
+
+Who has not tried to catch them!
+
+And how very seldom any one succeeds!
+
+May knows where we can see some water striders close at hand.
+
+They are on the pond in the meadow. Let us go.
+
+Ah, you little ones! There you are, scampering over the water on your
+airy, fairy feet, as though you were on dry land.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+How they flash about! And what cunning dimples their little feet make on
+the water when they stand still!
+
+If we keep very quiet, they will stop darting about in that wild way,
+and we can see them better.
+
+Now, water striders, why do you behave so, and what do you eat?
+
+Eat? Why, insects, of course. And as to behavior, they may well wonder
+more at ours than we at theirs.
+
+They skate about on the surface of the water all summer, and when winter
+comes they hide away at the bottom of the pond, right under the water,
+or along the edges of the banks.
+
+When the warm spring sunshine wakes up the sleeping plants, then the
+little water striders wake up too.
+
+Out they come, to resume their endless skating and insect catching, but
+now they lay their eggs, gluing them fast to water weeds.
+
+The young water striders look like their parents, and they, too, like to
+go circling and flashing over the top of the water, with their long legs
+spread out.
+
+
+
+
+A QUEER FELLOW
+
+
+What do you suppose is in this box?
+
+Little Nell may open it.
+
+There, out he comes--slowly, as though he were looking around and
+thinking about it.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+May says, "Hello, Mr. Walking Stick, you here again?"
+
+Ho! ho! _is_ it Mr. Walking Stick?
+
+You look again.
+
+Mollie thinks, if she were going to name it, she would call it Mr.
+Walking Threads.
+
+Yes, it is more slender than even the walking stick.
+
+What is that, John? You thought insects had six legs, and this has only
+four?
+
+Now, here is something for us to think about.
+
+Ned says it has six long threads that might be legs, but it does not
+walk on the two front ones.
+
+It seems to use them as antennæ.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Ned says those front ones look to him to be jointed just like the
+others, and he thinks they are legs.
+
+Mollie says they have no little feet like the others, and she thinks
+they are antennæ.
+
+Well, well, what are we to do? Think of its having feelers that look
+like legs or legs that look like feelers, so that you cannot tell which
+they are!
+
+Now it is beginning to move, and--Oh, ho, that long part in front is not
+its head!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+See, it separates into two--what?
+
+Surely, two front legs.
+
+See, they were folded up, somewhat like the front legs of the mantis,
+only these could fold close together, being threadlike.
+
+So the long threads are antennæ after all.
+
+Now it has raised its head, which we easily see is quite round, with
+tiny eyes, and the antennæ are growing out from the front of it.
+
+What is it? A walking stick? A mantis?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Why! why! There it goes, sailing off in the air with a queer little
+fluttering motion of its whole body.
+
+It has wings!
+
+John has caught it and brought it back.
+
+Now let us see those wings, you strange little creature.
+
+You will have to look close, but there they are, narrow, short, such
+tiny wings! How _do_ you suppose it flies with them?
+
+You seem queerer and queerer the more we look at you, little
+what-shall-we-call-you.
+
+But we know you are not a walking stick because our walking sticks have
+no wings.
+
+The truth is you are a--bug!
+
+Yes, this little threadlike creature belongs to the same order as the
+big flat giant water bug.
+
+It grasps its victim, in its fore feet like the mantis, but instead of
+biting its prey it sucks out the juices.
+
+You would hardly expect such a delicate creature to catch and kill other
+insects, yet such is the case.
+
+No, I do not think it will pierce your finger with its beak. I have
+often handled them, and have never been stung by one. We often see them
+walking about in the grass and along paths.
+
+
+
+
+THE WELL DRESSED LACE BUG
+
+[Illustration: HAWTHORN TWIG.]
+
+
+IF we pay a visit to that hawthorn bush we shall probably find
+a bug to our liking. Yes, here is one.
+
+It is a tiny thing, I know, but wait until you see it under the
+microscope.
+
+Ah, I thought you would be pleased!
+
+Nell says it looks as though it had on a lace party dress.
+
+Is it not a dainty fairy!
+
+We call it the lace bug.
+
+It does not suck the juices of other insects, but instead it sucks the
+juices of plants.
+
+Its eggs are very curious. It lays them on leaves and glues them fast.
+They look like little out-growths of the leaf.
+
+The young lace bugs are like their parents in form, only, of course,
+they have no wings and so they are not pretty.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Fairy lace bug, we are glad to make your acquaintance.
+
+
+
+
+A BAD BUG
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Now, here is a bug we all loathe. It is round and flat, and reddish
+brown in color, and it has a disgusting odor.
+
+But though we hate this bug, it is very fond of us. It has a short,
+sharp tube folded down under its head, and this tube it likes to raise
+up and stick into the skin of people, and suck out their blood.
+
+It has no wings, only a pair of little scales where its wings should be.
+Yes, May, these scales are rudimentary wings, and they are good for
+nothing. It once had wings, but it preferred to go slipping about in
+cracks and hiding in beds, until in course of time no wings grew, which
+served it right.
+
+It has antennæ and eyes and spiracles; indeed, it has everything a bug
+should have but wings and good manners.
+
+We call it the bed bug because its favorite home is in beds, so that it
+can sally forth at night and feast upon its sleeping victims.
+
+It lays its eggs in cracks and crevices, and each egg is like a little
+jar with a rim and a lid at the top. When the young one hatches it
+pushes off the lid. The young are in shape like their parents, only they
+are very light colored, and almost transparent. They look like ghosts of
+bugs, but they are very voracious ghosts indeed, and they eat and moult
+and grow and become darker colored until they reach maturity.
+
+One strange thing about them is that they can live a very long time with
+nothing to eat, so that houses long vacated may still contain these
+nuisances, that sally forth, eager to round out their emaciated forms at
+the expense of the new occupants of the house.
+
+The barn swallow is sadly afflicted by a species of these unwelcome
+visitors to its nest, and the poor bats are also victimized by a species
+of bed bug.
+
+The bad odor comes from a liquid poured out of the back of young bugs,
+and from the under side of old ones.
+
+These insects are very undesirable acquaintances, and they breed so fast
+that even one, brought into a house, may cause it to become generally
+infested in a few weeks.
+
+Eternal vigilance and great cleanliness are the housekeeper's only
+safeguards.
+
+There are some species of bugs that closely resemble the bed bugs, only
+they have wings, and live on flowers or in the cracks of the bark of
+trees.
+
+
+
+
+THE TROUBLESOME RED BUG
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+There are a great many kinds of bugs on the leaves and flowers in
+summer, and some of them do much damage by eating the vegetation.
+
+One of the most troublesome of these is the red bug. Here is a picture
+of one.
+
+Its wings look as if they had an X drawn on them.
+
+Let us spread out one of the wings.
+
+Why do you all laugh?
+
+Sure enough, Ned, how _can_ we spread out the wings of a bug in a
+picture?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+But there is a way out of that difficulty.
+
+Yes, another picture.
+
+Only the upper wings are spread out.
+
+You see, the half of the wing next the body is stiff like a wing cover,
+and the other half is thin and silky, and folds up under the stiff part.
+When the insect flies it spreads out the under wings, too, for there is
+a pair of thin, flying wings folded on the body under these upper wings.
+
+These upper wings, that are half wing cover and half flying wing, are
+characteristic of the bug order.
+
+Not all the bugs have them, but a great many have.
+
+The name of the bug order is HEM-IP-TERA, meaning half-wing.
+You see why.
+
+Yes, John, the word "hemiptera" comes from two Greek words, _hemi_,
+meaning half, and, as you know, _pteron_, meaning a wing.
+
+The young red bugs are like the old ones, excepting in color.
+
+What do we call the young of insects, little Nell?
+
+Yes, we call them larvæ. These red bug larvæ are bright red with black
+legs.
+
+They pierce the cotton plants in the South, and suck out the juices.
+
+Of course, they grow and moult until they arrive at the adult form.
+
+What, John? You do not know what "adult" means? Adult means "grown-up."
+
+It is a short way of saying grown-up; and after this, when we mean a
+grown-up insect, let us say an adult insect.
+
+To return to the red bug. When it reaches the adult state, it is not
+such a bright red, but rather of a reddish color with brownish wings
+striped with light yellow.
+
+Beside eating the juices of the cotton plants and thus injuring or even
+killing them, the red bugs stain the white cotton and spoil it.
+
+They are also troublesome in some parts of Florida, where they pierce
+the skins of the oranges, and cause the fruit to decay.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE RAVENOUS CHINCH BUGS
+
+
+There are a great many bugs injurious to vegetation, among them the
+little chinch bugs.
+
+They are so small, each one no larger than a plant louse, that you would
+not think they could do much harm.
+
+One of them could not, but when they appear in millions, then they are
+terrible.
+
+Here is one magnified to show the white wing covers with black markings.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Would you believe that this tiny insect has destroyed millions of
+dollars' worth of grain in the United States?
+
+What, Charlie? you should think they could be killed out? That is a very
+difficult task. You see they are so small, and they breed so fast. There
+are two broods of them in one year, and when they have eaten one grain
+field they start off, millions strong, to another.
+
+Of course a great many methods have been tried for getting rid of them,
+and one very curious method you will like to hear about.
+
+You know insects are subject to diseases.
+
+What, Nell, you never heard of a sick bug?
+
+Yet it seems they are sick sometimes, and certain diseases kill them.
+Chinch bugs are not as healthy in some places as in others.
+
+There is a contagious disease that kills them off in very great numbers.
+
+Ned says he can guess what remedy the people apply to the healthy chinch
+bugs that are eating their grain.
+
+Yes, they introduce diseased chinch bugs into the grain fields with the
+healthy ones. The contagion spreads and the bugs die!
+
+There is another way of getting rid of some kinds of troublesome
+insects. That is, to introduce an insect not injurious to vegetation,
+that will prey upon the injurious ones.
+
+
+
+
+THE WELL PROTECTED STINK BUG
+
+
+One of the bugs we know the best and like the least is the stink bug.
+
+It deserves its name.
+
+John says he had one on his hand this morning.
+
+How did you like it, John?
+
+Did any of you ever pick berries where these bugs were?
+
+See what a face Mollie is making! It is very evident that _she_ has.
+
+[Illustration: RED RASPBERRY.]
+
+What a nasty taste they give the delicious fruit.
+
+Even the flavor of the red raspberry is spoiled if one of these bugs
+pollutes it.
+
+What makes them smell so? May is asking.
+
+The disgusting odor is caused by a liquid that is ejected out of little
+pores on the under side of the thorax.
+
+The bug can eject this liquid when it pleases.
+
+Most members of the bug order can eject a disagreeable liquid, though
+few of them do it so successfully as the stink bug.
+
+If the stink bug is not disturbed, it does not give forth the bad odor;
+but when we jostle the bushes in getting the berries, that startles it,
+and we get the benefit of its alarm.
+
+Yes, undoubtedly the bugs make a bad odor for the same reason the
+grasshoppers make molasses. They wish to repel their enemies.
+
+Very few birds ever touch a stink bug.
+
+Nell thinks a bird would be crazy to eat a stink bug.
+
+Mollie says if it were not crazy when it began, it surely would be
+before it got through!
+
+Not only the bugs make these disagreeable odors.
+
+Many other insects do.
+
+The cockroaches, as we know, and one reason we dislike them so is
+because of this offensive odor.
+
+Some species of crickets, too, and indeed many, many insects give forth
+odors from glands that exist just for that purpose.
+
+No, indeed, these odors are not all alike. Some have a strangling
+quality like ammonia, and sometimes the odors are not disagreeable. Some
+insects have sweet odors, like perfumes.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The pleasant odors are not used to repel, but to attract.
+
+If an insect wishes to see its mate, it may be able to give forth a
+pleasant odor that will reach a long way through the air, and the mate,
+smelling it, will follow it to its source. You see, this pleasant odor
+is one way of talking; at least it is one way of sending a message.
+
+Insects can detect odors much better than we can.
+
+No doubt many insects produce odors that affect other insects, but that
+are so faint we cannot smell them at all.
+
+The sense of smell, even in the human being, is very wonderful. It is
+the keenest of all the senses.
+
+You have studied weights and measures, and you know how small a quantity
+a grain of anything is. Well, you will be astonished to know that your
+nose can detect the presence of 1/2,760,000,000 of a grain of mercaptan,
+a substance having a very bad smell.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+So you see, insects that can smell very, very much better than we would
+be greatly influenced by the odors of other insects.
+
+Some of the stink bugs, although so disagreeable if disturbed, are very
+useful to us, as they eat other insects injurious to vegetation.
+
+Most of them, however, eat fruits and vegetables, and some species do a
+vast amount of mischief.
+
+
+
+
+THE LOUSE
+
+
+Yes, John, lice are bugs, and very mean bugs too.
+
+They have lived at the expense of other creatures so long that they
+cannot exist unless they have a living body to feed on.
+
+Here is a picture of one very much enlarged. No wings, no beauty, a pale
+white thing, all claws and mouth.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It has a long sucking tube by which it pierces the skin, and a sucking
+stomach by which it pumps the blood into its mouth.
+
+Such creatures are called parasites.
+
+Yes, bed bugs are parasites too.
+
+Besides the lice that live on human beings, there are species that
+infest animals.
+
+
+
+
+BIRD LICE AND BOOK LICE
+
+
+Bird lice are not lice!
+
+That is, they do not belong to the bug order.
+
+They belong to a small order by themselves, but they are parasites like
+the lice.
+
+The little white book lice that scurry away when we open an old book
+that has been standing on the back shelf, are not lice, either; they
+also belong to a little order of their own, and are constructed very
+differently from the true lice.
+
+
+
+
+FRIEND CICADA
+
+
+WHIR-R-R-R-RRRRR!!
+
+May says she wishes that locust would keep quiet. It makes her warmer
+than ever to hear him carrying on so this hot day.
+
+John says it is the weather that is warm, not the song of the locust.
+
+And yet, locusts generally sing during the hottest part of the summer,
+so that we have learned to associate them with warm weather.
+
+Since we must listen to its shrill out-cry, I wish we could also see
+it.
+
+Ah, that is a wish soon gratified! Here comes one out of John's pocket.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+John says it is _not_ a locust.
+
+Ah, yes, the shorthorned grasshoppers are the real locusts, and this
+fellow has somehow got the name.
+
+But it is not a locust.
+
+It is also called the dog-day harvest fly, but it is not a fly, though
+it looks considerably like one.
+
+Really, you know, it is a--bug!
+
+Yes, it belongs to the bug order.
+
+Its true name is cicada, and its shrill midsummer song has been famous
+from the beginning of time.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It looks like an enormous fly, but its mouth parts are the mouth parts
+of the bug, and in other respects it resembles the members of the bug
+order, when it is examined closely.
+
+What glassy wings!
+
+Let us spread them out carefully. Four of them it has.
+
+The cicada, you see, has no wing covers. Nor are its upper wings, half
+wing cover, and half wing, like those of so many of the bugs.
+
+No, all four of its wings are alike, and all four are flying wings.
+
+When it is at rest, the inner wings slip out of sight under the outer
+ones, which fold down like a roof over its body.
+
+See how beautifully the wings, are veined.
+
+You think cicada has a very broad back, Nell?
+
+So it has, and a broad head.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+See its black eyes on the corners of its head!
+
+How many facets have its eyes?
+
+I wish I knew, but I do not. This, however, I can tell you. If you look
+on the top of its head between its compound eyes, with a magnifying
+glass, you will find it has three little eyes there.
+
+These small eyes are simple, and are called _ocelli_.
+
+Many insects have ocelli, indeed, some of the grasshoppers have these
+extra eyes on top of their head.
+
+May says the grasshoppers are very astonishing insects.
+
+You think you know all about them, and you are all the time finding out
+something new. You would not be apt to notice these little ocelli on the
+grasshopper's head, they are so small, and besides, some of the
+grasshoppers do not have them.
+
+Yes, Mollie, it is the same with the crickets and katydids. Some species
+have ocelli, and some have not.
+
+If you look full in the face of a cicada, you can see the three little
+round ocelli between the compound eyes.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+They show very plainly with a magnifying glass.
+
+Indeed, it is difficult to explain what the ocelli are for.
+
+Some think they are to see objects close at hand, while the compound
+eyes see more distant objects.
+
+Others think the ocelli are only capable of distinguishing light from
+darkness.
+
+Yet others think they are merely a "survival" of the eyes of the worms.
+You know, way back in time, before there were winged insects there were
+worms. In some way the insects are descended from the worms, and though
+they have got rid of many of their wormlike parts they still retain some
+of them, and probably among these are the ocelli.
+
+When an animal of any kind keeps organs that belonged to its ancestors,
+but that are of no use to it, we say these organs are "survivals." They
+have not yet had time wholly to disappear.
+
+Yes, John, the time may come when the ocelli will disappear from the
+insects. A good many insects have lost them already.
+
+Indeed, you are right, May; they have lost them because they did not use
+them. When an animal ceases to use an organ in course of time, for lack
+of exercise, that organ dwindles away and disappears. It generally takes
+a very long time for this to happen.
+
+Yes, Mabel, thousands or even millions of years may pass before an organ
+that has gone out of use entirely disappears. As generations succeed
+each other each generation loses a little power in that organ until,
+finally, there is no organ left.
+
+John is puzzled to know just what is meant by an organ. It is some
+particular part of the creature. An arm is an organ, a stomach is an
+organ, an eye is an organ. The whole creature is made up of organs, and
+is called an _organism_.
+
+Your whole body, John, is an organism, but your legs and arms are
+organs. Now, I think you understand.
+
+Our cicada has one organ that is very interesting; it is the little
+apparatus by which it sings.
+
+Turn it over, Ned, and all of you look at the two thin plates lying
+against the abdomen just below the thorax.
+
+Those membranes are like two little kettle drums, and they are its song
+organs.
+
+There are other membranes beneath them, and large muscles within the
+body to move the membranes.
+
+The membranes being set in rapid vibration we get the shrill cry of the
+locust.
+
+Only the male has the kettle drums. In the female these organs are
+rudimentary, and she is dumb.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Cicada, you are a pretty little thing with your clear, glasslike wings
+and your black body with red and green trimming. See its mouth lying in
+that little groove under its head. It is a tube, and sharp. The cicada
+sticks it into a leaf or young twig to suck out the juice.
+
+Nell wants to know if the young cicadas are like the old ones. Indeed,
+they would be cunning little things if they were, and--yes, they _would_
+look very much like flies.
+
+But the young cicadas are queer babies, indeed. They do not look very
+much like their parents, although they have a head, a thorax, and an
+abdomen.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The female cicada makes a slit in the bark of the tree twig with her
+ovipositor and lays the eggs there. As soon as they hatch out, the tiny
+cicadas drop down to the ground and burrow into the earth.
+
+You would not know that they are cicadas, they are such queer-looking
+little things. But they have strong, sucking mouth parts with which they
+pierce holes in the roots of trees and suck out the juices.
+
+Of course these larvæ grow and moult and continue to do so until they
+have moulted a good many times and grown quite large.
+
+They stay down under the ground two years.
+
+At the end of that time they crawl up to the surface of the earth in the
+early summer.
+
+They climb trees, or weeds, or fence posts, and then the skin splits
+down the back for the last time, and out comes a full-grown cicada with
+bright glassy wings.
+
+The wings of the larva do not grow at each moult like the wings of the
+grasshopper.
+
+The larva never gets beyond short little wing pads. See John's eyes
+twinkling! I believe--yes, he has! He has brought us the cast-off skin
+of a cicada to look at.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Why, John, you are like a good fairy to us to-day, giving us just the
+things we want just when we want them.
+
+Now, see this little shell. See the front legs, like strong paws to dig
+with. And see its little glassy eyes, and its little wing pads!
+
+It is a perfect cast of the cicada larva.
+
+Yes, May, this little cast is made of chitin, and it will last a long
+time. Chitin is a very indestructible substance; even fire will not
+destroy it, but in course of time the moisture and the acids in the
+earth destroy it, so that at last the millions of cicada shells and
+grasshopper cast-off skins, which are also of chitin, and cricket
+moults, and all the other little cast-aside chitinous overcoats of the
+insects, return again to the earth and the air whence they came. The
+minerals and gases that compose them let go of each other, as it were,
+and the chitin is no longer chitin.
+
+Amy says she has seen these little cicada shells hundreds of times but
+did not know what they were.
+
+Yes, we are sure to find them almost every summer.
+
+If we look, we will also find other larvæ shells. Down in the grass are
+the cast-off coats of the grasshoppers and the crickets.
+
+All we need do is to look, and we shall be sure to find them--like
+unsubstantial ghosts of the active little wearers.
+
+No doubt you all have heard of the seventeen-year locusts. They, too,
+are cicadas, and they look very much like this one, only it takes the
+young ones seventeen years to complete their growth.
+
+Think of living in the ground and sucking the juices out of the earth
+and of tree roots for seventeen years!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+How would you like to do it?
+
+But no doubt the cicada is quite happy living in this way.
+
+At the end of seventeen years the cicadas come up out of the earth in
+great swarms.
+
+They cast their skins for the last time. The queer little shells are
+seen everywhere, and the air resounds with the songs of the freed
+prisoners.
+
+In the South it takes only thirteen years for these cicadas to develop.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+I once went up the side of a beautiful mountain in North Carolina, where
+was such a mighty host of cicadas in the trees that I could not hear my
+companion speak, and a little way off the noise sounded like a torrent
+of rushing water.
+
+
+
+
+THE ODD SPITTLE INSECT
+
+
+Why, little Nell! What is the matter?
+
+You do wish the frogs would stop spitting on the grass?
+
+Let me see; why, poor child, she is all covered with frog spittle.
+
+That is kind, Ned. See, he is wiping her apron off with some fresh,
+clean leaves. Let us rest awhile under this shady tree.
+
+John, pick that grass blade with the frog spittle on it. Be careful not
+to disturb it.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+There is a surprise in store for you; this white frothy substance that
+is so abundant in some places in the summer and that looks like spittle
+is--guess what?
+
+Frog spittle, May says. So you think the frogs spit on the grass do you?
+They must be tall frogs to reach up so high.
+
+With this little twig let us carefully brush away the white froth.
+
+Now see.
+
+Yes, there is something in the centre of it.
+
+It is the larva of a--bug!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The female bug, and here is one of the little things, lays the egg on
+the leaf or twigs, and when it hatches the young bug sucks out the sap
+of the plant which finally appears as this white froth.
+
+The larva remains surrounded by the froth until its transformations are
+complete.
+
+Just before the last moult it stops sucking out sap. The froth dries
+about it in the form of a little room, and in this it undergoes its last
+moult and comes out--an adult bug.
+
+The froth is supposed to be used as a protection, and it may be against
+some enemies, but there are certain wasps that delight in invading the
+frothy masses and hauling out the unwilling morsels within to feed to
+their young.
+
+No, little Nell, the frogs have nothing whatever to do with this frothy
+substance which was called frog spittle before people understood about
+the little insect that made it.
+
+They really thought the frogs did it.
+
+The adult spittle insect is called a frog hopper, and it has the power
+of leaping very well.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+PRETTY LEAF HOPPERS
+
+
+Just see this bush! Be careful not to shake it.
+
+It is covered with such pretty, bright-colored little insects.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+There, May ran against the bush and see--they are hopping wildly off in
+every direction.
+
+Yes, little Nell, they do sound like rain drops pattering on the leaves.
+
+They are prettier than the spittle insects and more slender, but they
+hop about in very much the same way.
+
+The larvæ do not make froth, however.
+
+These are the leaf hoppers.
+
+What big heads they have!
+
+And how daintily their green forms are pencilled with red lines.
+
+There are a great many species of the leaf hoppers, and not all of them
+are as pretty as these.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Some of them are very small indeed, and some do great damage to the
+grain crops and the fruits.
+
+They suck out the juices of the plants.
+
+If you sweep the insect net over bushes or through the grass in
+midsummer, you will be pretty sure to draw in a good collection of leaf
+hoppers.
+
+Most of us are only too well acquainted with the rose-leaf hopper that
+swarms on rose bushes and kills the leaves. If we have not noticed the
+insect itself, we have not failed to notice the little white skins that
+it has cast off and left clinging to the leaves.
+
+Yes, these are the little skins it discards when it moults.
+
+John says we can kill them by washing the bushes with strong soap suds.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Ned says it is better yet to spray them.
+
+It is better and also easier to spray them than to wash them.
+
+You know there are machines for spraying trees and other plants. They
+consist of a tank to hold the liquid that is to be sprayed and a pump to
+force it through a rubber pipe with a sprinkler at the end.
+
+Very often a mixture of soap and kerosene oil, known as "kerosene
+emulsion," is used to spray with.
+
+Paris green and blue vitriol, both very poisonous, are often used on
+grape vines before the grapes are formed, and very gaudy vines they are
+for a little while after this bright poison has been sprayed upon them.
+
+Although insects are so very interesting, we have to protect ourselves
+against many species in order to live.
+
+Yes, John, it is oftentimes merely a question which shall profit by the
+crops we plant, the insects or ourselves.
+
+Sometimes the insects win, sometimes we win, but it is a closely
+contested warfare all the time.
+
+We plough the land and take care of it, we plant the seeds and keep out
+the weeds. Then, when we have a fine crop growing, along come certain
+destructive insects, feeling very happy, no doubt, to have found such a
+feast.
+
+Now the fight begins. They attack the crop, we attack them. We spray
+them with poisons, burn up their eggs, do everything we know how to get
+rid of them.
+
+Wise men have spent many years of close study finding out the habits of
+the insects destructive to grains and fruits, in order to be able to
+destroy them.
+
+Although many of the plant hoppers are such nuisances to us, there is
+one family of hoppers that is seldom a nuisance.
+
+
+
+
+THE COMICAL TREE HOPPERS
+
+
+Do you know the tree hoppers,--absurd little jokers that they are?
+
+Oh, yes, they are hard and three cornered, like animated beechnuts, as
+somebody has said.
+
+Yes, some of them have humps on their backs and some have horns.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+John says he once made a collection of tree hoppers and put them in a
+box with a reading glass over the top, and showed them to his friends to
+make them laugh.
+
+May says she saw them, and they reminded her of Brownies.
+
+Would it not be fun to have a tree hopper Brownie book!
+
+The tree hoppers jump about on the bushes and eat the juices of the
+plants, but there are not usually enough of them to do damage. They
+seldom come in swarms like some of the leaf hoppers, though sometimes
+they do.
+
+
+
+
+THE JUMPING PLANT LICE
+
+
+The jumping plant lice are nearly related to the tree hoppers, but they
+do not look at all like them.
+
+Under the magnifying glass they look like tiny cicadas.
+
+See, here is a picture of one enlarged.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Their natural size is no larger than a plant louse.
+
+Have you not often seen them clustered close together on the young twigs
+of pear trees--tiny, light-colored things that jumped in all directions
+when you touched the twig?
+
+The name of the plant louse that infests pear trees is the pear-tree
+psylla. It is very destructive to pear trees, sucking out the juices of
+the young shoots.
+
+The pear trees can be saved by spraying them with kerosene emulsion as
+soon as the young leaves have opened in the spring.
+
+
+
+
+THE APHIDS
+
+
+Now, let us go in search of the aphids, or aphides, as they are also
+called. We shall not have to search far.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In a very dry season we generally need not search at all. All we need do
+is to examine the nearest weed to find plenty of aphides.
+
+Yes, they are the little plant lice that seem at times to cover every
+growing thing.
+
+Sometimes they are green, sometimes brown, or gray, or reddish, in
+color.
+
+They are tiny creatures, but what they lack in size they more than make
+up in numbers.
+
+Go now, and find some aphides.
+
+Ah, here you all come, each bearing a leaf or a twig on which are
+aphids.
+
+There was no trouble in finding them!
+
+They do not hop like the jumping plant lice when they are disturbed.
+They remain where they are unless they are very much shaken up.
+
+See, most of them are without wings, though here are a few with
+beautiful transparent wings.
+
+Antennæ they have, long and threadlike. And see, the knowing little
+eyes!
+
+They seem to be anchored to the leaf.
+
+Hold the leaf up to the light, and see if you can discover what they are
+doing.
+
+Ah, see those mouth tubes firmly stuck into the leaf. There they stand
+all day long and suck out the juice.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Ned says he should think they would burst.
+
+But they do not; they grow. And they also get rid of a large part of the
+superfluous sap in a curious way.
+
+They use what they need to grow on, and the rest escapes from the
+insect's body in the form of "honey dew." It is a sweet liquid of which
+ants and bees are very fond.
+
+What, John, you have heard that the aphids give out honey dew from two
+little horns near the tip of the abdomen?
+
+Let us see if we can find these horns. Yes, we can see them plainly, and
+_very_ plainly with a magnifying glass.
+
+But now listen; the honey dew does not come from the horns. On the end
+of some of the horns, or tubes, we can see a drop of clear liquid.
+
+For a long time people believed this was honey dew, but instead, it is a
+waxy substance which is not sweet.
+
+It has been very carefully studied by wise men who tell us it contains
+no sugar and is probably used as a means of defence, as aphides have
+been seen to smear the faces of insect enemies with this wax.
+
+There are a great many species of aphides, and not all of them have the
+little tubes or horns on their backs. But probably many that have no
+horns give forth honey dew.
+
+It is really a waste substance from the body of the aphid.
+
+Ants are so fond of the honey dew that certain species of aphides have
+been called the _ants' cows_, because the ants take care of them for the
+sake of the honey dew.
+
+Some ants protect the aphids from their enemies. They drive off those
+insects that would devour the aphids, and when winter comes these ants
+carry the aphids down into their warm nests under ground, and keep them
+safe through the cold weather.
+
+The aphides cannot stand wet weather, but after a long spell of dry
+weather they will be found in great abundance.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Sometimes they eat so fast and so much that the honey dew falls like a
+shower from the trees upon which they are. It covers the ground beneath
+and the leaves of plants, and makes everything very sticky and
+disagreeable to the touch. The dust settles on it, too and a growth
+something like mould often turns it black--as we find to our discomfort.
+
+But when the honey dew is fresh the bees love it. They collect large
+quantities of it and make it into honey. Squirrels like it to.
+
+It is great fun to watch the nimble squirrel folk sitting in the trees
+and holding a leaf between their little hands while they lick off the
+honey dew.
+
+Children sometimes suck the honey dew from the leaves in back country
+places, where sugar is scarce and where candy is seldom to be had.
+
+Which side of the leaf does the aphid prefer?
+
+Yes, it is on the under side always.
+
+I wonder why.
+
+John says the aphides would be better protected in case of a shower.
+
+Ned says the skin is tenderer on the under side and easier to pierce.
+
+Mollie thinks they want to be in the shade out of the hot sunshine.
+
+I should not wonder if all of these reasons were right.
+
+My little aphid, how many wings have you when you have any?
+
+Yes, little Nell, they have four of the daintiest, prettiest little
+wings you ever saw.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+True enough, most of them have no wings at all.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+John thinks those must be young ones.
+
+Sometimes they are, but not always. Many of the adult aphids have no
+wings.
+
+The aphids are very curious insects, and when you are older I hope you
+will remember to study them carefully.
+
+No, John, not all species of aphides make honey dew.
+
+Some form instead a white, powdery substance that is seen scattered over
+the body.
+
+May says that must be the kind she has.
+
+Let us see. Yes, May's aphids produce the white powder instead of honey
+dew.
+
+That is _their_ way of getting rid of the waste matter.
+
+May says she is glad to know that; she thought her aphids had something
+the matter with them. They seemed to be falling to pieces.
+
+No, May, they are not falling to pieces; that powder can all be rubbed
+off, and there are your aphids whole and sound beneath it.
+
+Do you know that some species of your funny little tree hoppers secrete
+honey dew also, and even have ants to attend them? See if you can find
+some of these this summer.
+
+Sometimes aphids live on the roots of plants as well as on the leaves.
+
+Yes, indeed, May, they are very destructive insects. We have to spray
+our house plants to get rid of them, and often our garden flowers as
+well, and they do a great deal of damage to fruits and vegetables, and
+one of them, the phylloxera, has nearly destroyed the vineyards of
+France. It lives on the leaves of some species of grapes and on the
+roots of others. We have to be very careful about getting grape vines
+from Europe to plant in this country on account of the phylloxera.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+What have you found now, John? Ah, yes, an alder branch, with a white,
+cottony substance on it. You have been poking into it with a little
+stick, and you think there are insects beneath it.
+
+What, May, you always thought that white stuff was a plant growth, like
+mould?
+
+We can easily find out. Get out some of the little things inside if you
+can, John. It is not easy to separate them from their cottony covering
+without crushing them, but now we can see quite well with the magnifying
+glass--and yes--you see they are little insects.
+
+We call them the woolly aphids.
+
+They also secrete honey dew.
+
+You say the ground below the alder bush was all sticky and black, John?
+
+That was the honey dew, blackened by a little plant something like
+mould, that grows on it.
+
+We often see woolly plant lice in the summer-time on different plants,
+and one species injures apple trees. It gets on the roots as well as on
+the tender bark of young trees and kills them.
+
+Yes, indeed, Mollie, the aphids are bugs. They belong to the bug order,
+which is a very large and important insect family, and contains some
+members that are exceedingly troublesome to us.
+
+
+
+
+SCALE BUGS
+
+
+What, May, you are tired out?
+
+What have you been doing?
+
+Oh, yes, washing the scales off the leaves of your mother's window fern.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It must indeed have been a task; what did you wash them off with? Why
+did you use soap suds?
+
+Because your mother told you to; well, that is a good reason, but why do
+you think she told you to use soap suds?
+
+You say you don't know, but you think very likely these scales are some
+sort of bug, as everything nowadays seems to be bugs.
+
+Well, I don't know about everything being bugs, but those scales
+certainly are. They are scale bugs.
+
+Did you stop to look at them under the magnifying glass?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+No, but you brought a piece of the fern for us to look at.
+
+It will be necessary to put it under the microscope.
+
+There, now look.
+
+Yes, that scale looks like a tiny mussel shell; but look carefully, and
+you will see it has legs.
+
+Lift it up with the point of a pin, and under it you will find a mass of
+eggs. Yes, Ned; it is like a quantity of eggs under a dish cover.
+
+The cover is the female scale bug, and she has laid all those eggs.
+
+Yes, the scales we see on so many plants are the scale bugs.
+
+They are not all alike in shape, or size, or color; here is a different
+kind, you see.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+But they are all very prolific; that is to say, they produce a great
+many young, and do it in a short time.
+
+Yes, John, the tiny, dark-colored scales that look like little oyster
+shells on the skins of oranges are a form of scale bug, and a very
+troublesome one, too, to the orange grower.
+
+But though most of these insects are troublesome, the family is redeemed
+by a few members that are of great value to us.
+
+One of these is the scale bug that supplies shellac, and all that comes
+from it to our markets. These curious bugs give forth a resinous
+substance that envelops the eggs and glues them to the twigs whose
+juices the bug sucks out. It is this resinous substance that is
+collected by breaking off the twigs where the insects are. It is used
+for varnishes, as you know, and for polishing wood and other substances.
+
+There are other scale bugs that secrete wax, and some of them produce it
+so abundantly, and of such good quality, that it has become an article
+of commerce. China wax, which is wax of a very fine quality, is secreted
+by a Chinese scale bug, and the wax is used for making fine candles, as
+well as for other purposes.
+
+In Mexico we have the cochineal insect, which is a scale bug that lives
+on a cactus that grows in Mexico.
+
+Like many others of the scale bugs, the cochineal males have wings and
+are not so scalelike as their helpless mates.
+
+But they are of no use to us. It is only the female cochineal we use.
+
+She is raised in great numbers in cactus gardens planted on purpose.
+
+Here is the picture of a cactus with cochineal insects upon it.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+These insects contain a very brilliant, red coloring matter that is used
+by us in dyeing leather and wool, and in making paints. The insects are
+gathered and dried, and thus sent to market.
+
+Although a few of them are useful to us, the scale bugs, on the whole,
+are a serious pest; and they are found on nearly all kinds of plants all
+over the world.
+
+You should think all the plants would soon be gone, so many insects eat
+them?
+
+Well, they would, only other things eat the insects.
+
+Insects have a great many enemies, after all.
+
+Sometimes the weather is bad for them, the season is too hot or too
+cold, too wet or too dry, and then they do not appear in large numbers.
+
+Sometimes one kind of insect eats another kind.
+
+Sometimes tiny plants, like moulds, grow on the insects and kill them;
+and birds destroy a very large number.
+
+If the farmers only knew how much good the birds do them, they would
+never allow one to be killed. Even the crows that pull up their corn are
+worth many times the corn they eat in the insects they destroy. There is
+scarcely a bird but what is of value to the farmer.
+
+The hawks that catch his chickens catch more mice and moles in his
+fields, than chickens in his barn-yard.
+
+And as for the robins, the blue jays, and all the small birds, they do
+more to save the growing plants, than all the soap suds and kerosene
+emulsion that were ever made.
+
+No one should ever shoot a bird. The birds are our natural protectors
+against the vast armies of insects, that, but for the birds, would soon
+destroy us by eating up our food plants.
+
+What is that, May? You belong to an Audubon Society for the protection
+of the birds?
+
+Yes, I know you do, and so do John and Ned and Mollie and little Nell.
+
+I wish every child in the United States belonged to the Audubon Society.
+Then our birds would be safe. They would never be killed as they are now
+for foolish women to wear on their hats.
+
+When the Audubon Society children grew up they would not wear dead
+birds, of course, and their children would be taught better, so that
+after a while the Audubon Society people would be the only ones left,
+and so the birds would be safe.
+
+Let us get as many people to belong to the Audubon Society as we can.
+
+What is that, Amy? You have learned more interesting things about birds
+in the Audubon Society than you ever knew in your life before?
+
+Yes, I am sure you have, and what could be lovelier to study about than
+the birds.
+
+What is that you are saying, Ned? You love to go bird hunting? Ah, I see
+your eyes twinkle, sir; I know how you go hunting. You hunt with your
+mother's opera glass! That is the proper way to hunt birds.
+
+We can learn more from watching one bird with a glass than we could from
+shooting a hundred.
+
+But you do shoot them, John? Yes, I know about that, too. I know what
+kind of a shooting instrument you got for Christmas, sir, and I have
+seen the birds you shot!
+
+Yes, nearly all of us have seen them, and how well he does it!
+
+What, Amy, you think John ought to be ashamed of himself to go about
+shooting birds, and we ought to be ashamed of ourselves to talk so about
+it?
+
+There, now, don't be vexed with Amy, children. She has known us but a
+little while, and she has not seen John's birds, so I do not wonder she
+feels indignant.
+
+What is that, May? You have one of John's birds right here in your
+school-bag? Show it to Amy.
+
+Isn't it pretty! It is a very charming photograph of a catbird on its
+nest.
+
+You see John shoots birds with a camera! His father gave him a beautiful
+one for Christmas, and he has made good use of it.
+
+How long did it take you to get that bird, John?
+
+Just hear! He spent more than a week getting acquainted with the bird so
+it would sit still on the nest while he took its picture.
+
+I am sure that was a week well spent.
+
+John says he feels better acquainted with the catbird than he would have
+been if he had read fifty books about it.
+
+And I am sure he is right. The only way to enjoy a bird and to know it,
+is to watch it alive.
+
+A camera is the very best gun in the world for catching birds. And it is
+really much better fun to take their pictures than to shoot and kill
+them.
+
+It seems to me we have strayed a long way from bugs.
+
+May says she thinks birds are much more interesting than bugs.
+
+That may be, but still we want to know about bugs, too.
+
+Do you think you will know a bug when you see it now?
+
+No, I do not believe you can be sure of that. But at least you know
+something about a few bugs.
+
+Some day you will study more carefully how insects are formed, and then
+you will understand better how we decide what order they belong to.
+
+We group together the insects that are most like each other.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+ ~NEUROPTERA~
+
+ ~TRICHOPTERA~
+
+
+
+
+THE HORNED CORYDALUS
+
+
+No more bugs, if you please.
+
+We are to make the acquaintance of another order of insect folk this
+time.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+I think we can find some worthy members of this new order if we go with
+John to a brook he knows of.
+
+Here we are, and it certainly is a lovely brook, whether we find a
+dobson in it or not.
+
+Yes, Nell, the dobson is the new insect we shall try to find.
+
+Now, be careful and not get your clothes too wet, but we have to turn
+over the stones along the edge of the brook until we find what we are
+after.
+
+Mollie wants to know how she is to know it if she finds it.
+
+Well, Mollie, whatever you find that is interesting you must show us.
+Even though it is not what we are searching for, we shall enjoy seeing
+it.
+
+Look at little Nell! She has tumbled into the brook. Her foot slipped,
+and down she went.
+
+Don't cry, deary, you are not wet enough to do any harm. The warm sun
+will soon dry you.
+
+No, indeed, you will not have to go home.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Perhaps you will be the first one to find a dobson after all.
+
+Hurrah! hurrah! hear John shout!
+
+He must have found the first dobson.
+
+Yes, he has.
+
+What, May? It is a horrid monster, and you have a good mind to scream?
+
+Well, scream if you want to; that won't do any harm.
+
+It _isn't_ pretty! but we shall like to look at it. You see it is a
+larva and a big one, dark gray in color and with a thick leathery skin.
+
+Mollie says it reminds her a little of the larva of the May fly; that
+is, in shape.
+
+Let us look at a picture of the May-fly larva.
+
+You see it has a head, a thorax to which is attached the six legs and
+the rudimentary wings, and an abdomen, all distinctly separated from
+each other.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The dobson has a head, but no thorax.
+
+The body behind the head is divided into segments that all look very
+much alike, and there is a pair of legs attached to each of the first
+three segments.
+
+The dobson eats other larvæ that it chews up with its strong jaws.
+
+It lives almost three years in the larval state, so you see it has
+plenty of time in which to grow. Of course it moults. It is usually to
+be found under stones in swift, running water. Those two pairs of hooks
+at the tip of its body are its anchors.
+
+It clasps them about a bit of stone or a stick that is firmly lodged,
+and then it can bid defiance to the swirling stream.
+
+Ned wonders why it is always found hiding under stones.
+
+Listen to John, he says fishes are very fond of dobsons, and that is why
+they hide away.
+
+Fishermen hunt the dobsons for bait; so you see they have a hard time in
+spite of their large size and their strong jaws.
+
+When they have lived nearly three years in the water they crawl out on
+the bank and hollow out a place under a stone.
+
+Here they lie, apparently dead, but they are not dead.
+
+They are undergoing a wonderful transformation.
+
+It takes about a month for this transformation, or _metamorphosis_, as
+it is called, to be completed.
+
+All of our other insect friends have changed gradually from larval to
+adult form. At each moult they became a little more like their parents,
+and finally at the last moult, without any resting period, out sprang
+the perfect insect.
+
+Not so the dobson. It goes into its hole in the bank a larva, almost
+exactly like the larva that hatched from the egg, only, of course, it is
+larger. There is no hint of wings. It has no separate thorax and
+abdomen. Could we see under the bank where it has crept, to undergo its
+great metamorphosis, we should find, not a larva, but a strange-looking,
+motionless object.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Here is the picture of one. See its little wing pads. And now it has a
+thorax and an abdomen.
+
+It seems to have changed and been turned to some hard substance.
+
+In this state it is called the _pupa_, which means doll. Is it not a
+cunning insect doll? But it is not really a doll. Although so still and
+apparently lifeless, yet it lives.
+
+Some day it will burst its pupa shell and pull itself out--not a larva
+now, not a pupa, but a strong-winged insect.
+
+In its adult form, it is known as the horned corydalus.
+
+There! I thought John was saving one for us. He had it in a box in his
+pocket. Now see what a--a--what shall I say? A beauty? or a monster?
+That is just as you feel about it.
+
+It certainly is an alarming-looking insect.
+
+This one is a male, as we can tell by the long, curved jaws that look
+very dangerous; but in this instance the creature's appearance is worse
+than its bite, and the real biter is the female whose jaws are smaller
+but very useful in nipping tormentors or biting prey.
+
+Now here she is--a fit mate for her formidable-looking companion.
+
+[Illustration: MALE CORYDALUS.]
+
+[Illustration: FEMALE CORYDALUS.]
+
+John, you were fortunate in your hunting.
+
+In spite of its terrifying appearance, see what wonderful wings the
+corydalus has.
+
+See! John has spread out the wings of the female.
+
+They are indeed beautiful.
+
+May cannot understand how those great wings came out of those little
+wing pads.
+
+When the wings were first pulled out of the wing pads they were small,
+but they rapidly expanded and became thin and broad and long as the air
+touched them.
+
+You will understand that better after a while.
+
+The corydalus differs from all the other insects we have studied, in its
+metamorphosis.
+
+It begins life far more unlike its parents than the other insects we
+have been looking at, for they had the thorax and abdomen distinct from
+the beginning. Instead of changing gradually and remaining active all
+the time up to the final metamorphosis, our corydalus goes into the pupa
+state, and in that motionless condition transforms to the perfect
+insect.
+
+This is called a complete metamorphosis.
+
+When the change is gradual, without any pupa form, any stopping place as
+it were, the change is said to be an incomplete metamorphosis.
+
+Yes, the metamorphosis of the grasshoppers is incomplete, and of the
+katydids and the crickets and all the other insects we have studied
+until we came to the dobson.
+
+Another name for the larva of insects that undergo an incomplete
+metamorphosis is _nymph_. Some books speak of the nymph of the
+grasshopper, and never of the larva of the grasshopper. Such books use
+the word _larva_ only in speaking of the young of insects that undergo a
+complete metamorphosis.
+
+Yes, Ned, they would speak of the nymph of the dragon fly, and the nymph
+of the May fly and the nymph of the cricket and the katydid, but they
+would speak of the larva of the corydalus.
+
+Egg, nymph, adult,--those are the stages of insects that have an
+incomplete metamorphosis.
+
+Egg, larva, pupa, adult,--those are the stages of insects that have a
+complete metamorphosis.
+
+No, it is not wrong to say larva instead of nymph. I only want you to
+know how the word nymph is used, so that when you see it in reading
+about insects you will know what it means.
+
+The corydalus lays its eggs near the water, and it lays a great
+many--sometimes nearly three thousand. Think of that! The young larvæ
+crawl into the water as soon as they are hatched, and those that escape
+the hungry fishes grow into these large larvæ and finally metamorphose
+into the big-horned corydalus.
+
+It is such a remarkably fierce-looking creature that it has received
+many names that are neither complimentary nor beautiful, such as
+conniption bug, alligator, and dragon, and numerous others equally
+expressive.
+
+Now, we must go home. Let us put the dobson back into the brook.
+
+It does no harm, and we will not kill it.
+
+Yes, Ned, there are smaller insects like the corydalus that are near
+relatives to it, and I am sure you have often seen them.
+
+
+
+
+FAIRY LACEWING
+
+
+Here is our little Lacewing.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+May says it is a darling, like a woodland fairy clad all in green.
+
+And, oh, its eyes! Are they not beautiful? They shine like gold.
+
+Do its wings not remind you a little of the wings of the corydalus?
+
+May says no, indeed; that has ugly brown wings.
+
+But look again, May. See how these wings are veined, and do you not
+remember how you admired the silvery wings of the corydalus when we
+spread them out?
+
+Yes, it belongs to the same order as the corydalus.
+
+The name of the insect order to which they both belong is Neuroptera,
+from _neuron_, a nerve, and _pteron_--who remembers what _pteron_ means?
+
+Yes, a wing. Nerve-winged.
+
+What does that mean?
+
+It means that the wings are crossed by many nerves or veins. Yes, that
+is what gives them their lacelike appearance.
+
+Pretty golden eye, why do we not oftener see you on the trees and
+bushes? It is only by accident we found you to-day, down in the grass.
+
+The truth is, this pretty fairy hides by day and comes out at night to
+lay its eggs. Like the May fly, the adult lacewing does not eat. It is a
+helpless little beauty, though it has one powerful means of defence, as
+you will discover if you touch it.
+
+Ah, yes; you have already detected it! It gives forth such an offensive
+odor that nothing, one should think, could have the hardihood to eat it.
+
+May says she supposes the larva of the lacewing is a little monster like
+that of the corydalus.
+
+But you will not expect to find it as large as a dobson.
+
+I think if we hunt about a little, we can find one.
+
+Here is one on the leaf. See what a little fellow! And how fast it runs!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+We shall have to take it captive, in order to get a chance to see it.
+
+It is a funny little larva, with jaws that are _tre-men-dous_ for one of
+its size.
+
+Why do you suppose it has such jaws?
+
+May says, for the usual reason, to eat up other larvæ.
+
+Yes; but wait till I tell you another name for this larva.
+
+It is also called the aphis lion.
+
+Aphis, you know, is the same as aphid, or plant louse. In other words it
+is the plant-louse lion.
+
+Ah, yes; you are quite willing it should devour the aphids.
+
+And it does. It is very fond of them, though it will also devour any
+unlucky insect it is strong enough to overcome.
+
+It has a terrible appetite, this child of the pretty lacewing.
+
+It would even eat its brothers and sisters before they hatched out of
+the egg if it could get at them.
+
+The pretty lacewing knows what an appetite her ever hungry larvæ will
+have, and so she protects them against each other.
+
+Clever little mother! she lays the eggs in such a way that the larvæ
+that hatch out first cannot devour the rest of the eggs.
+
+How do you think she manages it?
+
+Here are some of her eggs on this leaf.
+
+Yes, John; each one is on top of a slender stalk.
+
+The stalk is of stiff silk.
+
+There they are, like a little forest, with an egg for each tree top.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+When an egg hatches the young aphis lion drops down to the leaf and runs
+about like a ravening lion seeking some living thing to devour.
+
+Above his head, quite unsuspected by him, are the eggs out of which his
+brothers and sisters have not yet hatched.
+
+What a feast he could have if he knew about it!
+
+And what a sad little cannibal he would be!
+
+The larva of the aphis lion has no distinct thorax. Its legs are
+attached to the upper segments of the body, and its metamorphosis is
+like that of the corydalus.
+
+When about to become a pupa, it makes for itself a little covering of
+white silk. Here it lies quite motionless and undergoes the final
+transformation.
+
+Yes, its metamorphosis is complete.
+
+It bites an opening through its silken walls, and out steps--not the
+hungry, little, all-devouring aphis lion, but this elegant lady with her
+pale-green lacelike wings and her large, golden eyes.
+
+You see the aphis lion is our very good friend.
+
+It helps us get rid of the aphids, and we should never kill a lacewing
+or a child of the lacewing.
+
+
+
+
+THE ANT LION
+
+
+John has found something he wants us all to see.
+
+We will go with him.
+
+Now we will sit down on this sand bank and look at what he has to show
+us. See! those smooth little funnels in the sand.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Those are what we have come out to see.
+
+Let us watch them a while.
+
+Mollie says an ant is walking close to the rim of the funnel she is
+watching. Now the ant slips over the edge and slides down the smooth
+sides of the funnel.
+
+And see! from the bottom of the funnel leap out two curved jaws
+and--good-by, ant!
+
+The ant has been dragged down out of sight through a hole in the bottom
+of the funnel.
+
+What a strange proceeding!
+
+Who can be living down there at the bottom of the funnel?
+
+We are sorry to disturb such a pretty piece of work, but we shall have
+to dig out one of the funnels. We shall have to be quick, too.
+
+There, there, under the trowel! No, it is gone. There it is again. Dig
+fast, Ned. That is right. He has put it with a trowelful of sand into
+our box.
+
+We will gently shake out the sand until we uncover it.
+
+Mabel says it is just what she thought it was--a larva.
+
+Yes, it is a larva.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+You see it looks a little like the lacewing larva, and it, too, belongs
+to the Neuroptera.
+
+What jaws!
+
+How do you suppose it makes its tunnel?
+
+If we give it plenty of sand, and keep very quiet, perhaps it will go to
+work.
+
+There! it is throwing the sand about.
+
+May says it is using its own head as a trowel. Yes, it is shovelling the
+sand away with its head.
+
+Why is Ned laughing? Oh, see the ant lion he is watching! An ant slid
+part way down its funnel and tried to climb out again, and the ant lion
+down below is flinging sand at it.
+
+There! it has succeeded in making the poor ant slip; down it goes, and
+now the ant lion has seized it and dragged it down under the ground.
+
+It is easy to find these pit-falls of the ant lion in sand banks in the
+summer-time.
+
+Yes, May, the ant lions eat many ants, and they moult and grow, and,
+finally, they, too, make a little cocoon about themselves.
+
+Yes, the little silken room they weave we call a cocoon, but the ant
+lions make theirs of silk and sand.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Within the cocoon they become motionless pupæ, and finally appear as
+silver-winged little creatures that bear no resemblance to the
+large-jawed, ever hungry, ant lion.
+
+May says she thinks the Neuroptera differ from all the other orders in
+the way the larvæ transform.
+
+That is true, May, they do.
+
+In no other order that we have studied do the insects go into the pupal
+state to undergo the final transformation.
+
+Who remembers what the young of insects that undergo an incomplete
+metamorphosis are sometimes called?
+
+Dear me, you all remember!
+
+Yes, the young are sometimes called nymphs.
+
+The nymphs do not change into pupæ.
+
+The young grasshoppers do not change into motionless pupæ, they just
+keep on growing until they are perfect adults.
+
+Young grasshoppers are sometimes called nymphs instead of larvæ.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE LITTLE CADDICE FLIES
+
+
+Here we are in the woods again.
+
+How sweet it smells!
+
+Let us sit down by this brook and look into it.
+
+It is such a clear little stream, with fine sand and little pebbles at
+the bottom.
+
+What has Nell found that pleases her so?
+
+She says she sees some little bars of sand moving about.
+
+Ned says they are not sand bars but tubes of sand, containing a little
+live thing.
+
+The truth is, this sand bag is a house, and its occupant is a larva.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+See the black head come popping out, and the tiny fore legs.
+
+The larva does not come entirely out, you see, but pulls its house along
+with it, and when it is frightened it pops back into its little stone
+case.
+
+Mollie says it reminds her of a hermit crab.
+
+A hermit crab, you know, lives on the seashore and takes possession of
+an empty snail shell for a house.
+
+It comes partly out dragging its house with it, but if you disturb it,
+it draws back, sometimes quite out of sight.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+This little larva lives in a house, too, but it is a house of its own
+making.
+
+It is the larva of the caddice fly, or case fly.
+
+Let us put one of these little sand cases in the saucer here.
+
+Please fill the saucer about half full of water, John. Thank you.
+
+Now, Mollie, I see you have picked up a fine big caddice case.
+
+Put it in the saucer, and let us watch the larva crawl about.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It never comes entirely out of the case, you see. It holds on to it with
+the hinder part of its body.
+
+Its little black head is hard, but its body is soft, and that is why it
+does not like to expose itself to hungry larvæ that might be living in
+the water.
+
+May says she wants to see the whole larva.
+
+Suppose we carefully break away the little sand case.
+
+No, indeed, little Nell, we are not going to hurt the larva; we are only
+going to open its house.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+There, the larva is outside now, and you can see what a tender, pale
+little thing it is.
+
+It does not like to have its soft body exposed.
+
+See! it is already gathering little bits of sand together.
+
+It seems to be sticking them fast to its body.
+
+It is really binding them together by a saliva-like substance from its
+mouth.
+
+It draws out little glistening threads that harden into silk as soon as
+they touch the water.
+
+Queer saliva you think.
+
+But the caddice larva does not find it queer. It is used to saliva that
+hardens into silk.
+
+Yes, that is the way the larva of the aphis lion and of the ant lion
+made their cocoons. They spun out silk in this manner.
+
+The caddice larva makes its house of silk and sand and also lines it
+with a beautiful covering of fine silk.
+
+Yes, May, it papers its walls with silk.
+
+You see it did not hurt the caddice larva to take away its house; it
+immediately went to work to build another.
+
+Why not pull it out, instead of breaking its house to pieces?
+
+Because if it had been pulled hard enough to come out, it might have
+been torn to pieces, it is such a tender little thing, and it holds fast
+so tightly.
+
+So the best way to remove it safely is to break its case bit by bit from
+around it.
+
+It does no harm to break its case if one is careful. It will soon build
+another.
+
+Yes, this larva has no distinct thorax. It is like the larvæ of the
+dobson, the aphis lion, and the ant lion in that respect.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+See! John has found one whose tube is made of quite large stones as
+compared with this tube of fine sand that we have broken open.
+
+Some caddice larvæ build houses of wood instead of stone. They stick
+little twigs together, and some use little pieces of leaves.
+
+Others again use tiny snail shells which, as you can imagine, make very
+pretty cases.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Our little caddice has made a neat little house of fine sand grains very
+nicely put together.
+
+Some others make much rougher houses.
+
+You will be apt to find the caddice larvæ in any brook and in some
+ponds, and I hope you will always look for them.
+
+Notice the tracery in the soft mud of the brook.
+
+Those lines that look as though some one had been ornamenting the bottom
+of the brook are made by our caddice larvæ.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+They drag their cases along and thus make these lines.
+
+Sometimes such lines are made by the little fresh-water snails; but you
+can always find the decorator by following along the lines he makes.
+
+What, May? How is the delicate larva able to cling to the case tightly
+enough to pull it along? If you look at it very carefully, you will find
+a pair of tiny hooks at the tail end by which it can hold on to the silk
+lining; and some caddice larvæ have hard points on their backs which
+help them to hold fast.
+
+The caddice larvæ are carnivorous; that is, they eat animal food.
+
+Yes, May, their food is usually the larvæ of other insects, but you will
+be glad to know that some of them eat plants too.
+
+They eat the larvæ of the May flies when they can find them and no doubt
+they build these strong cases about themselves to prevent the May fly
+larvæ from returning the compliment.
+
+Frank has found some empty cases, yes, and some that are closed at both
+ends.
+
+Now, let us look at this one closed at both ends. What do you suppose is
+in it?
+
+We will open just one of these closed cases.
+
+There! It is a pupa! Yes, Nell, a very pretty doll is this.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It has a thorax, you see, and an abdomen. Its long antennæ lie close to
+its body as do its little wing pads.
+
+Yes, the caddice larva grows and moults in the usual way. It keeps
+adding to its house as it grows longer. Finally, it closes the end of
+its little tube and lies quite still.
+
+You know what happens next. Its wormlike form divides into thorax and
+abdomen. Legs and wings appear, attached to the thorax. In short, it is
+no longer a wormlike creature.
+
+Finally, it comes forth from its case. It never goes into it again.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It does not need to, for now it is a dainty little nun, with a long,
+tan-colored cloak. Its cloak, of course, is its wings folded down about
+its body. Like the fairy May flies it has no mouth and eats nothing in
+the adult form.
+
+It looks like a dainty brown moth as it flutters about the bushes and
+goes flying up and down the brook.
+
+You will always find these little brown-cloaked figures flitting about
+the brooks, where the caddice larvæ live.
+
+You see the caddice undergoes a complete metamorphosis.
+
+No, it does not belong to the Neuroptera.
+
+Examine its wings very carefully. Look at them through the magnifying
+glass, and you will see they are clothed with hairs.
+
+So these are the hair wings.
+
+The name of the order to which they belong is Trichoptera, from
+_pteron_, a wing, and _thrix_, a hair.
+
+Sometime you must take a caddice larva from its house and put it in a
+saucer of water with fine bits of mica, which you know is another name
+for the isinglass that makes the little windows in our stoves.
+
+If you are fortunate, your caddice will build for itself a little glass
+house, through whose walls you can look and see what is going on inside.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|Transcribers note: In this text letters with a macron or breve are     |
+|represented thus:                                                      |
+|                                                                       |
+|                                                                       |
+|"a" with a macron [=a] "a" with a breve [)a]                           |
+|"e" with a macron [=e] "e" with a breve [)e]                           |
+|                                                                       |
+|"i" with a macron [=i] "i" with a breve [)i]                           |
+|"o" with a macron [=o] "o" with a breve [)o]                           |
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY
+
+
+~Abdomen~ (ab-d[=o]'-men). The lower part of an animal's body. The part
+behind the thorax in insects.
+
+~Adult~ ([)a]-dult'). (L. adultus = grown up.) Grown to full size and
+strength.
+
+~Anchor~ (ang'-kor). (Gr. = a hook.) Anchors are used to fasten ships by
+a line to the bottom of the sea. Applied to anything that holds a
+movable body fast in one place.
+
+~Antenna~ pl. ~Antennae~ (an-ten'-nee). The feeler in front of the
+insect's head with which it hears and smells as well as feels.
+
+~Aphis~ ([=a]'-fis) pl. ~Aphides~ (af'-i-d[=e]z).
+
+~Aphid~ (af'-id) The plant louse, of which there are a great
+many kinds.
+
+~Apparatus~ (ap-a-r[=a]'-tus). Tools or machinery used in working or in
+making things.
+
+~Aquarium~ (a-kw[=a]'-ri-um). (L. aquarium = watering-place for cattle.)
+A vessel of water for keeping water plants or water animals.
+
+~Attract~ (at-trakt'). (L. attractus = draw to.) To draw toward.
+
+~Audubon~ (aw'-do-bon), John James. A very famous student of birds and
+their ways. In his great book, "The Birds of America," which was
+published in 1827, there are many large colored drawings made by
+himself.
+
+~Beech-nuts~ Small, three-cornered nuts that grow on beech trees, and
+that are very sweet and good.
+
+~Breeding-place~ The place where young animals are born.
+
+~Brood~ A family of young animals.
+
+~Caddice~, or ~Caddis fly~ (kad'-is fl[=i]). Sometimes called "case
+fly," from the case or shell which the larva makes about itself;
+"caddice" is another way of saying "case."
+
+~Camera~ (kam'-e-ra). An instrument for taking photographs.
+
+~Cannibal~ (kan'-[)i]-bal). A human being who eats human flesh. Any
+animal that eats others of its own kind.
+
+~Cargo~ (kar'-go). The goods or merchandise or whatever is carried in a
+ship.
+
+~Carnivorous~ (kar-niv'-[=o]-rus). (L. carnivorus = flesh-eating.)
+Applied to animals that feed on flesh, and plants that feed on insects.
+
+~Cast~ The cast-off skin of an insect that keeps the form of the
+insect's body.
+
+~Characteristic~ (kar-ak-te-ris'-tik). Showing the peculiar qualities of
+a person or thing.
+
+~Chitinous~(k[=i]'-tin-us). Hard, horny, and shell-like.
+
+~Cicada~ (si-k[=a]'-dä). (L. cicada = tree cricket.) A popular name for
+insects, like the grasshopper, locust, and cricket, which make a
+creaking or chirping noise.
+
+~Cochineal~ (koch'-i-n[=e]l or koch-i-n[=e]l'). A crimson dyestuff made
+of the dried bodies of certain small insects. The insect is also called
+cochineal.
+
+~Cocoon~ (ko-koon'). (L. concha = a shell.) The silky envelope which the
+larvæ of many insects spin to cover themselves.
+
+~Compact~ (kom-pakt'). (L. compactus = joined together.) Closely and
+firmly united.
+
+~Compound~ (kom'-pound). Made up of two or more parts.
+
+~Coxa~ (kok'-sa). (L. coxa = the hip.) The first segment of an insect's
+_leg_, sometimes called the hip.
+
+~Crevices~ (krev'-is-es). (L. crepare = to break, burst, crack.) Narrow
+openings or cracks.
+
+~Descendant~ (d[=e]-sen'-dant). (L. descendere = to descend.) People or
+animals who have come from earlier people or animals.
+
+~Ear drum~ ([=e]r' drum). A membrane stretched across inside the ear.
+
+~Ejected~ ([=e]-jekt'-ed). (L. ejicere = to throw out.) Thrown out,
+driven away.
+
+~Emaciated~ ([=e]-m[=a]'-shi-[=a]t-ed). (L. emaciare = to make lean.)
+Very thin and wasted.
+
+~Emerge~ (e-merj'). (L. emergere = to rise out.) To appear, to come into
+sight.
+
+~Ephemeridæ~ (ef-[=e]-mer'-i-d[=e]). (Gr. word = "lasting but a day.")
+The name of the May fly order.
+
+~Facets~ (fas'-ets). Little faces; small surfaces.
+
+~Femur~ (f[=e]'-mer). (L. femur = a thigh.) The long bone of the upper
+leg above the knee. The third segment in the insect's leg.
+
+~Formidable~ (for'-mi-da-bl). (L. formidabilis = causing fear.) Hard to
+deal with; difficult to overcome.
+
+~Fry~ (fr[=i]). The young of fishes; used for any small animals.
+
+~Funnel~ (fun'-el). The shape of a hollow cone.
+
+~Gauzy~ (gaw'-zi). Very fine, thin, and transparent.
+
+~Ghosts~ (g[=o]sts). The spirits or shadows of the dead.
+
+~Gills~ The breathing organs of any animal that lives in the water.
+
+~Gorge~ (gorj). To feed greedily; to stuff one's self.
+
+~Gossamer~ (gos'-a-mer). A fine filmy substance, like the cobweb of
+spiders.
+
+~Grub~ The larva of an insect.
+
+~Hearth~ (h[)a]rth). The part of the floor of a room where the fire is
+built.
+
+~Hemiptera~ (h[=e]-mip'-te-ra). (Gr. = half-wing.) The name of an insect
+order including many kinds, all known as bugs.
+
+~Incomplete~ (in-kom-pl[=e]t'). Not fully finished or developed.
+
+~Injurious~ (in-jew'-ri-us). (L. injuriasus = acting unjustly or
+wrongly.) Something wrong or harmful.
+
+~Inquisitive~ (in-kwiz'-i-tiv). Curious and prying.
+
+~Insatiable~ (in-s[=a]'-shi-a-bl). (L. insatiabilis = that cannot be
+satisfied.) Not easily satisfied; very greedy.
+
+~Isinglass~ ([=i]'-zing-glas). Thin, transparent sheets of mica.
+
+~Joint~ The place where two things or parts of one thing are joined or
+united.
+
+~Keel~ (k[=e]l). The lowest part of the bottom of a ship.
+
+~Kettle drum~ (ket'-l drum). A musical instrument made of a hollow brass
+hemisphere over which is stretched parchment. This is sounded by blows
+from a mallet or stick.
+
+~Larva~ (lar'-va); pl. ~Larvæ~ (lar'-v[=e]). The young insect.
+
+~Lock~ To fasten in place.
+
+~Locust~ (l[=o]'-kust). A shorthorned grasshopper.
+
+~Mantis~ (man'-tis); pl. ~Mantes~ (man'-t[=e]z). (Gr. = prophet.) An
+orthopterous insect that holds its arms as if in prayer.
+
+~Membrane~ (mem'-br[=a]n). (L. membrana = thin skin.) A thin, soft
+tissue that connects two parts, or lines a body.
+
+~Mercaptan~ (mer-kap'-tan). (L. mercaptans = taking mercury.) A
+vile-smelling liquid that gets its name because of its strong action on
+mercury. It seizes upon mercury, so to speak.
+
+~Metallic~ (me-tal'-ik). Made up of metals, or like metals.
+
+~Metamorphosis~ (met-a-mor'-f[=o]-sis). (L. metamorphosis = change,
+transformation.) A change of form; a development, as the change of the
+caterpillar into the chrysalis.
+
+~Mica~ (m[=i]'-ka). A transparent mineral that can be separated into
+thin sheets or layers.
+
+~Microscope~ (m[=i]'-kr[=o]-sk[=o]p). An instrument that magnifies, or
+makes objects look larger when placed beneath it.
+
+~Moult~ (m[=o]lt). (L. mutare = to change.) To shed or cast off the
+feathers, hair, or skin.
+
+~Muscle~ (mus'-l). Bundles of fibres that have the power of growing
+longer or shorter. The body is moved by means of the muscles.
+
+~Nary~ (ner'-i). "Ne'er a," a contraction of "never a."
+
+~Nerve~ (nerv). (L. nervus = a fibre _or_ tendon.) The nerves are fibres
+or threads that carry impressions to the brain. Nerved = having fibres,
+as in the wings of insects.
+
+~Neuroptera~ (n[=u]-r[)o]p'-te-ra). (Gr. = nerve-wing.) The name of an
+insect order.
+
+~Nymph~ (nimf). (L. nympha = a bride, a young girl.) The young of
+insects that undergo an incomplete metamorphosis.
+
+~Ocelli~ (o-sel'-le), pl. of Ocellus. (L. = a little eye.) The tiny,
+simple eyes of insects.
+
+~Odonata~ ([=o]-d[=o]-na'-ta). The name of an insect order to which
+belong the dragon flies.
+
+~Odors~ Pleasant or unpleasant smells.
+
+~Opera-glass~ (op'-e-ra-glas). Magnifying glasses used at the theatre or
+opera to make things seem nearer.
+
+~Organism~ (or'-gan-izm). A member of the animal or vegetable kingdom.
+
+~Orthoptera~ (or-thop'-t[=e]-ra). (Gr. = straight-wing.) An insect order
+to which belong the grasshoppers.
+
+~Ovipositor~ ([=o]-v[)i]-poz'-[)i]-tor). (L. ovum = egg, _and_ ponere =
+to place.) The end of the abdomen of some insects, with which they are
+able to put their eggs in a good place to be hatched.
+
+~Oxygen~ (ok'-si-jen). A part of the air that is necessary to all animal
+and vegetable life.
+
+~Parasites~ (par'-a-s[=i]tz). Animals or plants that live on others.
+
+~Phylloxera~ (fil-ok-s[=e]'-ra). (Gr. = leaf _and_ dry.) An insect very
+destructive to grape vines.
+
+~Plaited~ (pl[=a]t'-ed). Folded length-wise like the plaits of a closed
+fan.
+
+~Plecoptera~ (pl[=e]-k[)o]p'-t[=e]-ra). (Gr. = twist _and_ wing.) An
+insect to which belong the stone flies.
+
+~Pollute~(p[=o]-l[=u]t'). (L. polluere = to make unclean, to soil.) To
+make foul or unclean.
+
+~Pores~ (porz). (L. porus = a way, a passage.) Small openings in the
+skin to help in breathing.
+
+~Prey~ (pr[=a]). (L. præda = property taken in war.) An animal in the
+chase; game.
+
+Prolific (pr[=o]-lif'-ik). Fruitful; producing young in abundance.
+
+~Propel~ (pr[=o]-pel'). (L. propellere = to drive, or push forward.) To
+urge onward by force.
+
+Prophet (prof'-et). One who tells of the future.
+
+~Pulvillus~ (pul-vil'-us); pl. ~Pulvilli.~ (L. = a little cushion.) A
+little pad or cushion on an insect's foot.
+
+~Ravenous~ (rav'-n-us). Greedy, furiously hungry.
+
+~Repel~ (re-pel'). (L. repellere = to drive back.) To drive back, to
+check.
+
+~Resinous~ (rez'-i-nus). Like resin, which is made from pine pitch.
+
+~Rudimentary~ (rew-di-men'-ta-ri). (L. rudimentum = a first attempt.)
+Imperfectly developed or in an early stage of development.
+
+~Saliva~ (sa-l[=i]'-va). Spittle. The liquid formed in the mouth, which
+mixes with food, and helps it to digest.
+
+~Segment~ (seg'-ment). (L. secare = to cut.) A part cut off, a section.
+
+~Seize~ (s[=e]z). To grasp, to clutch.
+
+~Sensitive~ (sen'-si-tiv). Quick to feel. The nerve of the eye is
+sensitive to light, quick to feel light.
+
+~Shellac~ (she-lak' or shel-ak'). It is made from a coloring matter in
+the bodies of certain insects. A polish which is used with varnish.
+
+~Silk~ (s[=i]lk). A fine, soft, strong thread made by the larvæ of
+certain insects.
+
+~Skeleton~ (skel'-e-ton). (Gr. = ~dried~ up.) The dry bones of the body
+taken together.
+
+~Socket~ (sok'-et). Any hollow thing or place which receives or holds
+something else.
+
+~Soothsayer~ (söth'-s[=a]-er). One who pretends to know what the future
+holds for us.
+
+~Source~ (s[=o]rs). The place where anything begins.
+
+~Species~ (sp[=e]'-shez). A group of closely related animals or plants.
+
+~Spine~ (sp[=i]n). (L. spina = a thorn). Anything sharp and slender like
+a thorn.
+
+~Spiracle~ (spir'-or sp[=i]r-a-kl). (L. spiraculum = a breathing hole).
+An air-hole.
+
+~Survivals~ (ser-v[=i]'-valz). (L. supervivo = to live over.) Those
+outliving the larger number.
+
+~Swammerdam, Johannes~. A Dutch entomologist, born in Amsterdam in 1637.
+He published several books on the natural history of insects.
+
+~Syringe~ (sir'-inj). (Gr. = a pipe _or_ reed.) A little instrument for
+drawing in water, and forcing it out again.
+
+Tarsus (tar'-sus); pl. ~Tarsi.~ (Gr. = the sole of the foot.) The little
+segments that make up the insect's foot. Also the little bones of the
+instep.
+
+~Telescope~ (tel'-e-sk[=o]p). (Gr. = to view afar off.) An instrument by
+which distant objects are made to appear nearer and larger.
+
+~Thorax~ (th[=o]'-rax). (Gr. = armor for the breast.) That part of the
+body of animals between the head and the abdomen.
+
+~Thysanura~ (this-a-n[=u]'-ra). (Gr. = tassel and tail.) An insect order
+to which belong the scale fishes.
+
+~Tibia~ (tib'-i-a). (L. tibia = a slender pipe, a musical instrument.) A
+long, slender bone in the leg, below the knee. The fourth segment in an
+insect's leg, generally long and slender.
+
+~Transformation~ (trans-for-ma'-shon). (L. transformare = to change the
+shape of.) A change in form or nature.
+
+~Transparent~ (trans-par'-ent). (L. trans-parere = to appear through.)
+Easily seen through.
+
+~Transportation~ (trans-por-ta'-shon). (L. trans-portare = to carry
+over.) Carrying from one place to another.
+
+~Tremendous~ (tre-men'-dus). (L. tremendus = fearful, _from_ tremere, to
+tremble.) Very wonderful, astounding.
+
+~Trichoptera~ (tr[=i]-kop'-te-ra). (Gr. = hairy-wing.) An insect order
+to which belong the caddis flies.
+
+~Trochanter~ (tro-kan'-ter). (Gr. = the ball on which the hip bone turns
+in its socket.) The second segment of an insect's leg.
+
+~Unlock~ (un-lok'). To unfasten something that has been closed.
+
+~Unsubstantial~ (un-sub-stan'-shal). Not real or solid, without
+substance.
+
+~Vacated~ (v[=a]'-kat-ed). (L. vacare = to be empty or vacant.) Emptied;
+possession given up.
+
+~Vegetation~ (vej-e-t[=a]'-shon). (L. vegetare = to quicken.) Living
+plants.
+
+~Veined~ (v[=a]nd). (L. vena = a vein.) Marked as with veins, streaked.
+
+~Vibrate~(v[=i]'-br[=a]t). (L. vibratus = set in motion.) To swing; move
+to and fro.
+
+~Vibration~ (v[=i]-br[=a]'-shon). Motions back and forth. Vibrations may
+be too small for us to see.
+
+Victimized (vik'-tim-[=i]zd). Made a victim of, deceived, badly treated.
+
+~Voracious~ (v[=o]-r[=a]'-shus). (L. vorax = devouring greedily.) Eating
+food in large quantities.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Insect Folk, by Margaret Warner Morley
+
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Insect Folk, by Margaret Warner Morley
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Insect Folk, by Margaret Warner Morley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Insect Folk
+
+Author: Margaret Warner Morley
+
+Release Date: July 8, 2006 [EBook #18790]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE INSECT FOLK ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joseph R. Hauser, Janet Blenkinship and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h1>The Insect Folk</h1>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<h4>BY</h4>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<h2>MARGARET WARNER MORLEY</h2>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class='center'>AUTHOR OF "SEED-BABIES," "FLOWERS AND THEIR FRIENDS"
+"LITTLE WANDERERS," ETC.</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<h3><i>ILLUSTRATED BY THE AUTHOR</i></h3>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class='center'>BOSTON, U.S.A.<br />
+GINN &amp; COMPANY, PUBLISHERS<br />
+1903</p>
+
+<p class='center'>Copyright, 1903, by<br />
+MARGARET WARNER MORLEY<br />
+<i>All rights reserved</i></p>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>A WORD TO THE CHILDREN</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Children</span>,&mdash;The very best way to know the insects is to go
+and watch them. Watch them whenever you can, and each time you will find
+out something new. Books will help you, but you must watch, too. Look
+more than you read.</p>
+
+<p>If you need to catch them, put them under a tumbler, and feed them and
+give them a drop of water every day to drink. Slip a card under the rim
+of the tumbler on one side so as to let in the air. If you do not know
+what to feed them, or if they will not eat, let them go after a day or
+two.</p>
+
+<p>If you wish to kill an injurious insect, do it <i>quickly and completely</i>.
+Remember the insects are alive, and we should not make them suffer
+unnecessarily.</p>
+
+<p>Of course you must try to make your captives feel at home. If they live
+in the sand, put sand in the tumbler and tie a piece of netting over the
+top so they cannot escape.</p>
+
+<p>If they live in the water, put them in a tumbler of water. And when you
+have secured your captives, watch them as much as you can.</p>
+
+<p>If you do not know how to pronounce the words in this book, study the
+glossary at the back and it will help you.</p>
+
+<p>I hope you will have a very happy time getting acquainted with your
+little insect neighbors.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 20em;">MARGARET WARNER MORLEY.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smcap">Boston,</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">April 18, 1903.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="70%" cellspacing="4" summary="Contents">
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>PAGE</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Our Pretty Dragon Flies</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_3'><b>3</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Fairy May Flies</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Stone Fly Folk</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Silver Fish</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Old Cockroaches</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Neighbor Walking Stick</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Grasshopper Tribes</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Shorthorned Grasshoppers</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_61'><b>61</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Longhorned Grasshoppers</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_81'><b>81</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Pretty Katydids</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Cricket-like Grasshoppers</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_99'><b>99</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Cheery Cricket People</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_101'><b>101</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">A Large Family</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_107'><b>107</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Great Bug Family</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Water Boatman</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Funny Back-swimmers</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_124'><b>124</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Giant Water Bug</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Little Mrs. Shore Bug</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_127'><b>127</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Airy Water Striders</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_127'><b>127</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">A Queer Fellow</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Well Dressed Lace Bug</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_132'><b>132</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">A Bad Bug</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Troublesome Red Bug</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_135'><b>135</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Ravenous Chinch Bugs</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_138'><b>138</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Well Protected Stink Bug</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_139'><b>139</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Louse</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Bird Lice and Book Lice</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Friend Cicada</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_143'><b>143</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Odd Spittle Insect</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_152'><b>152</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Pretty Leaf Hoppers</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_154'><b>154</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Comical Tree Hoppers</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_157'><b>157</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Jumping Plant Lice</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_157'><b>157</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Aphids</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_158'><b>158</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Scale Bugs</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_165'><b>165</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Horned Corydalus</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_175'><b>175</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Fairy Lacewing</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_183'><b>183</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Ant Lion</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_187'><b>187</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Little Caddice Flies</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_190'><b>190</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Glossary</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_197'><b>197</b></a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<h2>Odonata</h2>
+
+<h2>Ephemerida</h2>
+
+<h2>Plecoptera</h2>
+
+<h2>Thysanura</h2>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img010.jpg" alt="Dragon Flies" title="Dragon Flies" /></div>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Our Pretty Dragon Flies</span></h2>
+
+
+<p>Come, children; come with me.</p>
+
+<p>Come to a pond I know of.</p>
+
+<p>See how the water shines in the sun.</p>
+
+<p>Over there is an old log lying on the edge of the pond.</p>
+
+<p>It is covered with green moss, and a green frog is sitting on one end of
+it.</p>
+
+<p>Let us go and sit on the other end.</p>
+
+<p>Goop! he says, and&mdash;plump! he has jumped into the water.</p>
+
+<p>That is too bad, frog; we did not mean to disturb you.</p>
+
+<p>How pretty it is here!</p>
+
+<p>See the pickerel weed growing out in the water with its arrow-shaped
+leaves, and its spikes of purple flowers.</p>
+
+<p>See, down in the water are little fish, and very likely pollywogs are
+there too, and lots of queer little things.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But who is this darting over the pond?</p>
+
+<p>Ah, we know you.</p>
+
+<p>You are our queer little, dear little old dragon fly.</p>
+
+<p>Look, children; see the dragon flies darting about like flashes of light
+in every direction.</p>
+
+<p>They are having such a good time.</p>
+
+<p>Whizz! One flashed right past Mollie's ear.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img011.jpg" alt="Dragon Flies" title="Dragon Flies" /></div>
+
+
+<p>Pretty people, I wish one of you would come and sit by us a little
+while, so we could get a good look at you.</p>
+
+<p>What is that, Ned? You have found a large one lying on the ground?</p>
+
+<p>Sure enough; it is a beauty too, with a green body and silver wings.</p>
+
+<p>Something seems to be wrong with it; it does not fly nor try to get
+away.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>What a big one it is!</p>
+
+<p>My! my! what eyes!</p>
+
+<p>Don't crowd, Amy; let little Nell see too.</p>
+
+<p>What is that you say, Richard? "It catches mosquitoes and gnats and
+flies and other insects while flying."</p>
+
+<p>Yes, and that is why it has such big eyes. We should need big eyes
+ourselves if we were to spend our time chasing mosquitoes.</p>
+
+<p>Two eyes you have, little dragon fly, like the rest of us, but your eyes
+are not like ours.</p>
+
+<p>No, indeed!</p>
+
+<p>Each of your big eyes is made up of a great many small eyes packed close
+together.</p>
+
+<p>Do you know, children, that some of the largest of the dragon flies have
+as many as twenty thousand facets, or small eyes, in each large eye?</p>
+
+<p>Think of it! Forty thousand eyes in one little dragon fly head. It
+<i>ought</i> to see well.</p>
+
+
+<p>These facets are six-sided, excepting those along the edge, which are
+rounded on the outside. You cannot see their real shape without a
+microscope, they are so small. But here is a picture of some facets<img src="images/img012.jpg" alt="Eye" title="Eye" /> as
+they look under the microscope.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>Eyes like these, made up of many facets, we call compound eyes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>All grown-up insects have compound eyes, though not many have as large
+ones as the dragon fly.</p>
+
+<p>Only insects that chase other insects or that need to see in the dark
+have very large eyes.</p>
+
+<p>See what a big mouth the dragon fly has. Its jaws do not show unless it
+opens its lower lip, which fits over its mouth like a mask.</p>
+
+<p>I should not care to have it bite my finger.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img013.jpg" alt="Dragon Flies" title="Dragon Flies" /></div>
+<p>It could not hurt very much, and its bite is not poisonous, still I
+shall handle it carefully.</p>
+
+<p>Some call the dragon fly a darning needle, and say it sews up people's
+ears when they lie on the grass. This is not true. It does not sew up
+anything. It has nothing to sew with.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>Why should it want to sew up people's ears, anyway?</p>
+
+<p>It does nothing unpleasant but bite fingers, and it never goes out of
+its way to do that.</p>
+
+<p>If we let it alone, it always lets us alone.</p>
+
+<p>It is our good friend because it catches mosquitoes. For this reason it
+is sometimes called mosquito hawk.</p>
+
+<p>We should never kill a dragon fly.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Sometimes it is called a spindle, I suppose because it is long and
+slender like a spindle.</p>
+
+<p>Down South the colored people believe the dragon fly brings dead snakes
+to life, and they call it snake doctor.</p>
+
+<p>In some places it is called snake feeder.</p>
+
+<p>But it has nothing to do with snakes, dead or alive.</p>
+
+<p>The French have given it a pretty name, <i>demoiselle</i>, or damsel fly, and
+that is quite deserved, for the dragon fly is a graceful little
+creature, as pretty as pretty can be.</p>
+
+
+<p>See, sticking out of the front of its head are two little feelers,<img src="images/img014.jpg" alt="Feelers" title="Feelers" /> or
+antenn&aelig;, as we must call them.</p>
+
+<p>They are very short, but it does not need long ones.</p>
+
+<p>Insects smell with their feelers, you know, but our dragon flies see so
+well they do not need to smell very well, I suppose.</p>
+
+<p>See how it can turn its head around. That is because it has a little
+short neck between its head and its body.</p>
+
+<p>Its eyes, its mouth, and its antenn&aelig; belong to its head.</p>
+
+<p>Of course our demoiselle can fly well; one need only look at those wings
+to know that.</p>
+
+<p>To fly well is quite as necessary to one of its habits as to see well.</p>
+
+<p>What would be the use of seeing an insect if it could not fly fast
+enough to catch it?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>We all like your pretty wings, little dragon fly; they look like glass
+and they shine so in the sun.</p>
+
+<p>How fast the wings can move! See that dragon fly skimming over the pond;
+its wings make a whizzing sound as it darts about.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img015.jpg" alt="Dragon Flies" title="Dragon Flies" /></div>
+
+<p>Why does it zigzag so?</p>
+
+<p>Why doesn't it fly in a straight line?</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Mollie, you are right, it goes zigzagging along after insects.</p>
+
+<p>It sees one it wants off at one side&mdash;whizz! around it turns after it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Shouldn't you like to fly like that, children?</p>
+
+<p>And yet we would not be willing to exchange our arms and hands for
+wings.</p>
+
+<p>We could not whittle a stick nor write a letter if we had only wings.</p>
+
+<p>In fact we could not do most of the things we now do.</p>
+
+<p>I am glad I have my hands.</p>
+
+<p>We are glad, too, that the dragon flies have their pretty, swift wings.</p>
+
+<p>They have four wings, all nearly the same size and shape, you see, and
+they are all stiff and shining.</p>
+
+<p>Some dragon flies, like this one we have picked up, always keep their
+wings spread out.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img016.jpg" alt="Dragon Flies" title="Dragon Flies" /></div>
+<p>But over there, standing on the end of that stick, is another kind.</p>
+
+<p>When it rests its wings are folded together.</p>
+
+<p>What a pretty one it is! Do you see it?</p>
+
+<p>It is small, but so pretty.</p>
+
+<p>It is bright blue and shines as though it had been polished.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes birds catch these smaller dragon flies, though birds, as a
+rule, are not fond of any of them.</p>
+
+<p>They are so hard and their wings are so stiff I should think a bird
+might almost as well swallow nails.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I am sure no bird could swallow one of the big ones, wings and all!</p>
+
+<p>But frogs can.</p>
+
+<p>A frog will try to swallow almost anything it can catch, and it watches
+for the dragon flies when they come to lay their eggs in the water.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img017.jpg" alt="Dragon Flies" title="Dragon Flies" /></div>
+<p>Suddenly it jumps out, and away goes poor dragon fly into that great
+wide frog-mouth.</p>
+
+<p>Now look at the legs of the dragon fly. It has six.</p>
+
+<p>Every dragon fly has six legs.</p>
+
+<p>They are rather short and small for so large an insect, but that is
+because it does not need large, strong legs.</p>
+
+<p>You never saw a dragon fly dig a hole, or run, or even walk, did you?</p>
+
+<p>Their legs are not arranged for walking. All six of them are directed
+forwards as though they were reaching out after something. And so they
+are&mdash;reaching out after insects.</p>
+
+<p>Dragon fly catches his prey while he is flying, and he grasps the
+insects with his feet.</p>
+
+<p>He snatches one, and then what?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Does he sit down somewhere and eat it?</p>
+
+<p>Not he, he is far too hungry for that; he continues his swift flight,
+and as he flies he eats.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as he has finished one fly or gnat, zip! he snatches another.</p>
+
+<p>He has an insatiable appetite, consuming hundreds of insects in the
+course of a day. Nor does he confine his attention to flies and gnats
+and mosquitoes and such small fry. He catches what he can. A large
+dragon fly will even gorge himself on one of the large-sized
+butterflies, and one has been seen calmly chewing away at an enormous
+wasp!</p>
+
+<p>No, indeed, Mabel, the dragon fly does not eat the wings of the
+butterfly, it eats only the soft body.</p>
+
+<p>Probably nothing eats a butterfly, wings and all. Birds and insects
+sometimes catch butterflies, and you often see the bright wings lying on
+the ground. The wings of insects are not worth eating, and are almost
+always cast aside by the creatures that eat the insects.</p>
+
+<p>Besides catching insects with their legs, the dragon flies cling fast to
+things with them, but when they wish to move they do not walk, they fly.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, indeed, Frank, you are right; their legs are jointed.</p>
+
+<p>That is so they can move them easily and fold them up when they want
+to.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>They would find it as hard to get along without joints to their legs as
+we should.</p>
+
+<p>Wouldn't we be stiff if we had no joints!</p>
+
+<p>See, the legs and wings are fastened to the middle part of the body, the
+<i>thorax</i>, we call it.</p>
+
+<p>All insects have the legs and wings attached to the thorax.</p>
+
+<p>The rest of the body is the abdomen. See how long it is.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img019.jpg" alt="Dragon Flies" title="Dragon Flies" /></div>
+<p>It is the long abdomen that gives the dragon fly its name of spindle, I
+suppose.</p>
+
+<p>The abdomen is jointed, and it can curl up.</p>
+
+<p>All grown-up insects have a head, a thorax, and a jointed abdomen.<br /><br /></p>
+
+<p>What are you looking at, Charlie?</p>
+
+<p>Something moving in the bottom of the pond?</p>
+
+<p>Let us get it out.</p>
+
+<p>Here, we will dip it out with this cup.</p>
+
+<p>What a lot of stuff!</p>
+
+<p>Sticks and mud&mdash;and&mdash;what is that?</p>
+
+<p>Something alive, surely.</p>
+
+<p>Let us put some clean water in the cup and examine what we have found.</p>
+
+<p>My! my! what a queer little thing!</p>
+
+<p>What do you suppose it is?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Ah, I know now, but I do not think you could ever, ever guess, not if
+you tried a week.</p>
+
+<p>It is a young dragon fly!</p>
+
+<p>It does not look much like its shiny-winged parents.</p>
+
+<p>It looks like I don't know what, with a face like&mdash;well, when you look
+right in front of it, like a pug dog.</p>
+
+<p>Queer! Well, I should think so! What is that, Amy? Am I sure it is a
+dragon fly?</p>
+
+<p>Yes, there is no mistake; a dragon fly one day dropped an egg in the
+pond, and out of it hatched&mdash;this.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img020.jpg" alt="Dragon Flies" title="Dragon Flies" /></div>
+<p>It will some day become a shiny-winged dragon fly and catch mosquitoes.</p>
+
+<p>We will call it larva, and we will watch it a little while.</p>
+
+<p>Look and see if it has a head, a thorax, and an abdomen.</p>
+
+<p>Are there antenn&aelig; on its head? And has it eyes?</p>
+
+<p>If you were to look at its eyes with a microscope, you would find that
+they are made of six-sided facets, like the eyes of the grown-up dragon
+fly.</p>
+
+<p>They are compound eyes, but they are not as large as the eyes of the
+grown-up dragon fly.</p>
+
+<p>How many legs has it? What are its legs fastened to?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Yes, Nellie, thorax is right.</p>
+
+<p>Its six legs are fastened to its thorax. I am glad you remembered
+thorax.</p>
+
+<p>Has it a jointed abdomen? and has it wings?</p>
+
+<p>Look! did you see that?</p>
+
+<p>It opened its innocent-looking face all of a sudden, just darted it out
+into a long-handled spoon, with hooks at the end, and hooked up that
+little grub.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img021.jpg" alt="Dragon Flies" title="Dragon Flies" /></div>
+<p>Now it is holding the grub on the hooks in front of its mouth and eating
+it as greedily as if it were half starved.</p>
+
+<p>So that is why its face looks so queer.</p>
+
+<p>It is its long under lip all folded up in front like a mask that makes
+it look like a pug dog.</p>
+
+<p>When it pleases it darts out that lip, and any unlucky insect or snail
+may fall a prey to its greedy appetite.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that the larv&aelig; of some dragon flies even eat pollywogs and
+small fishes.</p>
+
+<p>Ned wants to know if "larv&aelig;" means the same as "larva."</p>
+
+<p>Yes, it is the plural form of the word. When we speak of only one we say
+"larva"; when we speak of more than one, instead of saying "larvas," we
+say "larv&aelig;."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The dragon fly larv&aelig; are terrible gluttons, and hidden under the mask
+are strong jaws for chewing up their prey.</p>
+
+<p>Their legs are quite large and strong, too, for they crawl about the
+bottom of the pond or up the stalks of the plants.</p>
+
+<p>They do not move about very fast, but they do shoot out that under lip
+very, very, <i>very</i> fast indeed, so good-by to any little live thing in
+the pond that comes within reach of it.</p>
+
+<p>The dragon fly larv&aelig; do not all look alike. They are different in the
+different species of dragon flies, and, like the rest of us, they change
+as they grow older.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, May, you can keep the dragon fly larv&aelig; until they change into
+dragon flies.</p>
+
+<p>You must supply them with fresh water and with enough to eat.</p>
+
+<p>And you must put a net over the bowl or aquarium in which you keep them,
+otherwise as soon as they are able they will fly away.</p>
+
+<p>How can they fly without wings?</p>
+
+<p>Oh, but they are going to have wings. You know they are young dragon
+flies in spite of their strange appearance.</p>
+
+<p>Be sure and feed them enough, or else they will eat each other, and that
+would be a pity; and be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> sure there are some water plants for them to
+hide under and crawl upon.</p>
+
+<p>You can give them a little fresh fish or a tiny bit of very fresh meat,
+though they like best the living things they find in the bottom of the
+pond.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img023.jpg" alt="Dragon Flies" title="Dragon Flies" /></div>
+
+<p>When the dragon fly larva first hatches it is very small and its legs
+are rather long and spidery, but it eats and eats and eats,&mdash;my, how it
+eats!</p>
+
+<p>And it grows and grows, and one day it finds its skin too tight.</p>
+
+<p>A tight skin must be rather uncomfortable.</p>
+
+<p>But the larva does not care much for its skin.</p>
+
+<p>It merely splits it open down the back and pulls itself out.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Perhaps you think it must be yet more uncomfortable to be without a
+skin.</p>
+
+<p>But it is not without a skin. It is covered by a new and soft one that
+soon hardens, and that is larger than the old one.</p>
+
+<p>It wriggles out of its old skin as though it were an old coat, and
+leaves it clinging to the weeds in the pond.</p>
+
+<p>Sometime you may find these cast-off dragon fly overcoats.</p>
+
+<p>After it has shed its skin the dragon fly continues to grow. It keeps on
+growing until it has outgrown its new skin.</p>
+
+<p>Then what do you think it does?</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Charlie, that is right, it sheds this skin too.</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img024.jpg" alt="Dragon Flies" title="Dragon Flies" /></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>When it sheds its skin we say it moults.</p>
+
+<p>It moults several times, and at last little short wings appear. At first
+it has no wings at all, you know.</p>
+
+<p>Amy wonders how the larva breathes under water.</p>
+
+<p>Ah, Master Ned, you are laughing too soon. You think insects do not have
+to breathe, but you are very much mistaken, sir.</p>
+
+<p>Insects do have to breathe.</p>
+
+<p>They would die if they could get no air to breathe.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the dragon fly larv&aelig; have an odd arrangement for breathing under
+water. They have a sort of syringe in the end of the body, and there are
+breathing pores or gills in the syringe.</p>
+
+<p>The water goes in and out of this syringe, and the larva breathes as the
+fish does, by means of its gills.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, May, its gills are in its syringe, which seems very odd,&mdash;you see
+the dragon fly larva breathes at its tail end instead of at its head
+end.</p>
+
+<p>Mollie thinks it is an upside-down, inside-out sort of a creature
+anyway. But it knows what it is about.</p>
+
+<p>Ned wants to know how it can get any air to breathe when it lives under
+water.</p>
+
+<p>The truth is, there is always air mixed in with water, and it is this
+air the larva breathes when the water goes in and out of the syringe.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It uses the syringe for another purpose too. When it pleases it can
+shoot out the water with great force, and thus propel itself quite a
+distance.</p>
+
+<p>By means of the syringe it can leap through the water faster than it can
+move by its slow-going legs.</p>
+
+<p>Mollie wants to know if we can see the syringe.</p>
+
+<p>No, it is inside the body.</p>
+
+<p>But there is a kind of dragon fly that has a pair of gills outside, at
+the end of the abdomen, instead of the syringe inside.</p>
+
+<p>The best I can do is to show you a picture of one. Some day we may find
+it in the pond.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img026.jpg" alt="Dragon Flies" title="Dragon Flies" /></div>
+
+<p>Those two feather-like parts at the tail end are gills.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, John, it can propel itself through the water by rowing, as it were,
+with these gills.</p>
+
+<p>There are some species of dragon fly larv&aelig; that swim by moving the tip
+of the abdomen from side to side, as a fish moves its body when it
+swims.</p>
+
+<p>But now let us return to our funny larva that lives at the bottom of the
+pond. It stays down there, eating and growing and moulting, for nine or
+ten months or even longer; then something very wonderful happens.</p>
+
+<p>It suddenly feels a great desire to get up to the top of the pond.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img027.jpg" alt="Dragon Flies" title="Dragon Flies" /></div>
+
+
+<p>It climbs up a weed or a stick until it is clear out of the water.</p>
+
+<p>Then its skin splits down the back for the last time, and out there
+pulls itself, not a larva, but a weak-looking dragon fly, with soft and
+flabby little wings.</p>
+
+<p>Now is its hour of danger, and now is the time for such birds as like
+the taste of young dragon flies to help themselves.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Catbirds seem to have a special fondness for these helpless insects, and
+have been known to eat them before the flabby little wings had grown
+stiff.</p>
+
+<p>If the birds do not find the newly emerged dragon fly, it remains
+motionless an hour or so, but it does not remain unchanged.</p>
+
+<p>Its wings stretch out and harden.</p>
+
+<p>Bright metallic colors begin to play over them and over its body; and
+all at once&mdash;off it darts, away and away, glittering in the sunshine, a
+swift, beautiful winged creature.</p>
+
+<p>Towards the end of summer you will often see dragon flies darting about
+in every direction.</p>
+
+<p>They seem to come in swarms and I think they usually come where there
+are ponds or marshes, for in such places there are many gnats and
+mosquitoes.</p>
+
+<p>Mollie wants to know why it would not be a good plan for people who live
+where there are many mosquitoes to raise dragon flies?</p>
+
+<p>That is a very sensible idea, Mollie, and it has been tried.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, indeed; some men once collected dragon fly larv&aelig;, and took care of
+them until they changed into dragon flies.</p>
+
+<p>Then what do you think happened?</p>
+
+<p>As soon as they got their wings, away went those<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> dragon flies,&mdash;away
+and away, without stopping to catch a single mosquito for the men who
+had taken the trouble to raise them.</p>
+
+<p>The dragon flies will not stay at home.</p>
+
+<p>They fly so fast and so far there is no use raising them.</p>
+
+<p>They are among the swiftest and strongest of insects.</p>
+
+<p>How do the larv&aelig; get in the ponds? Frank is asking.</p>
+
+<p>I will tell you what I know about it.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img029.jpg" alt="Dragon Flies" title="Dragon Flies" /></div>
+
+
+<p>The winged dragon flies mate, and the female then drops her eggs in the
+water or lays them on twigs in the water, where they hatch out into
+larv&aelig;.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The dragon flies have to be very careful when they go close to the water
+to lay their eggs.</p>
+
+<p>You all know why.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, it is because the frogs are on the watch to catch them.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img030.jpg" alt="Dragon Flies" title="Dragon Flies" /></div>
+
+
+<p>The mother dragon fly knows the larv&aelig; have to live in the water, and so
+she takes pains to put the eggs there; sometimes she even crawls down
+under the water on stems of plants to lay her eggs. Isn't she a wise
+little mother?</p>
+
+<p>There are a good many species of dragon flies.</p>
+
+<p>Some are large and some are small.</p>
+
+<p>Some are bright and some are dull.</p>
+
+<p>There are black ones and bright blue ones, or green ones with blue eyes.</p>
+
+<p>Some are marked with red and yellow.</p>
+
+<p>They are a very gay family.</p>
+
+<p>The dragon fly family is also a very old one.</p>
+
+<p>Indeed, it is one of the oldest families on earth.</p>
+
+<p>Long before there were bees or butterflies or dogs or horses or human
+beings, there were dragon flies.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Don't you suppose that may be why the dragon fly is such a
+strange-looking insect?</p>
+
+<p>It does not look like other insects; it is very old-fashioned, like the
+pine trees.</p>
+
+<p>Pine trees, too, belong to a very old plant family that lived long ago,
+before there were oaks or maples, or other trees that shed their leaves.</p>
+
+<p>Now we must go home.</p>
+
+<p>Good-by, green frog, you may come back to your log now.</p>
+
+<p>Good-by, pretty dragon fly people, we shall never forget you.</p>
+
+<p>Good-by, pleasant pond and moss-grown log, we hope to see you often
+again.</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img031.jpg" alt="Dragon Flies" title="Dragon Flies" /></div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Fairy May Flies</span></h2>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img032.jpg" alt="Fairy May Flies" title="Fairy May Flies" /></div>
+
+<p>Come, children, and see! Hundreds and hundreds of them are dancing
+about.</p>
+
+<p>What are they? Yes, May, they do make us think of the dragon flies, but
+they are like fairy demoiselles.</p>
+
+<p>They are the May flies, fairy ships sailing in the sea of air.</p>
+
+<p>See how they are tossed about.</p>
+
+<p>Many have fallen to the ground, which is covered with them.</p>
+
+<p>They live but a day, or sometimes only a few hours, and so they are
+called day flies, and also ephemer&aelig;, which means short-lived.</p>
+
+<p>They have eyes, as you can see, little round eyes, but their mouth is so
+tiny they cannot eat.</p>
+
+<p>Strange little beings to come into the world so helpless!</p>
+
+<p>How different from the strong, fierce dragon flies!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>See their dainty little legs. Six, you see, and legs and wings grow out
+from the thorax.</p>
+
+<p>Have they an abdomen?</p>
+
+<p>See the long threads at the end of it, they look like slender tails. How
+they spread these threads out as they fly!</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+             <img   src="images/img033.jpg"
+             alt="Dragon Fly Wings" /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Dragon Fly Wings</span></b>
+    </div>
+<div class="figleft">
+             <img   src="images/img033a.jpg"
+             alt="May Fly Wings" /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">May Fly Wings</span></b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>They have four wings, but the wings are not shaped like those of the
+dragon fly, and they are very much more delicate.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, May, I agree with you, they look like fine lace.</p>
+
+<p>The fore wings, you see, are larger than the hind ones.</p>
+
+<p>Richard asks, "Where do May flies come from? and why are they called May
+flies?"</p>
+
+<p>Now, Richard, one question at a time, if you please, and the last shall
+come first because it is easier to answer.</p>
+
+<p>They are called May flies because they often come out in the month of
+May, though sometimes not until June, and some species are as late as
+July in appearing.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img033b.jpg" alt="May Flies" title="May Flies" /></div>
+
+<p>We shall have to look into the ponds and little streams to discover
+where they come from.</p>
+
+<p>See, John has scooped up some little speckled grubs out of the mud. Is
+it possible that <i>they</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> are the larv&aelig; of our fairy May flies? <i>They</i>
+have a mouth!&mdash;see what big jaws for such little creatures.</p>
+
+<p>And what do you suppose they eat?</p>
+
+<p>No doubt they, too, live on animal food.</p>
+
+<p>No doubt they move about in the mud and catch what they can.</p>
+
+<p>You see, John had to dig them up; they like to burrow in the weeds and
+mud, and some of them even make tunnels of mud in which to protect their
+soft bodies. Their short, stout legs enable them to dig well.</p>
+
+<p>Their bodies are soft, but their jaws are not. O dear, no!</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img034.jpg" alt="May Flies" title="May Flies" /></div>
+
+<p>The grown-up May flies mate, and then the female drops her eggs on the
+surface of the water. When she does this a fish will very often jump up
+and seize her, for fish are very fond of May flies, and lucky are the
+May flies to escape these ravenous enemies.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs are heavy and sink to the bottom, where they hatch into these
+queer-looking larv&aelig; that eat and grow and shed their skin just like the
+dragon fly larv&aelig;.</p>
+
+<p>Those brushes along their sides are the gills they breathe with.</p>
+
+<p>See the gills moving swiftly back and forth; they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> look as though the
+larva wished to swim with them, but this is not why it moves them so
+constantly.</p>
+
+<p>The continual motion of the gills stirs up the water and keeps our larva
+supplied with fresh air.</p>
+
+<p>Nellie is asking what gills are.</p>
+
+<p>Well, gills in fishes and in such insects as have gills, and in crabs
+and lobsters and other creatures that live in the water, are parts that
+often look like fringes or flat plates.</p>
+
+<p>The gills of fishes have a great many blood vessels running through
+them. The walls of these blood vessels are very thin, and the oxygen
+from the air that is in the water passes into the blood that is in the
+gills, and then this blood, all full of oxygen, circulates through the
+fish's body.</p>
+
+<p>You see in fishes the blood vessels come into the gills and get the
+oxygen.</p>
+
+<p>In insects it is different. There are air tubes running like tiny pipes
+all through the gills and into the body of the insect. The oxygen of the
+air that is in the water passes out through the walls of these tubes
+into the blood of the insect.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, John, in fishes the blood comes to the air, in insects the air goes
+to the blood. The air passes into the air tubes of the insects, and thus
+is carried all through their bodies.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The blood takes the oxygen out of the air.</p>
+
+<p>Without oxygen in the blood no animal could live.</p>
+
+<p>Now let us go back to our May flies. They remain in the larval state a
+year, and some species remain two years. Think of living in the mud for
+two long years!</p>
+
+<p>In the mud they creep about, eating, eating, eating. Then some summer
+day they leave the mud and swim to the surface of the water.</p>
+
+<p>Pop! they are gone.</p>
+
+<p>They were so quick about it we could not see what happened.</p>
+
+<p>The larval skin burst open and forth leaped the May fly, like a winged
+fairy from a prison cell.</p>
+
+<p>They do not come out slowly and wait for their wings to dry like the
+dragon fly.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img036.jpg" alt="May Flies" title="May Flies" /></div>
+
+
+<p>They spring out all of a sudden and fly away, leaving their cast-off
+skin in the pond.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Unless their motions were quick they might be snapped up by the fish
+that are so fond of them.</p>
+
+<p>But though they seem to emerge thus quickly into perfect winged May
+flies, they are not quite done with infancy. They are still wrapped
+about by a very delicate skin that they have to get rid of. So they fly
+to a bush near the water and stay a little while until this skin splits
+and comes off, and they are free.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of their quick motions when they spring from the water, many of
+the May flies fall back into it and are caught by the fish.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img037.jpg" alt="May Flies" title="May Flies" /></div>
+
+
+<p>It is said that the trout become fat and good-flavored when the May
+flies emerge, they eat so many of them. And what the fish do not catch
+the birds try to. Swallows and other insect-loving birds have a glorious
+feast when the May flies come out. For a season they live in the midst
+of more delicacies than they can possibly use.</p>
+
+<p>Fish like the May fly larv&aelig;, too, which is probably the reason the larv&aelig;
+have learned to live in the mud, out of reach.</p>
+
+<p>Fishermen dig up the larv&aelig; for bait, so you see the May flies have a
+hard time to get safely through the world.</p>
+
+<p>But in spite of difficulties a great many of them live, and some summer
+day out they come trooping.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img038.jpg" alt="The Fairy May Flies" title="The Fairy May Flies" /></div>
+
+<p>They spring all at once from the surface of the water as by magic,
+hundreds and thousands, yes, millions of them. They fill the air, they
+cover everything.</p>
+
+<p>The great naturalist Swammerdam, who was the first to make a thorough
+study of the May flies, thus tells us how they appeared in France one
+year:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I then saw a sight beyond all expectation. The ephemer&aelig; filled the air
+like the snowflakes in a dense snowstorm.</p>
+
+<p>"The steps were covered to a depth of two, three, or even four inches. A
+tract of water five or six feet across was completely hidden, and as the
+floating insects slowly drifted away, others took their places. Several
+times I was obliged to retreat to the top of the stairs from the
+annoyance caused by the ephemer&aelig;, which dashed in my face, and got into
+my eyes, mouth, and nose."</p>
+
+<p>These swarms of May flies appear only from three to five days at a
+time.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Wherever there are streams there are May flies, and the canals of
+Holland make good breeding places for them; no wonder, then, the Dutch,
+who you know live in Holland, have a saying, "As thick as May flies."</p>
+
+<p>Although so many of the May flies perish at once, multitudes of them
+drop their eggs into the water to renew the race of May flies.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img039.jpg" alt="Stone Flies" title="Stone Flies" /></div>
+
+<p>Is it not wonderful that after so long a period of creeping about in the
+mud as larv&aelig;, these graceful and beautiful little creatures have but a
+few hours in which to dance joyously about in the upper air on wings of
+gossamer? Some, indeed, live less than an hour, and some, that come out
+in the evening, finish their dance of life and perish before sunrise,
+without ever having seen the beautiful daylight.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, strange little beings are they.</p>
+
+<p>They do us no harm and we should not kill them.</p>
+
+<p>Let them live their short lives and be happy.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Stone Fly Folk</span></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img040.jpg" alt="Stone Flies" title="Stone Flies" /></div>
+
+<p>John has been fishing.</p>
+
+<p>What do you think he caught?</p>
+
+<p>Nary fish, my dears, but a goodly number of stone flies, which he has
+brought to show us.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Mollie, they do remind us a very little of our May flies, only, of
+course, they are many times larger.</p>
+
+<p>It is rather a clumsy creature in spite of its large wings, and John
+says he had no trouble whatever in catching it.</p>
+
+<p>See, it has four wings, and the hind ones are the larger.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, May, they fold up in plaits, like the sticks of a fan.</p>
+
+<p>See its long antenn&aelig; and its compound eyes. Its eyes are not so large as
+are those of the dragon fly. It does not spend its time pursuing other
+insects, but is more like the May fly after it gets its wings.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Ned, it lives longer than the May fly, but it does not live very
+long, and it eats little.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It is a pretty little gray thing as it rests on the side of John's box,
+with its wings folded like a gossamer cloak over its body.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img041.jpg" alt="Stone Flies" title="Stone Flies" /></div>
+
+
+<p>It lays its eggs in the water, and out of them hatch little six-legged
+larv&aelig; that are not troubled by want of appetite. If the winged stone fly
+does not eat, its larva does; it is like the other larv&aelig; we know, always
+devouring something.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img041b.jpg" alt="Stone Flies" title="Stone Flies" /></div>
+
+
+<p>Yes, Charlie, it feeds on living creatures, greatly relishing the larv&aelig;
+of the May flies, or any other luckless insect infants it can capture.</p>
+
+<p>It grows fast and moults several times, and when winter comes it hides
+away, only to come forth at the first breath of spring and continue its
+eating.</p>
+
+<p>Like other larv&aelig; that live under water, it does its breathing by means
+of gills, and these gills are in little tufts just above the base of
+each leg.</p>
+
+<p>It lives under stones, which is why it is called the stone fly, and it
+slides quickly around a corner when you lift up its stone.</p>
+
+<p>Fish are very fond of it, and hunt it as eagerly as it hunts larv&aelig;.
+Since it makes good bait for brook trout, its life is always in danger.
+It finishes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> its growth in early summer, and emerges from its larval
+skin as a perfect winged insect.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, indeed, John, you can often find dozens of the cast-off skins of
+the stone flies along the brook sides in the month of June.</p>
+
+<p>The stone flies are harmless little people, and we should never kill one
+needlessly.</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img042.jpg" alt="Stone Flies" title="Stone Flies" /></div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Silver Fish</span></h2>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img043.jpg" alt="Silver Fish" title="Silver Fish" /></div>
+
+<p>May has something here for us to look at. She says it is a slippery
+rascal. Let us see it. Oh, yes, you have it in that little box. See, the
+box has a glass top. May cut the top off the box herself, and fastened
+in a little pane of glass so we could see the rascal without danger of
+its escaping.</p>
+
+<p>Pretty rascal! Like a little silver fish slipping about the box.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Charlie, it is called the silver fish. A land fish? Why, yes, it
+would be a land fish if it were a fish at all. But in spite of its name
+it is no fish. It is covered with shining scales, though, that are very
+much like fish scales, and it is shaped a good deal like a fish.</p>
+
+<p>Oh, yes, it is an insect. You see it has six legs. But it has no wings.</p>
+
+<p>No, it is not a young one.</p>
+
+<p>It never will have any wings, no matter how old it may get to be.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It is flat, you see, and its scales make it very slippery, so that it is
+hard to catch and yet harder to hold on to after you have caught it. It
+goes flashing about like a little silver dart, and it loves to eat
+starch.</p>
+
+<p>That is why May calls it a rascal. It eats the starch from the paste
+that fastens on her wall paper, and from book-bindings, so you see it
+makes things fall to pieces. But my! what a pretty rascal it is! Besides
+its name of silver fish, it is also called fish moth, though it is not a
+moth at all. It is also called bristle-tail, because of the long,
+bristle-like parts at the end of its body; and in some places it is
+called a slink, because, you know, it loves dark places, and when you
+uncover it in the daytime, it slips around a corner into the dark again.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, it seems to slink about as if it were ashamed of itself, but it is
+not ashamed; it does not like the light, and it does not like us to see
+it.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps it is afraid of us.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p>
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+<h2>Orthoptera</h2>
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Old Cockroaches</span></h2>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img048.jpg" alt="Cockroaches" title="Cockroaches" /></div>
+
+<p>Children, here is a cockroach.</p>
+
+<p>It was one of the first insects that came to live on the earth;
+cockroaches were here before people, and they are here yet.</p>
+
+<p>You do not think it is pretty?</p>
+
+<p>Neither do I.</p>
+
+<p>I don't know anybody who thinks a cockroach pretty.</p>
+
+<p>Oh, no, it won't bite you.</p>
+
+<p>It will only get into your pantry and eat your food.</p>
+
+<p>It will walk around in the night and frighten you if you go suddenly
+into the kitchen.</p>
+
+<p>It will not frighten you on purpose, but when it hears you coming, it
+will run, and then maybe you will scream and run too.</p>
+
+<p>What is that, May? You've a good mind to scream and run as it is?</p>
+
+<p>Very well, scream and run if you want to; the cockroach won't care.</p>
+
+<p>We do not often see these big black fellows in the North, but sometimes
+we do. Down South cockroaches seem to be everywhere.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>What, May? You are never going South, then?</p>
+
+<p>Well, you do not need to go; the cockroaches won't care.</p>
+
+<p>They have little heads and long antenn&aelig;, like threads.</p>
+
+<p>What is that, May? You don't care anything about their heads? You don't
+want to know anything about cockroaches?</p>
+
+<p>Oh, yes, you want to know about cockroaches. Remember how old they are.</p>
+
+<p>They have six legs, you see.</p>
+
+<p>You don't care how many legs they have?</p>
+
+<p>Oh, yes, you do. They could not walk if they had no legs.</p>
+
+<p>You wish they couldn't walk?</p>
+
+<p>Dear me, May; you don't seem to like cockroaches.</p>
+
+<p>Poor old cockroaches.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img049.jpg" alt="Cockroaches" title="Cockroaches" /></div>
+
+<p>Think how old they are.</p>
+
+<p>What is that you say? They are old enough to know better?</p>
+
+<p>Why, May, what have they ever done to you?</p>
+
+<p>Nothing, only you don't like them?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Well, well, they don't like you, either. Poor old cockroaches; nobody
+seems to like them.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps they don't care.</p>
+
+<p>Will you let me tell you where they came from?</p>
+
+<p>They do not belong to this country.</p>
+
+<p>Their natural home is tropical Asia.</p>
+
+<p>You see, about four hundred years ago, the ships that bore fruits and
+other merchandise from India and other warm countries in Asia, bore, as
+well, a number of little, flat, reddish brown stowaways.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img050.jpg" alt="Cockroaches" title="Cockroaches" /></div>
+
+<p>Stowaways, as you know, are people that do not buy their tickets, but
+that hide among the ship's cargo, and so get free transportation to
+other countries.</p>
+
+<p>Well, these little flat stowaways were not human beings, they were
+insects. Yes, May, they were the cockroaches.</p>
+
+<p>When they landed from their hot land of Asia in cold England, they must
+have wondered what was to become of them. Many of them no doubt died,
+for they cannot stand cold weather at all; but some of them were
+carried, with the fruits and other things, quite unintentionally, of
+course, for nobody guessed they were there, into warm cellars and
+kitchen cupboards.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Then</i> they felt at home!</p>
+
+<p>They knew better than to leave the cosey nooks where they could hide
+away and sleep all day, and when they came out at night would find a
+delicious supper close at hand.</p>
+
+<p>They are great eaters, you know, so what with the good things in the
+pantry and the warmth of the kitchen quarters they prospered wherever
+they could find a kitchen to live in.</p>
+
+<p>Soon they spread all over the large cities of England and finally into
+even remote country districts.</p>
+
+<p>Of course they found their way to the United States of America, and in
+many houses in the North they have taken lodging. But down South, where
+it is always warm enough, they have prospered greatly, and they are
+there in far greater numbers than in the North.</p>
+
+<p>Besides, there is a large American cockroach that belongs to tropical
+America, but that has found its way pretty well over the country. And
+there are cockroaches that live in the woods, some of them coming in the
+night to visit our houses and help themselves from our pantries.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Mollie, the cockroaches eat almost anything they can find, and what
+they do not eat they spoil by an ill-smelling liquid they give out when
+disturbed.</p>
+
+<p>It is this liquid that makes the cockroaches so very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> offensive to us.
+We cannot bear to touch one because of it.</p>
+
+<p>Cockroaches eat one variety of food that nobody objects to their having.
+They are fond of bed bugs and greedily devour them.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the large, dark, reddish brown cockroaches there is a little
+tan-colored fellow that is often very troublesome.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img052.jpg" alt="Cockroaches" title="Cockroaches" /></div>
+
+
+<p>It is not a native of this country, but is supposed to have been brought
+to England by soldiers from the Crimea, and later it found its way to
+America.</p>
+
+<p>We call it the croton bug, but it is not a bug at all, it is a
+cockroach.</p>
+
+<p>It is particularly numerous about water pipes, and, like the rest of the
+cockroaches, it hides in the daytime.</p>
+
+<p>At night out troop crowds and crowds of the little tan-colored water
+bugs. They run about the floor, and over the pantry shelves. They get
+into everything they can find, and have a beautiful time.</p>
+
+<p>They are funny little fellows, and if they were not so troublesome, we
+might admire them.</p>
+
+<p>How they can run!</p>
+
+<p>All the cockroaches run very fast, so that it is hard to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> catch one. And
+they are hard and smooth, too, which makes it yet more difficult to
+catch them. They are well made to escape their enemies, and they are so
+flat they can hide in cracks or almost anywhere.</p>
+
+<p>No, May, they do not fly very much. You see this one has short wings. It
+is a male cockroach. The female of this species of cockroach has no
+wings at all, only little hints of wings, as it were.</p>
+
+<p>Such little useless wings we call "rudimentary" wings.</p>
+
+<p>John says he thinks that is a long word for short wings.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, but it is not a hard word,&mdash;ru-di-ment-ary, see if you can remember
+it.</p>
+
+<p>The croton bugs have longer wings and they sometimes fly.</p>
+
+<p>If you were to spread out the wings of a cockroach, you would find it
+had four.</p>
+
+<p>What is that, May? You wouldn't spread them out for anything?</p>
+
+<p>Yet wise men have been very much interested in our poor, ill-smelling
+old cockroaches, and have studied carefully all about them.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img053.jpg" alt="Cockroaches" title="Cockroaches" /></div>
+
+<p>If you dislike to touch the cockroach so much, perhaps you will look at
+this picture of a croton bug.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>See, the upper wings are different; the cockroach does not fly with
+them, he merely uses them to cover up the under wings, and we call them
+wing covers.</p>
+
+<p>It is the under wings the cockroach flies with.</p>
+
+<p>Cockroaches may not be pleasant, but who can say they are not
+interesting?</p>
+
+<p>What other insect lays its eggs in little bandboxes?</p>
+
+<p>Here is one of the little boxes, shiny and hard.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img054.jpg" alt="Cockroaches" title="Cockroaches" /></div>
+
+
+<p>This little case is at first a sticky substance that soon hardens. The
+eggs lie in it side by side in two rows.</p>
+
+<p>These cases remain attached to the abdomen of the female cockroach until
+the eggs are all laid. Then the case falls off, and soon out runs a
+crowd of infant cockroaches.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img054a.jpg" alt="Cockroaches" title="Cockroaches" /></div>
+
+
+<p>The case is something like a satchel that shuts with a spring. The
+youngsters are packed close together, side by side, with their heads
+towards the mouth of the satchel.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as one hatches it pushes open the side of the case and creeps
+out. Then the case springs together again to protect the rest of the
+brood.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>They are funny fellows when they first come out, little and
+white-looking. But they eat and grow of course, and shed their skins,
+and after each moult they become darker in color.</p>
+
+<p>Now, do look again at this cockroach I have taken such pains to catch
+for you and put into the tumbler.</p>
+
+<p>I think even May will own that it has a cunning little head.</p>
+
+<p>See it turn its head around to look at us.</p>
+
+<p>After all, the cockroach is a knowing little fellow.</p>
+
+<p>This one is hungry; it has had nothing to eat for some time. We will
+give it this crumb of cake.</p>
+
+<p>Be careful, or it will get away; it can run very fast, and it is very
+quick, you see, in all its motions.</p>
+
+<p>Ah, it is examining the crumb with the tips of its long antenn&aelig;.</p>
+
+<p>See how daintily it touches the crumb.</p>
+
+<p>It can smell with its antenn&aelig;, you know.</p>
+
+<p>Now it has decided the cake is good to eat.</p>
+
+<p>See how eager it is!</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img055.jpg" alt="Cockroaches" title="Cockroaches" /></div>
+
+<p>It almost stands on its head to reach just the part it wants.</p>
+
+<p>John says he does not understand how insects smell with their antenn&aelig;.</p>
+
+<p>I can tell you a little about it, John.</p>
+
+<p>If you look at one of the cockroach's antenn&aelig; under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> the magnifying
+glass, you will see it is made up of a good many short pieces, or
+segments, as we call them, fastened together end to end.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Mollie, that is why it can move about so easily. It can curl up
+like a whiplash, you see.</p>
+
+<p>Next the head is a round segment that fits into a socket.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img056.jpg" alt="Cockroaches" title="Cockroaches" /></div>
+
+
+<p>Double up your right fist and fit it into the half-closed palm of your
+left hand.</p>
+
+<p>There! That is like the ball-and-socket joint.</p>
+
+<p>You see you can move your fist around in all directions.</p>
+
+<p>The insect can move its antenn&aelig; in all directions because they are
+fastened to its head by ball-and-socket joints.</p>
+
+<p>On the segments of the antenn&aelig;, particularly towards the tip, are little
+dots.</p>
+
+<p>You cannot see the dots without the help of a strong microscope, but
+they are there.</p>
+
+<p>These little dots are sensitive spots. There is a nerve coming from the
+insect's brain to each dot.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the dots are sensitive to odors, just as the nerves of our nose
+are sensitive to odors.</p>
+
+<p>May thinks it is very funny that the insects smell with antenn&aelig; instead
+of with noses.</p>
+
+<p>The insects, no doubt, would think it very funny for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> us to smell with,
+noses instead of with antenn&aelig;, if they thought about it at all.</p>
+
+<p>The little dots on the antenn&aelig; are extremely sensitive to smells. They
+are often much more sensitive than our noses.</p>
+
+<p>Put a bit of food at some distance from a hungry cockroach, and it will
+not be long before a pair of long, sensitive feelers will come waving to
+and fro out of some dark corner.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img057.jpg" alt="Cockroaches" title="Cockroaches" /></div>
+
+<p>Little Mrs. Cockroach has smelled the dainty morsel, and, as soon as it
+is dark, out she will run, her feelers moving eagerly this way and that,
+until she has found it.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, May, insects also feel with their antenn&aelig;. That is why the antenn&aelig;
+are often called "feelers."</p>
+
+<p>There are other dots on the segments that are sensitive to touch.
+Sometimes there are tiny hairs on the antenn&aelig;, also sensitive to touch.</p>
+
+<p>The little fellows feel and smell, yes, and oftentimes <i>hear</i> with their
+antenn&aelig;.</p>
+
+<p>Many insects have spots sensitive to sound on the antenn&aelig;.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, indeed, May, it is wonderful that such tiny threads as an insect's
+antenn&aelig; should hold so many kinds of sensitive spots.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>An insect's antenn&aelig; are among the most wonderful things in the world.</p>
+
+<p>And <i>I</i> think a cockroach, in spite of its bad reputation, is a very
+wonderful little fellow.</p>
+
+<p>What is that, May? Our cockroach is drawing one of its antenn&aelig; through
+its mouth?</p>
+
+<p>Ah, yes, see it clean its antenna, children.</p>
+
+<p>It seems to nibble at it as it draws it through its mouth.</p>
+
+<p>Insects are very careful to keep their antenn&aelig; clean.</p>
+
+<p>It would not do to let these sensitive spots become covered with dust,
+you know.</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img058.jpg" alt="Cockroaches" title="Cockroaches" /></div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">Neighbor Walking Stick</span></h2>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img059.jpg" alt="Walking Stick" title="Walking Stick" /></div>
+<p>Isn't this a pretty place to sit down and&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Ouch! ow! ow! ow!"</p>
+
+<p>Why, May, what is the matter?</p>
+
+<p>Anybody would think you had seen a cockroach.</p>
+
+<p>What has she found, John?</p>
+
+<p>Oh, it is a walking stick!</p>
+
+<p>Why do I call it that?</p>
+
+<p>Look and see.</p>
+
+<p>Does it not look like a stick?</p>
+
+<p>And does it not walk?</p>
+
+<p>Then why is not walking stick a good name for it?</p>
+
+<p>May thinks its legs look like a collection of pine needles, for they are
+green and flat on the upper joints.</p>
+
+<p>It is as pretty as it is queer, with its brown body and its green legs.</p>
+
+<p>This is the male walking stick; the female has brown legs. She is brown
+all over, just the color of dried leaves, and she is not as slender as
+her mate.</p>
+
+<p>Mollie thinks it is the long and slender thorax that makes the walking
+stick look so queer.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>See its thorax. Its six legs are attached to its thorax, which is as
+long and as slender as the abdomen.</p>
+
+<p>John thinks it looks queer because everything about it is so long and
+slender.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img060.jpg" alt="Walking Stick" title="Walking Stick" /></div>
+
+<p>Long antenn&aelig;, long legs, long thorax, long abdomen&mdash;that is Mr. Walking
+Stick.</p>
+
+<p>Sir, why do you have such long antenn&aelig;? Can you hear and feel and smell
+extra well because of them?</p>
+
+<p>I wish you could tell us about them.</p>
+
+<p>Now where is it?</p>
+
+<p>Oh, yes, it is standing on that brown twig. It is so nearly the color of
+the twig and so much the shape of a little stick itself, that it is not
+easy to find it.</p>
+
+<p>There, it is walking off again.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img060a.jpg" alt="Walking Stick" title="Walking Stick" /></div>
+
+<p>It has a good name, for I am sure that if a stick tried to walk, it
+could not do it more awkwardly.</p>
+
+<p>See now, what it is doing, hanging by one foot from that twig.</p>
+
+<p>How still it is.</p>
+
+<p>Who would imagine, seeing it thus for the first time, that it was a
+living creature?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The walking sticks feed on leaves, and I suppose their queer shape and
+their color protect them from being eaten by birds.</p>
+
+<p>A bird would have to be very close to a walking stick to tell it from a
+twig.</p>
+
+<p>The female drops the eggs on the ground, and leaves them to hatch out
+and make their way in the world as best they can.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img061.jpg" alt="Walking Stick" title="Walking Stick" /></div>
+
+<p>The young walking sticks look just like their parents, only of course
+they are very small, and they are green in color, like the leaves they
+eat.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, little Nell, I should like to find some too; they must be cunning
+little things.</p>
+
+<p>They eat and grow and moult, and eat and grow and moult, until they are
+grown up.</p>
+
+<p>There are a good many species of walking sticks in the world,
+particularly in hot countries; and to their family belong the longest of
+known insects, some being nearly a foot long. Just imagine a walking
+stick a foot long!</p>
+
+<p>And some of them are quite prettily colored, though certain species are
+not pleasant to handle, as they give forth a bad-smelling milky fluid
+when disturbed.</p>
+
+<p>They are gentle little folk, all of them, and move slowly about over the
+leaves and twigs, not wishing to harm any living thing.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Some members of the walking stick family have wings, and these are even
+more curious than those that have none.</p>
+
+<p>Their wings and legs are flattened to look like leaves, so that it is
+very difficult to find them among the foliage.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img062.jpg" alt="Walking Stick" title="Walking Stick" /></div>
+
+<p>Yes, May, they are also the color of the leaves they live among.</p>
+
+<p>Here is a picture of one that will give some idea of these strange
+little people.</p>
+
+<p>We have none of these leaf-like insects in our country, but we do have a
+near relative to the walking sticks, though it does not feed on leaves,
+I assure you.</p>
+
+<p>How many of you are acquainted with his lordship, the praying mantis?</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img062a.jpg" alt="Walking Stick" title="Walking Stick" /></div>
+
+<p>Charlie says he has seen these fellows in Kansas, and Nellie says she
+has a cousin in the South who has told her about them.</p>
+
+<p>Here is a picture of one; is it not a beauty!</p>
+
+<p>Its wings are green and its body is brown, so that it can stealthily
+creep about among the foliage without being noticed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>When at rest it holds its front legs up as though it were raising its
+arms in an attitude of devotion.</p>
+
+<p>But not a thought of devotion lies in that cruel little head. There is
+only one idea there; and if any unwary insect were to come along, those
+devotional arms would be thrust out with incredible rapidity, and the
+unfortunate insect clasped tightly in them.</p>
+
+<p>Then the mantis, hugging its prey in the strong trap-like clasp of its
+spiked legs, would coolly proceed to devour it alive, eating it as a boy
+would eat an apple.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img063.jpg" alt="Walking Stick" title="Walking Stick" /></div>
+
+<p>This praying mantis is called a "mule-killer" in the South, where the
+people think the brown liquor it spits out of its mouth, when disturbed,
+is fatal to mules.</p>
+
+<p>The mantis is also called a devil-horse, a rear-horse, a camel-cricket,
+and many other names inspired by its outlandish appearance.</p>
+
+<p>Some have even thought it looked wise, standing in that knowing attitude
+with extended arms, and so it has been called prophet and soothsayer, as
+though it could foretell what is going to happen.</p>
+
+<p>Undoubtedly it never foretells anything but the approaching death of
+some insect and possibly a coming change in the weather, for insects
+often know<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> when the weather is going to change long before we do.</p>
+
+<p>Although our mantes are brown or green, there are a great many species
+living in hot countries that are much more brightly attired; and when
+you find yourself on a visit to the tropics, you must look for the
+flower mantis.</p>
+
+<p>It mimics in color the brilliant hues of the showy orchids in which it
+hides.</p>
+
+<p>It does not seem to wear its gorgeous robes from a love for the
+beautiful, however, but rather that it may the better lie concealed in
+the heart of the gay flowers, to pounce upon unsuspecting insects that
+come there for refreshing draughts of honey.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img064.jpg" alt="Walking Stick" title="Walking Stick" /></div>
+
+<p>In some parts of Africa the mantis is worshipped by the natives, and in
+France these fellows are believed to point out the way to travellers by
+stretching out one leg when questioned.</p>
+
+<p>Its strange attitude, with uplifted arms, has won the mantis regard in
+all parts of the world, though the insects it clasps in these uplifted
+arms would not be likely to share the good opinion held of this hardy
+cannibal.</p>
+
+<p>For it is a cannibal, and enjoys eating another mantis as much as
+anything else.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The mantes are terrible fighters, too, and if there is a meeting between
+two of them, there is very apt to be a battle in which one is vanquished
+and devoured by the other.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img065.jpg" alt="Walking Stick" title="Walking Stick" /></div>
+
+<p>Our mantis lays its eggs, thirty or forty in number, on tree twigs, and
+they are embedded in a soft substance that soon becomes very tough and
+horny. These strange egg-cases of the mantis are easily recognized
+because they look as though they were braided on top, as you can see in
+the picture.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, May, the tough covering is to protect the eggs from wet and from
+prying birds and hungry insects.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img065a.jpg" alt="Walking Stick" title="Walking Stick" /></div>
+
+<p>The young mantes are similar to their parents, only they have no wings.
+But they hold up their spiny front legs and catch insects, and they grow
+and moult in the usual way.</p>
+
+<p>While we have been talking about leaf-like insects and mule-killers our
+walking stick has gone off.</p>
+
+<p>Well, well, let him go, and good luck go with him.</p>
+
+<p>I am glad you like the walking stick, children.</p>
+
+<p>And now, May, let me tell you something.</p>
+
+<p>This queer fellow is a very near relative of your friend, the
+cockroach.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img066.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Grasshopper Tribes</span></h2>
+
+
+<p>Don't you often wonder where they come from? The swarms of grasshoppers
+in the late summer?</p>
+
+<p>Charlie says he walked across a field last night where he believes there
+were as many grasshoppers as there were blades of grass.</p>
+
+<p>Just think of it! and yet they do not seem to do any harm.</p>
+
+<p>In some places, however, they do a great deal of harm.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>They come flying in swarms that darken the sun, and they settle on the
+trees and the crops and eat up every green thing. There is nothing a
+Western farmer dreads so much as the passing of the grasshoppers.</p>
+
+<p>Grasshoppers are funny little fellows, and we like them&mdash;when there are
+not too many of them.</p>
+
+<p>Summer would not seem quite like summer unless we heard the grasshoppers
+shrilling.</p>
+
+<p>There are a great many species of them, and we have placed them in two
+divisions,&mdash;The Shorthorned Grasshoppers and The Longhorned
+Grasshoppers.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img067.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Shorthorned Grasshoppers</span></h2>
+
+<p>They have no horns, of course, but some have short antenn&aelig; that stick
+out like little horns, and those we call shorthorned.</p>
+
+<p>The right name for the shorthorned grasshoppers is locusts.</p>
+
+<p>We call another insect a locust, but the shorthorned grasshoppers are
+the true locusts.</p>
+
+<p>Some say it was these locusts that John the Baptist ate with his honey
+in the wilderness.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img068.jpg" alt="The Shortened Grasshoppers" title="The Shortened Grasshoppers" /></div>
+
+<p>A good many people in different parts of the world still eat locusts.</p>
+
+<p>They are said to be good food when roasted, but I would rather eat
+roasted peanuts.</p>
+
+<p>Come here, little locust, and let us look at you.</p>
+
+<p>Now, stand still, and show us your short "horns."</p>
+
+<p>See its eyes!</p>
+
+<p>Yes, May, they are compound eyes, but I do not know how many facets they
+have.</p>
+
+<p>What a funny little rabbit face it has.</p>
+
+<p>See it move its little mouth parts.</p>
+
+<p>It bites bits out of the leaves and chews them up very fast.</p>
+
+<p>Has it teeth? May is asking.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Well, yes, but not like our teeth. Sometime you must see the mouth parts
+of the grasshopper under the microscope. They are very interesting.</p>
+
+<p>Mollie says the locust has a cape on.</p>
+
+<p>John says the cape is the top of its thorax.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img069.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+
+<p>Frank has been counting its legs; he says it has six.</p>
+
+<p>See it walk. It uses all six legs to walk with.</p>
+
+<p>But it does something besides walk with its hind legs.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, it jumps with them. How long and large they are! Now watch it jump.</p>
+
+<p>See! It draws those long hind legs close up to its body, then suddenly
+straightens them out&mdash;and away it goes as though it had been shot from a
+spring board.</p>
+
+<p>John says its hind legs work just like a spring, and so they do. It can
+leap several times the length of its body. Amy thinks it should be
+called a grass-jumper instead of a grasshopper.</p>
+
+<p>Suppose we all look carefully at the locust's long hind leg, segment by
+segment.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>What, John? You do not know what a segment is?</p>
+
+<p>Well, a segment is the part between two joints. The joints are where
+the leg bends, you know.</p>
+
+<p>May proposes that we draw a picture of the long hind leg.</p>
+
+<p>It will be fun to try.</p>
+
+<p>There are two tiny segments close to the body.</p>
+
+<p>If you are not careful, you will find only one.</p>
+
+<p>You must look sharp to see both of them.</p>
+
+<p>How well Charlie has drawn his! He has both the little segments.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img070.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>The one next the body we will mark I, and we will call it the coxa.</p>
+
+<p>The next little one we will mark II, and that we will call the
+trochanter.</p>
+
+<p>The long, strong one, III, we will call the femur.</p>
+
+<p>The next one, long and narrow, we will mark IV, and call the tibia.</p>
+
+<p>All the rest of the leg, made of several short segments, we will call
+the tarsus, and we will mark it V.</p>
+
+<p>Now how are we to remember all those hard names?</p>
+
+<p>Here is a jingle that perhaps will help us:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Coxa</i> first, and then <i>trochanter</i>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Number three the <i>femur</i> stands,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">After this, the long, straight <i>tibia</i>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And last of all the <i>tarsus</i> comes.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Now let us see who can learn it first.</p>
+
+<p>Charlie says we are taking a good deal of trouble over the hind legs of
+a grasshopper.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img071.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>Very true, Mr. Philosopher, but let me tell you something.</p>
+
+<p>When we have learned the names of the segments in the grasshopper's hind
+leg, we have learned the names of the segments in the legs of all
+insects.</p>
+
+<p>You see all the legs are made on one common plan, and it is very
+convenient, as you will soon see, to have the parts named.</p>
+
+<p>What a fine set of drawings of the grasshopper's hind leg we have!</p>
+
+<p>Why do you suppose the coxa and trochanter are so small?</p>
+
+<p>Yes, John, it is in order that the leg can move easily.</p>
+
+<p>The grasshopper can turn its leg in almost any direction because of
+these small upper segments.</p>
+
+<p>It can put its leg up over its head if it wants to. Next to the little
+coxa and trochanter is the longest and largest segment in the
+grasshopper's leg; I suppose nobody remembers its name.</p>
+
+<p>Listen to little Nell,&mdash;"number three the <i>femur</i> stands."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>So it does, and what a very useful femur it is!</p>
+
+<p>If it were not for the long femur and the long, slender tibia, the
+grasshopper would not be a grasshopper&mdash;it could not hop at all.</p>
+
+<p>Watch the grasshopper, and see how he uses those long segments to jump
+with.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img072.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>First he draws the tibia close up to the femur&mdash;now he is off!</p>
+
+<p>He just straightened those long hind legs out with a jerk, and away he
+went!</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img072a.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>What do you suppose the two little sharp spines at the end of the tibia
+are for?</p>
+
+<p>What, May? You did not see any spines?</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img072b.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>Look again.</p>
+
+<p>See, Charlie has drawn them very plainly in his picture of the
+grasshopper's leg. Mark them <i>s</i>, Charlie.</p>
+
+<p>Now we must all look at Charlie's picture.</p>
+
+<p>He says he thinks he knows what the spines are for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>&mdash;they are to keep
+the grasshopper from slipping when he makes his leap forward.</p>
+
+<p>I have no doubt Charlie is right.</p>
+
+<p>May wants us to look at the beautiful little hinge x where the femur and
+the tibia are fastened together.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img073.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>Let us mark it <i>X</i>.</p>
+
+<p>See the little ball on the end of the tibia. How well it fits into the
+hollow on the end of the femur.</p>
+
+<p>In order to see this hollow or groove, you must look on the under side
+of the leg.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, John, it reminds us of the ball-and-socket joint, only this is a
+hinge joint, and does not move in so many directions.</p>
+
+<p>The tibia can move towards the femur and away from it on this hinge.</p>
+
+<p>When our little friend gets ready to jump, he draws the tibia close up
+to the femur. When he jumps, he pushes the femur quickly away from the
+tibia.</p>
+
+<p>If you watch the grasshoppers, you will soon understand just how they
+use their hind legs in jumping.</p>
+
+<p>The tarsus bends easily.</p>
+
+<p>It has three joints.</p>
+
+<p>The last segment is a cunning little foot.</p>
+
+<p>What is John doing?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>He is looking at the grasshopper's foot through the magnifying glass.
+Wise John!</p>
+
+<p>Let us all look.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Charlie, we will try to draw it.</p>
+
+<p>Mollie has hers drawn already. Do not hurry too much, Mollie. You cannot
+draw well if you hurry.</p>
+
+<p>See the sharp claw on each side of the foot.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img074.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>Let us mark these claws <i>a</i> and <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Between them is a flat little pad which we may as well mark <i>c</i>.</p>
+
+<p>May says her picture looks like a crazy pond lily.</p>
+
+<p>Let us see, May. Well, it <i>is</i> rather funny.</p>
+
+<p>If I were you, I should try again. Any child can learn to draw who will
+keep trying.</p>
+
+<p>Touch the grasshopper's foot with the tip of your finger.</p>
+
+<p>How the little foot clings to you!</p>
+
+<p>It clings by the two little claws that have caught in your skin, and
+that hold fast.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img074a.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>What do you suppose the little pad between the claws is for?</p>
+
+<p>It is important, I can tell you.</p>
+
+<p>John says he has heard there is a little pad in the fly's foot that
+enables it to walk on glass.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, and it is the same with the grasshopper.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The little pad between the claws is fringed with hairs.</p>
+
+<p>You can see them with a good magnifying glass.</p>
+
+<p>Out of the tip of each hair comes a little drop of sticky liquid.</p>
+
+<p>This fastens the foot to any smooth surface.</p>
+
+<p>Many insects have these sticky hairs on their foot pads.</p>
+
+<p>When a fly walks up a window pane, it does it by gluing its feet, one
+after the other, to the glass.</p>
+
+<p>I don't wonder you laugh.</p>
+
+<p>No, Mollie, the glue does not harden and hold it fast.</p>
+
+<p>The fly can easily pull its foot loose. The grasshopper cannot walk on
+glass quite as well as the fly. Its foot pads do not cling so well.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img075.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>Would you not like to know the name of these curious little foot pads?</p>
+
+<p>We call the foot pad a <i>pulvillus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Some insects do not have sticky hairs on the pulvillus.</p>
+
+<p>There are beetles that simply put the pulvillus so flat against a smooth
+surface that it stays there by the pressure of the air above.</p>
+
+<p>Some people think that is the way the pulvillus on the fly's foot acts.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Perhaps it acts both ways, sucking fast and sticking by hairs.</p>
+
+<p>John wants to know if the beetle's pulvillus does not act just like the
+"sucker" that boys make.</p>
+
+<p>The sucker, you know, is a round piece of leather with a string attached
+to the middle.</p>
+
+<p>When the leather is wet and laid flat on the floor or on a smooth stone,
+all the air below it is pushed out, and the air above presses so hard
+that a boy cannot pull the leather up from the floor.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img076.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>You can peel it up from one edge and let the air under easily enough,
+and then a baby could lift it.</p>
+
+<p>When the insect wants to move, it peels its foot loose.</p>
+
+<p>It can do this very quickly.</p>
+
+<p>Mollie wants to know what all these little sharp spines on the back of
+the tibia are for.</p>
+
+<p>Let us look at them.</p>
+
+<p>There is a double row of them.</p>
+
+<p>Do they not look a little like a comb?</p>
+
+<p>I suspect that is what they are, the grasshopper's comb.</p>
+
+<p>Insects are very neat little folks.</p>
+
+<p>They are always cleaning their wings and their legs and their antenn&aelig;
+and their bodies.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The spines on their legs are very convenient for that.</p>
+
+<p>Charlie says he thinks the grasshopper's legs are as good as a whole box
+of tools.</p>
+
+<p>So they are, and you have not yet heard all they can do.</p>
+
+<p>The funniest is to come.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Grasshopper sings his song with his hind legs!</p>
+
+<p>He rubs the inside of his femurs against the outside of his wings.</p>
+
+<p>There is a row of very fine spines down the inside of the femur for the
+use of the little fiddler.</p>
+
+<p>He scrapes away with these on his wing covers.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Ned, his femur is his violin bow, and his wing cover is his violin.</p>
+
+<p>The noise he makes does not sound much like a violin, little Nell
+thinks.</p>
+
+<p>No, indeed, it does not.</p>
+
+<p>It is the shrilling sound we hear in the grass in the summer time.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img077.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>It is only the male grasshopper that sings.</p>
+
+<p>The little lady grasshopper sits still and listens to him.</p>
+
+<p>Now, let us look at the other legs.</p>
+
+<p>The front pair are the smallest.</p>
+
+<p>Can you find the little coxa and trochanter?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Yes, Charlie, we will draw the little front leg.</p>
+
+<p>Let us number the segments as we did those of the hind leg.</p>
+
+<p>See, the femur is larger than the other segments, but it is small as
+compared to the femur of the hind leg.</p>
+
+<p>The tibia is shorter, too, than the tibia of the hind leg.</p>
+
+<p>The little tarsus is like the tarsus of the hind leg with its claws and
+its pulvillus, only, of course, it is smaller.</p>
+
+<p>The middle pair of legs is like the front pair, only larger.</p>
+
+<p>Now, see how the legs are placed on the grasshopper's body.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img078.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>The front pair are directed forward. When the insect walks, they pull.</p>
+
+<p>The middle and hind legs are directed backward. When the insect walks,
+they push.</p>
+
+<p>Well, little legs, you all have your own work to do, and you surely do
+it very well.</p>
+
+<p>Let me see, who has front legs as odd as the grasshopper's hind legs.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img078a.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>Yes, Mollie, the mantis has.</p>
+
+<p>Let us look again at the mantis.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Here is another picture of it.</p>
+
+<p>Its hind legs are just common walking legs, you see.</p>
+
+<p>And so are its middle legs.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img079.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>John says they are directed forward instead of backward.</p>
+
+<p>You can see why.</p>
+
+<p>They have to take the place of the front legs, that do not touch the
+ground at all.</p>
+
+<p>They have to hold Mr. Mantis up, and pull him along when he wants to
+walk.</p>
+
+<p>Now, let us see if we can make anything out of these front legs.</p>
+
+<p>The coxa is small and close to the body.</p>
+
+<p>The trochanter, II, is very large and long.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Charlie, it increases the size and strength of the leg very
+greatly, by being thus enlarged.</p>
+
+<p>The femur, III, is large and strong, too, and it has a row of sharp,
+spiny teeth down the inside.</p>
+
+<p>The tibia, IV, is also well supplied with cruel teeth, and at the end of
+it is the tarsus, as you see.</p>
+
+<p>You know how the mantis uses these legs. The joint between the tibia and
+femur is a strong hinge joint. If can shut the tibia close to the femur,
+the spiny teeth of the one locking into the spiny teeth of the other,
+and forming a terrible trap for the insects that are so unfortunate as
+to get caught in its merciless grip.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Altogether, you see, it is quite a terrible leg, though it has no more
+segments than a common leg.</p>
+
+<p>The segments are changed in shape and size from the regular leg
+segments.</p>
+
+<p>When any part is changed from the regular shape or size, we say it is
+<i>modified</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The front legs of the mantis are modified to catch and hold its prey.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, John, the hind legs of the grasshopper are modified too.</p>
+
+<p>They are modified to jump with.</p>
+
+<p>Ned says he didn't know there was so much to learn about a little thing
+like an insect's leg.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, indeed, there is a great deal to learn about all living things.</p>
+
+<p>I wonder how you would like to look at the grasshopper's wings for a
+little while.</p>
+
+<p>Here is one with large wings.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img080.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>See how they lie along each side of the body.</p>
+
+<p>They come together on top like the ridge of a sloping house roof.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, May, they are the roof to the grasshopper's body, and they help to
+protect it.</p>
+
+<p>Let us gently spread them out.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Ah! these roof wings are not what the locust flies with at all.</p>
+
+<p>See, folded up under them is a pair of delicate gauzy wings.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img081.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>If we are careful, we can spread them out.</p>
+
+<p>We will use this dead grasshopper that Charlie has found.</p>
+
+<p>What pretty wings! So dainty! And how cleverly they are folded up, like
+little fans.</p>
+
+<p>Who would imagine such delicate gauzy wings were folded away under the
+hard, stiff roof wings.</p>
+
+<p>The roof wings are called wing covers, because they cover up these
+pretty inner wings.</p>
+
+<p>The locust does not fly with the wing covers.</p>
+
+<p>It spreads them out wide to get them out of the way.</p>
+
+<p>It flies with the inner wings.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img081a.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>How pretty the flying wings are when they are spread out!</p>
+
+<p>See, over there goes a grasshopper whose flying wings are bright yellow.</p>
+
+<p>And there goes another with red flying wings.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the grasshoppers are almost as pretty as butterflies when they
+are flying.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>They show their gay inner wings only during flight.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the grasshopper comes to rest the inner wings close of
+themselves.</p>
+
+<p>The wing joints act like springs.</p>
+
+<p>The grasshopper does not have to think about shutting up its wings.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img082.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>John says it has a spring in its wing covers too.</p>
+
+<p>Open the wing cover.</p>
+
+<p>There, it locks itself, as it were, and stays open without any effort on
+the part of the grasshopper.</p>
+
+<p>You see the grasshopper wants its wing covers to stay open and out of
+the way of the inner wings when it flies.</p>
+
+<p>So it just opens them, and there they are.</p>
+
+<p>It moves the inner wings very fast indeed when it is flying. It would
+not do at all for them to be fastened open.</p>
+
+<p>If it did not move them, it could not fly. The wings fairly <i>whirr</i>,
+they go so fast. They beat against the air, and thus the grasshopper is
+pushed along through the air.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as it is done flying it stops moving the wings, and they
+instantly close of themselves.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img083.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>Then it unlocks the wing covers and they shut down over the inner wings.
+They shut down very tightly. They overlap, as you can see, just below
+where they are fastened to the insect's body. Thus they form a very good
+roof.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img083a.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>What wonderful wings the grasshopper has!</p>
+
+<p>And there is something more to be said about them.</p>
+
+<p>Some species of locusts use their wings as musical instruments. When
+they wish to, they rub the upper end of the inner wings against the
+upper end of the wing covers when they are flying.</p>
+
+<p>This makes the crackling sound we sometimes hear when the locusts fly.</p>
+
+<p>What is that, Mollie? You have caught a locust that has no wings at all?</p>
+
+<p>Who can guess why?</p>
+
+<p>Ah, yes, our wise John says he thinks it is because it is a young one.</p>
+
+<p>What makes you think so, John?</p>
+
+<p>I know, you remembered the larva of the dragon fly and of the May fly.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img084.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>Those larv&aelig; had no wings at first, but the wings grew, and finally at
+the last moult they were full-sized.</p>
+
+<p>When first hatched, the locust larva is like the full-grown locust,
+only, of course, it is very small, and it has no wings at all.</p>
+
+<p>It is a little dot of a thing with an enormous head.</p>
+
+<p>Here are three clinging to a blade of grass.</p>
+
+<p>Are they not funny little rascals!</p>
+
+<p>The baby locust eats and grows and moults until, finally, the wings
+begin to show as little pads at its sides.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img085.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>It is easy to find these half-grown grasshoppers in the middle of the
+summer.</p>
+
+<p>Here is one that little Nell has caught.</p>
+
+<p>See its wing pads.</p>
+
+<p>Mollie says they are rudimentary wings.</p>
+
+<p>It continues to eat and grow and moult, and the little wings are moulted
+off with the rest of the skin&mdash;for the wings of the insect are only
+modified parts of the skin.</p>
+
+<p>But there are new and larger wings underneath, and these grow and are
+moulted off with the next skin, until, at last, the grasshopper is
+full-grown, with full-grown wings.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img085a.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>It will not moult any more after that.</p>
+
+<p>When full-grown, the females lay their eggs.</p>
+
+<p>Where do you suppose they lay their eggs?</p>
+
+<p>Some of them make a hole in the ground.</p>
+
+<p>The end of the abdomen is very strong and sharp, and the locust can make
+a hole with it quite easily.</p>
+
+<p>When the hole is made, then the eggs are laid in it, and the locust
+covers the opening to the hole with a sticky substance to keep out the
+wet.</p>
+
+<p>The eggs usually lie in the ground all winter.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Just think of the locust eggs there are under our feet as we cross the
+fields!</p>
+
+<p>Millions and millions of little eggs are hidden in the ground.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the next summer the little eggs hatch, and then tiny locusts
+creep up out of the earth and go hopping about everywhere.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the full-grown locusts die in the fall.</p>
+
+<p>As you know, the young ones have no wings, and this is why there are so
+few winged locusts early in the summer.</p>
+
+<p>Some locusts make their holes in fence rails or in old stumps.</p>
+
+<p>It is the locusts, or shorthorned grasshoppers, that sometimes come in
+swarms that darken the sun.</p>
+
+<p>There is nothing the Western farmer dreads so much as a swarm of
+locusts.</p>
+
+<p>I have heard how the grasshoppers came in Kansas one year.</p>
+
+<p>They appeared all of a sudden in countless millions.</p>
+
+<p>They were piled up against the fences clear to the top.</p>
+
+<p>They swarmed into the houses, and in places on the railroad track they
+were piled so deep the trains could not run through them.</p>
+
+<p>Think of a railway train being stopped by grasshoppers!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>They stripped every leaf from the trees and left them as bare as in
+winter.</p>
+
+<p>They ate up every blade of grass.</p>
+
+<p>But in the East they do not do so much damage, though they sometimes
+cause the farmers serious loss. When summer comes we may listen to their
+cheery din with pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>I am sure we shall enjoy the merry sounds of the grasshoppers all the
+more now that we know something about how they are made, and something
+about the little fellow that makes them.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img087.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Longhorned Grasshoppers</span></h2>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img088.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>Probably it was the longhorned grasshoppers that Charlie saw so many of
+in the meadow.</p>
+
+<p>Look, next time, Charlie, and see if the swarms that start up before you
+have not long, slender antenn&aelig;.</p>
+
+<p>See, here is one.</p>
+
+<p>Its antenn&aelig; are like threads, and they are longer than its body.</p>
+
+<p>If you were to look at its tarsus, you would find it had four joints
+instead of three.</p>
+
+<p>Otherwise, the longhorned, or meadow grasshoppers are very much like the
+locusts, or shorthorned grasshoppers.</p>
+
+<p>John says he thinks the meadow grasshoppers are more slender and
+delicate in shape.</p>
+
+<p>That is true, as a rule, though there are some species of the locusts
+that are as slender as the longhorned grasshoppers.</p>
+
+<p>But there is one thing about these longhorned fellows that will amuse
+you.</p>
+
+<p>Some of them have ears on their front legs!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It is not uncommon for insects to have hearing organs on their front
+legs.</p>
+
+<p>You know what an ear is. It is something to hear with. The hearing part
+of our own ears is way inside, out of sight.</p>
+
+<p>The outer part of the ear, that we can take hold of, is only a sort of
+funnel to gather up the sound, and we could still hear if this part of
+our ears were cut off.</p>
+
+<p>Way back inside the ear is a little curtain, or eardrum, made of a thin
+membrane.</p>
+
+<p>When sounds enter the ear they cause the eardrum to tremble or vibrate,
+and this excites the nerve of hearing that is behind the eardrum.</p>
+
+<p>Now some grasshoppers have a little flat membrane on the tibia of each
+front leg. It is an eardrum. Behind it is the nerve of hearing. When
+sounds strike the eardrum it vibrates and excites the nerve of hearing.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img089.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>So you see the insects have <i>ears</i>, though they have no funnel-like
+outsides to them.</p>
+
+<p>So, after all, there isn't so <i>very</i> much difference between the way the
+grasshoppers hear, and the way we hear, although they do hear with their
+legs.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Ned, it is about the same thing when they hear with sensitive spots
+on their antenn&aelig;.</p>
+
+<p>The sounds strike the sensitive spots, which are tiny<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> eardrums, and
+cause the nerves that come to them to hear.</p>
+
+<p>You see, after all, an ear is only a membrane able to vibrate when
+sounds strike it and a nerve sensitive to those sounds.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img090.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>It does not matter much where the ear is located. Our ears are on either
+side of our head, and so are the ears of all the higher animals.</p>
+
+<p>But the ears of the insects are more useful to them when on the antenn&aelig;,
+or the legs, or some have them on the abdomen. An ear is an ear wherever
+it happens to be, and the insects hear well enough with theirs.</p>
+
+<p>In many species of the longhorned grasshoppers, the male has a curious
+musical instrument on his wing covers, close to where they grow from the
+body.</p>
+
+<p>Little Mr. Grasshopper sings to his lady-love by rubbing the upper parts
+of the wing covers together. You see the round places at <i>X</i>,&mdash;those are
+the modified parts of the wing cover, by means of which he can make his
+music.</p>
+
+<p>What is that, May? Your grasshopper has a long sword at the end of its
+body?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img091.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>Yes, that is its ovipositor. Ovipositor means "egg-placer."</p>
+
+<p>With this long, sharp ovipositor the grasshopper can roughen the bark of
+twigs or make holes in the stems of plants or in the earth.</p>
+
+<p>Then the eggs are guided down through the long ovipositor to the place
+prepared for them, and fastened there by a gummy substance.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img091a.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>Only the female grasshoppers have the long, sword-shaped ovipositor.</p>
+
+<p>The ovipositor of the locust is not long and sword-like.</p>
+
+<p>It is short, but it is strong and sharp, and you remember how the locust
+uses it to dig with.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, indeed, Mollie, there are a great many species of locusts and
+grasshoppers, and some of them are very beautiful.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In hot countries they sometimes grow to an enormous size.</p>
+
+<p>May is asking why they make molasses.</p>
+
+<p>No, Ned, of course it isn't molasses. Children call it molasses because
+it looks like it.</p>
+
+<p>Now, May, where does it make its molasses?</p>
+
+<p>In its mouth, you say, and then it spits it out on your finger.</p>
+
+<p>What? You don't like its old molasses on your finger?</p>
+
+<p>No, of course not.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img092.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>It smells bad, and it is sticky and disagreeable to the touch, and if
+you happen to put your finger in your mouth it has a nasty taste.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>John says he hates to touch the grasshopper on account of this molasses.</p>
+
+<p>You <i>all</i> do?</p>
+
+<p>Well, I guess that is why it makes its molasses; it doesn't want you to
+touch it.</p>
+
+<p>It doesn't want birds to eat it, or other insects to bother it, and so
+it smears them with this ill-smelling, sticky liquid.</p>
+
+<p>Some birds eat it, however, in spite of its molasses.</p>
+
+<p>Turkeys do.</p>
+
+<p>What is that, Ned? turkeys are not birds, you think?</p>
+
+<p>What are they?</p>
+
+<p>If you think about it, you will have to come to the conclusion that
+turkeys are birds.</p>
+
+<p>Then chickens and ducks and geese must be birds?</p>
+
+<p>Well, so they are. They are all birds.</p>
+
+<p>But to return to turkeys.</p>
+
+<p>A flock of turkeys will spread out in a long line, and go across a
+field, driving the grasshoppers ahead of them, and eating them as fast
+as they can pick them up.</p>
+
+<p>It is a funny sight to see a big flock of turkeys hunting grasshoppers
+in a meadow.</p>
+
+<p>It is not funny to the grasshoppers, though.</p>
+
+<p>What is that, Charlie? The grasshopper somehow reminds you of the
+praying mantis?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Do you know it is a near relative of the mantis?</p>
+
+<p>Now, I will tell you something funny about the mantis.</p>
+
+<p>It makes "molasses" like the grasshopper. Yes, it is this harmless
+"molasses" that has given it the name of "mule-killer."</p>
+
+<p>I will tell you something else. If you lie down in the grass and watch
+the grasshoppers, you will have a good time, and you will see some
+strange things.</p>
+
+<p>Nobody can tell you very much about the grasshoppers&mdash;or about the
+living creature. The best way is to use your own eyes and watch.</p>
+
+<p>Just lie down in the grass perfectly still, and soon the insects that
+live in the grass will begin to appear.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img094.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>What they will do you must find out for yourselves; but you may be sure
+it will be worth finding out,&mdash;the funny, clever, wise little
+people!&mdash;ah! they are good to watch.</p>
+
+<p>They will soon go on chirping and shrilling and rasping and kricking and
+tapping and whizzing and whirring and buzzing all about you; and if you
+listen sharp, perhaps you can understand some of the things they say.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>And this I am sure of; if you really watch and listen, you can learn to
+know the different insects by their sounds, just as you can know the
+birds by their songs. You can even tell whether you are listening to the
+meadow grasshopper, or the locust.</p>
+
+<p>If I thought you were not tired of hearing how grasshoppers are made, I
+should tell you some more.</p>
+
+<p>John says he would like to know some more.</p>
+
+<p>Well, then, I will tell you about their rings.</p>
+
+<p>You can see the rings of the grasshopper people very plainly in their
+abdomens.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img095.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>Here is a picture of a grasshopper. It is not all drawn. The legs and
+wings are not shown, and the abdomen is drawn by itself so you can see
+it easily.</p>
+
+<p>There are ten rings, you see.</p>
+
+<p>The rings are covered with a hard, horny substance.</p>
+
+<p>This horny substance is what makes the body of the insect so stiff. It
+would be soft but for the chitin, as the horny substance is called.</p>
+
+<p>It is better for the insect to have a chitinous covering.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>If you had no bones, you would be glad to have your skin hardened with
+chitin.</p>
+
+<p>You see how it is, you wear your skeleton inside. Your skeleton is of
+bones; it is an inside skeleton.</p>
+
+<p>The grasshoppers and all the insects wear their skeleton outside. It is
+made of chitin; it is an outside skeleton.</p>
+
+<p>Insects have no bones.</p>
+
+<p>They do not need any. They are kept stiff by the chitin.</p>
+
+<p>Each ring in the insect's abdomen is made of four pieces, the back
+piece, the side pieces, and the under piece. You can see the back piece
+and one side piece in the picture, but you cannot see the other side
+piece nor the under piece without turning the insect over.</p>
+
+<p>The rings are made in pieces so the insect can move.</p>
+
+<p>Suppose each ring were made of one stiff piece like a finger ring. What
+a poor stiff, old grasshopper it would be! The rings are called
+segments.</p>
+
+<p>Segment number one has only a back piece, you see.</p>
+
+<p>All the other segments have four pieces.</p>
+
+<p>Segments two, three, four, five, six, seven, and eight are alike.</p>
+
+<p>Segments nine and ten are modified to form the ovipositor.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The segments are fastened together by skin. The skin is soft so the
+segments can move back and forth.</p>
+
+<p>The segments can be crowded close together to shorten the abdomen.</p>
+
+<p>The segments can be separated from each other to lengthen the abdomen.</p>
+
+<p>There is no chitin in the skin between the segments. It is soft so the
+segments can move.</p>
+
+<p>Do you know how a telescope is made?</p>
+
+<p>The abdomen of the insect can lengthen and shorten somewhat like a
+telescope.</p>
+
+<p>It is easy to see the rings in the abdomen of the locust or grasshopper.</p>
+
+<p>Now, what about the thorax?</p>
+
+<p>That, you tell me, has no rings.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img097.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p>Look again, and look carefully.</p>
+
+<p>You will have to see another picture.</p>
+
+<p>This is a picture of the head and thorax of the grasshopper. It is drawn
+to show the separate parts of the thorax.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, John, the thorax has three segments. They are grown so close
+together you would not suspect it until you looked very close.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The front legs are fastened to the first segment.</p>
+
+<p>What is fastened to the middle segment?</p>
+
+<p>Yes, May, the middle pair of legs and the wing covers.</p>
+
+<p>Mollie says the long hind legs and the flying wings are fastened to the
+third or hind segment.</p>
+
+<p>Oh, you funny little folks! you are all made up of rings.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, indeed, little Nell, the segments of the thorax are made of chitin;
+they are very stiff.</p>
+
+<p>Ned thinks the segments of the legs are made of chitin too.</p>
+
+<p>Their outside shell certainly is.</p>
+
+<p>The whole outer shell of the insect is made of the horny chitin.</p>
+
+<p>You hard little chitin-covered, segmented people, you are very different
+from us.</p>
+
+<p>Ah! yes, May, they are like us in many ways.</p>
+
+<p>Indeed, Mollie, insects do have brains.</p>
+
+<p>They have muscles, too, to move their little bodies with.</p>
+
+<p>We have muscles under our skin, you know. The muscles move our arms and
+legs and bodies.</p>
+
+<p>If you clasp your fingers around your arm and then move your arm, you
+can feel the muscles.</p>
+
+<p>The insects have muscles inside their chitinous shells. The muscles move
+their bodies.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The muscles are very, very strong.</p>
+
+<p>They are stronger for their size than the muscles of a horse.</p>
+
+<p>John, do you know how heavy a load a horse can pull?</p>
+
+<p>Well, it cannot pull a load equal to the weight of its own body.</p>
+
+<p>Now, listen to this,&mdash;almost any insect can pull a load that is five
+times the weight of its body!</p>
+
+<p>Ah, yes, some insects can pull a much heavier weight than that. The
+honey bee, for instance, can pull a load twenty times as heavy as its
+body.</p>
+
+<p>And think how our little insect friends can jump! Why, a kangaroo cannot
+begin to jump like a grasshopper.</p>
+
+<p>No, indeed, Ned, the finest jumper in the world of men cannot begin to
+jump as well as a grasshopper, not even with the aid of a spring board.
+He is a mere baby in comparison.</p>
+
+<p>Ah, yes, we can do a great many things better than the grasshoppers,
+but, you see, they can do some things better than we can.</p>
+
+<p>What is that, John?</p>
+
+<p>You want to know about the mouth parts of the grasshopper?</p>
+
+<p>Suppose we leave the mouth parts.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>They are difficult to understand. We have had a good many new names to
+learn lately.</p>
+
+<p>What, May? You can't remember such hard words?</p>
+
+<p>Oh, yes, of course you can.</p>
+
+<p>You don't mind learning "rhinoceros," and "Mississippi," and
+"Popocatepetl," and "eenie, meenie, monie mike," and they are quite as
+hard as femur and tibia; and, besides, you have a femur yourself! Did
+you know it?</p>
+
+<p>Your thigh bone, like the grasshopper's thigh, is called a femur.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Mollie, there is a bone in your leg called the tibia, and you have
+a tarsus in your foot.</p>
+
+<p>So, after all, when you are learning hard words about insects you are
+learning a great deal besides, as you will find.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img100.jpg" alt="Grasshopper Tribes" title="Grasshopper Tribes" /></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">Pretty Katydids</span></h2>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img101.jpg" alt="Pretty Katydids" title="Pretty Katydids" /></div>
+
+<p>Katy did!</p>
+
+<p>Katy didn't!</p>
+
+<p>Katy did!</p>
+
+<p>Well, well, did she or didn't she, and what of it anyway.</p>
+
+<p>Come here, Katy did and Katy didn't, the children want to see you.</p>
+
+<p>She's a pretty little Did and Didn't, isn't she.</p>
+
+<p>Katy, why do you not know your own mind and always tell the same story?</p>
+
+<p>Krick&mdash;krick&mdash;krick, there, she is talking; that's her way of saying
+"Katy did."</p>
+
+<p>Krick&mdash;krick&mdash;krickkrick. Now she has said "Katy didn't."</p>
+
+<p>Well, we never shall know anything more about it.</p>
+
+<p>No, little Nell, she doesn't really say Katy did or Katy didn't, but it
+sounds like that, and we make believe she says it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>John says he is sure the katydids are first cousins to the grasshoppers
+and locusts, and so they are.</p>
+
+<p>They are very closely related to&mdash;which division of locusts, do you
+think?</p>
+
+<p>Oh, yes, the longhorned, of course.</p>
+
+<p>See their long, long antenn&aelig;, and the male has the same little musical
+places on his wings, little membranes that vibrate and make his song of
+Katy did and Katy didn't.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img102.jpg" alt="Pretty Katydids" title="Pretty Katydids" /></div>
+
+<p>No, the little lady katydid cannot sing&mdash;only the little male, and he
+keeps it up all night long.</p>
+
+<p>We sometimes wish he would get tired or sleepy and stop, but he never
+does.</p>
+
+<p>Why do you suppose he likes to sing so well in the night?</p>
+
+<p>The katydids generally live on trees and bushes.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, they are a beautiful, pale green people, and that is one reason we
+do not often see them. It is not easy to find a katydid among the green
+leaves.</p>
+
+<p>The female katydids have a long sword-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>shaped ovipositor with which they
+roughen the bark on twigs, and place the eggs there, fastening them with
+a gummy substance.</p>
+
+<p>The egg is glued fast so it will not fall off.</p>
+
+<p>It hatches into a little dot of a katydid that has no wings, but, like
+the larv&aelig; of the other insects we know about, it eats and grows and
+moults, and at last its wings and the rest of its body are full grown.</p>
+
+<p>It casts its skin for the last time; it is no longer a larva, but a
+full-grown insect.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, May, we call the young of all insects larv&aelig;.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img103.jpg" alt="Pretty Katydids" title="Pretty Katydids" /></div>
+
+<p>See this dainty katydid that Charlie has caught for us.</p>
+
+<p>How pretty it is!</p>
+
+<p>Its feelers are like long green threads.</p>
+
+<p>And how sensitive they are!</p>
+
+<p>It quickly starts away when we touch one of the feelers.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Mollie, the katydid walks more than the grasshopper.</p>
+
+<p>It can jump well with those long, slender hind legs. How beautiful its
+hind legs are! They are longer and more delicate than those of the
+grasshopper.</p>
+
+<p>And its wings, how gauzy and dainty! Its wing covers are not so stiff as
+those of the grasshopper.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> They look almost like flying wings, they are
+so delicate.</p>
+
+<p>See, they open, and fasten themselves open, like the wing covers of the
+grasshopper; and when they are at rest they overlap like the wings of
+the grasshopper.</p>
+
+<p>The inner wings are like fine lace.</p>
+
+<p>They look too delicate for use, and yet the katydid flies very well
+indeed with them.</p>
+
+<p>They are a little longer than the wing covers.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img104.jpg" alt="Pretty Katydids" title="Pretty Katydids" /></div>
+
+<p>When the katydid is at rest you can see the tips of the wings extending
+beyond the ends of the wing covers.</p>
+
+<p>The part of the inner wing that extends beyond the wing covers is green,
+like the wing covers, you see.</p>
+
+<p>But the rest of the inner wing is not green, it is like very thin glass,
+or like fine isinglass.</p>
+
+<p>Look for a moment at the long curved ovipositor of the female katydid.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>If you look sharp, you will see teeth on it like a little saw. It is
+with these teeth the little katydid is able to rasp the surface of the
+twigs, and make a place to fasten her eggs to.</p>
+
+<p>Her wings are wrapped about her form like an ample cloak of green.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img105.jpg" alt="Pretty Katydids" title="Pretty Katydids" /></div>
+
+<p>Now, my little katydid, you may fly away if you want to.</p>
+
+<p>We are very much obliged to you for letting us look at you, and we hope
+we have not troubled you too much.</p>
+
+<p>See her go!</p>
+
+<p>How prettily the katydids fly.</p>
+
+<p>They seem almost like little birds.</p>
+
+<p>I am sure they love to fly about in the bright summer-time.</p>
+
+<p>Happy katydids.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Cricket-like Grasshoppers</span></h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img106.jpg" alt="Cricket-like Grasshoppers" title="Cricket-like Grasshoppers" /></div>
+
+<p>Now what strange-looking little creature are you?</p>
+
+<p>John says it looks like a grasshopper, only it has no wings and its body
+is not that of a grasshopper.</p>
+
+<p>May says it looks like a cricket, only it has the long legs of a
+grasshopper.</p>
+
+<p>It is called the cricket-like grasshopper, and it is partly like a
+cricket, as you see, and partly like a grasshopper.</p>
+
+<p>It is a funny little fellow that lives around in dark corners, usually
+in the woods.</p>
+
+<p>Do see those long, spiny legs!</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img106a.jpg" alt="Cricket-like Grasshoppers" title="Cricket-like Grasshoppers" /></div>
+
+<p>How he <i>can</i> jump.</p>
+
+<p>He has strong, short, sharp spines on the femurs and on the tibias.</p>
+
+<p>He has spines on all his legs, and what long feet he has!</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Nell, his antenn&aelig; are longer than<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> anything else about him. I
+should think they would be in his way.</p>
+
+<p>He has no wings at all, and he never will have any.</p>
+
+<p>He has two pairs of feelers in front of his mouth that show very
+plainly. They show more plainly than the mouth parts of the grasshopper,
+though they are quite like them.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Ned, they are larger than the mouth parts of the grasshopper.</p>
+
+<p>There is another little fellow very similar to the cricket-like
+grasshopper.</p>
+
+<p>It has no wings, and the top of the thorax is like a broad shield.</p>
+
+<p>It is called the shield-backed grasshopper.</p>
+
+<p>See if you can find one of them.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img107.jpg" alt="Cricket-like Grasshoppers" title="Cricket-like Grasshoppers" /></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Cheery Cricket People</span></h2>
+
+
+<p>Chirp! chirp!</p>
+
+<p>Chirp! chirp!</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img108.jpg" alt="The Cheery Cricket People" title="The Cheery Cricket People" /></div>
+
+<p>Ah, listen to that cheery song. It is the cricket on the hearth singing
+thus gayly.</p>
+
+<p>Dear little cricket; he lives in the corner by the fireplace. When all
+is still we hear his cheery chirp! chirp! chirp!</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes he comes peering out and runs across the hearth, a little
+black fireside fairy.</p>
+
+<p>Do you know one of the prettiest stories in the world has been written
+about a cricket?</p>
+
+<p>Charles Dickens wrote it, and it is called "The Cricket on the Hearth."</p>
+
+<p>Be sure to read this beautiful story. If you do not own it, ask to have
+it for Christmas. It is in the book of "Christmas Tales," a book that
+everybody ought to have.</p>
+
+<p>Grasshoppers and katydids are pleasant people, but they live out of
+doors, and they do not seem quite so much like our very own little
+friends as the crickets.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Of course the crickets live out of doors, too, only once in a while one
+of them comes into the house to live with us.</p>
+
+<p>We hear them chirping in the grass and among the stones.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img109.jpg" alt="The Cheery Cricket People" title="The Cheery Cricket People" /></div>
+
+<p>There is a certain place near the seashore where the rocks are alive
+with the black cricket folk.</p>
+
+<p>They come peeping out at you from all sides. They skip over the rocks,
+and you will often see a pair of long feelers and an inquisitive little
+head looking around a corner.</p>
+
+<p>You too, know there are crickets, little Nell?</p>
+
+<p>Let us go and see them.</p>
+
+<p>Ah, yes, there is one, looking at us out of inquisitive eyes, over there
+by that big stone.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img109a.jpg" alt="The Cheery Cricket People" title="The Cheery Cricket People" /></div>
+
+<p>Of course they are cousins to the grasshoppers. I knew you would guess
+that right away.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, John, the little cricket people have flat backs.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Their wing covers do not make a peaked roof over their backs, but are
+flat on top and bent down at the sides like a box cover.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img110.jpg" alt="The Cheery Cricket People" title="The Cheery Cricket People" /></div>
+
+<p>They are not so long as the wings of the grasshopper, but they overlap
+on top.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes they are not so long as the body of the cricket.</p>
+
+<p>Just watch now!</p>
+
+<p>How spry the cricket folk are!</p>
+
+<p>They jump well, but they also run well. They are always running about as
+though they enjoyed it.</p>
+
+<p>It is not easy to catch one of them unless we, too, are "as spry as a
+cricket."</p>
+
+<p>Funny little rascals, to come peeping at us like that, from out the
+crevices in the stones.</p>
+
+<p>When we stir,&mdash;pop! they are back out of sight.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img110a.jpg" alt="The Cheery Cricket People" title="The Cheery Cricket People" /></div>
+
+<p>They eat leaves, and they enjoy a piece of nice, ripe fruit, or a bit of
+juicy vegetable.</p>
+
+<p>See here, one has jumped on my hand and is sitting quite still.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+             <img   src="images/img111.jpg"
+             alt="Male Cricket" /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Male Cricket</span></b>
+    </div>
+<p>It is a male cricket.</p>
+
+<p>How do I know that?</p>
+
+<p>May says because it has no ovipositor.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, that is one way to know.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Look at his wing covers.</p>
+
+
+<p>See how they are ribbed.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+             <img   src="images/img111a.jpg"
+             alt="Female Cricket" /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Female Cricket</span></b>
+    </div>
+
+
+<p>Now look at this cricket Mabel has caught. It is a female, and its
+wings, you see, are not ornamented like those of the male.</p>
+
+<p>Do you know the meaning of his heavily ribbed wing covers?</p>
+
+<p>Why, his wing covers are his musical instruments. See one of them
+magnified.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img111b.jpg" alt="The Cheery Cricket People" title="The Cheery Cricket People" /></div>
+
+<p>It is divided into spaces like so many little drum-heads. The ridge that
+runs across the top of the wing is something like a file in structure.</p>
+
+<p>When little Mr. Cricket is in the mood for chirping, he raises his wing
+covers and rubs them together.</p>
+
+<p>This throws the stiff membranes of which the wing covers are made into
+vibration, and the result is the cheery call of our little black fairy.</p>
+
+<p>Little Nell says the cricket is more like a brownie than a fairy, and
+maybe she is right.</p>
+
+<p>You can easily see the crickets rub their wings together if you watch in
+the fall of the year.</p>
+
+<p>John says, Why do you have to watch in the fall of the year?</p>
+
+<p>Now who can guess?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Yes, May, it is because the crickets are then full-grown, and have
+large wing covers. At first, in the early summer, they have no wings,
+and so of course, we could not see them chirp.</p>
+
+<p>The whole grasshopper tribe is a vocal one; the males all have musical
+instruments, and in Japan, the people are so fond of the song of <i>their</i>
+grasshopper folk, which are not quite like ours, that they make tiny
+cages for them.</p>
+
+<p>The chirpers are caught and put in these cages, and sold in the city
+streets.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, little Nell, the crickets make molasses. So do the katydids.</p>
+
+<p>All these little hopping neighbors of ours seem to understand the useful
+art of molasses making.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img112.jpg" alt="The Cheery Cricket People" title="The Cheery Cricket People" /></div>
+
+<p>The mole crickets are different from the others.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>They burrow in the ground like a mole, and we do not often see them.</p>
+
+<p>The strangest thing about them is their hands.</p>
+
+<p>No, of course they are not really hands, but they look like them.</p>
+
+<p>All the joints of the fore legs are modified to form strong digging
+tools, and they look very much like the paws of the mole.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img113.jpg" alt="The Cheery Cricket People" title="The Cheery Cricket People" /></div>
+
+<p>They are troublesome fellows, sometimes, when they eat the tender roots
+of the vegetables in the garden.</p>
+
+<p>You all have seen the little tree cricket, but you might not recognize
+it as a cricket, it is such a pale little creature.</p>
+
+<p>Its light green body may often be seen on bushes in the summer-time,
+and, if you look carefully, the form will tell you what the little one
+is.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img113a.jpg" alt="The Cheery Cricket People" title="The Cheery Cricket People" /></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>A Large Family</h2>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img114.jpg" alt="A Large Family" title="A Large Family" /></div>
+
+<p>The crickets, grasshoppers, walking sticks, praying mantes, and
+cockroaches, strange as it may seem, are all near relatives to each
+other.</p>
+
+<p>They all belong to one large family or order, the <span class="smcap">Orthoptera</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Or-thop-te-ra, is it not a hard word!</p>
+
+<p>It will not seem so hard when you know what it means.</p>
+
+<p>It comes from two Greek words <i>orthos</i>, meaning straight, and <i>pteron</i>,
+meaning a wing.</p>
+
+<p>Straight-wing.</p>
+
+<p>And do you know, it does not mean that the <i>upper</i> wings are straight,
+but that the under wings are folded down in long straight lines.</p>
+
+<p>Now let us see if we can tell in what ways all of our Orthoptera are
+alike.</p>
+
+<p>They all have&mdash;?</p>
+
+<p>"Four wings"&mdash;that is right, little Nell.</p>
+
+<p>What, John? the walking sticks have no wings?</p>
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img114a.jpg" alt="A Large Family" title="A Large Family" /></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Not our walking sticks, but yet they belong to a winged family. You
+remember the tropical walking sticks that have queer leaf-like wings, do
+you not?</p>
+
+<p>Are the four wings alike?</p>
+
+<p>No, John says, the upper ones are narrow and stiff and serve as wing
+covers.</p>
+
+<p>The inner ones are broader and more delicate. They fold up when not in
+use and are used to fly with.</p>
+
+<p>Very good indeed, John. Now I will tell you something. The Orthoptera
+all have mouth parts made to bite with. They do not bite anything but
+what they eat, however. They are quite harmless so far as we are
+concerned.</p>
+
+<p>The young Orthoptera look like the old ones, only they have no wings.
+They hatch out of the egg with a head, a six-legged thorax, and an
+abdomen.</p>
+
+<p>Now, come, let us look at all of our orthopterous friends again,
+cockroaches first.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img115.jpg" alt="A Large Family" title="A Large Family" /></div>
+
+<p>How do they get about, John?</p>
+
+<p>Yes, indeed, they run, the rascals. They run fast too. They are flat and
+their six legs are very much alike. They are well built for running and
+hiding in cracks.</p>
+
+<p>Suppose we call them the <i>Running Orthoptera</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Now, look at our mantis.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>He does not run very much. How is he different from the others?</p>
+
+<p>Ah, yes, he has big front legs, and little Nell says he grabs things
+with them.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img116.jpg" alt="A Large Family" title="A Large Family" /></div>
+
+
+<p>So he does. Now, what shall we call these grabbers?</p>
+
+<p>The Grabbing Orthoptera, Ned says.</p>
+
+<p>Suppose we say instead the <i>Grasping Orthoptera</i>, because grasping
+sounds a little better than grabbing. Do you not think so?</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img116a.jpg" alt="A Large Family" title="A Large Family" /></div>
+
+
+<p>Now for Mr. Walking Stick.</p>
+
+<p>We cannot very well call him a member of the Running Orthoptera, can we?</p>
+
+<p>Ah, Mollie has it. We must call his kind the <i>Walking Orthoptera</i>.</p>
+
+<p>His six legs are all long and slender, and he moves them slowly.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img116b.jpg" alt="Orthoptera" title="Orthoptera" /></div>
+
+<p>Now for those fellows with the long hind legs, the locusts and katydids
+and crickets. Yes, all of you are ready to name them.</p>
+
+<p>We call them&mdash;what?</p>
+
+<p>May says, the Hopping Orthoptera.</p>
+
+<p>John thinks Jumping Orthoptera would sound better.</p>
+
+<p>And that is what we name them, the <i>Jumping Orthoptera</i>.</p>
+
+<p>How many kinds of Jumping Orthoptera are we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> acquainted with, Ned? Now,
+think before you speak.</p>
+
+<p>He says we know the shorthorned grasshoppers, or locusts, the
+longhorned, or meadow, grasshoppers, and the crickets.</p>
+
+<p>Very well done, Ned.</p>
+
+<p>May wants to know what has become of the katydids and the cricket-like
+grasshoppers&mdash;she thinks Ned has left them out.</p>
+
+<p>Ned says they belong to the longhorned grasshoppers.</p>
+
+<p>Now you shall have a list of the Orthoptera that will help you to
+remember them.</p>
+
+<p>If we can group together things that are like each other, it is easier
+to remember them.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Order Orthoptera.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><i>Running Orthoptera</i>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Cockroaches, Croton Bugs.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><i>Grasping Orthoptera</i>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Praying Mantis.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><i>Walking Orthoptera</i>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Walking Sticks.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><i>Jumping Orthoptera</i>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Shorthorned Grasshoppers, or Locusts.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Longhorned, or Meadow, Grasshoppers.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Crickets.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>There are a great many species of Orthoptera in the world, and we have
+seen but a very few of them.</p>
+
+<p>But I can tell you, we feel a little better acquainted with you
+orthopterous fellows than we did.</p>
+
+<p>The dragon fly says we have not given him a place.</p>
+
+<p>But, dear dragon fly, you belong to another family. You are not an
+orthopterous insect.</p>
+
+<p>Your order is called the <span class="smcap">Odo-na-ta</span>.</p>
+
+<p>The wings of the Odonata are very different from those of the
+Orthoptera.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img118.jpg" alt="A Large Family" title="A Large Family" /></div>
+
+<p>You remember how they are?</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Ned, they are stiff and covered with a close network of fine veins,
+and all four of them are alike.</p>
+
+<p>No wing covers, you see.</p>
+
+<p>I do not know why they have the name Odonata.</p>
+
+<p>The young Odonata are not like their parents, excepting that they have a
+head, a thorax with six legs, and an abdomen. But they certainly do not
+look like their parents!</p>
+
+<p>No, John, the May flies do not belong to the Odonata. Their wings are
+quite different.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img118a.jpg" alt="A Large Family" title="A Large Family" /></div>
+
+<p>Do you not remember how small the hind wings are?</p>
+
+<p>The name of their order is <span class="smcap">Eph-e-mer-i-da</span>.</p>
+
+<p>There is a big name for a little insect!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It comes from the Greek word <i>ephemeros</i>, and you know what it means.</p>
+
+<p>What? Has everybody forgotten about the dainty little ephemer&aelig;, that
+live but a day?</p>
+
+<p>That is what <i>ephemeros</i> means, lasting but a day.</p>
+
+<p>The stone flies have four wings, but they are not like those of the
+Odonata, or of the Ephemerida.</p>
+
+<p>Do you remember how the hind wings are folded?</p>
+
+<p>Yes, May, in plaits, so these are the plaited wings, or
+<span class="smcap">Ple-cop-te-ra</span>, from <i>pteran</i>, a wing, and <i>plecos</i>, plaited.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p><p>The little silver fish, as you remember, has no wings at all, so its
+order is called <span class="smcap">Thy-sa-nu-ra</span>, from its bristle tail,
+<i>thysanos</i>, in Greek, meaning a tassel, and <i>oura</i>, the tail.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p>
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+<h2>Hemiptera</h2>
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Great Bug Family</span></h2>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img122.jpg" alt="The Great Bug Family" title="The Great Bug Family" /></div>
+
+<p>Now, my children, do you know what a bug is? Most people do not.</p>
+
+<p>They call every insect a "bug," but bugs are bugs, flies are flies, ants
+are ants, and neither flies nor ants are bugs.</p>
+
+<p>Indeed, no insects are bugs&mdash;excepting just bugs!</p>
+
+<p>Our croton bugs are not really bugs. They do not belong to the bug
+family.</p>
+
+<p>A bug has four wings&mdash;when it has any.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img122a.jpg" alt="The Great Bug Family" title="The Great Bug Family" /></div>
+
+<p>But its wings are not like those of the Orthoptera or Odonata or
+Ephemerida or Plecoptera.</p>
+
+<p>Some bugs have no wings.</p>
+
+<p>Young bugs are like old bugs, only smaller, and they have no wings.</p>
+
+<p>You remember the Orthoptera and Odonata bite their food.</p>
+
+<p>They chew it up and swallow it.</p>
+
+<p>Bugs do not bite, they suck. Their mouth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> parts are often grown together
+in the form of a tube that is sometimes very sharp.</p>
+
+<p>They stick these sharp tubes or beaks into their food, and suck it up.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Water Boatman</span></h2>
+
+<p>What, May; you want to see a bug? Well, that is easy enough.</p>
+
+<p>Here is one in this pond at our feet. Do you know it?</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img123.jpg" alt="The Water Boatman" title="The Water Boatman" /></div>
+
+<p>Yes, John; it is the water boatman.</p>
+
+<p>Nell says she doesn't see it.</p>
+
+<p>There, Nell, that little thing that shines like silver under the water.
+It is clinging to a weed.</p>
+
+<p>No, we cannot see it very well unless we catch it.</p>
+
+<p>Ned, do you think you can be spry enough to scoop it out with the net?</p>
+
+<p>There, he has it,&mdash;no, it is off.</p>
+
+<p>Well, we shall never see that one again; but here, in this corner of the
+pond, see, several of them.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img123a.jpg" alt="The Water Boatman" title="The Water Boatman" /></div>
+
+<p>Now don't be in too great a hurry, Ned; they are hard to catch.</p>
+
+<p>He has it!</p>
+
+<p>Here, don't touch it,&mdash;bugs are biters, remember.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Put it in this tumbler of water, and clap the cover over
+it&mdash;quick&mdash;so!&mdash;now we have it.</p>
+
+<p>What is that, Mollie? I just said bugs do not bite, and now I call them
+biters?</p>
+
+<p>I don't wonder you are puzzled.</p>
+
+<p>They do <i>not</i> bite, but they pierce with their mouth tubes, and that
+feels just as though they bit us. So we commonly speak of bugs as
+biting.</p>
+
+<p>If you wish to be very exact, we will hereafter speak of bugs as
+piercing or sucking.</p>
+
+<p>Now, Mr. Water Boatman, we are going to have a good look at you.</p>
+
+<p>Nell says it is not like silver any more, but just a little black and
+gray speckled bug.</p>
+
+<p>That is because it is now on top of the water. When it goes under it is
+surrounded with a layer of air, and that is what makes it look as though
+it had on a silver dress.</p>
+
+<p>May wants to know how it manages to take a layer of air down under the
+water. If you were to look at it with a magnifying glass, May, you would
+see it is covered with fine hairs; the air becomes entangled in these
+hairs. Do you not remember how the leaf of the jewel weed, or
+touch-me-not, as it is also called, shines when you plunge it in water?
+It, too, is covered with fine hairs that hold air. Many leaves shine in
+this way<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> when put under water, and always because of the fine hairs
+that prevent the air from being pushed out by the water. You see the
+hairs on the bugs serve the same purpose as those on the leaves; they
+hold fast the air.</p>
+
+<p>Our water boatman breathes this air that surrounds him.</p>
+
+<p>You know how insects breathe do you not?</p>
+
+<p>Dear me, then I shall have to tell you.</p>
+
+<p>They have no lungs; of course, so they cannot breathe with lungs as we
+do.</p>
+
+<p>Take a long breath&mdash;see how your chest rises&mdash;that is because you filled
+your lungs full of air.</p>
+
+<p>Well, the insects have to breathe air.</p>
+
+<p>Every living thing has to breathe air. Nothing in the world could live
+without air.</p>
+
+<p>Even plants breathe the air, you know.</p>
+
+<p>Now, there is a little row of holes or pores along each side of the
+abdomen of the insect.</p>
+
+<p>These are the breathing pores. No, May, the insects do not breathe
+through their mouths, they breathe through their sides.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img125.jpg" alt="The Water Boatman" title="The Water Boatman" /></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>You can see the breathing pores, or spiracles, as they are called, very
+plainly in many insects.</p>
+
+<p>You can see them on the abdomen of the locust, and in some caterpillars
+they are bright-colored spots.</p>
+
+<p>There are spiracles on the sides of the thorax, too, but they do not
+show so plainly as those on the abdomen.</p>
+
+<p>The spiracles open into air tubes that carry air to the blood of the
+insect.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+             <img   src="images/img126.jpg"
+             alt="Spiracles" /><br />
+         <b><i>Spiracles</i></b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>If you watch a grasshopper or a bee, you can plainly see it breathe. The
+abdomen moves in the bee as though it were panting. These movements of
+the abdomen cause the air to go in and out. All insects move their
+abdomens to send the air in and out, but it does not show plainly in all
+of them, for, though insects need air, some of them can get along with
+very little.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, John, insects have blood. It is not just like our blood, but still
+it is blood.</p>
+
+<p>It is not generally red in color, though sometimes it is reddish, and
+sometimes it is brown, or violet, or even bright green.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, that seems strange to you, but you remember how ears are ears, and
+serve to hear with, no matter where on the body of the creature they are
+located.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> So blood is blood, and serves the purpose of blood, no matter
+what its color. The blood of some insects has a very bad odor, and in
+the case of certain beetles, when they are disturbed, this foul-smelling
+liquid oozes out of the joints of the legs.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Mabel, it is probably used, like the "molasses" of other little
+friends we know, to repel enemies.</p>
+
+<p>But to return to breathing. Some larv&aelig; breathe by gills, and do not have
+spiracles until they are grown up, but all grown-up insects breathe by
+spiracles.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, John, the larv&aelig; of the dragon flies and May flies breathe with
+gills.</p>
+
+<p>I thought you would remember that.</p>
+
+<p>The water boatman breathes by spiracles, and carries his supply of air
+with him. All grown-up bugs breathe by spiracles.</p>
+
+<p>Now look down into the pond. I think you will see some water boatmen
+anchored near the bottom.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, May, they cling by their front feet. Their hind pair of legs are
+rather odd-looking; they have a fringe of hairs on the inside.</p>
+
+<p>John says their hind legs are modified to swim with.</p>
+
+<p>Very good, John.</p>
+
+<p>The hind legs are the oars that row these little boats about in the
+water.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But why are the little boats that have come to anchor down there moving
+their paddles so constantly?</p>
+
+<p>Ah, yes; it is because they want fresh air to breathe.</p>
+
+<p>You know there is always air in pond water, and they keep their paddles
+moving, so as to change the envelope of air that surrounds them.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img128.jpg" alt="The Water Boatman" title="The Water Boatman" /></div>
+
+<p>They know what to do to take care of themselves, if they <i>are</i> nothing
+but little bugs.</p>
+
+<p>When winter comes, they go down to the bottom of the pond and bury
+themselves in the mud. They lie there without moving or breathing until
+spring, when out they come, as lively as ever.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, certain other animals pass the winter in this way; the bears, for
+instance, find a snug den and sleep all through the coldest winter
+weather. We call this winter sleep of animals hibernation, and many of
+the insects hibernate.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Ned, hibernating animals can get on with very little air; they
+sometimes seem to need none at all, and they take no food.</p>
+
+<p>May wants to know what these queer water boatmen eat.</p>
+
+<p>They suck out the juices of other insects.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>They must lay their eggs in the water, little Nell thinks.</p>
+
+<p>And so they do, on water plants.</p>
+
+<p>Near the city of Mexico there are species that lay enormous quantities
+of eggs in the ponds, and what do you think? The Indians mix these eggs
+with meal, make them into cakes, and eat them.</p>
+
+<p>The Mexican bugs are gathered by the ton, too, and sent to England as
+food for cage birds, fish, and poultry.</p>
+
+<p>Little Nell thinks there must be a great many bugs in a ton. Indeed,
+there are, probably about twenty-five millions of them; so you can
+imagine Mexico is well supplied with water boatmen!</p>
+
+<p>When the young ones hatch out they look like their parents, only, of
+course, they are tiny little dots of things that have no wings.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img129.jpg" alt="The Water Boatman" title="The Water Boatman" /></div>
+
+<p>But they eat and grow and moult like other larv&aelig; until they are
+full-grown insects.</p>
+
+<p>What have you discovered, Ned? You look surprised.</p>
+
+<p>The water boatman has no antenn&aelig;!</p>
+
+<p>It doesn't seem to have any. But look carefully and I think you will
+find some tiny ones tucked away under its head.</p>
+
+<p>Nell wants to know if the water boatman has a thorax and an abdomen.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Indeed, it has, but you will have to look carefully to see them. Its
+abdomen is short and thick and hard. The water boatman is much more
+compact in form than the Orthoptera, or any of the other insects we have
+studied.</p>
+
+<p>You are right, John, an insect with a long abdomen, like the
+grasshopper, could not get on very well in the water.</p>
+
+<p>Now, May, take the cover off the tumbler. There!</p>
+
+<p>Our water boatman was not slow to make use of his wings.</p>
+
+<p>Well, good-by and good luck to you, little water boatman.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img130.jpg" alt="The Water Boatman" title="The Water Boatman" /></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Funny Back-swimmers</span></h2>
+
+<p>What, John? You know a water boatman that swims on its back?</p>
+
+<p>That makes Nell laugh, and no wonder.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, there is a little bug that swims on its back.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img131.jpg" alt="The Funny Back-swimmers" title="The Funny Back-swimmers" /></div>
+
+<p>It is very much like the water boatman, and it has long paddles made of
+its queer hind legs.</p>
+
+<p>Unlike the water boatman, however, its back is not flat but is shaped
+like the keel of a boat.</p>
+
+<p>This being the case, it just turns over and swims with its keel-shaped
+back in the water.</p>
+
+<p>It is sometimes called the back-swimmer, and most boys are well
+acquainted with it.</p>
+
+<p>What do you think about catching it in your fingers, Ned?</p>
+
+<p>Ah, you do not like to!</p>
+
+<p>It has a very sharp beak for sucking the life out of other insects, and
+if you succeed in getting hold of it, it will stick that into your
+finger.</p>
+
+<p>And my! how it does sting!</p>
+
+<p>It is not an easy matter to catch it, however,&mdash;it is such a quick
+little rascal.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Giant Water Bug</span></h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img132.jpg" alt="The Giant Water Bug" title="The Giant Water Bug" /></div>
+
+<p>A good many kinds of bugs live in the water, but perhaps the oddest of
+all is the giant water bug.</p>
+
+<p>It <i>is</i> a giant!</p>
+
+<p>Have you ever seen very large, flat brown bugs lying on the ground under
+the electric street lamps?</p>
+
+<p>Those are the giant water bugs.</p>
+
+<p>They fly in the night from pond to pond, and are attracted by bright
+lights.</p>
+
+<p>They fly into the electric lights, and are killed in great numbers
+sometimes.</p>
+
+<p>This is such a common habit with them that in some places they are
+called electric light bugs.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img132a.jpg" alt="The Giant Water Bug" title="The Giant Water Bug" /></div>
+
+<p>A good many people never saw these bugs until they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> were found dead
+under the electric lights, and so they imagined they did not exist until
+electric lights were invented.</p>
+
+<p>But that is a very foolish notion; the bugs were here thousands of years
+before electric lights were dreamed of.</p>
+
+<p>The giant water bugs are not pleasant to handle when alive.</p>
+
+<p>If you ever succeed in catching one in the water, which is not easy,
+they slip about so quickly, be sure and not take it in your fingers.</p>
+
+<p>The California children call a species they have there "toe-biters," and
+they say they bite their toes when they go in wading.</p>
+
+<p>The giant water bugs are the largest of living bugs, and they even kill
+and eat fish.</p>
+
+<p>Their fore legs can shut up like a jackknife. The tibia shuts into a
+groove in the femur, and thus the bug is able to seize and hold its
+prey.</p>
+
+<p>It clasps its victim in its arms, as it were, and calmly proceeds to
+suck out its blood.</p>
+
+<p>In some species of the giant water bugs the female does not leave her
+eggs in the pond to take care of themselves; she puts them on the back
+of her mate, who is obliged to carry all of his progeny about with him
+until they relieve him by hatching out and swimming off to see life for
+themselves.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">Little Mrs. Shore Bug</span></h2>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img134.jpg" alt="Little Mrs. Shore Bug" title="Little Mrs. Shore Bug" /></div>
+
+<p>May says she wants to hear more about bugs. Well, there is little Mrs.
+Shore Bug. I think you must all know her.</p>
+
+<p>She is the little bug that flies along in front of you on the seashore,
+or, indeed, on the edge of any body of water.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img134a.jpg" alt="Little Mrs. Shore Bug" title="Little Mrs. Shore Bug" /></div>
+
+<p>She flits along just in front of you, and is so quick in her motions
+that you will hardly ever catch her.</p>
+
+<p>She does not fly far&mdash;she alights just far enough ahead to make you try
+again to capture her, but when you think you have her, she isn't there!</p>
+
+
+<p>She has sped off on one of her short flights, and so she will continue
+to do as long as you continue to chase her.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Airy Water Striders</span></h2>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img135.jpg" alt="The Airy Water Striders" title="The Airy Water Striders" /></div>
+<p>Then there are the water striders.</p>
+
+<p>They are bugs, and it is easy to guess how they got their name.</p>
+
+<p>You surely remember the longlegged, dark colored fellows that straddle
+about on top of the water, in ponds or in still pools in streams?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Who has not tried to catch them!</p>
+
+<p>And how very seldom any one succeeds!</p>
+
+<p>May knows where we can see some water striders close at hand.</p>
+
+<p>They are on the pond in the meadow. Let us go.</p>
+
+<p>Ah, you little ones! There you are, scampering over the water on your
+airy, fairy feet, as though you were on dry land.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img135a.jpg" alt="The Airy Water Striders" title="The Airy Water Striders" /></div>
+
+<p>How they flash about! And what cunning dimples their little feet make on
+the water when they stand still!</p>
+
+<p>If we keep very quiet, they will stop darting about in that wild way,
+and we can see them better.</p>
+
+<p>Now, water striders, why do you behave so, and what do you eat?</p>
+
+<p>Eat? Why, insects, of course. And as to behavior, they may well wonder
+more at ours than we at theirs.</p>
+
+<p>They skate about on the surface of the water all summer, and when winter
+comes they hide away at the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> bottom of the pond, right under the water,
+or along the edges of the banks.</p>
+
+<p>When the warm spring sunshine wakes up the sleeping plants, then the
+little water striders wake up too.</p>
+
+<p>Out they come, to resume their endless skating and insect catching, but
+now they lay their eggs, gluing them fast to water weeds.</p>
+
+<p>The young water striders look like their parents, and they, too, like to
+go circling and flashing over the top of the water, with their long legs
+spread out.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">A Queer Fellow</span></h2>
+
+<p>What do you suppose is in this box?</p>
+
+<p>Little Nell may open it.</p>
+
+<p>There, out he comes&mdash;slowly, as though he were looking around and
+thinking about it.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img136.jpg" alt="A Queer Fellow" title="A Queer Fellow" /></div>
+
+<p>May says, "Hello, Mr. Walking Stick, you here again?"</p>
+
+<p>Ho! ho! <i>is</i> it Mr. Walking Stick?</p>
+
+<p>You look again.</p>
+
+<p>Mollie thinks, if she were going to name it, she would call it Mr.
+Walking Threads.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, it is more slender than even the walking stick.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>What is that, John? You thought insects had six legs, and this has only
+four?</p>
+
+<p>Now, here is something for us to think about.</p>
+
+<p>Ned says it has six long threads that might be legs, but it does not
+walk on the two front ones.</p>
+
+<p>It seems to use them as antenn&aelig;.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img137.jpg" alt="A Queer Fellow" title="A Queer Fellow" /></div>
+
+<p>Ned says those front ones look to him to be jointed just like the
+others, and he thinks they are legs.</p>
+
+<p>Mollie says they have no little feet like the others, and she thinks
+they are antenn&aelig;.</p>
+
+<p>Well, well, what are we to do? Think of its having feelers that look
+like legs or legs that look like feelers, so that you cannot tell which
+they are!</p>
+
+<p>Now it is beginning to move, and&mdash;Oh, ho, that long part in front is not
+its head!</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img137a.jpg" alt="A Queer Fellow" title="A Queer Fellow" /></div>
+
+<p>See, it separates into two&mdash;what?</p>
+
+<p>Surely, two front legs.</p>
+
+<p>See, they were folded up, somewhat like the front legs of the mantis,
+only these could fold close together, being threadlike.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>So the long threads are antenn&aelig; after all.</p>
+
+<p>Now it has raised its head, which we easily see is quite round, with
+tiny eyes, and the antenn&aelig; are growing out from the front of it.</p>
+
+<p>What is it? A walking stick? A mantis?</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img138.jpg" alt="A Queer Fellow" title="A Queer Fellow" /></div>
+
+<p>Why! why! There it goes, sailing off in the air with a queer little
+fluttering motion of its whole body.</p>
+
+<p>It has wings!</p>
+
+<p>John has caught it and brought it back.</p>
+
+<p>Now let us see those wings, you strange little creature.</p>
+
+<p>You will have to look close, but there they are, narrow, short, such
+tiny wings! How <i>do</i> you suppose it flies with them?</p>
+
+<p>You seem queerer and queerer the more we look at you, little
+what-shall-we-call-you.</p>
+
+<p>But we know you are not a walking stick because our walking sticks have
+no wings.</p>
+
+<p>The truth is you are a&mdash;bug!</p>
+
+<p>Yes, this little threadlike creature belongs to the same order as the
+big flat giant water bug.</p>
+
+<p>It grasps its victim, in its fore feet like the mantis, but instead of
+biting its prey it sucks out the juices.</p>
+
+<p>You would hardly expect such a delicate creature to catch and kill other
+insects, yet such is the case.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>No, I do not think it will pierce your finger with its beak. I have
+often handled them, and have never been stung by one. We often see them
+walking about in the grass and along paths.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Well Dressed Lace Bug</span></h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img139.jpg"
+             alt="Hawthorn Twig" /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Hawthorn Twig</span></b>
+    </div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">If</span> we pay a visit to that hawthorn bush we shall probably find
+a bug to our liking. Yes, here is one.</p>
+
+<p>It is a tiny thing, I know, but wait until you see it under the
+microscope.</p>
+
+<p>Ah, I thought you would be pleased!</p>
+
+<p>Nell says it looks as though it had on a lace party dress.</p>
+
+<p>Is it not a dainty fairy!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>We call it the lace bug.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img140.jpg" alt="The Well Dressed Lace Bug" title="The Well Dressed Lace Bug" /></div>
+
+<p>It does not suck the juices of other insects, but instead it sucks the
+juices of plants.</p>
+
+<p>Its eggs are very curious. It lays them on leaves and glues them fast.
+They look like little out-growths of the leaf.</p>
+
+<p>The young lace bugs are like their parents in form, only, of course,
+they have no wings and so they are not pretty.</p>
+
+<p>Fairy lace bug, we are glad to make your acquaintance.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">A Bad Bug</span></h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img140a.jpg" alt="A Bad Bug" title="A Bad Bug" /></div>
+
+<p>Now, here is a bug we all loathe. It is round and flat, and reddish
+brown in color, and it has a disgusting odor.</p>
+
+<p>But though we hate this bug, it is very fond of us. It has a short,
+sharp tube folded down under its head, and this tube it likes to raise
+up and stick into the skin of people, and suck out their blood.</p>
+
+<p>It has no wings, only a pair of little scales where its wings should be.
+Yes, May, these scales are rudimentary wings, and they are good for
+nothing. It once had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> wings, but it preferred to go slipping about in
+cracks and hiding in beds, until in course of time no wings grew, which
+served it right.</p>
+
+<p>It has antenn&aelig; and eyes and spiracles; indeed, it has everything a bug
+should have but wings and good manners.</p>
+
+<p>We call it the bed bug because its favorite home is in beds, so that it
+can sally forth at night and feast upon its sleeping victims.</p>
+
+<p>It lays its eggs in cracks and crevices, and each egg is like a little
+jar with a rim and a lid at the top. When the young one hatches it
+pushes off the lid. The young are in shape like their parents, only they
+are very light colored, and almost transparent. They look like ghosts of
+bugs, but they are very voracious ghosts indeed, and they eat and moult
+and grow and become darker colored until they reach maturity.</p>
+
+<p>One strange thing about them is that they can live a very long time with
+nothing to eat, so that houses long vacated may still contain these
+nuisances, that sally forth, eager to round out their emaciated forms at
+the expense of the new occupants of the house.</p>
+
+<p>The barn swallow is sadly afflicted by a species of these unwelcome
+visitors to its nest, and the poor bats are also victimized by a species
+of bed bug.</p>
+
+<p>The bad odor comes from a liquid poured out of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> back of young bugs,
+and from the under side of old ones.</p>
+
+<p>These insects are very undesirable acquaintances, and they breed so fast
+that even one, brought into a house, may cause it to become generally
+infested in a few weeks.</p>
+
+<p>Eternal vigilance and great cleanliness are the housekeeper's only
+safeguards.</p>
+
+<p>There are some species of bugs that closely resemble the bed bugs, only
+they have wings, and live on flowers or in the cracks of the bark of
+trees.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Troublesome Red Bug</span></h2>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img142.jpg" alt="The Troublesome Red Bug" title="The Troublesome Red Bug" /></div>
+
+<p>There are a great many kinds of bugs on the leaves and flowers in
+summer, and some of them do much damage by eating the vegetation.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most troublesome of these is the red bug. Here is a picture
+of one.</p>
+
+<p>Its wings look as if they had an X drawn on them.</p>
+
+<p>Let us spread out one of the wings.</p>
+
+<p>Why do you all laugh?</p>
+
+<p>Sure enough, Ned, how <i>can</i> we spread out the wings of a bug in a
+picture?</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img142a.jpg" alt="The Troublesome Red Bug" title="The Troublesome Red Bug" /></div>
+
+<p>But there is a way out of that difficulty.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, another picture.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Only the upper wings are spread out.</p>
+
+<p>You see, the half of the wing next the body is stiff like a wing cover,
+and the other half is thin and silky, and folds up under the stiff part.
+When the insect flies it spreads out the under wings, too, for there is
+a pair of thin, flying wings folded on the body under these upper wings.</p>
+
+<p>These upper wings, that are half wing cover and half flying wing, are
+characteristic of the bug order.</p>
+
+<p>Not all the bugs have them, but a great many have.</p>
+
+<p>The name of the bug order is <span class="smcap">Hem-ip-tera</span>, meaning half-wing.
+You see why.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, John, the word "hemiptera" comes from two Greek words, <i>hemi</i>,
+meaning half, and, as you know, <i>pteron</i>, meaning a wing.</p>
+
+<p>The young red bugs are like the old ones, excepting in color.</p>
+
+<p>What do we call the young of insects, little Nell?</p>
+
+<p>Yes, we call them larv&aelig;. These red bug larv&aelig; are bright red with black
+legs.</p>
+
+<p>They pierce the cotton plants in the South, and suck out the juices.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, they grow and moult until they arrive at the adult form.</p>
+
+<p>What, John? You do not know what "adult" means? Adult means "grown-up."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It is a short way of saying grown-up; and after this, when we mean a
+grown-up insect, let us say an adult insect.</p>
+
+<p>To return to the red bug. When it reaches the adult state, it is not
+such a bright red, but rather of a reddish color with brownish wings
+striped with light yellow.</p>
+
+<p>Beside eating the juices of the cotton plants and thus injuring or even
+killing them, the red bugs stain the white cotton and spoil it.</p>
+
+<p>They are also troublesome in some parts of Florida, where they pierce
+the skins of the oranges, and cause the fruit to decay.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img144.jpg" alt="The Troublesome Red Bug" title="The Troublesome Red Bug" /></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Ravenous Chinch Bugs</span></h2>
+
+<p>There are a great many bugs injurious to vegetation, among them the
+little chinch bugs.</p>
+
+<p>They are so small, each one no larger than a plant louse, that you would
+not think they could do much harm.</p>
+
+<p>One of them could not, but when they appear in millions, then they are
+terrible.</p>
+
+<p>Here is one magnified to show the white wing covers with black markings.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img145.jpg" alt="The Ravenous Chinch Bugs" title="The Ravenous Chinch Bugs" /></div>
+
+<p>Would you believe that this tiny insect has destroyed millions of
+dollars' worth of grain in the United States?</p>
+
+<p>What, Charlie? you should think they could be killed out? That is a very
+difficult task. You see they are so small, and they breed so fast. There
+are two broods of them in one year, and when they have eaten one grain
+field they start off, millions strong, to another.</p>
+
+<p>Of course a great many methods have been tried for getting rid of them,
+and one very curious method you will like to hear about.</p>
+
+<p>You know insects are subject to diseases.</p>
+
+<p>What, Nell, you never heard of a sick bug?</p>
+
+<p>Yet it seems they are sick sometimes, and certain diseases kill them.
+Chinch bugs are not as healthy in some places as in others.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>There is a contagious disease that kills them off in very great numbers.</p>
+
+<p>Ned says he can guess what remedy the people apply to the healthy chinch
+bugs that are eating their grain.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, they introduce diseased chinch bugs into the grain fields with the
+healthy ones. The contagion spreads and the bugs die!</p>
+
+<p>There is another way of getting rid of some kinds of troublesome
+insects. That is, to introduce an insect not injurious to vegetation,
+that will prey upon the injurious ones.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Well Protected Stink Bug</span></h2>
+
+<p>One of the bugs we know the best and like the least is the stink bug.</p>
+
+<p>It deserves its name.</p>
+
+<p>John says he had one on his hand this morning.</p>
+
+<p>How did you like it, John?</p>
+
+<p>Did any of you ever pick berries where these bugs were?</p>
+
+<p>See what a face Mollie is making! It is very evident that <i>she</i> has.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+             <img   src="images/img146.jpg"
+             alt="Red raspberry" /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Red raspberry</span></b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>What a nasty taste they give the delicious fruit.</p>
+
+<p>Even the flavor of the red raspberry is spoiled if one of these bugs
+pollutes it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>What makes them smell so? May is asking.</p>
+
+<p>The disgusting odor is caused by a liquid that is ejected out of little
+pores on the under side of the thorax.</p>
+
+<p>The bug can eject this liquid when it pleases.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img147.jpg" alt="The Airy Water Striders" title="The Airy Water Striders" /></div>
+
+<p>Most members of the bug order can eject a disagreeable liquid, though
+few of them do it so successfully as the stink bug.</p>
+
+<p>If the stink bug is not disturbed, it does not give forth the bad odor;
+but when we jostle the bushes in getting the berries, that startles it,
+and we get the benefit of its alarm.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, undoubtedly the bugs make a bad odor for the same reason the
+grasshoppers make molasses. They wish to repel their enemies.</p>
+
+<p>Very few birds ever touch a stink bug.</p>
+
+<p>Nell thinks a bird would be crazy to eat a stink bug.</p>
+
+<p>Mollie says if it were not crazy when it began, it surely would be
+before it got through!</p>
+
+<p>Not only the bugs make these disagreeable odors.</p>
+
+<p>Many other insects do.</p>
+
+<p>The cockroaches, as we know, and one reason we dislike them so is
+because of this offensive odor.</p>
+
+<p>Some species of crickets, too, and indeed many, many insects give forth
+odors from glands that exist just for that purpose.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>No, indeed, these odors are not all alike. Some have a strangling
+quality like ammonia, and sometimes the odors are not disagreeable. Some
+insects have sweet odors, like perfumes.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img148.jpg" alt="The Well Protected Stink Bug" title="The Well Protected Stink Bug" /></div>
+
+<p>The pleasant odors are not used to repel, but to attract.</p>
+
+<p>If an insect wishes to see its mate, it may be able to give forth a
+pleasant odor that will reach a long way through the air, and the mate,
+smelling it, will follow it to its source. You see, this pleasant odor
+is one way of talking; at least it is one way of sending a message.</p>
+
+<p>Insects can detect odors much better than we can.</p>
+
+<p>No doubt many insects produce odors that affect other insects, but that
+are so faint we cannot smell them at all.</p>
+
+<p>The sense of smell, even in the human being, is very wonderful. It is
+the keenest of all the senses.</p>
+
+<p>You have studied weights and measures, and you know how small a quantity
+a grain of anything is. Well, you will be astonished to know that your
+nose can detect the presence of 1/2,760,000,000 of a grain of mercaptan,
+a substance having a very bad smell.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img148a.jpg" alt="The Well Protected Stink Bug" title="The Well Protected Stink Bug" /></div>
+
+<p>So you see, insects that can smell very, very much better than we would
+be greatly influenced by the odors of other insects.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Some of the stink bugs, although so disagreeable if disturbed, are very
+useful to us, as they eat other insects injurious to vegetation.</p>
+
+<p>Most of them, however, eat fruits and vegetables, and some species do a
+vast amount of mischief.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Louse</span></h2>
+
+<p>Yes, John, lice are bugs, and very mean bugs too.</p>
+
+<p>They have lived at the expense of other creatures so long that they
+cannot exist unless they have a living body to feed on.</p>
+
+<p>Here is a picture of one very much enlarged. No wings, no beauty, a pale
+white thing, all claws and mouth.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img149a.jpg" alt="The Louse" title="The Louse" /></div>
+
+<p>It has a long sucking tube by which it pierces the skin, and a sucking
+stomach by which it pumps the blood into its mouth.</p>
+
+<p>Such creatures are called parasites.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, bed bugs are parasites too.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the lice that live on human beings, there are species that
+infest animals.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">Bird Lice and Book Lice</span></h2>
+
+<p>Bird lice are not lice!</p>
+
+<p>That is, they do not belong to the bug order.</p>
+
+<p>They belong to a small order by themselves, but they are parasites like
+the lice.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The little white book lice that scurry away when we open an old book
+that has been standing on the back shelf, are not lice, either; they
+also belong to a little order of their own, and are constructed very
+differently from the true lice.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">Friend Cicada</span></h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img150.jpg" alt="The Airy Water Striders" title="The Airy Water Striders" /></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whir-r-r-r-rrrrr</span>!!</p>
+
+<p>May says she wishes that locust would keep quiet. It makes her warmer
+than ever to hear him carrying on so this hot day.</p>
+
+<p>John says it is the weather that is warm, not the song of the locust.</p>
+
+<p>And yet, locusts generally sing during the hottest part of the summer,
+so that we have learned to associate them with warm weather.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Since we must listen to its shrill out-cry, I wish we could also see
+it.</p>
+
+<p>Ah, that is a wish soon gratified! Here comes one out of John's pocket.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img151.jpg" alt="Friend Cicada" title="Friend Cicada" /></div>
+
+<p>John says it is <i>not</i> a locust.</p>
+
+<p>Ah, yes, the shorthorned grasshoppers are the real locusts, and this
+fellow has somehow got the name.</p>
+
+<p>But it is not a locust.</p>
+
+<p>It is also called the dog-day harvest fly, but it is not a fly, though
+it looks considerably like one.</p>
+
+<p>Really, you know, it is a&mdash;bug!</p>
+
+<p>Yes, it belongs to the bug order.</p>
+
+<p>Its true name is cicada, and its shrill midsummer song has been famous
+from the beginning of time.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img151a.jpg" alt="Friend Cicada" title="Friend Cicada" /></div>
+
+<p>It looks like an enormous fly, but its mouth parts are the mouth parts
+of the bug, and in other respects it resembles the members of the bug
+order, when it is examined closely.</p>
+
+<p>What glassy wings!</p>
+
+<p>Let us spread them out carefully. Four of them it has.</p>
+
+<p>The cicada, you see, has no wing covers. Nor are its<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> upper wings, half
+wing cover, and half wing, like those of so many of the bugs.</p>
+
+<p>No, all four of its wings are alike, and all four are flying wings.</p>
+
+<p>When it is at rest, the inner wings slip out of sight under the outer
+ones, which fold down like a roof over its body.</p>
+
+<p>See how beautifully the wings, are veined.</p>
+
+<p>You think cicada has a very broad back, Nell?</p>
+
+<p>So it has, and a broad head.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img152.jpg" alt="Friend Cicada" title="Friend Cicada" /></div>
+
+<p>See its black eyes on the corners of its head!</p>
+
+<p>How many facets have its eyes?</p>
+
+<p>I wish I knew, but I do not. This, however, I can tell you. If you look
+on the top of its head between its compound eyes, with a magnifying
+glass, you will find it has three little eyes there.</p>
+
+<p>These small eyes are simple, and are called <i>ocelli</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Many insects have ocelli, indeed, some of the grasshoppers have these
+extra eyes on top of their head.</p>
+
+<p>May says the grasshoppers are very astonishing insects.</p>
+
+<p>You think you know all about them, and you are all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> the time finding out
+something new. You would not be apt to notice these little ocelli on the
+grasshopper's head, they are so small, and besides, some of the
+grasshoppers do not have them.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Mollie, it is the same with the crickets and katydids. Some species
+have ocelli, and some have not.</p>
+
+<p>If you look full in the face of a cicada, <img src="images/img153.jpg" alt="Compound eyes" title="Compound eyes" />you can see the three little
+round ocelli between the compound eyes.</p>
+
+<p>They show very plainly with a magnifying glass.</p>
+
+<p>Indeed, it is difficult to explain what the ocelli are for.</p>
+
+<p>Some think they are to see objects close at hand, while the compound
+eyes see more distant objects.</p>
+
+<p>Others think the ocelli are only capable of distinguishing light from
+darkness.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img153a.jpg" alt="The Airy Water Striders" title="The Airy Water Striders" /></div>
+
+<p>Yet others think they are merely a "survival" of the eyes of the worms.
+You know, way back in time, before there were winged insects there were
+worms. In some way the insects are descended from the worms, and though
+they have got rid of many of their wormlike parts they still retain some
+of them, and probably among these are the ocelli.</p>
+
+<p>When an animal of any kind keeps organs that belonged to its ancestors,
+but that are of no use to it,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> we say these organs are "survivals." They
+have not yet had time wholly to disappear.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, John, the time may come when the ocelli will disappear from the
+insects. A good many insects have lost them already.</p>
+
+<p>Indeed, you are right, May; they have lost them because they did not use
+them. When an animal ceases to use an organ in course of time, for lack
+of exercise, that organ dwindles away and disappears. It generally takes
+a very long time for this to happen.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Mabel, thousands or even millions of years may pass before an organ
+that has gone out of use entirely disappears. As generations succeed
+each other each generation loses a little power in that organ until,
+finally, there is no organ left.</p>
+
+<p>John is puzzled to know just what is meant by an organ. It is some
+particular part of the creature. An arm is an organ, a stomach is an
+organ, an eye is an organ. The whole creature is made up of organs, and
+is called an <i>organism</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Your whole body, John, is an organism, but your legs and arms are
+organs. Now, I think you understand.</p>
+
+<p>Our cicada has one organ that is very interesting; it is the little
+apparatus by which it sings.</p>
+
+<p>Turn it over, Ned, and all of you look at the two<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> thin plates lying
+against the abdomen just below the thorax.</p>
+
+<p>Those membranes are like two little kettle drums, and they are its song
+organs.</p>
+
+<p>There are other membranes beneath them, and large muscles within the
+body to move the membranes.</p>
+
+<p>The membranes being set in rapid vibration we get the shrill cry of the
+locust.</p>
+
+<p>Only the male has the kettle drums. In the female these organs are
+rudimentary, and she is dumb.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+             <img   src="images/img155.jpg"
+             alt="Kettle drum" /><br />
+         <b>Kettle drum</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>Cicada, you are a pretty little thing with your clear, glasslike wings
+and your black body with red and green trimming. See its mouth lying in
+that little groove under its head. It is a tube, and sharp. The cicada
+sticks it into a leaf or young twig to suck out the juice.</p>
+
+<p>Nell wants to know if the young cicadas are like the old ones. Indeed,
+they would be cunning little things if they were, and&mdash;yes, they <i>would</i>
+look very much like flies.</p>
+
+<p>But the young cicadas are queer babies, indeed. They do not look very
+much like their parents, although they have a head, a thorax, and an
+abdomen.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img155a.jpg" alt="Friend Cicada" title="Friend Cicada" /></div>
+
+<p>The female cicada makes a slit in the bark of the tree twig with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> her
+ovipositor and lays the eggs there. As soon as they hatch out, the tiny
+cicadas drop down to the ground and burrow into the earth.</p>
+
+<p>You would not know that they are cicadas, they are such queer-looking
+little things. But they have strong, sucking mouth parts with which they
+pierce holes in the roots of trees and suck out the juices.</p>
+
+<p>Of course these larv&aelig; grow and moult and continue to do so until they
+have moulted a good many times and grown quite large.</p>
+
+<p>They stay down under the ground two years.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of that time they crawl up to the surface of the earth in the
+early summer.</p>
+
+<p>They climb trees, or weeds, or fence posts, and then the skin splits
+down the back for the last time, and out comes a full-grown cicada with
+bright glassy wings.</p>
+
+<p>The wings of the larva do not grow at each moult like the wings of the
+grasshopper.</p>
+
+<p>The larva never gets beyond short little wing pads. See John's eyes
+twinkling! I believe&mdash;yes, he has! He has brought us the cast-off skin
+of a cicada to look at.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img156.jpg" alt="Friend Cicada" title="Friend Cicada" /></div>
+
+<p>Why, John, you are like a good fairy to us to-day, giving us just the
+things we want just when we want them.</p>
+
+<p>Now, see this little shell. See the front legs, like<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> strong paws to dig
+with. And see its little glassy eyes, and its little wing pads!</p>
+
+<p>It is a perfect cast of the cicada larva.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img157.jpg" alt="The Airy Water Striders" title="The Airy Water Striders" /></div>
+
+<p>Yes, May, this little cast is made of chitin, and it will last a long
+time. Chitin is a very indestructible substance; even fire will not
+destroy it, but in course of time the moisture and the acids in the
+earth destroy it, so that at last the millions of cicada shells and
+grasshopper cast-off skins, which are also of chitin, and cricket
+moults, and all the other little cast-aside chitinous overcoats of the
+insects, return again to the earth and the air whence they came. The
+minerals and gases that compose them let go of each other, as it were,
+and the chitin is no longer chitin.</p>
+
+<p>Amy says she has seen these little cicada shells hundreds of times but
+did not know what they were.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, we are sure to find them almost every summer.</p>
+
+<p>If we look, we will also find other larv&aelig; shells. Down in the grass are
+the cast-off coats of the grasshoppers and the crickets.</p>
+
+<p>All we need do is to look, and we shall be sure to find them&mdash;like
+unsubstantial ghosts of the active little wearers.</p>
+
+<p>No doubt you all have heard of the seventeen-year locusts. They, too,
+are cicadas, and they look very much<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> like this one, only it takes the
+young ones seventeen years to complete their growth.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img158.jpg" alt="Friend Cicada" title="Friend Cicada" /></div>
+
+<p>Think of living in the ground and sucking the juices out of the earth
+and of tree roots for seventeen years!</p>
+
+<p>How would you like to do it?</p>
+
+<p>But no doubt the cicada is quite happy living in this way.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of seventeen years the cicadas come up out of the earth in
+great swarms.</p>
+
+<p>They cast their skins for the last time. The queer little shells are
+seen everywhere, and the air resounds with the songs of the freed
+prisoners.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img158a.jpg" alt="Friend Cicada" title="Friend Cicada" /></div>
+
+<p>In the South it takes only thirteen years for these cicadas to develop.</p>
+
+<p>I once went up the side of a beautiful mountain in North Carolina, where
+was such a mighty host of cicadas in the trees that I could not hear my
+companion speak, and a little way off the noise sounded like a torrent
+of rushing water.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Odd Spittle Insect</span></h2>
+
+<p>Why, little Nell! What is the matter?</p>
+
+<p>You do wish the frogs would stop spitting on the grass?</p>
+
+<p>Let me see; why, poor child, she is all covered with frog spittle.</p>
+
+<p>That is kind, Ned. See, he is wiping her apron off with some fresh,
+clean leaves. Let us rest awhile under this shady tree.</p>
+
+<p>John, pick that grass blade with the frog spittle on it. Be careful not
+to disturb it.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img159.jpg" alt="The Odd Spittle Insect" title="The Odd Spittle Insect" /></div>
+
+<p>There is a surprise in store for you; this white frothy substance that
+is so abundant in some places in the summer and that looks like spittle
+is&mdash;guess what?</p>
+
+<p>Frog spittle, May says. So you think the frogs spit on the grass do you?
+They must be tall frogs to reach up so high.</p>
+
+<p>With this little twig let us carefully brush away the white froth.</p>
+
+<p>Now see.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, there is something in the centre of it.</p>
+
+<p>It is the larva of a&mdash;bug!</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img159a.jpg" alt="The Odd Spittle Insect" title="The Odd Spittle Insect" /></div>
+
+<p>The female bug, and here is one of the little things, lays the egg on
+the leaf or twigs, and when it hatches the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> young bug sucks out the sap
+of the plant which finally appears as this white froth.</p>
+
+<p>The larva remains surrounded by the froth until its transformations are
+complete.</p>
+
+<p>Just before the last moult it stops sucking out sap. The froth dries
+about it in the form of a little room, and in this it undergoes its last
+moult and comes out&mdash;an adult bug.</p>
+
+<p>The froth is supposed to be used as a protection, and it may be against
+some enemies, but there are certain wasps that delight in invading the
+frothy masses and hauling out the unwilling morsels within to feed to
+their young.</p>
+
+<p>No, little Nell, the frogs have nothing whatever to do with this frothy
+substance which was called frog spittle before people understood about
+the little insect that made it.</p>
+
+<p>They really thought the frogs did it.</p>
+
+<p>The adult spittle insect is called a frog hopper, and it has the power
+of leaping very well.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img160.jpg" alt="The Odd Spittle Insect" title="The Odd Spittle Insect" /></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">Pretty Leaf Hoppers</span></h2>
+
+<p>Just see this bush! Be careful not to shake it.</p>
+
+<p>It is covered with such pretty, bright-colored little insects.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img161.jpg" alt="Pretty Leaf Hoppers" title="Pretty Leaf Hoppers" /></div>
+
+<p>There, May ran against the bush and see&mdash;they are hopping wildly off in
+every direction.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, little Nell, they do sound like rain drops pattering on the leaves.</p>
+
+<p>They are prettier than the spittle insects and more slender, but they
+hop about in very much the same way.</p>
+
+<p>The larv&aelig; do not make froth, however.</p>
+
+<p>These are the leaf hoppers.</p>
+
+<p>What big heads they have!</p>
+
+<p>And how daintily their green forms are pencilled with red lines.</p>
+
+<p>There are a great many species of the leaf hoppers, and not all of them
+are as pretty as these.</p>
+
+<p>Some of them are very small indeed, and some do great damage to the
+grain crops and the fruits.</p>
+
+<p>They suck out the juices of the plants.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img161a.jpg" alt="Pretty Leaf Hoppers" title="Pretty Leaf Hoppers" /></div>
+
+<p>If you sweep the insect net over bushes or through<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> the grass in
+midsummer, you will be pretty sure to draw in a good collection of leaf
+hoppers.</p>
+
+<p>Most of us are only too well acquainted with the rose-leaf hopper that
+swarms on rose bushes and kills the leaves. If we have not noticed the
+insect itself, we have not failed to notice the little white skins that
+it has cast off and left clinging to the leaves.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, these are the little skins it discards when it moults.</p>
+
+<p>John says we can kill them by washing the bushes with strong soap suds.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img162.jpg" alt="Pretty Leaf Hoppers" title="Pretty Leaf Hoppers" /></div>
+
+<p>Ned says it is better yet to spray them.</p>
+
+<p>It is better and also easier to spray them than to wash them.</p>
+
+<p>You know there are machines for spraying trees and other plants. They
+consist of a tank to hold the liquid that is to be sprayed and a pump to
+force it through a rubber pipe with a sprinkler at the end.</p>
+
+<p>Very often a mixture of soap and kerosene oil, known as "kerosene
+emulsion," is used to spray with.</p>
+
+<p>Paris green and blue vitriol, both very poisonous, are often used on
+grape vines before the grapes are formed,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> and very gaudy vines they are
+for a little while after this bright poison has been sprayed upon them.</p>
+
+<p>Although insects are so very interesting, we have to protect ourselves
+against many species in order to live.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, John, it is oftentimes merely a question which shall profit by the
+crops we plant, the insects or ourselves.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes the insects win, sometimes we win, but it is a closely
+contested warfare all the time.</p>
+
+<p>We plough the land and take care of it, we plant the seeds and keep out
+the weeds. Then, when we have a fine crop growing, along come certain
+destructive insects, feeling very happy, no doubt, to have found such a
+feast.</p>
+
+<p>Now the fight begins. They attack the crop, we attack them. We spray
+them with poisons, burn up their eggs, do everything we know how to get
+rid of them.</p>
+
+<p>Wise men have spent many years of close study finding out the habits of
+the insects destructive to grains and fruits, in order to be able to
+destroy them.</p>
+
+<p>Although many of the plant hoppers are such nuisances to us, there is
+one family of hoppers that is seldom a nuisance.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Comical Tree Hoppers</span></h2>
+
+<p>Do you know the tree hoppers,&mdash;absurd little jokers that they are?</p>
+
+<p>Oh, yes, they are hard and three cornered, like animated beechnuts, as
+somebody has said.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, some of them have humps on their backs and some have horns.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img164.jpg" alt="Pretty Leaf Hoppers" title="Pretty Leaf Hoppers" /></div>
+
+<p>John says he once made a collection of tree hoppers and put them in a
+box with a reading glass over the top, and showed them to his friends to
+make them laugh.</p>
+
+<p>May says she saw them, and they reminded her of Brownies.</p>
+
+<p>Would it not be fun to have a tree hopper Brownie book!</p>
+
+<p>The tree hoppers jump about on the bushes and eat the juices of the
+plants, but there are not usually enough of them to do damage. They
+seldom come in swarms like some of the leaf hoppers, though sometimes
+they do.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Jumping Plant Lice</span></h2>
+
+<p>The jumping plant lice are nearly related to the tree hoppers, but they
+do not look at all like them.</p>
+
+<p>Under the magnifying glass they look like tiny cicadas.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>See, here is a picture of one enlarged.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img165.jpg" alt="Pretty Leaf Hoppers" title="Pretty Leaf Hoppers" /></div>
+
+<p>Their natural size is no larger than a plant louse.</p>
+
+<p>Have you not often seen them clustered close together on the young twigs
+of pear trees&mdash;tiny, light-colored things that jumped in all directions
+when you touched the twig?</p>
+
+<p>The name of the plant louse that infests pear trees is the pear-tree
+psylla. It is very destructive to pear trees, sucking out the juices of
+the young shoots.</p>
+
+<p>The pear trees can be saved by spraying them with kerosene emulsion as
+soon as the young leaves have opened in the spring.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Aphids</span></h2>
+
+<p>Now, let us go in search of the aphids, or aphides, as they are also
+called. We shall not have to search far.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img165a.jpg" alt="The Aphids" title="The Aphids" /></div>
+
+<p>In a very dry season we generally need not search at all. All we need do
+is to examine the nearest weed to find plenty of aphides.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, they are the little plant lice that seem at times to cover every
+growing thing.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes they are green, sometimes brown, or gray, or reddish, in
+color.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>They are tiny creatures, but what they lack in size they more than make
+up in numbers.</p>
+
+<p>Go now, and find some aphides.</p>
+
+<p>Ah, here you all come, each bearing a leaf or a twig on which are
+aphids.</p>
+
+<p>There was no trouble in finding them!</p>
+
+<p>They do not hop like the jumping plant lice when they are disturbed.
+They remain where they are unless they are very much shaken up.</p>
+
+<p>See, most of them are without wings, though here are a few with
+beautiful transparent wings.</p>
+
+<p>Antenn&aelig; they have, long and threadlike. And see, the knowing little
+eyes!</p>
+
+<p>They seem to be anchored to the leaf.</p>
+
+<p>Hold the leaf up to the light, and see if you can discover what they are
+doing.</p>
+
+<p>Ah, see those mouth tubes firmly stuck into the leaf. There they stand
+all day long and suck out the juice.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img166.jpg" alt="The Aphids" title="The Aphids" /></div>
+
+<p>Ned says he should think they would burst.</p>
+
+<p>But they do not; they grow. And they also get rid of a large part of the
+superfluous sap in a curious way.</p>
+
+<p>They use what they need to grow on, and the rest escapes from the
+insect's body in the form of "honey dew." It is a sweet liquid of which
+ants and bees are very fond.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>What, John, you have heard that the aphids give out honey dew from two
+little horns near the tip of the abdomen?</p>
+
+<p>Let us see if we can find these horns. Yes, we can see them plainly, and
+<i>very</i> plainly with a magnifying glass.</p>
+
+<p>But now listen; the honey dew does not come from the horns. On the end
+of some of the horns, or tubes, we can see a drop of clear liquid.</p>
+
+<p>For a long time people believed this was honey dew, but instead, it is a
+waxy substance which is not sweet.</p>
+
+<p>It has been very carefully studied by wise men who tell us it contains
+no sugar and is probably used as a means of defence, as aphides have
+been seen to smear the faces of insect enemies with this wax.</p>
+
+<p>There are a great many species of aphides, and not all of them have the
+little tubes or horns on their backs. But probably many that have no
+horns give forth honey dew.</p>
+
+<p>It is really a waste substance from the body of the aphid.</p>
+
+<p>Ants are so fond of the honey dew that certain species of aphides have
+been called the <i>ants' cows</i>, because the ants take care of them for the
+sake of the honey dew.</p>
+
+<p>Some ants protect the aphids from their enemies.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> They drive off those
+insects that would devour the aphids, and when winter comes these ants
+carry the aphids down into their warm nests under ground, and keep them
+safe through the cold weather.</p>
+
+<p>The aphides cannot stand wet weather, but after a long spell of dry
+weather they will be found in great abundance.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img168.jpg" alt="The Aphids" title="The Aphids" /></div>
+
+<p>Sometimes they eat so fast and so much that the honey dew falls like a
+shower from the trees upon which they are. It covers the ground beneath
+and the leaves of plants, and makes everything very sticky and
+disagreeable to the touch. The dust settles on it, too and a growth
+something like mould often turns it black&mdash;as we find to our discomfort.</p>
+
+<p>But when the honey dew is fresh the bees love it. They collect large
+quantities of it and make it into honey. Squirrels like it to.</p>
+
+<p>It is great fun to watch the nimble squirrel folk sitting in the trees
+and holding a leaf between their little hands while they lick off the
+honey dew.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Children sometimes suck the honey dew from the leaves in back country
+places, where sugar is scarce and where candy is seldom to be had.</p>
+
+<p>Which side of the leaf does the aphid prefer?</p>
+
+<p>Yes, it is on the under side always.</p>
+
+<p>I wonder why.</p>
+
+<p>John says the aphides would be better protected in case of a shower.</p>
+
+<p>Ned says the skin is tenderer on the under side and easier to pierce.</p>
+
+<p>Mollie thinks they want to be in the shade out of the hot sunshine.</p>
+
+<p>I should not wonder if all of these reasons were right.</p>
+
+<p>My little aphid, how many wings have you when you have any?</p>
+
+<p>Yes, little Nell, they have four of the daintiest, prettiest little
+wings you ever saw.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img169.jpg" alt="The Aphids" title="The Aphids" /></div>
+
+<p>True enough, most of them have no wings at all.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img169a.jpg" alt="The Aphids" title="The Aphids" /></div>
+
+<p>John thinks those must be young ones.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes they are, but not always. Many of the adult aphids have no
+wings.</p>
+
+<p>The aphids are very curious insects, and when you are older I hope you
+will remember to study them carefully.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>No, John, not all species of aphides make honey dew.</p>
+
+<p>Some form instead a white, powdery substance that is seen scattered over
+the body.</p>
+
+<p>May says that must be the kind she has.</p>
+
+<p>Let us see. Yes, May's aphids produce the white powder instead of honey
+dew.</p>
+
+<p>That is <i>their</i> way of getting rid of the waste matter.</p>
+
+<p>May says she is glad to know that; she thought her aphids had something
+the matter with them. They seemed to be falling to pieces.</p>
+
+<p>No, May, they are not falling to pieces; that powder can all be rubbed
+off, and there are your aphids whole and sound beneath it.</p>
+
+<p>Do you know that some species of your funny little tree hoppers secrete
+honey dew also, and even have ants to attend them? See if you can find
+some of these this summer.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes aphids live on the roots of plants as well as on the leaves.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, indeed, May, they are very destructive insects. We have to spray
+our house plants to get rid of them, and often our garden flowers as
+well, and they do a great deal of damage to fruits and vegetables, and
+one of them, the phylloxera, has nearly destroyed the vineyards of
+France. It lives on the leaves of some species of grapes and on the
+roots of others. We have to be very careful<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> about getting grape vines
+from Europe to plant in this country on account of the phylloxera.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img171.jpg" alt="The Aphids" title="The Aphids" /></div>
+
+<p>What have you found now, John? Ah, yes, an alder branch, with a white,
+cottony substance on it. You have been poking into it with a little
+stick, and you think there are insects beneath it.</p>
+
+<p>What, May, you always thought that white stuff was a plant growth, like
+mould?</p>
+
+<p>We can easily find out. Get out some of the little things inside if you
+can, John. It is not easy to separate them from their cottony covering
+without crushing them, but now we can see quite well with the magnifying
+glass&mdash;and yes&mdash;you see they are little insects.</p>
+
+<p>We call them the woolly aphids.</p>
+
+<p>They also secrete honey dew.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>You say the ground below the alder bush was all sticky and black, John?</p>
+
+<p>That was the honey dew, blackened by a little plant something like
+mould, that grows on it.</p>
+
+<p>We often see woolly plant lice in the summer-time on different plants,
+and one species injures apple trees. It gets on the roots as well as on
+the tender bark of young trees and kills them.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, indeed, Mollie, the aphids are bugs. They belong to the bug order,
+which is a very large and important insect family, and contains some
+members that are exceedingly troublesome to us.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">Scale Bugs</span></h2>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img172.jpg" alt="Scale Bugs" title="Scale Bugs" /></div>
+
+<p>What, May, you are tired out?</p>
+
+<p>What have you been doing?</p>
+
+<p>Oh, yes, washing the scales off the leaves of your mother's window fern.</p>
+
+<p>It must indeed have been a task; what did you wash them off with? Why
+did you use soap suds?</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img173a.jpg" alt="The Airy Water Striders" title="The Airy Water Striders" /></div>
+
+<p>Because your mother told you to; well, that is a good reason, but why do
+you think she told you to use soap suds?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>You say you don't know, but you think very likely these scales are some
+sort of bug, as everything nowadays seems to be bugs.</p>
+
+<p>Well, I don't know about everything being bugs, but those scales
+certainly are. They are scale bugs.</p>
+
+<p>Did you stop to look at them under the magnifying glass?</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img173.jpg" alt="Scale Bugs" title="Scale Bugs" /></div>
+
+<p>No, but you brought a piece of the fern for us to look at.</p>
+
+<p>It will be necessary to put it under the microscope.</p>
+
+<p>There, now look.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, that scale looks like a tiny mussel shell; but look carefully, and
+you will see it has legs.</p>
+
+<p>Lift it up with the point of a pin, and under it you will find a mass of
+eggs. Yes, Ned; it is like a quantity of eggs under a dish cover.</p>
+
+<p>The cover is the female scale bug, and she has laid all those eggs.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, the scales we see on so many plants are the scale bugs.</p>
+
+<p>They are not all alike in shape, or size, or color; here is a different
+kind, you see.</p>
+
+
+<p>But they are all very prolific; that is to say, they produce a great
+many young, and do it in a short time.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Yes, John, the tiny, dark-colored scales that look like little oyster
+shells on the skins of oranges are a form of scale bug, and a very
+troublesome one, too, to the orange grower.</p>
+
+<p>But though most of these insects are troublesome, the family is redeemed
+by a few members that are of great value to us.</p>
+
+<p>One of these is the scale bug that supplies shellac, and all that comes
+from it to our markets. These curious bugs give forth a resinous
+substance that envelops the eggs and glues them to the twigs whose
+juices the bug sucks out. It is this resinous substance that is
+collected by breaking off the twigs where the insects are. It is used
+for varnishes, as you know, and for polishing wood and other substances.</p>
+
+<p>There are other scale bugs that secrete wax, and some of them produce it
+so abundantly, and of such good quality, that it has become an article
+of commerce. China wax, which is wax of a very fine quality, is secreted
+by a Chinese scale bug, and the wax is used for making fine candles, as
+well as for other purposes.</p>
+
+<p>In Mexico we have the cochineal insect, which is a scale bug that lives
+on a cactus that grows in Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>Like many others of the scale bugs, the cochineal males have wings and
+are not so scalelike as their helpless mates.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But they are of no use to us. It is only the female cochineal we use.</p>
+
+<p>She is raised in great numbers in cactus gardens planted on purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Here is the picture of a cactus with cochineal insects upon it.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img175.jpg" alt="Scale Bugs" title="Scale Bugs" /></div>
+
+<p>These insects contain a very brilliant, red coloring matter that is used
+by us in dyeing leather and wool, and in making paints. The insects are
+gathered and dried, and thus sent to market.</p>
+
+<p>Although a few of them are useful to us, the scale bugs, on the whole,
+are a serious pest; and they are found on nearly all kinds of plants all
+over the world.</p>
+
+<p>You should think all the plants would soon be gone, so many insects eat
+them?</p>
+
+<p>Well, they would, only other things eat the insects.</p>
+
+<p>Insects have a great many enemies, after all.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes the weather is bad for them, the season is too hot or too
+cold, too wet or too dry, and then they do not appear in large numbers.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes one kind of insect eats another kind.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes tiny plants, like moulds, grow on the insects and kill them;
+and birds destroy a very large number.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>If the farmers only knew how much good the birds do them, they would
+never allow one to be killed. Even the crows that pull up their corn are
+worth many times the corn they eat in the insects they destroy. There is
+scarcely a bird but what is of value to the farmer.</p>
+
+<p>The hawks that catch his chickens catch more mice and moles in his
+fields, than chickens in his barn-yard.</p>
+
+<p>And as for the robins, the blue jays, and all the small birds, they do
+more to save the growing plants, than all the soap suds and kerosene
+emulsion that were ever made.</p>
+
+<p>No one should ever shoot a bird. The birds are our natural protectors
+against the vast armies of insects, that, but for the birds, would soon
+destroy us by eating up our food plants.</p>
+
+<p>What is that, May? You belong to an Audubon Society for the protection
+of the birds?</p>
+
+<p>Yes, I know you do, and so do John and Ned and Mollie and little Nell.</p>
+
+<p>I wish every child in the United States belonged to the Audubon Society.
+Then our birds would be safe. They would never be killed as they are now
+for foolish women to wear on their hats.</p>
+
+<p>When the Audubon Society children grew up they would not wear dead
+birds, of course, and their children<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> would be taught better, so that
+after a while the Audubon Society people would be the only ones left,
+and so the birds would be safe.</p>
+
+<p>Let us get as many people to belong to the Audubon Society as we can.</p>
+
+<p>What is that, Amy? You have learned more interesting things about birds
+in the Audubon Society than you ever knew in your life before?</p>
+
+<p>Yes, I am sure you have, and what could be lovelier to study about than
+the birds.</p>
+
+<p>What is that you are saying, Ned? You love to go bird hunting? Ah, I see
+your eyes twinkle, sir; I know how you go hunting. You hunt with your
+mother's opera glass! That is the proper way to hunt birds.</p>
+
+<p>We can learn more from watching one bird with a glass than we could from
+shooting a hundred.</p>
+
+<p>But you do shoot them, John? Yes, I know about that, too. I know what
+kind of a shooting instrument you got for Christmas, sir, and I have
+seen the birds you shot!</p>
+
+<p>Yes, nearly all of us have seen them, and how well he does it!</p>
+
+<p>What, Amy, you think John ought to be ashamed of himself to go about
+shooting birds, and we ought to be ashamed of ourselves to talk so about
+it?</p>
+
+<p>There, now, don't be vexed with Amy, children. She<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> has known us but a
+little while, and she has not seen John's birds, so I do not wonder she
+feels indignant.</p>
+
+<p>What is that, May? You have one of John's birds right here in your
+school-bag? Show it to Amy.</p>
+
+<p>Isn't it pretty! It is a very charming photograph of a catbird on its
+nest.</p>
+
+<p>You see John shoots birds with a camera! His father gave him a beautiful
+one for Christmas, and he has made good use of it.</p>
+
+<p>How long did it take you to get that bird, John?</p>
+
+<p>Just hear! He spent more than a week getting acquainted with the bird so
+it would sit still on the nest while he took its picture.</p>
+
+<p>I am sure that was a week well spent.</p>
+
+<p>John says he feels better acquainted with the catbird than he would have
+been if he had read fifty books about it.</p>
+
+<p>And I am sure he is right. The only way to enjoy a bird and to know it,
+is to watch it alive.</p>
+
+<p>A camera is the very best gun in the world for catching birds. And it is
+really much better fun to take their pictures than to shoot and kill
+them.</p>
+
+<p>It seems to me we have strayed a long way from bugs.</p>
+
+<p>May says she thinks birds are much more interesting than bugs.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>That may be, but still we want to know about bugs, too.</p>
+
+<p>Do you think you will know a bug when you see it now?</p>
+
+<p>No, I do not believe you can be sure of that. But at least you know
+something about a few bugs.</p>
+
+<p>Some day you will study more carefully how insects are formed, and then
+you will understand better how we decide what order they belong to.</p>
+
+<p>We group together the insects that are most like each other.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img179.jpg" alt="Scale Bugs" title="Scale Bugs" /></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+<h2>Neuroptera</h2>
+
+<h2>Trichoptera</h2>
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Horned Corydalus</span></h2>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img182.jpg" alt="The Horned Corydalus" title="The Horned Corydalus" /></div>
+
+<p>No more bugs, if you please.</p>
+
+<p>We are to make the acquaintance of another order of insect folk this
+time.</p>
+
+<p>I think we can find some worthy members of this new order if we go with
+John to a brook he knows of.</p>
+
+<p>Here we are, and it certainly is a lovely brook, whether we find a
+dobson in it or not.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Nell, the dobson is the new insect we shall try to find.</p>
+
+<p>Now, be careful and not get your clothes too wet, but we have to turn
+over the stones along the edge of the brook until we find what we are
+after.</p>
+
+<p>Mollie wants to know how she is to know it if she finds it.</p>
+
+<p>Well, Mollie, whatever you find that is interesting you must show us.
+Even though it is not what we are searching for, we shall enjoy seeing
+it.</p>
+
+<p>Look at little Nell! She has tumbled into the brook. Her foot slipped,
+and down she went.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Don't cry, deary, you are not wet enough to do any harm. The warm sun
+will soon dry you.</p>
+
+<p>No, indeed, you will not have to go home.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img183.jpg" alt="The Horned Corydalus" title="The Horned Corydalus" /></div>
+
+<p>Perhaps you will be the first one to find a dobson after all.</p>
+
+<p>Hurrah! hurrah! hear John shout!</p>
+
+<p>He must have found the first dobson.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, he has.</p>
+
+<p>What, May? It is a horrid monster, and you have a good mind to scream?</p>
+
+<p>Well, scream if you want to; that won't do any harm.</p>
+
+<p>It <i>isn't</i> pretty! but we shall like to look at it. You see it is a
+larva and a big one, dark gray in color and with a thick leathery skin.</p>
+
+<p>Mollie says it reminds her a little of the larva of the May fly; that
+is, in shape.</p>
+
+<p>Let us look at a picture of the May-fly larva.</p>
+
+<p>You see it has a head, a thorax to which is attached the six legs and
+the rudimentary wings, and an abdomen, all distinctly separated from
+each other.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img183a.jpg" alt="The Horned Corydalus" title="The Horned Corydalus" /></div>
+
+<p>The dobson has a head, but no thorax.</p>
+
+<p>The body behind the head is divided into segments that all look very
+much alike, and there is a pair of legs attached to each of the first
+three segments.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The dobson eats other larv&aelig; that it chews up with its strong jaws.</p>
+
+<p>It lives almost three years in the larval state, so you see it has
+plenty of time in which to grow. Of course it moults. It is usually to
+be found under stones in swift, running water. Those two pairs of hooks
+at the tip of its body are its anchors.</p>
+
+<p>It clasps them about a bit of stone or a stick that is firmly lodged,
+and then it can bid defiance to the swirling stream.</p>
+
+<p>Ned wonders why it is always found hiding under stones.</p>
+
+<p>Listen to John, he says fishes are very fond of dobsons, and that is why
+they hide away.</p>
+
+<p>Fishermen hunt the dobsons for bait; so you see they have a hard time in
+spite of their large size and their strong jaws.</p>
+
+<p>When they have lived nearly three years in the water they crawl out on
+the bank and hollow out a place under a stone.</p>
+
+<p>Here they lie, apparently dead, but they are not dead.</p>
+
+<p>They are undergoing a wonderful transformation.</p>
+
+<p>It takes about a month for this transformation, or <i>metamorphosis</i>, as
+it is called, to be completed.</p>
+
+<p>All of our other insect friends have changed grad<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>ually from larval to
+adult form. At each moult they became a little more like their parents,
+and finally at the last moult, without any resting period, out sprang
+the perfect insect.</p>
+
+<p>Not so the dobson. It goes into its hole in the bank a larva, almost
+exactly like the larva that hatched from the egg, only, of course, it is
+larger. There is no hint of wings. It has no separate thorax and
+abdomen. Could we see under the bank where it has crept, to undergo its
+great metamorphosis, we should find, not a larva, but a strange-looking,
+motionless object.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img185.jpg" alt="The Horned Corydalus" title="The Horned Corydalus" /></div>
+
+<p>Here is the picture of one. See its little wing pads. And now it has a
+thorax and an abdomen.</p>
+
+<p>It seems to have changed and been turned to some hard substance.</p>
+
+<p>In this state it is called the <i>pupa</i>, which means doll. Is it not a
+cunning insect doll? But it is not really a doll. Although so still and
+apparently lifeless, yet it lives.</p>
+
+<p>Some day it will burst its pupa shell and pull itself out&mdash;not a larva
+now, not a pupa, but a strong-winged insect.</p>
+
+<p>In its adult form, it is known as the horned corydalus.</p>
+
+<p>There! I thought John was saving one for us. He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> had it in a box in his
+pocket. Now see what a&mdash;a&mdash;what shall I say? A beauty? or a monster?
+That is just as you feel about it.</p>
+
+<p>It certainly is an alarming-looking insect.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+             <img   src="images/img186.jpg"
+             alt="Male Corydalus" /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Male Corydalus</span></b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>This one is a male, as we can tell by the long, curved jaws that look
+very dangerous; but in this instance the creature's appearance is worse
+than its bite, and the real biter is the female whose jaws are smaller
+but very useful in nipping tormentors or biting prey.</p>
+
+<p>Now here she is&mdash;a fit mate for her formidable-looking companion.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img186a.jpg"
+             alt="Female Corydalus" /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Female Corydalus</span></b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>John, you were fortunate in your hunting.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of its terrifying appearance, see what wonderful wings the
+corydalus has.</p>
+
+<p>See! John has spread out the wings of the female.</p>
+
+<p>They are indeed beautiful.</p>
+
+
+<p>May cannot understand how those great wings came out of those little
+wing pads.</p>
+
+<p>When the wings were first pulled out of the wing pads they were small,
+but they rapidly expanded and became thin and broad and long as the air
+touched them.</p>
+
+<p>You will understand that better after a while.</p>
+
+<p>The corydalus differs from all the other insects we have studied, in its
+metamorphosis.</p>
+
+<p>It begins life far more unlike its parents than the other insects we
+have been looking at, for they had the thorax and abdomen distinct from
+the beginning. Instead of changing gradually and remaining active all
+the time up to the final metamorphosis, our corydalus goes into the pupa
+state, and in that motionless condition transforms to the perfect
+insect.</p>
+
+<p>This is called a complete metamorphosis.</p>
+
+<p>When the change is gradual, without any pupa form, any stopping place as
+it were, the change is said to be an incomplete metamorphosis.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, the metamorphosis of the grasshoppers is incomplete, and of the
+katydids and the crickets and all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> the other insects we have studied
+until we came to the dobson.</p>
+
+<p>Another name for the larva of insects that undergo an incomplete
+metamorphosis is <i>nymph</i>. Some books speak of the nymph of the
+grasshopper, and never of the larva of the grasshopper. Such books use
+the word <i>larva</i> only in speaking of the young of insects that undergo a
+complete metamorphosis.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Ned, they would speak of the nymph of the dragon fly, and the nymph
+of the May fly and the nymph of the cricket and the katydid, but they
+would speak of the larva of the corydalus.</p>
+
+<p>Egg, nymph, adult,&mdash;those are the stages of insects that have an
+incomplete metamorphosis.</p>
+
+<p>Egg, larva, pupa, adult,&mdash;those are the stages of insects that have a
+complete metamorphosis.</p>
+
+<p>No, it is not wrong to say larva instead of nymph. I only want you to
+know how the word nymph is used, so that when you see it in reading
+about insects you will know what it means.</p>
+
+<p>The corydalus lays its eggs near the water, and it lays a great
+many&mdash;sometimes nearly three thousand. Think of that! The young larv&aelig;
+crawl into the water as soon as they are hatched, and those that escape
+the hungry fishes grow into these large larv&aelig; and finally metamorphose
+into the big-horned corydalus.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It is such a remarkably fierce-looking creature that it has received
+many names that are neither complimentary nor beautiful, such as
+conniption bug, alligator, and dragon, and numerous others equally
+expressive.</p>
+
+<p>Now, we must go home. Let us put the dobson back into the brook.</p>
+
+<p>It does no harm, and we will not kill it.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Ned, there are smaller insects like the corydalus that are near
+relatives to it, and I am sure you have often seen them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">Fairy Lacewing</span></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img190.jpg" alt="Fairy Lacewing" title="Fairy Lacewing" /></div>
+
+<p>Here is our little Lacewing.</p>
+
+<p>May says it is a darling, like a woodland fairy clad all in green.</p>
+
+<p>And, oh, its eyes! Are they not beautiful? They shine like gold.</p>
+
+<p>Do its wings not remind you a little of the wings of the corydalus?</p>
+
+<p>May says no, indeed; that has ugly brown wings.</p>
+
+<p>But look again, May. See how these wings are veined, and do you not
+remember how you admired the silvery wings of the corydalus when we
+spread them out?</p>
+
+<p>Yes, it belongs to the same order as the corydalus.</p>
+
+<p>The name of the insect order to which they both belong is Neuroptera,
+from <i>neuron</i>, a nerve, and <i>pteron</i>&mdash;who remembers what <i>pteron</i> means?</p>
+
+<p>Yes, a wing. Nerve-winged.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>What does that mean?</p>
+
+<p>It means that the wings are crossed by many nerves or veins. Yes, that
+is what gives them their lacelike appearance.</p>
+
+<p>Pretty golden eye, why do we not oftener see you on the trees and
+bushes? It is only by accident we found you to-day, down in the grass.</p>
+
+<p>The truth is, this pretty fairy hides by day and comes out at night to
+lay its eggs. Like the May fly, the adult lacewing does not eat. It is a
+helpless little beauty, though it has one powerful means of defence, as
+you will discover if you touch it.</p>
+
+<p>Ah, yes; you have already detected it! It gives forth such an offensive
+odor that nothing, one should think, could have the hardihood to eat it.</p>
+
+<p>May says she supposes the larva of the lacewing is a little monster like
+that of the corydalus.</p>
+
+<p>But you will not expect to find it as large as a dobson.</p>
+
+<p>I think if we hunt about a little, we can find one.</p>
+
+<p>Here is one on the leaf. See what a little fellow! And how fast it runs!</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img191.jpg" alt="Fairy Lacewing" title="Fairy Lacewing" /></div>
+
+
+<p>We shall have to take it captive, in order to get a chance to see it.</p>
+
+<p>It is a funny little larva, with jaws that are <i>tre-men-dous</i> for one of
+its size.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Why do you suppose it has such jaws?</p>
+
+<p>May says, for the usual reason, to eat up other larv&aelig;.</p>
+
+<p>Yes; but wait till I tell you another name for this larva.</p>
+
+<p>It is also called the aphis lion.</p>
+
+<p>Aphis, you know, is the same as aphid, or plant louse. In other words it
+is the plant-louse lion.</p>
+
+<p>Ah, yes; you are quite willing it should devour the aphids.</p>
+
+<p>And it does. It is very fond of them, though it will also devour any
+unlucky insect it is strong enough to overcome.</p>
+
+<p>It has a terrible appetite, this child of the pretty lacewing.</p>
+
+<p>It would even eat its brothers and sisters before they hatched out of
+the egg if it could get at them.</p>
+
+<p>The pretty lacewing knows what an appetite her ever hungry larv&aelig; will
+have, and so she protects them against each other.</p>
+
+<p>Clever little mother! she lays the eggs in such a way that the larv&aelig;
+that hatch out first cannot devour the rest of the eggs.</p>
+
+<p>How do you think she manages it?</p>
+
+<p>Here are some of her eggs on this leaf.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, John; each one is on top of a slender stalk.</p>
+
+<p>The stalk is of stiff silk.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>There they are, like a little forest, with an egg for each tree top.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img193.jpg" alt="Fairy Lacewing" title="Fairy Lacewing" /></div>
+
+<p>When an egg hatches the young aphis lion drops down to the leaf and runs
+about like a ravening lion seeking some living thing to devour.</p>
+
+<p>Above his head, quite unsuspected by him, are the eggs out of which his
+brothers and sisters have not yet hatched.</p>
+
+<p>What a feast he could have if he knew about it!</p>
+
+<p>And what a sad little cannibal he would be!</p>
+
+<p>The larva of the aphis lion has no distinct thorax. Its legs are
+attached to the upper segments of the body, and its metamorphosis is
+like that of the corydalus.</p>
+
+<p>When about to become a pupa, it makes for itself a little covering of
+white silk. Here it lies quite motionless and undergoes the final
+transformation.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, its metamorphosis is complete.</p>
+
+<p>It bites an opening through its silken walls, and out steps&mdash;not the
+hungry, little, all-devouring aphis lion, but this elegant lady with her
+pale-green lacelike wings and her large, golden eyes.</p>
+
+<p>You see the aphis lion is our very good friend.</p>
+
+<p>It helps us get rid of the aphids, and we should never kill a lacewing
+or a child of the lacewing.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Ant Lion</span></h2>
+
+
+<p>John has found something he wants us all to see.</p>
+
+<p>We will go with him.</p>
+
+<p>Now we will sit down on this sand bank and look at what he has to show
+us. See! those smooth little funnels in the sand.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img194.jpg" alt="The Ant Lion" title="The Ant Lion" /></div>
+
+<p>Those are what we have come out to see.</p>
+
+<p>Let us watch them a while.</p>
+
+<p>Mollie says an ant is walking close to the rim of the funnel she is
+watching. Now the ant slips over the edge and slides down the smooth
+sides of the funnel.</p>
+
+<p>And see! from the bottom of the funnel leap out two curved jaws
+and&mdash;good-by, ant!</p>
+
+<p>The ant has been dragged down out of sight through a hole in the bottom
+of the funnel.</p>
+
+<p>What a strange proceeding!</p>
+
+<p>Who can be living down there at the bottom of the funnel?</p>
+
+<p>We are sorry to disturb such a pretty piece of work,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> but we shall have
+to dig out one of the funnels. We shall have to be quick, too.</p>
+
+<p>There, there, under the trowel! No, it is gone. There it is again. Dig
+fast, Ned. That is right. He has put it with a trowelful of sand into
+our box.</p>
+
+<p>We will gently shake out the sand until we uncover it.</p>
+
+<p>Mabel says it is just what she thought it was&mdash;a larva.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, it is a larva.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img195.jpg" alt="The Ant Lion" title="The Ant Lion" /></div>
+
+<p>You see it looks a little like the lacewing larva, and it, too, belongs
+to the Neuroptera.</p>
+
+<p>What jaws!</p>
+
+<p>How do you suppose it makes its tunnel?</p>
+
+<p>If we give it plenty of sand, and keep very quiet, perhaps it will go to
+work.</p>
+
+<p>There! it is throwing the sand about.</p>
+
+<p>May says it is using its own head as a trowel. Yes, it is shovelling the
+sand away with its head.</p>
+
+<p>Why is Ned laughing? Oh, see the ant lion he is watching! An ant slid
+part way down its funnel and tried to climb out again, and the ant lion
+down below is flinging sand at it.</p>
+
+<p>There! it has succeeded in making the poor ant slip; down it goes, and
+now the ant lion has seized it and dragged it down under the ground.</p>
+
+<p>It is easy to find these pit-falls of the ant lion in sand banks in the
+summer-time.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Yes, May, the ant lions eat many ants, and they moult and grow, and,
+finally, they, too, make a little cocoon about themselves.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, the little silken room they weave we call a cocoon, but the ant
+lions make theirs of silk and sand.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img196.jpg" alt="The Ant Lion" title="The Ant Lion" /></div>
+
+<p>Within the cocoon they become motionless pup&aelig;, and finally appear as
+silver-winged little creatures that bear no resemblance to the
+large-jawed, ever hungry, ant lion.</p>
+
+<p>May says she thinks the Neuroptera differ from all the other orders in
+the way the larv&aelig; transform.</p>
+
+<p>That is true, May, they do.</p>
+
+<p>In no other order that we have studied do the insects go into the pupal
+state to undergo the final transformation.</p>
+
+<p>Who remembers what the young of insects that undergo an incomplete
+metamorphosis are sometimes called?</p>
+
+<p>Dear me, you all remember!</p>
+
+<p>Yes, the young are sometimes called nymphs.</p>
+
+<p>The nymphs do not change into pup&aelig;.</p>
+
+<p>The young grasshoppers do not change into motionless pup&aelig;, they just
+keep on growing until they are perfect adults.</p>
+
+<p>Young grasshoppers are sometimes called nymphs instead of larv&aelig;.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Little Caddice Flies</span></h2>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img197.jpg" alt="The Little Caddice Flies" title="The Little Caddice Flies" /></div>
+
+<p>Here we are in the woods again.</p>
+
+<p>How sweet it smells!</p>
+
+<p>Let us sit down by this brook and look into it.</p>
+
+<p>It is such a clear little stream, with fine sand and little pebbles at
+the bottom.</p>
+
+<p>What has Nell found that pleases her so?</p>
+
+<p>She says she sees some little bars of sand moving about.</p>
+
+<p>Ned says they are not sand bars but tubes of sand, containing a little
+live thing.</p>
+
+<p>The truth is, this sand bag is a house, and its occupant is a larva.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img197a.jpg" alt="The Little Caddice Flies" title="The Little Caddice Flies" /></div>
+
+<p>See the black head come popping out, and the tiny fore legs.</p>
+
+<p>The larva does not come entirely out, you see, but pulls its house along
+with it, and when it is frightened it pops back into its little stone
+case.</p>
+
+<p>Mollie says it reminds her of a hermit crab.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A hermit crab, you know, lives on the seashore and takes possession of
+an empty snail shell for a house.</p>
+
+<p>It comes partly out dragging its house with it, but if you disturb it,
+it draws back, sometimes quite out of sight.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img198.jpg" alt="The Little Caddice Flies" title="The Little Caddice Flies" /></div>
+
+<p>This little larva lives in a house, too, but it is a house of its own
+making.</p>
+
+<p>It is the larva of the caddice fly, or case fly.</p>
+
+<p>Let us put one of these little sand cases in the saucer here.</p>
+
+<p>Please fill the saucer about half full of water, John. Thank you.</p>
+
+<p>Now, Mollie, I see you have picked up a fine big caddice case.</p>
+
+<p>Put it in the saucer, and let us watch the larva crawl about.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img198a.jpg" alt="The Little Caddice Flies" title="The Little Caddice Flies" /></div>
+
+<p>It never comes entirely out of the case, you see. It holds on to it with
+the hinder part of its body.</p>
+
+<p>Its little black head is hard, but its body is soft, and that is why it
+does not like to expose itself to hungry larv&aelig; that might be living in
+the water.</p>
+
+<p>May says she wants to see the whole larva.</p>
+
+<p>Suppose we carefully break away the little sand case.</p>
+
+<p>No, indeed, little Nell, we are not going to hurt the larva; we are only
+going to open its house.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img199.jpg" alt="The Airy Water Striders" title="The Airy Water Striders" /></div>
+<p>There, the larva is outside now, and you can see what a tender, pale
+little thing it is.</p>
+
+<p>It does not like to have its soft body exposed.</p>
+
+<p>See! it is already gathering little bits of sand together.</p>
+
+<p>It seems to be sticking them fast to its body.</p>
+
+<p>It is really binding them together by a saliva-like substance from its
+mouth.</p>
+
+<p>It draws out little glistening threads that harden into silk as soon as
+they touch the water.</p>
+
+<p>Queer saliva you think.</p>
+
+<p>But the caddice larva does not find it queer. It is used to saliva that
+hardens into silk.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, that is the way the larva of the aphis lion and of the ant lion
+made their cocoons. They spun out silk in this manner.</p>
+
+<p>The caddice larva makes its house of silk and sand and also lines it
+with a beautiful covering of fine silk.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, May, it papers its walls with silk.</p>
+
+<p>You see it did not hurt the caddice larva to take away its house; it
+immediately went to work to build another.</p>
+
+<p>Why not pull it out, instead of breaking its house to pieces?</p>
+
+<p>Because if it had been pulled hard enough to come out, it might have
+been torn to pieces, it is such a tender little thing, and it holds fast
+so tightly.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>So the best way to remove it safely is to break its case bit by bit from
+around it.</p>
+
+<p>It does no harm to break its case if one is careful. It will soon build
+another.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, this larva has no distinct thorax. It is like the larv&aelig; of the
+dobson, the aphis lion, and the ant lion in that respect.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/img200.jpg" alt="The Little Caddice Flies" title="The Little Caddice Flies" /></div>
+
+<p>See! John has found one whose tube is made of quite large stones as
+compared with this tube of fine sand that we have broken open.</p>
+
+<p>Some caddice larv&aelig; build houses of wood instead of stone. They stick
+little twigs together, and some use little pieces of leaves.</p>
+
+<p>Others again use tiny snail shells which, as you can imagine, make very
+pretty cases.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img200a.jpg" alt="The Little Caddice Flies" title="The Little Caddice Flies" /></div>
+
+<p>Our little caddice has made a neat little house of fine sand grains very
+nicely put together.</p>
+
+<p>Some others make much rougher houses.</p>
+
+<p>You will be apt to find the caddice larv&aelig; in any brook and in some
+ponds, and I hope you will always look for them.</p>
+
+<p>Notice the tracery in the soft mud of the brook.</p>
+
+<p>Those lines that look as though some one had been ornamenting the bottom
+of the brook are made by our caddice larv&aelig;.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img201.jpg" alt="The Little Caddice Flies" title="The Little Caddice Flies" /></div>
+
+<p>They drag their cases along and thus make these lines.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes such lines are made by the little fresh-water snails; but you
+can always find the decorator by following along the lines he makes.</p>
+
+<p>What, May? How is the delicate larva able to cling to the case tightly
+enough to pull it along? If you look at it very carefully, you will find
+a pair of tiny hooks at the tail end by which it can hold on to the silk
+lining; and some caddice larv&aelig; have hard points on their backs which
+help them to hold fast.</p>
+
+<p>The caddice larv&aelig; are carnivorous; that is, they eat animal food.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, May, their food is usually the larv&aelig; of other insects, but you will
+be glad to know that some of them eat plants too.</p>
+
+<p>They eat the larv&aelig; of the May flies when they can find them and no doubt
+they build these strong cases about themselves to prevent the May fly
+larv&aelig; from returning the compliment.</p>
+
+<p>Frank has found some empty cases, yes, and some that are closed at both
+ends.</p>
+
+<p>Now, let us look at this one closed at both ends. What do you suppose is
+in it?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img202.jpg" alt="The Little Caddice Flies" title="The Little Caddice Flies" /></div>
+
+<p>We will open just one of these closed cases.</p>
+
+<p>There! It is a pupa! Yes, Nell, a very pretty doll is this.</p>
+
+<p>It has a thorax, you see, and an abdomen. Its long antenn&aelig; lie close to
+its body as do its little wing pads.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, the caddice larva grows and moults in the usual way. It keeps
+adding to its house as it grows longer. Finally, it closes the end of
+its little tube and lies quite still.</p>
+
+<p>You know what happens next. Its wormlike form divides into thorax and
+abdomen. Legs and wings appear, attached to the thorax. In short, it is
+no longer a wormlike creature.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, it comes forth from its case. It never goes into it again.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/img202a.jpg" alt="The Little Caddice Flies" title="The Little Caddice Flies" /></div>
+
+<p>It does not need to, for now it is a dainty little nun, with a long,
+tan-colored cloak. Its cloak, of course, is its wings folded down about
+its body. Like the fairy May flies it has no mouth and eats nothing in
+the adult form.</p>
+
+<p>It looks like a dainty brown moth as it flutters about the bushes and
+goes flying up and down the brook.</p>
+
+<p>You will always find these little brown-cloaked figures flitting about
+the brooks, where the caddice larv&aelig; live.</p>
+
+<p>You see the caddice undergoes a complete metamorphosis.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>No, it does not belong to the Neuroptera.</p>
+
+<p>Examine its wings very carefully. Look at them through the magnifying
+glass, and you will see they are clothed with hairs.</p>
+
+<p>So these are the hair wings.</p>
+
+<p>The name of the order to which they belong is Trichoptera, from
+<i>pteron</i>, a wing, and <i>thrix</i>, a hair.</p>
+
+<p>Sometime you must take a caddice larva from its house and put it in a
+saucer of water with fine bits of mica, which you know is another name
+for the isinglass that makes the little windows in our stoves.</p>
+
+<p>If you are fortunate, your caddice will build for itself a little glass
+house, through whose walls you can look and see what is going on inside.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img203.jpg" alt="The Little Caddice Flies" title="The Little Caddice Flies" /></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p>
+<h2>GLOSSARY</h2>
+
+
+<p><b>Abdomen</b> (ab-d&#333;'-men). The lower part of an animal's body. The part
+behind the thorax in insects.</p>
+
+<p><b>Adult</b> (&#259;-dult'). (L. adultus = grown up.) Grown to full size and
+strength.</p>
+
+<p><b>Anchor</b> (ang'-kor). (Gr. = a hook.) Anchors are used to fasten ships by
+a line to the bottom of the sea. Applied to anything that holds a
+movable body fast in one place.</p>
+
+<p><b>Antenna</b>; pl. <b>Antennae</b> (an-ten'-nee). The feeler in front of the
+insect's head with which it hears and smells as well as feels.</p>
+
+<p><b>Aphis</b> (&#257;'-fis) pl. <b>Aphides</b> (af'-i-d&#275;z).</p>
+
+<p><b>Aphid</b> (af'-id) The plant louse, of which there are a great many
+kinds.</p>
+
+<p><b>Apparatus</b> (ap-a-r&#257;'-tus). Tools or machinery used in working or in
+making things.</p>
+
+<p><b>Aquarium</b> (a-kw&#257;'-ri-um). (L. aquarium = watering-place for cattle.)
+A vessel of water for keeping water plants or water animals.</p>
+
+<p><b>Attract</b> (at-trakt'). (L. attractus = draw to.) To draw toward.</p>
+
+<p><b>Audubon</b> (aw'-do-bon), John James. A very famous student of birds and
+their ways. In his great book, "The Birds of America," which was
+published in 1827, there are many large colored drawings made by
+himself.</p>
+
+<p><b>Beech-nuts</b> Small, three-cornered nuts that grow on beech trees, and
+that are very sweet and good.</p>
+
+<p><b>Breeding-place</b> The place where young animals are born.</p>
+
+<p><b>Brood</b> A family of young animals.</p>
+
+<p><b>Caddice</b>, or <b>Caddis fly</b> (kad'-is fl&#299;). Sometimes called "case
+fly," from the case or shell which the larva makes about itself;
+"caddice" is another way of saying "case."</p>
+
+<p><b>Camera</b> (kam'-e-ra). An instrument for taking photographs.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cannibal</b> (kan'-&#301;-bal). A human being who eats human flesh. Any
+animal that eats others of its own kind.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cargo</b> (kar'-go). The goods or merchandise or whatever is carried in a
+ship.</p>
+
+<p><b>Carnivorous</b> (kar-niv'-&#333;-rus). (L. carnivorus = flesh-eating.)
+Applied to animals that feed on flesh, and plants that feed on insects.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cast</b> The cast-off skin of an insect that keeps the form of the
+insect's body.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Characteristic</b> (kar-ak-te-ris'-tik). Showing the peculiar qualities of
+a person or thing.</p>
+
+<p><b>Chitinous</b>(k&#299;'-tin-us). Hard, horny, and shell-like.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cicada</b> (si-k&#257;'-d&auml;). (L. cicada = tree cricket.) A popular name for
+insects, like the grasshopper, locust, and cricket, which make a
+creaking or chirping noise.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cochineal</b> (koch'-i-n&#275;l or koch-i-n&#275;l'). A crimson dyestuff made
+of the dried bodies of certain small insects. The insect is also called
+cochineal.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cocoon</b> (ko-koon'). (L. concha = a shell.) The silky envelope which the
+larv&aelig; of many insects spin to cover themselves.</p>
+
+<p><b>Compact</b> (kom-pakt'). (L. compactus = joined together.) Closely and
+firmly united.</p>
+
+<p><b>Compound</b> (kom'-pound). Made up of two or more parts.</p>
+
+<p><b>Coxa</b> (kok'-sa). (L. coxa = the hip.) The first segment of an insect's
+<i>leg</i>, sometimes called the hip.</p>
+
+<p><b>Crevices</b> (krev'-is-es). (L. crepare = to break, burst, crack.) Narrow
+openings or cracks.</p>
+
+<p><b>Descendant</b> (d&#275;-sen'-dant). (L. descendere = to descend.) People or
+animals who have come from earlier people or animals.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ear drum</b> (&#275;r' drum). A membrane stretched across inside the ear.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ejected</b> (&#275;-jekt'-ed). (L. ejicere = to throw out.) Thrown out,
+driven away.</p>
+
+<p><b>Emaciated</b> (&#275;-m&#257;'-shi-&#257;t-ed). (L. emaciare = to make lean.)
+Very thin and wasted.</p>
+
+<p><b>Emerge</b> (e-merj'). (L. emergere = to rise out.) To appear, to come into
+sight.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ephemerid&aelig;</b> (ef-&#275;-mer'-i-d&#275;). (Gr. word = "lasting but a day.")
+The name of the May fly order.</p>
+
+<p><b>Facets</b> (fas'-ets). Little faces; small surfaces.</p>
+
+<p><b>Femur</b> (f&#275;'-mer). (L. femur = a thigh.) The long bone of the upper
+leg above the knee. The third segment in the insect's leg.</p>
+
+<p><b>Formidable</b> (for'-mi-da-bl). (L. formidabilis = causing fear.) Hard to
+deal with; difficult to overcome.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fry</b> (fr&#299;). The young of fishes; used for any small animals.</p>
+
+<p><b>Funnel</b> (fun'-el). The shape of a hollow cone.</p>
+
+<p><b>Gauzy</b> (gaw'-zi). Very fine, thin, and transparent.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ghosts</b> (g&#333;sts). The spirits or shadows of the dead.</p>
+
+<p><b>Gills</b> The breathing organs of any animal that lives in the water.</p>
+
+<p><b>Gorge</b> (gorj). To feed greedily; to stuff one's self.</p>
+
+<p><b>Gossamer</b> (gos'-a-mer). A fine filmy substance, like the cobweb of
+spiders.</p>
+
+<p><b>Grub</b> The larva of an insect.</p>
+
+<p><b>Hearth</b> (h&#259;rth). The part of the floor of a room where the fire is
+built.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Hemiptera</b> (h&#275;-mip'-te-ra). (Gr. = half-wing.) The name of an insect
+order including many kinds, all known as bugs.</p>
+
+<p><b>Incomplete</b> (in-kom-pl&#275;t'). Not fully finished or developed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Injurious</b> (in-jew'-ri-us). (L. injuriasus = acting unjustly or
+wrongly.) Something wrong or harmful.</p>
+
+<p><b>Inquisitive</b> (in-kwiz'-i-tiv). Curious and prying.</p>
+
+<p><b>Insatiable</b> (in-s&#257;'-shi-a-bl). (L. insatiabilis = that cannot be
+satisfied.) Not easily satisfied; very greedy.</p>
+
+<p><b>Isinglass</b> (&#299;'-zing-glas). Thin, transparent sheets of mica.</p>
+
+<p><b>Joint</b> The place where two things or parts of one thing are joined or
+united.</p>
+
+<p><b>Keel</b> (k&#275;l). The lowest part of the bottom of a ship.</p>
+
+<p><b>Kettle drum</b> (ket'-l drum). A musical instrument made of a hollow brass
+hemisphere over which is stretched parchment. This is sounded by blows
+from a mallet or stick.</p>
+
+<p><b>Larva</b> (lar'-va); pl. <b>Larv&aelig;</b> (lar'-v&#275;). The young insect.</p>
+
+<p><b>Lock</b> To fasten in place.</p>
+
+<p><b>Locust</b> (l&#333;'-kust). A shorthorned grasshopper.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mantis</b> (man'-tis); pl. <b>Mantes</b> (man'-t&#275;z). (Gr. = prophet.) An
+orthopterous insect that holds its arms as if in prayer.</p>
+
+<p><b>Membrane</b> (mem'-br&#257;n). (L. membrana = thin skin.) A thin, soft
+tissue that connects two parts, or lines a body.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mercaptan</b> (mer-kap'-tan). (L. mercaptans = taking mercury.) A
+vile-smelling liquid that gets its name because of its strong action on
+mercury. It seizes upon mercury, so to speak.</p>
+
+<p><b>Metallic</b> (me-tal'-ik). Made up of metals, or like metals.</p>
+
+<p><b>Metamorphosis</b> (met-a-mor'-f&#333;-sis). (L. metamorphosis = change,
+transformation.) A change of form; a development, as the change of the
+caterpillar into the chrysalis.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mica</b> (m&#299;'-ka). A transparent mineral that can be separated into
+thin sheets or layers.</p>
+
+<p><b>Microscope</b> (m&#299;'-kr&#333;-sk&#333;p). An instrument that magnifies, or
+makes objects look larger when placed beneath it.</p>
+
+<p><b>Moult</b> (m&#333;lt). (L. mutare = to change.) To shed or cast off the
+feathers, hair, or skin.</p>
+
+<p><b>Muscle</b> (mus'-l). Bundles of fibres that have the power of growing
+longer or shorter. The body is moved by means of the muscles.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nary</b> (ner'-i). "Ne'er a," a contraction of "never a."</p>
+
+<p><b>Nerve</b> (nerv). (L. nervus = a fibre <i>or</i> tendon.) The nerves are fibres
+or threads that carry impressions to the brain. Nerved = having fibres,
+as in the wings of insects.</p>
+
+<p><b>Neuroptera</b> (n&#363;-r&#335;p'-te-ra). (Gr. = nerve-wing.) The name of an
+insect order.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nymph</b> (nimf). (L. nympha = a bride, a young girl.) The young<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> of
+insects that undergo an incomplete metamorphosis.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ocelli</b> (o-sel'-le), pl. of Ocellus. (L. = a little eye.) The tiny,
+simple eyes of insects.</p>
+
+<p><b>Odonata</b> (&#333;-d&#333;-na'-ta). The name of an insect order to which
+belong the dragon flies.</p>
+
+<p><b>Odors</b> Pleasant or unpleasant smells.</p>
+
+<p><b>Opera-glass</b> (op'-e-ra-glas). Magnifying glasses used at the theatre or
+opera to make things seem nearer.</p>
+
+<p><b>Organism</b> (or'-gan-izm). A member of the animal or vegetable kingdom.</p>
+
+<p><b>Orthoptera</b> (or-thop'-t&#275;-ra). (Gr. = straight-wing.) An insect order
+to which belong the grasshoppers.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ovipositor</b> (&#333;-v&#301;-poz'-&#301;-tor). (L. ovum = egg, <i>and</i> ponere =
+to place.) The end of the abdomen of some insects, with which they are
+able to put their eggs in a good place to be hatched.</p>
+
+<p><b>Oxygen</b> (ok'-si-jen). A part of the air that is necessary to all animal
+and vegetable life.</p>
+
+<p><b>Parasites</b> (par'-a-s&#299;tz). Animals or plants that live on others.</p>
+
+<p><b>Phylloxera</b> (fil-ok-s&#275;'-ra). (Gr. = leaf <i>and</i> dry.) An insect very
+destructive to grape vines.</p>
+
+<p><b>Plaited</b> (pl&#257;t'-ed). Folded length-wise like the plaits of a closed
+fan.</p>
+
+<p><b>Plecoptera</b> (pl&#275;-k&#335;p'-t&#275;-ra). (Gr. = twist <i>and</i> wing.) An
+insect to which belong the stone flies.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pollute</b>(p&#333;-l&#363;t'). (L. polluere = to make unclean, to soil.) To
+make foul or unclean.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pores</b> (porz). (L. porus = a way, a passage.) Small openings in the
+skin to help in breathing.</p>
+
+<p><b>Prey</b> (pr&#257;). (L. pr&aelig;da = property taken in war.) An animal in the
+chase; game.</p>
+
+<p>Prolific (pr&#333;-lif'-ik). Fruitful; producing young in abundance.</p>
+
+<p><b>Propel</b> (pr&#333;-pel'). (L. propellere = to drive, or push forward.) To
+urge onward by force.</p>
+
+<p>Prophet (prof'-et). One who tells of the future.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pulvillus</b> (pul-vil'-us); pl. <b>Pulvilli.</b> (L. = a little cushion.) A
+little pad or cushion on an insect's foot.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ravenous</b> (rav'-n-us). Greedy, furiously hungry.</p>
+
+<p><b>Repel</b> (re-pel'). (L. repellere = to drive back.) To drive back, to
+check.</p>
+
+<p><b>Resinous</b> (rez'-i-nus). Like resin, which is made from pine pitch.</p>
+
+<p><b>Rudimentary</b> (rew-di-men'-ta-ri). (L. rudimentum = a first attempt.)
+Imperfectly developed or in an early stage of development.</p>
+
+<p><b>Saliva</b> (sa-l&#299;'-va). Spittle. The liquid formed in the mouth, which
+mixes with food, and helps it to digest.</p>
+
+<p><b>Segment</b> (seg'-ment). (L. secare = to cut.) A part cut off, a section.</p>
+
+<p><b>Seize</b> (s&#275;z). To grasp, to clutch.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sensitive</b> (sen'-si-tiv). Quick to feel. The nerve of the eye is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span>
+sensitive to light, quick to feel light.</p>
+
+<p><b>Shellac</b> (she-lak' or shel-ak'). It is made from a coloring matter in
+the bodies of certain insects. A polish which is used with varnish.</p>
+
+<p><b>Silk</b> (s&#299;lk). A fine, soft, strong thread made by the larv&aelig; of
+certain insects.</p>
+
+<p><b>Skeleton</b> (skel'-e-ton). (Gr. = <b>dried</b> up.) The dry bones of the body
+taken together.</p>
+
+<p><b>Socket</b> (sok'-et). Any hollow thing or place which receives or holds
+something else.</p>
+
+<p><b>Soothsayer</b> (s&ouml;th'-s&#257;-er). One who pretends to know what the future
+holds for us.</p>
+
+<p><b>Source</b> (s&#333;rs). The place where anything begins.</p>
+
+<p><b>Species</b> (sp&#275;'-shez). A group of closely related animals or plants.</p>
+
+<p><b>Spine</b> (sp&#299;n). (L. spina = a thorn). Anything sharp and slender like
+a thorn.</p>
+
+<p><b>Spiracle</b> (spir'-or sp&#299;r-a-kl). (L. spiraculum = a breathing hole).
+An air-hole.</p>
+
+<p><b>Survivals</b> (ser-v&#299;'-valz). (L. supervivo = to live over.) Those
+outliving the larger number.</p>
+
+<p><b>Swammerdam, Johannes</b>. A Dutch entomologist, born in Amsterdam in 1637.
+He published several books on the natural history of insects.</p>
+
+<p><b>Syringe</b> (sir'-inj). (Gr. = a pipe <i>or</i> reed.) A little instrument for
+drawing in water, and forcing it out again.</p>
+
+<p>Tarsus (tar'-sus); pl. <b>Tarsi</b>. (Gr. = the sole of the foot.) The little
+segments that make up the insect's foot. Also the little bones of the
+instep.</p>
+
+<p><b>Telescope</b> (tel'-e-sk&#333;p). (Gr. = to view afar off.) An instrument by
+which distant objects are made to appear nearer and larger.</p>
+
+<p><b>Thorax</b> (th&#333;'-rax). (Gr. = armor for the breast.) That part of the
+body of animals between the head and the abdomen.</p>
+
+<p><b>Thysanura</b> (this-a-n&#363;'-ra). (Gr. = tassel and tail.) An insect order
+to which belong the scale fishes.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tibia</b> (tib'-i-a). (L. tibia = a slender pipe, a musical instrument.) A
+long, slender bone in the leg, below the knee. The fourth segment in an
+insect's leg, generally long and slender.</p>
+
+<p><b>Transformation</b> (trans-for-ma'-shon). (L. transformare = to change the
+shape of.) A change in form or nature.</p>
+
+<p><b>Transparent</b> (trans-par'-ent). (L. trans-parere = to appear through.)
+Easily seen through.</p>
+
+<p><b>Transportation</b> (trans-por-ta'-shon). (L. trans-portare = to carry
+over.) Carrying from one place to another.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tremendous</b> (tre-men'-dus). (L. tremendus = fearful, <i>from</i> tremere, to
+tremble.) Very wonderful, astounding.</p>
+
+<p><b>Trichoptera</b> (tr&#299;-kop'-te-ra). (Gr. = hairy-wing.) An insect order
+to which belong the caddis flies.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Trochanter</b> (tro-kan'-ter). (Gr. = the ball on which the hip bone turns
+in its socket.) The second segment of an insect's leg.</p>
+
+<p><b>Unlock</b> (un-lok'). To unfasten something that has been closed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Unsubstantial</b> (un-sub-stan'-shal). Not real or solid, without
+substance.</p>
+
+<p><b>Vacated</b> (v&#257;'-kat-ed). (L. vacare = to be empty or vacant.) Emptied;
+possession given up.</p>
+
+<p><b>Vegetation</b> (vej-e-t&#257;'-shon). (L. vegetare = to quicken.) Living
+plants.</p>
+
+<p><b>Veined</b> (v&#257;nd). (L. vena = a vein.) Marked as with veins, streaked.</p>
+
+<p><b>Vibrate</b>(v&#299;'-br&#257;t). (L. vibratus = set in motion.) To swing; move
+to and fro.</p>
+
+<p><b>Vibration</b> (v&#299;-br&#257;'-shon). Motions back and forth. Vibrations may
+be too small for us to see.</p>
+
+<p>Victimized (vik'-tim-&#299;zd). Made a victim of, deceived, badly treated.</p>
+
+<p><b>Voracious</b> (v&#333;-r&#257;'-shus). (L. vorax = devouring greedily.) Eating
+food in large quantities.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Insect Folk, by Margaret Warner Morley
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Insect Folk, by Margaret Warner Morley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Insect Folk
+
+Author: Margaret Warner Morley
+
+Release Date: July 8, 2006 [EBook #18790]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE INSECT FOLK ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joseph R. Hauser, Janet Blenkinship and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  The Insect Folk
+
+  BY
+
+  MARGARET WARNER MORLEY
+
+
+  AUTHOR OF "SEED-BABIES," "FLOWERS AND THEIR FRIENDS"
+  "LITTLE WANDERERS," ETC.
+
+  _ILLUSTRATED BY THE AUTHOR_
+
+
+
+  BOSTON, U.S.A.
+  GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS
+  1903
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1903, BY
+  MARGARET WARNER MORLEY
+
+  _All rights reserved_
+
+
+
+
+A WORD TO THE CHILDREN
+
+
+DEAR CHILDREN,--The very best way to know the insects is to go
+and watch them. Watch them whenever you can, and each time you will find
+out something new. Books will help you, but you must watch, too. Look
+more than you read.
+
+If you need to catch them, put them under a tumbler, and feed them and
+give them a drop of water every day to drink. Slip a card under the rim
+of the tumbler on one side so as to let in the air. If you do not know
+what to feed them, or if they will not eat, let them go after a day or
+two.
+
+If you wish to kill an injurious insect, do it _quickly and completely_.
+Remember the insects are alive, and we should not make them suffer
+unnecessarily.
+
+Of course you must try to make your captives feel at home. If they live
+in the sand, put sand in the tumbler and tie a piece of netting over the
+top so they cannot escape.
+
+If they live in the water, put them in a tumbler of water. And when you
+have secured your captives, watch them as much as you can.
+
+If you do not know how to pronounce the words in this book, study the
+glossary at the back and it will help you.
+
+I hope you will have a very happy time getting acquainted with your
+little insect neighbors.
+
+                                      MARGARET WARNER MORLEY.
+
+  BOSTON,
+    April 18, 1903.
+
+
+
+
+  CONTENTS
+                                                                    PAGE
+
+  OUR PRETTY DRAGON FLIES                                              3
+
+  THE FAIRY MAY FLIES                                                 25
+
+  THE STONE FLY FOLK                                                  33
+
+  THE SILVER FISH                                                     36
+
+  THE OLD COCKROACHES                                                 41
+
+  NEIGHBOR WALKING STICK                                              52
+
+  THE GRASSHOPPER TRIBES                                              59
+
+  THE SHORTHORNED GRASSHOPPERS                                        61
+
+  THE LONGHORNED GRASSHOPPERS                                         81
+
+  PRETTY KATYDIDS                                                     94
+
+  THE CRICKET-LIKE GRASSHOPPERS                                       99
+
+  THE CHEERY CRICKET PEOPLE                                          101
+
+  A LARGE FAMILY                                                     107
+
+  THE GREAT BUG FAMILY                                               115
+
+  THE WATER BOATMAN                                                  116
+
+  THE FUNNY BACK-SWIMMERS                                            124
+
+  THE GIANT WATER BUG                                                125
+
+  LITTLE MRS. SHORE BUG                                              127
+
+  THE AIRY WATER STRIDERS                                            127
+
+  A QUEER FELLOW                                                     129
+
+  THE WELL DRESSED LACE BUG                                          132
+
+  A BAD BUG                                                          133
+
+  THE TROUBLESOME RED BUG                                            135
+
+  THE RAVENOUS CHINCH BUGS                                           138
+
+  THE WELL PROTECTED STINK BUG                                       139
+
+  THE LOUSE                                                          142
+
+  BIRD LICE AND BOOK LICE                                            142
+
+  FRIEND CICADA                                                      143
+
+  THE ODD SPITTLE INSECT                                             152
+
+  PRETTY LEAF HOPPERS                                                154
+
+  THE COMICAL TREE HOPPERS                                           157
+
+  THE JUMPING PLANT LICE                                             157
+
+  THE APHIDS                                                         158
+
+  SCALE BUGS                                                         165
+
+  THE HORNED CORYDALUS                                               175
+
+  FAIRY LACEWING                                                     183
+
+  THE ANT LION                                                       187
+
+  THE LITTLE CADDICE FLIES                                           190
+
+
+
+
+  ~ODONATA~
+
+  ~EPHEMERIDA~
+
+  ~PLECOPTERA~
+
+  ~THYSANURA~
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+OUR PRETTY DRAGON FLIES
+
+
+Come, children; come with me.
+
+Come to a pond I know of.
+
+See how the water shines in the sun.
+
+Over there is an old log lying on the edge of the pond.
+
+It is covered with green moss, and a green frog is sitting on one end of
+it.
+
+Let us go and sit on the other end.
+
+Goop! he says, and--plump! he has jumped into the water.
+
+That is too bad, frog; we did not mean to disturb you.
+
+How pretty it is here!
+
+See the pickerel weed growing out in the water with its arrow-shaped
+leaves, and its spikes of purple flowers.
+
+See, down in the water are little fish, and very likely pollywogs are
+there too, and lots of queer little things.
+
+But who is this darting over the pond?
+
+Ah, we know you.
+
+You are our queer little, dear little old dragon fly.
+
+Look, children; see the dragon flies darting about like flashes of light
+in every direction.
+
+They are having such a good time.
+
+Whizz! One flashed right past Mollie's ear.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Pretty people, I wish one of you would come and sit by us a little
+while, so we could get a good look at you.
+
+What is that, Ned? You have found a large one lying on the ground?
+
+Sure enough; it is a beauty too, with a green body and silver wings.
+
+Something seems to be wrong with it; it does not fly nor try to get
+away.
+
+What a big one it is!
+
+My! my! what eyes!
+
+Don't crowd, Amy; let little Nell see too.
+
+What is that you say, Richard? "It catches mosquitoes and gnats and
+flies and other insects while flying."
+
+Yes, and that is why it has such big eyes. We should need big eyes
+ourselves if we were to spend our time chasing mosquitoes.
+
+Two eyes you have, little dragon fly, like the rest of us, but your eyes
+are not like ours.
+
+No, indeed!
+
+Each of your big eyes is made up of a great many small eyes packed close
+together.
+
+Do you know, children, that some of the largest of the dragon flies have
+as many as twenty thousand facets, or small eyes, in each large eye?
+
+Think of it! Forty thousand eyes in one little dragon fly head. It
+_ought_ to see well.
+
+These facets are six-sided, excepting those along the edge, which are
+rounded on the outside. You cannot see their real shape without a
+microscope, they are so small. But here is a picture of some facets as
+they look under the microscope.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Eyes like these, made up of many facets, we call compound eyes.
+
+All grown-up insects have compound eyes, though not many have as large
+ones as the dragon fly.
+
+Only insects that chase other insects or that need to see in the dark
+have very large eyes.
+
+See what a big mouth the dragon fly has. Its jaws do not show unless it
+opens its lower lip, which fits over its mouth like a mask.
+
+I should not care to have it bite my finger.
+
+It could not hurt very much, and its bite is not poisonous, still I
+shall handle it carefully.
+
+Some call the dragon fly a darning needle, and say it sews up people's
+ears when they lie on the grass. This is not true. It does not sew up
+anything. It has nothing to sew with.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Why should it want to sew up people's ears, anyway?
+
+It does nothing unpleasant but bite fingers, and it never goes out of
+its way to do that.
+
+If we let it alone, it always lets us alone.
+
+It is our good friend because it catches mosquitoes. For this reason it
+is sometimes called mosquito hawk.
+
+We should never kill a dragon fly.
+
+Sometimes it is called a spindle, I suppose because it is long and
+slender like a spindle.
+
+Down South the colored people believe the dragon fly brings dead snakes
+to life, and they call it snake doctor.
+
+In some places it is called snake feeder.
+
+But it has nothing to do with snakes, dead or alive.
+
+The French have given it a pretty name, _demoiselle_, or damsel fly, and
+that is quite deserved, for the dragon fly is a graceful little
+creature, as pretty as pretty can be.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+See, sticking out of the front of its head are two little feelers, or
+antennae, as we must call them.
+
+They are very short, but it does not need long ones.
+
+Insects smell with their feelers, you know, but our dragon flies see so
+well they do not need to smell very well, I suppose.
+
+See how it can turn its head around. That is because it has a little
+short neck between its head and its body.
+
+Its eyes, its mouth, and its antennae belong to its head.
+
+Of course our demoiselle can fly well; one need only look at those wings
+to know that.
+
+To fly well is quite as necessary to one of its habits as to see well.
+
+What would be the use of seeing an insect if it could not fly fast
+enough to catch it?
+
+We all like your pretty wings, little dragon fly; they look like glass
+and they shine so in the sun.
+
+How fast the wings can move! See that dragon fly skimming over the pond;
+its wings make a whizzing sound as it darts about.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Why does it zigzag so?
+
+Why doesn't it fly in a straight line?
+
+Yes, Mollie, you are right, it goes zigzagging along after insects.
+
+It sees one it wants off at one side--whizz! around it turns after it.
+
+Shouldn't you like to fly like that, children?
+
+And yet we would not be willing to exchange our arms and hands for
+wings.
+
+We could not whittle a stick nor write a letter if we had only wings.
+
+In fact we could not do most of the things we now do.
+
+I am glad I have my hands.
+
+We are glad, too, that the dragon flies have their pretty, swift wings.
+
+They have four wings, all nearly the same size and shape, you see, and
+they are all stiff and shining.
+
+Some dragon flies, like this one we have picked up, always keep their
+wings spread out.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+But over there, standing on the end of that stick, is another kind.
+
+When it rests its wings are folded together.
+
+What a pretty one it is! Do you see it?
+
+It is small, but so pretty.
+
+It is bright blue and shines as though it had been polished.
+
+Sometimes birds catch these smaller dragon flies, though birds, as a
+rule, are not fond of any of them.
+
+They are so hard and their wings are so stiff I should think a bird
+might almost as well swallow nails.
+
+I am sure no bird could swallow one of the big ones, wings and all!
+
+But frogs can.
+
+A frog will try to swallow almost anything it can catch, and it watches
+for the dragon flies when they come to lay their eggs in the water.
+
+Suddenly it jumps out, and away goes poor dragon fly into that great
+wide frog-mouth.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Now look at the legs of the dragon fly. It has six.
+
+Every dragon fly has six legs.
+
+They are rather short and small for so large an insect, but that is
+because it does not need large, strong legs.
+
+You never saw a dragon fly dig a hole, or run, or even walk, did you?
+
+Their legs are not arranged for walking. All six of them are directed
+forwards as though they were reaching out after something. And so they
+are--reaching out after insects.
+
+Dragon fly catches his prey while he is flying, and he grasps the
+insects with his feet.
+
+He snatches one, and then what?
+
+Does he sit down somewhere and eat it?
+
+Not he, he is far too hungry for that; he continues his swift flight,
+and as he flies he eats.
+
+As soon as he has finished one fly or gnat, zip! he snatches another.
+
+He has an insatiable appetite, consuming hundreds of insects in the
+course of a day. Nor does he confine his attention to flies and gnats
+and mosquitoes and such small fry. He catches what he can. A large
+dragon fly will even gorge himself on one of the large-sized
+butterflies, and one has been seen calmly chewing away at an enormous
+wasp!
+
+No, indeed, Mabel, the dragon fly does not eat the wings of the
+butterfly, it eats only the soft body.
+
+Probably nothing eats a butterfly, wings and all. Birds and insects
+sometimes catch butterflies, and you often see the bright wings lying on
+the ground. The wings of insects are not worth eating, and are almost
+always cast aside by the creatures that eat the insects.
+
+Besides catching insects with their legs, the dragon flies cling fast to
+things with them, but when they wish to move they do not walk, they fly.
+
+Yes, indeed, Frank, you are right; their legs are jointed.
+
+That is so they can move them easily and fold them up when they want
+to.
+
+They would find it as hard to get along without joints to their legs as
+we should.
+
+Wouldn't we be stiff if we had no joints!
+
+See, the legs and wings are fastened to the middle part of the body, the
+_thorax_, we call it.
+
+All insects have the legs and wings attached to the thorax.
+
+The rest of the body is the abdomen. See how long it is.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is the long abdomen that gives the dragon fly its name of spindle, I
+suppose.
+
+The abdomen is jointed, and it can curl up.
+
+All grown-up insects have a head, a thorax, and a jointed abdomen.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+What are you looking at, Charlie?
+
+Something moving in the bottom of the pond?
+
+Let us get it out.
+
+Here, we will dip it out with this cup.
+
+What a lot of stuff!
+
+Sticks and mud--and--what is that?
+
+Something alive, surely.
+
+Let us put some clean water in the cup and examine what we have found.
+
+My! my! what a queer little thing!
+
+What do you suppose it is?
+
+Ah, I know now, but I do not think you could ever, ever guess, not if
+you tried a week.
+
+It is a young dragon fly!
+
+It does not look much like its shiny-winged parents.
+
+It looks like I don't know what, with a face like--well, when you look
+right in front of it, like a pug dog.
+
+Queer! Well, I should think so! What is that, Amy? Am I sure it is a
+dragon fly?
+
+Yes, there is no mistake; a dragon fly one day dropped an egg in the
+pond, and out of it hatched--this.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It will some day become a shiny-winged dragon fly and catch mosquitoes.
+
+We will call it larva, and we will watch it a little while.
+
+Look and see if it has a head, a thorax, and an abdomen.
+
+Are there antennae on its head? And has it eyes?
+
+If you were to look at its eyes with a microscope, you would find that
+they are made of six-sided facets, like the eyes of the grown-up dragon
+fly.
+
+They are compound eyes, but they are not as large as the eyes of the
+grown-up dragon fly.
+
+How many legs has it? What are its legs fastened to?
+
+Yes, Nellie, thorax is right.
+
+Its six legs are fastened to its thorax. I am glad you remembered
+thorax.
+
+Has it a jointed abdomen? and has it wings?
+
+Look! did you see that?
+
+It opened its innocent-looking face all of a sudden, just darted it out
+into a long-handled spoon, with hooks at the end, and hooked up that
+little grub.
+
+Now it is holding the grub on the hooks in front of its mouth and eating
+it as greedily as if it were half starved.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+So that is why its face looks so queer.
+
+It is its long under lip all folded up in front like a mask that makes
+it look like a pug dog.
+
+When it pleases it darts out that lip, and any unlucky insect or snail
+may fall a prey to its greedy appetite.
+
+It is said that the larvae of some dragon flies even eat pollywogs and
+small fishes.
+
+Ned wants to know if "larvae" means the same as "larva."
+
+Yes, it is the plural form of the word. When we speak of only one we say
+"larva"; when we speak of more than one, instead of saying "larvas," we
+say "larvae."
+
+The dragon fly larvae are terrible gluttons, and hidden under the mask
+are strong jaws for chewing up their prey.
+
+Their legs are quite large and strong, too, for they crawl about the
+bottom of the pond or up the stalks of the plants.
+
+They do not move about very fast, but they do shoot out that under lip
+very, very, _very_ fast indeed, so good-by to any little live thing in
+the pond that comes within reach of it.
+
+The dragon fly larvae do not all look alike. They are different in the
+different species of dragon flies, and, like the rest of us, they change
+as they grow older.
+
+Yes, May, you can keep the dragon fly larvae until they change into
+dragon flies.
+
+You must supply them with fresh water and with enough to eat.
+
+And you must put a net over the bowl or aquarium in which you keep them,
+otherwise as soon as they are able they will fly away.
+
+How can they fly without wings?
+
+Oh, but they are going to have wings. You know they are young dragon
+flies in spite of their strange appearance.
+
+Be sure and feed them enough, or else they will eat each other, and that
+would be a pity; and be sure there are some water plants for them to
+hide under and crawl upon.
+
+You can give them a little fresh fish or a tiny bit of very fresh meat,
+though they like best the living things they find in the bottom of the
+pond.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+When the dragon fly larva first hatches it is very small and its legs
+are rather long and spidery, but it eats and eats and eats,--my, how it
+eats!
+
+And it grows and grows, and one day it finds its skin too tight.
+
+A tight skin must be rather uncomfortable.
+
+But the larva does not care much for its skin.
+
+It merely splits it open down the back and pulls itself out.
+
+Perhaps you think it must be yet more uncomfortable to be without a
+skin.
+
+But it is not without a skin. It is covered by a new and soft one that
+soon hardens, and that is larger than the old one.
+
+It wriggles out of its old skin as though it were an old coat, and
+leaves it clinging to the weeds in the pond.
+
+Sometime you may find these cast-off dragon fly overcoats.
+
+After it has shed its skin the dragon fly continues to grow. It keeps on
+growing until it has outgrown its new skin.
+
+Then what do you think it does?
+
+Yes, Charlie, that is right, it sheds this skin too.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+When it sheds its skin we say it moults.
+
+It moults several times, and at last little short wings appear. At first
+it has no wings at all, you know.
+
+Amy wonders how the larva breathes under water.
+
+Ah, Master Ned, you are laughing too soon. You think insects do not have
+to breathe, but you are very much mistaken, sir.
+
+Insects do have to breathe.
+
+They would die if they could get no air to breathe.
+
+Some of the dragon fly larvae have an odd arrangement for breathing under
+water. They have a sort of syringe in the end of the body, and there are
+breathing pores or gills in the syringe.
+
+The water goes in and out of this syringe, and the larva breathes as the
+fish does, by means of its gills.
+
+Yes, May, its gills are in its syringe, which seems very odd,--you see
+the dragon fly larva breathes at its tail end instead of at its head
+end.
+
+Mollie thinks it is an upside-down, inside-out sort of a creature
+anyway. But it knows what it is about.
+
+Ned wants to know how it can get any air to breathe when it lives under
+water.
+
+The truth is, there is always air mixed in with water, and it is this
+air the larva breathes when the water goes in and out of the syringe.
+
+It uses the syringe for another purpose too. When it pleases it can
+shoot out the water with great force, and thus propel itself quite a
+distance.
+
+By means of the syringe it can leap through the water faster than it can
+move by its slow-going legs.
+
+Mollie wants to know if we can see the syringe.
+
+No, it is inside the body.
+
+But there is a kind of dragon fly that has a pair of gills outside, at
+the end of the abdomen, instead of the syringe inside.
+
+The best I can do is to show you a picture of one. Some day we may find
+it in the pond.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Those two feather-like parts at the tail end are gills.
+
+Yes, John, it can propel itself through the water by rowing, as it were,
+with these gills.
+
+There are some species of dragon fly larvae that swim by moving the tip
+of the abdomen from side to side, as a fish moves its body when it
+swims.
+
+But now let us return to our funny larva that lives at the bottom of the
+pond. It stays down there, eating and growing and moulting, for nine or
+ten months or even longer; then something very wonderful happens.
+
+It suddenly feels a great desire to get up to the top of the pond.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It climbs up a weed or a stick until it is clear out of the water.
+
+Then its skin splits down the back for the last time, and out there
+pulls itself, not a larva, but a weak-looking dragon fly, with soft and
+flabby little wings.
+
+Now is its hour of danger, and now is the time for such birds as like
+the taste of young dragon flies to help themselves.
+
+Catbirds seem to have a special fondness for these helpless insects, and
+have been known to eat them before the flabby little wings had grown
+stiff.
+
+If the birds do not find the newly emerged dragon fly, it remains
+motionless an hour or so, but it does not remain unchanged.
+
+Its wings stretch out and harden.
+
+Bright metallic colors begin to play over them and over its body; and
+all at once--off it darts, away and away, glittering in the sunshine, a
+swift, beautiful winged creature.
+
+Towards the end of summer you will often see dragon flies darting about
+in every direction.
+
+They seem to come in swarms and I think they usually come where there
+are ponds or marshes, for in such places there are many gnats and
+mosquitoes.
+
+Mollie wants to know why it would not be a good plan for people who live
+where there are many mosquitoes to raise dragon flies?
+
+That is a very sensible idea, Mollie, and it has been tried.
+
+Yes, indeed; some men once collected dragon fly larvae, and took care of
+them until they changed into dragon flies.
+
+Then what do you think happened?
+
+As soon as they got their wings, away went those dragon flies,--away
+and away, without stopping to catch a single mosquito for the men who
+had taken the trouble to raise them.
+
+The dragon flies will not stay at home.
+
+They fly so fast and so far there is no use raising them.
+
+They are among the swiftest and strongest of insects.
+
+How do the larvae get in the ponds? Frank is asking.
+
+I will tell you what I know about it.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The winged dragon flies mate, and the female then drops her eggs in the
+water or lays them on twigs in the water, where they hatch out into
+larvae.
+
+The dragon flies have to be very careful when they go close to the water
+to lay their eggs.
+
+You all know why.
+
+Yes, it is because the frogs are on the watch to catch them.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The mother dragon fly knows the larvae have to live in the water, and so
+she takes pains to put the eggs there; sometimes she even crawls down
+under the water on stems of plants to lay her eggs. Isn't she a wise
+little mother?
+
+There are a good many species of dragon flies.
+
+Some are large and some are small.
+
+Some are bright and some are dull.
+
+There are black ones and bright blue ones, or green ones with blue eyes.
+
+Some are marked with red and yellow.
+
+They are a very gay family.
+
+The dragon fly family is also a very old one.
+
+Indeed, it is one of the oldest families on earth.
+
+Long before there were bees or butterflies or dogs or horses or human
+beings, there were dragon flies.
+
+Don't you suppose that may be why the dragon fly is such a
+strange-looking insect?
+
+It does not look like other insects; it is very old-fashioned, like the
+pine trees.
+
+Pine trees, too, belong to a very old plant family that lived long ago,
+before there were oaks or maples, or other trees that shed their leaves.
+
+Now we must go home.
+
+Good-by, green frog, you may come back to your log now.
+
+Good-by, pretty dragon fly people, we shall never forget you.
+
+Good-by, pleasant pond and moss-grown log, we hope to see you often
+again.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE FAIRY MAY FLIES
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Come, children, and see! Hundreds and hundreds of them are dancing
+about.
+
+What are they? Yes, May, they do make us think of the dragon flies, but
+they are like fairy demoiselles.
+
+They are the May flies, fairy ships sailing in the sea of air.
+
+See how they are tossed about.
+
+Many have fallen to the ground, which is covered with them.
+
+They live but a day, or sometimes only a few hours, and so they are
+called day flies, and also ephemerae, which means short-lived.
+
+They have eyes, as you can see, little round eyes, but their mouth is so
+tiny they cannot eat.
+
+Strange little beings to come into the world so helpless!
+
+How different from the strong, fierce dragon flies!
+
+See their dainty little legs. Six, you see, and legs and wings grow out
+from the thorax.
+
+Have they an abdomen?
+
+See the long threads at the end of it, they look like slender tails. How
+they spread these threads out as they fly!
+
+They have four wings, but the wings are not shaped like those of the
+dragon fly, and they are very much more delicate.
+
+[Illustration: DRAGON FLY WINGS.]
+
+[Illustration: MAY FLY WINGS.]
+
+Yes, May, I agree with you, they look like fine lace.
+
+The fore wings, you see, are larger than the hind ones.
+
+Richard asks, "Where do May flies come from? and why are they called May
+flies?"
+
+Now, Richard, one question at a time, if you please, and the last shall
+come first because it is easier to answer.
+
+They are called May flies because they often come out in the month of
+May, though sometimes not until June, and some species are as late as
+July in appearing.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+We shall have to look into the ponds and little streams to discover
+where they come from.
+
+See, John has scooped up some little speckled grubs out of the mud. Is
+it possible that _they_ are the larvae of our fairy May flies? _They_
+have a mouth!--see what big jaws for such little creatures.
+
+And what do you suppose they eat?
+
+No doubt they, too, live on animal food.
+
+No doubt they move about in the mud and catch what they can.
+
+You see, John had to dig them up; they like to burrow in the weeds and
+mud, and some of them even make tunnels of mud in which to protect their
+soft bodies. Their short, stout legs enable them to dig well.
+
+Their bodies are soft, but their jaws are not. O dear, no!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The grown-up May flies mate, and then the female drops her eggs on the
+surface of the water. When she does this a fish will very often jump up
+and seize her, for fish are very fond of May flies, and lucky are the
+May flies to escape these ravenous enemies.
+
+The eggs are heavy and sink to the bottom, where they hatch into these
+queer-looking larvae that eat and grow and shed their skin just like the
+dragon fly larvae.
+
+Those brushes along their sides are the gills they breathe with.
+
+See the gills moving swiftly back and forth; they look as though the
+larva wished to swim with them, but this is not why it moves them so
+constantly.
+
+The continual motion of the gills stirs up the water and keeps our larva
+supplied with fresh air.
+
+Nellie is asking what gills are.
+
+Well, gills in fishes and in such insects as have gills, and in crabs
+and lobsters and other creatures that live in the water, are parts that
+often look like fringes or flat plates.
+
+The gills of fishes have a great many blood vessels running through
+them. The walls of these blood vessels are very thin, and the oxygen
+from the air that is in the water passes into the blood that is in the
+gills, and then this blood, all full of oxygen, circulates through the
+fish's body.
+
+You see in fishes the blood vessels come into the gills and get the
+oxygen.
+
+In insects it is different. There are air tubes running like tiny pipes
+all through the gills and into the body of the insect. The oxygen of the
+air that is in the water passes out through the walls of these tubes
+into the blood of the insect.
+
+Yes, John, in fishes the blood comes to the air, in insects the air goes
+to the blood. The air passes into the air tubes of the insects, and thus
+is carried all through their bodies.
+
+The blood takes the oxygen out of the air.
+
+Without oxygen in the blood no animal could live.
+
+Now let us go back to our May flies. They remain in the larval state a
+year, and some species remain two years. Think of living in the mud for
+two long years!
+
+In the mud they creep about, eating, eating, eating. Then some summer
+day they leave the mud and swim to the surface of the water.
+
+Pop! they are gone.
+
+They were so quick about it we could not see what happened.
+
+The larval skin burst open and forth leaped the May fly, like a winged
+fairy from a prison cell.
+
+They do not come out slowly and wait for their wings to dry like the
+dragon fly.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+They spring out all of a sudden and fly away, leaving their cast-off
+skin in the pond.
+
+Unless their motions were quick they might be snapped up by the fish
+that are so fond of them.
+
+But though they seem to emerge thus quickly into perfect winged May
+flies, they are not quite done with infancy. They are still wrapped
+about by a very delicate skin that they have to get rid of. So they fly
+to a bush near the water and stay a little while until this skin splits
+and comes off, and they are free.
+
+In spite of their quick motions when they spring from the water, many of
+the May flies fall back into it and are caught by the fish.
+
+[Illustration here, as the text is broken]
+
+It is said that the trout become fat and good-flavored when the May
+flies emerge, they eat so many of them. And what the fish do not catch
+the birds try to. Swallows and other insect-loving birds have a glorious
+feast when the May flies come out. For a season they live in the midst
+of more delicacies than they can possibly use.
+
+Fish like the May fly larvae, too, which is probably the reason the larvae
+have learned to live in the mud, out of reach.
+
+Fishermen dig up the larvae for bait, so you see the May flies have a
+hard time to get safely through the world.
+
+But in spite of difficulties a great many of them live, and some summer
+day out they come trooping.
+
+They spring all at once from the surface of the water as by magic,
+hundreds and thousands, yes, millions of them. They fill the air, they
+cover everything.
+
+The great naturalist Swammerdam, who was the first to make a thorough
+study of the May flies, thus tells us how they appeared in France one
+year:--
+
+"I then saw a sight beyond all expectation. The ephemerae filled the air
+like the snowflakes in a dense snowstorm.
+
+"The steps were covered to a depth of two, three, or even four inches. A
+tract of water five or six feet across was completely hidden, and as the
+floating insects slowly drifted away, others took their places. Several
+times I was obliged to retreat to the top of the stairs from the
+annoyance caused by the ephemerae, which dashed in my face, and got into
+my eyes, mouth, and nose."
+
+These swarms of May flies appear only from three to five days at a
+time.
+
+Wherever there are streams there are May flies, and the canals of
+Holland make good breeding places for them; no wonder, then, the Dutch,
+who you know live in Holland, have a saying, "As thick as May flies."
+
+Although so many of the May flies perish at once, multitudes of them
+drop their eggs into the water to renew the race of May flies.
+
+Is it not wonderful that after so long a period of creeping about in the
+mud as larvae, these graceful and beautiful little creatures have but a
+few hours in which to dance joyously about in the upper air on wings of
+gossamer? Some, indeed, live less than an hour, and some, that come out
+in the evening, finish their dance of life and perish before sunrise,
+without ever having seen the beautiful daylight.
+
+Yes, strange little beings are they.
+
+They do us no harm and we should not kill them.
+
+Let them live their short lives and be happy.
+
+
+
+
+THE STONE FLY FOLK
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+John has been fishing.
+
+What do you think he caught?
+
+Nary fish, my dears, but a goodly number of stone flies, which he has
+brought to show us.
+
+Yes, Mollie, they do remind us a very little of our May flies, only, of
+course, they are many times larger.
+
+It is rather a clumsy creature in spite of its large wings, and John
+says he had no trouble whatever in catching it.
+
+See, it has four wings, and the hind ones are the larger.
+
+Yes, May, they fold up in plaits, like the sticks of a fan.
+
+See its long antennae and its compound eyes. Its eyes are not so large as
+are those of the dragon fly. It does not spend its time pursuing other
+insects, but is more like the May fly after it gets its wings.
+
+Yes, Ned, it lives longer than the May fly, but it does not live very
+long, and it eats little.
+
+It is a pretty little gray thing as it rests on the side of John's box,
+with its wings folded like a gossamer cloak over its body.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It lays its eggs in the water, and out of them hatch little six-legged
+larvae that are not troubled by want of appetite. If the winged stone fly
+does not eat, its larva does; it is like the other larvae we know, always
+devouring something.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Yes, Charlie, it feeds on living creatures, greatly relishing the larvae
+of the May flies, or any other luckless insect infants it can capture.
+
+It grows fast and moults several times, and when winter comes it hides
+away, only to come forth at the first breath of spring and continue its
+eating.
+
+Like other larvae that live under water, it does its breathing by means
+of gills, and these gills are in little tufts just above the base of
+each leg.
+
+It lives under stones, which is why it is called the stone fly, and it
+slides quickly around a corner when you lift up its stone.
+
+Fish are very fond of it, and hunt it as eagerly as it hunts larvae.
+Since it makes good bait for brook trout, its life is always in danger.
+It finishes its growth in early summer, and emerges from its larval
+skin as a perfect winged insect.
+
+Yes, indeed, John, you can often find dozens of the cast-off skins of
+the stone flies along the brook sides in the month of June.
+
+The stone flies are harmless little people, and we should never kill one
+needlessly.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE SILVER FISH
+
+
+May has something here for us to look at. She says it is a slippery
+rascal. Let us see it. Oh, yes, you have it in that little box. See, the
+box has a glass top. May cut the top off the box herself, and fastened
+in a little pane of glass so we could see the rascal without danger of
+its escaping.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Pretty rascal! Like a little silver fish slipping about the box.
+
+Yes, Charlie, it is called the silver fish. A land fish? Why, yes, it
+would be a land fish if it were a fish at all. But in spite of its name
+it is no fish. It is covered with shining scales, though, that are very
+much like fish scales, and it is shaped a good deal like a fish.
+
+Oh, yes, it is an insect. You see it has six legs. But it has no wings.
+
+No, it is not a young one.
+
+It never will have any wings, no matter how old it may get to be.
+
+It is flat, you see, and its scales make it very slippery, so that it is
+hard to catch and yet harder to hold on to after you have caught it. It
+goes flashing about like a little silver dart, and it loves to eat
+starch.
+
+That is why May calls it a rascal. It eats the starch from the paste
+that fastens on her wall paper, and from book-bindings, so you see it
+makes things fall to pieces. But my! what a pretty rascal it is! Besides
+its name of silver fish, it is also called fish moth, though it is not a
+moth at all. It is also called bristle-tail, because of the long,
+bristle-like parts at the end of its body; and in some places it is
+called a slink, because, you know, it loves dark places, and when you
+uncover it in the daytime, it slips around a corner into the dark again.
+
+Yes, it seems to slink about as if it were ashamed of itself, but it is
+not ashamed; it does not like the light, and it does not like us to see
+it.
+
+Perhaps it is afraid of us.
+
+
+
+
+ORTHOPTERA
+
+
+
+
+THE OLD COCKROACHES
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Children, here is a cockroach.
+
+It was one of the first insects that came to live on the earth;
+cockroaches were here before people, and they are here yet.
+
+You do not think it is pretty?
+
+Neither do I.
+
+I don't know anybody who thinks a cockroach pretty.
+
+Oh, no, it won't bite you.
+
+It will only get into your pantry and eat your food.
+
+It will walk around in the night and frighten you if you go suddenly
+into the kitchen.
+
+It will not frighten you on purpose, but when it hears you coming, it
+will run, and then maybe you will scream and run too.
+
+What is that, May? You've a good mind to scream and run as it is?
+
+Very well, scream and run if you want to; the cockroach won't care.
+
+We do not often see these big black fellows in the North, but sometimes
+we do. Down South cockroaches seem to be everywhere.
+
+What, May? You are never going South, then?
+
+Well, you do not need to go; the cockroaches won't care.
+
+They have little heads and long antennae, like threads.
+
+What is that, May? You don't care anything about their heads? You don't
+want to know anything about cockroaches?
+
+Oh, yes, you want to know about cockroaches. Remember how old they are.
+
+They have six legs, you see.
+
+You don't care how many legs they have?
+
+Oh, yes, you do. They could not walk if they had no legs.
+
+You wish they couldn't walk?
+
+Dear me, May; you don't seem to like cockroaches.
+
+Poor old cockroaches.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Think how old they are.
+
+What is that you say? They are old enough to know better?
+
+Why, May, what have they ever done to you?
+
+Nothing, only you don't like them?
+
+Well, well, they don't like you, either. Poor old cockroaches; nobody
+seems to like them.
+
+Perhaps they don't care.
+
+Will you let me tell you where they came from?
+
+They do not belong to this country.
+
+Their natural home is tropical Asia.
+
+You see, about four hundred years ago, the ships that bore fruits and
+other merchandise from India and other warm countries in Asia, bore, as
+well, a number of little, flat, reddish brown stowaways.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Stowaways, as you know, are people that do not buy their tickets, but
+that hide among the ship's cargo, and so get free transportation to
+other countries.
+
+Well, these little flat stowaways were not human beings, they were
+insects. Yes, May, they were the cockroaches.
+
+When they landed from their hot land of Asia in cold England, they must
+have wondered what was to become of them. Many of them no doubt died,
+for they cannot stand cold weather at all; but some of them were
+carried, with the fruits and other things, quite unintentionally, of
+course, for nobody guessed they were there, into warm cellars and
+kitchen cupboards.
+
+_Then_ they felt at home!
+
+They knew better than to leave the cosey nooks where they could hide
+away and sleep all day, and when they came out at night would find a
+delicious supper close at hand.
+
+They are great eaters, you know, so what with the good things in the
+pantry and the warmth of the kitchen quarters they prospered wherever
+they could find a kitchen to live in.
+
+Soon they spread all over the large cities of England and finally into
+even remote country districts.
+
+Of course they found their way to the United States of America, and in
+many houses in the North they have taken lodging. But down South, where
+it is always warm enough, they have prospered greatly, and they are
+there in far greater numbers than in the North.
+
+Besides, there is a large American cockroach that belongs to tropical
+America, but that has found its way pretty well over the country. And
+there are cockroaches that live in the woods, some of them coming in the
+night to visit our houses and help themselves from our pantries.
+
+Yes, Mollie, the cockroaches eat almost anything they can find, and what
+they do not eat they spoil by an ill-smelling liquid they give out when
+disturbed.
+
+It is this liquid that makes the cockroaches so very offensive to us.
+We cannot bear to touch one because of it.
+
+Cockroaches eat one variety of food that nobody objects to their having.
+They are fond of bed bugs and greedily devour them.
+
+Besides the large, dark, reddish brown cockroaches there is a little
+tan-colored fellow that is often very troublesome.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is not a native of this country, but is supposed to have been brought
+to England by soldiers from the Crimea, and later it found its way to
+America.
+
+We call it the croton bug, but it is not a bug at all, it is a
+cockroach.
+
+It is particularly numerous about water pipes, and, like the rest of the
+cockroaches, it hides in the daytime.
+
+At night out troop crowds and crowds of the little tan-colored water
+bugs. They run about the floor, and over the pantry shelves. They get
+into everything they can find, and have a beautiful time.
+
+They are funny little fellows, and if they were not so troublesome, we
+might admire them.
+
+How they can run!
+
+All the cockroaches run very fast, so that it is hard to catch one. And
+they are hard and smooth, too, which makes it yet more difficult to
+catch them. They are well made to escape their enemies, and they are so
+flat they can hide in cracks or almost anywhere.
+
+No, May, they do not fly very much. You see this one has short wings. It
+is a male cockroach. The female of this species of cockroach has no
+wings at all, only little hints of wings, as it were.
+
+Such little useless wings we call "rudimentary" wings.
+
+John says he thinks that is a long word for short wings.
+
+Yes, but it is not a hard word,--ru-di-ment-ary, see if you can remember
+it.
+
+The croton bugs have longer wings and they sometimes fly.
+
+If you were to spread out the wings of a cockroach, you would find it
+had four.
+
+What is that, May? You wouldn't spread them out for anything?
+
+Yet wise men have been very much interested in our poor, ill-smelling
+old cockroaches, and have studied carefully all about them.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+If you dislike to touch the cockroach so much, perhaps you will look at
+this picture of a croton bug.
+
+See, the upper wings are different; the cockroach does not fly with
+them, he merely uses them to cover up the under wings, and we call them
+wing covers.
+
+It is the under wings the cockroach flies with.
+
+Cockroaches may not be pleasant, but who can say they are not
+interesting?
+
+What other insect lays its eggs in little bandboxes?
+
+Here is one of the little boxes, shiny and hard.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+This little case is at first a sticky substance that soon hardens. The
+eggs lie in it side by side in two rows.
+
+These cases remain attached to the abdomen of the female cockroach until
+the eggs are all laid. Then the case falls off, and soon out runs a
+crowd of infant cockroaches.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The case is something like a satchel that shuts with a spring. The
+youngsters are packed close together, side by side, with their heads
+towards the mouth of the satchel.
+
+As soon as one hatches it pushes open the side of the case and creeps
+out. Then the case springs together again to protect the rest of the
+brood.
+
+They are funny fellows when they first come out, little and
+white-looking. But they eat and grow of course, and shed their skins,
+and after each moult they become darker in color.
+
+Now, do look again at this cockroach I have taken such pains to catch
+for you and put into the tumbler.
+
+I think even May will own that it has a cunning little head.
+
+See it turn its head around to look at us.
+
+After all, the cockroach is a knowing little fellow.
+
+This one is hungry; it has had nothing to eat for some time. We will
+give it this crumb of cake.
+
+Be careful, or it will get away; it can run very fast, and it is very
+quick, you see, in all its motions.
+
+Ah, it is examining the crumb with the tips of its long antennae.
+
+See how daintily it touches the crumb.
+
+It can smell with its antennae, you know.
+
+Now it has decided the cake is good to eat.
+
+See how eager it is!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It almost stands on its head to reach just the part it wants.
+
+John says he does not understand how insects smell with their antennae.
+
+I can tell you a little about it, John.
+
+If you look at one of the cockroach's antennae under the magnifying
+glass, you will see it is made up of a good many short pieces, or
+segments, as we call them, fastened together end to end.
+
+Yes, Mollie, that is why it can move about so easily. It can curl up
+like a whiplash, you see.
+
+Next the head is a round segment that fits into a socket.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Double up your right fist and fit it into the half-closed palm of your
+left hand.
+
+There! That is like the ball-and-socket joint.
+
+You see you can move your fist around in all directions.
+
+The insect can move its antennae in all directions because they are
+fastened to its head by ball-and-socket joints.
+
+On the segments of the antennae, particularly towards the tip, are little
+dots.
+
+You cannot see the dots without the help of a strong microscope, but
+they are there.
+
+These little dots are sensitive spots. There is a nerve coming from the
+insect's brain to each dot.
+
+Some of the dots are sensitive to odors, just as the nerves of our nose
+are sensitive to odors.
+
+May thinks it is very funny that the insects smell with antennae instead
+of with noses.
+
+The insects, no doubt, would think it very funny for us to smell with,
+noses instead of with antennae, if they thought about it at all.
+
+The little dots on the antennae are extremely sensitive to smells. They
+are often much more sensitive than our noses.
+
+Put a bit of food at some distance from a hungry cockroach, and it will
+not be long before a pair of long, sensitive feelers will come waving to
+and fro out of some dark corner.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Little Mrs. Cockroach has smelled the dainty morsel, and, as soon as it
+is dark, out she will run, her feelers moving eagerly this way and that,
+until she has found it.
+
+Yes, May, insects also feel with their antennae. That is why the antennae
+are often called "feelers."
+
+There are other dots on the segments that are sensitive to touch.
+Sometimes there are tiny hairs on the antennae, also sensitive to touch.
+
+The little fellows feel and smell, yes, and oftentimes _hear_ with their
+antennae.
+
+Many insects have spots sensitive to sound on the antennae.
+
+Yes, indeed, May, it is wonderful that such tiny threads as an insect's
+antennae should hold so many kinds of sensitive spots.
+
+An insect's antennae are among the most wonderful things in the world.
+
+And _I_ think a cockroach, in spite of its bad reputation, is a very
+wonderful little fellow.
+
+What is that, May? Our cockroach is drawing one of its antennae through
+its mouth?
+
+Ah, yes, see it clean its antenna, children.
+
+It seems to nibble at it as it draws it through its mouth.
+
+Insects are very careful to keep their antennae clean.
+
+It would not do to let these sensitive spots become covered with dust,
+you know.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+NEIGHBOR WALKING STICK
+
+
+Isn't this a pretty place to sit down and--
+
+"Ouch! ow! ow! ow!"
+
+Why, May, what is the matter?
+
+Anybody would think you had seen a cockroach.
+
+What has she found, John?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Oh, it is a walking stick!
+
+Why do I call it that?
+
+Look and see.
+
+Does it not look like a stick?
+
+And does it not walk?
+
+Then why is not walking stick a good name for it?
+
+May thinks its legs look like a collection of pine needles, for they are
+green and flat on the upper joints.
+
+It is as pretty as it is queer, with its brown body and its green legs.
+
+This is the male walking stick; the female has brown legs. She is brown
+all over, just the color of dried leaves, and she is not as slender as
+her mate.
+
+Mollie thinks it is the long and slender thorax that makes the walking
+stick look so queer.
+
+See its thorax. Its six legs are attached to its thorax, which is as
+long and as slender as the abdomen.
+
+John thinks it looks queer because everything about it is so long and
+slender.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Long antennae, long legs, long thorax, long abdomen--that is Mr. Walking
+Stick.
+
+Sir, why do you have such long antennae? Can you hear and feel and smell
+extra well because of them?
+
+I wish you could tell us about them.
+
+Now where is it?
+
+Oh, yes, it is standing on that brown twig. It is so nearly the color of
+the twig and so much the shape of a little stick itself, that it is not
+easy to find it.
+
+There, it is walking off again.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It has a good name, for I am sure that if a stick tried to walk, it
+could not do it more awkwardly.
+
+See now, what it is doing, hanging by one foot from that twig.
+
+How still it is.
+
+Who would imagine, seeing it thus for the first time, that it was a
+living creature?
+
+The walking sticks feed on leaves, and I suppose their queer shape and
+their color protect them from being eaten by birds.
+
+A bird would have to be very close to a walking stick to tell it from a
+twig.
+
+The female drops the eggs on the ground, and leaves them to hatch out
+and make their way in the world as best they can.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The young walking sticks look just like their parents, only of course
+they are very small, and they are green in color, like the leaves they
+eat.
+
+Yes, little Nell, I should like to find some too; they must be cunning
+little things.
+
+They eat and grow and moult, and eat and grow and moult, until they are
+grown up.
+
+There are a good many species of walking sticks in the world,
+particularly in hot countries; and to their family belong the longest of
+known insects, some being nearly a foot long. Just imagine a walking
+stick a foot long!
+
+And some of them are quite prettily colored, though certain species are
+not pleasant to handle, as they give forth a bad-smelling milky fluid
+when disturbed.
+
+They are gentle little folk, all of them, and move slowly about over the
+leaves and twigs, not wishing to harm any living thing.
+
+Some members of the walking stick family have wings, and these are even
+more curious than those that have none.
+
+Their wings and legs are flattened to look like leaves, so that it is
+very difficult to find them among the foliage.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Yes, May, they are also the color of the leaves they live among.
+
+Here is a picture of one that will give some idea of these strange
+little people.
+
+We have none of these leaf-like insects in our country, but we do have a
+near relative to the walking sticks, though it does not feed on leaves,
+I assure you.
+
+How many of you are acquainted with his lordship, the praying mantis?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Charlie says he has seen these fellows in Kansas, and Nellie says she
+has a cousin in the South who has told her about them.
+
+Here is a picture of one; is it not a beauty!
+
+Its wings are green and its body is brown, so that it can stealthily
+creep about among the foliage without being noticed.
+
+When at rest it holds its front legs up as though it were raising its
+arms in an attitude of devotion.
+
+But not a thought of devotion lies in that cruel little head. There is
+only one idea there; and if any unwary insect were to come along, those
+devotional arms would be thrust out with incredible rapidity, and the
+unfortunate insect clasped tightly in them.
+
+Then the mantis, hugging its prey in the strong trap-like clasp of its
+spiked legs, would coolly proceed to devour it alive, eating it as a boy
+would eat an apple.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+This praying mantis is called a "mule-killer" in the South, where the
+people think the brown liquor it spits out of its mouth, when disturbed,
+is fatal to mules.
+
+The mantis is also called a devil-horse, a rear-horse, a camel-cricket,
+and many other names inspired by its outlandish appearance.
+
+Some have even thought it looked wise, standing in that knowing attitude
+with extended arms, and so it has been called prophet and soothsayer, as
+though it could foretell what is going to happen.
+
+Undoubtedly it never foretells anything but the approaching death of
+some insect and possibly a coming change in the weather, for insects
+often know when the weather is going to change long before we do.
+
+Although our mantes are brown or green, there are a great many species
+living in hot countries that are much more brightly attired; and when
+you find yourself on a visit to the tropics, you must look for the
+flower mantis.
+
+It mimics in color the brilliant hues of the showy orchids in which it
+hides.
+
+It does not seem to wear its gorgeous robes from a love for the
+beautiful, however, but rather that it may the better lie concealed in
+the heart of the gay flowers, to pounce upon unsuspecting insects that
+come there for refreshing draughts of honey.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In some parts of Africa the mantis is worshipped by the natives, and in
+France these fellows are believed to point out the way to travellers by
+stretching out one leg when questioned.
+
+Its strange attitude, with uplifted arms, has won the mantis regard in
+all parts of the world, though the insects it clasps in these uplifted
+arms would not be likely to share the good opinion held of this hardy
+cannibal.
+
+For it is a cannibal, and enjoys eating another mantis as much as
+anything else.
+
+The mantes are terrible fighters, too, and if there is a meeting between
+two of them, there is very apt to be a battle in which one is vanquished
+and devoured by the other.
+
+Our mantis lays its eggs, thirty or forty in number, on tree twigs, and
+they are embedded in a soft substance that soon becomes very tough and
+horny. These strange egg-cases of the mantis are easily recognized
+because they look as though they were braided on top, as you can see in
+the picture.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Yes, May, the tough covering is to protect the eggs from wet and from
+prying birds and hungry insects.
+
+The young mantes are similar to their parents, only they have no wings.
+But they hold up their spiny front legs and catch insects, and they grow
+and moult in the usual way.
+
+While we have been talking about leaf-like insects and mule-killers our
+walking stick has gone off.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Well, well, let him go, and good luck go with him.
+
+I am glad you like the walking stick, children.
+
+And now, May, let me tell you something.
+
+This queer fellow is a very near relative of your friend, the
+cockroach.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE GRASSHOPPER TRIBES
+
+
+Don't you often wonder where they come from? The swarms of grasshoppers
+in the late summer?
+
+Charlie says he walked across a field last night where he believes there
+were as many grasshoppers as there were blades of grass.
+
+Just think of it! and yet they do not seem to do any harm.
+
+In some places, however, they do a great deal of harm.
+
+They come flying in swarms that darken the sun, and they settle on the
+trees and the crops and eat up every green thing. There is nothing a
+Western farmer dreads so much as the passing of the grasshoppers.
+
+Grasshoppers are funny little fellows, and we like them--when there are
+not too many of them.
+
+Summer would not seem quite like summer unless we heard the grasshoppers
+shrilling.
+
+There are a great many species of them, and we have placed them in two
+divisions,--The Shorthorned Grasshoppers and The Longhorned
+Grasshoppers.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE SHORTHORNED GRASSHOPPERS
+
+
+They have no horns, of course, but some have short antennae that stick
+out like little horns, and those we call shorthorned.
+
+The right name for the shorthorned grasshoppers is locusts.
+
+We call another insect a locust, but the shorthorned grasshoppers are
+the true locusts.
+
+Some say it was these locusts that John the Baptist ate with his honey
+in the wilderness.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+A good many people in different parts of the world still eat locusts.
+
+They are said to be good food when roasted, but I would rather eat
+roasted peanuts.
+
+Come here, little locust, and let us look at you.
+
+Now, stand still, and show us your short "horns."
+
+See its eyes!
+
+Yes, May, they are compound eyes, but I do not know how many facets they
+have.
+
+What a funny little rabbit face it has.
+
+See it move its little mouth parts.
+
+It bites bits out of the leaves and chews them up very fast.
+
+Has it teeth? May is asking.
+
+Well, yes, but not like our teeth. Sometime you must see the mouth parts
+of the grasshopper under the microscope. They are very interesting.
+
+Mollie says the locust has a cape on.
+
+John says the cape is the top of its thorax.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Frank has been counting its legs; he says it has six.
+
+See it walk. It uses all six legs to walk with.
+
+But it does something besides walk with its hind legs.
+
+Yes, it jumps with them. How long and large they are! Now watch it jump.
+
+See! It draws those long hind legs close up to its body, then suddenly
+straightens them out--and away it goes as though it had been shot from a
+spring board.
+
+John says its hind legs work just like a spring, and so they do. It can
+leap several times the length of its body. Amy thinks it should be
+called a grass-jumper instead of a grasshopper.
+
+Suppose we all look carefully at the locust's long hind leg, segment by
+segment.
+
+What, John? You do not know what a segment is?
+
+Well, a segment is the part between two joints. The joints are where
+the leg bends, you know.
+
+May proposes that we draw a picture of the long hind leg.
+
+It will be fun to try.
+
+There are two tiny segments close to the body.
+
+If you are not careful, you will find only one.
+
+You must look sharp to see both of them.
+
+How well Charlie has drawn his! He has both the little segments.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The one next the body we will mark I, and we will call it the coxa.
+
+The next little one we will mark II, and that we will call the
+trochanter.
+
+The long, strong one, III, we will call the femur.
+
+The next one, long and narrow, we will mark IV, and call the tibia.
+
+All the rest of the leg, made of several short segments, we will call
+the tarsus, and we will mark it V.
+
+Now how are we to remember all those hard names?
+
+Here is a jingle that perhaps will help us:--
+
+  _Coxa_ first, and then _trochanter_,
+  Number three the _femur_ stands,
+  After this, the long, straight _tibia_,
+  And last of all the _tarsus_ comes.
+
+Now let us see who can learn it first.
+
+Charlie says we are taking a good deal of trouble over the hind legs of
+a grasshopper.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Very true, Mr. Philosopher, but let me tell you something.
+
+When we have learned the names of the segments in the grasshopper's hind
+leg, we have learned the names of the segments in the legs of all
+insects.
+
+You see all the legs are made on one common plan, and it is very
+convenient, as you will soon see, to have the parts named.
+
+What a fine set of drawings of the grasshopper's hind leg we have!
+
+Why do you suppose the coxa and trochanter are so small?
+
+Yes, John, it is in order that the leg can move easily.
+
+The grasshopper can turn its leg in almost any direction because of
+these small upper segments.
+
+It can put its leg up over its head if it wants to. Next to the little
+coxa and trochanter is the longest and largest segment in the
+grasshopper's leg; I suppose nobody remembers its name.
+
+Listen to little Nell,--"number three the _femur_ stands."
+
+So it does, and what a very useful femur it is!
+
+If it were not for the long femur and the long, slender tibia, the
+grasshopper would not be a grasshopper--it could not hop at all.
+
+Watch the grasshopper, and see how he uses those long segments to jump
+with.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+First he draws the tibia close up to the femur--now he is off!
+
+He just straightened those long hind legs out with a jerk, and away he
+went!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+What do you suppose the two little sharp spines at the end of the tibia
+are for?
+
+What, May? You did not see any spines?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Look again.
+
+See, Charlie has drawn them very plainly in his picture of the
+grasshopper's leg. Mark them _s_, Charlie.
+
+Now we must all look at Charlie's picture.
+
+He says he thinks he knows what the spines are for--they are to keep
+the grasshopper from slipping when he makes his leap forward.
+
+I have no doubt Charlie is right.
+
+May wants us to look at the beautiful little hinge x where the femur and
+the tibia are fastened together.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Let us mark it _X_.
+
+See the little ball on the end of the tibia. How well it fits into the
+hollow on the end of the femur.
+
+In order to see this hollow or groove, you must look on the under side
+of the leg.
+
+Yes, John, it reminds us of the ball-and-socket joint, only this is a
+hinge joint, and does not move in so many directions.
+
+The tibia can move towards the femur and away from it on this hinge.
+
+When our little friend gets ready to jump, he draws the tibia close up
+to the femur. When he jumps, he pushes the femur quickly away from the
+tibia.
+
+If you watch the grasshoppers, you will soon understand just how they
+use their hind legs in jumping.
+
+The tarsus bends easily.
+
+It has three joints.
+
+The last segment is a cunning little foot.
+
+What is John doing?
+
+He is looking at the grasshopper's foot through the magnifying glass.
+Wise John!
+
+Let us all look.
+
+Yes, Charlie, we will try to draw it.
+
+Mollie has hers drawn already. Do not hurry too much, Mollie. You cannot
+draw well if you hurry.
+
+See the sharp claw on each side of the foot.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Let us mark these claws _a_ and _b_.
+
+Between them is a flat little pad which we may as well mark _c_.
+
+May says her picture looks like a crazy pond lily.
+
+Let us see, May. Well, it _is_ rather funny.
+
+If I were you, I should try again. Any child can learn to draw who will
+keep trying.
+
+Touch the grasshopper's foot with the tip of your finger.
+
+How the little foot clings to you!
+
+It clings by the two little claws that have caught in your skin, and
+that hold fast.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+What do you suppose the little pad between the claws is for?
+
+It is important, I can tell you.
+
+John says he has heard there is a little pad in the fly's foot that
+enables it to walk on glass.
+
+Yes, and it is the same with the grasshopper.
+
+The little pad between the claws is fringed with hairs.
+
+You can see them with a good magnifying glass.
+
+Out of the tip of each hair comes a little drop of sticky liquid.
+
+This fastens the foot to any smooth surface.
+
+Many insects have these sticky hairs on their foot pads.
+
+When a fly walks up a window pane, it does it by gluing its feet, one
+after the other, to the glass.
+
+I don't wonder you laugh.
+
+No, Mollie, the glue does not harden and hold it fast.
+
+The fly can easily pull its foot loose. The grasshopper cannot walk on
+glass quite as well as the fly. Its foot pads do not cling so well.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Would you not like to know the name of these curious little foot pads?
+
+We call the foot pad a _pulvillus_.
+
+Some insects do not have sticky hairs on the pulvillus.
+
+There are beetles that simply put the pulvillus so flat against a smooth
+surface that it stays there by the pressure of the air above.
+
+Some people think that is the way the pulvillus on the fly's foot acts.
+
+Perhaps it acts both ways, sucking fast and sticking by hairs.
+
+John wants to know if the beetle's pulvillus does not act just like the
+"sucker" that boys make.
+
+The sucker, you know, is a round piece of leather with a string attached
+to the middle.
+
+When the leather is wet and laid flat on the floor or on a smooth stone,
+all the air below it is pushed out, and the air above presses so hard
+that a boy cannot pull the leather up from the floor.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+You can peel it up from one edge and let the air under easily enough,
+and then a baby could lift it.
+
+When the insect wants to move, it peels its foot loose.
+
+It can do this very quickly.
+
+Mollie wants to know what all these little sharp spines on the back of
+the tibia are for.
+
+Let us look at them.
+
+There is a double row of them.
+
+Do they not look a little like a comb?
+
+I suspect that is what they are, the grasshopper's comb.
+
+Insects are very neat little folks.
+
+They are always cleaning their wings and their legs and their antennae
+and their bodies.
+
+The spines on their legs are very convenient for that.
+
+Charlie says he thinks the grasshopper's legs are as good as a whole box
+of tools.
+
+So they are, and you have not yet heard all they can do.
+
+The funniest is to come.
+
+Mr. Grasshopper sings his song with his hind legs!
+
+He rubs the inside of his femurs against the outside of his wings.
+
+There is a row of very fine spines down the inside of the femur for the
+use of the little fiddler.
+
+He scrapes away with these on his wing covers.
+
+Yes, Ned, his femur is his violin bow, and his wing cover is his violin.
+
+The noise he makes does not sound much like a violin, little Nell
+thinks.
+
+No, indeed, it does not.
+
+It is the shrilling sound we hear in the grass in the summer time.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is only the male grasshopper that sings.
+
+The little lady grasshopper sits still and listens to him.
+
+Now, let us look at the other legs.
+
+The front pair are the smallest.
+
+Can you find the little coxa and trochanter?
+
+Yes, Charlie, we will draw the little front leg.
+
+Let us number the segments as we did those of the hind leg.
+
+See, the femur is larger than the other segments, but it is small as
+compared to the femur of the hind leg.
+
+The tibia is shorter, too, than the tibia of the hind leg.
+
+The little tarsus is like the tarsus of the hind leg with its claws and
+its pulvillus, only, of course, it is smaller.
+
+The middle pair of legs is like the front pair, only larger.
+
+Now, see how the legs are placed on the grasshopper's body.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The front pair are directed forward. When the insect walks, they pull.
+
+The middle and hind legs are directed backward. When the insect walks,
+they push.
+
+Well, little legs, you all have your own work to do, and you surely do
+it very well.
+
+Let me see, who has front legs as odd as the grasshopper's hind legs.
+
+Yes, Mollie, the mantis has.
+
+Let us look again at the mantis.
+
+Here is another picture of it.
+
+Its hind legs are just common walking legs, you see.
+
+And so are its middle legs.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+John says they are directed forward instead of backward.
+
+You can see why.
+
+They have to take the place of the front legs, that do not touch the
+ground at all.
+
+They have to hold Mr. Mantis up, and pull him along when he wants to
+walk.
+
+Now, let us see if we can make anything out of these front legs.
+
+The coxa is small and close to the body.
+
+The trochanter, II, is very large and long.
+
+Yes, Charlie, it increases the size and strength of the leg very
+greatly, by being thus enlarged.
+
+The femur, III, is large and strong, too, and it has a row of sharp,
+spiny teeth down the inside.
+
+The tibia, IV, is also well supplied with cruel teeth, and at the end of
+it is the tarsus, as you see.
+
+You know how the mantis uses these legs. The joint between the tibia and
+femur is a strong hinge joint. If can shut the tibia close to the femur,
+the spiny teeth of the one locking into the spiny teeth of the other,
+and forming a terrible trap for the insects that are so unfortunate as
+to get caught in its merciless grip.
+
+Altogether, you see, it is quite a terrible leg, though it has no more
+segments than a common leg.
+
+The segments are changed in shape and size from the regular leg
+segments.
+
+When any part is changed from the regular shape or size, we say it is
+_modified_.
+
+The front legs of the mantis are modified to catch and hold its prey.
+
+Yes, John, the hind legs of the grasshopper are modified too.
+
+They are modified to jump with.
+
+Ned says he didn't know there was so much to learn about a little thing
+like an insect's leg.
+
+Yes, indeed, there is a great deal to learn about all living things.
+
+I wonder how you would like to look at the grasshopper's wings for a
+little while.
+
+Here is one with large wings.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+See how they lie along each side of the body.
+
+They come together on top like the ridge of a sloping house roof.
+
+Yes, May, they are the roof to the grasshopper's body, and they help to
+protect it.
+
+Let us gently spread them out.
+
+Ah! these roof wings are not what the locust flies with at all.
+
+See, folded up under them is a pair of delicate gauzy wings.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+If we are careful, we can spread them out.
+
+We will use this dead grasshopper that Charlie has found.
+
+What pretty wings! So dainty! And how cleverly they are folded up, like
+little fans.
+
+Who would imagine such delicate gauzy wings were folded away under the
+hard, stiff roof wings.
+
+The roof wings are called wing covers, because they cover up these
+pretty inner wings.
+
+The locust does not fly with the wing covers.
+
+It spreads them out wide to get them out of the way.
+
+It flies with the inner wings.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+How pretty the flying wings are when they are spread out!
+
+See, over there goes a grasshopper whose flying wings are bright yellow.
+
+And there goes another with red flying wings.
+
+Some of the grasshoppers are almost as pretty as butterflies when they
+are flying.
+
+They show their gay inner wings only during flight.
+
+As soon as the grasshopper comes to rest the inner wings close of
+themselves.
+
+The wing joints act like springs.
+
+The grasshopper does not have to think about shutting up its wings.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+John says it has a spring in its wing covers too.
+
+Open the wing cover.
+
+There, it locks itself, as it were, and stays open without any effort on
+the part of the grasshopper.
+
+You see the grasshopper wants its wing covers to stay open and out of
+the way of the inner wings when it flies.
+
+So it just opens them, and there they are.
+
+It moves the inner wings very fast indeed when it is flying. It would
+not do at all for them to be fastened open.
+
+If it did not move them, it could not fly. The wings fairly _whirr_,
+they go so fast. They beat against the air, and thus the grasshopper is
+pushed along through the air.
+
+As soon as it is done flying it stops moving the wings, and they
+instantly close of themselves.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Then it unlocks the wing covers and they shut down over the inner wings.
+They shut down very tightly. They overlap, as you can see, just below
+where they are fastened to the insect's body. Thus they form a very good
+roof.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+What wonderful wings the grasshopper has!
+
+And there is something more to be said about them.
+
+Some species of locusts use their wings as musical instruments. When
+they wish to, they rub the upper end of the inner wings against the
+upper end of the wing covers when they are flying.
+
+This makes the crackling sound we sometimes hear when the locusts fly.
+
+What is that, Mollie? You have caught a locust that has no wings at all?
+
+Who can guess why?
+
+Ah, yes, our wise John says he thinks it is because it is a young one.
+
+What makes you think so, John?
+
+I know, you remembered the larva of the dragon fly and of the May fly.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Those larvae had no wings at first, but the wings grew, and finally at
+the last moult they were full-sized.
+
+When first hatched, the locust larva is like the full-grown locust,
+only, of course, it is very small, and it has no wings at all.
+
+It is a little dot of a thing with an enormous head.
+
+Here are three clinging to a blade of grass.
+
+Are they not funny little rascals!
+
+The baby locust eats and grows and moults until, finally, the wings
+begin to show as little pads at its sides.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is easy to find these half-grown grasshoppers in the middle of the
+summer.
+
+Here is one that little Nell has caught.
+
+See its wing pads.
+
+Mollie says they are rudimentary wings.
+
+It continues to eat and grow and moult, and the little wings are moulted
+off with the rest of the skin--for the wings of the insect are only
+modified parts of the skin.
+
+But there are new and larger wings underneath, and these grow and are
+moulted off with the next skin, until, at last, the grasshopper is
+full-grown, with full-grown wings.
+
+It will not moult any more after that.
+
+When full-grown, the females lay their eggs.
+
+Where do you suppose they lay their eggs?
+
+Some of them make a hole in the ground.
+
+The end of the abdomen is very strong and sharp, and the locust can make
+a hole with it quite easily.
+
+When the hole is made, then the eggs are laid in it, and the locust
+covers the opening to the hole with a sticky substance to keep out the
+wet.
+
+The eggs usually lie in the ground all winter.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Just think of the locust eggs there are under our feet as we cross the
+fields!
+
+Millions and millions of little eggs are hidden in the ground.
+
+Early in the next summer the little eggs hatch, and then tiny locusts
+creep up out of the earth and go hopping about everywhere.
+
+Most of the full-grown locusts die in the fall.
+
+As you know, the young ones have no wings, and this is why there are so
+few winged locusts early in the summer.
+
+Some locusts make their holes in fence rails or in old stumps.
+
+It is the locusts, or shorthorned grasshoppers, that sometimes come in
+swarms that darken the sun.
+
+There is nothing the Western farmer dreads so much as a swarm of
+locusts.
+
+I have heard how the grasshoppers came in Kansas one year.
+
+They appeared all of a sudden in countless millions.
+
+They were piled up against the fences clear to the top.
+
+They swarmed into the houses, and in places on the railroad track they
+were piled so deep the trains could not run through them.
+
+Think of a railway train being stopped by grasshoppers!
+
+They stripped every leaf from the trees and left them as bare as in
+winter.
+
+They ate up every blade of grass.
+
+But in the East they do not do so much damage, though they sometimes
+cause the farmers serious loss. When summer comes we may listen to their
+cheery din with pleasure.
+
+I am sure we shall enjoy the merry sounds of the grasshoppers all the
+more now that we know something about how they are made, and something
+about the little fellow that makes them.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE LONGHORNED GRASSHOPPERS
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Probably it was the longhorned grasshoppers that Charlie saw so many of
+in the meadow.
+
+Look, next time, Charlie, and see if the swarms that start up before you
+have not long, slender antennae.
+
+See, here is one.
+
+Its antennae are like threads, and they are longer than its body.
+
+If you were to look at its tarsus, you would find it had four joints
+instead of three.
+
+Otherwise, the longhorned, or meadow grasshoppers are very much like the
+locusts, or shorthorned grasshoppers.
+
+John says he thinks the meadow grasshoppers are more slender and
+delicate in shape.
+
+That is true, as a rule, though there are some species of the locusts
+that are as slender as the longhorned grasshoppers.
+
+But there is one thing about these longhorned fellows that will amuse
+you.
+
+Some of them have ears on their front legs!
+
+It is not uncommon for insects to have hearing organs on their front
+legs.
+
+You know what an ear is. It is something to hear with. The hearing part
+of our own ears is way inside, out of sight.
+
+The outer part of the ear, that we can take hold of, is only a sort of
+funnel to gather up the sound, and we could still hear if this part of
+our ears were cut off.
+
+Way back inside the ear is a little curtain, or eardrum, made of a thin
+membrane.
+
+When sounds enter the ear they cause the eardrum to tremble or vibrate,
+and this excites the nerve of hearing that is behind the eardrum.
+
+Now some grasshoppers have a little flat membrane on the tibia of each
+front leg. It is an eardrum. Behind it is the nerve of hearing. When
+sounds strike the eardrum it vibrates and excites the nerve of hearing.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+So you see the insects have _ears_, though they have no funnel-like
+outsides to them.
+
+So, after all, there isn't so _very_ much difference between the way the
+grasshoppers hear, and the way we hear, although they do hear with their
+legs.
+
+Yes, Ned, it is about the same thing when they hear with sensitive spots
+on their antennae.
+
+The sounds strike the sensitive spots, which are tiny eardrums, and
+cause the nerves that come to them to hear.
+
+You see, after all, an ear is only a membrane able to vibrate when
+sounds strike it and a nerve sensitive to those sounds.
+
+It does not matter much where the ear is located. Our ears are on either
+side of our head, and so are the ears of all the higher animals.
+
+But the ears of the insects are more useful to them when on the antennae,
+or the legs, or some have them on the abdomen. An ear is an ear wherever
+it happens to be, and the insects hear well enough with theirs.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In many species of the longhorned grasshoppers, the male has a curious
+musical instrument on his wing covers, close to where they grow from the
+body.
+
+Little Mr. Grasshopper sings to his lady-love by rubbing the upper parts
+of the wing covers together. You see the round places at _X_,--those are
+the modified parts of the wing cover, by means of which he can make his
+music.
+
+What is that, May? Your grasshopper has a long sword at the end of its
+body?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Yes, that is its ovipositor. Ovipositor means "egg-placer."
+
+With this long, sharp ovipositor the grasshopper can roughen the bark of
+twigs or make holes in the stems of plants or in the earth.
+
+Then the eggs are guided down through the long ovipositor to the place
+prepared for them, and fastened there by a gummy substance.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Only the female grasshoppers have the long, sword-shaped ovipositor.
+
+The ovipositor of the locust is not long and sword-like.
+
+It is short, but it is strong and sharp, and you remember how the locust
+uses it to dig with.
+
+Yes, indeed, Mollie, there are a great many species of locusts and
+grasshoppers, and some of them are very beautiful.
+
+In hot countries they sometimes grow to an enormous size.
+
+May is asking why they make molasses.
+
+No, Ned, of course it isn't molasses. Children call it molasses because
+it looks like it.
+
+Now, May, where does it make its molasses?
+
+In its mouth, you say, and then it spits it out on your finger.
+
+What? You don't like its old molasses on your finger?
+
+No, of course not.
+
+It smells bad, and it is sticky and disagreeable to the touch, and if
+you happen to put your finger in your mouth it has a nasty taste.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+John says he hates to touch the grasshopper on account of this molasses.
+
+You _all_ do?
+
+Well, I guess that is why it makes its molasses; it doesn't want you to
+touch it.
+
+It doesn't want birds to eat it, or other insects to bother it, and so
+it smears them with this ill-smelling, sticky liquid.
+
+Some birds eat it, however, in spite of its molasses.
+
+Turkeys do.
+
+What is that, Ned? turkeys are not birds, you think?
+
+What are they?
+
+If you think about it, you will have to come to the conclusion that
+turkeys are birds.
+
+Then chickens and ducks and geese must be birds?
+
+Well, so they are. They are all birds.
+
+But to return to turkeys.
+
+A flock of turkeys will spread out in a long line, and go across a
+field, driving the grasshoppers ahead of them, and eating them as fast
+as they can pick them up.
+
+It is a funny sight to see a big flock of turkeys hunting grasshoppers
+in a meadow.
+
+It is not funny to the grasshoppers, though.
+
+What is that, Charlie? The grasshopper somehow reminds you of the
+praying mantis?
+
+Do you know it is a near relative of the mantis?
+
+Now, I will tell you something funny about the mantis.
+
+It makes "molasses" like the grasshopper. Yes, it is this harmless
+"molasses" that has given it the name of "mule-killer."
+
+I will tell you something else. If you lie down in the grass and watch
+the grasshoppers, you will have a good time, and you will see some
+strange things.
+
+Nobody can tell you very much about the grasshoppers--or about the
+living creature. The best way is to use your own eyes and watch.
+
+Just lie down in the grass perfectly still, and soon the insects that
+live in the grass will begin to appear.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+What they will do you must find out for yourselves; but you may be sure
+it will be worth finding out,--the funny, clever, wise little
+people!--ah! they are good to watch.
+
+They will soon go on chirping and shrilling and rasping and kricking and
+tapping and whizzing and whirring and buzzing all about you; and if you
+listen sharp, perhaps you can understand some of the things they say.
+
+And this I am sure of; if you really watch and listen, you can learn to
+know the different insects by their sounds, just as you can know the
+birds by their songs. You can even tell whether you are listening to the
+meadow grasshopper, or the locust.
+
+If I thought you were not tired of hearing how grasshoppers are made, I
+should tell you some more.
+
+John says he would like to know some more.
+
+Well, then, I will tell you about their rings.
+
+You can see the rings of the grasshopper people very plainly in their
+abdomens.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Here is a picture of a grasshopper. It is not all drawn. The legs and
+wings are not shown, and the abdomen is drawn by itself so you can see
+it easily.
+
+There are ten rings, you see.
+
+The rings are covered with a hard, horny substance.
+
+This horny substance is what makes the body of the insect so stiff. It
+would be soft but for the chitin, as the horny substance is called.
+
+It is better for the insect to have a chitinous covering.
+
+If you had no bones, you would be glad to have your skin hardened with
+chitin.
+
+You see how it is, you wear your skeleton inside. Your skeleton is of
+bones; it is an inside skeleton.
+
+The grasshoppers and all the insects wear their skeleton outside. It is
+made of chitin; it is an outside skeleton.
+
+Insects have no bones.
+
+They do not need any. They are kept stiff by the chitin.
+
+Each ring in the insect's abdomen is made of four pieces, the back
+piece, the side pieces, and the under piece. You can see the back piece
+and one side piece in the picture, but you cannot see the other side
+piece nor the under piece without turning the insect over.
+
+The rings are made in pieces so the insect can move.
+
+Suppose each ring were made of one stiff piece like a finger ring. What
+a poor stiff, old grasshopper it would be! The rings are called
+segments.
+
+Segment number one has only a back piece, you see.
+
+All the other segments have four pieces.
+
+Segments two, three, four, five, six, seven, and eight are alike.
+
+Segments nine and ten are modified to form the ovipositor.
+
+The segments are fastened together by skin. The skin is soft so the
+segments can move back and forth.
+
+The segments can be crowded close together to shorten the abdomen.
+
+The segments can be separated from each other to lengthen the abdomen.
+
+There is no chitin in the skin between the segments. It is soft so the
+segments can move.
+
+Do you know how a telescope is made?
+
+The abdomen of the insect can lengthen and shorten somewhat like a
+telescope.
+
+It is easy to see the rings in the abdomen of the locust or grasshopper.
+
+Now, what about the thorax?
+
+That, you tell me, has no rings.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Look again, and look carefully.
+
+You will have to see another picture.
+
+This is a picture of the head and thorax of the grasshopper. It is drawn
+to show the separate parts of the thorax.
+
+Yes, John, the thorax has three segments. They are grown so close
+together you would not suspect it until you looked very close.
+
+The front legs are fastened to the first segment.
+
+What is fastened to the middle segment?
+
+Yes, May, the middle pair of legs and the wing covers.
+
+Mollie says the long hind legs and the flying wings are fastened to the
+third or hind segment.
+
+Oh, you funny little folks! you are all made up of rings.
+
+Yes, indeed, little Nell, the segments of the thorax are made of chitin;
+they are very stiff.
+
+Ned thinks the segments of the legs are made of chitin too.
+
+Their outside shell certainly is.
+
+The whole outer shell of the insect is made of the horny chitin.
+
+You hard little chitin-covered, segmented people, you are very different
+from us.
+
+Ah! yes, May, they are like us in many ways.
+
+Indeed, Mollie, insects do have brains.
+
+They have muscles, too, to move their little bodies with.
+
+We have muscles under our skin, you know. The muscles move our arms and
+legs and bodies.
+
+If you clasp your fingers around your arm and then move your arm, you
+can feel the muscles.
+
+The insects have muscles inside their chitinous shells. The muscles move
+their bodies.
+
+The muscles are very, very strong.
+
+They are stronger for their size than the muscles of a horse.
+
+John, do you know how heavy a load a horse can pull?
+
+Well, it cannot pull a load equal to the weight of its own body.
+
+Now, listen to this,--almost any insect can pull a load that is five
+times the weight of its body!
+
+Ah, yes, some insects can pull a much heavier weight than that. The
+honey bee, for instance, can pull a load twenty times as heavy as its
+body.
+
+And think how our little insect friends can jump! Why, a kangaroo cannot
+begin to jump like a grasshopper.
+
+No, indeed, Ned, the finest jumper in the world of men cannot begin to
+jump as well as a grasshopper, not even with the aid of a spring board.
+He is a mere baby in comparison.
+
+Ah, yes, we can do a great many things better than the grasshoppers,
+but, you see, they can do some things better than we can.
+
+What is that, John?
+
+You want to know about the mouth parts of the grasshopper?
+
+Suppose we leave the mouth parts.
+
+They are difficult to understand. We have had a good many new names to
+learn lately.
+
+What, May? You can't remember such hard words?
+
+Oh, yes, of course you can.
+
+You don't mind learning "rhinoceros," and "Mississippi," and
+"Popocatepetl," and "eenie, meenie, monie mike," and they are quite as
+hard as femur and tibia; and, besides, you have a femur yourself! Did
+you know it?
+
+Your thigh bone, like the grasshopper's thigh, is called a femur.
+
+Yes, Mollie, there is a bone in your leg called the tibia, and you have
+a tarsus in your foot.
+
+So, after all, when you are learning hard words about insects you are
+learning a great deal besides, as you will find.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+PRETTY KATYDIDS
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Katy did!
+
+Katy didn't!
+
+Katy did!
+
+Well, well, did she or didn't she, and what of it anyway.
+
+Come here, Katy did and Katy didn't, the children want to see you.
+
+She's a pretty little Did and Didn't, isn't she.
+
+Katy, why do you not know your own mind and always tell the same story?
+
+Krick--krick--krick, there, she is talking; that's her way of saying
+"Katy did."
+
+Krick--krick--krickkrick. Now she has said "Katy didn't."
+
+Well, we never shall know anything more about it.
+
+No, little Nell, she doesn't really say Katy did or Katy didn't, but it
+sounds like that, and we make believe she says it.
+
+John says he is sure the katydids are first cousins to the grasshoppers
+and locusts, and so they are.
+
+They are very closely related to--which division of locusts, do you
+think?
+
+Oh, yes, the longhorned, of course.
+
+See their long, long antennae, and the male has the same little musical
+places on his wings, little membranes that vibrate and make his song of
+Katy did and Katy didn't.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+No, the little lady katydid cannot sing--only the little male, and he
+keeps it up all night long.
+
+We sometimes wish he would get tired or sleepy and stop, but he never
+does.
+
+Why do you suppose he likes to sing so well in the night?
+
+The katydids generally live on trees and bushes.
+
+Yes, they are a beautiful, pale green people, and that is one reason we
+do not often see them. It is not easy to find a katydid among the green
+leaves.
+
+The female katydids have a long sword-shaped ovipositor with which they
+roughen the bark on twigs, and place the eggs there, fastening them with
+a gummy substance.
+
+The egg is glued fast so it will not fall off.
+
+It hatches into a little dot of a katydid that has no wings, but, like
+the larvae of the other insects we know about, it eats and grows and
+moults, and at last its wings and the rest of its body are full grown.
+
+It casts its skin for the last time; it is no longer a larva, but a
+full-grown insect.
+
+Yes, May, we call the young of all insects larvae.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+See this dainty katydid that Charlie has caught for us.
+
+How pretty it is!
+
+Its feelers are like long green threads.
+
+And how sensitive they are!
+
+It quickly starts away when we touch one of the feelers.
+
+Yes, Mollie, the katydid walks more than the grasshopper.
+
+It can jump well with those long, slender hind legs. How beautiful its
+hind legs are! They are longer and more delicate than those of the
+grasshopper.
+
+And its wings, how gauzy and dainty! Its wing covers are not so stiff as
+those of the grasshopper. They look almost like flying wings, they are
+so delicate.
+
+See, they open, and fasten themselves open, like the wing covers of the
+grasshopper; and when they are at rest they overlap like the wings of
+the grasshopper.
+
+The inner wings are like fine lace.
+
+They look too delicate for use, and yet the katydid flies very well
+indeed with them.
+
+They are a little longer than the wing covers.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+When the katydid is at rest you can see the tips of the wings extending
+beyond the ends of the wing covers.
+
+The part of the inner wing that extends beyond the wing covers is green,
+like the wing covers, you see.
+
+But the rest of the inner wing is not green, it is like very thin glass,
+or like fine isinglass.
+
+Look for a moment at the long curved ovipositor of the female katydid.
+
+If you look sharp, you will see teeth on it like a little saw. It is
+with these teeth the little katydid is able to rasp the surface of the
+twigs, and make a place to fasten her eggs to.
+
+Her wings are wrapped about her form like an ample cloak of green.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Now, my little katydid, you may fly away if you want to.
+
+We are very much obliged to you for letting us look at you, and we hope
+we have not troubled you too much.
+
+See her go!
+
+How prettily the katydids fly.
+
+They seem almost like little birds.
+
+I am sure they love to fly about in the bright summer-time.
+
+Happy katydids.
+
+
+
+
+THE CRICKET-LIKE GRASSHOPPERS
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Now what strange-looking little creature are you?
+
+John says it looks like a grasshopper, only it has no wings and its body
+is not that of a grasshopper.
+
+May says it looks like a cricket, only it has the long legs of a
+grasshopper.
+
+It is called the cricket-like grasshopper, and it is partly like a
+cricket, as you see, and partly like a grasshopper.
+
+It is a funny little fellow that lives around in dark corners, usually
+in the woods.
+
+Do see those long, spiny legs!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+How he _can_ jump.
+
+He has strong, short, sharp spines on the femurs and on the tibias.
+
+He has spines on all his legs, and what long feet he has!
+
+Yes, Nell, his antennae are longer than anything else about him. I
+should think they would be in his way.
+
+He has no wings at all, and he never will have any.
+
+He has two pairs of feelers in front of his mouth that show very
+plainly. They show more plainly than the mouth parts of the grasshopper,
+though they are quite like them.
+
+Yes, Ned, they are larger than the mouth parts of the grasshopper.
+
+There is another little fellow very similar to the cricket-like
+grasshopper.
+
+It has no wings, and the top of the thorax is like a broad shield.
+
+It is called the shield-backed grasshopper.
+
+See if you can find one of them.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE CHEERY CRICKET PEOPLE
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Chirp! chirp!
+
+Chirp! chirp!
+
+Ah, listen to that cheery song. It is the cricket on the hearth singing
+thus gayly.
+
+Dear little cricket; he lives in the corner by the fireplace. When all
+is still we hear his cheery chirp! chirp! chirp!
+
+Sometimes he comes peering out and runs across the hearth, a little
+black fireside fairy.
+
+Do you know one of the prettiest stories in the world has been written
+about a cricket?
+
+Charles Dickens wrote it, and it is called "The Cricket on the Hearth."
+
+Be sure to read this beautiful story. If you do not own it, ask to have
+it for Christmas. It is in the book of "Christmas Tales," a book that
+everybody ought to have.
+
+Grasshoppers and katydids are pleasant people, but they live out of
+doors, and they do not seem quite so much like our very own little
+friends as the crickets.
+
+Of course the crickets live out of doors, too, only once in a while one
+of them comes into the house to live with us.
+
+We hear them chirping in the grass and among the stones.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+There is a certain place near the seashore where the rocks are alive
+with the black cricket folk.
+
+They come peeping out at you from all sides. They skip over the rocks,
+and you will often see a pair of long feelers and an inquisitive little
+head looking around a corner.
+
+You too, know there are crickets, little Nell?
+
+Let us go and see them.
+
+Ah, yes, there is one, looking at us out of inquisitive eyes, over there
+by that big stone.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Of course they are cousins to the grasshoppers. I knew you would guess
+that right away.
+
+Yes, John, the little cricket people have flat backs.
+
+Their wing covers do not make a peaked roof over their backs, but are
+flat on top and bent down at the sides like a box cover.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+They are not so long as the wings of the grasshopper, but they overlap
+on top.
+
+Sometimes they are not so long as the body of the cricket.
+
+Just watch now!
+
+How spry the cricket folk are!
+
+They jump well, but they also run well. They are always running about as
+though they enjoyed it.
+
+It is not easy to catch one of them unless we, too, are "as spry as a
+cricket."
+
+Funny little rascals, to come peeping at us like that, from out the
+crevices in the stones.
+
+When we stir,--pop! they are back out of sight.
+
+They eat leaves, and they enjoy a piece of nice, ripe fruit, or a bit of
+juicy vegetable.
+
+See here, one has jumped on my hand and is sitting quite still.
+
+It is a male cricket.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+How do I know that?
+
+May says because it has no ovipositor.
+
+Yes, that is one way to know.
+
+Look at his wing covers.
+
+[Illustration: MALE CRICKET]
+
+See how they are ribbed.
+
+[Illustration: FEMALE CRICKET]
+
+Now look at this cricket Mabel has caught. It is a female, and its
+wings, you see, are not ornamented like those of the male.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Do you know the meaning of his heavily ribbed wing covers?
+
+Why, his wing covers are his musical instruments. See one of them
+magnified.
+
+It is divided into spaces like so many little drum-heads. The ridge that
+runs across the top of the wing is something like a file in structure.
+
+When little Mr. Cricket is in the mood for chirping, he raises his wing
+covers and rubs them together.
+
+This throws the stiff membranes of which the wing covers are made into
+vibration, and the result is the cheery call of our little black fairy.
+
+Little Nell says the cricket is more like a brownie than a fairy, and
+maybe she is right.
+
+You can easily see the crickets rub their wings together if you watch in
+the fall of the year.
+
+John says, Why do you have to watch in the fall of the year?
+
+Now who can guess?
+
+Yes, May, it is because the crickets are then full-grown, and have
+large wing covers. At first, in the early summer, they have no wings,
+and so of course, we could not see them chirp.
+
+The whole grasshopper tribe is a vocal one; the males all have musical
+instruments, and in Japan, the people are so fond of the song of _their_
+grasshopper folk, which are not quite like ours, that they make tiny
+cages for them.
+
+The chirpers are caught and put in these cages, and sold in the city
+streets.
+
+Yes, little Nell, the crickets make molasses. So do the katydids.
+
+All these little hopping neighbors of ours seem to understand the useful
+art of molasses making.
+
+The mole crickets are different from the others.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+They burrow in the ground like a mole, and we do not often see them.
+
+The strangest thing about them is their hands.
+
+No, of course they are not really hands, but they look like them.
+
+All the joints of the fore legs are modified to form strong digging
+tools, and they look very much like the paws of the mole.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+They are troublesome fellows, sometimes, when they eat the tender roots
+of the vegetables in the garden.
+
+You all have seen the little tree cricket, but you might not recognize
+it as a cricket, it is such a pale little creature.
+
+Its light green body may often be seen on bushes in the summer-time,
+and, if you look carefully, the form will tell you what the little one
+is.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+A LARGE FAMILY
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+The crickets, grasshoppers, walking sticks, praying mantes, and
+cockroaches, strange as it may seem, are all near relatives to each
+other.
+
+They all belong to one large family or order, the ORTHOPTERA.
+
+Or-thop-te-ra, is it not a hard word!
+
+It will not seem so hard when you know what it means.
+
+It comes from two Greek words _orthos_, meaning straight, and _pteron_,
+meaning a wing.
+
+Straight-wing.
+
+And do you know, it does not mean that the _upper_ wings are straight,
+but that the under wings are folded down in long straight lines.
+
+Now let us see if we can tell in what ways all of our Orthoptera are
+alike.
+
+They all have--?
+
+"Four wings"--that is right, little Nell.
+
+What, John? the walking sticks have no wings?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Not our walking sticks, but yet they belong to a winged family. You
+remember the tropical walking sticks that have queer leaf-like wings, do
+you not?
+
+Are the four wings alike?
+
+No, John says, the upper ones are narrow and stiff and serve as wing
+covers.
+
+The inner ones are broader and more delicate. They fold up when not in
+use and are used to fly with.
+
+Very good indeed, John. Now I will tell you something. The Orthoptera
+all have mouth parts made to bite with. They do not bite anything but
+what they eat, however. They are quite harmless so far as we are
+concerned.
+
+The young Orthoptera look like the old ones, only they have no wings.
+They hatch out of the egg with a head, a six-legged thorax, and an
+abdomen.
+
+Now, come, let us look at all of our orthopterous friends again,
+cockroaches first.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+How do they get about, John?
+
+Yes, indeed, they run, the rascals. They run fast too. They are flat and
+their six legs are very much alike. They are well built for running and
+hiding in cracks.
+
+Suppose we call them the _Running Orthoptera_.
+
+Now, look at our mantis.
+
+He does not run very much. How is he different from the others?
+
+Ah, yes, he has big front legs, and little Nell says he grabs things
+with them.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+So he does. Now, what shall we call these grabbers?
+
+The Grabbing Orthoptera, Ned says.
+
+Suppose we say instead the _Grasping Orthoptera_, because grasping
+sounds a little better than grabbing. Do you not think so?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Now for Mr. Walking Stick.
+
+We cannot very well call him a member of the Running Orthoptera, can we?
+
+Ah, Mollie has it. We must call his kind the _Walking Orthoptera_.
+
+His six legs are all long and slender, and he moves them slowly.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Now for those fellows with the long hind legs, the locusts and katydids
+and crickets. Yes, all of you are ready to name them.
+
+We call them--what?
+
+May says, the Hopping Orthoptera.
+
+John thinks Jumping Orthoptera would sound better.
+
+And that is what we name them, the _Jumping Orthoptera_.
+
+How many kinds of Jumping Orthoptera are we acquainted with, Ned? Now,
+think before you speak.
+
+He says we know the shorthorned grasshoppers, or locusts, the
+longhorned, or meadow, grasshoppers, and the crickets.
+
+Very well done, Ned.
+
+May wants to know what has become of the katydids and the cricket-like
+grasshoppers--she thinks Ned has left them out.
+
+Ned says they belong to the longhorned grasshoppers.
+
+Now you shall have a list of the Orthoptera that will help you to
+remember them.
+
+If we can group together things that are like each other, it is easier
+to remember them.
+
+       ORDER ORTHOPTERA.
+
+      _Running Orthoptera._
+          Cockroaches, Croton Bugs.
+      _Grasping Orthoptera._
+          Praying Mantis.
+      _Walking Orthoptera._
+          Walking Sticks.
+      _Jumping Orthoptera._
+          Shorthorned Grasshoppers, or Locusts.
+          Longhorned, or Meadow, Grasshoppers.
+          Crickets.
+
+There are a great many species of Orthoptera in the world, and we have
+seen but a very few of them.
+
+But I can tell you, we feel a little better acquainted with you
+orthopterous fellows than we did.
+
+The dragon fly says we have not given him a place.
+
+But, dear dragon fly, you belong to another family. You are not an
+orthopterous insect.
+
+Your order is called the ODO-NA-TA.
+
+The wings of the Odonata are very different from those of the
+Orthoptera.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+You remember how they are?
+
+Yes, Ned, they are stiff and covered with a close network of fine veins,
+and all four of them are alike.
+
+No wing covers, you see.
+
+I do not know why they have the name Odonata.
+
+The young Odonata are not like their parents, excepting that they have a
+head, a thorax with six legs, and an abdomen. But they certainly do not
+look like their parents!
+
+No, John, the May flies do not belong to the Odonata. Their wings are
+quite different.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Do you not remember how small the hind wings are?
+
+The name of their order is EPH-E-MER-I-DA.
+
+There is a big name for a little insect!
+
+It comes from the Greek word _ephemeros_, and you know what it means.
+
+What? Has everybody forgotten about the dainty little ephemerae, that
+live but a day?
+
+That is what _ephemeros_ means, lasting but a day.
+
+The stone flies have four wings, but they are not like those of the
+Odonata, or of the Ephemerida.
+
+Do you remember how the hind wings are folded?
+
+Yes, May, in plaits, so these are the plaited wings, or
+PLE-COP-TE-RA, from _pteran_, a wing, and _plecos_, plaited.
+
+The little silver fish, as you remember, has no wings at all,
+so its order is called THY-SA-NU-RA, from its bristle tail,
+_thysanos_, in Greek, meaning a tassel, and _oura_, the tail.
+
+
+
+
+HEMIPTERA
+
+
+
+
+THE GREAT BUG FAMILY
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Now, my children, do you know what a bug is? Most people do not.
+
+They call every insect a "bug," but bugs are bugs, flies are flies, ants
+are ants, and neither flies nor ants are bugs.
+
+Indeed, no insects are bugs--excepting just bugs!
+
+Our croton bugs are not really bugs. They do not belong to the bug
+family.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+A bug has four wings--when it has any.
+
+But its wings are not like those of the Orthoptera or Odonata or
+Ephemerida or Plecoptera.
+
+Some bugs have no wings.
+
+Young bugs are like old bugs, only smaller, and they have no wings.
+
+You remember the Orthoptera and Odonata bite their food.
+
+They chew it up and swallow it.
+
+Bugs do not bite, they suck. Their mouth parts are often grown together
+in the form of a tube that is sometimes very sharp.
+
+They stick these sharp tubes or beaks into their food, and suck it up.
+
+
+
+
+THE WATER BOATMAN
+
+
+What, May; you want to see a bug? Well, that is easy enough.
+
+Here is one in this pond at our feet. Do you know it?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Yes, John; it is the water boatman.
+
+Nell says she doesn't see it.
+
+There, Nell, that little thing that shines like silver under the water.
+It is clinging to a weed.
+
+No, we cannot see it very well unless we catch it.
+
+Ned, do you think you can be spry enough to scoop it out with the net?
+
+There, he has it,--no, it is off.
+
+Well, we shall never see that one again; but here, in this corner of the
+pond, see, several of them.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Now don't be in too great a hurry, Ned; they are hard to catch.
+
+He has it!
+
+Here, don't touch it,--bugs are biters, remember.
+
+Put it in this tumbler of water, and clap the cover over
+it--quick--so!--now we have it.
+
+What is that, Mollie? I just said bugs do not bite, and now I call them
+biters?
+
+I don't wonder you are puzzled.
+
+They do _not_ bite, but they pierce with their mouth tubes, and that
+feels just as though they bit us. So we commonly speak of bugs as
+biting.
+
+If you wish to be very exact, we will hereafter speak of bugs as
+piercing or sucking.
+
+Now, Mr. Water Boatman, we are going to have a good look at you.
+
+Nell says it is not like silver any more, but just a little black and
+gray speckled bug.
+
+That is because it is now on top of the water. When it goes under it is
+surrounded with a layer of air, and that is what makes it look as though
+it had on a silver dress.
+
+May wants to know how it manages to take a layer of air down under the
+water. If you were to look at it with a magnifying glass, May, you would
+see it is covered with fine hairs; the air becomes entangled in these
+hairs. Do you not remember how the leaf of the jewel weed, or
+touch-me-not, as it is also called, shines when you plunge it in water?
+It, too, is covered with fine hairs that hold air. Many leaves shine in
+this way when put under water, and always because of the fine hairs
+that prevent the air from being pushed out by the water. You see the
+hairs on the bugs serve the same purpose as those on the leaves; they
+hold fast the air.
+
+Our water boatman breathes this air that surrounds him.
+
+You know how insects breathe do you not?
+
+Dear me, then I shall have to tell you.
+
+They have no lungs; of course, so they cannot breathe with lungs as we
+do.
+
+Take a long breath--see how your chest rises--that is because you filled
+your lungs full of air.
+
+Well, the insects have to breathe air.
+
+Every living thing has to breathe air. Nothing in the world could live
+without air.
+
+Even plants breathe the air, you know.
+
+Now, there is a little row of holes or pores along each side of the
+abdomen of the insect.
+
+These are the breathing pores. No, May, the insects do not breathe
+through their mouths, they breathe through their sides.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+You can see the breathing pores, or spiracles, as they are called, very
+plainly in many insects.
+
+You can see them on the abdomen of the locust, and in some caterpillars
+they are bright-colored spots.
+
+There are spiracles on the sides of the thorax, too, but they do not
+show so plainly as those on the abdomen.
+
+The spiracles open into air tubes that carry air to the blood of the
+insect.
+
+[Illustration: _Spiracles_]
+
+If you watch a grasshopper or a bee, you can plainly see it breathe. The
+abdomen moves in the bee as though it were panting. These movements of
+the abdomen cause the air to go in and out. All insects move their
+abdomens to send the air in and out, but it does not show plainly in all
+of them, for, though insects need air, some of them can get along with
+very little.
+
+Yes, John, insects have blood. It is not just like our blood, but still
+it is blood.
+
+It is not generally red in color, though sometimes it is reddish, and
+sometimes it is brown, or violet, or even bright green.
+
+Yes, that seems strange to you, but you remember how ears are ears, and
+serve to hear with, no matter where on the body of the creature they are
+located. So blood is blood, and serves the purpose of blood, no matter
+what its color. The blood of some insects has a very bad odor, and in
+the case of certain beetles, when they are disturbed, this foul-smelling
+liquid oozes out of the joints of the legs.
+
+Yes, Mabel, it is probably used, like the "molasses" of other little
+friends we know, to repel enemies.
+
+But to return to breathing. Some larvae breathe by gills, and do not have
+spiracles until they are grown up, but all grown-up insects breathe by
+spiracles.
+
+Yes, John, the larvae of the dragon flies and May flies breathe with
+gills.
+
+I thought you would remember that.
+
+The water boatman breathes by spiracles, and carries his supply of air
+with him. All grown-up bugs breathe by spiracles.
+
+Now look down into the pond. I think you will see some water boatmen
+anchored near the bottom.
+
+Yes, May, they cling by their front feet. Their hind pair of legs are
+rather odd-looking; they have a fringe of hairs on the inside.
+
+John says their hind legs are modified to swim with.
+
+Very good, John.
+
+The hind legs are the oars that row these little boats about in the
+water.
+
+But why are the little boats that have come to anchor down there moving
+their paddles so constantly?
+
+Ah, yes; it is because they want fresh air to breathe.
+
+You know there is always air in pond water, and they keep their paddles
+moving, so as to change the envelope of air that surrounds them.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+They know what to do to take care of themselves, if they _are_ nothing
+but little bugs.
+
+When winter comes, they go down to the bottom of the pond and bury
+themselves in the mud. They lie there without moving or breathing until
+spring, when out they come, as lively as ever.
+
+Yes, certain other animals pass the winter in this way; the bears, for
+instance, find a snug den and sleep all through the coldest winter
+weather. We call this winter sleep of animals hibernation, and many of
+the insects hibernate.
+
+Yes, Ned, hibernating animals can get on with very little air; they
+sometimes seem to need none at all, and they take no food.
+
+May wants to know what these queer water boatmen eat.
+
+They suck out the juices of other insects.
+
+They must lay their eggs in the water, little Nell thinks.
+
+And so they do, on water plants.
+
+Near the city of Mexico there are species that lay enormous quantities
+of eggs in the ponds, and what do you think? The Indians mix these eggs
+with meal, make them into cakes, and eat them.
+
+The Mexican bugs are gathered by the ton, too, and sent to England as
+food for cage birds, fish, and poultry.
+
+Little Nell thinks there must be a great many bugs in a ton. Indeed,
+there are, probably about twenty-five millions of them; so you can
+imagine Mexico is well supplied with water boatmen!
+
+When the young ones hatch out they look like their parents, only, of
+course, they are tiny little dots of things that have no wings.
+
+But they eat and grow and moult like other larvae until they are
+full-grown insects.
+
+What have you discovered, Ned? You look surprised.
+
+The water boatman has no antennae!
+
+It doesn't seem to have any. But look carefully and I think you will
+find some tiny ones tucked away under its head.
+
+Nell wants to know if the water boatman has a thorax and an abdomen.
+
+Indeed, it has, but you will have to look carefully to see them. Its
+abdomen is short and thick and hard. The water boatman is much more
+compact in form than the Orthoptera, or any of the other insects we have
+studied.
+
+You are right, John, an insect with a long abdomen, like the
+grasshopper, could not get on very well in the water.
+
+Now, May, take the cover off the tumbler. There!
+
+Our water boatman was not slow to make use of his wings.
+
+Well, good-by and good luck to you, little water boatman.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE FUNNY BACK-SWIMMERS
+
+
+What, John? You know a water boatman that swims on its back?
+
+That makes Nell laugh, and no wonder.
+
+Yes, there is a little bug that swims on its back.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It is very much like the water boatman, and it has long paddles made of
+its queer hind legs.
+
+Unlike the water boatman, however, its back is not flat but is shaped
+like the keel of a boat.
+
+This being the case, it just turns over and swims with its keel-shaped
+back in the water.
+
+It is sometimes called the back-swimmer, and most boys are well
+acquainted with it.
+
+What do you think about catching it in your fingers, Ned?
+
+Ah, you do not like to!
+
+It has a very sharp beak for sucking the life out of other insects, and
+if you succeed in getting hold of it, it will stick that into your
+finger.
+
+And my! how it does sting!
+
+It is not an easy matter to catch it, however,--it is such a quick
+little rascal.
+
+
+
+
+THE GIANT WATER BUG
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+A good many kinds of bugs live in the water, but perhaps the oddest of
+all is the giant water bug.
+
+It _is_ a giant!
+
+Have you ever seen very large, flat brown bugs lying on the ground under
+the electric street lamps?
+
+Those are the giant water bugs.
+
+They fly in the night from pond to pond, and are attracted by bright
+lights.
+
+They fly into the electric lights, and are killed in great numbers
+sometimes.
+
+This is such a common habit with them that in some places they are
+called electric light bugs.
+
+A good many people never saw these bugs until they were found dead
+under the electric lights, and so they imagined they did not exist until
+electric lights were invented.
+
+But that is a very foolish notion; the bugs were here thousands of years
+before electric lights were dreamed of.
+
+The giant water bugs are not pleasant to handle when alive.
+
+If you ever succeed in catching one in the water, which is not easy,
+they slip about so quickly, be sure and not take it in your fingers.
+
+The California children call a species they have there "toe-biters," and
+they say they bite their toes when they go in wading.
+
+The giant water bugs are the largest of living bugs, and they even kill
+and eat fish.
+
+Their fore legs can shut up like a jackknife. The tibia shuts into a
+groove in the femur, and thus the bug is able to seize and hold its
+prey.
+
+It clasps its victim in its arms, as it were, and calmly proceeds to
+suck out its blood.
+
+In some species of the giant water bugs the female does not leave her
+eggs in the pond to take care of themselves; she puts them on the back
+of her mate, who is obliged to carry all of his progeny about with him
+until they relieve him by hatching out and swimming off to see life for
+themselves.
+
+
+
+
+LITTLE MRS. SHORE BUG
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+May says she wants to hear more about bugs. Well, there is little Mrs.
+Shore Bug. I think you must all know her.
+
+She is the little bug that flies along in front of you on the seashore,
+or, indeed, on the edge of any body of water.
+
+She flits along just in front of you, and is so quick in her motions
+that you will hardly ever catch her.
+
+She does not fly far--she alights just far enough ahead to make you try
+again to capture her, but when you think you have her, she isn't there!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+She has sped off on one of her short flights, and so she will continue
+to do as long as you continue to chase her.
+
+
+
+
+THE AIRY WATER STRIDERS
+
+
+Then there are the water striders.
+
+They are bugs, and it is easy to guess how they got their name.
+
+You surely remember the longlegged, dark colored fellows that straddle
+about on top of the water, in ponds or in still pools in streams?
+
+Who has not tried to catch them!
+
+And how very seldom any one succeeds!
+
+May knows where we can see some water striders close at hand.
+
+They are on the pond in the meadow. Let us go.
+
+Ah, you little ones! There you are, scampering over the water on your
+airy, fairy feet, as though you were on dry land.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+How they flash about! And what cunning dimples their little feet make on
+the water when they stand still!
+
+If we keep very quiet, they will stop darting about in that wild way,
+and we can see them better.
+
+Now, water striders, why do you behave so, and what do you eat?
+
+Eat? Why, insects, of course. And as to behavior, they may well wonder
+more at ours than we at theirs.
+
+They skate about on the surface of the water all summer, and when winter
+comes they hide away at the bottom of the pond, right under the water,
+or along the edges of the banks.
+
+When the warm spring sunshine wakes up the sleeping plants, then the
+little water striders wake up too.
+
+Out they come, to resume their endless skating and insect catching, but
+now they lay their eggs, gluing them fast to water weeds.
+
+The young water striders look like their parents, and they, too, like to
+go circling and flashing over the top of the water, with their long legs
+spread out.
+
+
+
+
+A QUEER FELLOW
+
+
+What do you suppose is in this box?
+
+Little Nell may open it.
+
+There, out he comes--slowly, as though he were looking around and
+thinking about it.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+May says, "Hello, Mr. Walking Stick, you here again?"
+
+Ho! ho! _is_ it Mr. Walking Stick?
+
+You look again.
+
+Mollie thinks, if she were going to name it, she would call it Mr.
+Walking Threads.
+
+Yes, it is more slender than even the walking stick.
+
+What is that, John? You thought insects had six legs, and this has only
+four?
+
+Now, here is something for us to think about.
+
+Ned says it has six long threads that might be legs, but it does not
+walk on the two front ones.
+
+It seems to use them as antennae.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Ned says those front ones look to him to be jointed just like the
+others, and he thinks they are legs.
+
+Mollie says they have no little feet like the others, and she thinks
+they are antennae.
+
+Well, well, what are we to do? Think of its having feelers that look
+like legs or legs that look like feelers, so that you cannot tell which
+they are!
+
+Now it is beginning to move, and--Oh, ho, that long part in front is not
+its head!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+See, it separates into two--what?
+
+Surely, two front legs.
+
+See, they were folded up, somewhat like the front legs of the mantis,
+only these could fold close together, being threadlike.
+
+So the long threads are antennae after all.
+
+Now it has raised its head, which we easily see is quite round, with
+tiny eyes, and the antennae are growing out from the front of it.
+
+What is it? A walking stick? A mantis?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Why! why! There it goes, sailing off in the air with a queer little
+fluttering motion of its whole body.
+
+It has wings!
+
+John has caught it and brought it back.
+
+Now let us see those wings, you strange little creature.
+
+You will have to look close, but there they are, narrow, short, such
+tiny wings! How _do_ you suppose it flies with them?
+
+You seem queerer and queerer the more we look at you, little
+what-shall-we-call-you.
+
+But we know you are not a walking stick because our walking sticks have
+no wings.
+
+The truth is you are a--bug!
+
+Yes, this little threadlike creature belongs to the same order as the
+big flat giant water bug.
+
+It grasps its victim, in its fore feet like the mantis, but instead of
+biting its prey it sucks out the juices.
+
+You would hardly expect such a delicate creature to catch and kill other
+insects, yet such is the case.
+
+No, I do not think it will pierce your finger with its beak. I have
+often handled them, and have never been stung by one. We often see them
+walking about in the grass and along paths.
+
+
+
+
+THE WELL DRESSED LACE BUG
+
+[Illustration: HAWTHORN TWIG.]
+
+
+IF we pay a visit to that hawthorn bush we shall probably find
+a bug to our liking. Yes, here is one.
+
+It is a tiny thing, I know, but wait until you see it under the
+microscope.
+
+Ah, I thought you would be pleased!
+
+Nell says it looks as though it had on a lace party dress.
+
+Is it not a dainty fairy!
+
+We call it the lace bug.
+
+It does not suck the juices of other insects, but instead it sucks the
+juices of plants.
+
+Its eggs are very curious. It lays them on leaves and glues them fast.
+They look like little out-growths of the leaf.
+
+The young lace bugs are like their parents in form, only, of course,
+they have no wings and so they are not pretty.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Fairy lace bug, we are glad to make your acquaintance.
+
+
+
+
+A BAD BUG
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Now, here is a bug we all loathe. It is round and flat, and reddish
+brown in color, and it has a disgusting odor.
+
+But though we hate this bug, it is very fond of us. It has a short,
+sharp tube folded down under its head, and this tube it likes to raise
+up and stick into the skin of people, and suck out their blood.
+
+It has no wings, only a pair of little scales where its wings should be.
+Yes, May, these scales are rudimentary wings, and they are good for
+nothing. It once had wings, but it preferred to go slipping about in
+cracks and hiding in beds, until in course of time no wings grew, which
+served it right.
+
+It has antennae and eyes and spiracles; indeed, it has everything a bug
+should have but wings and good manners.
+
+We call it the bed bug because its favorite home is in beds, so that it
+can sally forth at night and feast upon its sleeping victims.
+
+It lays its eggs in cracks and crevices, and each egg is like a little
+jar with a rim and a lid at the top. When the young one hatches it
+pushes off the lid. The young are in shape like their parents, only they
+are very light colored, and almost transparent. They look like ghosts of
+bugs, but they are very voracious ghosts indeed, and they eat and moult
+and grow and become darker colored until they reach maturity.
+
+One strange thing about them is that they can live a very long time with
+nothing to eat, so that houses long vacated may still contain these
+nuisances, that sally forth, eager to round out their emaciated forms at
+the expense of the new occupants of the house.
+
+The barn swallow is sadly afflicted by a species of these unwelcome
+visitors to its nest, and the poor bats are also victimized by a species
+of bed bug.
+
+The bad odor comes from a liquid poured out of the back of young bugs,
+and from the under side of old ones.
+
+These insects are very undesirable acquaintances, and they breed so fast
+that even one, brought into a house, may cause it to become generally
+infested in a few weeks.
+
+Eternal vigilance and great cleanliness are the housekeeper's only
+safeguards.
+
+There are some species of bugs that closely resemble the bed bugs, only
+they have wings, and live on flowers or in the cracks of the bark of
+trees.
+
+
+
+
+THE TROUBLESOME RED BUG
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+There are a great many kinds of bugs on the leaves and flowers in
+summer, and some of them do much damage by eating the vegetation.
+
+One of the most troublesome of these is the red bug. Here is a picture
+of one.
+
+Its wings look as if they had an X drawn on them.
+
+Let us spread out one of the wings.
+
+Why do you all laugh?
+
+Sure enough, Ned, how _can_ we spread out the wings of a bug in a
+picture?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+But there is a way out of that difficulty.
+
+Yes, another picture.
+
+Only the upper wings are spread out.
+
+You see, the half of the wing next the body is stiff like a wing cover,
+and the other half is thin and silky, and folds up under the stiff part.
+When the insect flies it spreads out the under wings, too, for there is
+a pair of thin, flying wings folded on the body under these upper wings.
+
+These upper wings, that are half wing cover and half flying wing, are
+characteristic of the bug order.
+
+Not all the bugs have them, but a great many have.
+
+The name of the bug order is HEM-IP-TERA, meaning half-wing.
+You see why.
+
+Yes, John, the word "hemiptera" comes from two Greek words, _hemi_,
+meaning half, and, as you know, _pteron_, meaning a wing.
+
+The young red bugs are like the old ones, excepting in color.
+
+What do we call the young of insects, little Nell?
+
+Yes, we call them larvae. These red bug larvae are bright red with black
+legs.
+
+They pierce the cotton plants in the South, and suck out the juices.
+
+Of course, they grow and moult until they arrive at the adult form.
+
+What, John? You do not know what "adult" means? Adult means "grown-up."
+
+It is a short way of saying grown-up; and after this, when we mean a
+grown-up insect, let us say an adult insect.
+
+To return to the red bug. When it reaches the adult state, it is not
+such a bright red, but rather of a reddish color with brownish wings
+striped with light yellow.
+
+Beside eating the juices of the cotton plants and thus injuring or even
+killing them, the red bugs stain the white cotton and spoil it.
+
+They are also troublesome in some parts of Florida, where they pierce
+the skins of the oranges, and cause the fruit to decay.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE RAVENOUS CHINCH BUGS
+
+
+There are a great many bugs injurious to vegetation, among them the
+little chinch bugs.
+
+They are so small, each one no larger than a plant louse, that you would
+not think they could do much harm.
+
+One of them could not, but when they appear in millions, then they are
+terrible.
+
+Here is one magnified to show the white wing covers with black markings.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Would you believe that this tiny insect has destroyed millions of
+dollars' worth of grain in the United States?
+
+What, Charlie? you should think they could be killed out? That is a very
+difficult task. You see they are so small, and they breed so fast. There
+are two broods of them in one year, and when they have eaten one grain
+field they start off, millions strong, to another.
+
+Of course a great many methods have been tried for getting rid of them,
+and one very curious method you will like to hear about.
+
+You know insects are subject to diseases.
+
+What, Nell, you never heard of a sick bug?
+
+Yet it seems they are sick sometimes, and certain diseases kill them.
+Chinch bugs are not as healthy in some places as in others.
+
+There is a contagious disease that kills them off in very great numbers.
+
+Ned says he can guess what remedy the people apply to the healthy chinch
+bugs that are eating their grain.
+
+Yes, they introduce diseased chinch bugs into the grain fields with the
+healthy ones. The contagion spreads and the bugs die!
+
+There is another way of getting rid of some kinds of troublesome
+insects. That is, to introduce an insect not injurious to vegetation,
+that will prey upon the injurious ones.
+
+
+
+
+THE WELL PROTECTED STINK BUG
+
+
+One of the bugs we know the best and like the least is the stink bug.
+
+It deserves its name.
+
+John says he had one on his hand this morning.
+
+How did you like it, John?
+
+Did any of you ever pick berries where these bugs were?
+
+See what a face Mollie is making! It is very evident that _she_ has.
+
+[Illustration: RED RASPBERRY.]
+
+What a nasty taste they give the delicious fruit.
+
+Even the flavor of the red raspberry is spoiled if one of these bugs
+pollutes it.
+
+What makes them smell so? May is asking.
+
+The disgusting odor is caused by a liquid that is ejected out of little
+pores on the under side of the thorax.
+
+The bug can eject this liquid when it pleases.
+
+Most members of the bug order can eject a disagreeable liquid, though
+few of them do it so successfully as the stink bug.
+
+If the stink bug is not disturbed, it does not give forth the bad odor;
+but when we jostle the bushes in getting the berries, that startles it,
+and we get the benefit of its alarm.
+
+Yes, undoubtedly the bugs make a bad odor for the same reason the
+grasshoppers make molasses. They wish to repel their enemies.
+
+Very few birds ever touch a stink bug.
+
+Nell thinks a bird would be crazy to eat a stink bug.
+
+Mollie says if it were not crazy when it began, it surely would be
+before it got through!
+
+Not only the bugs make these disagreeable odors.
+
+Many other insects do.
+
+The cockroaches, as we know, and one reason we dislike them so is
+because of this offensive odor.
+
+Some species of crickets, too, and indeed many, many insects give forth
+odors from glands that exist just for that purpose.
+
+No, indeed, these odors are not all alike. Some have a strangling
+quality like ammonia, and sometimes the odors are not disagreeable. Some
+insects have sweet odors, like perfumes.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The pleasant odors are not used to repel, but to attract.
+
+If an insect wishes to see its mate, it may be able to give forth a
+pleasant odor that will reach a long way through the air, and the mate,
+smelling it, will follow it to its source. You see, this pleasant odor
+is one way of talking; at least it is one way of sending a message.
+
+Insects can detect odors much better than we can.
+
+No doubt many insects produce odors that affect other insects, but that
+are so faint we cannot smell them at all.
+
+The sense of smell, even in the human being, is very wonderful. It is
+the keenest of all the senses.
+
+You have studied weights and measures, and you know how small a quantity
+a grain of anything is. Well, you will be astonished to know that your
+nose can detect the presence of 1/2,760,000,000 of a grain of mercaptan,
+a substance having a very bad smell.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+So you see, insects that can smell very, very much better than we would
+be greatly influenced by the odors of other insects.
+
+Some of the stink bugs, although so disagreeable if disturbed, are very
+useful to us, as they eat other insects injurious to vegetation.
+
+Most of them, however, eat fruits and vegetables, and some species do a
+vast amount of mischief.
+
+
+
+
+THE LOUSE
+
+
+Yes, John, lice are bugs, and very mean bugs too.
+
+They have lived at the expense of other creatures so long that they
+cannot exist unless they have a living body to feed on.
+
+Here is a picture of one very much enlarged. No wings, no beauty, a pale
+white thing, all claws and mouth.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It has a long sucking tube by which it pierces the skin, and a sucking
+stomach by which it pumps the blood into its mouth.
+
+Such creatures are called parasites.
+
+Yes, bed bugs are parasites too.
+
+Besides the lice that live on human beings, there are species that
+infest animals.
+
+
+
+
+BIRD LICE AND BOOK LICE
+
+
+Bird lice are not lice!
+
+That is, they do not belong to the bug order.
+
+They belong to a small order by themselves, but they are parasites like
+the lice.
+
+The little white book lice that scurry away when we open an old book
+that has been standing on the back shelf, are not lice, either; they
+also belong to a little order of their own, and are constructed very
+differently from the true lice.
+
+
+
+
+FRIEND CICADA
+
+
+WHIR-R-R-R-RRRRR!!
+
+May says she wishes that locust would keep quiet. It makes her warmer
+than ever to hear him carrying on so this hot day.
+
+John says it is the weather that is warm, not the song of the locust.
+
+And yet, locusts generally sing during the hottest part of the summer,
+so that we have learned to associate them with warm weather.
+
+Since we must listen to its shrill out-cry, I wish we could also see
+it.
+
+Ah, that is a wish soon gratified! Here comes one out of John's pocket.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+John says it is _not_ a locust.
+
+Ah, yes, the shorthorned grasshoppers are the real locusts, and this
+fellow has somehow got the name.
+
+But it is not a locust.
+
+It is also called the dog-day harvest fly, but it is not a fly, though
+it looks considerably like one.
+
+Really, you know, it is a--bug!
+
+Yes, it belongs to the bug order.
+
+Its true name is cicada, and its shrill midsummer song has been famous
+from the beginning of time.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It looks like an enormous fly, but its mouth parts are the mouth parts
+of the bug, and in other respects it resembles the members of the bug
+order, when it is examined closely.
+
+What glassy wings!
+
+Let us spread them out carefully. Four of them it has.
+
+The cicada, you see, has no wing covers. Nor are its upper wings, half
+wing cover, and half wing, like those of so many of the bugs.
+
+No, all four of its wings are alike, and all four are flying wings.
+
+When it is at rest, the inner wings slip out of sight under the outer
+ones, which fold down like a roof over its body.
+
+See how beautifully the wings, are veined.
+
+You think cicada has a very broad back, Nell?
+
+So it has, and a broad head.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+See its black eyes on the corners of its head!
+
+How many facets have its eyes?
+
+I wish I knew, but I do not. This, however, I can tell you. If you look
+on the top of its head between its compound eyes, with a magnifying
+glass, you will find it has three little eyes there.
+
+These small eyes are simple, and are called _ocelli_.
+
+Many insects have ocelli, indeed, some of the grasshoppers have these
+extra eyes on top of their head.
+
+May says the grasshoppers are very astonishing insects.
+
+You think you know all about them, and you are all the time finding out
+something new. You would not be apt to notice these little ocelli on the
+grasshopper's head, they are so small, and besides, some of the
+grasshoppers do not have them.
+
+Yes, Mollie, it is the same with the crickets and katydids. Some species
+have ocelli, and some have not.
+
+If you look full in the face of a cicada, you can see the three little
+round ocelli between the compound eyes.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+They show very plainly with a magnifying glass.
+
+Indeed, it is difficult to explain what the ocelli are for.
+
+Some think they are to see objects close at hand, while the compound
+eyes see more distant objects.
+
+Others think the ocelli are only capable of distinguishing light from
+darkness.
+
+Yet others think they are merely a "survival" of the eyes of the worms.
+You know, way back in time, before there were winged insects there were
+worms. In some way the insects are descended from the worms, and though
+they have got rid of many of their wormlike parts they still retain some
+of them, and probably among these are the ocelli.
+
+When an animal of any kind keeps organs that belonged to its ancestors,
+but that are of no use to it, we say these organs are "survivals." They
+have not yet had time wholly to disappear.
+
+Yes, John, the time may come when the ocelli will disappear from the
+insects. A good many insects have lost them already.
+
+Indeed, you are right, May; they have lost them because they did not use
+them. When an animal ceases to use an organ in course of time, for lack
+of exercise, that organ dwindles away and disappears. It generally takes
+a very long time for this to happen.
+
+Yes, Mabel, thousands or even millions of years may pass before an organ
+that has gone out of use entirely disappears. As generations succeed
+each other each generation loses a little power in that organ until,
+finally, there is no organ left.
+
+John is puzzled to know just what is meant by an organ. It is some
+particular part of the creature. An arm is an organ, a stomach is an
+organ, an eye is an organ. The whole creature is made up of organs, and
+is called an _organism_.
+
+Your whole body, John, is an organism, but your legs and arms are
+organs. Now, I think you understand.
+
+Our cicada has one organ that is very interesting; it is the little
+apparatus by which it sings.
+
+Turn it over, Ned, and all of you look at the two thin plates lying
+against the abdomen just below the thorax.
+
+Those membranes are like two little kettle drums, and they are its song
+organs.
+
+There are other membranes beneath them, and large muscles within the
+body to move the membranes.
+
+The membranes being set in rapid vibration we get the shrill cry of the
+locust.
+
+Only the male has the kettle drums. In the female these organs are
+rudimentary, and she is dumb.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Cicada, you are a pretty little thing with your clear, glasslike wings
+and your black body with red and green trimming. See its mouth lying in
+that little groove under its head. It is a tube, and sharp. The cicada
+sticks it into a leaf or young twig to suck out the juice.
+
+Nell wants to know if the young cicadas are like the old ones. Indeed,
+they would be cunning little things if they were, and--yes, they _would_
+look very much like flies.
+
+But the young cicadas are queer babies, indeed. They do not look very
+much like their parents, although they have a head, a thorax, and an
+abdomen.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The female cicada makes a slit in the bark of the tree twig with her
+ovipositor and lays the eggs there. As soon as they hatch out, the tiny
+cicadas drop down to the ground and burrow into the earth.
+
+You would not know that they are cicadas, they are such queer-looking
+little things. But they have strong, sucking mouth parts with which they
+pierce holes in the roots of trees and suck out the juices.
+
+Of course these larvae grow and moult and continue to do so until they
+have moulted a good many times and grown quite large.
+
+They stay down under the ground two years.
+
+At the end of that time they crawl up to the surface of the earth in the
+early summer.
+
+They climb trees, or weeds, or fence posts, and then the skin splits
+down the back for the last time, and out comes a full-grown cicada with
+bright glassy wings.
+
+The wings of the larva do not grow at each moult like the wings of the
+grasshopper.
+
+The larva never gets beyond short little wing pads. See John's eyes
+twinkling! I believe--yes, he has! He has brought us the cast-off skin
+of a cicada to look at.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Why, John, you are like a good fairy to us to-day, giving us just the
+things we want just when we want them.
+
+Now, see this little shell. See the front legs, like strong paws to dig
+with. And see its little glassy eyes, and its little wing pads!
+
+It is a perfect cast of the cicada larva.
+
+Yes, May, this little cast is made of chitin, and it will last a long
+time. Chitin is a very indestructible substance; even fire will not
+destroy it, but in course of time the moisture and the acids in the
+earth destroy it, so that at last the millions of cicada shells and
+grasshopper cast-off skins, which are also of chitin, and cricket
+moults, and all the other little cast-aside chitinous overcoats of the
+insects, return again to the earth and the air whence they came. The
+minerals and gases that compose them let go of each other, as it were,
+and the chitin is no longer chitin.
+
+Amy says she has seen these little cicada shells hundreds of times but
+did not know what they were.
+
+Yes, we are sure to find them almost every summer.
+
+If we look, we will also find other larvae shells. Down in the grass are
+the cast-off coats of the grasshoppers and the crickets.
+
+All we need do is to look, and we shall be sure to find them--like
+unsubstantial ghosts of the active little wearers.
+
+No doubt you all have heard of the seventeen-year locusts. They, too,
+are cicadas, and they look very much like this one, only it takes the
+young ones seventeen years to complete their growth.
+
+Think of living in the ground and sucking the juices out of the earth
+and of tree roots for seventeen years!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+How would you like to do it?
+
+But no doubt the cicada is quite happy living in this way.
+
+At the end of seventeen years the cicadas come up out of the earth in
+great swarms.
+
+They cast their skins for the last time. The queer little shells are
+seen everywhere, and the air resounds with the songs of the freed
+prisoners.
+
+In the South it takes only thirteen years for these cicadas to develop.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+I once went up the side of a beautiful mountain in North Carolina, where
+was such a mighty host of cicadas in the trees that I could not hear my
+companion speak, and a little way off the noise sounded like a torrent
+of rushing water.
+
+
+
+
+THE ODD SPITTLE INSECT
+
+
+Why, little Nell! What is the matter?
+
+You do wish the frogs would stop spitting on the grass?
+
+Let me see; why, poor child, she is all covered with frog spittle.
+
+That is kind, Ned. See, he is wiping her apron off with some fresh,
+clean leaves. Let us rest awhile under this shady tree.
+
+John, pick that grass blade with the frog spittle on it. Be careful not
+to disturb it.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+There is a surprise in store for you; this white frothy substance that
+is so abundant in some places in the summer and that looks like spittle
+is--guess what?
+
+Frog spittle, May says. So you think the frogs spit on the grass do you?
+They must be tall frogs to reach up so high.
+
+With this little twig let us carefully brush away the white froth.
+
+Now see.
+
+Yes, there is something in the centre of it.
+
+It is the larva of a--bug!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The female bug, and here is one of the little things, lays the egg on
+the leaf or twigs, and when it hatches the young bug sucks out the sap
+of the plant which finally appears as this white froth.
+
+The larva remains surrounded by the froth until its transformations are
+complete.
+
+Just before the last moult it stops sucking out sap. The froth dries
+about it in the form of a little room, and in this it undergoes its last
+moult and comes out--an adult bug.
+
+The froth is supposed to be used as a protection, and it may be against
+some enemies, but there are certain wasps that delight in invading the
+frothy masses and hauling out the unwilling morsels within to feed to
+their young.
+
+No, little Nell, the frogs have nothing whatever to do with this frothy
+substance which was called frog spittle before people understood about
+the little insect that made it.
+
+They really thought the frogs did it.
+
+The adult spittle insect is called a frog hopper, and it has the power
+of leaping very well.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+PRETTY LEAF HOPPERS
+
+
+Just see this bush! Be careful not to shake it.
+
+It is covered with such pretty, bright-colored little insects.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+There, May ran against the bush and see--they are hopping wildly off in
+every direction.
+
+Yes, little Nell, they do sound like rain drops pattering on the leaves.
+
+They are prettier than the spittle insects and more slender, but they
+hop about in very much the same way.
+
+The larvae do not make froth, however.
+
+These are the leaf hoppers.
+
+What big heads they have!
+
+And how daintily their green forms are pencilled with red lines.
+
+There are a great many species of the leaf hoppers, and not all of them
+are as pretty as these.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Some of them are very small indeed, and some do great damage to the
+grain crops and the fruits.
+
+They suck out the juices of the plants.
+
+If you sweep the insect net over bushes or through the grass in
+midsummer, you will be pretty sure to draw in a good collection of leaf
+hoppers.
+
+Most of us are only too well acquainted with the rose-leaf hopper that
+swarms on rose bushes and kills the leaves. If we have not noticed the
+insect itself, we have not failed to notice the little white skins that
+it has cast off and left clinging to the leaves.
+
+Yes, these are the little skins it discards when it moults.
+
+John says we can kill them by washing the bushes with strong soap suds.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Ned says it is better yet to spray them.
+
+It is better and also easier to spray them than to wash them.
+
+You know there are machines for spraying trees and other plants. They
+consist of a tank to hold the liquid that is to be sprayed and a pump to
+force it through a rubber pipe with a sprinkler at the end.
+
+Very often a mixture of soap and kerosene oil, known as "kerosene
+emulsion," is used to spray with.
+
+Paris green and blue vitriol, both very poisonous, are often used on
+grape vines before the grapes are formed, and very gaudy vines they are
+for a little while after this bright poison has been sprayed upon them.
+
+Although insects are so very interesting, we have to protect ourselves
+against many species in order to live.
+
+Yes, John, it is oftentimes merely a question which shall profit by the
+crops we plant, the insects or ourselves.
+
+Sometimes the insects win, sometimes we win, but it is a closely
+contested warfare all the time.
+
+We plough the land and take care of it, we plant the seeds and keep out
+the weeds. Then, when we have a fine crop growing, along come certain
+destructive insects, feeling very happy, no doubt, to have found such a
+feast.
+
+Now the fight begins. They attack the crop, we attack them. We spray
+them with poisons, burn up their eggs, do everything we know how to get
+rid of them.
+
+Wise men have spent many years of close study finding out the habits of
+the insects destructive to grains and fruits, in order to be able to
+destroy them.
+
+Although many of the plant hoppers are such nuisances to us, there is
+one family of hoppers that is seldom a nuisance.
+
+
+
+
+THE COMICAL TREE HOPPERS
+
+
+Do you know the tree hoppers,--absurd little jokers that they are?
+
+Oh, yes, they are hard and three cornered, like animated beechnuts, as
+somebody has said.
+
+Yes, some of them have humps on their backs and some have horns.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+John says he once made a collection of tree hoppers and put them in a
+box with a reading glass over the top, and showed them to his friends to
+make them laugh.
+
+May says she saw them, and they reminded her of Brownies.
+
+Would it not be fun to have a tree hopper Brownie book!
+
+The tree hoppers jump about on the bushes and eat the juices of the
+plants, but there are not usually enough of them to do damage. They
+seldom come in swarms like some of the leaf hoppers, though sometimes
+they do.
+
+
+
+
+THE JUMPING PLANT LICE
+
+
+The jumping plant lice are nearly related to the tree hoppers, but they
+do not look at all like them.
+
+Under the magnifying glass they look like tiny cicadas.
+
+See, here is a picture of one enlarged.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Their natural size is no larger than a plant louse.
+
+Have you not often seen them clustered close together on the young twigs
+of pear trees--tiny, light-colored things that jumped in all directions
+when you touched the twig?
+
+The name of the plant louse that infests pear trees is the pear-tree
+psylla. It is very destructive to pear trees, sucking out the juices of
+the young shoots.
+
+The pear trees can be saved by spraying them with kerosene emulsion as
+soon as the young leaves have opened in the spring.
+
+
+
+
+THE APHIDS
+
+
+Now, let us go in search of the aphids, or aphides, as they are also
+called. We shall not have to search far.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In a very dry season we generally need not search at all. All we need do
+is to examine the nearest weed to find plenty of aphides.
+
+Yes, they are the little plant lice that seem at times to cover every
+growing thing.
+
+Sometimes they are green, sometimes brown, or gray, or reddish, in
+color.
+
+They are tiny creatures, but what they lack in size they more than make
+up in numbers.
+
+Go now, and find some aphides.
+
+Ah, here you all come, each bearing a leaf or a twig on which are
+aphids.
+
+There was no trouble in finding them!
+
+They do not hop like the jumping plant lice when they are disturbed.
+They remain where they are unless they are very much shaken up.
+
+See, most of them are without wings, though here are a few with
+beautiful transparent wings.
+
+Antennae they have, long and threadlike. And see, the knowing little
+eyes!
+
+They seem to be anchored to the leaf.
+
+Hold the leaf up to the light, and see if you can discover what they are
+doing.
+
+Ah, see those mouth tubes firmly stuck into the leaf. There they stand
+all day long and suck out the juice.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Ned says he should think they would burst.
+
+But they do not; they grow. And they also get rid of a large part of the
+superfluous sap in a curious way.
+
+They use what they need to grow on, and the rest escapes from the
+insect's body in the form of "honey dew." It is a sweet liquid of which
+ants and bees are very fond.
+
+What, John, you have heard that the aphids give out honey dew from two
+little horns near the tip of the abdomen?
+
+Let us see if we can find these horns. Yes, we can see them plainly, and
+_very_ plainly with a magnifying glass.
+
+But now listen; the honey dew does not come from the horns. On the end
+of some of the horns, or tubes, we can see a drop of clear liquid.
+
+For a long time people believed this was honey dew, but instead, it is a
+waxy substance which is not sweet.
+
+It has been very carefully studied by wise men who tell us it contains
+no sugar and is probably used as a means of defence, as aphides have
+been seen to smear the faces of insect enemies with this wax.
+
+There are a great many species of aphides, and not all of them have the
+little tubes or horns on their backs. But probably many that have no
+horns give forth honey dew.
+
+It is really a waste substance from the body of the aphid.
+
+Ants are so fond of the honey dew that certain species of aphides have
+been called the _ants' cows_, because the ants take care of them for the
+sake of the honey dew.
+
+Some ants protect the aphids from their enemies. They drive off those
+insects that would devour the aphids, and when winter comes these ants
+carry the aphids down into their warm nests under ground, and keep them
+safe through the cold weather.
+
+The aphides cannot stand wet weather, but after a long spell of dry
+weather they will be found in great abundance.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Sometimes they eat so fast and so much that the honey dew falls like a
+shower from the trees upon which they are. It covers the ground beneath
+and the leaves of plants, and makes everything very sticky and
+disagreeable to the touch. The dust settles on it, too and a growth
+something like mould often turns it black--as we find to our discomfort.
+
+But when the honey dew is fresh the bees love it. They collect large
+quantities of it and make it into honey. Squirrels like it to.
+
+It is great fun to watch the nimble squirrel folk sitting in the trees
+and holding a leaf between their little hands while they lick off the
+honey dew.
+
+Children sometimes suck the honey dew from the leaves in back country
+places, where sugar is scarce and where candy is seldom to be had.
+
+Which side of the leaf does the aphid prefer?
+
+Yes, it is on the under side always.
+
+I wonder why.
+
+John says the aphides would be better protected in case of a shower.
+
+Ned says the skin is tenderer on the under side and easier to pierce.
+
+Mollie thinks they want to be in the shade out of the hot sunshine.
+
+I should not wonder if all of these reasons were right.
+
+My little aphid, how many wings have you when you have any?
+
+Yes, little Nell, they have four of the daintiest, prettiest little
+wings you ever saw.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+True enough, most of them have no wings at all.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+John thinks those must be young ones.
+
+Sometimes they are, but not always. Many of the adult aphids have no
+wings.
+
+The aphids are very curious insects, and when you are older I hope you
+will remember to study them carefully.
+
+No, John, not all species of aphides make honey dew.
+
+Some form instead a white, powdery substance that is seen scattered over
+the body.
+
+May says that must be the kind she has.
+
+Let us see. Yes, May's aphids produce the white powder instead of honey
+dew.
+
+That is _their_ way of getting rid of the waste matter.
+
+May says she is glad to know that; she thought her aphids had something
+the matter with them. They seemed to be falling to pieces.
+
+No, May, they are not falling to pieces; that powder can all be rubbed
+off, and there are your aphids whole and sound beneath it.
+
+Do you know that some species of your funny little tree hoppers secrete
+honey dew also, and even have ants to attend them? See if you can find
+some of these this summer.
+
+Sometimes aphids live on the roots of plants as well as on the leaves.
+
+Yes, indeed, May, they are very destructive insects. We have to spray
+our house plants to get rid of them, and often our garden flowers as
+well, and they do a great deal of damage to fruits and vegetables, and
+one of them, the phylloxera, has nearly destroyed the vineyards of
+France. It lives on the leaves of some species of grapes and on the
+roots of others. We have to be very careful about getting grape vines
+from Europe to plant in this country on account of the phylloxera.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+What have you found now, John? Ah, yes, an alder branch, with a white,
+cottony substance on it. You have been poking into it with a little
+stick, and you think there are insects beneath it.
+
+What, May, you always thought that white stuff was a plant growth, like
+mould?
+
+We can easily find out. Get out some of the little things inside if you
+can, John. It is not easy to separate them from their cottony covering
+without crushing them, but now we can see quite well with the magnifying
+glass--and yes--you see they are little insects.
+
+We call them the woolly aphids.
+
+They also secrete honey dew.
+
+You say the ground below the alder bush was all sticky and black, John?
+
+That was the honey dew, blackened by a little plant something like
+mould, that grows on it.
+
+We often see woolly plant lice in the summer-time on different plants,
+and one species injures apple trees. It gets on the roots as well as on
+the tender bark of young trees and kills them.
+
+Yes, indeed, Mollie, the aphids are bugs. They belong to the bug order,
+which is a very large and important insect family, and contains some
+members that are exceedingly troublesome to us.
+
+
+
+
+SCALE BUGS
+
+
+What, May, you are tired out?
+
+What have you been doing?
+
+Oh, yes, washing the scales off the leaves of your mother's window fern.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It must indeed have been a task; what did you wash them off with? Why
+did you use soap suds?
+
+Because your mother told you to; well, that is a good reason, but why do
+you think she told you to use soap suds?
+
+You say you don't know, but you think very likely these scales are some
+sort of bug, as everything nowadays seems to be bugs.
+
+Well, I don't know about everything being bugs, but those scales
+certainly are. They are scale bugs.
+
+Did you stop to look at them under the magnifying glass?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+No, but you brought a piece of the fern for us to look at.
+
+It will be necessary to put it under the microscope.
+
+There, now look.
+
+Yes, that scale looks like a tiny mussel shell; but look carefully, and
+you will see it has legs.
+
+Lift it up with the point of a pin, and under it you will find a mass of
+eggs. Yes, Ned; it is like a quantity of eggs under a dish cover.
+
+The cover is the female scale bug, and she has laid all those eggs.
+
+Yes, the scales we see on so many plants are the scale bugs.
+
+They are not all alike in shape, or size, or color; here is a different
+kind, you see.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+But they are all very prolific; that is to say, they produce a great
+many young, and do it in a short time.
+
+Yes, John, the tiny, dark-colored scales that look like little oyster
+shells on the skins of oranges are a form of scale bug, and a very
+troublesome one, too, to the orange grower.
+
+But though most of these insects are troublesome, the family is redeemed
+by a few members that are of great value to us.
+
+One of these is the scale bug that supplies shellac, and all that comes
+from it to our markets. These curious bugs give forth a resinous
+substance that envelops the eggs and glues them to the twigs whose
+juices the bug sucks out. It is this resinous substance that is
+collected by breaking off the twigs where the insects are. It is used
+for varnishes, as you know, and for polishing wood and other substances.
+
+There are other scale bugs that secrete wax, and some of them produce it
+so abundantly, and of such good quality, that it has become an article
+of commerce. China wax, which is wax of a very fine quality, is secreted
+by a Chinese scale bug, and the wax is used for making fine candles, as
+well as for other purposes.
+
+In Mexico we have the cochineal insect, which is a scale bug that lives
+on a cactus that grows in Mexico.
+
+Like many others of the scale bugs, the cochineal males have wings and
+are not so scalelike as their helpless mates.
+
+But they are of no use to us. It is only the female cochineal we use.
+
+She is raised in great numbers in cactus gardens planted on purpose.
+
+Here is the picture of a cactus with cochineal insects upon it.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+These insects contain a very brilliant, red coloring matter that is used
+by us in dyeing leather and wool, and in making paints. The insects are
+gathered and dried, and thus sent to market.
+
+Although a few of them are useful to us, the scale bugs, on the whole,
+are a serious pest; and they are found on nearly all kinds of plants all
+over the world.
+
+You should think all the plants would soon be gone, so many insects eat
+them?
+
+Well, they would, only other things eat the insects.
+
+Insects have a great many enemies, after all.
+
+Sometimes the weather is bad for them, the season is too hot or too
+cold, too wet or too dry, and then they do not appear in large numbers.
+
+Sometimes one kind of insect eats another kind.
+
+Sometimes tiny plants, like moulds, grow on the insects and kill them;
+and birds destroy a very large number.
+
+If the farmers only knew how much good the birds do them, they would
+never allow one to be killed. Even the crows that pull up their corn are
+worth many times the corn they eat in the insects they destroy. There is
+scarcely a bird but what is of value to the farmer.
+
+The hawks that catch his chickens catch more mice and moles in his
+fields, than chickens in his barn-yard.
+
+And as for the robins, the blue jays, and all the small birds, they do
+more to save the growing plants, than all the soap suds and kerosene
+emulsion that were ever made.
+
+No one should ever shoot a bird. The birds are our natural protectors
+against the vast armies of insects, that, but for the birds, would soon
+destroy us by eating up our food plants.
+
+What is that, May? You belong to an Audubon Society for the protection
+of the birds?
+
+Yes, I know you do, and so do John and Ned and Mollie and little Nell.
+
+I wish every child in the United States belonged to the Audubon Society.
+Then our birds would be safe. They would never be killed as they are now
+for foolish women to wear on their hats.
+
+When the Audubon Society children grew up they would not wear dead
+birds, of course, and their children would be taught better, so that
+after a while the Audubon Society people would be the only ones left,
+and so the birds would be safe.
+
+Let us get as many people to belong to the Audubon Society as we can.
+
+What is that, Amy? You have learned more interesting things about birds
+in the Audubon Society than you ever knew in your life before?
+
+Yes, I am sure you have, and what could be lovelier to study about than
+the birds.
+
+What is that you are saying, Ned? You love to go bird hunting? Ah, I see
+your eyes twinkle, sir; I know how you go hunting. You hunt with your
+mother's opera glass! That is the proper way to hunt birds.
+
+We can learn more from watching one bird with a glass than we could from
+shooting a hundred.
+
+But you do shoot them, John? Yes, I know about that, too. I know what
+kind of a shooting instrument you got for Christmas, sir, and I have
+seen the birds you shot!
+
+Yes, nearly all of us have seen them, and how well he does it!
+
+What, Amy, you think John ought to be ashamed of himself to go about
+shooting birds, and we ought to be ashamed of ourselves to talk so about
+it?
+
+There, now, don't be vexed with Amy, children. She has known us but a
+little while, and she has not seen John's birds, so I do not wonder she
+feels indignant.
+
+What is that, May? You have one of John's birds right here in your
+school-bag? Show it to Amy.
+
+Isn't it pretty! It is a very charming photograph of a catbird on its
+nest.
+
+You see John shoots birds with a camera! His father gave him a beautiful
+one for Christmas, and he has made good use of it.
+
+How long did it take you to get that bird, John?
+
+Just hear! He spent more than a week getting acquainted with the bird so
+it would sit still on the nest while he took its picture.
+
+I am sure that was a week well spent.
+
+John says he feels better acquainted with the catbird than he would have
+been if he had read fifty books about it.
+
+And I am sure he is right. The only way to enjoy a bird and to know it,
+is to watch it alive.
+
+A camera is the very best gun in the world for catching birds. And it is
+really much better fun to take their pictures than to shoot and kill
+them.
+
+It seems to me we have strayed a long way from bugs.
+
+May says she thinks birds are much more interesting than bugs.
+
+That may be, but still we want to know about bugs, too.
+
+Do you think you will know a bug when you see it now?
+
+No, I do not believe you can be sure of that. But at least you know
+something about a few bugs.
+
+Some day you will study more carefully how insects are formed, and then
+you will understand better how we decide what order they belong to.
+
+We group together the insects that are most like each other.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+ ~NEUROPTERA~
+
+ ~TRICHOPTERA~
+
+
+
+
+THE HORNED CORYDALUS
+
+
+No more bugs, if you please.
+
+We are to make the acquaintance of another order of insect folk this
+time.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+I think we can find some worthy members of this new order if we go with
+John to a brook he knows of.
+
+Here we are, and it certainly is a lovely brook, whether we find a
+dobson in it or not.
+
+Yes, Nell, the dobson is the new insect we shall try to find.
+
+Now, be careful and not get your clothes too wet, but we have to turn
+over the stones along the edge of the brook until we find what we are
+after.
+
+Mollie wants to know how she is to know it if she finds it.
+
+Well, Mollie, whatever you find that is interesting you must show us.
+Even though it is not what we are searching for, we shall enjoy seeing
+it.
+
+Look at little Nell! She has tumbled into the brook. Her foot slipped,
+and down she went.
+
+Don't cry, deary, you are not wet enough to do any harm. The warm sun
+will soon dry you.
+
+No, indeed, you will not have to go home.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Perhaps you will be the first one to find a dobson after all.
+
+Hurrah! hurrah! hear John shout!
+
+He must have found the first dobson.
+
+Yes, he has.
+
+What, May? It is a horrid monster, and you have a good mind to scream?
+
+Well, scream if you want to; that won't do any harm.
+
+It _isn't_ pretty! but we shall like to look at it. You see it is a
+larva and a big one, dark gray in color and with a thick leathery skin.
+
+Mollie says it reminds her a little of the larva of the May fly; that
+is, in shape.
+
+Let us look at a picture of the May-fly larva.
+
+You see it has a head, a thorax to which is attached the six legs and
+the rudimentary wings, and an abdomen, all distinctly separated from
+each other.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The dobson has a head, but no thorax.
+
+The body behind the head is divided into segments that all look very
+much alike, and there is a pair of legs attached to each of the first
+three segments.
+
+The dobson eats other larvae that it chews up with its strong jaws.
+
+It lives almost three years in the larval state, so you see it has
+plenty of time in which to grow. Of course it moults. It is usually to
+be found under stones in swift, running water. Those two pairs of hooks
+at the tip of its body are its anchors.
+
+It clasps them about a bit of stone or a stick that is firmly lodged,
+and then it can bid defiance to the swirling stream.
+
+Ned wonders why it is always found hiding under stones.
+
+Listen to John, he says fishes are very fond of dobsons, and that is why
+they hide away.
+
+Fishermen hunt the dobsons for bait; so you see they have a hard time in
+spite of their large size and their strong jaws.
+
+When they have lived nearly three years in the water they crawl out on
+the bank and hollow out a place under a stone.
+
+Here they lie, apparently dead, but they are not dead.
+
+They are undergoing a wonderful transformation.
+
+It takes about a month for this transformation, or _metamorphosis_, as
+it is called, to be completed.
+
+All of our other insect friends have changed gradually from larval to
+adult form. At each moult they became a little more like their parents,
+and finally at the last moult, without any resting period, out sprang
+the perfect insect.
+
+Not so the dobson. It goes into its hole in the bank a larva, almost
+exactly like the larva that hatched from the egg, only, of course, it is
+larger. There is no hint of wings. It has no separate thorax and
+abdomen. Could we see under the bank where it has crept, to undergo its
+great metamorphosis, we should find, not a larva, but a strange-looking,
+motionless object.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Here is the picture of one. See its little wing pads. And now it has a
+thorax and an abdomen.
+
+It seems to have changed and been turned to some hard substance.
+
+In this state it is called the _pupa_, which means doll. Is it not a
+cunning insect doll? But it is not really a doll. Although so still and
+apparently lifeless, yet it lives.
+
+Some day it will burst its pupa shell and pull itself out--not a larva
+now, not a pupa, but a strong-winged insect.
+
+In its adult form, it is known as the horned corydalus.
+
+There! I thought John was saving one for us. He had it in a box in his
+pocket. Now see what a--a--what shall I say? A beauty? or a monster?
+That is just as you feel about it.
+
+It certainly is an alarming-looking insect.
+
+This one is a male, as we can tell by the long, curved jaws that look
+very dangerous; but in this instance the creature's appearance is worse
+than its bite, and the real biter is the female whose jaws are smaller
+but very useful in nipping tormentors or biting prey.
+
+Now here she is--a fit mate for her formidable-looking companion.
+
+[Illustration: MALE CORYDALUS.]
+
+[Illustration: FEMALE CORYDALUS.]
+
+John, you were fortunate in your hunting.
+
+In spite of its terrifying appearance, see what wonderful wings the
+corydalus has.
+
+See! John has spread out the wings of the female.
+
+They are indeed beautiful.
+
+May cannot understand how those great wings came out of those little
+wing pads.
+
+When the wings were first pulled out of the wing pads they were small,
+but they rapidly expanded and became thin and broad and long as the air
+touched them.
+
+You will understand that better after a while.
+
+The corydalus differs from all the other insects we have studied, in its
+metamorphosis.
+
+It begins life far more unlike its parents than the other insects we
+have been looking at, for they had the thorax and abdomen distinct from
+the beginning. Instead of changing gradually and remaining active all
+the time up to the final metamorphosis, our corydalus goes into the pupa
+state, and in that motionless condition transforms to the perfect
+insect.
+
+This is called a complete metamorphosis.
+
+When the change is gradual, without any pupa form, any stopping place as
+it were, the change is said to be an incomplete metamorphosis.
+
+Yes, the metamorphosis of the grasshoppers is incomplete, and of the
+katydids and the crickets and all the other insects we have studied
+until we came to the dobson.
+
+Another name for the larva of insects that undergo an incomplete
+metamorphosis is _nymph_. Some books speak of the nymph of the
+grasshopper, and never of the larva of the grasshopper. Such books use
+the word _larva_ only in speaking of the young of insects that undergo a
+complete metamorphosis.
+
+Yes, Ned, they would speak of the nymph of the dragon fly, and the nymph
+of the May fly and the nymph of the cricket and the katydid, but they
+would speak of the larva of the corydalus.
+
+Egg, nymph, adult,--those are the stages of insects that have an
+incomplete metamorphosis.
+
+Egg, larva, pupa, adult,--those are the stages of insects that have a
+complete metamorphosis.
+
+No, it is not wrong to say larva instead of nymph. I only want you to
+know how the word nymph is used, so that when you see it in reading
+about insects you will know what it means.
+
+The corydalus lays its eggs near the water, and it lays a great
+many--sometimes nearly three thousand. Think of that! The young larvae
+crawl into the water as soon as they are hatched, and those that escape
+the hungry fishes grow into these large larvae and finally metamorphose
+into the big-horned corydalus.
+
+It is such a remarkably fierce-looking creature that it has received
+many names that are neither complimentary nor beautiful, such as
+conniption bug, alligator, and dragon, and numerous others equally
+expressive.
+
+Now, we must go home. Let us put the dobson back into the brook.
+
+It does no harm, and we will not kill it.
+
+Yes, Ned, there are smaller insects like the corydalus that are near
+relatives to it, and I am sure you have often seen them.
+
+
+
+
+FAIRY LACEWING
+
+
+Here is our little Lacewing.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+May says it is a darling, like a woodland fairy clad all in green.
+
+And, oh, its eyes! Are they not beautiful? They shine like gold.
+
+Do its wings not remind you a little of the wings of the corydalus?
+
+May says no, indeed; that has ugly brown wings.
+
+But look again, May. See how these wings are veined, and do you not
+remember how you admired the silvery wings of the corydalus when we
+spread them out?
+
+Yes, it belongs to the same order as the corydalus.
+
+The name of the insect order to which they both belong is Neuroptera,
+from _neuron_, a nerve, and _pteron_--who remembers what _pteron_ means?
+
+Yes, a wing. Nerve-winged.
+
+What does that mean?
+
+It means that the wings are crossed by many nerves or veins. Yes, that
+is what gives them their lacelike appearance.
+
+Pretty golden eye, why do we not oftener see you on the trees and
+bushes? It is only by accident we found you to-day, down in the grass.
+
+The truth is, this pretty fairy hides by day and comes out at night to
+lay its eggs. Like the May fly, the adult lacewing does not eat. It is a
+helpless little beauty, though it has one powerful means of defence, as
+you will discover if you touch it.
+
+Ah, yes; you have already detected it! It gives forth such an offensive
+odor that nothing, one should think, could have the hardihood to eat it.
+
+May says she supposes the larva of the lacewing is a little monster like
+that of the corydalus.
+
+But you will not expect to find it as large as a dobson.
+
+I think if we hunt about a little, we can find one.
+
+Here is one on the leaf. See what a little fellow! And how fast it runs!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+We shall have to take it captive, in order to get a chance to see it.
+
+It is a funny little larva, with jaws that are _tre-men-dous_ for one of
+its size.
+
+Why do you suppose it has such jaws?
+
+May says, for the usual reason, to eat up other larvae.
+
+Yes; but wait till I tell you another name for this larva.
+
+It is also called the aphis lion.
+
+Aphis, you know, is the same as aphid, or plant louse. In other words it
+is the plant-louse lion.
+
+Ah, yes; you are quite willing it should devour the aphids.
+
+And it does. It is very fond of them, though it will also devour any
+unlucky insect it is strong enough to overcome.
+
+It has a terrible appetite, this child of the pretty lacewing.
+
+It would even eat its brothers and sisters before they hatched out of
+the egg if it could get at them.
+
+The pretty lacewing knows what an appetite her ever hungry larvae will
+have, and so she protects them against each other.
+
+Clever little mother! she lays the eggs in such a way that the larvae
+that hatch out first cannot devour the rest of the eggs.
+
+How do you think she manages it?
+
+Here are some of her eggs on this leaf.
+
+Yes, John; each one is on top of a slender stalk.
+
+The stalk is of stiff silk.
+
+There they are, like a little forest, with an egg for each tree top.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+When an egg hatches the young aphis lion drops down to the leaf and runs
+about like a ravening lion seeking some living thing to devour.
+
+Above his head, quite unsuspected by him, are the eggs out of which his
+brothers and sisters have not yet hatched.
+
+What a feast he could have if he knew about it!
+
+And what a sad little cannibal he would be!
+
+The larva of the aphis lion has no distinct thorax. Its legs are
+attached to the upper segments of the body, and its metamorphosis is
+like that of the corydalus.
+
+When about to become a pupa, it makes for itself a little covering of
+white silk. Here it lies quite motionless and undergoes the final
+transformation.
+
+Yes, its metamorphosis is complete.
+
+It bites an opening through its silken walls, and out steps--not the
+hungry, little, all-devouring aphis lion, but this elegant lady with her
+pale-green lacelike wings and her large, golden eyes.
+
+You see the aphis lion is our very good friend.
+
+It helps us get rid of the aphids, and we should never kill a lacewing
+or a child of the lacewing.
+
+
+
+
+THE ANT LION
+
+
+John has found something he wants us all to see.
+
+We will go with him.
+
+Now we will sit down on this sand bank and look at what he has to show
+us. See! those smooth little funnels in the sand.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Those are what we have come out to see.
+
+Let us watch them a while.
+
+Mollie says an ant is walking close to the rim of the funnel she is
+watching. Now the ant slips over the edge and slides down the smooth
+sides of the funnel.
+
+And see! from the bottom of the funnel leap out two curved jaws
+and--good-by, ant!
+
+The ant has been dragged down out of sight through a hole in the bottom
+of the funnel.
+
+What a strange proceeding!
+
+Who can be living down there at the bottom of the funnel?
+
+We are sorry to disturb such a pretty piece of work, but we shall have
+to dig out one of the funnels. We shall have to be quick, too.
+
+There, there, under the trowel! No, it is gone. There it is again. Dig
+fast, Ned. That is right. He has put it with a trowelful of sand into
+our box.
+
+We will gently shake out the sand until we uncover it.
+
+Mabel says it is just what she thought it was--a larva.
+
+Yes, it is a larva.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+You see it looks a little like the lacewing larva, and it, too, belongs
+to the Neuroptera.
+
+What jaws!
+
+How do you suppose it makes its tunnel?
+
+If we give it plenty of sand, and keep very quiet, perhaps it will go to
+work.
+
+There! it is throwing the sand about.
+
+May says it is using its own head as a trowel. Yes, it is shovelling the
+sand away with its head.
+
+Why is Ned laughing? Oh, see the ant lion he is watching! An ant slid
+part way down its funnel and tried to climb out again, and the ant lion
+down below is flinging sand at it.
+
+There! it has succeeded in making the poor ant slip; down it goes, and
+now the ant lion has seized it and dragged it down under the ground.
+
+It is easy to find these pit-falls of the ant lion in sand banks in the
+summer-time.
+
+Yes, May, the ant lions eat many ants, and they moult and grow, and,
+finally, they, too, make a little cocoon about themselves.
+
+Yes, the little silken room they weave we call a cocoon, but the ant
+lions make theirs of silk and sand.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Within the cocoon they become motionless pupae, and finally appear as
+silver-winged little creatures that bear no resemblance to the
+large-jawed, ever hungry, ant lion.
+
+May says she thinks the Neuroptera differ from all the other orders in
+the way the larvae transform.
+
+That is true, May, they do.
+
+In no other order that we have studied do the insects go into the pupal
+state to undergo the final transformation.
+
+Who remembers what the young of insects that undergo an incomplete
+metamorphosis are sometimes called?
+
+Dear me, you all remember!
+
+Yes, the young are sometimes called nymphs.
+
+The nymphs do not change into pupae.
+
+The young grasshoppers do not change into motionless pupae, they just
+keep on growing until they are perfect adults.
+
+Young grasshoppers are sometimes called nymphs instead of larvae.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE LITTLE CADDICE FLIES
+
+
+Here we are in the woods again.
+
+How sweet it smells!
+
+Let us sit down by this brook and look into it.
+
+It is such a clear little stream, with fine sand and little pebbles at
+the bottom.
+
+What has Nell found that pleases her so?
+
+She says she sees some little bars of sand moving about.
+
+Ned says they are not sand bars but tubes of sand, containing a little
+live thing.
+
+The truth is, this sand bag is a house, and its occupant is a larva.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+See the black head come popping out, and the tiny fore legs.
+
+The larva does not come entirely out, you see, but pulls its house along
+with it, and when it is frightened it pops back into its little stone
+case.
+
+Mollie says it reminds her of a hermit crab.
+
+A hermit crab, you know, lives on the seashore and takes possession of
+an empty snail shell for a house.
+
+It comes partly out dragging its house with it, but if you disturb it,
+it draws back, sometimes quite out of sight.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+This little larva lives in a house, too, but it is a house of its own
+making.
+
+It is the larva of the caddice fly, or case fly.
+
+Let us put one of these little sand cases in the saucer here.
+
+Please fill the saucer about half full of water, John. Thank you.
+
+Now, Mollie, I see you have picked up a fine big caddice case.
+
+Put it in the saucer, and let us watch the larva crawl about.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It never comes entirely out of the case, you see. It holds on to it with
+the hinder part of its body.
+
+Its little black head is hard, but its body is soft, and that is why it
+does not like to expose itself to hungry larvae that might be living in
+the water.
+
+May says she wants to see the whole larva.
+
+Suppose we carefully break away the little sand case.
+
+No, indeed, little Nell, we are not going to hurt the larva; we are only
+going to open its house.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+There, the larva is outside now, and you can see what a tender, pale
+little thing it is.
+
+It does not like to have its soft body exposed.
+
+See! it is already gathering little bits of sand together.
+
+It seems to be sticking them fast to its body.
+
+It is really binding them together by a saliva-like substance from its
+mouth.
+
+It draws out little glistening threads that harden into silk as soon as
+they touch the water.
+
+Queer saliva you think.
+
+But the caddice larva does not find it queer. It is used to saliva that
+hardens into silk.
+
+Yes, that is the way the larva of the aphis lion and of the ant lion
+made their cocoons. They spun out silk in this manner.
+
+The caddice larva makes its house of silk and sand and also lines it
+with a beautiful covering of fine silk.
+
+Yes, May, it papers its walls with silk.
+
+You see it did not hurt the caddice larva to take away its house; it
+immediately went to work to build another.
+
+Why not pull it out, instead of breaking its house to pieces?
+
+Because if it had been pulled hard enough to come out, it might have
+been torn to pieces, it is such a tender little thing, and it holds fast
+so tightly.
+
+So the best way to remove it safely is to break its case bit by bit from
+around it.
+
+It does no harm to break its case if one is careful. It will soon build
+another.
+
+Yes, this larva has no distinct thorax. It is like the larvae of the
+dobson, the aphis lion, and the ant lion in that respect.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+See! John has found one whose tube is made of quite large stones as
+compared with this tube of fine sand that we have broken open.
+
+Some caddice larvae build houses of wood instead of stone. They stick
+little twigs together, and some use little pieces of leaves.
+
+Others again use tiny snail shells which, as you can imagine, make very
+pretty cases.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Our little caddice has made a neat little house of fine sand grains very
+nicely put together.
+
+Some others make much rougher houses.
+
+You will be apt to find the caddice larvae in any brook and in some
+ponds, and I hope you will always look for them.
+
+Notice the tracery in the soft mud of the brook.
+
+Those lines that look as though some one had been ornamenting the bottom
+of the brook are made by our caddice larvae.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+They drag their cases along and thus make these lines.
+
+Sometimes such lines are made by the little fresh-water snails; but you
+can always find the decorator by following along the lines he makes.
+
+What, May? How is the delicate larva able to cling to the case tightly
+enough to pull it along? If you look at it very carefully, you will find
+a pair of tiny hooks at the tail end by which it can hold on to the silk
+lining; and some caddice larvae have hard points on their backs which
+help them to hold fast.
+
+The caddice larvae are carnivorous; that is, they eat animal food.
+
+Yes, May, their food is usually the larvae of other insects, but you will
+be glad to know that some of them eat plants too.
+
+They eat the larvae of the May flies when they can find them and no doubt
+they build these strong cases about themselves to prevent the May fly
+larvae from returning the compliment.
+
+Frank has found some empty cases, yes, and some that are closed at both
+ends.
+
+Now, let us look at this one closed at both ends. What do you suppose is
+in it?
+
+We will open just one of these closed cases.
+
+There! It is a pupa! Yes, Nell, a very pretty doll is this.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It has a thorax, you see, and an abdomen. Its long antennae lie close to
+its body as do its little wing pads.
+
+Yes, the caddice larva grows and moults in the usual way. It keeps
+adding to its house as it grows longer. Finally, it closes the end of
+its little tube and lies quite still.
+
+You know what happens next. Its wormlike form divides into thorax and
+abdomen. Legs and wings appear, attached to the thorax. In short, it is
+no longer a wormlike creature.
+
+Finally, it comes forth from its case. It never goes into it again.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It does not need to, for now it is a dainty little nun, with a long,
+tan-colored cloak. Its cloak, of course, is its wings folded down about
+its body. Like the fairy May flies it has no mouth and eats nothing in
+the adult form.
+
+It looks like a dainty brown moth as it flutters about the bushes and
+goes flying up and down the brook.
+
+You will always find these little brown-cloaked figures flitting about
+the brooks, where the caddice larvae live.
+
+You see the caddice undergoes a complete metamorphosis.
+
+No, it does not belong to the Neuroptera.
+
+Examine its wings very carefully. Look at them through the magnifying
+glass, and you will see they are clothed with hairs.
+
+So these are the hair wings.
+
+The name of the order to which they belong is Trichoptera, from
+_pteron_, a wing, and _thrix_, a hair.
+
+Sometime you must take a caddice larva from its house and put it in a
+saucer of water with fine bits of mica, which you know is another name
+for the isinglass that makes the little windows in our stoves.
+
+If you are fortunate, your caddice will build for itself a little glass
+house, through whose walls you can look and see what is going on inside.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|Transcribers note: In this text letters with a macron or breve are     |
+|represented thus:                                                      |
+|                                                                       |
+|                                                                       |
+|"a" with a macron [=a] "a" with a breve [)a]                           |
+|"e" with a macron [=e] "e" with a breve [)e]                           |
+|                                                                       |
+|"i" with a macron [=i] "i" with a breve [)i]                           |
+|"o" with a macron [=o] "o" with a breve [)o]                           |
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY
+
+
+~Abdomen~ (ab-d[=o]'-men). The lower part of an animal's body. The part
+behind the thorax in insects.
+
+~Adult~ ([)a]-dult'). (L. adultus = grown up.) Grown to full size and
+strength.
+
+~Anchor~ (ang'-kor). (Gr. = a hook.) Anchors are used to fasten ships by
+a line to the bottom of the sea. Applied to anything that holds a
+movable body fast in one place.
+
+~Antenna~ pl. ~Antennae~ (an-ten'-nee). The feeler in front of the
+insect's head with which it hears and smells as well as feels.
+
+~Aphis~ ([=a]'-fis) pl. ~Aphides~ (af'-i-d[=e]z).
+
+~Aphid~ (af'-id) The plant louse, of which there are a great
+many kinds.
+
+~Apparatus~ (ap-a-r[=a]'-tus). Tools or machinery used in working or in
+making things.
+
+~Aquarium~ (a-kw[=a]'-ri-um). (L. aquarium = watering-place for cattle.)
+A vessel of water for keeping water plants or water animals.
+
+~Attract~ (at-trakt'). (L. attractus = draw to.) To draw toward.
+
+~Audubon~ (aw'-do-bon), John James. A very famous student of birds and
+their ways. In his great book, "The Birds of America," which was
+published in 1827, there are many large colored drawings made by
+himself.
+
+~Beech-nuts~ Small, three-cornered nuts that grow on beech trees, and
+that are very sweet and good.
+
+~Breeding-place~ The place where young animals are born.
+
+~Brood~ A family of young animals.
+
+~Caddice~, or ~Caddis fly~ (kad'-is fl[=i]). Sometimes called "case
+fly," from the case or shell which the larva makes about itself;
+"caddice" is another way of saying "case."
+
+~Camera~ (kam'-e-ra). An instrument for taking photographs.
+
+~Cannibal~ (kan'-[)i]-bal). A human being who eats human flesh. Any
+animal that eats others of its own kind.
+
+~Cargo~ (kar'-go). The goods or merchandise or whatever is carried in a
+ship.
+
+~Carnivorous~ (kar-niv'-[=o]-rus). (L. carnivorus = flesh-eating.)
+Applied to animals that feed on flesh, and plants that feed on insects.
+
+~Cast~ The cast-off skin of an insect that keeps the form of the
+insect's body.
+
+~Characteristic~ (kar-ak-te-ris'-tik). Showing the peculiar qualities of
+a person or thing.
+
+~Chitinous~(k[=i]'-tin-us). Hard, horny, and shell-like.
+
+~Cicada~ (si-k[=a]'-dae). (L. cicada = tree cricket.) A popular name for
+insects, like the grasshopper, locust, and cricket, which make a
+creaking or chirping noise.
+
+~Cochineal~ (koch'-i-n[=e]l or koch-i-n[=e]l'). A crimson dyestuff made
+of the dried bodies of certain small insects. The insect is also called
+cochineal.
+
+~Cocoon~ (ko-koon'). (L. concha = a shell.) The silky envelope which the
+larvae of many insects spin to cover themselves.
+
+~Compact~ (kom-pakt'). (L. compactus = joined together.) Closely and
+firmly united.
+
+~Compound~ (kom'-pound). Made up of two or more parts.
+
+~Coxa~ (kok'-sa). (L. coxa = the hip.) The first segment of an insect's
+_leg_, sometimes called the hip.
+
+~Crevices~ (krev'-is-es). (L. crepare = to break, burst, crack.) Narrow
+openings or cracks.
+
+~Descendant~ (d[=e]-sen'-dant). (L. descendere = to descend.) People or
+animals who have come from earlier people or animals.
+
+~Ear drum~ ([=e]r' drum). A membrane stretched across inside the ear.
+
+~Ejected~ ([=e]-jekt'-ed). (L. ejicere = to throw out.) Thrown out,
+driven away.
+
+~Emaciated~ ([=e]-m[=a]'-shi-[=a]t-ed). (L. emaciare = to make lean.)
+Very thin and wasted.
+
+~Emerge~ (e-merj'). (L. emergere = to rise out.) To appear, to come into
+sight.
+
+~Ephemeridae~ (ef-[=e]-mer'-i-d[=e]). (Gr. word = "lasting but a day.")
+The name of the May fly order.
+
+~Facets~ (fas'-ets). Little faces; small surfaces.
+
+~Femur~ (f[=e]'-mer). (L. femur = a thigh.) The long bone of the upper
+leg above the knee. The third segment in the insect's leg.
+
+~Formidable~ (for'-mi-da-bl). (L. formidabilis = causing fear.) Hard to
+deal with; difficult to overcome.
+
+~Fry~ (fr[=i]). The young of fishes; used for any small animals.
+
+~Funnel~ (fun'-el). The shape of a hollow cone.
+
+~Gauzy~ (gaw'-zi). Very fine, thin, and transparent.
+
+~Ghosts~ (g[=o]sts). The spirits or shadows of the dead.
+
+~Gills~ The breathing organs of any animal that lives in the water.
+
+~Gorge~ (gorj). To feed greedily; to stuff one's self.
+
+~Gossamer~ (gos'-a-mer). A fine filmy substance, like the cobweb of
+spiders.
+
+~Grub~ The larva of an insect.
+
+~Hearth~ (h[)a]rth). The part of the floor of a room where the fire is
+built.
+
+~Hemiptera~ (h[=e]-mip'-te-ra). (Gr. = half-wing.) The name of an insect
+order including many kinds, all known as bugs.
+
+~Incomplete~ (in-kom-pl[=e]t'). Not fully finished or developed.
+
+~Injurious~ (in-jew'-ri-us). (L. injuriasus = acting unjustly or
+wrongly.) Something wrong or harmful.
+
+~Inquisitive~ (in-kwiz'-i-tiv). Curious and prying.
+
+~Insatiable~ (in-s[=a]'-shi-a-bl). (L. insatiabilis = that cannot be
+satisfied.) Not easily satisfied; very greedy.
+
+~Isinglass~ ([=i]'-zing-glas). Thin, transparent sheets of mica.
+
+~Joint~ The place where two things or parts of one thing are joined or
+united.
+
+~Keel~ (k[=e]l). The lowest part of the bottom of a ship.
+
+~Kettle drum~ (ket'-l drum). A musical instrument made of a hollow brass
+hemisphere over which is stretched parchment. This is sounded by blows
+from a mallet or stick.
+
+~Larva~ (lar'-va); pl. ~Larvae~ (lar'-v[=e]). The young insect.
+
+~Lock~ To fasten in place.
+
+~Locust~ (l[=o]'-kust). A shorthorned grasshopper.
+
+~Mantis~ (man'-tis); pl. ~Mantes~ (man'-t[=e]z). (Gr. = prophet.) An
+orthopterous insect that holds its arms as if in prayer.
+
+~Membrane~ (mem'-br[=a]n). (L. membrana = thin skin.) A thin, soft
+tissue that connects two parts, or lines a body.
+
+~Mercaptan~ (mer-kap'-tan). (L. mercaptans = taking mercury.) A
+vile-smelling liquid that gets its name because of its strong action on
+mercury. It seizes upon mercury, so to speak.
+
+~Metallic~ (me-tal'-ik). Made up of metals, or like metals.
+
+~Metamorphosis~ (met-a-mor'-f[=o]-sis). (L. metamorphosis = change,
+transformation.) A change of form; a development, as the change of the
+caterpillar into the chrysalis.
+
+~Mica~ (m[=i]'-ka). A transparent mineral that can be separated into
+thin sheets or layers.
+
+~Microscope~ (m[=i]'-kr[=o]-sk[=o]p). An instrument that magnifies, or
+makes objects look larger when placed beneath it.
+
+~Moult~ (m[=o]lt). (L. mutare = to change.) To shed or cast off the
+feathers, hair, or skin.
+
+~Muscle~ (mus'-l). Bundles of fibres that have the power of growing
+longer or shorter. The body is moved by means of the muscles.
+
+~Nary~ (ner'-i). "Ne'er a," a contraction of "never a."
+
+~Nerve~ (nerv). (L. nervus = a fibre _or_ tendon.) The nerves are fibres
+or threads that carry impressions to the brain. Nerved = having fibres,
+as in the wings of insects.
+
+~Neuroptera~ (n[=u]-r[)o]p'-te-ra). (Gr. = nerve-wing.) The name of an
+insect order.
+
+~Nymph~ (nimf). (L. nympha = a bride, a young girl.) The young of
+insects that undergo an incomplete metamorphosis.
+
+~Ocelli~ (o-sel'-le), pl. of Ocellus. (L. = a little eye.) The tiny,
+simple eyes of insects.
+
+~Odonata~ ([=o]-d[=o]-na'-ta). The name of an insect order to which
+belong the dragon flies.
+
+~Odors~ Pleasant or unpleasant smells.
+
+~Opera-glass~ (op'-e-ra-glas). Magnifying glasses used at the theatre or
+opera to make things seem nearer.
+
+~Organism~ (or'-gan-izm). A member of the animal or vegetable kingdom.
+
+~Orthoptera~ (or-thop'-t[=e]-ra). (Gr. = straight-wing.) An insect order
+to which belong the grasshoppers.
+
+~Ovipositor~ ([=o]-v[)i]-poz'-[)i]-tor). (L. ovum = egg, _and_ ponere =
+to place.) The end of the abdomen of some insects, with which they are
+able to put their eggs in a good place to be hatched.
+
+~Oxygen~ (ok'-si-jen). A part of the air that is necessary to all animal
+and vegetable life.
+
+~Parasites~ (par'-a-s[=i]tz). Animals or plants that live on others.
+
+~Phylloxera~ (fil-ok-s[=e]'-ra). (Gr. = leaf _and_ dry.) An insect very
+destructive to grape vines.
+
+~Plaited~ (pl[=a]t'-ed). Folded length-wise like the plaits of a closed
+fan.
+
+~Plecoptera~ (pl[=e]-k[)o]p'-t[=e]-ra). (Gr. = twist _and_ wing.) An
+insect to which belong the stone flies.
+
+~Pollute~(p[=o]-l[=u]t'). (L. polluere = to make unclean, to soil.) To
+make foul or unclean.
+
+~Pores~ (porz). (L. porus = a way, a passage.) Small openings in the
+skin to help in breathing.
+
+~Prey~ (pr[=a]). (L. praeda = property taken in war.) An animal in the
+chase; game.
+
+Prolific (pr[=o]-lif'-ik). Fruitful; producing young in abundance.
+
+~Propel~ (pr[=o]-pel'). (L. propellere = to drive, or push forward.) To
+urge onward by force.
+
+Prophet (prof'-et). One who tells of the future.
+
+~Pulvillus~ (pul-vil'-us); pl. ~Pulvilli.~ (L. = a little cushion.) A
+little pad or cushion on an insect's foot.
+
+~Ravenous~ (rav'-n-us). Greedy, furiously hungry.
+
+~Repel~ (re-pel'). (L. repellere = to drive back.) To drive back, to
+check.
+
+~Resinous~ (rez'-i-nus). Like resin, which is made from pine pitch.
+
+~Rudimentary~ (rew-di-men'-ta-ri). (L. rudimentum = a first attempt.)
+Imperfectly developed or in an early stage of development.
+
+~Saliva~ (sa-l[=i]'-va). Spittle. The liquid formed in the mouth, which
+mixes with food, and helps it to digest.
+
+~Segment~ (seg'-ment). (L. secare = to cut.) A part cut off, a section.
+
+~Seize~ (s[=e]z). To grasp, to clutch.
+
+~Sensitive~ (sen'-si-tiv). Quick to feel. The nerve of the eye is
+sensitive to light, quick to feel light.
+
+~Shellac~ (she-lak' or shel-ak'). It is made from a coloring matter in
+the bodies of certain insects. A polish which is used with varnish.
+
+~Silk~ (s[=i]lk). A fine, soft, strong thread made by the larvae of
+certain insects.
+
+~Skeleton~ (skel'-e-ton). (Gr. = ~dried~ up.) The dry bones of the body
+taken together.
+
+~Socket~ (sok'-et). Any hollow thing or place which receives or holds
+something else.
+
+~Soothsayer~ (soeth'-s[=a]-er). One who pretends to know what the future
+holds for us.
+
+~Source~ (s[=o]rs). The place where anything begins.
+
+~Species~ (sp[=e]'-shez). A group of closely related animals or plants.
+
+~Spine~ (sp[=i]n). (L. spina = a thorn). Anything sharp and slender like
+a thorn.
+
+~Spiracle~ (spir'-or sp[=i]r-a-kl). (L. spiraculum = a breathing hole).
+An air-hole.
+
+~Survivals~ (ser-v[=i]'-valz). (L. supervivo = to live over.) Those
+outliving the larger number.
+
+~Swammerdam, Johannes~. A Dutch entomologist, born in Amsterdam in 1637.
+He published several books on the natural history of insects.
+
+~Syringe~ (sir'-inj). (Gr. = a pipe _or_ reed.) A little instrument for
+drawing in water, and forcing it out again.
+
+Tarsus (tar'-sus); pl. ~Tarsi.~ (Gr. = the sole of the foot.) The little
+segments that make up the insect's foot. Also the little bones of the
+instep.
+
+~Telescope~ (tel'-e-sk[=o]p). (Gr. = to view afar off.) An instrument by
+which distant objects are made to appear nearer and larger.
+
+~Thorax~ (th[=o]'-rax). (Gr. = armor for the breast.) That part of the
+body of animals between the head and the abdomen.
+
+~Thysanura~ (this-a-n[=u]'-ra). (Gr. = tassel and tail.) An insect order
+to which belong the scale fishes.
+
+~Tibia~ (tib'-i-a). (L. tibia = a slender pipe, a musical instrument.) A
+long, slender bone in the leg, below the knee. The fourth segment in an
+insect's leg, generally long and slender.
+
+~Transformation~ (trans-for-ma'-shon). (L. transformare = to change the
+shape of.) A change in form or nature.
+
+~Transparent~ (trans-par'-ent). (L. trans-parere = to appear through.)
+Easily seen through.
+
+~Transportation~ (trans-por-ta'-shon). (L. trans-portare = to carry
+over.) Carrying from one place to another.
+
+~Tremendous~ (tre-men'-dus). (L. tremendus = fearful, _from_ tremere, to
+tremble.) Very wonderful, astounding.
+
+~Trichoptera~ (tr[=i]-kop'-te-ra). (Gr. = hairy-wing.) An insect order
+to which belong the caddis flies.
+
+~Trochanter~ (tro-kan'-ter). (Gr. = the ball on which the hip bone turns
+in its socket.) The second segment of an insect's leg.
+
+~Unlock~ (un-lok'). To unfasten something that has been closed.
+
+~Unsubstantial~ (un-sub-stan'-shal). Not real or solid, without
+substance.
+
+~Vacated~ (v[=a]'-kat-ed). (L. vacare = to be empty or vacant.) Emptied;
+possession given up.
+
+~Vegetation~ (vej-e-t[=a]'-shon). (L. vegetare = to quicken.) Living
+plants.
+
+~Veined~ (v[=a]nd). (L. vena = a vein.) Marked as with veins, streaked.
+
+~Vibrate~(v[=i]'-br[=a]t). (L. vibratus = set in motion.) To swing; move
+to and fro.
+
+~Vibration~ (v[=i]-br[=a]'-shon). Motions back and forth. Vibrations may
+be too small for us to see.
+
+Victimized (vik'-tim-[=i]zd). Made a victim of, deceived, badly treated.
+
+~Voracious~ (v[=o]-r[=a]'-shus). (L. vorax = devouring greedily.) Eating
+food in large quantities.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Insect Folk, by Margaret Warner Morley
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE INSECT FOLK ***
+
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