initial commit of ebook 18775HEADmain

10 files changed, 7425 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/18775-8.txt b/18775-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e5d059c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/18775-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2428 @@
+Project Gutenberg's Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, No. 435, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, No. 435
+       Volume 17, New Series, May 1, 1852
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Robert Chambers
+          William Chambers
+
+Release Date: July 7, 2006 [EBook #18775]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S EDINBURGH ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Malcolm Farmer, Richard J. Shiffer and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                     CHAMBERS' EDINBURGH JOURNAL
+
+  CONDUCTED BY WILLIAM AND ROBERT CHAMBERS, EDITORS OF 'CHAMBERS'S
+  INFORMATION FOR THE PEOPLE,' 'CHAMBERS'S EDUCATIONAL COURSE,' &c.
+
+
+  No. 435. NEW SERIES.   SATURDAY, MAY 1, 1852.   PRICE 1-1/2_d._
+
+
+
+
+FORCED BENEFITS.
+
+
+The maxim, that men may safely be left to seek their own interest, and
+are sure to find it, appears to require some slight qualification, for
+nothing can be more certain, than that men are often the better of
+things which have been forced upon them. Those who advocate the idea
+in its rigour, forget that there are such things as ignorance and
+prejudice in the world, and that most men only become or continue
+actively industrious under the pressure of necessity. The vast
+advantages derived from railway communication afford a ready instance
+of people being benefited against their will. At the bare proposal to
+run a line through their lands, many proprietors were thrown into a
+frenzy of antagonism; and whole towns petitioned that they might not
+be contaminated with the odious thing. In spite of remonstrances, and
+at a vast cost, railways were made; and we should like to know where
+opponents are now to be found. Demented land-proprietors are come to
+their senses; and even recalcitrant Oxford is glad of a line to
+itself.
+
+Cases of this kind suggest the curious consideration, that many
+remarkable benefits now experienced were never sought for or
+contemplated by the persons enjoying them, but came from another
+quarter, and were at first only grudgingly submitted to. A singular
+example happens to call our attention. There is a distillery in the
+west of Scotland, where it has been found convenient to establish a
+dairy upon a large scale, for the purpose of consuming the refuse of
+the grain. Seven hundred cows are kept there; and a profitable market
+is found for their milk in the city of Glasgow. That the refuse of the
+cow-houses might be applied to a profitable purpose, a large farm was
+added to the concern, though of such land as an amateur agriculturist
+would never have selected for his experiments. Thus there was a
+complete system of economy at this distillery: a dairy to convert the
+draff into milk, and a farm to insure that the soil from the cows
+might be used upon the spot. But, as is so generally seen in this
+country, the liquid part of the refuse from the cow-houses was
+neglected. It was allowed to run into a neighbouring canal; and the
+proprietors would have been contented to see it so disposed of for
+ever, if that could have been permitted. It was found, however, to be
+a nuisance, the very fishes being poisoned by it. The proprietors of
+the canal threatened an action for the protection of their property,
+and the conductors of the dairy were forced to bethink them of some
+plan by which they should be enabled to dispose of the noxious matter
+without injury to their neighbours. They could at first hit upon no
+other than that of carting away the liquid to the fields, and there
+spreading it out as manure. No doubt, they expected some benefit from
+this procedure; and, had they expected much, they might never have
+given the canal company any trouble. But the fact is, they expected so
+little benefit, that they would never have willingly taken the trouble
+of employing their carts for any such purpose. To their surprise, the
+benefit was such as to make their lean land superior in productiveness
+to any in the country. They were speedily encouraged to make
+arrangements at some expense for allowing the manure in a diluted form
+to flow by a regular system of irrigation over their fields. The
+original production has thus been _increased fourfold_. The company,
+finding no other manure necessary, now dispose of the solid kind
+arising from the dairy, among the neighbouring farmers who still
+follow the old arrangements in the management of their cows. The sum
+of L.600 is thus yearly gained by the company, being not much less
+than the rent of the farm. If to this we add the value of the extra
+produce arising from the land, we shall have some idea of the
+advantage derived by this company from having been put under a little
+compulsion.
+
+An instance, perhaps even more striking, was supplied a few years ago
+by certain chemical works which vented fumes noxious to a whole
+neighbourhood. Being prosecuted for the nuisance, the proprietors were
+forced to make flues of great length, through which the fumes might be
+conducted to a considerable distance. The consequence was surprising.
+A new kind of deposit was formed in the interior of the flues, and
+from this a large profit was derived. The sweeping of a chimney would
+sometimes produce several thousand pounds. At the same time, nothing
+can be more certain than that this material, but for the threat of
+prosecution, would have been allowed to continue poisoning the
+neighbourhood, and, consequently, not yielding one penny to the
+proprietors of the works.[1]
+
+It has pleased Providence to order that from all the forms of organic
+life there shall arise a refuse which is offensive to our senses, and
+injurious to health, but calculated, under certain circumstances, to
+prove highly beneficial to us. The offensiveness and noxiousness look
+very much like a direct command from the Author of Nature, to do that
+which shall turn the refuse to a good account--namely, to bury it in
+the earth. Yet, from sloth and negligence, it is often allowed to
+cumber the surface, and there do its evil work instead. An important
+principle is thus instanced--the essential identity of Nuisance and
+Waste. Nearly all the physical annoyances we are subjected to, and
+nearly all the influences that are operating actively for our hurt,
+are simply the exponents of some chemical solecism, which we are,
+through ignorance or indifference, committing or permitting. There is
+here a double evil--a positive and a negative. When the Londoner
+groans at the smokiness of his streets, and the particles of soot he
+finds spread over his shirt, his toilet-table, and every nice article
+of furniture he possesses, he has the additional vexation of knowing,
+that the smoke and soot should have been serving a useful purpose as
+fuel. When he passes by a railway over the tops of the houses in some
+mean suburb, and looks down with horror and disgust on the pools and
+heaps of filth which are allowed to encumber the yards, courts, and
+narrow streets of these localities, to the destruction of the health
+of the inhabitants, he has a second consideration before him, that all
+these matters ought to be in the care of some easy-acting system, by
+which, removed to the fields, they should be helping to create the
+means of life, instead of death. We never can look upon a great
+factory chimney pouring forth its thick column of smoke, without a
+twin grief--for the disgust it creates, and the good that is lost by
+it. Properly, that volatile fuel should be doing duty in the furnace,
+and effecting a saving to the manufacturer, instead of rendering him
+and his concerns a nuisance to all within five miles.
+
+Troublesome as these nuisances are, there is such an inaptitude to new
+plans, that they might go on for ever, if an interference should not
+come in from some external quarter. It matters little whence the
+interference comes, so that the end be effected. We cannot, however,
+view the proceedings of a Board of Health in ordering cleanly
+arrangements, or those of a municipal council putting down factory
+smoke, without great interest, for we think we there see part, and an
+important one too, of the great battle of Civilisation against
+Barbarism. And this interest is deepened when we observe the benefits
+which Barbarism usually derives from its own defeats. The
+factory-owner, for instance, will find that, in applying an apparatus
+by which smoke may be prevented, he will not merely be sparing his
+neighbours a great annoyance, but economising fuel to an extent which
+must more than repay the outlay. By repressing nuisance, he will be in
+the same measure repressing waste.[2] Were there, in like manner, a
+general measure for enforcing the removal of refuse from the
+neighbourhood of human habitations, the rate-payers would in due time
+see blessed effects from the compulsion to which they had been
+subjected. Their groans would be succeeded by gladness, and they would
+thank the legislators who had slighted their remonstrances. When the
+cholera approached in 1849, our British Board of Health ordered a
+general cleaning out of stables, and a daily persistence in the
+practice. It was complained of as a great hardship; but the Board
+ascertained that owners of valuable race-horses cause their stables to
+be thoroughly cleaned daily, as a practice necessary for the health of
+the animals; the Board, therefore, very properly insisted on forcing
+this benefit upon the proprietors of horses generally. Can we doubt
+that a similar policy might be followed with the like good
+consequences at all times, and with regard to the habitations of men
+as well as horses?
+
+It would thus appear, that men may really be allowed a too undisturbed
+repose in their views and maxims, and, if always left to seek their
+own interests, would often fail to find the way. If, indeed, it were
+true that men are sure to find out their own interest, no country
+should be behind another in any of the processes or arts necessary for
+the sustenance and comfort of the people; whereas we know the contrary
+to be the case. If it were true, there should be no class in our own
+country willing to sit down with the dubious benefits of monopoly,
+instead of pushing on for the certain results of enlightened
+competition. It could only be true at the expense of the old proverb,
+that necessity is the mother of invention; for do we not every day see
+men submitting idly and languidly to evils which can just be borne?
+whereas, if these were a little greater, and therefore insupportable,
+they would at once be remedied. An impulse _ab extra_ seems in a vast
+number of instances to be necessary, to promote the good of both
+nations and individuals. Now, whether this shall come in the ordinary
+course of things, and be recognised as necessity, or from an
+enlightened power having a certain end, generally beneficial, in view,
+does not appear to be of much consequence, provided only we can be
+tolerably well assured against the abuses to which all power is
+liable. It may be well worthy of consideration, whether, in this
+country, we have not carried the principle of _Laissez faire_, or
+_leave us alone_, a little too far in certain matters, where some
+gentle coercion would have been more likely to benefit all concerned.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] The idea of this article, and the above facts, are derived from a
+valuable memoir just published by the Board of Health, with reference
+to the practical application of sewage water and town manures to
+agricultural production.
+
+[2] We understand that this has been the case with factory-owners at
+Manchester who have applied the smoke-preventing apparatus. The saving
+from such an apparatus in the office where this sheet is printed,
+appears to be about 5 per cent.; an ample equivalent for the outlay.
+
+
+
+
+MONSIEUR JEROME AND THE RUSSIAN PRINCESS.
+
+
+On arriving at Blois, I went to the Hôtel de la Tête Noire--a massive,
+respectable-looking building, situated on the quay nearly opposite a
+bridge that crosses the river to the suburb of St Etienne. The comfort
+of the rooms, and the excellence of the dinners that succeeded one
+another day by day, induced me to stay longer than I had intended, and
+rendered me spectator and part-actor in an adventure not uncommon in
+French-land. My apartment was numbered 48--by the way, who ever saw
+No. 1 in a hotel, or upon a watch?--and next door--that is, at No.
+49--dwelt a very dignified-looking gentleman, always addressed as M.
+Jerome. I often take occasion to say, that I pique myself on being
+something of a physiognomist; and as I have been several times right
+in my judgment of character and position from inspection of the
+countenance, the occasions in which I have been mistaken may be set
+down as exceptions. M. Jerome at once interested me; and as I was idly
+in search of health, and had taken care to have nothing whatever to do
+but to kill time, the observation of this gentleman's appearance and
+manners naturally formed a chief part of my occupation.
+
+I began by ascertaining exactly the colour of his eyes and
+hair--nearly black; the shape of his nose--straight, and rather too
+long; and would have been glad to examine the form of his mouth, but a
+huge moustache hanging over his lips in the French military style--see
+the portrait of General Cavaignac--prevented me from ascertaining the
+precise contour of what one of my old philosophers calls the Port
+Esquiline of Derision. M. Jerome was, upon the whole, a handsome man,
+with a romantically bilious complexion; and the expression of his
+large dark eyes was really profound and striking. His costume was
+always fashionable, without being showy; and there was nothing to
+object to but a diamond ring, somewhat too ostentatiously displayed on
+the little finger, which, in all his manual operations, at dinner or
+elsewhere, always cocked up with an impertinent 'look-at-me air,' that
+I did not like. When, indeed, this dandy walked slowly out of the
+dining-room to the door-step, and lighted his cigar, the said little
+finger became positively obnoxious; and I used to think whether it
+were possible that that human being had been created purposely as a
+scaffolding whereon to exhibit a flashing little stone, set in twenty
+shillings worth of gold.
+
+M. Jerome, though not, strictly speaking, a silent man, was
+sufficiently reserved at table. The early courses were by him always
+allowed to pass without any further remark than what politeness
+requires--as: 'Shall I send you some more of this _blanquette_?' or,
+'With pleasure, sir;' and so forth. When dessert-time approached,
+however, he generally began to unbend, to take part in the general
+conversation, and throw in here and there a piquant anecdote. He did
+this with so much grace, that had it not been for the diamond ring, I
+should have been disposed to consider him as a man of large experience
+in the best society. The other people who generally attended at
+table--travellers, commercial and otherwise, with one or two smart
+folks from the town, on the look-out for Parisian gossip, to retail to
+the less adventurous members of their circle--were all delighted with
+M. Jerome: it was M. Jerome here, and M. Jerome there; and if M.
+Jerome happened to dine out, every one seemed to feel uneasy, and look
+upon him as guilty of a great dereliction of duty. They could almost
+as well have done without their _demi-tasse_.
+
+Although I am an inquisitive, I am not a very impertinent man. I like
+to pry into other people's affairs only in so far as I can do so
+without hurting their feelings, or putting my own self-love in danger
+of a check. If, therefore, I gave the reins to my curiosity, and
+devoted myself to studying the more apparent movements of this M.
+Jerome, I shrank from putting any direct questions to the _garçon_,
+who might probably at once have given me a very prosaic account of
+him. On one occasion, I threw in casually a remark, to the effect that
+the gentleman at No. 49 seemed a great favourite with the fair sex;
+but the only reply was a smile, and an acknowledgment that, in
+general, people of fascinating exterior--here the _garçon_ glanced at
+the mirror he was dusting--_were_ great favourites with the fairer
+portion of the creation. 'We Frenchmen,' it was added, 'know the way
+to the female heart better than most men.' The waiter had paused with
+his duster in his hand. I felt that he was going to give me his Art of
+Love; and opportunely remembering that I had a letter to put into the
+post, I escaped the infliction for the time.
+
+I had, indeed, observed that if the public generally admitted the
+valuable qualities of M. Jerome as a companion, his reputation was
+based principally on the approval of the ladies. All these excellent
+judges agreed that he was a nice, quiet, agreeable person; and 'so
+handsome!' At least the seven members of an English family, who had
+come to visit Chambord, and lingered at the hotel a week--five of them
+were daughters--all expressed this opinion of M. Jerome; and even a
+supercilious French lady, with a particle attached to her name,
+admitted that he was 'very well.'
+
+One day, a new face appeared at table to interest me; and as the
+mysterious gentleman and his diamond ring had puzzled me for a
+fortnight, during which I had made no progress towards ascertaining
+his real position and character, I was not sorry to have my attention
+a little diverted by a mysterious lady. Madame de Mourairef--a Russian
+name, thought I--was a very agreeable person to look at; much more so
+to me than M. Jerome. She was not much past twenty years of age;
+small, slight, elegant in shape, if not completely so in manners; and
+with one of those charming little faces which you can analyse into
+ugliness, but which in their synthesis, to speak as moderns should,
+are admirable, adorable, fascinating. I should have thought that such
+a _minois_ could belong only to Paris--the city, by the way, of ugly
+women, whom art makes charming. However, there it was above the
+shoulders, high of course--swan-necked women are only found in
+England--above the shoulders of a Russian marchioness, princess,
+czarina, or what you will, who called for her cigarettes after dinner,
+was attended by a little _soubrette_, named Penelope, and looked for
+all the world as if she had just been whirled off the boards of the
+Opera Comique.
+
+I at first believed that this was a mere _mascarade_; but when a
+letter in a formidable envelope, with the seal of the Russian embassy,
+arrived, and was exhibited in the absence of the lady herself, to
+every one of the lodgers, in proof of the aristocratic character of
+the customer of the Tête Noire, I began to doubt my own perspicacity,
+and to imagine that I had now a far more interesting object of study
+than M. Jerome and his diamond ring. Madame de Mourairef was an
+exceedingly affable person; and the English family aforesaid, whom I
+have reason to believe were Cockney tradesfolks, pronounced her to be
+very high-bred--without a fault, indeed, if it had not been for that
+horrid habit of smoking, which, as they judiciously observed, however,
+was a peculiar characteristic of the Russians. I am afraid, they would
+have set her down as a vulgar wretch, had they not been forewarned
+that she was aristocratic. The French lady seemed to look upon the
+foreign one as an intruder, and scarcely deigned to turn her eyes in
+that direction. Probably this was because she was so charming, and
+monopolised so much of the attention of us gentlemen.
+
+'They no sooner looked than they loved,' says Rosalind. This was not,
+perhaps, quite the case with M. Jerome and the Russian princess, who
+took care to let it be known that she was a widow; but in a very few
+days what is called 'a secret sympathy' evidently sprang into
+existence. The former, of course, made the first advances. His
+diplomatic and seductive arts were not, however, put to a great test,
+for in three days the lady manifestly felt uneasy until he presented
+himself at dinner; and in a week, I met them walking arm in arm on the
+bridge. It was easy to see that he was on his good behaviour; and from
+some fragments of conversations I overheard between them when they met
+in the passage opposite my door, I learned that he was 'doing the
+melancholy dodge,' as in the vernacular we would express it; and had
+many harrowing revelations to make as to the manner in which his heart
+had been trifled with by unfeeling beauties.
+
+'There is a tide in the affairs of an hôtel:' I am in a mood for
+quoting from my favourite authors; and whereas we had at one time sat
+down nearly twenty to table, we suddenly found ourselves to be only
+three--M. Jerome, the princess, and myself. A kind of intimacy was the
+natural result. We made ourselves mutually agreeable; and I was not at
+all surprised, when one evening Madame de Mourairef invited us two
+gentlemen to take tea with her in her little sitting-room. Both
+accepted joyfully; and though I am persuaded that M. Jerome would have
+preferred a tête-à-tête, he accepted my companionship with tolerable
+grace. We strolled together, indeed, on the quay for half an hour. It
+was raining slightly, and I had a cough; but I have too good an
+opinion of human nature to imagine that my new acquaintance kept me
+out by his fascinating conversation, in order to make me catch a
+desperate cold, that would send me wheezing to bed.
+
+The tea was served, as I suppose it is served in Russia, very weak,
+with a plentiful admixture of milk and accompaniment of _biscuits
+glacés_. Madame de Mourairef did the honours in an inexpressibly
+graceful manner; and I observed that there was a delightful intimacy
+between her and her maid Penelope, that quite upset my ideas of
+northern serfdom. I think they even once exchanged a wink, but of this
+I am not sure. There is nothing like experience to expand one's ideas,
+and I made up my mind to re-examine the whole of my notions of
+Muscovite vassalage. M. Jerome seemed less struck by these
+circumstances than myself--being probably too much absorbed in
+contemplation of our hostess--but even he could not avoid exclaiming,
+'that if that were the way in which serfs were treated, he should like
+to be a serf--of such a mistress!'
+
+'You Frenchmen are _so_ gallant!' was the reply.
+
+A little while afterwards, somebody proposed a game of whist. There
+was an objection to 'dead-man,' and Penelope, with a semi-oriental
+salaam, offered to 'take a hand.' Madame de Mourairef was graciously
+pleased to order her to do so. We shuffled, cut, and played; and when
+midnight came, and it was necessary to retire, I felt almost afraid to
+examine into my own heart, lest I might find that the soubrette
+appeared to me at least as high-bred as the mistress.
+
+We spent some delightful evenings in this manner, and perhaps still
+more delightful days, for by degrees we became inseparable, and all
+our walks and drives were made in common. The garçon often looked
+maliciously at me, even offered once or twice to develop his Art of
+Love; but I did not choose to be interrupted in my physiognomical
+studies, and gave him no opportunity.
+
+A picnic was proposed, and agreed upon. We intended at first to go to
+Chambord; but there was danger of a crowd; and a valley on the road to
+Vendôme was pitched upon. A _calèche_ took us to the place, and set us
+down in a delightful meadow, enamelled with flowers, as all meadows
+are in poetry. A few great trees, forming almost a grove, shaded a
+slope near the banks of a sluggish stream that crept along between an
+avenue of poplars. Here the cloth was laid at once for breakfast; and
+whilst M. Jerome and the princess strolled away to talk of blighted
+hopes, Russia, serfdom, wedlock, and the conflagration of the Kremlin,
+Penelope made the necessary preparation; and I, in my character of a
+fidgety old gentleman, first advised and then assisted her. I am
+afraid the young damsel had designs upon my heart, for she put several
+questions to me on the state of vassalage in England; and when I
+developed succinctly the principles and advantages of our free
+constitution, and said some eloquent things that formed a French
+edition of 'Britons never shall be slaves,' she became quite
+enthusiastic; her cheeks flushed, her eyes brightened; and with a sort
+of Thervigne-de-Mericourt gesture, she cried: 'Vive la République!'
+This was scarcely the natural product of what I had said; but so
+lively a little creature, in her dainty lace-cap and flying pink
+ribbons, neat silk _caraco_, plaid-patterned gown, with pagoda
+sleeves, as she called them, and milk-white _manchettes_--her
+_bottines_ from the Rue Vivienne, and her face from Paradise--could
+reconcile many a harder heart than mine to greater incongruities. Our
+arrangements being made, therefore, I sat down on a camp-stool, whilst
+Penelope reclined on the grass; and I endeavoured to explain to her
+the great advantages of a moderate constitutional government, with
+checks, balances, and so forth. Although she yawned, I am sure it was
+not from ennui, but in order to shew me her pretty pearly teeth.
+
+M. Jerome and the princess came streaming back over the meadow--even
+affected to scold me for having remained behind. They were evidently
+on the best possible terms, and I took great satisfaction in
+contemplating their happiness. Either my perspicacity was at fault,
+however, or both had some secret cause of uneasiness that pressed upon
+their minds as the day advanced. Had they been only betrayed into a
+declaration and a plighting of their troth in a hurry? Did they
+already repent? Did Madame de Mourairef regret the barbarous splendour
+of her native land? Did M. Jerome begin to mourn over the delights of
+bachelorship? These were the questions I put to myself without being
+able to invent any satisfactory answer. The day passed, however,
+pleasantly enough; and the calèche came in due time to take us back to
+Blois.
+
+Next morning, M. Jerome entered my room with a graceful bow, to
+announce his departure for Paris, whither it was necessary for him to
+go to obtain the necessary papers for his marriage, and Madame de
+Mourairef, he added, accompanied him. I uttered the necessary
+congratulations, and gave my address in Paris, that he might call upon
+me as soon as he was settled in the hôtel he proposed to take.
+
+'I take two persons with me,' he said, smiling; 'but one of them
+leaves her heart behind, I am afraid.'
+
+This alluded to Penelope; but I was determined not to understand. I
+went to say adieu to Madame de Mourairef, who seemed rather excited
+and anxious. Penelope almost succeeded in wringing forth a tear; but I
+did not think it was decreed that at my age I should really make love
+to a Russian serf, however charming. So off they went to the railway
+station, leaving me in a very dull, stupid, melancholy mood.
+
+'What a fortunate man M. Jerome is!' said the garçon, as he came into
+my room a few minutes afterwards.
+
+'Yes,' I replied; 'Madame de Mourairef seems in every way worthy of
+him.'
+
+'I should think so,' quoth he. 'It is not every waiter, however
+fascinating, that falls in with a Russian princess.'
+
+'Waiter! M. Jerome!'
+
+'Of course,' replied my informant. 'You seem surprised; but M. Jerome
+is really a waiter at the Café ----, on the Boulevard des Italiens;
+came down for his health. We were comrades once, and I promised to
+keep the secret, for he thought it extremely probable that he might
+meet a wealthy English lady here, who might fall in love with
+him--your countrywomen are so eccentric. He has found a Russian
+princess, which is better. I suppose we must now call him
+Monseigneur?'
+
+Although, like the rest of my species, disposed to laugh at the
+misfortunes of my fellow-creatures, I confess that I pitied Madame de
+Mourairef; for I felt persuaded that M. Jerome had passed himself off
+as a very distinguished personage. However, there was no remedy, and I
+had no right to interfere in the matter. The lady, indeed, had been in
+an unpardonable hurry to be won, and must take the consequences.
+
+In the afternoon, there was a great bustle in the hôtel, and
+half-a-dozen voices were heard doing the work of fifty. I went out
+into the passage, and caught the first fragments of an explanation
+that soon became complete. M. Alphonse, courier to M. de Mourairef,
+had arrived, and was indignantly maintaining that Sophie and Penelope,
+the two waiting-maids of the princess, had arrived at the Tête Noire,
+to take a suite of rooms for their mistress; whilst the landlord and
+his coadjutors, slow to comprehend, averred that the great lady had
+herself been there, and departed. The truth at length came out--that
+these two smart Parisian lasses, having a fortnight before them, had
+determined to give up their places, and play the mascarade which I
+have described. When M. and Madame de Mourairef, two respectable,
+middle-aged people, arrived, they were dismally made acquainted with
+the sacrilege that had been committed; but as no debts had been
+contracted in their name, and their letters came in a parcel by the
+post from Orleans, they laughed heartily at the joke, and enjoyed the
+idea that Sophie had been taken in.
+
+The following winter, I went into a café newly established in the Rue
+Poissonière, and was agreeably surprised to see Sophie, the
+pseudo-princess, sitting behind the counter in magnificent toilette,
+receiving the bows and the money of the customers as they passed
+before her, whilst M. Jerome--exactly in appearance as before, except
+that prosperity had begun to round him--was leaning against a pillar
+in rather a melodramatic attitude, a white napkin gracefully depending
+from his hand. They started on seeing me, and were a little confused,
+but soon laughed over their adventure; called Penelope to take her
+turn at the counter--the little serf whispered to me as she passed,
+that I was 'a traitor, a barbarian,' and insisted on treating me to my
+coffee and my _petit verre_, free, gratis, for nothing.
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIRS OF LORD JEFFREY.
+
+
+In the crisis of the French Revolution, British society was paralysed
+with conservative alarms, and all tendency to liberal opinions, or
+even to an advocacy of the most simple and needful reforms, was met
+with a ruthless intolerance. In Scotland, there was not a public
+meeting for five-and-twenty years. In that night of unreflecting
+Toryism, a small band of men, chiefly connected with the law in
+Edinburgh, stood out in a profession of Whiggism, to the forfeiture of
+all chance of government patronage, and even of much of the confidence
+and esteem of society. Three or four young barristers were
+particularly prominent, all men of uncommon talents. The chief was
+Francis Jeffrey, who died in 1850, in the seventy-seventh year of his
+age, after having passed through a most brilliant career as a
+practising lawyer and judge, and one still more brilliant, as the
+conductor, for twenty-seven years, of the celebrated _Edinburgh
+Review_. Another was Henry Cockburn, who has now become the biographer
+of his great associate. It was verily a remarkable knot of men in many
+respects, but we think in none more than a heroic probity towards
+their principles, which were, after all, of no extravagant character,
+as was testified by their being permitted to triumph harmlessly in
+1831-2. These men anticipated by forty years changes which were
+ultimately patronised by the great majority of the nation. They all
+throve professionally, but purely by the force of their talents and
+high character. As there was not any precisely equivalent group of men
+at any other bar in the United Kingdom, we think Scotland is entitled
+to take some credit to herself for her Jeffreys, her Cranstons, her
+Murrays, and her Cockburns: at least, she will not soon forget their
+names.
+
+Lord Jeffrey--his judicial designation in advanced life--was of
+respectable, but not exalted parentage. After a careful education at
+Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Oxford, he entered at the bar in 1793, when
+not yet much more than twenty years of age. His father, being himself
+a Tory, desired the young lawyer to be so too, seeing that it would be
+favourable to his prospects; but he could not yield in this point to
+paternal counsel. The consequence was, that this able man practised
+for ten years without gaining more than L. 100 per annum. All this
+time, he cultivated his mind diligently, and was silently training
+himself for that literary career which he subsequently entered upon.
+His talents were at that time known only to a few intimates: there
+were peculiarities about him, which prevented him from being generally
+appreciated up to his deserts. His figure, to begin with, was almost
+ludicrously small. Then, in his anxiety to get rid of the Scottish
+accent, he had contracted an elocution intended to be English, but
+which struck every one as most affected and offensive. His manners
+were marked by levity, and his conversation to many seemed flippant.
+His literary musings also acted unfavourably on the solicitors, the
+leading patrons of young counsellors. Reduced by dearth of business
+almost to despair, he had at one time serious thoughts of flinging
+himself upon the London press for a subsistence. The first smile of
+fortune beamed upon him in 1802, when the _Edinburgh Review_ was
+started--a work of which he quickly assumed the management. That it
+brought him income and literary renown, we gather from Lord Cockburn's
+pages; but we do not readily find it explained how. While more
+declaredly a literary man than ever, he now advanced rapidly at the
+bar, and quickly became a man of wealth and professional dignity. We
+suspect that, after all that is said of the effect of literary
+pursuits on business prospects, the one success was a consequence in
+great measure of the other.
+
+The value of this work rests, in our opinion, on the illustration
+which it presents of the possibility of a man of sound though
+unpopular opinions passing through life, not merely without suffering
+greatly from the wrath of society, but in the enjoyment of some of its
+highest honours. After reading this book, one could almost suppose it
+to be a delusion that the world judges hardly of any man's speculative
+opinions, while his life remains pure, and his heart manifestly is
+alive to all the social charities. The heroic consistency of Jeffrey
+is the more remarkable, when it now appears that he was a gentle and
+rather timid man, keenly alive to the sympathies of friends and
+neighbours--indeed, of _womanish_ character altogether. As is well
+known, his time arrived at last, when, on the coming of the Whigs into
+power in 1830, he was raised to the dignified situation of Lord
+Advocate for Scotland, and was called upon to take the lead,
+officially, in making those political changes which he had all along
+advocated. It is curious, however, and somewhat startling, to learn
+how little gratification he professed to feel in what appeared so
+great a triumph. While his rivals looked with envy on his exaltation,
+and mobs deemed it little enough that he should be entirely at their
+beck in requital for the support they gave him, Mr Jeffrey was sighing
+for the quiet of private life, groaning at his banishment from a happy
+country-home, and not a little disturbed by the troubled aspect of
+public affairs. Mr Macaulay has somewhere remarked on the general
+mistake as to the 'sweets of office.' We are assured by Lord Cockburn,
+that Jeffrey would have avoided the advocateship if he could. He
+accepted it only from a feeling of duty to his party. He writes to a
+female relation of the 'good reason I have for being sincerely sick
+and sorry at an elevation for which so many people are envying, and
+thinking me the luckiest and most elevated of mortals for having
+attained.' And this subject is still further illustrated by an account
+he gives of the conduct of honest Lord Althorpe during the short
+interval in May 1832, when the Whigs were _out_. 'Lord Althorpe,' he
+says, 'has gone through all this with his characteristic cheerfulness
+and courage. The day after the resignation, he spent in a great
+sale-garden, choosing and buying flowers, and came home with five
+great packages in his carriage, devoting the evening to studying where
+they should be planted in his garden at Althorpe, and writing
+directions and drawing plans for their arrangement. And when they came
+to summon him to a council on the Duke's giving in, he was found in a
+closet with a groom, busy oiling the locks of his fowlingpieces, and
+lamenting the decay into which they had fallen during his ministry.'
+
+In some respects, the book will create surprise, particularly as to
+the private life and character of the great Aristarch. While the
+_Edinburgh Review_ was in progress under the care of Mr Jeffrey, it
+was a most unrelenting tribunal for literary culprits, as well as a
+determined assertor of its own political maxims. The common idea
+regarding its chief conductor represented him as a man of
+extraordinary sharpness, alternating between epigrammatic flippancy
+and democratic rigour. Gentle and refined feeling would certainly
+never have been attributed to him. It will now be found that he was at
+all times of his life a man of genial spirit towards the entire circle
+of his fellow-creatures--that his leading tastes were for poetry and
+the beautiful in external nature, particularly fine scenery--that he
+revelled in the home affections, and was continually saying the
+softest and kindest things to all about him--a lamb, in short, while
+thought a lion. The local circle in which he lived was somewhat
+limited and exclusive, partly, perhaps, in consequence of having been
+early shut in upon itself by its dissent from the mass of society on
+most public questions; but in this circle Jeffrey was adored by men,
+women, and children alike, on account of his extreme kindliness of
+disposition. He was almost, to a ridiculous degree, dependent on the
+love of his friends; and the terms in which he addresses some of them,
+particularly ladies, sound odd in this commonsense world. Thus, the
+wife of one of his friends is, 'My sweet, gentle, and long-suffering
+Sophia.' He pours out his very heart to his correspondents, and with
+an effect which would reconcile to him the most irascible author he
+ever scarified. Thus, to his daughter, who had just left him with her
+husband:--'I happened to go up stairs, and passing into our room, saw
+the door open of that little one where _you_ used to sleep, and the
+very bed waiting there for you, so silent and desolate, that all the
+love, and the _miss_ of you, which fell so sadly on my heart the first
+night of your desertion, came back upon it so heavily and darkly, that
+I was obliged to shut myself in, and cry over the recollection, as if
+all the interval had been annihilated, and that loss and sorrow were
+still fresh and unsubdued before me; and though the fit went off
+before long, I feel still that I must vent my heart by telling you of
+it, and therefore sit down now to write all this to you, and get rid
+of my feelings, that would otherwise be more likely to haunt my vigils
+of the night.' Thus, on the death of a sister in his early days:--'A
+very heavy blow upon us all, and much more so on me than I had
+believed possible. The habit of seeing her almost every day, and of
+living together intimately since our infancy, had wound so many
+threads of affection round my heart, that when they were burst at
+once, the shock was almost overwhelming. Then, the unequalled
+gentleness of her disposition, the unaffected worth of her affections,
+and miraculous simplicity of character and manners, which made her
+always appear as pure and innocent as an infant, took so firm, though
+gentle a hold on the heart of every one who approached her, that even
+those who have been comparatively strangers to her worth, have been
+greatly affected by her loss.... During the whole of her illness, she
+looked beautiful; and when I gazed upon her the moment after she had
+breathed her last, as she lay still, still, and calm, with her bright
+eyes half closed, and her red lips half open, I thought I had never
+seen a countenance so lovely. A statuary might have taken her for a
+model. Poor, dear love! I kissed her cold lips, and pressed her cold,
+wan, lifeless hand, and would willingly at that moment have put off my
+own life too, and followed her. When I came here, the sun was rising,
+and the birds were singing gaily, as I sobbed along the empty
+streets.'
+
+The sensibility of Jeffrey to all fine expression that comes to us
+through the medium of literature was intense, most so in his latter
+days, when his whole character seems to have undergone a mellowing
+process. While pining under his greatness as Lord Advocate, and an
+authority in parliament (1833), he says: 'If it were not for my love
+of beautiful nature and poetry, my heart would have died within me
+long ago. I never felt before what immeasurable benefactors these same
+poets are to their kind, and how large a measure, both of actual
+happiness and prevention of misery, they have imparted to the race. I
+would willingly give up half my fortune, and some little fragments of
+health and bodily enjoyment that yet remain to me, rather than that
+Shakspeare should not have lived before me.' Who that had only read
+his lively, acute articles in the formal Review, could have believed
+him to be so deeply sympathetic with an unfortunate poet, as he shews
+in the following fine passage in one of his letters (1837)? 'In the
+last week, I have read all Burns's Life and Works--not without many
+tears, for the life especially. What touches me most, is the pitiable
+poverty in which that gifted being (and his noble-minded father)
+passed his early days--the painful frugality to which their innocence
+was doomed, and the thought how small a share of the useless luxuries
+in which we (such comparatively poor creatures) indulge, would have
+sufficed to shed joy and cheerfulness in their dwellings, and perhaps
+to have saved that glorious spirit from the trials and temptations
+under which he fell so prematurely. Oh! my dear Empson, there must be
+something _terribly_ wrong in the present arrangements of the
+universe, when those things can happen, and be thought natural. I
+could lie down in the dirt, and cry and grovel there, I think, for a
+century, to save such a soul as Burns from the suffering, and the
+contamination, and the _degradation_, which these same arrangements
+imposed upon him; and I fancy that, if I could but have known him, in
+my present state of wealth and influence, I might have saved, and
+reclaimed, and preserved him, even to the present day. He would not
+have been so old as my brother-judge, Lord Glenlee, or Lord Lynedoch,
+or a dozen others that one meets daily in society. And what a
+creature, not only in genius, but in nobleness of character,
+potentially at least, if right models had been put _gently_ before
+him!'
+
+The narrative of Lord Cockburn occupies only one volume, the other
+being filled with a selection from Lord Jeffrey's letters. It is a
+brief chronicle of the subject; many will feel it to be
+unsatisfactorily slight. The author seems to have been afraid of
+becoming tedious. It is, however, a manly and faithful narration, with
+the rare merit of going little, if at all, beyond bounds in its
+appreciation of the hero or his associates, or the importance of the
+circumstances in which he moved. The sketches of some of Jeffrey's
+contemporaries, as John Clerk, Sir Harry Moncreiff, and Henry Erskine,
+are vigorous pieces of painting, which will suggest to many a desire
+that the author should favour the public with a wider view of the men
+and things of Scotland in the age just past. With a natural partiality
+as a friend and as a biographer, he seems to us to set too high an
+estimate on Jeffrey when he ranks him as one of a quartett, including
+Dugald Stewart, Sir Walter Scott, and Dr Chalmers, 'each of whom in
+literature, philosophy, or policy, caused great changes,' and 'left
+upon his age the impression of the mind that produced them.' Few of
+his countrymen would claim this rank for either Jeffrey or Stewart.
+Jeffrey, no doubt, raised a department of our literature from a low to
+a high level; he was a Great Voice in his day. But he produced nothing
+which can permanently affect us; he gave no great turn to the
+sentiments or opinions of mankind. His only original effort of any
+mark, is his exposition of the association theory of beauty, which
+rests on a simple mistake of what is pleasing for what is beautiful,
+and is already nothing. We suspect that no man with his degree of
+timidity will ever be very great, either as a philosopher or as a man
+of deeds. He was a brilliant _writer_--the most brilliant, and, with
+one exception, the most versatile in his age; but to this we would
+limit his panegyric, apart from the glory of his long and consistent
+career as a politician, which we think can scarcely be overestimated.
+
+So many of the most remarkable passages of the work have been already
+hackneyed through the medium of the newspapers, that we feel somewhat
+at a loss to present any which may have a chance of being new to our
+readers. So early as his twentieth year, we find Mr Jeffrey thus
+sensibly expressing himself on an important subject:--
+
+'There is nothing in the world I detest so much as companions and
+acquaintances, as they are called. Where intimacy has gone so far as
+to banish reserve, to disclose character, and to communicate the
+reality of serious opinions, the connection may be the source of much
+pleasure--it may ripen into friendship, or subside into esteem. But to
+know half a hundred fellows just so far as to speak, and walk, and
+lounge with them; to be acquainted with a multitude of people, for all
+of whom together you do not care one farthing; in whose company you
+speak without any meaning, and laugh without any enjoyment; whom you
+leave without any regret, and rejoin without any satisfaction; from
+whom you learn nothing, and in whom you love nothing--to have such a
+set for your society, is worse than to live in absolute solitude; and
+is a thousand times more pernicious to the faculties of social
+enjoyment, by circulating in its channels a stream so insipid.'
+
+At the peace of Amiens, Jeffrey wrote thus to his friend Morehead, 7th
+October 1801: 'It is the only public event in my recollection that has
+given me any lively sensation of pleasure, and I have rejoiced at it
+as heartily as it is possible for a private man, and one whose own
+condition is not immediately affected by it, to do. How many parents
+and children, and sisters and brothers, would that news make happy?
+How many pairs of bright eyes would weep over that gazette, and wet
+its brown pages with tears of gratitude and rapture? How many weary
+wretches will it deliver from camps and hospitals, and restore once
+more to the comforts of a peaceful and industrious life? What are
+victories to rejoice at, compared with an event like this? Your
+bonfires and illuminations are dimmed with blood and with tears, and
+battle is in itself a great evil, and a subject of general grief and
+lamentation. The victors are only the least unfortunate, and suffering
+and death have, in general, brought us no nearer to tranquillity and
+happiness.' It may be well thus to bring the value of a peace before
+the public mind. Let those who only know of war from history, reflect
+how great must be the evils of a state the cessation of which gives
+such a feeling of relief.
+
+Here is a curious passage about the society of Liverpool in 1813, and
+his love of his native country. We must receive the statement
+respecting the Quakers with something more than doubt, at least as to
+the extent to which it is true:--'I have been dining out every day for
+this last week with Unitarians, and Whigs, and Americans, and brokers,
+and bankers, and small fanciers of pictures and paints, and the Quaker
+aristocracy, and the fashionable vulgar, of the place. But I do not
+like Liverpool much better, and could not live here with any comfort.
+Indeed, I believe I could not live anywhere out of Scotland. All my
+recollections are Scottish, and consequently all my imaginations; and
+though I thank God that I have as few fixed opinions as any man of my
+standing, yet all the elements out of which they are made have a
+certain national cast also. In short, I will not live anywhere else if
+I can help it; nor die either; and all old Esky's[3] eloquence would
+have been thrown away in an attempt to persuade me that _banishment
+furth the kingdom_ might be patiently endured. I take more to Roscoe,
+however: he is thoroughly good-hearted, and has a sincere, though
+foolish concern for the country. I have also found out a Highland
+woman with much of the mountain accent, and sometimes get a little
+girl to talk to. But with all these resources, and the aid of the
+Botanical Garden, the time passes rather heavily; and I am in some
+danger of dying of ennui, with the apparent symptoms of extreme
+vivacity. Did you ever hear that most of the Quakers die of
+stupidity--actually and literally? I was assured of the fact the other
+day by a very intelligent physician, who practised twenty years among
+them, and informs me that few of the richer sort live to be fifty, but
+die of a sort of atrophy, their cold blood just stagnating by degrees
+among their flabby fat. They eat too much, he says; take little
+exercise; and, above all, have no nervous excitement. The affection is
+known in this part of the country by the name of _the Quaker's
+disease_, and more than one-half of them go out so. I think this
+curious, though not worth coming to Liverpool to hear, or writing from
+Liverpool, &c.'
+
+He was at this time about to sail for America, in order to marry a
+lady of that country. In a letter to Morehead, he recalls his
+old-fashioned country residence of Hatton, in West Lothian, and Mr
+Morehead's family now resident there. Tuckey was a nickname for one of
+Mr Morehead's daughters; Margaret was another. Till the last, he had
+pet names for all his own descendants and relatives, having no doubt
+felt how much they contribute to the promotion of family affection. 'I
+am almost ashamed of the degree of sorrow I feel at leaving all the
+early and long-prized objects of my affection; and though I am
+persuaded I do right in the step which I am taking, I cannot help
+wishing that it had not been quite so wide and laborious a one. You
+cannot think how beautiful Hatton appears at this moment in my
+imagination, nor with what strong emotion I fancy I hear Tuckey
+telling a story on my knee, and see Margaret poring upon her French
+before me. It is in your family that my taste for domestic society and
+domestic enjoyments has been nurtured and preserved. Such a child as
+Tuckey I shall never see again in this world. Heaven bless her, and
+she will be a blessing both to her mother and to you.' After touching
+upon a volume of poems which Mr Morehead had published--'If I were
+you, however, I would live more with Tuckey, and be satisfied with my
+gardening and pruning--with my preaching--a good deal of walking and
+comfortable talking. What more has life? and how full of vexation are
+all ambitious fancies and perplexing pursuits! Well, God bless you!
+Perhaps I shall not have an opportunity to inculcate my innocent
+epicurism upon you for a long time again. It will do you no harm.'
+
+It will be a new fact to most of the admirers of Jeffrey, that he had
+in early life devoted himself to the writing of poetry. Of what he
+wrote between 1791 and 1796, the greater part has disappeared from his
+repositories. 'But,' says his biographer, 'enough survives to attest
+his industry, and to enable us to appreciate his powers. There are
+some loose leaves and fragments of small poems, mostly on the usual
+subjects of love and scenery, and in the form of odes, sonnets,
+elegies, &c.; all serious, none personal or satirical. And besides
+these slight things, there is a completed poem on Dreaming, in blank
+verse, about 1800 lines long. The first page is dated Edinburgh, May
+4, 1791, the last Edinburgh, 25th June 1791; from which I presume that
+we are to hold it to have been all written in these fifty-three
+days--a fact which accounts for the absence of high poetry, though
+there be a number of poetical conceptions and flowing sentences. Then
+there is a translation into blank verse of the third book of the
+_Argonauticon_ of Apollonius Rhodius. The other books are lost, but he
+translated the whole poem, extending to about 6000 lines.... And I may
+mention here, though it happens to be in prose, that of two plays,
+one, a tragedy, survives. It has no title, but is complete in all its
+other parts.... He was fond of parodying the _Odes_ of Horace, with
+applications to modern incidents and people, and did it very
+successfully. The _Otium Divos_ was long remembered. Notwithstanding
+this perseverance, and a decided poetical ambition, he was never
+without misgivings as to his success. I have been informed, that he
+once went so far as to leave a poem with a bookseller, to be
+published, and fled to the country; and that, finding some obstacle
+had occurred, he returned, recovered the manuscript, rejoicing that he
+had been saved, and never renewed so perilous an experiment.
+
+'There may be some who would like to see these compositions, or
+specimens of them, both on their own account, and that the friends of
+the many poets his criticism has offended might have an opportunity of
+retaliation, and of shewing, by the critic's own productions, how
+little, in their opinion, he was worthy to sit in judgment on others.
+But I cannot indulge them. Since Jeffrey, though fond of playing with
+verses privately, never delivered himself up to the public as the
+author of any, I cannot think that it would be right in any one else
+to exhibit him in this capacity. I may acknowledge, however, that, so
+far as I can judge, the publication of such of his poetical attempts
+as remain, though it might shew his industry and ambition, would not
+give him the poetical wreath, and of course would not raise his
+reputation. Not that there are not tons of worse verse published, and
+bought, and even read, every year, but that their publication would
+not elevate Jeffrey. His poetry is less poetical than his prose.
+Viewed as mere literary practice, it is rather respectable. It evinces
+a general acquaintance, and a strong sympathy, with moral emotion,
+great command of language, correct taste, and a copious possession of
+the poetical commonplaces, both of words and of sentiment. But all
+this may be without good poetry.'
+
+Having given little of Lord Cockburn in our extracts, we shall
+conclude with a passage of his narration which stands out distinctly,
+and has a historical value. It refers to Edinburgh in the second
+decade of the present century, but takes in a few names of deceased
+celebrities:--'The society of Edinburgh was not that of a provincial
+town, and cannot be judged of by any such standard. It was
+metropolitan. Trade or manufactures have, fortunately, never marked
+this city for their own; but it is honoured by the presence of a
+college famous throughout the world, and from which the world has been
+supplied with many of the distinguished men who have shone in it. It
+is the seat of the supreme courts of justice, and of the annual
+convocation of the Church, formerly no small matter; and of almost all
+the government offices and influence. At the period I am referring to,
+this combination of quiet with aristocracy made it the resort, to a
+far greater extent than it is now, of the families of the gentry, who
+used to leave their country residences and enjoy the gaiety and the
+fashion which their presence tended to promote. Many of the curious
+characters and habits of the receding age--the last purely Scotch age
+that Scotland was destined to see--still lingered among us. Several
+were then to be met with who had seen the Pretender, with his court
+and his wild followers, in the Palace of Holyrood. Almost the whole
+official state, as settled at the Union, survived; and all graced the
+capital, unconscious of the economical scythe which has since mowed it
+down. All our nobility had not then fled. A few had sense not to feel
+degraded by being happy at home. The Old Town was not quite deserted.
+Many of our principal people still dignified its picturesque recesses
+and historical mansions, and were dignified by them. The closing of
+the continent sent many excellent English families and youths among
+us, for education and for pleasure. The war brightened us with
+uniforms, and strangers, and shows.
+
+'Over all this, there was diffused the influence of a greater number
+of persons attached to literature and science, some as their calling,
+and some for pleasure, than could be found, in proportion to the
+population, in any other city in the empire. Within a few years,
+including the period I am speaking of, the College contained Principal
+Robertson, Joseph Black, his successor Hope, the second Munro, James
+Gregory, John Robison, John Playfair, and Dugald Stewart; none of them
+confined monastically to their books, but all--except Robison, who was
+in bad health--partaking of the enjoyments of the world. Episcopacy
+gave us the Rev. Archibald Alison; and in Blair, Henry, John Home, Sir
+Harry Moncreiff, and others, Presbytery made an excellent
+contribution, the more to be admired that it came from a church which
+eschews rank, and boasts of poverty. The law, to which Edinburgh has
+always been so largely indebted, sent its copious supplies; who,
+instead of disturbing good company by professional matter--an offence
+with which the lawyers of every place are charged--were remarkably
+free of this vulgarity; and being trained to take difference of
+opinion easily, and to conduct discussions with forbearance, were,
+without undue obtrusion, the most cheerful people that were to be met
+with. Lords Monboddo, Hailes, Glenlee, Meadowbank, and Woodhouselee,
+all literary judges, and Robert Blair, Henry Erskine, and Henry
+Mackenzie, senior, were at the earlier end of this file; Scott and
+Jeffrey at the later--but including a variety of valuable persons
+between these extremities. Sir William Forbes, Sir James Hall, and Mr
+Clerk of Eldin, represented a class of country gentlemen cultivating
+learning on its account. And there were several, who, like the founder
+of the Huttonian theory, selected this city for their residence solely
+from the consideration in which science and letters were here held,
+and the facilities, or rather the temptations, presented for their
+prosecution. Philosophy had become indigenous in the place, and all
+classes, even in their gayest hours, were proud of the presence of its
+cultivators. Thus learning was improved by society, and society by
+learning. And unless when party-spirit interfered--which, at one time,
+however, it did frequently and bitterly--perfect harmony, and, indeed,
+lively cordiality, prevailed.
+
+'And all this was still a Scotch scene. The whole country had not
+begun to be absorbed in the ocean of London. There were still little
+great places--places with attractions quite sufficient to retain men
+of talent or learning in their comfortable and respectable provincial
+positions, and which were dignified by the tastes and institutions
+which learning and talent naturally rear. The operation of the
+commercial principle which tempts all superiority to try its fortune
+in the greatest accessible market, is perhaps irresistible; but
+anything is surely to be lamented which annihilates local intellect,
+and degrades the provincial spheres which intellect and its
+consequences can alone adorn. According to the modern rate of
+travelling, the capitals of Scotland and of England were then about
+2400 miles asunder. Edinburgh was still more distant in its style and
+habits. It had then its own independent tastes, and ideas, and
+pursuits. Enough of the generation that was retiring survived to cast
+an antiquarian air over the city, and the generation that was
+advancing was still a Scotch production. Its character may be
+estimated by the names I have mentioned, and by the fact, that the
+genius of Scott and of Jeffrey had made it the seat at once of the
+most popular poetry and the most brilliant criticism that then
+existed. This city has advantages, including its being the capital of
+Scotland, its old reputation, and its external beauties, which have
+enabled it, in a certain degree, to resist the centralising tendency,
+and have hitherto always supplied it with a succession of eminent men.
+But now that London is at our door, how precarious is our hold of
+them, and how many have we lost!'
+
+We would just add one remark which occurs to us after reviewing the
+career of this eminent patriot and writer, and it may be of service to
+young men now entering upon the various paths of ambition. It is the
+fortune of many to be led by whim, prejudice, and other reasons, into
+certain tracks of opinion, which, as they do not lead to the public
+good, so neither do they conduce to any ultimate benefit for those
+treading them. How striking the contrast between the retrospect of a
+literary man, who has spent, perhaps, brilliant abilities in
+supporting every bad cause and every condemned error of his time, and
+necessarily found all barren at last, and the reflections of one like
+Francis Jeffrey, who, having embraced just views at first, continued
+temperately to advocate them until he saw them adopted as necessary
+for the good of his country, and had the glory of being almost
+universally thanked for his share in bringing about their triumph! Let
+young literary men particularly take this duly to heart, for it may
+save them from many a bitter pang in their latter days.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[3] 'Lord Eskgrove, a judge, who consoled a friend he was obliged to
+banish, by assuring him that there really were places in the world,
+such as England, for example, where a man, though out of Scotland,
+might live with some little comfort.'
+
+
+
+
+THE MOONLIGHT RIDE.
+
+
+A number of years ago, a gentleman in Clydesdale offered me a
+situation as head-groom, which I accepted. He had one horse which was
+kept in a stable by himself, and was, without exception, the ugliest
+and most savage animal of his kind I had ever seen. There was not a
+single point of a strong or a fast horse about him. He was as black as
+charcoal; he was named Satan, and richly did he deserve the name. He
+would fly at you, like a dog, with his teeth; attempt to beat you down
+with his fore-feet; and strike round a corner at you with his hind
+ones. He had beaten off all the rough-riders, grooms, and jockeys in
+that part of the country.
+
+After being in the place for a few days, I was asked by the gentleman,
+if I thought I could make anything of Satan. I replied, that if he
+beat me, he would be the only horse which had ever done so; but still
+I considered him to be by far the most savage I had ever seen. 'Try
+him to-morrow at one o'clock,' said he, as he turned to go away: 'I
+will have a few friends with me to see how you succeed.'
+
+I determined, however, to try him that night, and without any witness
+to see whether I succeeded or not. My room was over the stables, and
+as the moon did not rise till eleven o'clock, I threw myself upon the
+bedclothes, and, contrary to my intention, fell asleep. When I awoke,
+it was twelve, the moon was shining brightly, and rendering everything
+as visible as if it were day.
+
+I went down to the stable with a bridle prepared for the purpose, and
+a heavily-loaded whip in my hand. I knew that it would be impossible
+to saddle him; and, indeed, I should be safer on his bare back, in the
+event of his throwing himself down. I opened the stable-door gently,
+and there he was prone on his side, his legs and neck stretched out,
+as I have often seen horses lying after sore fatigue. I clapped my
+knee upon his head, loosed the collar that bound him, slipped the bit
+into his mouth, buckled the throat-band, raised him to his feet,
+backed him out, and leaped upon his back before he had time to get his
+eyes right opened. But open them now he did, and that with a
+vengeance; he pawed, and struck the walls with his fore-feet, till the
+fire flashed from the stones; and then he reared till he fell right
+back upon the pavement. I was prepared for this, and slipped off him
+as he went down, and then leaped on him again as he rose. I had not as
+yet touched him with whip, bridle, or spur; but now I gave him the
+curb and the spurs at the same instant. He gave one mad bound, and
+then went off at a rate that completely eclipsed the speed of the
+fleetest horse I had ever ridden. He could not trot, but his gallop
+was unapproachable, and consisted in a succession of leaps, performed
+with a precision, velocity, and strength, absolutely bewildering.
+
+He fairly overturned all my preconceived notions of a fast horse. On
+he thundered, till we came under the shadow of a fir-wood, and then,
+whether out of mischief or dread of the darkness, he halted
+instantaneously, his fore-feet so close together that you might have
+put them into a bucket. Owing to the depression of his shoulders--for
+he had no more withers than an ass--the way that he jerked down his
+head, and the suddenness of the stop, a monkey, although he had been
+holding on with his teeth, must have been unseated. For me, I was
+pitched a long way over his head, but alighted upon a spot so soft and
+mossy, that it looked as if some kind hand had purposely prepared it
+for me. Had I been in the slightest degree stunned, or unable to
+regain my feet, that instant he would have torn me to pieces with his
+teeth, and beaten my mangled body into the earth with his hoofs. But I
+at once sprang to my feet, and faced him. I could have escaped by
+leaping into the wood; but my blood was up, my brain clear, and my
+heart gave not one extra pulsation. There he stood upon his hind-legs
+nearly upright, beating the air with his fore-feet, his mouth open,
+his upper lip curled, his under one drawn down, his large white teeth
+glancing like ivory in the moonlight. As soon as he saw me upon my
+feet, he gave a yell such as I had never heard from a horse before,
+save once, and which I believe is never elicited from that animal,
+except when under the domination of frantic rage or fear.
+
+This unearthly cry roused every living thing within hearing. An army
+of rooks, startled from their encampment in the wood, circled and
+wheeled between us and the moon, shading her light, and filling the
+midnight air with their discordant screams. This attracted the
+attention of Satan, and, bringing his fore-feet to the ground, he
+pricked up his ears, and listened. I sprang forward, seized him by the
+mane, and vaulted upon his back. As I stooped forward to gather up the
+reins, which were dangling from his head, he caught me by the cuff of
+the jacket--luckily it was but the cuff!--and tore it up to the
+shoulder. Instantly he seized me again; but this time he succeeded
+rather better, having a small portion of the skin and flesh of my
+thigh between his teeth. The intense pain occasioned by the bite, or
+rather bruise, of a horse's mouth, can only be properly judged of by
+those who have felt it. I was the madder of the two now; and of all
+animals, an enraged man is the most dangerous and the most fearless. I
+gave him a blow between the ears with the end of the whip; and he went
+down at once, stunned and senseless, with his legs doubled up under
+him, and his nose buried in the ground. I drew his fore-legs from
+under him, that he might rise the more readily, and then lashed him
+into life. He turned his head slowly round, and looked at me, and then
+I saw that the savage glare of his eye was nearly quenched, and that,
+if I could follow up the advantage I had gained, I should ultimately
+be the conqueror. I now assisted him to rise, mounted him, and struck
+at once with whip and spur. He gave a few bounds forward, a stagger or
+two, and then fell heavily upon his side. I was nearly under him;
+however, I did save my distance, although that was all. I now began to
+feel sorry for him; his wonderful speed had won my respect; and as I
+was far from being naturally cruel, whip or spur I never used except
+in cases of necessity: so I thought I would allow him to lie for a few
+minutes, if he did not incline to get up of himself. However, as I had
+no faith in the creature, I sat down upon him, and watched him
+intently. He lay motionless, with his eyes shut; and had it not been
+for the firm and fast beat of his heart, I should have considered him
+dying from the effects of the blow; but the strong pulsation told me
+that there was plenty of life in him; and I suspected that he was
+lying quiet, meditating mischief. I was right. Every muscle began
+presently to quiver with suppressed rage. He opened his eyes, and gave
+me a look, in which fear and fury were strangely blended. I am not
+without superstition, and for an instant I quailed under that look, as
+the thought struck me, that the black, unshapely brute before me might
+actually be the spirit indicated by his name. With a muttered growl at
+my folly, I threw the idea from me--leaped up--seized the reins--with
+a lash and a cry made him spring to his feet--mounted him as he rose,
+and struck the spurs into his sides. He reared and wheeled; but
+finding that he could not get rid of me, and being unable to stand the
+torture of the spurs, which I used freely (it was no time for mercy!)
+he gave two or three plunges, and then bounded away at that dreadful
+leaping gallop--that pace which seemed peculiarly his own. I tried to
+moderate his speed with the bridle; but found, to my surprise, that I
+had no command over him. I knew at once that something was wrong, as,
+with the bit I had in his mouth, I ought to have had the power to have
+broken his jawbone. I stooped forward to ascertain the cause; the
+loose curb dangling at the side of his head gave a satisfactory
+explanation.
+
+He had it all his own way now; he was fairly off with me; and all I
+could do was to bear his head as well up as I could, to prevent him
+from stumbling. However, as it would have been bad policy to let him
+know how much he was master, I gave him an occasional touch with the
+spur, as if wishing him to accelerate his pace; and when he made an
+extra bound, I patted him on the neck, as if pleased with his
+performance.
+
+A watery cloud was passing over the face of the moon, which rendered
+everything dim and indistinct, as we tore away down a grassy slope;
+the view terminating in a grove of tall trees, situated upon a
+rising-ground. Beyond the dark outline of the trees, I saw nothing.
+
+As we neared the grove, Satan slackened his speed; this I thought he
+did with a view to crush me against the trunks of the trees. To
+prevent him from having time to do this, I struck him with the spurs,
+and away again he went like fury. As he burst through the trees, I
+flung my head forward upon his neck, to prevent myself from being
+swept off by the lower branches. In doing this, the spurs accidentally
+came in contact with his sides. He gave one tremendous leap
+forward--the ground sank under his feet--the horse was thrown over his
+own head--I was jerked into the air--and, amid an avalanche of earth
+and stones, we were hurled down a perpendicular bank into the brown,
+swollen waters of the Clyde.
+
+Owing to a bend in the river, the force of the current was directed
+against this particular spot, and had undermined it; and although
+strong enough to bear a man or a horse, under ordinary circumstances,
+yet down at once it thundered under the desperate leap of Satan.
+However, it did not signify, as nothing could have prevented us from
+surging into the water at the next bound.
+
+A large quantity of rain had fallen in the upper part of the shire;
+and, in consequence, the river was full from bank to brae. I was
+nearly a stranger to the place; indeed, so much so, that I had
+supposed we were running from the river. This, combined with the
+suddenness of the shock, and the appearance of a turbid, rapid
+river--sweeping down trees, brushwood, branches, hay, corn, and straw
+before it, with resistless force--was so foreign to my idea of the
+calm, peaceful Clyde, that when I rose to the surface, I was quite
+bewildered, and had very serious doubts as to my own identity.
+
+I was roused from this state of bewilderment by the snorting and
+splashing of the horse: he was making a bold attempt to scale the
+perpendicular bank. Had I been thrown into the body of the stream, I
+should have been swept away, and the animal must have perished; but in
+all heavy rapid runs of water, salt or fresh, there is what is termed
+an eddy stream, running close inshore, in a contrary direction to the
+main body of the water. I have seen Highlanders in their boats
+catching fish in the eddy stream of the Gulf of Corrievrekin, within a
+short distance of the main tide, which, had it but got the slightest
+hold on their boat, would have swept them with fearful velocity into
+the jaws of the roaring gulf. I was caught by this eddy, which kept me
+stationary, and enabled me, by a few strokes, to reach the horse's
+side. To cross the river, or to land here, was alike impossible; so I
+took the reins in my right hand, wheeled the horse from the bank, and
+dashed at once with him into the strength of the current. Away we
+went, Satan and I, in capital spirits both; not a doubt of our
+effecting a safe landing ever crossing my mind. And the horse evinced
+his certainty upon that subject, by snatching a bite out of a heap of
+hay that floated at his side, and eating it as composedly as if he had
+been in the stable.
+
+We soon swept round the high bank that had caused our misfortune, and
+came to a level part of the country, which was flooded far up into the
+fields. I then struck strongly out in a slanting direction for the
+shore, and soon had the satisfaction of finding myself once more upon
+the green turf. Satan shook himself, pricked up his ears, and gave a
+low neigh. I then stroked him, and spoke kindly to him. He returned
+the caress by licking my hand. Poor fellow! he had contracted a
+friendship for me in the water--a friendship which terminated only
+with his life; and which was rendered the more valuable, by his never
+extending it to another living thing.
+
+
+
+
+THE GOLD-FEVER IN AUSTRALIA.
+
+
+The discovery of gold in the new continent has thrown the country into
+a state which well merits examination. The same circumstance in
+California was no interruption to progress of any kind. It merely
+peopled a desert, and opened a trade where there was none before;
+while in Australia it finds an established form of civilisation, and a
+commerce flowing in recognised channels. It is an interesting task,
+therefore, to trace the nature of the influence exercised in the
+latter country over old pursuits by the new direction of industry; and
+it is with some curiosity we open a mercantile circular, dated Sydney,
+1st November 1851. This, we admit, is a somewhat forbidding document
+to mere literary readers; but we shall divest its contents of their
+technical form, and endeavour, by their aid, to arrive at some general
+idea of the real state and prospects of the colony.
+
+Up to the middle of last May, the colonial heart beat high with hope.
+Trade was good; the pastoral interests were flourishing; the country
+properties, as a matter of course, were improving; and the
+introduction of the alpaca, the extended culture of the vine, and the
+growth of cotton, appeared to present new and rich sources of wealth.
+At that moment came the discovery of the Gold Fields; and a shock was
+communicated to the whole industrial system, which to some people
+seemed to threaten almost annihilation. The idea was, that
+gold-digging would swallow up all other pursuits, and the flocks
+perish in the wilderness from the want of shepherds. Nor was this
+altogether without foundation; for the stockholders have actually been
+considerable sufferers: all the industrial projects mentioned have
+been stopped short; and the gold-diggings still continue to attract to
+themselves, as if by a spell, the labour of the country. The panic,
+however, has now subsided. It is seen that the result is not so bad as
+was anticipated, and hopes are entertained that the evil will go no
+further. A stream of population, it is thought, will be directed to
+Australia from abroad, and the labour not demanded by gold may suffice
+for other pursuits. Up to the date of the circular, the value of gold
+shipped for England from New South Wales had been L. 217,000, and it
+was supposed that about L. 130,000 more remained at Sydney and in the
+hands of the miners: 10,000 persons were actually engaged in mining,
+and 5000 more concerned otherwise in the business; and as the result
+of the exertions of that multitude, the amount of gold fixed
+arbitrarily for exportation during the next twelve months, is L.
+2,000,000.
+
+But, on the other hand, in the Sydney district alone, the trade in
+wool has already fallen off to the extent of several thousand bales--a
+deficiency, however, not as yet attributed to the diminished number of
+the sheep. It is supposed that the high rates of labour will operate
+chiefly in disinclining the farmers to extend their operations; and if
+this at the same time affords them leisure and motive to attend better
+to the state of their clips, it will ultimately have an effect rather
+beneficial than otherwise. Australian wool has hitherto been
+attainable by foreigners only in the English market; but it is a
+favourable symptom that two cargoes left Sydney last year direct for
+Hamburg. To shew the falling off in trade during the gold year, it may
+be mentioned that the exports of wool in the two previous years were
+about 52,000 bales; and in 1850-1, about 48,000. There was likewise a
+deficiency of about 6000 casks of tallow, and 3000 hides.
+
+It is interesting to notice, that preserved meats are sent from New
+South Wales to the neighbouring colonies and to England in
+considerable quantities. Timber for shipbuilding is rising in
+estimation in the English market. Australian wines are said to be
+fully equal to Rhenish; and a Vineyard Association has been formed for
+the purpose of improvement. Wool, however, is at present the great
+staple; and the Circular seems to derive some consolation from the
+idea, that if the crop should continue deficient, prices in England
+will probably be maintained. 'To anticipate the future prices for our
+staples,' it says, 'in a market open to so many influences as that of
+Great Britain, is almost impossible; but it may be well to point out
+the causes which are likely to affect their value--we allude more
+especially to wool. We have stated that the production thereof, in New
+South Wales, is likely to be checked by the attraction of the
+gold-diggings; and still further, by the gradual abandonment of
+indifferent or limited runs, which formerly supported a large number
+of sheep, but which will not pay to work at present prices of wool and
+labour. Therefore, if we bear in mind that Australia has furnished
+half of the entire quantity of the wools imported into Great Britain,
+and that the English buyers have hitherto been purchasing in
+anticipation of a large annual increase from hence, which for the
+present, at anyrate, will not be forthcoming, we think we need be
+under no apprehension of lower prices than the present.'
+
+It will be remarked, that this somewhat unfavourable report is made at
+the end of the first six months of the gold-fever. That kind of
+gold-seeking, however, which unsettles the habits of a population, and
+represses the other pursuits of industry, is not likely to endure very
+long in any country. It must give way in time to scientific mining,
+which is as legitimate a business as any other, and which, by the
+wealth it circulates, will tempt men into new avenues of industry, and
+recruit, to any extent that may be desirable, the supply of labour.
+Hitherto that supply has come in inadequate quantities, or from
+polluted sources; but we have now precisely what the colony wanted--a
+stream of voluntary emigration, which, in the process of time, when
+skilled labour only can be employed, will flood the diggings, and its
+superfluous portions find their level in the other employments
+afforded by the country. That this will take place without the
+inconvenience of a transition period, is not to be expected; but, upon
+the whole, we look upon the present depression of the legitimate trade
+of the colony as merely a temporary evil, arising out of circumstances
+that are destined to work well for its eventual prosperity.
+
+The same process, it should be observed, has already been gone through
+in California. The lawless adventurers who rushed to the gold-fields
+from all parts of the world subsided gradually into order from mere
+motives of self-preservation; and as the precious metal disappeared
+from the surface, multitudes were driven by necessity or policy into
+employments more remunerative than digging. The large mining
+population--the producers of gold--became the consumers of goods;
+markets of all kinds were opened for their supply; emporia of trade
+rose along the coast; and a country that so recently was almost a
+desert, now promises to become one of the great marts of the commerce
+of the world. If this has been the case in California, the process
+will be much easier in Australia, where the rudiments of various
+businesses already exist, and where the staple articles of produce are
+such as can hardly be pushed to a superfluous extent.
+
+The true calamity, however, under which the fixed colonists, the
+producers of the staples, suppose themselves to suffer, is the change
+occasioned in the price of labour by the golden prospects of the
+diggings. On this question there is always considered to be two
+antagonistical interests--that of the employers, and that of the
+employed; the former contending for the minimum, and the latter for
+the maximum rate. But this is a fallacy. The interest of the two is
+identical; and for these obvious reasons, that if wages be too high,
+the capitalist must cease to produce and to employ; and if too low,
+the working population must sink to the position of unskilled
+labourers at home, and eventually bring about that very state of
+society from which emigration is sought as an escape. In supposing
+their interests to be antagonistical, the one party reasons as badly
+as the other; but, somehow, there always attaches to the bad reasoning
+of the employed a stigma of criminality, from which that of the other
+is free. This is unjust enough in England, but in Australia it is
+ridiculous. A capitalist goes out, provided with a sum so small as to
+be altogether useless at home as a means of permanent support, but
+which, in the colony, he expects, with proper management, to place him
+for the rest of his life in a position of almost fabulous prosperity.
+These cheering views, however, he confines to his own class. The
+measure of his happiness will not be full unless he can find cheap
+labour, as well as magnificent returns. For this desideratum he will
+make any sacrifice. He will take your paupers, your felons--your
+rattlesnakes; anything in the shape of a drudge, who will toil for
+mere subsistence, and without one of the social compensations which
+render toil in England almost endurable.
+
+We are never sorry to hear of the high price of labour in countries
+where the employers live in ease and independence; and we join
+heartily in the counsel to the higher class of working-men in this
+country given by Mr Burton in his _Emigrants Manual_--'never to
+confound a large labour-market with good sources of employment.' It
+does not appear to us to be one of the least of the benefits that will
+accrue after convalescence from the gold-fever in Australia, the
+higher value the employed will set upon their labour. We cannot reason
+from the English standard, which has not been deliberately fixed, but
+forced upon us by competition, excessive population, public burdens,
+and the necessities of social position. In a new country, however,
+where all these circumstances are absent, and whither employers and
+employed resort alike for the purpose of bettering their condition, we
+should like to see traditions cast aside, and the fabric of society
+erected on a new basis.
+
+
+
+
+BURGOMASTER LAW IN PRUSSIA.
+
+
+On turning out, and then turning over, a mass of old papers which had
+lain packed up in a heavy mail-trunk for a period of more than forty
+years, I came the other day upon a little bundle of documents in legal
+German manuscript, the sight of which set me, old as I am, a laughing
+involuntarily, and brought back in full force to my memory the
+circumstances which I am about briefly to relate. A strange thing is
+this memory, by the way, and strangely moved by trifles to the
+exercise of its marvellous power. For more than thirty years--for the
+average period that suffices to change the generation of man upon
+earth--had this preposterous adventure, and everything connected with
+it, lain dormant in some sealed-up cavity of my brain, when the bare
+sight of the little bundle of small-sized German foolscap, with its
+ragged edges and blotted official pages, has set the whole paltry
+drama, with all its dignified performers, in motion before the retina
+of my mind's eye with all the reality of the actual occurrence.
+
+It was in the spring or early summer of the year 1806, that, in the
+capacity of companion and interpreter to a young nobleman who was
+making the tour of Germany, I was travelling on the high-road from
+Magdeburg to Berlin. We rolled along in a stout English carriage drawn
+by German post-horses, and having left Magdeburg after an early
+breakfast, stopped at a small neat town, some eighteen or twenty miles
+on our route--my patron intending to remain there for an hour or two,
+in the hope of being rejoined by a friend who had promised to overtake
+us. He ordered refreshment, and sat down and partook of it, while I,
+not choosing to participate, seated myself in the recess of
+an old-fashioned window, and kept my eyes fixed upon our
+travelling-carriage, from which the wearied horses had been removed,
+and which stood but a few paces from where I sat. At the end of an
+hour, my patron having satisfied his appetite, declined to wait any
+longer, and proposed that we should proceed on our journey. It was my
+office to discharge all accounts, and of course to check any attempt
+at peculation which might be made. I summoned the innkeeper, whose
+just demand was soon paid, and ordered the horses to be put to. This
+was done in a few minutes, and the stable-man, as we walked out to the
+carriage, came forward and presented his little bill. As I ran it
+hastily over before paying it, I saw that the rascal had charged for
+services which he had not rendered. With the design of making the most
+of a chance-customer, he had put down in his account a charge for
+greasing the wheels of the carriage. Now, as I had never taken my eyes
+from the carriage during the whole period of our stay, I could not be
+deceived in the conviction that this was a fraud. True, it was the
+merest trifle in the world; but the fellow who wanted to exact it was
+the model of an ugly, impudent, and barefaced rogue, and therefore I
+resolved not to pay him. Throwing him the money, minus the attempted
+imposition, I told him to consider himself fortunate that he had got
+that, which was more than such a rogue-_schurke_ was the word I
+used--deserved.
+
+'Do you call me a rogue?' said he.
+
+'Certainly; a rogue is your right name,' I replied, and sprang into
+the carriage.
+
+'Ho! ho!' said he; 'that is against the law. Hans Felder,' he bawled
+to the postilion, 'I charge you not to move; the horses may be led
+back to the stable: the gracious gentleman has called me a rogue.
+Stiefel, run for the police: the gracious gentleman says I am a rogue.
+I will cite him before the council.'
+
+It was in vain that I put my head out of the window, and bawled to the
+postilion to proceed. He was evidently afraid to move. In a few
+minutes a crowd began to collect around us, and in less than a quarter
+of an hour half the inhabitants of the place had assembled in front of
+the inn. The noise of a perfect Babel succeeded in an instant to the
+dull silence of the quiet town. I soon gathered from the vehement
+disputes that arose on all sides, that the populace were about equally
+divided into two parties. The more reasonable portion were for
+allowing us to proceed on our journey, and this would perhaps have
+been permitted, had not my companion, on understanding what was the
+matter, burst into an uncontrollable fit of laughter, and repeated the
+offensive word, accompanying it with a declaration in French, which
+many of the bystanders understood, that he considered it generally
+applicable. The landlord of the inn now came forth, and after a not
+very energetic attempt to conciliate the ostler, who refused to forego
+his determination to obtain legal redress, invited us to alight and
+resume our quarters in the inn. This we were compelled to do, to
+escape the annoyance of the crowd; and the carriage being housed under
+a shed, the horses returned to the stable. We had not been three
+minutes in the inn before the police appeared to take me into custody,
+and march me off to durance vile. By this time I began to see that the
+charge, and the dilemma into which it had led us, was no joke. I might
+perhaps have bribed the scoundrel who preferred it, and have sent away
+the police with a gratuity; but I felt as little disposed to do that
+as to go to prison. I refused to leave the inn, protested against the
+jurisdiction of their absurd laws over strangers, and at length, with
+the assistance of my companion, and a good deal of threatening talk,
+succeeded in ejecting the two police functionaries from the room. They
+kept watch, however, at the door, and planted sentinels at the
+windows, to prevent an ignominious flight that way.
+
+In the meanwhile, the whole town was in commotion, and everybody was
+hurrying towards the _rathhaus_, or town-hall, where it was plain
+enough that preparations were making for putting me immediately upon
+my trial. I saw the old _burgermeister_ go waddling by in his robe of
+office, accompanied by a crowd of nondescript officials, with one of
+whom my villainous-looking adversary was in close confabulation. In a
+short space of time, a band of very scurvy-looking police, plainly
+vamped up for the occasion, made its appearance; and one of the band
+entering the room without ceremony, presented me with a summons,
+couched in legal diction, citing me to appear instantly before the
+commission then sitting, to answer an indictment preferred against me
+by Karl Gurtler, Supernumerary Deputy Road Inspector of the district,
+whose honourable character I had unjustly and wantonly assailed and
+deteriorated by the application of the scandalous and defamatory term,
+schurke. There was nothing for it but to obey the mandate; and
+accordingly, requesting the bearer to convey my compliments to the
+assembled council, and to say that I would have the honour of
+attending them in a few minutes, I dismissed him, evidently soothed
+with my courteous reception. I did this with a view of getting rid of
+the _posse comitatus_, in whose company I did not much relish the idea
+of being escorted as a prisoner. My politeness, however, had not the
+anticipated effect, as, upon emerging from the inn, we found the whole
+squad waiting at the door as a sort of body-guard, to make sure of our
+attendance.
+
+On arriving at the rathhaus, which was crammed to overflowing with all
+the inhabitants of the place who could possibly wedge themselves into
+it, way was cleared for us through the crowd to the seats which had
+been considerately allotted for us, in front of the tribunal. A more
+extraordinary bench of justice was perhaps never convened. It was
+plain that the little village was steeped in poverty to the lips, and
+that I, having been entrapped, through an unconscious expression, in
+the meshes of some antiquated law, was doomed to administer in some
+measure to their need by the payment of a penalty and costs. The fat
+old fellow who presided as judge, and beneath whose robe of office an
+unctuous leathery surtout was all too visible, peered in vain through
+a pair of massive horn-spectacles into a huge timber-swathed volume in
+search of the act, the provisions of which I had violated. At length,
+the schoolmaster--a meagre, pensive-looking scarecrow, industriously
+patched all over--came to his assistance, turned over the ponderous
+code by which the little community were governed, and having rummaged
+out the law, and the clause under the provisions of which I had been
+so summarily arrested, handed it to the clerk, who I shrewdly
+suspected to be nothing more or less than the village barber. He, at
+the command of the judge, read it aloud for the information of all
+present, and for my especial admonition. From the contents, it
+appeared to have been decreed, how long ago I had no means of judging,
+that, for the better sustentation of good morals and good-breeding,
+and for the prevention of quarrelling, or unseemly and abusive
+conversation, any person who should call or designate any other person
+in the said town by the name of thief, villain, rascal, rogue
+(schurke), cheat, charlatan, impostor, wretch, coward, sneak,
+suborner, slanderer, tattler, and sundry other titles of ill-repute,
+which I cannot recollect now, and could not render into English were I
+to recall them, should, upon complaint of the person aggrieved, and
+upon proof of the offence by the evidence of worthy and truth-speaking
+witnesses, be amerced in such penalty, not exceeding a certain sum, as
+in the estimation of the presiding magistrate should be held to be a
+proper compensation for the injury to his reputation suffered by the
+plaintiff. When the clerk drew breath at the end of the long-winded
+clause, I inquired if the law in question made no counter-provision
+for cases which might occur where, the abusive term being richly
+deserved, it could be no crime to apply it. The schoolmaster, who,
+despite his patched habiliments, was a clever fellow, at once answered
+my question in the negative, and justified the omission of any such
+provision by contraverting the position I had advanced upon moral
+grounds. This he did in a speech of some length, and with remarkable
+ingenuity and good sense; proving--to the satisfaction of his
+fellow-townsmen at least--that to taunt a malefactor openly with his
+misdeeds, was not the way to reform him, while it was a sure mode of
+producing a contrary result; and winding up with an assurance, that
+the law was a good law, and perfect in all its parts; and that if I
+had suffered wrong, I might obtain at their hands redress as readily
+and with as much facility as my antagonist.
+
+I had nothing to reply to this, and the proceedings went on in due
+form. Without being sworn, the plaintiff was called upon to state his
+case, which he did with an elaborate circumlocution altogether without
+a parallel in my experience. He detailed the whole history of his
+life--from his birth, in Wolfenbüttel, up to his seven years' service
+in the army; then followed his whole military career; and after that,
+his service under the _weg_-inspector, which was rewarded at length by
+the gratification of his honest ambition, in his appointment as
+supernumerary deputy road inspector of the district. He enlarged upon
+the service he had rendered to, and the honours he had received from,
+his country; and then put it to his judges to decide whether, as a
+public officer, a soldier, and a man of honour, he could submit to be
+stigmatised as a schurke, without appealing to the laws of his
+Fatherland to vindicate his character. Of course it was not to be
+thought of. He then detailed the circumstances of the assault I had
+made upon his character, forgetting to mention, however, the
+provocation he had given by the fraudulent charge for greasing. Having
+finished his peroration, he proceeded to call witnesses to the fact of
+the abuse, and cited Hans Felder, our postilion, to be first examined.
+Hans, who had heard every syllable that passed, was not, however, so
+manageable a subject as the plaintiff expected to find him. Whether,
+like Toby Allspice in the play, he 'made it a rule never to disoblige
+a customer;' or whether, which was not unlikely, he owed Karl Gurtler
+a grudge, either for stopping him on his route, or for some previous
+disagreement with that conscientious public functionary; or whether,
+which was likeliest of all, he feared to compromise his claim for
+_trinkgeld_ from the highborn, gracious gentlemen he had the honour of
+driving, I cannot pretend to determine. Certain it is, that when
+brought to the bar, he had heard nothing, and seen nothing, and knew
+nothing, and could recollect nothing, and say nothing, about the
+business in hand; and nothing but nothing could be got out of him by a
+single member of the bench, though all took him in hand by turns. He
+was finally sent down. By this time, so dilatory had been the
+proceedings, the sun was sinking in the west. My companion, weary of
+the prosecutor's long story, had withdrawn to the inn to order dinner.
+As the second witness was about to give his testimony, a note was
+handed to the old burgermeister, who, having given it a glance,
+immediately adjourned the court till the next morning at nine o'clock.
+The assembly broke up, and, returning to the inn, I found that the
+proceedings had been stopped by the landlord, to save the reputation
+of his cookery, which would have been endangered had the dinner waited
+much longer. Having first consulted my fellow-traveller, he had
+despatched directions to the judge to adjourn the case till the
+morrow, who, like a good and obliging neighbour, had accordingly done
+so.
+
+The little town was unusually alive and excited that evening. Karl
+Gurtler was the centre of an admiring circle, who soon enveloped him
+in the incense of their meerschaums. He held a large levée in the
+common room of the inn, where a succession of very terrific
+battle-songs kept us up to a late hour, as it was of no use to think
+of slumber during their explosion. The next morning, at the appointed
+hour, the proceedings recommenced, and the remainder of the witnesses
+were examined at full length. It was in vain that I offered to plead
+guilty, and pay the penalty, whatever it might be, so that we might be
+allowed to proceed on our journey. I was solemnly reminded, that it
+was not for me to interrupt the course of justice, but to await its
+decision with patience. I saw they were determined to prevent our
+departure as long as possible; and, judging that the only way to
+assist in the completion of the unlucky business, was to interpose no
+obstacle to its natural course, I henceforth held my peace, conjuring
+my companion on no account to give directions for dinner. After a
+sitting of nearly seven hours on the second day, when everything that
+could be lugged into connection with the silly affair had been said
+and reiterated ten times over, the notary in attendance read over his
+condensed report of the whole, and I was called upon for my defence. I
+told them plainly that I did not choose to make any; that I was sick
+of the company of fools; that since it was a crime to speak the truth
+in their good town, I was willing to pay the penalty for so doing, for
+the privilege of leaving it; that I was astonished and disgusted at
+the spectacle of a company of grave men siding with such a beggarly
+_räuber_ (I believed that term was not proscribed in their precious
+statute) as Karl Gurtler was, and taking advantage of the law, of
+which a stranger must necessarily be ignorant, to obstruct him on his
+journey, and levy a contribution on his purse; and I added, finally,
+for I had talked myself into an angry mood, that if the farce were not
+immediately brought to a conclusion, I should despatch my friend
+forthwith to Berlin, and lay a report of their proceedings before the
+British ambassador. I could perceive something like consternation in
+the broad visage of the burgermeister as I concluded my harangue; but
+without attempting to answer it, the Solons on the bench laid their
+heads together, and after a muttering of a few minutes' duration, the
+schoolmaster pronounced the sentence of the court, which was, that I
+should indemnify the plaintiff to the amount of one dollar, and pay
+the costs of the proceedings, which amounted to three more. I could
+scarce forbear laughing at the mention of a sum so ludicrous. Fifteen
+shillings for penalty and costs of a trial which had lasted nearly two
+days! I threw down the money, and was hastening from the court, when
+the notary called upon me to stop for one moment, while he concluded
+his report of the case, to which, it appeared, their laws gave me a
+valid claim. I took the papers, and crammed them into my valise, in
+the hasty packing which took place so soon as I got back to my
+companion. In a quarter of an hour, we were on our road towards
+Berlin, having been taught a lesson of politeness, even towards
+rogues, at the expense of a stoppage of more than thirty hours on our
+route. I have no recollection how the papers found their way into the
+old trunk from which they were lately unkennelled. They are now before
+me, and consist of nearly fifty sides of small foolscap, written in a
+bold legal hand, affording a unique specimen of the cheapness of law
+amongst a community who, it is to be supposed, had but little demand
+for it.
+
+A few short months after this event, and the little town where it took
+place had something else to think of. The ill-advised step of the
+Prussian government, who, relying upon the aid of Russia, declared war
+against Napoleon, brought the devastating hordes of republican France
+among them. The battle of Jena placed the whole kingdom at the foot of
+the conqueror; and few towns suffered more, comparatively, than the
+little burgh which, by the decree of a very doubtful sort of justice,
+had mulcted me in penalties for calling a very ill-favoured rogue by
+his right name.
+
+
+
+
+TRACES OF THE DANES AND NORWEGIANS IN ENGLAND.
+
+
+Mr J. J. A. Worsaae, a conspicuous member of that brilliant corps of
+northern antiquaries who have of late given a new wing to history,
+travelled through the United Kingdom in 1846-7, on a commission from
+his sovereign the king of Denmark, to make inquiry respecting the
+monuments and memorials of the Danes and Norwegians, which might still
+be extant in these islands. The result of his investigations appeared
+in a concise volume, which has been translated into English, and
+published by Mr Murray in a handsome style, being illustrated by
+numerous wood-cuts.[4] It is a work which we would recommend to the
+attention of all who feel any interest in our early history, as
+calculated to afford them a great gratification. One is surprised to
+find in how great a degree the Northmen affected Britain; what an
+infusion of Scandinavian blood there is in our population; how many
+traces of their predominancy survive in names of places and in more
+tangible monuments. Mr Worsaae writes with a warm feeling towards his
+country and her historical reminiscences, but without allowing it to
+carry him into any extravagances. He is everywhere clear and
+simple--sometimes rises into eloquence; and always displays a close
+and searching knowledge of his subject.
+
+From the end of the eighth century till the time of the Norman
+Conquest, the restless chiefs of Denmark and Norway were continually
+in the practice of making piratical expeditions to our shores. They
+committed terrible devastations, and made many settlements, almost
+exclusively on the eastern coast. Finally, as is well known, we had a
+brief succession of Danish kings in England, including the magnanimous
+Canute. When we look at the quiet people now inhabiting Denmark and
+Norway, we are at a loss to understand whence came or where resided
+that spirit of reckless daring which inspired such a system of
+conquest, or how it came so completely to die out; but the explanation
+is, that the Northmen of those days were heathens, animated by a
+religion which made them utterly indifferent to danger. Whenever they
+became Christianised, they began to appreciate life like other men,
+and ceased, of course, to be the troublers they had once been. Mr
+Worsaae draws a line from London to Chester--the line of the great
+Roman road (Watling Street)--to the north of which the infusion of
+Scandinavian population is strong, and their monuments abundant. A
+vast number of names of places in that part of the island are of
+Danish origin--all ending in _by_, which in Danish signifies a town,
+as Whitby (the White Town), Derby (Deoraby, the town of Deer), Kirby
+(the church town), &c.--all ending in _thwaite_, which signifies an
+isolated piece of land--all ending in _thorpe_ (Old Northern, a
+collection of houses separated from some principal estate)--all ending
+in _næs_, a promontory, and _ey_ or _öe_, an island. _Toft_, a field;
+_with_, a forest; _beck_, a streamlet; _tarn_, a mountain-lake;
+_force_, a waterfall; _garth_, a large farm; _dale_, a valley; and
+_fell_, a mountain, are all of them common elements of names of places
+in England, north of the line above indicated, and all are
+Scandinavian terms. The terminations _by_, _thwaite_, and _thorpe_,
+are still common in Denmark.
+
+Mr Worsaae found many memorials of the Northmen in London: for
+example, the church of St Clement's Danes, where this people had their
+burial-place; the name _Southwark_, which is 'unmistakably of Danish
+or Norwegian origin;' St Olave's Church there, and even Tooley Street,
+which is a corruption of the name of that celebrated Norsk saint; but,
+above all, in the fact that 'the highest tribunal in the city has
+retained in our day its pure old northern name "Husting."' The fact
+is, that about the time of Canute, the Danes predominated over the
+rest of the population of London. Mr Worsaae was not able to trace the
+Danish face or form as a distinct element in the modern population. In
+going northward, however, he soon began to find that the prevailing
+physiognomy was of a northern character: 'The form of the face is
+broader, the cheek-bones project a little, the nose is somewhat
+flatter, and at times turned a little upwards; the eyes and hair are
+of a lighter colour, and even deep-red hair is far from being
+uncommon. The people are not very tall in stature, but usually more
+compact and strongly built than their countrymen towards the south.
+The Englishman himself seems to acknowledge that a difference is to be
+found in the appearance of the inhabitants of the northern and
+southern counties; at least, one constantly hears in England, when
+red-haired, compact-built men with broad faces are spoken of: "They
+must certainly be from Yorkshire;" a sort of admission that light
+hair, and the broad peculiar form of the face, belong mostly to the
+north of England people.... In the midland, and especially in the
+northern part of England, I saw every moment, and particularly in the
+rural districts, faces exactly resembling those at home. Had I met the
+same persons in Denmark or Norway, it would never have entered my mind
+that they were foreigners. Now and then I also met with some whose
+taller growth and sharper features reminded me of the inhabitants of
+South Jutland, or Sleswick, and particularly of Angeln; districts of
+Denmark which first sent colonists to England. It is not easy to
+describe peculiarities which can be appreciated in all their details
+only by the eye; nor dare I implicitly conclude that in the
+above-named cases I have really met with persons descended in a
+direct line from the old Northmen. I adduce it only as a striking
+fact, which will not escape the attention of at least any observant
+Scandinavian traveller, that the inhabitants of the north of England
+bear, on the whole, more than those of any other part of that country,
+an unmistakable personal resemblance to the Danes and Norwegians.'
+
+Scandinavian words abound in the popular language of those districts.
+'On entering a house there, one will find the housewife sitting with
+her _rock_ (Dan., _Rok_; Eng., a distaff) and _spoele_ (Dan., _Spole_;
+Eng., spool, a small wheel on the spindle); or else she has set both
+her _rock_ and her _garnwindle_ (Dan., _Garnvinde_; Eng., reel or
+yarn-winder) aside, whilst standing by her _back-bword_ (Dan.,
+_Bagebord_; Eng., baking-board) she is about to knead dough (Dan.,
+_Deig_), in order to make the oaten-bread commonly used in these
+parts, at times, also, barley-bread; for _clap-bread_ (Dan.,
+_Klappebröd_, or thin cakes beaten out with the hand), she lays the
+dough on the _clap-board_ (Dan., _Klappebord_.) One will also find the
+_bord-claith_ spread (Dan., _Bordklæde_; Eng. table-cloth); the people
+of the house then sit on the _bank_ or _bink_ (Dan., _Bænk_; Eng.,
+bench), and eat _Aandorn_ (Eng., afternoon's repast), or, as it is
+called in Jutland and Fünen, _Onden_ (dinner.) The chimney (_lovver_)
+stands in the room; which name may perhaps be connected with the
+Scandinavian _lyre_ (Icelandic, _ljóri_)--namely, the smoke-hole in
+the roof or thatch (_thack_), out of which, in olden times, before
+houses had regular chimneys and "_lofts_" (Dan., _Loft_; Eng., roof,
+an upper room), the smoke (_reek_ or _reik_, Dan., _Rög_) left the
+dark (_mirk_ or _murk_, Dan., _Mörk_) room. Within is the _bower_ or
+_boor_ (Eng., bed-chamber), in Danish, _Buur_; as, for instance, in
+the old Danish word _Jomfrubuur_ (the maiden's chamber), and in the
+modern word _Fadebuur_ (the pantry.)'
+
+Mr Worsaae only speaks the truth when he remarks how the name of the
+Danes has been impressed on the English mind. 'Legends about the Danes
+are,' he says, 'very much disseminated among the people, even in the
+south of England. There is scarce a parish that has not in some way or
+another preserved the remembrance of them. Sometimes, they are
+recorded to have burned churches and castles, and to have destroyed
+towns, whose inhabitants were put to the sword; sometimes, they are
+said to have burned or cut down forests; here are shewn the remains of
+large earthen mounds and fortifications which they erected; there,
+again, places are pointed out where bloody battles were fought with
+them. To this must be added the names of places--as, the
+_Danes-walls_, the _Danish forts_, the _Dane-field_, the
+_Dane-forest_, the _Danes-banks_, and many others of the like kind.
+Traces of Danish castles and ramparts are not only found in the
+southern and south-eastern parts of England, but also quite in the
+south-west, in Devonshire and Cornwall, where, under the name of
+_Castelton Danis_, they are particularly found on the sea-coast. In
+the chalk-cliffs, near Uffington, in Berkshire, is carved an enormous
+figure of a horse, more than 300 feet in length; which, the common
+people say, was executed in commemoration of a victory that King
+Alfred gained over the Danes in that neighbourhood. On the heights,
+near Eddington, were shewn not long since the intrenchments, which, it
+was asserted, the Danes had thrown up in the battle with Alfred. On
+the plain near Ashdon, in Essex, where it was formerly thought that
+the battle of Ashingdon had taken place, are to be seen some large
+Danish barrows which were long, but erroneously, said to contain the
+bones of the Danes who had fallen in it. The so-called dwarf-alder
+(_Sambucus ebulus_), which has red buds, and bears red berries, is
+said in England to have germinated from the blood of the fallen Danes,
+and is therefore also called _Daneblood_ and _Danewort_. It flourishes
+principally in the neighbourhood of Warwick; where it is said to have
+sprung from, and been dyed by, the blood shed there, when Canute the
+Great took and destroyed the town.
+
+'Monuments, the origin of which is in reality unknown, are, in the
+popular traditions, almost constantly attributed to the Danes. If the
+spade or the plough brings ancient arms and pieces of armour to light,
+it is rare that the labourer does not suppose them to have belonged to
+that people. But particularly if bones or joints of unusual size are
+found, they are at once concluded to be the remains of the gigantic
+Danes, whose immense bodily strength and never-failing courage had so
+often inspired their forefathers with terror. For though the
+Englishman has stories about the cruelties of the ancient Danes, their
+barbarousness, their love of drinking, and other vices, he has still
+preserved no slight degree of respect for Danish bravery and Danish
+achievements. "As brave as a Dane," is said to have been an old phrase
+in England; just as "to strike like a Dane" was, not long since, a
+proverb at Rome. Even in our days, Englishmen readily acknowledge that
+the Danes are the "best sailors on the continent;" nay, even that,
+themselves of course excepted, they are "the best and bravest sailors
+in all the world." It is, therefore, doubly natural that English
+legends should dwell with singular partiality on the memorials of the
+Danes' overthrow. Even the popular ballads revived and glorified the
+victories of the English. Down to the very latest times was heard in
+Holmesdale, in Surrey, on the borders of Kent, a song about a battle
+which the Danes had lost there in the tenth century.'
+
+In our own northern land, the Northmen committed as many devastations,
+and made nearly as many settlements, as in England. The Orcadian
+Islands formed, indeed, a Norwegian kingdom, which was not entirely at
+an end till the thirteenth century. In that group, and on the adjacent
+coasts of Caithness and Sutherlandshires, the appearance of the
+people, the names of places, and the tangible monuments, speak
+strongly of a Scandinavian infusion into the population. Sometimes,
+between the early Celtic people still speaking their own language, and
+the descendants of the Norwegians, a surprisingly definite line can be
+drawn. The island of Harris is possessed for the most part by a set of
+Celts, 'small, dark-haired, and in general very ugly;' but at the
+northern point, called 'the Ness,' we meet with people of an entirely
+different appearance. 'Both the men and women have, in general,
+lighter hair, taller figures, and far handsomer features. I visited
+several of their cabins, and found myself surrounded by physiognomies
+so Norwegian, that I could have fancied myself in Scandinavia itself,
+if the Gaelic language now spoken by the people, and their wretched
+dwellings, had not reminded me that I was in one of those poor
+districts in the north-west of Europe where the Gaels or Celts are
+still allowed a scanty existence. The houses, as in Shetland, and
+partly in Orkney, are built of turf and unhewn stones, with a wretched
+straw or heather roof, held together by ropes laid across the ridge of
+the house, and fastened with stones at the ends. The houses are so
+low, that one may often see the children lie playing on the side of
+the roof. The family and the cattle dwell in the same apartment, and
+the fire, burning freely on the floor, fills the house with a thick
+smoke, which slowly finds its way out of the hole in the roof. The
+sleeping-places are, as usual, holes in the side-walls.
+
+'It is but a little while ago that the inhabitants of the Ness, who
+are said to have preserved faint traditions of their origin from
+Lochlin--called also in Ireland, Lochlan--or the North, regarded
+themselves as being of better descent than their neighbours the Gaels.
+The descendants of the Norwegians seldom or never contracted marriage
+with natives of a more southern part of the island, but formed among
+themselves a separate community, distinguished even by a peculiar
+costume, entirely different from the Highland Scotch dress. Although
+the inhabitants of Ness are now, for the most part, clothed like the
+rest of the people of Lewis, I was fortunate enough to see the dress
+of an old man of that district, which had been preserved as a
+curiosity. It was of thick, coarse woollen stuff, of a brown colour,
+and consisted of a close-fitting jacket, sewn in one piece, with a
+pair of short trousers, reaching only a little below the knees. It was
+formerly customary with them not to cover the head at all.'
+
+The people of the Ness are described as good fishermen--a striking
+trait of their original national character, for nothing could
+distinguish them more from their neighbours, the ordinary Highlanders
+being everywhere remarkable for their inaptitude to a sea-life.
+
+Tradition speaks loudly all over Scotland of the ancient doings of the
+Danes. So much, indeed, is this the case, that every antiquity which
+cannot be ascribed to the Romans, is popularly thought to be Danish,
+an idea which has been implicitly adopted by a great number of the
+Scotch clergy in the Statistical Account of their respective parishes.
+In the Highlands, Mr Worsaae found the people retaining a very fresh
+recollection of the terrors of the Northmen, and ready to believe that
+their incursions might yet be renewed. 'Having employed myself,' he
+says, 'in examining, among other things, the many so-called "Danish"
+or Pictish towers on the west and north-west coast of Sutherland, the
+common people were led to believe, that the Danes wished to regain
+possession of the country, and with that view intended to rebuild the
+ruined castles on the coasts. The report spread very rapidly, and was
+soon magnified into the news, that the Danish fleet was lying outside
+the sunken rocks near the shore, and that I was merely sent beforehand
+to survey the country round about; nay, that I was actually the Danish
+king's son himself, and had secretly landed. This report, which
+preceded me very rapidly, had, among other effects, that of making the
+poorer classes avoid, with the greatest care, mentioning any
+traditions connected with defeats of the Danes, and especially with
+the killing of any Dane in the district, lest they should occasion a
+sanguinary vengeance when the Danish army landed. Their fears were
+carried so far, that my guide was often stopped by the natives, who
+earnestly requested him, in Gaelic, not to lend a helping-hand to the
+enemies of the country by shewing them the way; nor would they let him
+go, till he distinctly assured them that I was in possession of maps
+correctly indicating old castles in the district which he himself had
+not previously known. This, of course, did not contribute to allay
+their fears; and it is literally true, that in several of the Gaelic
+villages, particularly near the firths of Loch Inver and Kyle-Sku, we
+saw on our departure old folks wring their hands in despair at the
+thought of the terrible misfortunes which the Danes would now bring on
+their hitherto peaceful country.'
+
+We have here been obliged wholly to overlook Mr Worsaae's curious
+chapters about Ireland and the Isle of Man, and to give what we cannot
+but feel to be a very superficial view of the contents of his book
+generally; but our readers have seen enough to inspire them with an
+interest in it, and we trust that this will lead many of them to its
+entire perusal.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4] _An Account of the Danes and Norwegians in England, Scotland, and
+Ireland._ By J. J. A. Worsaae, For. F. S. A., London; Author of
+_Primæval Antiquities of Denmark._ London: Murray. 1852.
+
+
+
+
+CHILDREN OF PRISONS.
+
+
+When I was in Berlin, I went into the public prison, and visited every
+part of the establishment. At last I was introduced to a very large
+hall, which was full of children, with their books and teachers, and
+having the appearance of a Prussian school-room. 'What!' said I, 'is
+it possible that all these children are imprisoned here for crime?' 'O
+no,' said my conductor, smiling at my simplicity; 'but if a parent is
+imprisoned for crime, and on that account his children are left
+destitute of the means of education, and are liable to grow up in
+ignorance and crime, the government places them here, and maintains
+and educates them for useful employment.' This was a new idea to me. I
+know not that it has ever been suggested in the United States; but
+surely it is the duty of government, as well as its highest interest,
+when a man is paying the penalties of his crime in a public prison, to
+see that his unoffending children are not left to suffer and inherit
+their father's vices. Surely it would be better for the child, and
+cheaper as well as better for the state. Let it not be supposed that a
+man will go to prison for the sake of having his children taken care
+of; for those who go to prison, usually have little regard for their
+children. If they had, _discipline_ like that of the Berlin prison
+would soon sicken them of such a bargain.--_Professor Stowe_.
+
+
+
+
+JUPITER, AN EVENING STAR.
+
+
+    Ruler and hero, shining in the west
+      With great bright eye,
+    Rain down thy luminous arrows in this breast
+      With influence calm and high,
+    And speak to me of many things gone by.
+
+    Rememberest thou--'tis years since, wandering star--
+      Those eves in June,
+    When thou hung'st quivering o'er the tree-tops far,
+      Where, with discordant tune,
+    Many-tongued rooks hailed the red-rising moon?
+
+    Some watched thee then with human eyes like mine,
+      Whose boundless gaze
+    May now pierce on from orb to orb divine
+      Up to the Triune blaze
+    Of glory--nor be dazzled by its rays.
+
+    All things they know, whose wisdom seemed obscure;
+      They, sometime blamed,
+    Hold our best purities as things impure:
+      Their star-glance downward aimed,
+    Makes our most lamp-like deeds grow pale and shamed.
+
+    Their star-glance?--What if through those rays there gleam
+      Immortal eyes
+    Down to this dark? What if these thoughts, that seem
+      Unbidden to arise,
+    Be souls with my soul talking from the skies?
+
+    I know not. Yet awhile, and I shall know!--
+      Thou, to thy place
+    Slow journeying back, there startlingly to shew
+      Thy orb in liquid space,
+    Like a familiar death-lost angel face--
+
+    O planet! thou hast blotted out whole years
+      Of life's dull round;
+    The Abel-voice of heart's-blood and of tears
+      Sinks dumb into the ground,
+    And the green grass waves on with lulling sound.
+
+
+
+
+GRATUITOUS SERVICES.
+
+
+Never let people work for you _gratis_. Two years ago, a man carried a
+bundle for us to Boston, and we have been lending him two shillings a
+week ever since.--_American paper_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Printed and Published by W. and R. CHAMBERS, High Street, Edinburgh.
+Also sold by W. S. ORR, Amen Corner, London; D. N. CHAMBERS, 55 West
+Nile Street, Glasgow; and J. M'GLASHAN, 50 Upper Sackville Street,
+Dublin.--Advertisements for Monthly Parts are requested to be sent to
+MAXWELL & CO., 31 Nicholas Lane, Lombard Street, London, to whom all
+applications respecting their insertion must be made.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, No. 435, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S EDINBURGH ***
+
+***** This file should be named 18775-8.txt or 18775-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/7/7/18775/
+
+Produced by Malcolm Farmer, Richard J. Shiffer and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+*** END: FULL LICENSE ***
+
diff --git a/18775-8.zip b/18775-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d48868
--- /dev/null
+++ b/18775-8.zip
diff --git a/18775-h.zip b/18775-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec8698c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/18775-h.zip
diff --git a/18775-h/18775-h.htm b/18775-h/18775-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b911042
--- /dev/null
+++ b/18775-h/18775-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,2553 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+<head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Chambers' Edinburgh Journal No. 435. May 1, 1852
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+    /*<![CDATA[*/
+    <!--
+    body                 {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;
+		          max-width: 40em;}
+    p                    {text-align: justify;}
+    p.center             {text-align: center;}
+    blockquote           {text-align: justify; font-size: 0.9em;}
+    h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6    {text-align: center;}
+    pre                  {font-size: 0.8em;}
+    .returnTOC           {text-align: right; font-size: 70%;}
+    hr                   {text-align: center; width: 50%;}
+    html>body hr         {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;}
+    hr.full              {width: 100%;}
+    html>body hr.full    {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;}
+    hr.short             {text-align: center; width: 20%;}
+    html>body hr.short   {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;}
+    .sc			 {font-variant: small-caps;}
+    .smcap		 {font-variant: small-caps;}
+    .note                {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;}
+    span.pagenum         {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;}
+    .footnote            {font-size: 0.9em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+    .footnote .label     {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;}
+    .fnanchor            {font-size: smaller; text-decoration: none;
+	                  vertical-align: 0.25em;}
+    .contents
+    {margin-left:20%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;}
+    .poem
+    {margin-left:20%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;}
+    .poem .stanza        {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;}
+    .poem span.i0     {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i2     {display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i4     {display: block; margin-left: 4em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i8     {display: block; margin-left: 8em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    // -->
+    /*]]>*/
+   </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, No. 435, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, No. 435
+       Volume 17, New Series, May 1, 1852
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Robert Chambers
+          William Chambers
+
+Release Date: July 7, 2006 [EBook #18775]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S EDINBURGH ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Malcolm Farmer, Richard J. Shiffer and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<h1>CHAMBERS' EDINBURGH JOURNAL</h1>
+
+<h2><a name="Contents" id="Contents">CONTENTS</a></h2>
+
+<div class="contents">
+
+<!-- Autogenerated TOC. Modify or delete as required. -->
+<p>
+<a href="#FORCED_BENEFITS"><b>FORCED BENEFITS.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#MONSIEUR_JEROME_AND_THE_RUSSIAN_PRINCESS"><b>MONSIEUR JEROME AND THE RUSSIAN PRINCESS.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#MEMOIRS_OF_LORD_JEFFREY"><b>MEMOIRS OF LORD JEFFREY.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#THE_MOONLIGHT_RIDE"><b>THE MOONLIGHT RIDE.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#THE_GOLD-FEVER_IN_AUSTRALIA"><b>THE GOLD-FEVER IN AUSTRALIA.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#BURGOMASTER_LAW_IN_PRUSSIA"><b>BURGOMASTER LAW IN PRUSSIA.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#TRACES_OF_THE_DANES_AND_NORWEGIANS_IN_ENGLAND"><b>TRACES OF THE DANES AND NORWEGIANS IN ENGLAND.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#CHILDREN_OF_PRISONS"><b>CHILDREN OF PRISONS.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#JUPITER_AN_EVENING_STAR"><b>JUPITER, AN EVENING STAR.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#GRATUITOUS_SERVICES"><b>GRATUITOUS SERVICES.</b></a><br />
+</p>
+<!-- End Autogenerated TOC. -->
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[pg 273]</a></span></p>
+
+<img src="images/banner.png"
+          width="100%"
+          alt="Banner: Chambers' Edinburgh Journal" />
+
+<h4>CONDUCTED BY WILLIAM AND ROBERT CHAMBERS, EDITORS OF 'CHAMBERS'S
+INFORMATION FOR THE PEOPLE,' 'CHAMBERS'S EDUCATIONAL COURSE,' &amp;c.</h4>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<table width="100%"
+        summary="Volume, Date and Price">
+<tr>
+<td align="left"><b><span class="sc">No.</span> 435.&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="sc">New Series.</span></b></td>
+<td align="left"><b>SATURDAY, MAY 1, 1852.</b></td>
+<td align="right"><b><span class="sc">Price</span> 1&frac12;<i>d</i>.</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2><a name="FORCED_BENEFITS" id="FORCED_BENEFITS"></a>FORCED BENEFITS.</h2>
+
+<p class="returnTOC"><a href="#Contents">Return to Table of
+    Contents</a></p>
+
+<p>The maxim, that men may safely be left to seek their own interest, and
+are sure to find it, appears to require some slight qualification, for
+nothing can be more certain, than that men are often the better of
+things which have been forced upon them. Those who advocate the idea
+in its rigour, forget that there are such things as ignorance and
+prejudice in the world, and that most men only become or continue
+actively industrious under the pressure of necessity. The vast
+advantages derived from railway communication afford a ready instance
+of people being benefited against their will. At the bare proposal to
+run a line through their lands, many proprietors were thrown into a
+frenzy of antagonism; and whole towns petitioned that they might not
+be contaminated with the odious thing. In spite of remonstrances, and
+at a vast cost, railways were made; and we should like to know where
+opponents are now to be found. Demented land-proprietors are come to
+their senses; and even recalcitrant Oxford is glad of a line to
+itself.</p>
+
+<p>Cases of this kind suggest the curious consideration, that many
+remarkable benefits now experienced were never sought for or
+contemplated by the persons enjoying them, but came from another
+quarter, and were at first only grudgingly submitted to. A singular
+example happens to call our attention. There is a distillery in the
+west of Scotland, where it has been found convenient to establish a
+dairy upon a large scale, for the purpose of consuming the refuse of
+the grain. Seven hundred cows are kept there; and a profitable market
+is found for their milk in the city of Glasgow. That the refuse of the
+cow-houses might be applied to a profitable purpose, a large farm was
+added to the concern, though of such land as an amateur agriculturist
+would never have selected for his experiments. Thus there was a
+complete system of economy at this distillery: a dairy to convert the
+draff into milk, and a farm to insure that the soil from the cows
+might be used upon the spot. But, as is so generally seen in this
+country, the liquid part of the refuse from the cow-houses was
+neglected. It was allowed to run into a neighbouring canal; and the
+proprietors would have been contented to see it so disposed of for
+ever, if that could have been permitted. It was found, however, to be
+a nuisance, the very fishes being poisoned by it. The proprietors of
+the canal threatened an action for the protection of their property,
+and the conductors of the dairy were forced to bethink them of some
+plan by which they should be enabled to dispose of the noxious matter
+without injury to their neighbours. They could at first hit upon no
+other than that of carting away the liquid to the fields, and there
+spreading it out as manure. No doubt, they expected some benefit from
+this procedure; and, had they expected much, they might never have
+given the canal company any trouble. But the fact is, they expected so
+little benefit, that they would never have willingly taken the trouble
+of employing their carts for any such purpose. To their surprise, the
+benefit was such as to make their lean land superior in productiveness
+to any in the country. They were speedily encouraged to make
+arrangements at some expense for allowing the manure in a diluted form
+to flow by a regular system of irrigation over their fields. The
+original production has thus been <i>increased fourfold</i>. The company,
+finding no other manure necessary, now dispose of the solid kind
+arising from the dairy, among the neighbouring farmers who still
+follow the old arrangements in the management of their cows. The sum
+of L.600 is thus yearly gained by the company, being not much less
+than the rent of the farm. If to this we add the value of the extra
+produce arising from the land, we shall have some idea of the
+advantage derived by this company from having been put under a little
+compulsion.</p>
+
+<p>An instance, perhaps even more striking, was supplied a few years ago
+by certain chemical works which vented fumes noxious to a whole
+neighbourhood. Being prosecuted for the nuisance, the proprietors were
+forced to make flues of great length, through which the fumes might be
+conducted to a considerable distance. The consequence was surprising.
+A new kind of deposit was formed in the interior of the flues, and
+from this a large profit was derived. The sweeping of a chimney would
+sometimes produce several thousand pounds. At the same time, nothing
+can be more certain than that this material, but for the threat of
+prosecution, would have been allowed to continue poisoning the
+neighbourhood, and, consequently, not yielding one penny to the
+proprietors of the works.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+<p>It has pleased Providence to order that from all the forms of organic
+life there shall arise a refuse which is offensive to our senses, and
+injurious to health, but calculated, under certain circumstances, to
+prove highly beneficial to us. The offensiveness and noxiousness look
+very much like a direct command from the Author of Nature, to do that
+which shall turn the refuse to a good account&mdash;namely, to bury it in
+the earth. Yet, from sloth and negligence, it is often allowed to
+cumber the surface, and there do its evil work instead. An<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[pg 274]</a></span> important
+principle is thus instanced&mdash;the essential identity of Nuisance and
+Waste. Nearly all the physical annoyances we are subjected to, and
+nearly all the influences that are operating actively for our hurt,
+are simply the exponents of some chemical solecism, which we are,
+through ignorance or indifference, committing or permitting. There is
+here a double evil&mdash;a positive and a negative. When the Londoner
+groans at the smokiness of his streets, and the particles of soot he
+finds spread over his shirt, his toilet-table, and every nice article
+of furniture he possesses, he has the additional vexation of knowing,
+that the smoke and soot should have been serving a useful purpose as
+fuel. When he passes by a railway over the tops of the houses in some
+mean suburb, and looks down with horror and disgust on the pools and
+heaps of filth which are allowed to encumber the yards, courts, and
+narrow streets of these localities, to the destruction of the health
+of the inhabitants, he has a second consideration before him, that all
+these matters ought to be in the care of some easy-acting system, by
+which, removed to the fields, they should be helping to create the
+means of life, instead of death. We never can look upon a great
+factory chimney pouring forth its thick column of smoke, without a
+twin grief&mdash;for the disgust it creates, and the good that is lost by
+it. Properly, that volatile fuel should be doing duty in the furnace,
+and effecting a saving to the manufacturer, instead of rendering him
+and his concerns a nuisance to all within five miles.</p>
+
+<p>Troublesome as these nuisances are, there is such an inaptitude to new
+plans, that they might go on for ever, if an interference should not
+come in from some external quarter. It matters little whence the
+interference comes, so that the end be effected. We cannot, however,
+view the proceedings of a Board of Health in ordering cleanly
+arrangements, or those of a municipal council putting down factory
+smoke, without great interest, for we think we there see part, and an
+important one too, of the great battle of Civilisation against
+Barbarism. And this interest is deepened when we observe the benefits
+which Barbarism usually derives from its own defeats. The
+factory-owner, for instance, will find that, in applying an apparatus
+by which smoke may be prevented, he will not merely be sparing his
+neighbours a great annoyance, but economising fuel to an extent which
+must more than repay the outlay. By repressing nuisance, he will be in
+the same measure repressing waste.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> Were there, in like manner, a
+general measure for enforcing the removal of refuse from the
+neighbourhood of human habitations, the rate-payers would in due time
+see blessed effects from the compulsion to which they had been
+subjected. Their groans would be succeeded by gladness, and they would
+thank the legislators who had slighted their remonstrances. When the
+cholera approached in 1849, our British Board of Health ordered a
+general cleaning out of stables, and a daily persistence in the
+practice. It was complained of as a great hardship; but the Board
+ascertained that owners of valuable race-horses cause their stables to
+be thoroughly cleaned daily, as a practice necessary for the health of
+the animals; the Board, therefore, very properly insisted on forcing
+this benefit upon the proprietors of horses generally. Can we doubt
+that a similar policy might be followed with the like good
+consequences at all times, and with regard to the habitations of men
+as well as horses?</p>
+
+<p>It would thus appear, that men may really be allowed a too undisturbed
+repose in their views and maxims, and, if always left to seek their
+own interests, would often fail to find the way. If, indeed, it were
+true that men are sure to find out their own interest, no country
+should be behind another in any of the processes or arts necessary for
+the sustenance and comfort of the people; whereas we know the contrary
+to be the case. If it were true, there should be no class in our own
+country willing to sit down with the dubious benefits of monopoly,
+instead of pushing on for the certain results of enlightened
+competition. It could only be true at the expense of the old proverb,
+that necessity is the mother of invention; for do we not every day see
+men submitting idly and languidly to evils which can just be borne?
+whereas, if these were a little greater, and therefore insupportable,
+they would at once be remedied. An impulse <i>ab extra</i> seems in a vast
+number of instances to be necessary, to promote the good of both
+nations and individuals. Now, whether this shall come in the ordinary
+course of things, and be recognised as necessity, or from an
+enlightened power having a certain end, generally beneficial, in view,
+does not appear to be of much consequence, provided only we can be
+tolerably well assured against the abuses to which all power is
+liable. It may be well worthy of consideration, whether, in this
+country, we have not carried the principle of <i>Laissez faire</i>, or
+<i>leave us alone</i>, a little too far in certain matters, where some
+gentle coercion would have been more likely to benefit all concerned.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The idea of this article, and the above facts, are
+derived from a valuable memoir just published by the Board of Health,
+with reference to the practical application of sewage water and town
+manures to agricultural production.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> We understand that this has been the case with
+factory-owners at Manchester who have applied the smoke-preventing
+apparatus. The saving from such an apparatus in the office where this
+sheet is printed, appears to be about 5 per cent.; an ample equivalent
+for the outlay.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="MONSIEUR_JEROME_AND_THE_RUSSIAN_PRINCESS" id="MONSIEUR_JEROME_AND_THE_RUSSIAN_PRINCESS"></a>MONSIEUR JEROME AND THE RUSSIAN PRINCESS.</h2>
+
+<p class="returnTOC"><a href="#Contents">Return to Table of
+    Contents</a></p>
+
+<p>On arriving at Blois, I went to the H&ocirc;tel de la T&ecirc;te Noire&mdash;a massive,
+respectable-looking building, situated on the quay nearly opposite a
+bridge that crosses the river to the suburb of St Etienne. The comfort
+of the rooms, and the excellence of the dinners that succeeded one
+another day by day, induced me to stay longer than I had intended, and
+rendered me spectator and part-actor in an adventure not uncommon in
+French-land. My apartment was numbered 48&mdash;by the way, who ever saw
+No. 1 in a hotel, or upon a watch?&mdash;and next door&mdash;that is, at No.
+49&mdash;dwelt a very dignified-looking gentleman, always addressed as M.
+Jerome. I often take occasion to say, that I pique myself on being
+something of a physiognomist; and as I have been several times right
+in my judgment of character and position from inspection of the
+countenance, the occasions in which I have been mistaken may be set
+down as exceptions. M. Jerome at once interested me; and as I was idly
+in search of health, and had taken care to have nothing whatever to do
+but to kill time, the observation of this gentleman's appearance and
+manners naturally formed a chief part of my occupation.</p>
+
+<p>I began by ascertaining exactly the colour of his eyes and
+hair&mdash;nearly black; the shape of his nose&mdash;straight, and rather too
+long; and would have been glad to examine the form of his mouth, but a
+huge moustache hanging over his lips in the French military style&mdash;see
+the portrait of General Cavaignac&mdash;prevented me from ascertaining the
+precise contour of what one of my old philosophers calls the Port
+Esquiline of Derision. M. Jerome was, upon the whole, a handsome man,
+with a romantically bilious complexion; and the expression of his
+large dark eyes was really profound and striking. His costume was
+always fashionable, without being showy; and there was nothing to
+object to but a diamond ring, somewhat too ostentatiously displayed on
+the little finger, which, in all his manual operations, at dinner or
+elsewhere, always cocked up with an impertinent 'look-at-me air,' that
+I did not like. When, indeed, this dandy walked slowly out of the
+dining-room to the door-step, and lighted his cigar, the said little
+finger became positively obnoxious; and I used to think whether it
+were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[pg 275]</a></span> possible that that human being had been created purposely as a
+scaffolding whereon to exhibit a flashing little stone, set in twenty
+shillings worth of gold.</p>
+
+<p>M. Jerome, though not, strictly speaking, a silent man, was
+sufficiently reserved at table. The early courses were by him always
+allowed to pass without any further remark than what politeness
+requires&mdash;as: 'Shall I send you some more of this <i>blanquette</i>?' or,
+'With pleasure, sir;' and so forth. When dessert-time approached,
+however, he generally began to unbend, to take part in the general
+conversation, and throw in here and there a piquant anecdote. He did
+this with so much grace, that had it not been for the diamond ring, I
+should have been disposed to consider him as a man of large experience
+in the best society. The other people who generally attended at
+table&mdash;travellers, commercial and otherwise, with one or two smart
+folks from the town, on the look-out for Parisian gossip, to retail to
+the less adventurous members of their circle&mdash;were all delighted with
+M. Jerome: it was M. Jerome here, and M. Jerome there; and if M.
+Jerome happened to dine out, every one seemed to feel uneasy, and look
+upon him as guilty of a great dereliction of duty. They could almost
+as well have done without their <i>demi-tasse</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Although I am an inquisitive, I am not a very impertinent man. I like
+to pry into other people's affairs only in so far as I can do so
+without hurting their feelings, or putting my own self-love in danger
+of a check. If, therefore, I gave the reins to my curiosity, and
+devoted myself to studying the more apparent movements of this M.
+Jerome, I shrank from putting any direct questions to the <i>gar&ccedil;on</i>,
+who might probably at once have given me a very prosaic account of
+him. On one occasion, I threw in casually a remark, to the effect that
+the gentleman at No. 49 seemed a great favourite with the fair sex;
+but the only reply was a smile, and an acknowledgment that, in
+general, people of fascinating exterior&mdash;here the <i>gar&ccedil;on</i> glanced at
+the mirror he was dusting&mdash;<i>were</i> great favourites with the fairer
+portion of the creation. 'We Frenchmen,' it was added, 'know the way
+to the female heart better than most men.' The waiter had paused with
+his duster in his hand. I felt that he was going to give me his Art of
+Love; and opportunely remembering that I had a letter to put into the
+post, I escaped the infliction for the time.</p>
+
+<p>I had, indeed, observed that if the public generally admitted the
+valuable qualities of M. Jerome as a companion, his reputation was
+based principally on the approval of the ladies. All these excellent
+judges agreed that he was a nice, quiet, agreeable person; and 'so
+handsome!' At least the seven members of an English family, who had
+come to visit Chambord, and lingered at the hotel a week&mdash;five of them
+were daughters&mdash;all expressed this opinion of M. Jerome; and even a
+supercilious French lady, with a particle attached to her name,
+admitted that he was 'very well.'</p>
+
+<p>One day, a new face appeared at table to interest me; and as the
+mysterious gentleman and his diamond ring had puzzled me for a
+fortnight, during which I had made no progress towards ascertaining
+his real position and character, I was not sorry to have my attention
+a little diverted by a mysterious lady. Madame de Mourairef&mdash;a Russian
+name, thought I&mdash;was a very agreeable person to look at; much more so
+to me than M. Jerome. She was not much past twenty years of age;
+small, slight, elegant in shape, if not completely so in manners; and
+with one of those charming little faces which you can analyse into
+ugliness, but which in their synthesis, to speak as moderns should,
+are admirable, adorable, fascinating. I should have thought that such
+a <i>minois</i> could belong only to Paris&mdash;the city, by the way, of ugly
+women, whom art makes charming. However, there it was above the
+shoulders, high of course&mdash;swan-necked women are only found in
+England&mdash;above the shoulders of a Russian marchioness, princess,
+czarina, or what you will, who called for her cigarettes after dinner,
+was attended by a little <i>soubrette</i>, named Penelope, and looked for
+all the world as if she had just been whirled off the boards of the
+Opera Comique.</p>
+
+<p>I at first believed that this was a mere <i>mascarade</i>; but when a
+letter in a formidable envelope, with the seal of the Russian embassy,
+arrived, and was exhibited in the absence of the lady herself, to
+every one of the lodgers, in proof of the aristocratic character of
+the customer of the T&ecirc;te Noire, I began to doubt my own perspicacity,
+and to imagine that I had now a far more interesting object of study
+than M. Jerome and his diamond ring. Madame de Mourairef was an
+exceedingly affable person; and the English family aforesaid, whom I
+have reason to believe were Cockney tradesfolks, pronounced her to be
+very high-bred&mdash;without a fault, indeed, if it had not been for that
+horrid habit of smoking, which, as they judiciously observed, however,
+was a peculiar characteristic of the Russians. I am afraid, they would
+have set her down as a vulgar wretch, had they not been forewarned
+that she was aristocratic. The French lady seemed to look upon the
+foreign one as an intruder, and scarcely deigned to turn her eyes in
+that direction. Probably this was because she was so charming, and
+monopolised so much of the attention of us gentlemen.</p>
+
+<p>'They no sooner looked than they loved,' says Rosalind. This was not,
+perhaps, quite the case with M. Jerome and the Russian princess, who
+took care to let it be known that she was a widow; but in a very few
+days what is called 'a secret sympathy' evidently sprang into
+existence. The former, of course, made the first advances. His
+diplomatic and seductive arts were not, however, put to a great test,
+for in three days the lady manifestly felt uneasy until he presented
+himself at dinner; and in a week, I met them walking arm in arm on the
+bridge. It was easy to see that he was on his good behaviour; and from
+some fragments of conversations I overheard between them when they met
+in the passage opposite my door, I learned that he was 'doing the
+melancholy dodge,' as in the vernacular we would express it; and had
+many harrowing revelations to make as to the manner in which his heart
+had been trifled with by unfeeling beauties.</p>
+
+<p>'There is a tide in the affairs of an h&ocirc;tel:' I am in a mood for
+quoting from my favourite authors; and whereas we had at one time sat
+down nearly twenty to table, we suddenly found ourselves to be only
+three&mdash;M. Jerome, the princess, and myself. A kind of intimacy was the
+natural result. We made ourselves mutually agreeable; and I was not at
+all surprised, when one evening Madame de Mourairef invited us two
+gentlemen to take tea with her in her little sitting-room. Both
+accepted joyfully; and though I am persuaded that M. Jerome would have
+preferred a t&ecirc;te-&agrave;-t&ecirc;te, he accepted my companionship with tolerable
+grace. We strolled together, indeed, on the quay for half an hour. It
+was raining slightly, and I had a cough; but I have too good an
+opinion of human nature to imagine that my new acquaintance kept me
+out by his fascinating conversation, in order to make me catch a
+desperate cold, that would send me wheezing to bed.</p>
+
+<p>The tea was served, as I suppose it is served in Russia, very weak,
+with a plentiful admixture of milk and accompaniment of <i>biscuits
+glac&eacute;s</i>. Madame de Mourairef did the honours in an inexpressibly
+graceful manner; and I observed that there was a delightful intimacy
+between her and her maid Penelope, that quite upset my ideas of
+northern serfdom. I think they even once exchanged a wink, but of this
+I am not sure. There is nothing like experience to expand one's ideas,
+and I made up my mind to re-examine the whole<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[pg 276]</a></span> of my notions of
+Muscovite vassalage. M. Jerome seemed less struck by these
+circumstances than myself&mdash;being probably too much absorbed in
+contemplation of our hostess&mdash;but even he could not avoid exclaiming,
+'that if that were the way in which serfs were treated, he should like
+to be a serf&mdash;of such a mistress!'</p>
+
+<p>'You Frenchmen are <i>so</i> gallant!' was the reply.</p>
+
+<p>A little while afterwards, somebody proposed a game of whist. There
+was an objection to 'dead-man,' and Penelope, with a semi-oriental
+salaam, offered to 'take a hand.' Madame de Mourairef was graciously
+pleased to order her to do so. We shuffled, cut, and played; and when
+midnight came, and it was necessary to retire, I felt almost afraid to
+examine into my own heart, lest I might find that the soubrette
+appeared to me at least as high-bred as the mistress.</p>
+
+<p>We spent some delightful evenings in this manner, and perhaps still
+more delightful days, for by degrees we became inseparable, and all
+our walks and drives were made in common. The gar&ccedil;on often looked
+maliciously at me, even offered once or twice to develop his Art of
+Love; but I did not choose to be interrupted in my physiognomical
+studies, and gave him no opportunity.</p>
+
+<p>A picnic was proposed, and agreed upon. We intended at first to go to
+Chambord; but there was danger of a crowd; and a valley on the road to
+Vend&ocirc;me was pitched upon. A <i>cal&egrave;che</i> took us to the place, and set us
+down in a delightful meadow, enamelled with flowers, as all meadows
+are in poetry. A few great trees, forming almost a grove, shaded a
+slope near the banks of a sluggish stream that crept along between an
+avenue of poplars. Here the cloth was laid at once for breakfast; and
+whilst M. Jerome and the princess strolled away to talk of blighted
+hopes, Russia, serfdom, wedlock, and the conflagration of the Kremlin,
+Penelope made the necessary preparation; and I, in my character of a
+fidgety old gentleman, first advised and then assisted her. I am
+afraid the young damsel had designs upon my heart, for she put several
+questions to me on the state of vassalage in England; and when I
+developed succinctly the principles and advantages of our free
+constitution, and said some eloquent things that formed a French
+edition of 'Britons never shall be slaves,' she became quite
+enthusiastic; her cheeks flushed, her eyes brightened; and with a sort
+of Thervigne-de-Mericourt gesture, she cried: 'Vive la R&eacute;publique!'
+This was scarcely the natural product of what I had said; but so
+lively a little creature, in her dainty lace-cap and flying pink
+ribbons, neat silk <i>caraco</i>, plaid-patterned gown, with pagoda
+sleeves, as she called them, and milk-white <i>manchettes</i>&mdash;her
+<i>bottines</i> from the Rue Vivienne, and her face from Paradise&mdash;could
+reconcile many a harder heart than mine to greater incongruities. Our
+arrangements being made, therefore, I sat down on a camp-stool, whilst
+Penelope reclined on the grass; and I endeavoured to explain to her
+the great advantages of a moderate constitutional government, with
+checks, balances, and so forth. Although she yawned, I am sure it was
+not from ennui, but in order to shew me her pretty pearly teeth.</p>
+
+<p>M. Jerome and the princess came streaming back over the meadow&mdash;even
+affected to scold me for having remained behind. They were evidently
+on the best possible terms, and I took great satisfaction in
+contemplating their happiness. Either my perspicacity was at fault,
+however, or both had some secret cause of uneasiness that pressed upon
+their minds as the day advanced. Had they been only betrayed into a
+declaration and a plighting of their troth in a hurry? Did they
+already repent? Did Madame de Mourairef regret the barbarous splendour
+of her native land? Did M. Jerome begin to mourn over the delights of
+bachelorship? These were the questions I put to myself without being
+able to invent any satisfactory answer. The day passed, however,
+pleasantly enough; and the cal&egrave;che came in due time to take us back to
+Blois.</p>
+
+<p>Next morning, M. Jerome entered my room with a graceful bow, to
+announce his departure for Paris, whither it was necessary for him to
+go to obtain the necessary papers for his marriage, and Madame de
+Mourairef, he added, accompanied him. I uttered the necessary
+congratulations, and gave my address in Paris, that he might call upon
+me as soon as he was settled in the h&ocirc;tel he proposed to take.</p>
+
+<p>'I take two persons with me,' he said, smiling; 'but one of them
+leaves her heart behind, I am afraid.'</p>
+
+<p>This alluded to Penelope; but I was determined not to understand. I
+went to say adieu to Madame de Mourairef, who seemed rather excited
+and anxious. Penelope almost succeeded in wringing forth a tear; but I
+did not think it was decreed that at my age I should really make love
+to a Russian serf, however charming. So off they went to the railway
+station, leaving me in a very dull, stupid, melancholy mood.</p>
+
+<p>'What a fortunate man M. Jerome is!' said the gar&ccedil;on, as he came into
+my room a few minutes afterwards.</p>
+
+<p>'Yes,' I replied; 'Madame de Mourairef seems in every way worthy of
+him.'</p>
+
+<p>'I should think so,' quoth he. 'It is not every waiter, however
+fascinating, that falls in with a Russian princess.'</p>
+
+<p>'Waiter! M. Jerome!'</p>
+
+<p>'Of course,' replied my informant. 'You seem surprised; but M. Jerome
+is really a waiter at the Caf&eacute; &mdash;&mdash;, on the Boulevard des Italiens;
+came down for his health. We were comrades once, and I promised to
+keep the secret, for he thought it extremely probable that he might
+meet a wealthy English lady here, who might fall in love with
+him&mdash;your countrywomen are so eccentric. He has found a Russian
+princess, which is better. I suppose we must now call him
+Monseigneur?'</p>
+
+<p>Although, like the rest of my species, disposed to laugh at the
+misfortunes of my fellow-creatures, I confess that I pitied Madame de
+Mourairef; for I felt persuaded that M. Jerome had passed himself off
+as a very distinguished personage. However, there was no remedy, and I
+had no right to interfere in the matter. The lady, indeed, had been in
+an unpardonable hurry to be won, and must take the consequences.</p>
+
+<p>In the afternoon, there was a great bustle in the h&ocirc;tel, and
+half-a-dozen voices were heard doing the work of fifty. I went out
+into the passage, and caught the first fragments of an explanation
+that soon became complete. M. Alphonse, courier to M. de Mourairef,
+had arrived, and was indignantly maintaining that Sophie and Penelope,
+the two waiting-maids of the princess, had arrived at the T&ecirc;te Noire,
+to take a suite of rooms for their mistress; whilst the landlord and
+his coadjutors, slow to comprehend, averred that the great lady had
+herself been there, and departed. The truth at length came out&mdash;that
+these two smart Parisian lasses, having a fortnight before them, had
+determined to give up their places, and play the mascarade which I
+have described. When M. and Madame de Mourairef, two respectable,
+middle-aged people, arrived, they were dismally made acquainted with
+the sacrilege that had been committed; but as no debts had been
+contracted in their name, and their letters came in a parcel by the
+post from Orleans, they laughed heartily at the joke, and enjoyed the
+idea that Sophie had been taken in.</p>
+
+<p>The following winter, I went into a caf&eacute; newly established in the Rue
+Poissoni&egrave;re, and was agreeably surprised to see Sophie, the
+pseudo-princess, sitting behind the counter in magnificent toilette,
+receiving the bows and the money of the customers as they passed
+before her, whilst M. Jerome&mdash;exactly in appearance as before, except
+that prosperity had begun<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[pg 277]</a></span> to round him&mdash;was leaning against a pillar
+in rather a melodramatic attitude, a white napkin gracefully depending
+from his hand. They started on seeing me, and were a little confused,
+but soon laughed over their adventure; called Penelope to take her
+turn at the counter&mdash;the little serf whispered to me as she passed,
+that I was 'a traitor, a barbarian,' and insisted on treating me to my
+coffee and my <i>petit verre</i>, free, gratis, for nothing.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="MEMOIRS_OF_LORD_JEFFREY" id="MEMOIRS_OF_LORD_JEFFREY"></a>MEMOIRS OF LORD JEFFREY.</h2>
+
+<p class="returnTOC"><a href="#Contents">Return to Table of
+    Contents</a></p>
+
+<p>In the crisis of the French Revolution, British society was paralysed
+with conservative alarms, and all tendency to liberal opinions, or
+even to an advocacy of the most simple and needful reforms, was met
+with a ruthless intolerance. In Scotland, there was not a public
+meeting for five-and-twenty years. In that night of unreflecting
+Toryism, a small band of men, chiefly connected with the law in
+Edinburgh, stood out in a profession of Whiggism, to the forfeiture of
+all chance of government patronage, and even of much of the confidence
+and esteem of society. Three or four young barristers were
+particularly prominent, all men of uncommon talents. The chief was
+Francis Jeffrey, who died in 1850, in the seventy-seventh year of his
+age, after having passed through a most brilliant career as a
+practising lawyer and judge, and one still more brilliant, as the
+conductor, for twenty-seven years, of the celebrated <i>Edinburgh
+Review</i>. Another was Henry Cockburn, who has now become the biographer
+of his great associate. It was verily a remarkable knot of men in many
+respects, but we think in none more than a heroic probity towards
+their principles, which were, after all, of no extravagant character,
+as was testified by their being permitted to triumph harmlessly in
+1831-2. These men anticipated by forty years changes which were
+ultimately patronised by the great majority of the nation. They all
+throve professionally, but purely by the force of their talents and
+high character. As there was not any precisely equivalent group of men
+at any other bar in the United Kingdom, we think Scotland is entitled
+to take some credit to herself for her Jeffreys, her Cranstons, her
+Murrays, and her Cockburns: at least, she will not soon forget their
+names.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Jeffrey&mdash;his judicial designation in advanced life&mdash;was of
+respectable, but not exalted parentage. After a careful education at
+Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Oxford, he entered at the bar in 1793, when
+not yet much more than twenty years of age. His father, being himself
+a Tory, desired the young lawyer to be so too, seeing that it would be
+favourable to his prospects; but he could not yield in this point to
+paternal counsel. The consequence was, that this able man practised
+for ten years without gaining more than L. 100 per annum. All this
+time, he cultivated his mind diligently, and was silently training
+himself for that literary career which he subsequently entered upon.
+His talents were at that time known only to a few intimates: there
+were peculiarities about him, which prevented him from being generally
+appreciated up to his deserts. His figure, to begin with, was almost
+ludicrously small. Then, in his anxiety to get rid of the Scottish
+accent, he had contracted an elocution intended to be English, but
+which struck every one as most affected and offensive. His manners
+were marked by levity, and his conversation to many seemed flippant.
+His literary musings also acted unfavourably on the solicitors, the
+leading patrons of young counsellors. Reduced by dearth of business
+almost to despair, he had at one time serious thoughts of flinging
+himself upon the London press for a subsistence. The first smile of
+fortune beamed upon him in 1802, when the <i>Edinburgh Review</i> was
+started&mdash;a work of which he quickly assumed the management. That it
+brought him income and literary renown, we gather from Lord Cockburn's
+pages; but we do not readily find it explained how. While more
+declaredly a literary man than ever, he now advanced rapidly at the
+bar, and quickly became a man of wealth and professional dignity. We
+suspect that, after all that is said of the effect of literary
+pursuits on business prospects, the one success was a consequence in
+great measure of the other.</p>
+
+<p>The value of this work rests, in our opinion, on the illustration
+which it presents of the possibility of a man of sound though
+unpopular opinions passing through life, not merely without suffering
+greatly from the wrath of society, but in the enjoyment of some of its
+highest honours. After reading this book, one could almost suppose it
+to be a delusion that the world judges hardly of any man's speculative
+opinions, while his life remains pure, and his heart manifestly is
+alive to all the social charities. The heroic consistency of Jeffrey
+is the more remarkable, when it now appears that he was a gentle and
+rather timid man, keenly alive to the sympathies of friends and
+neighbours&mdash;indeed, of <i>womanish</i> character altogether. As is well
+known, his time arrived at last, when, on the coming of the Whigs into
+power in 1830, he was raised to the dignified situation of Lord
+Advocate for Scotland, and was called upon to take the lead,
+officially, in making those political changes which he had all along
+advocated. It is curious, however, and somewhat startling, to learn
+how little gratification he professed to feel in what appeared so
+great a triumph. While his rivals looked with envy on his exaltation,
+and mobs deemed it little enough that he should be entirely at their
+beck in requital for the support they gave him, Mr Jeffrey was sighing
+for the quiet of private life, groaning at his banishment from a happy
+country-home, and not a little disturbed by the troubled aspect of
+public affairs. Mr Macaulay has somewhere remarked on the general
+mistake as to the 'sweets of office.' We are assured by Lord Cockburn,
+that Jeffrey would have avoided the advocateship if he could. He
+accepted it only from a feeling of duty to his party. He writes to a
+female relation of the 'good reason I have for being sincerely sick
+and sorry at an elevation for which so many people are envying, and
+thinking me the luckiest and most elevated of mortals for having
+attained.' And this subject is still further illustrated by an account
+he gives of the conduct of honest Lord Althorpe during the short
+interval in May 1832, when the Whigs were <i>out</i>. 'Lord Althorpe,' he
+says, 'has gone through all this with his characteristic cheerfulness
+and courage. The day after the resignation, he spent in a great
+sale-garden, choosing and buying flowers, and came home with five
+great packages in his carriage, devoting the evening to studying where
+they should be planted in his garden at Althorpe, and writing
+directions and drawing plans for their arrangement. And when they came
+to summon him to a council on the Duke's giving in, he was found in a
+closet with a groom, busy oiling the locks of his fowlingpieces, and
+lamenting the decay into which they had fallen during his ministry.'</p>
+
+<p>In some respects, the book will create surprise, particularly as to
+the private life and character of the great Aristarch. While the
+<i>Edinburgh Review</i> was in progress under the care of Mr Jeffrey, it
+was a most unrelenting tribunal for literary culprits, as well as a
+determined assertor of its own political maxims. The common idea
+regarding its chief conductor represented him as a man of
+extraordinary sharpness, alternating between epigrammatic flippancy
+and democratic rigour. Gentle and refined feeling would certainly
+never have been attributed to him. It will now be found that he was at
+all times of his life a man of genial spirit towards the entire circle
+of his fellow-creatures&mdash;that his leading tastes were for poetry and
+the beautiful in external nature, particularly fine scenery&mdash;that he
+revelled in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[pg 278]</a></span> the home affections, and was continually saying the
+softest and kindest things to all about him&mdash;a lamb, in short, while
+thought a lion. The local circle in which he lived was somewhat
+limited and exclusive, partly, perhaps, in consequence of having been
+early shut in upon itself by its dissent from the mass of society on
+most public questions; but in this circle Jeffrey was adored by men,
+women, and children alike, on account of his extreme kindliness of
+disposition. He was almost, to a ridiculous degree, dependent on the
+love of his friends; and the terms in which he addresses some of them,
+particularly ladies, sound odd in this commonsense world. Thus, the
+wife of one of his friends is, 'My sweet, gentle, and long-suffering
+Sophia.' He pours out his very heart to his correspondents, and with
+an effect which would reconcile to him the most irascible author he
+ever scarified. Thus, to his daughter, who had just left him with her
+husband:&mdash;'I happened to go up stairs, and passing into our room, saw
+the door open of that little one where <i>you</i> used to sleep, and the
+very bed waiting there for you, so silent and desolate, that all the
+love, and the <i>miss</i> of you, which fell so sadly on my heart the first
+night of your desertion, came back upon it so heavily and darkly, that
+I was obliged to shut myself in, and cry over the recollection, as if
+all the interval had been annihilated, and that loss and sorrow were
+still fresh and unsubdued before me; and though the fit went off
+before long, I feel still that I must vent my heart by telling you of
+it, and therefore sit down now to write all this to you, and get rid
+of my feelings, that would otherwise be more likely to haunt my vigils
+of the night.' Thus, on the death of a sister in his early days:&mdash;'A
+very heavy blow upon us all, and much more so on me than I had
+believed possible. The habit of seeing her almost every day, and of
+living together intimately since our infancy, had wound so many
+threads of affection round my heart, that when they were burst at
+once, the shock was almost overwhelming. Then, the unequalled
+gentleness of her disposition, the unaffected worth of her affections,
+and miraculous simplicity of character and manners, which made her
+always appear as pure and innocent as an infant, took so firm, though
+gentle a hold on the heart of every one who approached her, that even
+those who have been comparatively strangers to her worth, have been
+greatly affected by her loss.... During the whole of her illness, she
+looked beautiful; and when I gazed upon her the moment after she had
+breathed her last, as she lay still, still, and calm, with her bright
+eyes half closed, and her red lips half open, I thought I had never
+seen a countenance so lovely. A statuary might have taken her for a
+model. Poor, dear love! I kissed her cold lips, and pressed her cold,
+wan, lifeless hand, and would willingly at that moment have put off my
+own life too, and followed her. When I came here, the sun was rising,
+and the birds were singing gaily, as I sobbed along the empty
+streets.'</p>
+
+<p>The sensibility of Jeffrey to all fine expression that comes to us
+through the medium of literature was intense, most so in his latter
+days, when his whole character seems to have undergone a mellowing
+process. While pining under his greatness as Lord Advocate, and an
+authority in parliament (1833), he says: 'If it were not for my love
+of beautiful nature and poetry, my heart would have died within me
+long ago. I never felt before what immeasurable benefactors these same
+poets are to their kind, and how large a measure, both of actual
+happiness and prevention of misery, they have imparted to the race. I
+would willingly give up half my fortune, and some little fragments of
+health and bodily enjoyment that yet remain to me, rather than that
+Shakspeare should not have lived before me.' Who that had only read
+his lively, acute articles in the formal Review, could have believed
+him to be so deeply sympathetic with an unfortunate poet, as he shews
+in the following fine passage in one of his letters (1837)? 'In the
+last week, I have read all Burns's Life and Works&mdash;not without many
+tears, for the life especially. What touches me most, is the pitiable
+poverty in which that gifted being (and his noble-minded father)
+passed his early days&mdash;the painful frugality to which their innocence
+was doomed, and the thought how small a share of the useless luxuries
+in which we (such comparatively poor creatures) indulge, would have
+sufficed to shed joy and cheerfulness in their dwellings, and perhaps
+to have saved that glorious spirit from the trials and temptations
+under which he fell so prematurely. Oh! my dear Empson, there must be
+something <i>terribly</i> wrong in the present arrangements of the
+universe, when those things can happen, and be thought natural. I
+could lie down in the dirt, and cry and grovel there, I think, for a
+century, to save such a soul as Burns from the suffering, and the
+contamination, and the <i>degradation</i>, which these same arrangements
+imposed upon him; and I fancy that, if I could but have known him, in
+my present state of wealth and influence, I might have saved, and
+reclaimed, and preserved him, even to the present day. He would not
+have been so old as my brother-judge, Lord Glenlee, or Lord Lynedoch,
+or a dozen others that one meets daily in society. And what a
+creature, not only in genius, but in nobleness of character,
+potentially at least, if right models had been put <i>gently</i> before
+him!'</p>
+
+<p>The narrative of Lord Cockburn occupies only one volume, the other
+being filled with a selection from Lord Jeffrey's letters. It is a
+brief chronicle of the subject; many will feel it to be
+unsatisfactorily slight. The author seems to have been afraid of
+becoming tedious. It is, however, a manly and faithful narration, with
+the rare merit of going little, if at all, beyond bounds in its
+appreciation of the hero or his associates, or the importance of the
+circumstances in which he moved. The sketches of some of Jeffrey's
+contemporaries, as John Clerk, Sir Harry Moncreiff, and Henry Erskine,
+are vigorous pieces of painting, which will suggest to many a desire
+that the author should favour the public with a wider view of the men
+and things of Scotland in the age just past. With a natural partiality
+as a friend and as a biographer, he seems to us to set too high an
+estimate on Jeffrey when he ranks him as one of a quartett, including
+Dugald Stewart, Sir Walter Scott, and Dr Chalmers, 'each of whom in
+literature, philosophy, or policy, caused great changes,' and 'left
+upon his age the impression of the mind that produced them.' Few of
+his countrymen would claim this rank for either Jeffrey or Stewart.
+Jeffrey, no doubt, raised a department of our literature from a low to
+a high level; he was a Great Voice in his day. But he produced nothing
+which can permanently affect us; he gave no great turn to the
+sentiments or opinions of mankind. His only original effort of any
+mark, is his exposition of the association theory of beauty, which
+rests on a simple mistake of what is pleasing for what is beautiful,
+and is already nothing. We suspect that no man with his degree of
+timidity will ever be very great, either as a philosopher or as a man
+of deeds. He was a brilliant <i>writer</i>&mdash;the most brilliant, and, with
+one exception, the most versatile in his age; but to this we would
+limit his panegyric, apart from the glory of his long and consistent
+career as a politician, which we think can scarcely be overestimated.</p>
+
+<p>So many of the most remarkable passages of the work have been already
+hackneyed through the medium of the newspapers, that we feel somewhat
+at a loss to present any which may have a chance of being new to our
+readers. So early as his twentieth year, we find Mr Jeffrey thus
+sensibly expressing himself on an important subject:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'There is nothing in the world I detest so much as companions and
+acquaintances, as they are called. Where intimacy has gone so far as
+to banish reserve,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[pg 279]</a></span> to disclose character, and to communicate the
+reality of serious opinions, the connection may be the source of much
+pleasure&mdash;it may ripen into friendship, or subside into esteem. But to
+know half a hundred fellows just so far as to speak, and walk, and
+lounge with them; to be acquainted with a multitude of people, for all
+of whom together you do not care one farthing; in whose company you
+speak without any meaning, and laugh without any enjoyment; whom you
+leave without any regret, and rejoin without any satisfaction; from
+whom you learn nothing, and in whom you love nothing&mdash;to have such a
+set for your society, is worse than to live in absolute solitude; and
+is a thousand times more pernicious to the faculties of social
+enjoyment, by circulating in its channels a stream so insipid.'</p>
+
+<p>At the peace of Amiens, Jeffrey wrote thus to his friend Morehead, 7th
+October 1801: 'It is the only public event in my recollection that has
+given me any lively sensation of pleasure, and I have rejoiced at it
+as heartily as it is possible for a private man, and one whose own
+condition is not immediately affected by it, to do. How many parents
+and children, and sisters and brothers, would that news make happy?
+How many pairs of bright eyes would weep over that gazette, and wet
+its brown pages with tears of gratitude and rapture? How many weary
+wretches will it deliver from camps and hospitals, and restore once
+more to the comforts of a peaceful and industrious life? What are
+victories to rejoice at, compared with an event like this? Your
+bonfires and illuminations are dimmed with blood and with tears, and
+battle is in itself a great evil, and a subject of general grief and
+lamentation. The victors are only the least unfortunate, and suffering
+and death have, in general, brought us no nearer to tranquillity and
+happiness.' It may be well thus to bring the value of a peace before
+the public mind. Let those who only know of war from history, reflect
+how great must be the evils of a state the cessation of which gives
+such a feeling of relief.</p>
+
+<p>Here is a curious passage about the society of Liverpool in 1813, and
+his love of his native country. We must receive the statement
+respecting the Quakers with something more than doubt, at least as to
+the extent to which it is true:&mdash;'I have been dining out every day for
+this last week with Unitarians, and Whigs, and Americans, and brokers,
+and bankers, and small fanciers of pictures and paints, and the Quaker
+aristocracy, and the fashionable vulgar, of the place. But I do not
+like Liverpool much better, and could not live here with any comfort.
+Indeed, I believe I could not live anywhere out of Scotland. All my
+recollections are Scottish, and consequently all my imaginations; and
+though I thank God that I have as few fixed opinions as any man of my
+standing, yet all the elements out of which they are made have a
+certain national cast also. In short, I will not live anywhere else if
+I can help it; nor die either; and all old Esky's<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> eloquence would
+have been thrown away in an attempt to persuade me that <i>banishment
+furth the kingdom</i> might be patiently endured. I take more to Roscoe,
+however: he is thoroughly good-hearted, and has a sincere, though
+foolish concern for the country. I have also found out a Highland
+woman with much of the mountain accent, and sometimes get a little
+girl to talk to. But with all these resources, and the aid of the
+Botanical Garden, the time passes rather heavily; and I am in some
+danger of dying of ennui, with the apparent symptoms of extreme
+vivacity. Did you ever hear that most of the Quakers die of
+stupidity&mdash;actually and literally? I was assured of the fact the other
+day by a very intelligent physician, who practised twenty years among
+them, and informs me that few of the richer sort live to be fifty, but
+die of a sort of atrophy, their cold blood just stagnating by degrees
+among their flabby fat. They eat too much, he says; take little
+exercise; and, above all, have no nervous excitement. The affection is
+known in this part of the country by the name of <i>the Quaker's
+disease</i>, and more than one-half of them go out so. I think this
+curious, though not worth coming to Liverpool to hear, or writing from
+Liverpool, &amp;c.'</p>
+
+<p>He was at this time about to sail for America, in order to marry a
+lady of that country. In a letter to Morehead, he recalls his
+old-fashioned country residence of Hatton, in West Lothian, and Mr
+Morehead's family now resident there. Tuckey was a nickname for one of
+Mr Morehead's daughters; Margaret was another. Till the last, he had
+pet names for all his own descendants and relatives, having no doubt
+felt how much they contribute to the promotion of family affection. 'I
+am almost ashamed of the degree of sorrow I feel at leaving all the
+early and long-prized objects of my affection; and though I am
+persuaded I do right in the step which I am taking, I cannot help
+wishing that it had not been quite so wide and laborious a one. You
+cannot think how beautiful Hatton appears at this moment in my
+imagination, nor with what strong emotion I fancy I hear Tuckey
+telling a story on my knee, and see Margaret poring upon her French
+before me. It is in your family that my taste for domestic society and
+domestic enjoyments has been nurtured and preserved. Such a child as
+Tuckey I shall never see again in this world. Heaven bless her, and
+she will be a blessing both to her mother and to you.' After touching
+upon a volume of poems which Mr Morehead had published&mdash;'If I were
+you, however, I would live more with Tuckey, and be satisfied with my
+gardening and pruning&mdash;with my preaching&mdash;a good deal of walking and
+comfortable talking. What more has life? and how full of vexation are
+all ambitious fancies and perplexing pursuits! Well, God bless you!
+Perhaps I shall not have an opportunity to inculcate my innocent
+epicurism upon you for a long time again. It will do you no harm.'</p>
+
+<p>It will be a new fact to most of the admirers of Jeffrey, that he had
+in early life devoted himself to the writing of poetry. Of what he
+wrote between 1791 and 1796, the greater part has disappeared from his
+repositories. 'But,' says his biographer, 'enough survives to attest
+his industry, and to enable us to appreciate his powers. There are
+some loose leaves and fragments of small poems, mostly on the usual
+subjects of love and scenery, and in the form of odes, sonnets,
+elegies, &amp;c.; all serious, none personal or satirical. And besides
+these slight things, there is a completed poem on Dreaming, in blank
+verse, about 1800 lines long. The first page is dated Edinburgh, May
+4, 1791, the last Edinburgh, 25th June 1791; from which I presume that
+we are to hold it to have been all written in these fifty-three
+days&mdash;a fact which accounts for the absence of high poetry, though
+there be a number of poetical conceptions and flowing sentences. Then
+there is a translation into blank verse of the third book of the
+<i>Argonauticon</i> of Apollonius Rhodius. The other books are lost, but he
+translated the whole poem, extending to about 6000 lines.... And I may
+mention here, though it happens to be in prose, that of two plays,
+one, a tragedy, survives. It has no title, but is complete in all its
+other parts.... He was fond of parodying the <i>Odes</i> of Horace, with
+applications to modern incidents and people, and did it very
+successfully. The <i>Otium Divos</i> was long remembered. Notwithstanding
+this perseverance, and a decided poetical ambition, he was never
+without misgivings as to his success. I have been informed, that he
+once went so far as to leave a poem with a bookseller, to be
+published, and fled to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[pg 280]</a></span> country; and that, finding some obstacle
+had occurred, he returned, recovered the manuscript, rejoicing that he
+had been saved, and never renewed so perilous an experiment.</p>
+
+<p>'There may be some who would like to see these compositions, or
+specimens of them, both on their own account, and that the friends of
+the many poets his criticism has offended might have an opportunity of
+retaliation, and of shewing, by the critic's own productions, how
+little, in their opinion, he was worthy to sit in judgment on others.
+But I cannot indulge them. Since Jeffrey, though fond of playing with
+verses privately, never delivered himself up to the public as the
+author of any, I cannot think that it would be right in any one else
+to exhibit him in this capacity. I may acknowledge, however, that, so
+far as I can judge, the publication of such of his poetical attempts
+as remain, though it might shew his industry and ambition, would not
+give him the poetical wreath, and of course would not raise his
+reputation. Not that there are not tons of worse verse published, and
+bought, and even read, every year, but that their publication would
+not elevate Jeffrey. His poetry is less poetical than his prose.
+Viewed as mere literary practice, it is rather respectable. It evinces
+a general acquaintance, and a strong sympathy, with moral emotion,
+great command of language, correct taste, and a copious possession of
+the poetical commonplaces, both of words and of sentiment. But all
+this may be without good poetry.'</p>
+
+<p>Having given little of Lord Cockburn in our extracts, we shall
+conclude with a passage of his narration which stands out distinctly,
+and has a historical value. It refers to Edinburgh in the second
+decade of the present century, but takes in a few names of deceased
+celebrities:&mdash;'The society of Edinburgh was not that of a provincial
+town, and cannot be judged of by any such standard. It was
+metropolitan. Trade or manufactures have, fortunately, never marked
+this city for their own; but it is honoured by the presence of a
+college famous throughout the world, and from which the world has been
+supplied with many of the distinguished men who have shone in it. It
+is the seat of the supreme courts of justice, and of the annual
+convocation of the Church, formerly no small matter; and of almost all
+the government offices and influence. At the period I am referring to,
+this combination of quiet with aristocracy made it the resort, to a
+far greater extent than it is now, of the families of the gentry, who
+used to leave their country residences and enjoy the gaiety and the
+fashion which their presence tended to promote. Many of the curious
+characters and habits of the receding age&mdash;the last purely Scotch age
+that Scotland was destined to see&mdash;still lingered among us. Several
+were then to be met with who had seen the Pretender, with his court
+and his wild followers, in the Palace of Holyrood. Almost the whole
+official state, as settled at the Union, survived; and all graced the
+capital, unconscious of the economical scythe which has since mowed it
+down. All our nobility had not then fled. A few had sense not to feel
+degraded by being happy at home. The Old Town was not quite deserted.
+Many of our principal people still dignified its picturesque recesses
+and historical mansions, and were dignified by them. The closing of
+the continent sent many excellent English families and youths among
+us, for education and for pleasure. The war brightened us with
+uniforms, and strangers, and shows.</p>
+
+<p>'Over all this, there was diffused the influence of a greater number
+of persons attached to literature and science, some as their calling,
+and some for pleasure, than could be found, in proportion to the
+population, in any other city in the empire. Within a few years,
+including the period I am speaking of, the College contained Principal
+Robertson, Joseph Black, his successor Hope, the second Munro, James
+Gregory, John Robison, John Playfair, and Dugald Stewart; none of them
+confined monastically to their books, but all&mdash;except Robison, who was
+in bad health&mdash;partaking of the enjoyments of the world. Episcopacy
+gave us the Rev. Archibald Alison; and in Blair, Henry, John Home, Sir
+Harry Moncreiff, and others, Presbytery made an excellent
+contribution, the more to be admired that it came from a church which
+eschews rank, and boasts of poverty. The law, to which Edinburgh has
+always been so largely indebted, sent its copious supplies; who,
+instead of disturbing good company by professional matter&mdash;an offence
+with which the lawyers of every place are charged&mdash;were remarkably
+free of this vulgarity; and being trained to take difference of
+opinion easily, and to conduct discussions with forbearance, were,
+without undue obtrusion, the most cheerful people that were to be met
+with. Lords Monboddo, Hailes, Glenlee, Meadowbank, and Woodhouselee,
+all literary judges, and Robert Blair, Henry Erskine, and Henry
+Mackenzie, senior, were at the earlier end of this file; Scott and
+Jeffrey at the later&mdash;but including a variety of valuable persons
+between these extremities. Sir William Forbes, Sir James Hall, and Mr
+Clerk of Eldin, represented a class of country gentlemen cultivating
+learning on its account. And there were several, who, like the founder
+of the Huttonian theory, selected this city for their residence solely
+from the consideration in which science and letters were here held,
+and the facilities, or rather the temptations, presented for their
+prosecution. Philosophy had become indigenous in the place, and all
+classes, even in their gayest hours, were proud of the presence of its
+cultivators. Thus learning was improved by society, and society by
+learning. And unless when party-spirit interfered&mdash;which, at one time,
+however, it did frequently and bitterly&mdash;perfect harmony, and, indeed,
+lively cordiality, prevailed.</p>
+
+<p>'And all this was still a Scotch scene. The whole country had not
+begun to be absorbed in the ocean of London. There were still little
+great places&mdash;places with attractions quite sufficient to retain men
+of talent or learning in their comfortable and respectable provincial
+positions, and which were dignified by the tastes and institutions
+which learning and talent naturally rear. The operation of the
+commercial principle which tempts all superiority to try its fortune
+in the greatest accessible market, is perhaps irresistible; but
+anything is surely to be lamented which annihilates local intellect,
+and degrades the provincial spheres which intellect and its
+consequences can alone adorn. According to the modern rate of
+travelling, the capitals of Scotland and of England were then about
+2400 miles asunder. Edinburgh was still more distant in its style and
+habits. It had then its own independent tastes, and ideas, and
+pursuits. Enough of the generation that was retiring survived to cast
+an antiquarian air over the city, and the generation that was
+advancing was still a Scotch production. Its character may be
+estimated by the names I have mentioned, and by the fact, that the
+genius of Scott and of Jeffrey had made it the seat at once of the
+most popular poetry and the most brilliant criticism that then
+existed. This city has advantages, including its being the capital of
+Scotland, its old reputation, and its external beauties, which have
+enabled it, in a certain degree, to resist the centralising tendency,
+and have hitherto always supplied it with a succession of eminent men.
+But now that London is at our door, how precarious is our hold of
+them, and how many have we lost!'</p>
+
+<p>We would just add one remark which occurs to us after reviewing the
+career of this eminent patriot and writer, and it may be of service to
+young men now entering upon the various paths of ambition. It is the
+fortune of many to be led by whim, prejudice, and other reasons, into
+certain tracks of opinion, which, as they do not lead to the public
+good, so neither do they conduce to any ultimate benefit for those
+treading<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[pg 281]</a></span> them. How striking the contrast between the retrospect of a
+literary man, who has spent, perhaps, brilliant abilities in
+supporting every bad cause and every condemned error of his time, and
+necessarily found all barren at last, and the reflections of one like
+Francis Jeffrey, who, having embraced just views at first, continued
+temperately to advocate them until he saw them adopted as necessary
+for the good of his country, and had the glory of being almost
+universally thanked for his share in bringing about their triumph! Let
+young literary men particularly take this duly to heart, for it may
+save them from many a bitter pang in their latter days.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> 'Lord Eskgrove, a judge, who consoled a friend he was
+obliged to banish, by assuring him that there really were places in
+the world, such as England, for example, where a man, though out of
+Scotland, might live with some little comfort.'</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="THE_MOONLIGHT_RIDE" id="THE_MOONLIGHT_RIDE"></a>THE MOONLIGHT RIDE.</h2>
+
+<p class="returnTOC"><a href="#Contents">Return to Table of
+    Contents</a></p>
+
+<p>A number of years ago, a gentleman in Clydesdale offered me a
+situation as head-groom, which I accepted. He had one horse which was
+kept in a stable by himself, and was, without exception, the ugliest
+and most savage animal of his kind I had ever seen. There was not a
+single point of a strong or a fast horse about him. He was as black as
+charcoal; he was named Satan, and richly did he deserve the name. He
+would fly at you, like a dog, with his teeth; attempt to beat you down
+with his fore-feet; and strike round a corner at you with his hind
+ones. He had beaten off all the rough-riders, grooms, and jockeys in
+that part of the country.</p>
+
+<p>After being in the place for a few days, I was asked by the gentleman,
+if I thought I could make anything of Satan. I replied, that if he
+beat me, he would be the only horse which had ever done so; but still
+I considered him to be by far the most savage I had ever seen. 'Try
+him to-morrow at one o'clock,' said he, as he turned to go away: 'I
+will have a few friends with me to see how you succeed.'</p>
+
+<p>I determined, however, to try him that night, and without any witness
+to see whether I succeeded or not. My room was over the stables, and
+as the moon did not rise till eleven o'clock, I threw myself upon the
+bedclothes, and, contrary to my intention, fell asleep. When I awoke,
+it was twelve, the moon was shining brightly, and rendering everything
+as visible as if it were day.</p>
+
+<p>I went down to the stable with a bridle prepared for the purpose, and
+a heavily-loaded whip in my hand. I knew that it would be impossible
+to saddle him; and, indeed, I should be safer on his bare back, in the
+event of his throwing himself down. I opened the stable-door gently,
+and there he was prone on his side, his legs and neck stretched out,
+as I have often seen horses lying after sore fatigue. I clapped my
+knee upon his head, loosed the collar that bound him, slipped the bit
+into his mouth, buckled the throat-band, raised him to his feet,
+backed him out, and leaped upon his back before he had time to get his
+eyes right opened. But open them now he did, and that with a
+vengeance; he pawed, and struck the walls with his fore-feet, till the
+fire flashed from the stones; and then he reared till he fell right
+back upon the pavement. I was prepared for this, and slipped off him
+as he went down, and then leaped on him again as he rose. I had not as
+yet touched him with whip, bridle, or spur; but now I gave him the
+curb and the spurs at the same instant. He gave one mad bound, and
+then went off at a rate that completely eclipsed the speed of the
+fleetest horse I had ever ridden. He could not trot, but his gallop
+was unapproachable, and consisted in a succession of leaps, performed
+with a precision, velocity, and strength, absolutely bewildering.</p>
+
+<p>He fairly overturned all my preconceived notions of a fast horse. On
+he thundered, till we came under the shadow of a fir-wood, and then,
+whether out of mischief or dread of the darkness, he halted
+instantaneously, his fore-feet so close together that you might have
+put them into a bucket. Owing to the depression of his shoulders&mdash;for
+he had no more withers than an ass&mdash;the way that he jerked down his
+head, and the suddenness of the stop, a monkey, although he had been
+holding on with his teeth, must have been unseated. For me, I was
+pitched a long way over his head, but alighted upon a spot so soft and
+mossy, that it looked as if some kind hand had purposely prepared it
+for me. Had I been in the slightest degree stunned, or unable to
+regain my feet, that instant he would have torn me to pieces with his
+teeth, and beaten my mangled body into the earth with his hoofs. But I
+at once sprang to my feet, and faced him. I could have escaped by
+leaping into the wood; but my blood was up, my brain clear, and my
+heart gave not one extra pulsation. There he stood upon his hind-legs
+nearly upright, beating the air with his fore-feet, his mouth open,
+his upper lip curled, his under one drawn down, his large white teeth
+glancing like ivory in the moonlight. As soon as he saw me upon my
+feet, he gave a yell such as I had never heard from a horse before,
+save once, and which I believe is never elicited from that animal,
+except when under the domination of frantic rage or fear.</p>
+
+<p>This unearthly cry roused every living thing within hearing. An army
+of rooks, startled from their encampment in the wood, circled and
+wheeled between us and the moon, shading her light, and filling the
+midnight air with their discordant screams. This attracted the
+attention of Satan, and, bringing his fore-feet to the ground, he
+pricked up his ears, and listened. I sprang forward, seized him by the
+mane, and vaulted upon his back. As I stooped forward to gather up the
+reins, which were dangling from his head, he caught me by the cuff of
+the jacket&mdash;luckily it was but the cuff!&mdash;and tore it up to the
+shoulder. Instantly he seized me again; but this time he succeeded
+rather better, having a small portion of the skin and flesh of my
+thigh between his teeth. The intense pain occasioned by the bite, or
+rather bruise, of a horse's mouth, can only be properly judged of by
+those who have felt it. I was the madder of the two now; and of all
+animals, an enraged man is the most dangerous and the most fearless. I
+gave him a blow between the ears with the end of the whip; and he went
+down at once, stunned and senseless, with his legs doubled up under
+him, and his nose buried in the ground. I drew his fore-legs from
+under him, that he might rise the more readily, and then lashed him
+into life. He turned his head slowly round, and looked at me, and then
+I saw that the savage glare of his eye was nearly quenched, and that,
+if I could follow up the advantage I had gained, I should ultimately
+be the conqueror. I now assisted him to rise, mounted him, and struck
+at once with whip and spur. He gave a few bounds forward, a stagger or
+two, and then fell heavily upon his side. I was nearly under him;
+however, I did save my distance, although that was all. I now began to
+feel sorry for him; his wonderful speed had won my respect; and as I
+was far from being naturally cruel, whip or spur I never used except
+in cases of necessity: so I thought I would allow him to lie for a few
+minutes, if he did not incline to get up of himself. However, as I had
+no faith in the creature, I sat down upon him, and watched him
+intently. He lay motionless, with his eyes shut; and had it not been
+for the firm and fast beat of his heart, I should have considered him
+dying from the effects of the blow; but the strong pulsation told me
+that there was plenty of life in him; and I suspected that he was
+lying quiet, meditating mischief. I was right. Every muscle began
+presently to quiver with suppressed rage. He opened his eyes, and gave
+me a look, in which fear and fury were strangely blended. I am not
+without superstition, and for an instant I quailed under that look, as
+the thought struck me, that the black, unshapely brute before me might
+actually be the spirit indicated by his name. With a muttered growl at
+my folly, I threw the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[pg 282]</a></span> idea from me&mdash;leaped up&mdash;seized the reins&mdash;with
+a lash and a cry made him spring to his feet&mdash;mounted him as he rose,
+and struck the spurs into his sides. He reared and wheeled; but
+finding that he could not get rid of me, and being unable to stand the
+torture of the spurs, which I used freely (it was no time for mercy!)
+he gave two or three plunges, and then bounded away at that dreadful
+leaping gallop&mdash;that pace which seemed peculiarly his own. I tried to
+moderate his speed with the bridle; but found, to my surprise, that I
+had no command over him. I knew at once that something was wrong, as,
+with the bit I had in his mouth, I ought to have had the power to have
+broken his jawbone. I stooped forward to ascertain the cause; the
+loose curb dangling at the side of his head gave a satisfactory
+explanation.</p>
+
+<p>He had it all his own way now; he was fairly off with me; and all I
+could do was to bear his head as well up as I could, to prevent him
+from stumbling. However, as it would have been bad policy to let him
+know how much he was master, I gave him an occasional touch with the
+spur, as if wishing him to accelerate his pace; and when he made an
+extra bound, I patted him on the neck, as if pleased with his
+performance.</p>
+
+<p>A watery cloud was passing over the face of the moon, which rendered
+everything dim and indistinct, as we tore away down a grassy slope;
+the view terminating in a grove of tall trees, situated upon a
+rising-ground. Beyond the dark outline of the trees, I saw nothing.</p>
+
+<p>As we neared the grove, Satan slackened his speed; this I thought he
+did with a view to crush me against the trunks of the trees. To
+prevent him from having time to do this, I struck him with the spurs,
+and away again he went like fury. As he burst through the trees, I
+flung my head forward upon his neck, to prevent myself from being
+swept off by the lower branches. In doing this, the spurs accidentally
+came in contact with his sides. He gave one tremendous leap
+forward&mdash;the ground sank under his feet&mdash;the horse was thrown over his
+own head&mdash;I was jerked into the air&mdash;and, amid an avalanche of earth
+and stones, we were hurled down a perpendicular bank into the brown,
+swollen waters of the Clyde.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to a bend in the river, the force of the current was directed
+against this particular spot, and had undermined it; and although
+strong enough to bear a man or a horse, under ordinary circumstances,
+yet down at once it thundered under the desperate leap of Satan.
+However, it did not signify, as nothing could have prevented us from
+surging into the water at the next bound.</p>
+
+<p>A large quantity of rain had fallen in the upper part of the shire;
+and, in consequence, the river was full from bank to brae. I was
+nearly a stranger to the place; indeed, so much so, that I had
+supposed we were running from the river. This, combined with the
+suddenness of the shock, and the appearance of a turbid, rapid
+river&mdash;sweeping down trees, brushwood, branches, hay, corn, and straw
+before it, with resistless force&mdash;was so foreign to my idea of the
+calm, peaceful Clyde, that when I rose to the surface, I was quite
+bewildered, and had very serious doubts as to my own identity.</p>
+
+<p>I was roused from this state of bewilderment by the snorting and
+splashing of the horse: he was making a bold attempt to scale the
+perpendicular bank. Had I been thrown into the body of the stream, I
+should have been swept away, and the animal must have perished; but in
+all heavy rapid runs of water, salt or fresh, there is what is termed
+an eddy stream, running close inshore, in a contrary direction to the
+main body of the water. I have seen Highlanders in their boats
+catching fish in the eddy stream of the Gulf of Corrievrekin, within a
+short distance of the main tide, which, had it but got the slightest
+hold on their boat, would have swept them with fearful velocity into
+the jaws of the roaring gulf. I was caught by this eddy, which kept me
+stationary, and enabled me, by a few strokes, to reach the horse's
+side. To cross the river, or to land here, was alike impossible; so I
+took the reins in my right hand, wheeled the horse from the bank, and
+dashed at once with him into the strength of the current. Away we
+went, Satan and I, in capital spirits both; not a doubt of our
+effecting a safe landing ever crossing my mind. And the horse evinced
+his certainty upon that subject, by snatching a bite out of a heap of
+hay that floated at his side, and eating it as composedly as if he had
+been in the stable.</p>
+
+<p>We soon swept round the high bank that had caused our misfortune, and
+came to a level part of the country, which was flooded far up into the
+fields. I then struck strongly out in a slanting direction for the
+shore, and soon had the satisfaction of finding myself once more upon
+the green turf. Satan shook himself, pricked up his ears, and gave a
+low neigh. I then stroked him, and spoke kindly to him. He returned
+the caress by licking my hand. Poor fellow! he had contracted a
+friendship for me in the water&mdash;a friendship which terminated only
+with his life; and which was rendered the more valuable, by his never
+extending it to another living thing.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="THE_GOLD-FEVER_IN_AUSTRALIA" id="THE_GOLD-FEVER_IN_AUSTRALIA"></a>THE GOLD-FEVER IN AUSTRALIA.</h2>
+
+<p class="returnTOC"><a href="#Contents">Return to Table of
+    Contents</a></p>
+
+<p>The discovery of gold in the new continent has thrown the country into
+a state which well merits examination. The same circumstance in
+California was no interruption to progress of any kind. It merely
+peopled a desert, and opened a trade where there was none before;
+while in Australia it finds an established form of civilisation, and a
+commerce flowing in recognised channels. It is an interesting task,
+therefore, to trace the nature of the influence exercised in the
+latter country over old pursuits by the new direction of industry; and
+it is with some curiosity we open a mercantile circular, dated Sydney,
+1st November 1851. This, we admit, is a somewhat forbidding document
+to mere literary readers; but we shall divest its contents of their
+technical form, and endeavour, by their aid, to arrive at some general
+idea of the real state and prospects of the colony.</p>
+
+<p>Up to the middle of last May, the colonial heart beat high with hope.
+Trade was good; the pastoral interests were flourishing; the country
+properties, as a matter of course, were improving; and the
+introduction of the alpaca, the extended culture of the vine, and the
+growth of cotton, appeared to present new and rich sources of wealth.
+At that moment came the discovery of the Gold Fields; and a shock was
+communicated to the whole industrial system, which to some people
+seemed to threaten almost annihilation. The idea was, that
+gold-digging would swallow up all other pursuits, and the flocks
+perish in the wilderness from the want of shepherds. Nor was this
+altogether without foundation; for the stockholders have actually been
+considerable sufferers: all the industrial projects mentioned have
+been stopped short; and the gold-diggings still continue to attract to
+themselves, as if by a spell, the labour of the country. The panic,
+however, has now subsided. It is seen that the result is not so bad as
+was anticipated, and hopes are entertained that the evil will go no
+further. A stream of population, it is thought, will be directed to
+Australia from abroad, and the labour not demanded by gold may suffice
+for other pursuits. Up to the date of the circular, the value of gold
+shipped for England<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[pg 283]</a></span> from New South Wales had been L. 217,000, and it
+was supposed that about L. 130,000 more remained at Sydney and in the
+hands of the miners: 10,000 persons were actually engaged in mining,
+and 5000 more concerned otherwise in the business; and as the result
+of the exertions of that multitude, the amount of gold fixed
+arbitrarily for exportation during the next twelve months, is L.
+2,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>But, on the other hand, in the Sydney district alone, the trade in
+wool has already fallen off to the extent of several thousand bales&mdash;a
+deficiency, however, not as yet attributed to the diminished number of
+the sheep. It is supposed that the high rates of labour will operate
+chiefly in disinclining the farmers to extend their operations; and if
+this at the same time affords them leisure and motive to attend better
+to the state of their clips, it will ultimately have an effect rather
+beneficial than otherwise. Australian wool has hitherto been
+attainable by foreigners only in the English market; but it is a
+favourable symptom that two cargoes left Sydney last year direct for
+Hamburg. To shew the falling off in trade during the gold year, it may
+be mentioned that the exports of wool in the two previous years were
+about 52,000 bales; and in 1850-1, about 48,000. There was likewise a
+deficiency of about 6000 casks of tallow, and 3000 hides.</p>
+
+<p>It is interesting to notice, that preserved meats are sent from New
+South Wales to the neighbouring colonies and to England in
+considerable quantities. Timber for shipbuilding is rising in
+estimation in the English market. Australian wines are said to be
+fully equal to Rhenish; and a Vineyard Association has been formed for
+the purpose of improvement. Wool, however, is at present the great
+staple; and the Circular seems to derive some consolation from the
+idea, that if the crop should continue deficient, prices in England
+will probably be maintained. 'To anticipate the future prices for our
+staples,' it says, 'in a market open to so many influences as that of
+Great Britain, is almost impossible; but it may be well to point out
+the causes which are likely to affect their value&mdash;we allude more
+especially to wool. We have stated that the production thereof, in New
+South Wales, is likely to be checked by the attraction of the
+gold-diggings; and still further, by the gradual abandonment of
+indifferent or limited runs, which formerly supported a large number
+of sheep, but which will not pay to work at present prices of wool and
+labour. Therefore, if we bear in mind that Australia has furnished
+half of the entire quantity of the wools imported into Great Britain,
+and that the English buyers have hitherto been purchasing in
+anticipation of a large annual increase from hence, which for the
+present, at anyrate, will not be forthcoming, we think we need be
+under no apprehension of lower prices than the present.'</p>
+
+<p>It will be remarked, that this somewhat unfavourable report is made at
+the end of the first six months of the gold-fever. That kind of
+gold-seeking, however, which unsettles the habits of a population, and
+represses the other pursuits of industry, is not likely to endure very
+long in any country. It must give way in time to scientific mining,
+which is as legitimate a business as any other, and which, by the
+wealth it circulates, will tempt men into new avenues of industry, and
+recruit, to any extent that may be desirable, the supply of labour.
+Hitherto that supply has come in inadequate quantities, or from
+polluted sources; but we have now precisely what the colony wanted&mdash;a
+stream of voluntary emigration, which, in the process of time, when
+skilled labour only can be employed, will flood the diggings, and its
+superfluous portions find their level in the other employments
+afforded by the country. That this will take place without the
+inconvenience of a transition period, is not to be expected; but, upon
+the whole, we look upon the present depression of the legitimate trade
+of the colony as merely a temporary evil, arising out of circumstances
+that are destined to work well for its eventual prosperity.</p>
+
+<p>The same process, it should be observed, has already been gone through
+in California. The lawless adventurers who rushed to the gold-fields
+from all parts of the world subsided gradually into order from mere
+motives of self-preservation; and as the precious metal disappeared
+from the surface, multitudes were driven by necessity or policy into
+employments more remunerative than digging. The large mining
+population&mdash;the producers of gold&mdash;became the consumers of goods;
+markets of all kinds were opened for their supply; emporia of trade
+rose along the coast; and a country that so recently was almost a
+desert, now promises to become one of the great marts of the commerce
+of the world. If this has been the case in California, the process
+will be much easier in Australia, where the rudiments of various
+businesses already exist, and where the staple articles of produce are
+such as can hardly be pushed to a superfluous extent.</p>
+
+<p>The true calamity, however, under which the fixed colonists, the
+producers of the staples, suppose themselves to suffer, is the change
+occasioned in the price of labour by the golden prospects of the
+diggings. On this question there is always considered to be two
+antagonistical interests&mdash;that of the employers, and that of the
+employed; the former contending for the minimum, and the latter for
+the maximum rate. But this is a fallacy. The interest of the two is
+identical; and for these obvious reasons, that if wages be too high,
+the capitalist must cease to produce and to employ; and if too low,
+the working population must sink to the position of unskilled
+labourers at home, and eventually bring about that very state of
+society from which emigration is sought as an escape. In supposing
+their interests to be antagonistical, the one party reasons as badly
+as the other; but, somehow, there always attaches to the bad reasoning
+of the employed a stigma of criminality, from which that of the other
+is free. This is unjust enough in England, but in Australia it is
+ridiculous. A capitalist goes out, provided with a sum so small as to
+be altogether useless at home as a means of permanent support, but
+which, in the colony, he expects, with proper management, to place him
+for the rest of his life in a position of almost fabulous prosperity.
+These cheering views, however, he confines to his own class. The
+measure of his happiness will not be full unless he can find cheap
+labour, as well as magnificent returns. For this desideratum he will
+make any sacrifice. He will take your paupers, your felons&mdash;your
+rattlesnakes; anything in the shape of a drudge, who will toil for
+mere subsistence, and without one of the social compensations which
+render toil in England almost endurable.</p>
+
+<p>We are never sorry to hear of the high price of labour in countries
+where the employers live in ease and independence; and we join
+heartily in the counsel to the higher class of working-men in this
+country given by Mr Burton in his <i>Emigrants Manual</i>&mdash;'never to
+confound a large labour-market with good sources of employment.' It
+does not appear to us to be one of the least of the benefits that will
+accrue after convalescence from the gold-fever in Australia, the
+higher value the employed will set upon their labour. We cannot reason
+from the English standard, which has not been deliberately fixed, but
+forced upon us by competition, excessive population, public burdens,
+and the necessities of social position. In a new country, however,
+where all these circumstances are absent, and whither<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[pg 284]</a></span> employers and
+employed resort alike for the purpose of bettering their condition, we
+should like to see traditions cast aside, and the fabric of society
+erected on a new basis.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="BURGOMASTER_LAW_IN_PRUSSIA" id="BURGOMASTER_LAW_IN_PRUSSIA"></a>BURGOMASTER LAW IN PRUSSIA.</h2>
+
+<p class="returnTOC"><a href="#Contents">Return to Table of
+    Contents</a></p>
+
+<p>On turning out, and then turning over, a mass of old papers which had
+lain packed up in a heavy mail-trunk for a period of more than forty
+years, I came the other day upon a little bundle of documents in legal
+German manuscript, the sight of which set me, old as I am, a laughing
+involuntarily, and brought back in full force to my memory the
+circumstances which I am about briefly to relate. A strange thing is
+this memory, by the way, and strangely moved by trifles to the
+exercise of its marvellous power. For more than thirty years&mdash;for the
+average period that suffices to change the generation of man upon
+earth&mdash;had this preposterous adventure, and everything connected with
+it, lain dormant in some sealed-up cavity of my brain, when the bare
+sight of the little bundle of small-sized German foolscap, with its
+ragged edges and blotted official pages, has set the whole paltry
+drama, with all its dignified performers, in motion before the retina
+of my mind's eye with all the reality of the actual occurrence.</p>
+
+<p>It was in the spring or early summer of the year 1806, that, in the
+capacity of companion and interpreter to a young nobleman who was
+making the tour of Germany, I was travelling on the high-road from
+Magdeburg to Berlin. We rolled along in a stout English carriage drawn
+by German post-horses, and having left Magdeburg after an early
+breakfast, stopped at a small neat town, some eighteen or twenty miles
+on our route&mdash;my patron intending to remain there for an hour or two,
+in the hope of being rejoined by a friend who had promised to overtake
+us. He ordered refreshment, and sat down and partook of it, while I,
+not choosing to participate, seated myself in the recess of
+an old-fashioned window, and kept my eyes fixed upon our
+travelling-carriage, from which the wearied horses had been removed,
+and which stood but a few paces from where I sat. At the end of an
+hour, my patron having satisfied his appetite, declined to wait any
+longer, and proposed that we should proceed on our journey. It was my
+office to discharge all accounts, and of course to check any attempt
+at peculation which might be made. I summoned the innkeeper, whose
+just demand was soon paid, and ordered the horses to be put to. This
+was done in a few minutes, and the stable-man, as we walked out to the
+carriage, came forward and presented his little bill. As I ran it
+hastily over before paying it, I saw that the rascal had charged for
+services which he had not rendered. With the design of making the most
+of a chance-customer, he had put down in his account a charge for
+greasing the wheels of the carriage. Now, as I had never taken my eyes
+from the carriage during the whole period of our stay, I could not be
+deceived in the conviction that this was a fraud. True, it was the
+merest trifle in the world; but the fellow who wanted to exact it was
+the model of an ugly, impudent, and barefaced rogue, and therefore I
+resolved not to pay him. Throwing him the money, minus the attempted
+imposition, I told him to consider himself fortunate that he had got
+that, which was more than such a rogue-<i>schurke</i> was the word I
+used&mdash;deserved.</p>
+
+<p>'Do you call me a rogue?' said he.</p>
+
+<p>'Certainly; a rogue is your right name,' I replied, and sprang into
+the carriage.</p>
+
+<p>'Ho! ho!' said he; 'that is against the law. Hans Felder,' he bawled
+to the postilion, 'I charge you not to move; the horses may be led
+back to the stable: the gracious gentleman has called me a rogue.
+Stiefel, run for the police: the gracious gentleman says I am a rogue.
+I will cite him before the council.'</p>
+
+<p>It was in vain that I put my head out of the window, and bawled to the
+postilion to proceed. He was evidently afraid to move. In a few
+minutes a crowd began to collect around us, and in less than a quarter
+of an hour half the inhabitants of the place had assembled in front of
+the inn. The noise of a perfect Babel succeeded in an instant to the
+dull silence of the quiet town. I soon gathered from the vehement
+disputes that arose on all sides, that the populace were about equally
+divided into two parties. The more reasonable portion were for
+allowing us to proceed on our journey, and this would perhaps have
+been permitted, had not my companion, on understanding what was the
+matter, burst into an uncontrollable fit of laughter, and repeated the
+offensive word, accompanying it with a declaration in French, which
+many of the bystanders understood, that he considered it generally
+applicable. The landlord of the inn now came forth, and after a not
+very energetic attempt to conciliate the ostler, who refused to forego
+his determination to obtain legal redress, invited us to alight and
+resume our quarters in the inn. This we were compelled to do, to
+escape the annoyance of the crowd; and the carriage being housed under
+a shed, the horses returned to the stable. We had not been three
+minutes in the inn before the police appeared to take me into custody,
+and march me off to durance vile. By this time I began to see that the
+charge, and the dilemma into which it had led us, was no joke. I might
+perhaps have bribed the scoundrel who preferred it, and have sent away
+the police with a gratuity; but I felt as little disposed to do that
+as to go to prison. I refused to leave the inn, protested against the
+jurisdiction of their absurd laws over strangers, and at length, with
+the assistance of my companion, and a good deal of threatening talk,
+succeeded in ejecting the two police functionaries from the room. They
+kept watch, however, at the door, and planted sentinels at the
+windows, to prevent an ignominious flight that way.</p>
+
+<p>In the meanwhile, the whole town was in commotion, and everybody was
+hurrying towards the <i>rathhaus</i>, or town-hall, where it was plain
+enough that preparations were making for putting me immediately upon
+my trial. I saw the old <i>burgermeister</i> go waddling by in his robe of
+office, accompanied by a crowd of nondescript officials, with one of
+whom my villainous-looking adversary was in close confabulation. In a
+short space of time, a band of very scurvy-looking police, plainly
+vamped up for the occasion, made its appearance; and one of the band
+entering the room without ceremony, presented me with a summons,
+couched in legal diction, citing me to appear instantly before the
+commission then sitting, to answer an indictment preferred against me
+by Karl Gurtler, Supernumerary Deputy Road Inspector of the district,
+whose honourable character I had unjustly and wantonly assailed and
+deteriorated by the application of the scandalous and defamatory term,
+schurke. There was nothing for it but to obey the mandate; and
+accordingly, requesting the bearer to convey my compliments to the
+assembled council, and to say that I would have the honour of
+attending them in a few minutes, I dismissed him, evidently soothed
+with my courteous reception. I did this with a view of getting rid of
+the <i>posse comitatus</i>, in whose company I did not much relish the idea
+of being escorted as a prisoner. My politeness, however, had not the
+anticipated effect, as, upon emerging from the inn, we found the whole
+squad waiting at the door as a sort of body-guard, to make sure of our
+attendance.</p>
+
+<p>On arriving at the rathhaus, which was crammed to overflowing with all
+the inhabitants of the place who could possibly wedge themselves into
+it, way was cleared for us through the crowd to the seats which had
+been considerately allotted for us, in front of the tribunal. A more
+extraordinary bench of justice was perhaps never convened. It was
+plain that the little village was steeped in poverty to the lips, and
+that I, having been entrapped, through an unconscious expression,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[pg 285]</a></span> in
+the meshes of some antiquated law, was doomed to administer in some
+measure to their need by the payment of a penalty and costs. The fat
+old fellow who presided as judge, and beneath whose robe of office an
+unctuous leathery surtout was all too visible, peered in vain through
+a pair of massive horn-spectacles into a huge timber-swathed volume in
+search of the act, the provisions of which I had violated. At length,
+the schoolmaster&mdash;a meagre, pensive-looking scarecrow, industriously
+patched all over&mdash;came to his assistance, turned over the ponderous
+code by which the little community were governed, and having rummaged
+out the law, and the clause under the provisions of which I had been
+so summarily arrested, handed it to the clerk, who I shrewdly
+suspected to be nothing more or less than the village barber. He, at
+the command of the judge, read it aloud for the information of all
+present, and for my especial admonition. From the contents, it
+appeared to have been decreed, how long ago I had no means of judging,
+that, for the better sustentation of good morals and good-breeding,
+and for the prevention of quarrelling, or unseemly and abusive
+conversation, any person who should call or designate any other person
+in the said town by the name of thief, villain, rascal, rogue
+(schurke), cheat, charlatan, impostor, wretch, coward, sneak,
+suborner, slanderer, tattler, and sundry other titles of ill-repute,
+which I cannot recollect now, and could not render into English were I
+to recall them, should, upon complaint of the person aggrieved, and
+upon proof of the offence by the evidence of worthy and truth-speaking
+witnesses, be amerced in such penalty, not exceeding a certain sum, as
+in the estimation of the presiding magistrate should be held to be a
+proper compensation for the injury to his reputation suffered by the
+plaintiff. When the clerk drew breath at the end of the long-winded
+clause, I inquired if the law in question made no counter-provision
+for cases which might occur where, the abusive term being richly
+deserved, it could be no crime to apply it. The schoolmaster, who,
+despite his patched habiliments, was a clever fellow, at once answered
+my question in the negative, and justified the omission of any such
+provision by contraverting the position I had advanced upon moral
+grounds. This he did in a speech of some length, and with remarkable
+ingenuity and good sense; proving&mdash;to the satisfaction of his
+fellow-townsmen at least&mdash;that to taunt a malefactor openly with his
+misdeeds, was not the way to reform him, while it was a sure mode of
+producing a contrary result; and winding up with an assurance, that
+the law was a good law, and perfect in all its parts; and that if I
+had suffered wrong, I might obtain at their hands redress as readily
+and with as much facility as my antagonist.</p>
+
+<p>I had nothing to reply to this, and the proceedings went on in due
+form. Without being sworn, the plaintiff was called upon to state his
+case, which he did with an elaborate circumlocution altogether without
+a parallel in my experience. He detailed the whole history of his
+life&mdash;from his birth, in Wolfenb&uuml;ttel, up to his seven years' service
+in the army; then followed his whole military career; and after that,
+his service under the <i>weg</i>-inspector, which was rewarded at length by
+the gratification of his honest ambition, in his appointment as
+supernumerary deputy road inspector of the district. He enlarged upon
+the service he had rendered to, and the honours he had received from,
+his country; and then put it to his judges to decide whether, as a
+public officer, a soldier, and a man of honour, he could submit to be
+stigmatised as a schurke, without appealing to the laws of his
+Fatherland to vindicate his character. Of course it was not to be
+thought of. He then detailed the circumstances of the assault I had
+made upon his character, forgetting to mention, however, the
+provocation he had given by the fraudulent charge for greasing. Having
+finished his peroration, he proceeded to call witnesses to the fact of
+the abuse, and cited Hans Felder, our postilion, to be first examined.
+Hans, who had heard every syllable that passed, was not, however, so
+manageable a subject as the plaintiff expected to find him. Whether,
+like Toby Allspice in the play, he 'made it a rule never to disoblige
+a customer;' or whether, which was not unlikely, he owed Karl Gurtler
+a grudge, either for stopping him on his route, or for some previous
+disagreement with that conscientious public functionary; or whether,
+which was likeliest of all, he feared to compromise his claim for
+<i>trinkgeld</i> from the highborn, gracious gentlemen he had the honour of
+driving, I cannot pretend to determine. Certain it is, that when
+brought to the bar, he had heard nothing, and seen nothing, and knew
+nothing, and could recollect nothing, and say nothing, about the
+business in hand; and nothing but nothing could be got out of him by a
+single member of the bench, though all took him in hand by turns. He
+was finally sent down. By this time, so dilatory had been the
+proceedings, the sun was sinking in the west. My companion, weary of
+the prosecutor's long story, had withdrawn to the inn to order dinner.
+As the second witness was about to give his testimony, a note was
+handed to the old burgermeister, who, having given it a glance,
+immediately adjourned the court till the next morning at nine o'clock.
+The assembly broke up, and, returning to the inn, I found that the
+proceedings had been stopped by the landlord, to save the reputation
+of his cookery, which would have been endangered had the dinner waited
+much longer. Having first consulted my fellow-traveller, he had
+despatched directions to the judge to adjourn the case till the
+morrow, who, like a good and obliging neighbour, had accordingly done
+so.</p>
+
+<p>The little town was unusually alive and excited that evening. Karl
+Gurtler was the centre of an admiring circle, who soon enveloped him
+in the incense of their meerschaums. He held a large lev&eacute;e in the
+common room of the inn, where a succession of very terrific
+battle-songs kept us up to a late hour, as it was of no use to think
+of slumber during their explosion. The next morning, at the appointed
+hour, the proceedings recommenced, and the remainder of the witnesses
+were examined at full length. It was in vain that I offered to plead
+guilty, and pay the penalty, whatever it might be, so that we might be
+allowed to proceed on our journey. I was solemnly reminded, that it
+was not for me to interrupt the course of justice, but to await its
+decision with patience. I saw they were determined to prevent our
+departure as long as possible; and, judging that the only way to
+assist in the completion of the unlucky business, was to interpose no
+obstacle to its natural course, I henceforth held my peace, conjuring
+my companion on no account to give directions for dinner. After a
+sitting of nearly seven hours on the second day, when everything that
+could be lugged into connection with the silly affair had been said
+and reiterated ten times over, the notary in attendance read over his
+condensed report of the whole, and I was called upon for my defence. I
+told them plainly that I did not choose to make any; that I was sick
+of the company of fools; that since it was a crime to speak the truth
+in their good town, I was willing to pay the penalty for so doing, for
+the privilege of leaving it; that I was astonished and disgusted at
+the spectacle of a company of grave men siding with such a beggarly
+<i>r&auml;uber</i> (I believed that term was not proscribed in their precious
+statute) as Karl Gurtler was, and taking advantage of the law, of
+which a stranger must necessarily be ignorant, to obstruct him on his
+journey, and levy a contribution on his purse; and I added, finally,
+for I had talked myself into an angry mood, that if the farce were not
+immediately brought to a conclusion, I should despatch my friend
+forthwith to Berlin, and lay a report of their proceedings before the
+British ambassador. I could perceive something like<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[pg 286]</a></span> consternation in
+the broad visage of the burgermeister as I concluded my harangue; but
+without attempting to answer it, the Solons on the bench laid their
+heads together, and after a muttering of a few minutes' duration, the
+schoolmaster pronounced the sentence of the court, which was, that I
+should indemnify the plaintiff to the amount of one dollar, and pay
+the costs of the proceedings, which amounted to three more. I could
+scarce forbear laughing at the mention of a sum so ludicrous. Fifteen
+shillings for penalty and costs of a trial which had lasted nearly two
+days! I threw down the money, and was hastening from the court, when
+the notary called upon me to stop for one moment, while he concluded
+his report of the case, to which, it appeared, their laws gave me a
+valid claim. I took the papers, and crammed them into my valise, in
+the hasty packing which took place so soon as I got back to my
+companion. In a quarter of an hour, we were on our road towards
+Berlin, having been taught a lesson of politeness, even towards
+rogues, at the expense of a stoppage of more than thirty hours on our
+route. I have no recollection how the papers found their way into the
+old trunk from which they were lately unkennelled. They are now before
+me, and consist of nearly fifty sides of small foolscap, written in a
+bold legal hand, affording a unique specimen of the cheapness of law
+amongst a community who, it is to be supposed, had but little demand
+for it.</p>
+
+<p>A few short months after this event, and the little town where it took
+place had something else to think of. The ill-advised step of the
+Prussian government, who, relying upon the aid of Russia, declared war
+against Napoleon, brought the devastating hordes of republican France
+among them. The battle of Jena placed the whole kingdom at the foot of
+the conqueror; and few towns suffered more, comparatively, than the
+little burgh which, by the decree of a very doubtful sort of justice,
+had mulcted me in penalties for calling a very ill-favoured rogue by
+his right name.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="TRACES_OF_THE_DANES_AND_NORWEGIANS_IN_ENGLAND" id="TRACES_OF_THE_DANES_AND_NORWEGIANS_IN_ENGLAND"></a>TRACES OF THE DANES AND NORWEGIANS IN ENGLAND.</h2>
+
+<p class="returnTOC"><a href="#Contents">Return to Table of
+    Contents</a></p>
+
+<p>Mr J. J. A. Worsaae, a conspicuous member of that brilliant corps of
+northern antiquaries who have of late given a new wing to history,
+travelled through the United Kingdom in 1846-7, on a commission from
+his sovereign the king of Denmark, to make inquiry respecting the
+monuments and memorials of the Danes and Norwegians, which might still
+be extant in these islands. The result of his investigations appeared
+in a concise volume, which has been translated into English, and
+published by Mr Murray in a handsome style, being illustrated by
+numerous wood-cuts.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> It is a work which we would recommend to the
+attention of all who feel any interest in our early history, as
+calculated to afford them a great gratification. One is surprised to
+find in how great a degree the Northmen affected Britain; what an
+infusion of Scandinavian blood there is in our population; how many
+traces of their predominancy survive in names of places and in more
+tangible monuments. Mr Worsaae writes with a warm feeling towards his
+country and her historical reminiscences, but without allowing it to
+carry him into any extravagances. He is everywhere clear and
+simple&mdash;sometimes rises into eloquence; and always displays a close
+and searching knowledge of his subject.</p>
+
+<p>From the end of the eighth century till the time of the Norman
+Conquest, the restless chiefs of Denmark and Norway were continually
+in the practice of making piratical expeditions to our shores. They
+committed terrible devastations, and made many settlements, almost
+exclusively on the eastern coast. Finally, as is well known, we had a
+brief succession of Danish kings in England, including the magnanimous
+Canute. When we look at the quiet people now inhabiting Denmark and
+Norway, we are at a loss to understand whence came or where resided
+that spirit of reckless daring which inspired such a system of
+conquest, or how it came so completely to die out; but the explanation
+is, that the Northmen of those days were heathens, animated by a
+religion which made them utterly indifferent to danger. Whenever they
+became Christianised, they began to appreciate life like other men,
+and ceased, of course, to be the troublers they had once been. Mr
+Worsaae draws a line from London to Chester&mdash;the line of the great
+Roman road (Watling Street)&mdash;to the north of which the infusion of
+Scandinavian population is strong, and their monuments abundant. A
+vast number of names of places in that part of the island are of
+Danish origin&mdash;all ending in <i>by</i>, which in Danish signifies a town,
+as Whitby (the White Town), Derby (Deoraby, the town of Deer), Kirby
+(the church town), &amp;c.&mdash;all ending in <i>thwaite</i>, which signifies an
+isolated piece of land&mdash;all ending in <i>thorpe</i> (Old Northern, a
+collection of houses separated from some principal estate)&mdash;all ending
+in <i>n&aelig;s</i>, a promontory, and <i>ey</i> or <i>&ouml;e</i>, an island. <i>Toft</i>, a field;
+<i>with</i>, a forest; <i>beck</i>, a streamlet; <i>tarn</i>, a mountain-lake;
+<i>force</i>, a waterfall; <i>garth</i>, a large farm; <i>dale</i>, a valley; and
+<i>fell</i>, a mountain, are all of them common elements of names of places
+in England, north of the line above indicated, and all are
+Scandinavian terms. The terminations <i>by</i>, <i>thwaite</i>, and <i>thorpe</i>,
+are still common in Denmark.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Worsaae found many memorials of the Northmen in London: for
+example, the church of St Clement's Danes, where this people had their
+burial-place; the name <i>Southwark</i>, which is 'unmistakably of Danish
+or Norwegian origin;' St Olave's Church there, and even Tooley Street,
+which is a corruption of the name of that celebrated Norsk saint; but,
+above all, in the fact that 'the highest tribunal in the city has
+retained in our day its pure old northern name "Husting."' The fact
+is, that about the time of Canute, the Danes predominated over the
+rest of the population of London. Mr Worsaae was not able to trace the
+Danish face or form as a distinct element in the modern population. In
+going northward, however, he soon began to find that the prevailing
+physiognomy was of a northern character: 'The form of the face is
+broader, the cheek-bones project a little, the nose is somewhat
+flatter, and at times turned a little upwards; the eyes and hair are
+of a lighter colour, and even deep-red hair is far from being
+uncommon. The people are not very tall in stature, but usually more
+compact and strongly built than their countrymen towards the south.
+The Englishman himself seems to acknowledge that a difference is to be
+found in the appearance of the inhabitants of the northern and
+southern counties; at least, one constantly hears in England, when
+red-haired, compact-built men with broad faces are spoken of: "They
+must certainly be from Yorkshire;" a sort of admission that light
+hair, and the broad peculiar form of the face, belong mostly to the
+north of England people.... In the midland, and especially in the
+northern part of England, I saw every moment, and particularly in the
+rural districts, faces exactly resembling those at home. Had I met the
+same persons in Denmark or Norway, it would never have entered my mind
+that they were foreigners. Now and then I also met with some whose
+taller growth and sharper features reminded me of the inhabitants of
+South Jutland, or Sleswick, and particularly of Angeln; districts of
+Denmark which first sent colonists to England. It is not easy to
+describe peculiarities which can be appreciated in all their details
+only by the eye; nor dare I implicitly conclude that in the
+above-named cases I have really<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[pg 287]</a></span> met with persons descended in a
+direct line from the old Northmen. I adduce it only as a striking
+fact, which will not escape the attention of at least any observant
+Scandinavian traveller, that the inhabitants of the north of England
+bear, on the whole, more than those of any other part of that country,
+an unmistakable personal resemblance to the Danes and Norwegians.'</p>
+
+<p>Scandinavian words abound in the popular language of those districts.
+'On entering a house there, one will find the housewife sitting with
+her <i>rock</i> (Dan., <i>Rok</i>; Eng., a distaff) and <i>spoele</i> (Dan., <i>Spole</i>;
+Eng., spool, a small wheel on the spindle); or else she has set both
+her <i>rock</i> and her <i>garnwindle</i> (Dan., <i>Garnvinde</i>; Eng., reel or
+yarn-winder) aside, whilst standing by her <i>back-bword</i> (Dan.,
+<i>Bagebord</i>; Eng., baking-board) she is about to knead dough (Dan.,
+<i>Deig</i>), in order to make the oaten-bread commonly used in these
+parts, at times, also, barley-bread; for <i>clap-bread</i> (Dan.,
+<i>Klappebr&ouml;d</i>, or thin cakes beaten out with the hand), she lays the
+dough on the <i>clap-board</i> (Dan., <i>Klappebord</i>.) One will also find the
+<i>bord-claith</i> spread (Dan., <i>Bordkl&aelig;de</i>; Eng. table-cloth); the people
+of the house then sit on the <i>bank</i> or <i>bink</i> (Dan., <i>B&aelig;nk</i>; Eng.,
+bench), and eat <i>Aandorn</i> (Eng., afternoon's repast), or, as it is
+called in Jutland and F&uuml;nen, <i>Onden</i> (dinner.) The chimney (<i>lovver</i>)
+stands in the room; which name may perhaps be connected with the
+Scandinavian <i>lyre</i> (Icelandic, <i>lj&oacute;ri</i>)&mdash;namely, the smoke-hole in
+the roof or thatch (<i>thack</i>), out of which, in olden times, before
+houses had regular chimneys and "<i>lofts</i>" (Dan., <i>Loft</i>; Eng., roof,
+an upper room), the smoke (<i>reek</i> or <i>reik</i>, Dan., <i>R&ouml;g</i>) left the
+dark (<i>mirk</i> or <i>murk</i>, Dan., <i>M&ouml;rk</i>) room. Within is the <i>bower</i> or
+<i>boor</i> (Eng., bed-chamber), in Danish, <i>Buur</i>; as, for instance, in
+the old Danish word <i>Jomfrubuur</i> (the maiden's chamber), and in the
+modern word <i>Fadebuur</i> (the pantry.)'</p>
+
+<p>Mr Worsaae only speaks the truth when he remarks how the name of the
+Danes has been impressed on the English mind. 'Legends about the Danes
+are,' he says, 'very much disseminated among the people, even in the
+south of England. There is scarce a parish that has not in some way or
+another preserved the remembrance of them. Sometimes, they are
+recorded to have burned churches and castles, and to have destroyed
+towns, whose inhabitants were put to the sword; sometimes, they are
+said to have burned or cut down forests; here are shewn the remains of
+large earthen mounds and fortifications which they erected; there,
+again, places are pointed out where bloody battles were fought
+with them. To this must be added the names of places&mdash;as,
+the <i>Danes-walls</i>, the <i>Danish forts</i>, the <i>Dane-field</i>, the
+<i>Dane-forest</i>, the <i>Danes-banks</i>, and many others of the like kind.
+Traces of Danish castles and ramparts are not only found in the
+southern and south-eastern parts of England, but also quite in the
+south-west, in Devonshire and Cornwall, where, under the name of
+<i>Castelton Danis</i>, they are particularly found on the sea-coast. In
+the chalk-cliffs, near Uffington, in Berkshire, is carved an enormous
+figure of a horse, more than 300 feet in length; which, the common
+people say, was executed in commemoration of a victory that King
+Alfred gained over the Danes in that neighbourhood. On the heights,
+near Eddington, were shewn not long since the intrenchments, which, it
+was asserted, the Danes had thrown up in the battle with Alfred. On
+the plain near Ashdon, in Essex, where it was formerly thought that
+the battle of Ashingdon had taken place, are to be seen some large
+Danish barrows which were long, but erroneously, said to contain the
+bones of the Danes who had fallen in it. The so-called dwarf-alder
+(<i>Sambucus ebulus</i>), which has red buds, and bears red berries, is
+said in England to have germinated from the blood of the fallen Danes,
+and is therefore also called <i>Daneblood</i> and <i>Danewort</i>. It flourishes
+principally in the neighbourhood of Warwick; where it is said to have
+sprung from, and been dyed by, the blood shed there, when Canute the
+Great took and destroyed the town.</p>
+
+<p>'Monuments, the origin of which is in reality unknown, are, in the
+popular traditions, almost constantly attributed to the Danes. If the
+spade or the plough brings ancient arms and pieces of armour to light,
+it is rare that the labourer does not suppose them to have belonged to
+that people. But particularly if bones or joints of unusual size are
+found, they are at once concluded to be the remains of the gigantic
+Danes, whose immense bodily strength and never-failing courage had so
+often inspired their forefathers with terror. For though the
+Englishman has stories about the cruelties of the ancient Danes, their
+barbarousness, their love of drinking, and other vices, he has still
+preserved no slight degree of respect for Danish bravery and Danish
+achievements. "As brave as a Dane," is said to have been an old phrase
+in England; just as "to strike like a Dane" was, not long since, a
+proverb at Rome. Even in our days, Englishmen readily acknowledge that
+the Danes are the "best sailors on the continent;" nay, even that,
+themselves of course excepted, they are "the best and bravest sailors
+in all the world." It is, therefore, doubly natural that English
+legends should dwell with singular partiality on the memorials of the
+Danes' overthrow. Even the popular ballads revived and glorified the
+victories of the English. Down to the very latest times was heard in
+Holmesdale, in Surrey, on the borders of Kent, a song about a battle
+which the Danes had lost there in the tenth century.'</p>
+
+<p>In our own northern land, the Northmen committed as many devastations,
+and made nearly as many settlements, as in England. The Orcadian
+Islands formed, indeed, a Norwegian kingdom, which was not entirely at
+an end till the thirteenth century. In that group, and on the adjacent
+coasts of Caithness and Sutherlandshires, the appearance of the
+people, the names of places, and the tangible monuments, speak
+strongly of a Scandinavian infusion into the population. Sometimes,
+between the early Celtic people still speaking their own language, and
+the descendants of the Norwegians, a surprisingly definite line can be
+drawn. The island of Harris is possessed for the most part by a set of
+Celts, 'small, dark-haired, and in general very ugly;' but at the
+northern point, called 'the Ness,' we meet with people of an entirely
+different appearance. 'Both the men and women have, in general,
+lighter hair, taller figures, and far handsomer features. I visited
+several of their cabins, and found myself surrounded by physiognomies
+so Norwegian, that I could have fancied myself in Scandinavia itself,
+if the Gaelic language now spoken by the people, and their wretched
+dwellings, had not reminded me that I was in one of those poor
+districts in the north-west of Europe where the Gaels or Celts are
+still allowed a scanty existence. The houses, as in Shetland, and
+partly in Orkney, are built of turf and unhewn stones, with a wretched
+straw or heather roof, held together by ropes laid across the ridge of
+the house, and fastened with stones at the ends. The houses are so
+low, that one may often see the children lie playing on the side of
+the roof. The family and the cattle dwell in the same apartment, and
+the fire, burning freely on the floor, fills the house with a thick
+smoke, which slowly finds its way out of the hole in the roof. The
+sleeping-places are, as usual, holes in the side-walls.</p>
+
+<p>'It is but a little while ago that the inhabitants of the Ness, who
+are said to have preserved faint traditions of their origin from
+Lochlin&mdash;called also in Ireland, Lochlan&mdash;or the North, regarded
+themselves as being of better descent than their neighbours the Gaels.
+The descendants of the Norwegians seldom or never contracted marriage
+with natives of a more southern part of the island, but formed among
+themselves a separate community, distinguished even by a peculiar
+costume, entirely different from the Highland<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[pg 288]</a></span> Scotch dress. Although
+the inhabitants of Ness are now, for the most part, clothed like the
+rest of the people of Lewis, I was fortunate enough to see the dress
+of an old man of that district, which had been preserved as a
+curiosity. It was of thick, coarse woollen stuff, of a brown colour,
+and consisted of a close-fitting jacket, sewn in one piece, with a
+pair of short trousers, reaching only a little below the knees. It was
+formerly customary with them not to cover the head at all.'</p>
+
+<p>The people of the Ness are described as good fishermen&mdash;a striking
+trait of their original national character, for nothing could
+distinguish them more from their neighbours, the ordinary Highlanders
+being everywhere remarkable for their inaptitude to a sea-life.</p>
+
+<p>Tradition speaks loudly all over Scotland of the ancient doings of the
+Danes. So much, indeed, is this the case, that every antiquity which
+cannot be ascribed to the Romans, is popularly thought to be Danish,
+an idea which has been implicitly adopted by a great number of the
+Scotch clergy in the Statistical Account of their respective parishes.
+In the Highlands, Mr Worsaae found the people retaining a very fresh
+recollection of the terrors of the Northmen, and ready to believe that
+their incursions might yet be renewed. 'Having employed myself,' he
+says, 'in examining, among other things, the many so-called "Danish"
+or Pictish towers on the west and north-west coast of Sutherland, the
+common people were led to believe, that the Danes wished to regain
+possession of the country, and with that view intended to rebuild the
+ruined castles on the coasts. The report spread very rapidly, and was
+soon magnified into the news, that the Danish fleet was lying outside
+the sunken rocks near the shore, and that I was merely sent beforehand
+to survey the country round about; nay, that I was actually the Danish
+king's son himself, and had secretly landed. This report, which
+preceded me very rapidly, had, among other effects, that of making the
+poorer classes avoid, with the greatest care, mentioning any
+traditions connected with defeats of the Danes, and especially with
+the killing of any Dane in the district, lest they should occasion a
+sanguinary vengeance when the Danish army landed. Their fears were
+carried so far, that my guide was often stopped by the natives, who
+earnestly requested him, in Gaelic, not to lend a helping-hand to the
+enemies of the country by shewing them the way; nor would they let him
+go, till he distinctly assured them that I was in possession of maps
+correctly indicating old castles in the district which he himself had
+not previously known. This, of course, did not contribute to allay
+their fears; and it is literally true, that in several of the Gaelic
+villages, particularly near the firths of Loch Inver and Kyle-Sku, we
+saw on our departure old folks wring their hands in despair at the
+thought of the terrible misfortunes which the Danes would now bring on
+their hitherto peaceful country.'</p>
+
+<p>We have here been obliged wholly to overlook Mr Worsaae's curious
+chapters about Ireland and the Isle of Man, and to give what we cannot
+but feel to be a very superficial view of the contents of his book
+generally; but our readers have seen enough to inspire them with an
+interest in it, and we trust that this will lead many of them to its
+entire perusal.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>An Account of the Danes and Norwegians in England,
+Scotland, and Ireland.</i> By J. J. A. Worsaae, For. F. S. A., London;
+Author of <i>Prim&aelig;val Antiquities of Denmark.</i> London: Murray. 1852.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="CHILDREN_OF_PRISONS" id="CHILDREN_OF_PRISONS"></a>CHILDREN OF PRISONS.</h2>
+
+<p class="returnTOC"><a href="#Contents">Return to Table of
+    Contents</a></p>
+
+<p>When I was in Berlin, I went into the public prison, and visited every
+part of the establishment. At last I was introduced to a very large
+hall, which was full of children, with their books and teachers, and
+having the appearance of a Prussian school-room. 'What!' said I, 'is
+it possible that all these children are imprisoned here for crime?' 'O
+no,' said my conductor, smiling at my simplicity; 'but if a parent is
+imprisoned for crime, and on that account his children are left
+destitute of the means of education, and are liable to grow up in
+ignorance and crime, the government places them here, and maintains
+and educates them for useful employment.' This was a new idea to me. I
+know not that it has ever been suggested in the United States; but
+surely it is the duty of government, as well as its highest interest,
+when a man is paying the penalties of his crime in a public prison, to
+see that his unoffending children are not left to suffer and inherit
+their father's vices. Surely it would be better for the child, and
+cheaper as well as better for the state. Let it not be supposed that a
+man will go to prison for the sake of having his children taken care
+of; for those who go to prison, usually have little regard for their
+children. If they had, <i>discipline</i> like that of the Berlin prison
+would soon sicken them of such a bargain.&mdash;<i>Professor Stowe</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="JUPITER_AN_EVENING_STAR" id="JUPITER_AN_EVENING_STAR"></a>JUPITER, AN EVENING STAR.</h2>
+
+<p class="returnTOC"><a href="#Contents">Return to Table of
+    Contents</a></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Ruler and hero, shining in the west<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With great bright eye,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rain down thy luminous arrows in this breast<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With influence calm and high,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And speak to me of many things gone by.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Rememberest thou&mdash;'tis years since, wandering star&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Those eves in June,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When thou hung'st quivering o'er the tree-tops far,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Where, with discordant tune,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Many-tongued rooks hailed the red-rising moon?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Some watched thee then with human eyes like mine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Whose boundless gaze<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">May now pierce on from orb to orb divine<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Up to the Triune blaze<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of glory&mdash;nor be dazzled by its rays.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">All things they know, whose wisdom seemed obscure;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">They, sometime blamed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hold our best purities as things impure:<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Their star-glance downward aimed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Makes our most lamp-like deeds grow pale and shamed.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Their star-glance?&mdash;What if through those rays there gleam<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Immortal eyes<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Down to this dark? What if these thoughts, that seem<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Unbidden to arise,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Be souls with my soul talking from the skies?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">I know not. Yet awhile, and I shall know!&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Thou, to thy place<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Slow journeying back, there startlingly to shew<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Thy orb in liquid space,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Like a familiar death-lost angel face&mdash;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O planet! thou hast blotted out whole years<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of life's dull round;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Abel-voice of heart's-blood and of tears<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Sinks dumb into the ground,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the green grass waves on with lulling sound.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="GRATUITOUS_SERVICES" id="GRATUITOUS_SERVICES"></a>GRATUITOUS SERVICES.</h2>
+
+<p class="returnTOC"><a href="#Contents">Return to Table of
+    Contents</a></p>
+
+<p>Never let people work for you <i>gratis</i>. Two years ago, a man carried a
+bundle for us to Boston, and we have been lending him two shillings a
+week ever since.&mdash;<i>American paper</i>.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p>Printed and Published by W. and R. <span class="smcap">Chambers</span>, High Street, Edinburgh.
+Also sold by W. S. <span class="smcap">Orr</span>, Amen Corner, London; D. N. <span class="smcap">Chambers</span>, 55 West
+Nile Street, Glasgow; and J. <span class="smcap">M'Glashan</span>, 50 Upper Sackville Street,
+Dublin.&mdash;Advertisements for Monthly Parts are requested to be sent to
+<span class="smcap">Maxwell</span> &amp; <span class="smcap">Co</span>., 31 Nicholas Lane, Lombard Street, London, to whom all
+applications respecting their insertion must be made.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, No. 435, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S EDINBURGH ***
+
+***** This file should be named 18775-h.htm or 18775-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/7/7/18775/
+
+Produced by Malcolm Farmer, Richard J. Shiffer and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+*** END: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/18775-h/images/banner.png b/18775-h/images/banner.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f9f0a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/18775-h/images/banner.png
diff --git a/18775.txt b/18775.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba6908a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/18775.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2428 @@
+Project Gutenberg's Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, No. 435, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, No. 435
+       Volume 17, New Series, May 1, 1852
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Robert Chambers
+          William Chambers
+
+Release Date: July 7, 2006 [EBook #18775]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S EDINBURGH ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Malcolm Farmer, Richard J. Shiffer and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                     CHAMBERS' EDINBURGH JOURNAL
+
+  CONDUCTED BY WILLIAM AND ROBERT CHAMBERS, EDITORS OF 'CHAMBERS'S
+  INFORMATION FOR THE PEOPLE,' 'CHAMBERS'S EDUCATIONAL COURSE,' &c.
+
+
+  No. 435. NEW SERIES.   SATURDAY, MAY 1, 1852.   PRICE 1-1/2_d._
+
+
+
+
+FORCED BENEFITS.
+
+
+The maxim, that men may safely be left to seek their own interest, and
+are sure to find it, appears to require some slight qualification, for
+nothing can be more certain, than that men are often the better of
+things which have been forced upon them. Those who advocate the idea
+in its rigour, forget that there are such things as ignorance and
+prejudice in the world, and that most men only become or continue
+actively industrious under the pressure of necessity. The vast
+advantages derived from railway communication afford a ready instance
+of people being benefited against their will. At the bare proposal to
+run a line through their lands, many proprietors were thrown into a
+frenzy of antagonism; and whole towns petitioned that they might not
+be contaminated with the odious thing. In spite of remonstrances, and
+at a vast cost, railways were made; and we should like to know where
+opponents are now to be found. Demented land-proprietors are come to
+their senses; and even recalcitrant Oxford is glad of a line to
+itself.
+
+Cases of this kind suggest the curious consideration, that many
+remarkable benefits now experienced were never sought for or
+contemplated by the persons enjoying them, but came from another
+quarter, and were at first only grudgingly submitted to. A singular
+example happens to call our attention. There is a distillery in the
+west of Scotland, where it has been found convenient to establish a
+dairy upon a large scale, for the purpose of consuming the refuse of
+the grain. Seven hundred cows are kept there; and a profitable market
+is found for their milk in the city of Glasgow. That the refuse of the
+cow-houses might be applied to a profitable purpose, a large farm was
+added to the concern, though of such land as an amateur agriculturist
+would never have selected for his experiments. Thus there was a
+complete system of economy at this distillery: a dairy to convert the
+draff into milk, and a farm to insure that the soil from the cows
+might be used upon the spot. But, as is so generally seen in this
+country, the liquid part of the refuse from the cow-houses was
+neglected. It was allowed to run into a neighbouring canal; and the
+proprietors would have been contented to see it so disposed of for
+ever, if that could have been permitted. It was found, however, to be
+a nuisance, the very fishes being poisoned by it. The proprietors of
+the canal threatened an action for the protection of their property,
+and the conductors of the dairy were forced to bethink them of some
+plan by which they should be enabled to dispose of the noxious matter
+without injury to their neighbours. They could at first hit upon no
+other than that of carting away the liquid to the fields, and there
+spreading it out as manure. No doubt, they expected some benefit from
+this procedure; and, had they expected much, they might never have
+given the canal company any trouble. But the fact is, they expected so
+little benefit, that they would never have willingly taken the trouble
+of employing their carts for any such purpose. To their surprise, the
+benefit was such as to make their lean land superior in productiveness
+to any in the country. They were speedily encouraged to make
+arrangements at some expense for allowing the manure in a diluted form
+to flow by a regular system of irrigation over their fields. The
+original production has thus been _increased fourfold_. The company,
+finding no other manure necessary, now dispose of the solid kind
+arising from the dairy, among the neighbouring farmers who still
+follow the old arrangements in the management of their cows. The sum
+of L.600 is thus yearly gained by the company, being not much less
+than the rent of the farm. If to this we add the value of the extra
+produce arising from the land, we shall have some idea of the
+advantage derived by this company from having been put under a little
+compulsion.
+
+An instance, perhaps even more striking, was supplied a few years ago
+by certain chemical works which vented fumes noxious to a whole
+neighbourhood. Being prosecuted for the nuisance, the proprietors were
+forced to make flues of great length, through which the fumes might be
+conducted to a considerable distance. The consequence was surprising.
+A new kind of deposit was formed in the interior of the flues, and
+from this a large profit was derived. The sweeping of a chimney would
+sometimes produce several thousand pounds. At the same time, nothing
+can be more certain than that this material, but for the threat of
+prosecution, would have been allowed to continue poisoning the
+neighbourhood, and, consequently, not yielding one penny to the
+proprietors of the works.[1]
+
+It has pleased Providence to order that from all the forms of organic
+life there shall arise a refuse which is offensive to our senses, and
+injurious to health, but calculated, under certain circumstances, to
+prove highly beneficial to us. The offensiveness and noxiousness look
+very much like a direct command from the Author of Nature, to do that
+which shall turn the refuse to a good account--namely, to bury it in
+the earth. Yet, from sloth and negligence, it is often allowed to
+cumber the surface, and there do its evil work instead. An important
+principle is thus instanced--the essential identity of Nuisance and
+Waste. Nearly all the physical annoyances we are subjected to, and
+nearly all the influences that are operating actively for our hurt,
+are simply the exponents of some chemical solecism, which we are,
+through ignorance or indifference, committing or permitting. There is
+here a double evil--a positive and a negative. When the Londoner
+groans at the smokiness of his streets, and the particles of soot he
+finds spread over his shirt, his toilet-table, and every nice article
+of furniture he possesses, he has the additional vexation of knowing,
+that the smoke and soot should have been serving a useful purpose as
+fuel. When he passes by a railway over the tops of the houses in some
+mean suburb, and looks down with horror and disgust on the pools and
+heaps of filth which are allowed to encumber the yards, courts, and
+narrow streets of these localities, to the destruction of the health
+of the inhabitants, he has a second consideration before him, that all
+these matters ought to be in the care of some easy-acting system, by
+which, removed to the fields, they should be helping to create the
+means of life, instead of death. We never can look upon a great
+factory chimney pouring forth its thick column of smoke, without a
+twin grief--for the disgust it creates, and the good that is lost by
+it. Properly, that volatile fuel should be doing duty in the furnace,
+and effecting a saving to the manufacturer, instead of rendering him
+and his concerns a nuisance to all within five miles.
+
+Troublesome as these nuisances are, there is such an inaptitude to new
+plans, that they might go on for ever, if an interference should not
+come in from some external quarter. It matters little whence the
+interference comes, so that the end be effected. We cannot, however,
+view the proceedings of a Board of Health in ordering cleanly
+arrangements, or those of a municipal council putting down factory
+smoke, without great interest, for we think we there see part, and an
+important one too, of the great battle of Civilisation against
+Barbarism. And this interest is deepened when we observe the benefits
+which Barbarism usually derives from its own defeats. The
+factory-owner, for instance, will find that, in applying an apparatus
+by which smoke may be prevented, he will not merely be sparing his
+neighbours a great annoyance, but economising fuel to an extent which
+must more than repay the outlay. By repressing nuisance, he will be in
+the same measure repressing waste.[2] Were there, in like manner, a
+general measure for enforcing the removal of refuse from the
+neighbourhood of human habitations, the rate-payers would in due time
+see blessed effects from the compulsion to which they had been
+subjected. Their groans would be succeeded by gladness, and they would
+thank the legislators who had slighted their remonstrances. When the
+cholera approached in 1849, our British Board of Health ordered a
+general cleaning out of stables, and a daily persistence in the
+practice. It was complained of as a great hardship; but the Board
+ascertained that owners of valuable race-horses cause their stables to
+be thoroughly cleaned daily, as a practice necessary for the health of
+the animals; the Board, therefore, very properly insisted on forcing
+this benefit upon the proprietors of horses generally. Can we doubt
+that a similar policy might be followed with the like good
+consequences at all times, and with regard to the habitations of men
+as well as horses?
+
+It would thus appear, that men may really be allowed a too undisturbed
+repose in their views and maxims, and, if always left to seek their
+own interests, would often fail to find the way. If, indeed, it were
+true that men are sure to find out their own interest, no country
+should be behind another in any of the processes or arts necessary for
+the sustenance and comfort of the people; whereas we know the contrary
+to be the case. If it were true, there should be no class in our own
+country willing to sit down with the dubious benefits of monopoly,
+instead of pushing on for the certain results of enlightened
+competition. It could only be true at the expense of the old proverb,
+that necessity is the mother of invention; for do we not every day see
+men submitting idly and languidly to evils which can just be borne?
+whereas, if these were a little greater, and therefore insupportable,
+they would at once be remedied. An impulse _ab extra_ seems in a vast
+number of instances to be necessary, to promote the good of both
+nations and individuals. Now, whether this shall come in the ordinary
+course of things, and be recognised as necessity, or from an
+enlightened power having a certain end, generally beneficial, in view,
+does not appear to be of much consequence, provided only we can be
+tolerably well assured against the abuses to which all power is
+liable. It may be well worthy of consideration, whether, in this
+country, we have not carried the principle of _Laissez faire_, or
+_leave us alone_, a little too far in certain matters, where some
+gentle coercion would have been more likely to benefit all concerned.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] The idea of this article, and the above facts, are derived from a
+valuable memoir just published by the Board of Health, with reference
+to the practical application of sewage water and town manures to
+agricultural production.
+
+[2] We understand that this has been the case with factory-owners at
+Manchester who have applied the smoke-preventing apparatus. The saving
+from such an apparatus in the office where this sheet is printed,
+appears to be about 5 per cent.; an ample equivalent for the outlay.
+
+
+
+
+MONSIEUR JEROME AND THE RUSSIAN PRINCESS.
+
+
+On arriving at Blois, I went to the Hotel de la Tete Noire--a massive,
+respectable-looking building, situated on the quay nearly opposite a
+bridge that crosses the river to the suburb of St Etienne. The comfort
+of the rooms, and the excellence of the dinners that succeeded one
+another day by day, induced me to stay longer than I had intended, and
+rendered me spectator and part-actor in an adventure not uncommon in
+French-land. My apartment was numbered 48--by the way, who ever saw
+No. 1 in a hotel, or upon a watch?--and next door--that is, at No.
+49--dwelt a very dignified-looking gentleman, always addressed as M.
+Jerome. I often take occasion to say, that I pique myself on being
+something of a physiognomist; and as I have been several times right
+in my judgment of character and position from inspection of the
+countenance, the occasions in which I have been mistaken may be set
+down as exceptions. M. Jerome at once interested me; and as I was idly
+in search of health, and had taken care to have nothing whatever to do
+but to kill time, the observation of this gentleman's appearance and
+manners naturally formed a chief part of my occupation.
+
+I began by ascertaining exactly the colour of his eyes and
+hair--nearly black; the shape of his nose--straight, and rather too
+long; and would have been glad to examine the form of his mouth, but a
+huge moustache hanging over his lips in the French military style--see
+the portrait of General Cavaignac--prevented me from ascertaining the
+precise contour of what one of my old philosophers calls the Port
+Esquiline of Derision. M. Jerome was, upon the whole, a handsome man,
+with a romantically bilious complexion; and the expression of his
+large dark eyes was really profound and striking. His costume was
+always fashionable, without being showy; and there was nothing to
+object to but a diamond ring, somewhat too ostentatiously displayed on
+the little finger, which, in all his manual operations, at dinner or
+elsewhere, always cocked up with an impertinent 'look-at-me air,' that
+I did not like. When, indeed, this dandy walked slowly out of the
+dining-room to the door-step, and lighted his cigar, the said little
+finger became positively obnoxious; and I used to think whether it
+were possible that that human being had been created purposely as a
+scaffolding whereon to exhibit a flashing little stone, set in twenty
+shillings worth of gold.
+
+M. Jerome, though not, strictly speaking, a silent man, was
+sufficiently reserved at table. The early courses were by him always
+allowed to pass without any further remark than what politeness
+requires--as: 'Shall I send you some more of this _blanquette_?' or,
+'With pleasure, sir;' and so forth. When dessert-time approached,
+however, he generally began to unbend, to take part in the general
+conversation, and throw in here and there a piquant anecdote. He did
+this with so much grace, that had it not been for the diamond ring, I
+should have been disposed to consider him as a man of large experience
+in the best society. The other people who generally attended at
+table--travellers, commercial and otherwise, with one or two smart
+folks from the town, on the look-out for Parisian gossip, to retail to
+the less adventurous members of their circle--were all delighted with
+M. Jerome: it was M. Jerome here, and M. Jerome there; and if M.
+Jerome happened to dine out, every one seemed to feel uneasy, and look
+upon him as guilty of a great dereliction of duty. They could almost
+as well have done without their _demi-tasse_.
+
+Although I am an inquisitive, I am not a very impertinent man. I like
+to pry into other people's affairs only in so far as I can do so
+without hurting their feelings, or putting my own self-love in danger
+of a check. If, therefore, I gave the reins to my curiosity, and
+devoted myself to studying the more apparent movements of this M.
+Jerome, I shrank from putting any direct questions to the _garcon_,
+who might probably at once have given me a very prosaic account of
+him. On one occasion, I threw in casually a remark, to the effect that
+the gentleman at No. 49 seemed a great favourite with the fair sex;
+but the only reply was a smile, and an acknowledgment that, in
+general, people of fascinating exterior--here the _garcon_ glanced at
+the mirror he was dusting--_were_ great favourites with the fairer
+portion of the creation. 'We Frenchmen,' it was added, 'know the way
+to the female heart better than most men.' The waiter had paused with
+his duster in his hand. I felt that he was going to give me his Art of
+Love; and opportunely remembering that I had a letter to put into the
+post, I escaped the infliction for the time.
+
+I had, indeed, observed that if the public generally admitted the
+valuable qualities of M. Jerome as a companion, his reputation was
+based principally on the approval of the ladies. All these excellent
+judges agreed that he was a nice, quiet, agreeable person; and 'so
+handsome!' At least the seven members of an English family, who had
+come to visit Chambord, and lingered at the hotel a week--five of them
+were daughters--all expressed this opinion of M. Jerome; and even a
+supercilious French lady, with a particle attached to her name,
+admitted that he was 'very well.'
+
+One day, a new face appeared at table to interest me; and as the
+mysterious gentleman and his diamond ring had puzzled me for a
+fortnight, during which I had made no progress towards ascertaining
+his real position and character, I was not sorry to have my attention
+a little diverted by a mysterious lady. Madame de Mourairef--a Russian
+name, thought I--was a very agreeable person to look at; much more so
+to me than M. Jerome. She was not much past twenty years of age;
+small, slight, elegant in shape, if not completely so in manners; and
+with one of those charming little faces which you can analyse into
+ugliness, but which in their synthesis, to speak as moderns should,
+are admirable, adorable, fascinating. I should have thought that such
+a _minois_ could belong only to Paris--the city, by the way, of ugly
+women, whom art makes charming. However, there it was above the
+shoulders, high of course--swan-necked women are only found in
+England--above the shoulders of a Russian marchioness, princess,
+czarina, or what you will, who called for her cigarettes after dinner,
+was attended by a little _soubrette_, named Penelope, and looked for
+all the world as if she had just been whirled off the boards of the
+Opera Comique.
+
+I at first believed that this was a mere _mascarade_; but when a
+letter in a formidable envelope, with the seal of the Russian embassy,
+arrived, and was exhibited in the absence of the lady herself, to
+every one of the lodgers, in proof of the aristocratic character of
+the customer of the Tete Noire, I began to doubt my own perspicacity,
+and to imagine that I had now a far more interesting object of study
+than M. Jerome and his diamond ring. Madame de Mourairef was an
+exceedingly affable person; and the English family aforesaid, whom I
+have reason to believe were Cockney tradesfolks, pronounced her to be
+very high-bred--without a fault, indeed, if it had not been for that
+horrid habit of smoking, which, as they judiciously observed, however,
+was a peculiar characteristic of the Russians. I am afraid, they would
+have set her down as a vulgar wretch, had they not been forewarned
+that she was aristocratic. The French lady seemed to look upon the
+foreign one as an intruder, and scarcely deigned to turn her eyes in
+that direction. Probably this was because she was so charming, and
+monopolised so much of the attention of us gentlemen.
+
+'They no sooner looked than they loved,' says Rosalind. This was not,
+perhaps, quite the case with M. Jerome and the Russian princess, who
+took care to let it be known that she was a widow; but in a very few
+days what is called 'a secret sympathy' evidently sprang into
+existence. The former, of course, made the first advances. His
+diplomatic and seductive arts were not, however, put to a great test,
+for in three days the lady manifestly felt uneasy until he presented
+himself at dinner; and in a week, I met them walking arm in arm on the
+bridge. It was easy to see that he was on his good behaviour; and from
+some fragments of conversations I overheard between them when they met
+in the passage opposite my door, I learned that he was 'doing the
+melancholy dodge,' as in the vernacular we would express it; and had
+many harrowing revelations to make as to the manner in which his heart
+had been trifled with by unfeeling beauties.
+
+'There is a tide in the affairs of an hotel:' I am in a mood for
+quoting from my favourite authors; and whereas we had at one time sat
+down nearly twenty to table, we suddenly found ourselves to be only
+three--M. Jerome, the princess, and myself. A kind of intimacy was the
+natural result. We made ourselves mutually agreeable; and I was not at
+all surprised, when one evening Madame de Mourairef invited us two
+gentlemen to take tea with her in her little sitting-room. Both
+accepted joyfully; and though I am persuaded that M. Jerome would have
+preferred a tete-a-tete, he accepted my companionship with tolerable
+grace. We strolled together, indeed, on the quay for half an hour. It
+was raining slightly, and I had a cough; but I have too good an
+opinion of human nature to imagine that my new acquaintance kept me
+out by his fascinating conversation, in order to make me catch a
+desperate cold, that would send me wheezing to bed.
+
+The tea was served, as I suppose it is served in Russia, very weak,
+with a plentiful admixture of milk and accompaniment of _biscuits
+glaces_. Madame de Mourairef did the honours in an inexpressibly
+graceful manner; and I observed that there was a delightful intimacy
+between her and her maid Penelope, that quite upset my ideas of
+northern serfdom. I think they even once exchanged a wink, but of this
+I am not sure. There is nothing like experience to expand one's ideas,
+and I made up my mind to re-examine the whole of my notions of
+Muscovite vassalage. M. Jerome seemed less struck by these
+circumstances than myself--being probably too much absorbed in
+contemplation of our hostess--but even he could not avoid exclaiming,
+'that if that were the way in which serfs were treated, he should like
+to be a serf--of such a mistress!'
+
+'You Frenchmen are _so_ gallant!' was the reply.
+
+A little while afterwards, somebody proposed a game of whist. There
+was an objection to 'dead-man,' and Penelope, with a semi-oriental
+salaam, offered to 'take a hand.' Madame de Mourairef was graciously
+pleased to order her to do so. We shuffled, cut, and played; and when
+midnight came, and it was necessary to retire, I felt almost afraid to
+examine into my own heart, lest I might find that the soubrette
+appeared to me at least as high-bred as the mistress.
+
+We spent some delightful evenings in this manner, and perhaps still
+more delightful days, for by degrees we became inseparable, and all
+our walks and drives were made in common. The garcon often looked
+maliciously at me, even offered once or twice to develop his Art of
+Love; but I did not choose to be interrupted in my physiognomical
+studies, and gave him no opportunity.
+
+A picnic was proposed, and agreed upon. We intended at first to go to
+Chambord; but there was danger of a crowd; and a valley on the road to
+Vendome was pitched upon. A _caleche_ took us to the place, and set us
+down in a delightful meadow, enamelled with flowers, as all meadows
+are in poetry. A few great trees, forming almost a grove, shaded a
+slope near the banks of a sluggish stream that crept along between an
+avenue of poplars. Here the cloth was laid at once for breakfast; and
+whilst M. Jerome and the princess strolled away to talk of blighted
+hopes, Russia, serfdom, wedlock, and the conflagration of the Kremlin,
+Penelope made the necessary preparation; and I, in my character of a
+fidgety old gentleman, first advised and then assisted her. I am
+afraid the young damsel had designs upon my heart, for she put several
+questions to me on the state of vassalage in England; and when I
+developed succinctly the principles and advantages of our free
+constitution, and said some eloquent things that formed a French
+edition of 'Britons never shall be slaves,' she became quite
+enthusiastic; her cheeks flushed, her eyes brightened; and with a sort
+of Thervigne-de-Mericourt gesture, she cried: 'Vive la Republique!'
+This was scarcely the natural product of what I had said; but so
+lively a little creature, in her dainty lace-cap and flying pink
+ribbons, neat silk _caraco_, plaid-patterned gown, with pagoda
+sleeves, as she called them, and milk-white _manchettes_--her
+_bottines_ from the Rue Vivienne, and her face from Paradise--could
+reconcile many a harder heart than mine to greater incongruities. Our
+arrangements being made, therefore, I sat down on a camp-stool, whilst
+Penelope reclined on the grass; and I endeavoured to explain to her
+the great advantages of a moderate constitutional government, with
+checks, balances, and so forth. Although she yawned, I am sure it was
+not from ennui, but in order to shew me her pretty pearly teeth.
+
+M. Jerome and the princess came streaming back over the meadow--even
+affected to scold me for having remained behind. They were evidently
+on the best possible terms, and I took great satisfaction in
+contemplating their happiness. Either my perspicacity was at fault,
+however, or both had some secret cause of uneasiness that pressed upon
+their minds as the day advanced. Had they been only betrayed into a
+declaration and a plighting of their troth in a hurry? Did they
+already repent? Did Madame de Mourairef regret the barbarous splendour
+of her native land? Did M. Jerome begin to mourn over the delights of
+bachelorship? These were the questions I put to myself without being
+able to invent any satisfactory answer. The day passed, however,
+pleasantly enough; and the caleche came in due time to take us back to
+Blois.
+
+Next morning, M. Jerome entered my room with a graceful bow, to
+announce his departure for Paris, whither it was necessary for him to
+go to obtain the necessary papers for his marriage, and Madame de
+Mourairef, he added, accompanied him. I uttered the necessary
+congratulations, and gave my address in Paris, that he might call upon
+me as soon as he was settled in the hotel he proposed to take.
+
+'I take two persons with me,' he said, smiling; 'but one of them
+leaves her heart behind, I am afraid.'
+
+This alluded to Penelope; but I was determined not to understand. I
+went to say adieu to Madame de Mourairef, who seemed rather excited
+and anxious. Penelope almost succeeded in wringing forth a tear; but I
+did not think it was decreed that at my age I should really make love
+to a Russian serf, however charming. So off they went to the railway
+station, leaving me in a very dull, stupid, melancholy mood.
+
+'What a fortunate man M. Jerome is!' said the garcon, as he came into
+my room a few minutes afterwards.
+
+'Yes,' I replied; 'Madame de Mourairef seems in every way worthy of
+him.'
+
+'I should think so,' quoth he. 'It is not every waiter, however
+fascinating, that falls in with a Russian princess.'
+
+'Waiter! M. Jerome!'
+
+'Of course,' replied my informant. 'You seem surprised; but M. Jerome
+is really a waiter at the Cafe ----, on the Boulevard des Italiens;
+came down for his health. We were comrades once, and I promised to
+keep the secret, for he thought it extremely probable that he might
+meet a wealthy English lady here, who might fall in love with
+him--your countrywomen are so eccentric. He has found a Russian
+princess, which is better. I suppose we must now call him
+Monseigneur?'
+
+Although, like the rest of my species, disposed to laugh at the
+misfortunes of my fellow-creatures, I confess that I pitied Madame de
+Mourairef; for I felt persuaded that M. Jerome had passed himself off
+as a very distinguished personage. However, there was no remedy, and I
+had no right to interfere in the matter. The lady, indeed, had been in
+an unpardonable hurry to be won, and must take the consequences.
+
+In the afternoon, there was a great bustle in the hotel, and
+half-a-dozen voices were heard doing the work of fifty. I went out
+into the passage, and caught the first fragments of an explanation
+that soon became complete. M. Alphonse, courier to M. de Mourairef,
+had arrived, and was indignantly maintaining that Sophie and Penelope,
+the two waiting-maids of the princess, had arrived at the Tete Noire,
+to take a suite of rooms for their mistress; whilst the landlord and
+his coadjutors, slow to comprehend, averred that the great lady had
+herself been there, and departed. The truth at length came out--that
+these two smart Parisian lasses, having a fortnight before them, had
+determined to give up their places, and play the mascarade which I
+have described. When M. and Madame de Mourairef, two respectable,
+middle-aged people, arrived, they were dismally made acquainted with
+the sacrilege that had been committed; but as no debts had been
+contracted in their name, and their letters came in a parcel by the
+post from Orleans, they laughed heartily at the joke, and enjoyed the
+idea that Sophie had been taken in.
+
+The following winter, I went into a cafe newly established in the Rue
+Poissoniere, and was agreeably surprised to see Sophie, the
+pseudo-princess, sitting behind the counter in magnificent toilette,
+receiving the bows and the money of the customers as they passed
+before her, whilst M. Jerome--exactly in appearance as before, except
+that prosperity had begun to round him--was leaning against a pillar
+in rather a melodramatic attitude, a white napkin gracefully depending
+from his hand. They started on seeing me, and were a little confused,
+but soon laughed over their adventure; called Penelope to take her
+turn at the counter--the little serf whispered to me as she passed,
+that I was 'a traitor, a barbarian,' and insisted on treating me to my
+coffee and my _petit verre_, free, gratis, for nothing.
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIRS OF LORD JEFFREY.
+
+
+In the crisis of the French Revolution, British society was paralysed
+with conservative alarms, and all tendency to liberal opinions, or
+even to an advocacy of the most simple and needful reforms, was met
+with a ruthless intolerance. In Scotland, there was not a public
+meeting for five-and-twenty years. In that night of unreflecting
+Toryism, a small band of men, chiefly connected with the law in
+Edinburgh, stood out in a profession of Whiggism, to the forfeiture of
+all chance of government patronage, and even of much of the confidence
+and esteem of society. Three or four young barristers were
+particularly prominent, all men of uncommon talents. The chief was
+Francis Jeffrey, who died in 1850, in the seventy-seventh year of his
+age, after having passed through a most brilliant career as a
+practising lawyer and judge, and one still more brilliant, as the
+conductor, for twenty-seven years, of the celebrated _Edinburgh
+Review_. Another was Henry Cockburn, who has now become the biographer
+of his great associate. It was verily a remarkable knot of men in many
+respects, but we think in none more than a heroic probity towards
+their principles, which were, after all, of no extravagant character,
+as was testified by their being permitted to triumph harmlessly in
+1831-2. These men anticipated by forty years changes which were
+ultimately patronised by the great majority of the nation. They all
+throve professionally, but purely by the force of their talents and
+high character. As there was not any precisely equivalent group of men
+at any other bar in the United Kingdom, we think Scotland is entitled
+to take some credit to herself for her Jeffreys, her Cranstons, her
+Murrays, and her Cockburns: at least, she will not soon forget their
+names.
+
+Lord Jeffrey--his judicial designation in advanced life--was of
+respectable, but not exalted parentage. After a careful education at
+Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Oxford, he entered at the bar in 1793, when
+not yet much more than twenty years of age. His father, being himself
+a Tory, desired the young lawyer to be so too, seeing that it would be
+favourable to his prospects; but he could not yield in this point to
+paternal counsel. The consequence was, that this able man practised
+for ten years without gaining more than L. 100 per annum. All this
+time, he cultivated his mind diligently, and was silently training
+himself for that literary career which he subsequently entered upon.
+His talents were at that time known only to a few intimates: there
+were peculiarities about him, which prevented him from being generally
+appreciated up to his deserts. His figure, to begin with, was almost
+ludicrously small. Then, in his anxiety to get rid of the Scottish
+accent, he had contracted an elocution intended to be English, but
+which struck every one as most affected and offensive. His manners
+were marked by levity, and his conversation to many seemed flippant.
+His literary musings also acted unfavourably on the solicitors, the
+leading patrons of young counsellors. Reduced by dearth of business
+almost to despair, he had at one time serious thoughts of flinging
+himself upon the London press for a subsistence. The first smile of
+fortune beamed upon him in 1802, when the _Edinburgh Review_ was
+started--a work of which he quickly assumed the management. That it
+brought him income and literary renown, we gather from Lord Cockburn's
+pages; but we do not readily find it explained how. While more
+declaredly a literary man than ever, he now advanced rapidly at the
+bar, and quickly became a man of wealth and professional dignity. We
+suspect that, after all that is said of the effect of literary
+pursuits on business prospects, the one success was a consequence in
+great measure of the other.
+
+The value of this work rests, in our opinion, on the illustration
+which it presents of the possibility of a man of sound though
+unpopular opinions passing through life, not merely without suffering
+greatly from the wrath of society, but in the enjoyment of some of its
+highest honours. After reading this book, one could almost suppose it
+to be a delusion that the world judges hardly of any man's speculative
+opinions, while his life remains pure, and his heart manifestly is
+alive to all the social charities. The heroic consistency of Jeffrey
+is the more remarkable, when it now appears that he was a gentle and
+rather timid man, keenly alive to the sympathies of friends and
+neighbours--indeed, of _womanish_ character altogether. As is well
+known, his time arrived at last, when, on the coming of the Whigs into
+power in 1830, he was raised to the dignified situation of Lord
+Advocate for Scotland, and was called upon to take the lead,
+officially, in making those political changes which he had all along
+advocated. It is curious, however, and somewhat startling, to learn
+how little gratification he professed to feel in what appeared so
+great a triumph. While his rivals looked with envy on his exaltation,
+and mobs deemed it little enough that he should be entirely at their
+beck in requital for the support they gave him, Mr Jeffrey was sighing
+for the quiet of private life, groaning at his banishment from a happy
+country-home, and not a little disturbed by the troubled aspect of
+public affairs. Mr Macaulay has somewhere remarked on the general
+mistake as to the 'sweets of office.' We are assured by Lord Cockburn,
+that Jeffrey would have avoided the advocateship if he could. He
+accepted it only from a feeling of duty to his party. He writes to a
+female relation of the 'good reason I have for being sincerely sick
+and sorry at an elevation for which so many people are envying, and
+thinking me the luckiest and most elevated of mortals for having
+attained.' And this subject is still further illustrated by an account
+he gives of the conduct of honest Lord Althorpe during the short
+interval in May 1832, when the Whigs were _out_. 'Lord Althorpe,' he
+says, 'has gone through all this with his characteristic cheerfulness
+and courage. The day after the resignation, he spent in a great
+sale-garden, choosing and buying flowers, and came home with five
+great packages in his carriage, devoting the evening to studying where
+they should be planted in his garden at Althorpe, and writing
+directions and drawing plans for their arrangement. And when they came
+to summon him to a council on the Duke's giving in, he was found in a
+closet with a groom, busy oiling the locks of his fowlingpieces, and
+lamenting the decay into which they had fallen during his ministry.'
+
+In some respects, the book will create surprise, particularly as to
+the private life and character of the great Aristarch. While the
+_Edinburgh Review_ was in progress under the care of Mr Jeffrey, it
+was a most unrelenting tribunal for literary culprits, as well as a
+determined assertor of its own political maxims. The common idea
+regarding its chief conductor represented him as a man of
+extraordinary sharpness, alternating between epigrammatic flippancy
+and democratic rigour. Gentle and refined feeling would certainly
+never have been attributed to him. It will now be found that he was at
+all times of his life a man of genial spirit towards the entire circle
+of his fellow-creatures--that his leading tastes were for poetry and
+the beautiful in external nature, particularly fine scenery--that he
+revelled in the home affections, and was continually saying the
+softest and kindest things to all about him--a lamb, in short, while
+thought a lion. The local circle in which he lived was somewhat
+limited and exclusive, partly, perhaps, in consequence of having been
+early shut in upon itself by its dissent from the mass of society on
+most public questions; but in this circle Jeffrey was adored by men,
+women, and children alike, on account of his extreme kindliness of
+disposition. He was almost, to a ridiculous degree, dependent on the
+love of his friends; and the terms in which he addresses some of them,
+particularly ladies, sound odd in this commonsense world. Thus, the
+wife of one of his friends is, 'My sweet, gentle, and long-suffering
+Sophia.' He pours out his very heart to his correspondents, and with
+an effect which would reconcile to him the most irascible author he
+ever scarified. Thus, to his daughter, who had just left him with her
+husband:--'I happened to go up stairs, and passing into our room, saw
+the door open of that little one where _you_ used to sleep, and the
+very bed waiting there for you, so silent and desolate, that all the
+love, and the _miss_ of you, which fell so sadly on my heart the first
+night of your desertion, came back upon it so heavily and darkly, that
+I was obliged to shut myself in, and cry over the recollection, as if
+all the interval had been annihilated, and that loss and sorrow were
+still fresh and unsubdued before me; and though the fit went off
+before long, I feel still that I must vent my heart by telling you of
+it, and therefore sit down now to write all this to you, and get rid
+of my feelings, that would otherwise be more likely to haunt my vigils
+of the night.' Thus, on the death of a sister in his early days:--'A
+very heavy blow upon us all, and much more so on me than I had
+believed possible. The habit of seeing her almost every day, and of
+living together intimately since our infancy, had wound so many
+threads of affection round my heart, that when they were burst at
+once, the shock was almost overwhelming. Then, the unequalled
+gentleness of her disposition, the unaffected worth of her affections,
+and miraculous simplicity of character and manners, which made her
+always appear as pure and innocent as an infant, took so firm, though
+gentle a hold on the heart of every one who approached her, that even
+those who have been comparatively strangers to her worth, have been
+greatly affected by her loss.... During the whole of her illness, she
+looked beautiful; and when I gazed upon her the moment after she had
+breathed her last, as she lay still, still, and calm, with her bright
+eyes half closed, and her red lips half open, I thought I had never
+seen a countenance so lovely. A statuary might have taken her for a
+model. Poor, dear love! I kissed her cold lips, and pressed her cold,
+wan, lifeless hand, and would willingly at that moment have put off my
+own life too, and followed her. When I came here, the sun was rising,
+and the birds were singing gaily, as I sobbed along the empty
+streets.'
+
+The sensibility of Jeffrey to all fine expression that comes to us
+through the medium of literature was intense, most so in his latter
+days, when his whole character seems to have undergone a mellowing
+process. While pining under his greatness as Lord Advocate, and an
+authority in parliament (1833), he says: 'If it were not for my love
+of beautiful nature and poetry, my heart would have died within me
+long ago. I never felt before what immeasurable benefactors these same
+poets are to their kind, and how large a measure, both of actual
+happiness and prevention of misery, they have imparted to the race. I
+would willingly give up half my fortune, and some little fragments of
+health and bodily enjoyment that yet remain to me, rather than that
+Shakspeare should not have lived before me.' Who that had only read
+his lively, acute articles in the formal Review, could have believed
+him to be so deeply sympathetic with an unfortunate poet, as he shews
+in the following fine passage in one of his letters (1837)? 'In the
+last week, I have read all Burns's Life and Works--not without many
+tears, for the life especially. What touches me most, is the pitiable
+poverty in which that gifted being (and his noble-minded father)
+passed his early days--the painful frugality to which their innocence
+was doomed, and the thought how small a share of the useless luxuries
+in which we (such comparatively poor creatures) indulge, would have
+sufficed to shed joy and cheerfulness in their dwellings, and perhaps
+to have saved that glorious spirit from the trials and temptations
+under which he fell so prematurely. Oh! my dear Empson, there must be
+something _terribly_ wrong in the present arrangements of the
+universe, when those things can happen, and be thought natural. I
+could lie down in the dirt, and cry and grovel there, I think, for a
+century, to save such a soul as Burns from the suffering, and the
+contamination, and the _degradation_, which these same arrangements
+imposed upon him; and I fancy that, if I could but have known him, in
+my present state of wealth and influence, I might have saved, and
+reclaimed, and preserved him, even to the present day. He would not
+have been so old as my brother-judge, Lord Glenlee, or Lord Lynedoch,
+or a dozen others that one meets daily in society. And what a
+creature, not only in genius, but in nobleness of character,
+potentially at least, if right models had been put _gently_ before
+him!'
+
+The narrative of Lord Cockburn occupies only one volume, the other
+being filled with a selection from Lord Jeffrey's letters. It is a
+brief chronicle of the subject; many will feel it to be
+unsatisfactorily slight. The author seems to have been afraid of
+becoming tedious. It is, however, a manly and faithful narration, with
+the rare merit of going little, if at all, beyond bounds in its
+appreciation of the hero or his associates, or the importance of the
+circumstances in which he moved. The sketches of some of Jeffrey's
+contemporaries, as John Clerk, Sir Harry Moncreiff, and Henry Erskine,
+are vigorous pieces of painting, which will suggest to many a desire
+that the author should favour the public with a wider view of the men
+and things of Scotland in the age just past. With a natural partiality
+as a friend and as a biographer, he seems to us to set too high an
+estimate on Jeffrey when he ranks him as one of a quartett, including
+Dugald Stewart, Sir Walter Scott, and Dr Chalmers, 'each of whom in
+literature, philosophy, or policy, caused great changes,' and 'left
+upon his age the impression of the mind that produced them.' Few of
+his countrymen would claim this rank for either Jeffrey or Stewart.
+Jeffrey, no doubt, raised a department of our literature from a low to
+a high level; he was a Great Voice in his day. But he produced nothing
+which can permanently affect us; he gave no great turn to the
+sentiments or opinions of mankind. His only original effort of any
+mark, is his exposition of the association theory of beauty, which
+rests on a simple mistake of what is pleasing for what is beautiful,
+and is already nothing. We suspect that no man with his degree of
+timidity will ever be very great, either as a philosopher or as a man
+of deeds. He was a brilliant _writer_--the most brilliant, and, with
+one exception, the most versatile in his age; but to this we would
+limit his panegyric, apart from the glory of his long and consistent
+career as a politician, which we think can scarcely be overestimated.
+
+So many of the most remarkable passages of the work have been already
+hackneyed through the medium of the newspapers, that we feel somewhat
+at a loss to present any which may have a chance of being new to our
+readers. So early as his twentieth year, we find Mr Jeffrey thus
+sensibly expressing himself on an important subject:--
+
+'There is nothing in the world I detest so much as companions and
+acquaintances, as they are called. Where intimacy has gone so far as
+to banish reserve, to disclose character, and to communicate the
+reality of serious opinions, the connection may be the source of much
+pleasure--it may ripen into friendship, or subside into esteem. But to
+know half a hundred fellows just so far as to speak, and walk, and
+lounge with them; to be acquainted with a multitude of people, for all
+of whom together you do not care one farthing; in whose company you
+speak without any meaning, and laugh without any enjoyment; whom you
+leave without any regret, and rejoin without any satisfaction; from
+whom you learn nothing, and in whom you love nothing--to have such a
+set for your society, is worse than to live in absolute solitude; and
+is a thousand times more pernicious to the faculties of social
+enjoyment, by circulating in its channels a stream so insipid.'
+
+At the peace of Amiens, Jeffrey wrote thus to his friend Morehead, 7th
+October 1801: 'It is the only public event in my recollection that has
+given me any lively sensation of pleasure, and I have rejoiced at it
+as heartily as it is possible for a private man, and one whose own
+condition is not immediately affected by it, to do. How many parents
+and children, and sisters and brothers, would that news make happy?
+How many pairs of bright eyes would weep over that gazette, and wet
+its brown pages with tears of gratitude and rapture? How many weary
+wretches will it deliver from camps and hospitals, and restore once
+more to the comforts of a peaceful and industrious life? What are
+victories to rejoice at, compared with an event like this? Your
+bonfires and illuminations are dimmed with blood and with tears, and
+battle is in itself a great evil, and a subject of general grief and
+lamentation. The victors are only the least unfortunate, and suffering
+and death have, in general, brought us no nearer to tranquillity and
+happiness.' It may be well thus to bring the value of a peace before
+the public mind. Let those who only know of war from history, reflect
+how great must be the evils of a state the cessation of which gives
+such a feeling of relief.
+
+Here is a curious passage about the society of Liverpool in 1813, and
+his love of his native country. We must receive the statement
+respecting the Quakers with something more than doubt, at least as to
+the extent to which it is true:--'I have been dining out every day for
+this last week with Unitarians, and Whigs, and Americans, and brokers,
+and bankers, and small fanciers of pictures and paints, and the Quaker
+aristocracy, and the fashionable vulgar, of the place. But I do not
+like Liverpool much better, and could not live here with any comfort.
+Indeed, I believe I could not live anywhere out of Scotland. All my
+recollections are Scottish, and consequently all my imaginations; and
+though I thank God that I have as few fixed opinions as any man of my
+standing, yet all the elements out of which they are made have a
+certain national cast also. In short, I will not live anywhere else if
+I can help it; nor die either; and all old Esky's[3] eloquence would
+have been thrown away in an attempt to persuade me that _banishment
+furth the kingdom_ might be patiently endured. I take more to Roscoe,
+however: he is thoroughly good-hearted, and has a sincere, though
+foolish concern for the country. I have also found out a Highland
+woman with much of the mountain accent, and sometimes get a little
+girl to talk to. But with all these resources, and the aid of the
+Botanical Garden, the time passes rather heavily; and I am in some
+danger of dying of ennui, with the apparent symptoms of extreme
+vivacity. Did you ever hear that most of the Quakers die of
+stupidity--actually and literally? I was assured of the fact the other
+day by a very intelligent physician, who practised twenty years among
+them, and informs me that few of the richer sort live to be fifty, but
+die of a sort of atrophy, their cold blood just stagnating by degrees
+among their flabby fat. They eat too much, he says; take little
+exercise; and, above all, have no nervous excitement. The affection is
+known in this part of the country by the name of _the Quaker's
+disease_, and more than one-half of them go out so. I think this
+curious, though not worth coming to Liverpool to hear, or writing from
+Liverpool, &c.'
+
+He was at this time about to sail for America, in order to marry a
+lady of that country. In a letter to Morehead, he recalls his
+old-fashioned country residence of Hatton, in West Lothian, and Mr
+Morehead's family now resident there. Tuckey was a nickname for one of
+Mr Morehead's daughters; Margaret was another. Till the last, he had
+pet names for all his own descendants and relatives, having no doubt
+felt how much they contribute to the promotion of family affection. 'I
+am almost ashamed of the degree of sorrow I feel at leaving all the
+early and long-prized objects of my affection; and though I am
+persuaded I do right in the step which I am taking, I cannot help
+wishing that it had not been quite so wide and laborious a one. You
+cannot think how beautiful Hatton appears at this moment in my
+imagination, nor with what strong emotion I fancy I hear Tuckey
+telling a story on my knee, and see Margaret poring upon her French
+before me. It is in your family that my taste for domestic society and
+domestic enjoyments has been nurtured and preserved. Such a child as
+Tuckey I shall never see again in this world. Heaven bless her, and
+she will be a blessing both to her mother and to you.' After touching
+upon a volume of poems which Mr Morehead had published--'If I were
+you, however, I would live more with Tuckey, and be satisfied with my
+gardening and pruning--with my preaching--a good deal of walking and
+comfortable talking. What more has life? and how full of vexation are
+all ambitious fancies and perplexing pursuits! Well, God bless you!
+Perhaps I shall not have an opportunity to inculcate my innocent
+epicurism upon you for a long time again. It will do you no harm.'
+
+It will be a new fact to most of the admirers of Jeffrey, that he had
+in early life devoted himself to the writing of poetry. Of what he
+wrote between 1791 and 1796, the greater part has disappeared from his
+repositories. 'But,' says his biographer, 'enough survives to attest
+his industry, and to enable us to appreciate his powers. There are
+some loose leaves and fragments of small poems, mostly on the usual
+subjects of love and scenery, and in the form of odes, sonnets,
+elegies, &c.; all serious, none personal or satirical. And besides
+these slight things, there is a completed poem on Dreaming, in blank
+verse, about 1800 lines long. The first page is dated Edinburgh, May
+4, 1791, the last Edinburgh, 25th June 1791; from which I presume that
+we are to hold it to have been all written in these fifty-three
+days--a fact which accounts for the absence of high poetry, though
+there be a number of poetical conceptions and flowing sentences. Then
+there is a translation into blank verse of the third book of the
+_Argonauticon_ of Apollonius Rhodius. The other books are lost, but he
+translated the whole poem, extending to about 6000 lines.... And I may
+mention here, though it happens to be in prose, that of two plays,
+one, a tragedy, survives. It has no title, but is complete in all its
+other parts.... He was fond of parodying the _Odes_ of Horace, with
+applications to modern incidents and people, and did it very
+successfully. The _Otium Divos_ was long remembered. Notwithstanding
+this perseverance, and a decided poetical ambition, he was never
+without misgivings as to his success. I have been informed, that he
+once went so far as to leave a poem with a bookseller, to be
+published, and fled to the country; and that, finding some obstacle
+had occurred, he returned, recovered the manuscript, rejoicing that he
+had been saved, and never renewed so perilous an experiment.
+
+'There may be some who would like to see these compositions, or
+specimens of them, both on their own account, and that the friends of
+the many poets his criticism has offended might have an opportunity of
+retaliation, and of shewing, by the critic's own productions, how
+little, in their opinion, he was worthy to sit in judgment on others.
+But I cannot indulge them. Since Jeffrey, though fond of playing with
+verses privately, never delivered himself up to the public as the
+author of any, I cannot think that it would be right in any one else
+to exhibit him in this capacity. I may acknowledge, however, that, so
+far as I can judge, the publication of such of his poetical attempts
+as remain, though it might shew his industry and ambition, would not
+give him the poetical wreath, and of course would not raise his
+reputation. Not that there are not tons of worse verse published, and
+bought, and even read, every year, but that their publication would
+not elevate Jeffrey. His poetry is less poetical than his prose.
+Viewed as mere literary practice, it is rather respectable. It evinces
+a general acquaintance, and a strong sympathy, with moral emotion,
+great command of language, correct taste, and a copious possession of
+the poetical commonplaces, both of words and of sentiment. But all
+this may be without good poetry.'
+
+Having given little of Lord Cockburn in our extracts, we shall
+conclude with a passage of his narration which stands out distinctly,
+and has a historical value. It refers to Edinburgh in the second
+decade of the present century, but takes in a few names of deceased
+celebrities:--'The society of Edinburgh was not that of a provincial
+town, and cannot be judged of by any such standard. It was
+metropolitan. Trade or manufactures have, fortunately, never marked
+this city for their own; but it is honoured by the presence of a
+college famous throughout the world, and from which the world has been
+supplied with many of the distinguished men who have shone in it. It
+is the seat of the supreme courts of justice, and of the annual
+convocation of the Church, formerly no small matter; and of almost all
+the government offices and influence. At the period I am referring to,
+this combination of quiet with aristocracy made it the resort, to a
+far greater extent than it is now, of the families of the gentry, who
+used to leave their country residences and enjoy the gaiety and the
+fashion which their presence tended to promote. Many of the curious
+characters and habits of the receding age--the last purely Scotch age
+that Scotland was destined to see--still lingered among us. Several
+were then to be met with who had seen the Pretender, with his court
+and his wild followers, in the Palace of Holyrood. Almost the whole
+official state, as settled at the Union, survived; and all graced the
+capital, unconscious of the economical scythe which has since mowed it
+down. All our nobility had not then fled. A few had sense not to feel
+degraded by being happy at home. The Old Town was not quite deserted.
+Many of our principal people still dignified its picturesque recesses
+and historical mansions, and were dignified by them. The closing of
+the continent sent many excellent English families and youths among
+us, for education and for pleasure. The war brightened us with
+uniforms, and strangers, and shows.
+
+'Over all this, there was diffused the influence of a greater number
+of persons attached to literature and science, some as their calling,
+and some for pleasure, than could be found, in proportion to the
+population, in any other city in the empire. Within a few years,
+including the period I am speaking of, the College contained Principal
+Robertson, Joseph Black, his successor Hope, the second Munro, James
+Gregory, John Robison, John Playfair, and Dugald Stewart; none of them
+confined monastically to their books, but all--except Robison, who was
+in bad health--partaking of the enjoyments of the world. Episcopacy
+gave us the Rev. Archibald Alison; and in Blair, Henry, John Home, Sir
+Harry Moncreiff, and others, Presbytery made an excellent
+contribution, the more to be admired that it came from a church which
+eschews rank, and boasts of poverty. The law, to which Edinburgh has
+always been so largely indebted, sent its copious supplies; who,
+instead of disturbing good company by professional matter--an offence
+with which the lawyers of every place are charged--were remarkably
+free of this vulgarity; and being trained to take difference of
+opinion easily, and to conduct discussions with forbearance, were,
+without undue obtrusion, the most cheerful people that were to be met
+with. Lords Monboddo, Hailes, Glenlee, Meadowbank, and Woodhouselee,
+all literary judges, and Robert Blair, Henry Erskine, and Henry
+Mackenzie, senior, were at the earlier end of this file; Scott and
+Jeffrey at the later--but including a variety of valuable persons
+between these extremities. Sir William Forbes, Sir James Hall, and Mr
+Clerk of Eldin, represented a class of country gentlemen cultivating
+learning on its account. And there were several, who, like the founder
+of the Huttonian theory, selected this city for their residence solely
+from the consideration in which science and letters were here held,
+and the facilities, or rather the temptations, presented for their
+prosecution. Philosophy had become indigenous in the place, and all
+classes, even in their gayest hours, were proud of the presence of its
+cultivators. Thus learning was improved by society, and society by
+learning. And unless when party-spirit interfered--which, at one time,
+however, it did frequently and bitterly--perfect harmony, and, indeed,
+lively cordiality, prevailed.
+
+'And all this was still a Scotch scene. The whole country had not
+begun to be absorbed in the ocean of London. There were still little
+great places--places with attractions quite sufficient to retain men
+of talent or learning in their comfortable and respectable provincial
+positions, and which were dignified by the tastes and institutions
+which learning and talent naturally rear. The operation of the
+commercial principle which tempts all superiority to try its fortune
+in the greatest accessible market, is perhaps irresistible; but
+anything is surely to be lamented which annihilates local intellect,
+and degrades the provincial spheres which intellect and its
+consequences can alone adorn. According to the modern rate of
+travelling, the capitals of Scotland and of England were then about
+2400 miles asunder. Edinburgh was still more distant in its style and
+habits. It had then its own independent tastes, and ideas, and
+pursuits. Enough of the generation that was retiring survived to cast
+an antiquarian air over the city, and the generation that was
+advancing was still a Scotch production. Its character may be
+estimated by the names I have mentioned, and by the fact, that the
+genius of Scott and of Jeffrey had made it the seat at once of the
+most popular poetry and the most brilliant criticism that then
+existed. This city has advantages, including its being the capital of
+Scotland, its old reputation, and its external beauties, which have
+enabled it, in a certain degree, to resist the centralising tendency,
+and have hitherto always supplied it with a succession of eminent men.
+But now that London is at our door, how precarious is our hold of
+them, and how many have we lost!'
+
+We would just add one remark which occurs to us after reviewing the
+career of this eminent patriot and writer, and it may be of service to
+young men now entering upon the various paths of ambition. It is the
+fortune of many to be led by whim, prejudice, and other reasons, into
+certain tracks of opinion, which, as they do not lead to the public
+good, so neither do they conduce to any ultimate benefit for those
+treading them. How striking the contrast between the retrospect of a
+literary man, who has spent, perhaps, brilliant abilities in
+supporting every bad cause and every condemned error of his time, and
+necessarily found all barren at last, and the reflections of one like
+Francis Jeffrey, who, having embraced just views at first, continued
+temperately to advocate them until he saw them adopted as necessary
+for the good of his country, and had the glory of being almost
+universally thanked for his share in bringing about their triumph! Let
+young literary men particularly take this duly to heart, for it may
+save them from many a bitter pang in their latter days.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[3] 'Lord Eskgrove, a judge, who consoled a friend he was obliged to
+banish, by assuring him that there really were places in the world,
+such as England, for example, where a man, though out of Scotland,
+might live with some little comfort.'
+
+
+
+
+THE MOONLIGHT RIDE.
+
+
+A number of years ago, a gentleman in Clydesdale offered me a
+situation as head-groom, which I accepted. He had one horse which was
+kept in a stable by himself, and was, without exception, the ugliest
+and most savage animal of his kind I had ever seen. There was not a
+single point of a strong or a fast horse about him. He was as black as
+charcoal; he was named Satan, and richly did he deserve the name. He
+would fly at you, like a dog, with his teeth; attempt to beat you down
+with his fore-feet; and strike round a corner at you with his hind
+ones. He had beaten off all the rough-riders, grooms, and jockeys in
+that part of the country.
+
+After being in the place for a few days, I was asked by the gentleman,
+if I thought I could make anything of Satan. I replied, that if he
+beat me, he would be the only horse which had ever done so; but still
+I considered him to be by far the most savage I had ever seen. 'Try
+him to-morrow at one o'clock,' said he, as he turned to go away: 'I
+will have a few friends with me to see how you succeed.'
+
+I determined, however, to try him that night, and without any witness
+to see whether I succeeded or not. My room was over the stables, and
+as the moon did not rise till eleven o'clock, I threw myself upon the
+bedclothes, and, contrary to my intention, fell asleep. When I awoke,
+it was twelve, the moon was shining brightly, and rendering everything
+as visible as if it were day.
+
+I went down to the stable with a bridle prepared for the purpose, and
+a heavily-loaded whip in my hand. I knew that it would be impossible
+to saddle him; and, indeed, I should be safer on his bare back, in the
+event of his throwing himself down. I opened the stable-door gently,
+and there he was prone on his side, his legs and neck stretched out,
+as I have often seen horses lying after sore fatigue. I clapped my
+knee upon his head, loosed the collar that bound him, slipped the bit
+into his mouth, buckled the throat-band, raised him to his feet,
+backed him out, and leaped upon his back before he had time to get his
+eyes right opened. But open them now he did, and that with a
+vengeance; he pawed, and struck the walls with his fore-feet, till the
+fire flashed from the stones; and then he reared till he fell right
+back upon the pavement. I was prepared for this, and slipped off him
+as he went down, and then leaped on him again as he rose. I had not as
+yet touched him with whip, bridle, or spur; but now I gave him the
+curb and the spurs at the same instant. He gave one mad bound, and
+then went off at a rate that completely eclipsed the speed of the
+fleetest horse I had ever ridden. He could not trot, but his gallop
+was unapproachable, and consisted in a succession of leaps, performed
+with a precision, velocity, and strength, absolutely bewildering.
+
+He fairly overturned all my preconceived notions of a fast horse. On
+he thundered, till we came under the shadow of a fir-wood, and then,
+whether out of mischief or dread of the darkness, he halted
+instantaneously, his fore-feet so close together that you might have
+put them into a bucket. Owing to the depression of his shoulders--for
+he had no more withers than an ass--the way that he jerked down his
+head, and the suddenness of the stop, a monkey, although he had been
+holding on with his teeth, must have been unseated. For me, I was
+pitched a long way over his head, but alighted upon a spot so soft and
+mossy, that it looked as if some kind hand had purposely prepared it
+for me. Had I been in the slightest degree stunned, or unable to
+regain my feet, that instant he would have torn me to pieces with his
+teeth, and beaten my mangled body into the earth with his hoofs. But I
+at once sprang to my feet, and faced him. I could have escaped by
+leaping into the wood; but my blood was up, my brain clear, and my
+heart gave not one extra pulsation. There he stood upon his hind-legs
+nearly upright, beating the air with his fore-feet, his mouth open,
+his upper lip curled, his under one drawn down, his large white teeth
+glancing like ivory in the moonlight. As soon as he saw me upon my
+feet, he gave a yell such as I had never heard from a horse before,
+save once, and which I believe is never elicited from that animal,
+except when under the domination of frantic rage or fear.
+
+This unearthly cry roused every living thing within hearing. An army
+of rooks, startled from their encampment in the wood, circled and
+wheeled between us and the moon, shading her light, and filling the
+midnight air with their discordant screams. This attracted the
+attention of Satan, and, bringing his fore-feet to the ground, he
+pricked up his ears, and listened. I sprang forward, seized him by the
+mane, and vaulted upon his back. As I stooped forward to gather up the
+reins, which were dangling from his head, he caught me by the cuff of
+the jacket--luckily it was but the cuff!--and tore it up to the
+shoulder. Instantly he seized me again; but this time he succeeded
+rather better, having a small portion of the skin and flesh of my
+thigh between his teeth. The intense pain occasioned by the bite, or
+rather bruise, of a horse's mouth, can only be properly judged of by
+those who have felt it. I was the madder of the two now; and of all
+animals, an enraged man is the most dangerous and the most fearless. I
+gave him a blow between the ears with the end of the whip; and he went
+down at once, stunned and senseless, with his legs doubled up under
+him, and his nose buried in the ground. I drew his fore-legs from
+under him, that he might rise the more readily, and then lashed him
+into life. He turned his head slowly round, and looked at me, and then
+I saw that the savage glare of his eye was nearly quenched, and that,
+if I could follow up the advantage I had gained, I should ultimately
+be the conqueror. I now assisted him to rise, mounted him, and struck
+at once with whip and spur. He gave a few bounds forward, a stagger or
+two, and then fell heavily upon his side. I was nearly under him;
+however, I did save my distance, although that was all. I now began to
+feel sorry for him; his wonderful speed had won my respect; and as I
+was far from being naturally cruel, whip or spur I never used except
+in cases of necessity: so I thought I would allow him to lie for a few
+minutes, if he did not incline to get up of himself. However, as I had
+no faith in the creature, I sat down upon him, and watched him
+intently. He lay motionless, with his eyes shut; and had it not been
+for the firm and fast beat of his heart, I should have considered him
+dying from the effects of the blow; but the strong pulsation told me
+that there was plenty of life in him; and I suspected that he was
+lying quiet, meditating mischief. I was right. Every muscle began
+presently to quiver with suppressed rage. He opened his eyes, and gave
+me a look, in which fear and fury were strangely blended. I am not
+without superstition, and for an instant I quailed under that look, as
+the thought struck me, that the black, unshapely brute before me might
+actually be the spirit indicated by his name. With a muttered growl at
+my folly, I threw the idea from me--leaped up--seized the reins--with
+a lash and a cry made him spring to his feet--mounted him as he rose,
+and struck the spurs into his sides. He reared and wheeled; but
+finding that he could not get rid of me, and being unable to stand the
+torture of the spurs, which I used freely (it was no time for mercy!)
+he gave two or three plunges, and then bounded away at that dreadful
+leaping gallop--that pace which seemed peculiarly his own. I tried to
+moderate his speed with the bridle; but found, to my surprise, that I
+had no command over him. I knew at once that something was wrong, as,
+with the bit I had in his mouth, I ought to have had the power to have
+broken his jawbone. I stooped forward to ascertain the cause; the
+loose curb dangling at the side of his head gave a satisfactory
+explanation.
+
+He had it all his own way now; he was fairly off with me; and all I
+could do was to bear his head as well up as I could, to prevent him
+from stumbling. However, as it would have been bad policy to let him
+know how much he was master, I gave him an occasional touch with the
+spur, as if wishing him to accelerate his pace; and when he made an
+extra bound, I patted him on the neck, as if pleased with his
+performance.
+
+A watery cloud was passing over the face of the moon, which rendered
+everything dim and indistinct, as we tore away down a grassy slope;
+the view terminating in a grove of tall trees, situated upon a
+rising-ground. Beyond the dark outline of the trees, I saw nothing.
+
+As we neared the grove, Satan slackened his speed; this I thought he
+did with a view to crush me against the trunks of the trees. To
+prevent him from having time to do this, I struck him with the spurs,
+and away again he went like fury. As he burst through the trees, I
+flung my head forward upon his neck, to prevent myself from being
+swept off by the lower branches. In doing this, the spurs accidentally
+came in contact with his sides. He gave one tremendous leap
+forward--the ground sank under his feet--the horse was thrown over his
+own head--I was jerked into the air--and, amid an avalanche of earth
+and stones, we were hurled down a perpendicular bank into the brown,
+swollen waters of the Clyde.
+
+Owing to a bend in the river, the force of the current was directed
+against this particular spot, and had undermined it; and although
+strong enough to bear a man or a horse, under ordinary circumstances,
+yet down at once it thundered under the desperate leap of Satan.
+However, it did not signify, as nothing could have prevented us from
+surging into the water at the next bound.
+
+A large quantity of rain had fallen in the upper part of the shire;
+and, in consequence, the river was full from bank to brae. I was
+nearly a stranger to the place; indeed, so much so, that I had
+supposed we were running from the river. This, combined with the
+suddenness of the shock, and the appearance of a turbid, rapid
+river--sweeping down trees, brushwood, branches, hay, corn, and straw
+before it, with resistless force--was so foreign to my idea of the
+calm, peaceful Clyde, that when I rose to the surface, I was quite
+bewildered, and had very serious doubts as to my own identity.
+
+I was roused from this state of bewilderment by the snorting and
+splashing of the horse: he was making a bold attempt to scale the
+perpendicular bank. Had I been thrown into the body of the stream, I
+should have been swept away, and the animal must have perished; but in
+all heavy rapid runs of water, salt or fresh, there is what is termed
+an eddy stream, running close inshore, in a contrary direction to the
+main body of the water. I have seen Highlanders in their boats
+catching fish in the eddy stream of the Gulf of Corrievrekin, within a
+short distance of the main tide, which, had it but got the slightest
+hold on their boat, would have swept them with fearful velocity into
+the jaws of the roaring gulf. I was caught by this eddy, which kept me
+stationary, and enabled me, by a few strokes, to reach the horse's
+side. To cross the river, or to land here, was alike impossible; so I
+took the reins in my right hand, wheeled the horse from the bank, and
+dashed at once with him into the strength of the current. Away we
+went, Satan and I, in capital spirits both; not a doubt of our
+effecting a safe landing ever crossing my mind. And the horse evinced
+his certainty upon that subject, by snatching a bite out of a heap of
+hay that floated at his side, and eating it as composedly as if he had
+been in the stable.
+
+We soon swept round the high bank that had caused our misfortune, and
+came to a level part of the country, which was flooded far up into the
+fields. I then struck strongly out in a slanting direction for the
+shore, and soon had the satisfaction of finding myself once more upon
+the green turf. Satan shook himself, pricked up his ears, and gave a
+low neigh. I then stroked him, and spoke kindly to him. He returned
+the caress by licking my hand. Poor fellow! he had contracted a
+friendship for me in the water--a friendship which terminated only
+with his life; and which was rendered the more valuable, by his never
+extending it to another living thing.
+
+
+
+
+THE GOLD-FEVER IN AUSTRALIA.
+
+
+The discovery of gold in the new continent has thrown the country into
+a state which well merits examination. The same circumstance in
+California was no interruption to progress of any kind. It merely
+peopled a desert, and opened a trade where there was none before;
+while in Australia it finds an established form of civilisation, and a
+commerce flowing in recognised channels. It is an interesting task,
+therefore, to trace the nature of the influence exercised in the
+latter country over old pursuits by the new direction of industry; and
+it is with some curiosity we open a mercantile circular, dated Sydney,
+1st November 1851. This, we admit, is a somewhat forbidding document
+to mere literary readers; but we shall divest its contents of their
+technical form, and endeavour, by their aid, to arrive at some general
+idea of the real state and prospects of the colony.
+
+Up to the middle of last May, the colonial heart beat high with hope.
+Trade was good; the pastoral interests were flourishing; the country
+properties, as a matter of course, were improving; and the
+introduction of the alpaca, the extended culture of the vine, and the
+growth of cotton, appeared to present new and rich sources of wealth.
+At that moment came the discovery of the Gold Fields; and a shock was
+communicated to the whole industrial system, which to some people
+seemed to threaten almost annihilation. The idea was, that
+gold-digging would swallow up all other pursuits, and the flocks
+perish in the wilderness from the want of shepherds. Nor was this
+altogether without foundation; for the stockholders have actually been
+considerable sufferers: all the industrial projects mentioned have
+been stopped short; and the gold-diggings still continue to attract to
+themselves, as if by a spell, the labour of the country. The panic,
+however, has now subsided. It is seen that the result is not so bad as
+was anticipated, and hopes are entertained that the evil will go no
+further. A stream of population, it is thought, will be directed to
+Australia from abroad, and the labour not demanded by gold may suffice
+for other pursuits. Up to the date of the circular, the value of gold
+shipped for England from New South Wales had been L. 217,000, and it
+was supposed that about L. 130,000 more remained at Sydney and in the
+hands of the miners: 10,000 persons were actually engaged in mining,
+and 5000 more concerned otherwise in the business; and as the result
+of the exertions of that multitude, the amount of gold fixed
+arbitrarily for exportation during the next twelve months, is L.
+2,000,000.
+
+But, on the other hand, in the Sydney district alone, the trade in
+wool has already fallen off to the extent of several thousand bales--a
+deficiency, however, not as yet attributed to the diminished number of
+the sheep. It is supposed that the high rates of labour will operate
+chiefly in disinclining the farmers to extend their operations; and if
+this at the same time affords them leisure and motive to attend better
+to the state of their clips, it will ultimately have an effect rather
+beneficial than otherwise. Australian wool has hitherto been
+attainable by foreigners only in the English market; but it is a
+favourable symptom that two cargoes left Sydney last year direct for
+Hamburg. To shew the falling off in trade during the gold year, it may
+be mentioned that the exports of wool in the two previous years were
+about 52,000 bales; and in 1850-1, about 48,000. There was likewise a
+deficiency of about 6000 casks of tallow, and 3000 hides.
+
+It is interesting to notice, that preserved meats are sent from New
+South Wales to the neighbouring colonies and to England in
+considerable quantities. Timber for shipbuilding is rising in
+estimation in the English market. Australian wines are said to be
+fully equal to Rhenish; and a Vineyard Association has been formed for
+the purpose of improvement. Wool, however, is at present the great
+staple; and the Circular seems to derive some consolation from the
+idea, that if the crop should continue deficient, prices in England
+will probably be maintained. 'To anticipate the future prices for our
+staples,' it says, 'in a market open to so many influences as that of
+Great Britain, is almost impossible; but it may be well to point out
+the causes which are likely to affect their value--we allude more
+especially to wool. We have stated that the production thereof, in New
+South Wales, is likely to be checked by the attraction of the
+gold-diggings; and still further, by the gradual abandonment of
+indifferent or limited runs, which formerly supported a large number
+of sheep, but which will not pay to work at present prices of wool and
+labour. Therefore, if we bear in mind that Australia has furnished
+half of the entire quantity of the wools imported into Great Britain,
+and that the English buyers have hitherto been purchasing in
+anticipation of a large annual increase from hence, which for the
+present, at anyrate, will not be forthcoming, we think we need be
+under no apprehension of lower prices than the present.'
+
+It will be remarked, that this somewhat unfavourable report is made at
+the end of the first six months of the gold-fever. That kind of
+gold-seeking, however, which unsettles the habits of a population, and
+represses the other pursuits of industry, is not likely to endure very
+long in any country. It must give way in time to scientific mining,
+which is as legitimate a business as any other, and which, by the
+wealth it circulates, will tempt men into new avenues of industry, and
+recruit, to any extent that may be desirable, the supply of labour.
+Hitherto that supply has come in inadequate quantities, or from
+polluted sources; but we have now precisely what the colony wanted--a
+stream of voluntary emigration, which, in the process of time, when
+skilled labour only can be employed, will flood the diggings, and its
+superfluous portions find their level in the other employments
+afforded by the country. That this will take place without the
+inconvenience of a transition period, is not to be expected; but, upon
+the whole, we look upon the present depression of the legitimate trade
+of the colony as merely a temporary evil, arising out of circumstances
+that are destined to work well for its eventual prosperity.
+
+The same process, it should be observed, has already been gone through
+in California. The lawless adventurers who rushed to the gold-fields
+from all parts of the world subsided gradually into order from mere
+motives of self-preservation; and as the precious metal disappeared
+from the surface, multitudes were driven by necessity or policy into
+employments more remunerative than digging. The large mining
+population--the producers of gold--became the consumers of goods;
+markets of all kinds were opened for their supply; emporia of trade
+rose along the coast; and a country that so recently was almost a
+desert, now promises to become one of the great marts of the commerce
+of the world. If this has been the case in California, the process
+will be much easier in Australia, where the rudiments of various
+businesses already exist, and where the staple articles of produce are
+such as can hardly be pushed to a superfluous extent.
+
+The true calamity, however, under which the fixed colonists, the
+producers of the staples, suppose themselves to suffer, is the change
+occasioned in the price of labour by the golden prospects of the
+diggings. On this question there is always considered to be two
+antagonistical interests--that of the employers, and that of the
+employed; the former contending for the minimum, and the latter for
+the maximum rate. But this is a fallacy. The interest of the two is
+identical; and for these obvious reasons, that if wages be too high,
+the capitalist must cease to produce and to employ; and if too low,
+the working population must sink to the position of unskilled
+labourers at home, and eventually bring about that very state of
+society from which emigration is sought as an escape. In supposing
+their interests to be antagonistical, the one party reasons as badly
+as the other; but, somehow, there always attaches to the bad reasoning
+of the employed a stigma of criminality, from which that of the other
+is free. This is unjust enough in England, but in Australia it is
+ridiculous. A capitalist goes out, provided with a sum so small as to
+be altogether useless at home as a means of permanent support, but
+which, in the colony, he expects, with proper management, to place him
+for the rest of his life in a position of almost fabulous prosperity.
+These cheering views, however, he confines to his own class. The
+measure of his happiness will not be full unless he can find cheap
+labour, as well as magnificent returns. For this desideratum he will
+make any sacrifice. He will take your paupers, your felons--your
+rattlesnakes; anything in the shape of a drudge, who will toil for
+mere subsistence, and without one of the social compensations which
+render toil in England almost endurable.
+
+We are never sorry to hear of the high price of labour in countries
+where the employers live in ease and independence; and we join
+heartily in the counsel to the higher class of working-men in this
+country given by Mr Burton in his _Emigrants Manual_--'never to
+confound a large labour-market with good sources of employment.' It
+does not appear to us to be one of the least of the benefits that will
+accrue after convalescence from the gold-fever in Australia, the
+higher value the employed will set upon their labour. We cannot reason
+from the English standard, which has not been deliberately fixed, but
+forced upon us by competition, excessive population, public burdens,
+and the necessities of social position. In a new country, however,
+where all these circumstances are absent, and whither employers and
+employed resort alike for the purpose of bettering their condition, we
+should like to see traditions cast aside, and the fabric of society
+erected on a new basis.
+
+
+
+
+BURGOMASTER LAW IN PRUSSIA.
+
+
+On turning out, and then turning over, a mass of old papers which had
+lain packed up in a heavy mail-trunk for a period of more than forty
+years, I came the other day upon a little bundle of documents in legal
+German manuscript, the sight of which set me, old as I am, a laughing
+involuntarily, and brought back in full force to my memory the
+circumstances which I am about briefly to relate. A strange thing is
+this memory, by the way, and strangely moved by trifles to the
+exercise of its marvellous power. For more than thirty years--for the
+average period that suffices to change the generation of man upon
+earth--had this preposterous adventure, and everything connected with
+it, lain dormant in some sealed-up cavity of my brain, when the bare
+sight of the little bundle of small-sized German foolscap, with its
+ragged edges and blotted official pages, has set the whole paltry
+drama, with all its dignified performers, in motion before the retina
+of my mind's eye with all the reality of the actual occurrence.
+
+It was in the spring or early summer of the year 1806, that, in the
+capacity of companion and interpreter to a young nobleman who was
+making the tour of Germany, I was travelling on the high-road from
+Magdeburg to Berlin. We rolled along in a stout English carriage drawn
+by German post-horses, and having left Magdeburg after an early
+breakfast, stopped at a small neat town, some eighteen or twenty miles
+on our route--my patron intending to remain there for an hour or two,
+in the hope of being rejoined by a friend who had promised to overtake
+us. He ordered refreshment, and sat down and partook of it, while I,
+not choosing to participate, seated myself in the recess of
+an old-fashioned window, and kept my eyes fixed upon our
+travelling-carriage, from which the wearied horses had been removed,
+and which stood but a few paces from where I sat. At the end of an
+hour, my patron having satisfied his appetite, declined to wait any
+longer, and proposed that we should proceed on our journey. It was my
+office to discharge all accounts, and of course to check any attempt
+at peculation which might be made. I summoned the innkeeper, whose
+just demand was soon paid, and ordered the horses to be put to. This
+was done in a few minutes, and the stable-man, as we walked out to the
+carriage, came forward and presented his little bill. As I ran it
+hastily over before paying it, I saw that the rascal had charged for
+services which he had not rendered. With the design of making the most
+of a chance-customer, he had put down in his account a charge for
+greasing the wheels of the carriage. Now, as I had never taken my eyes
+from the carriage during the whole period of our stay, I could not be
+deceived in the conviction that this was a fraud. True, it was the
+merest trifle in the world; but the fellow who wanted to exact it was
+the model of an ugly, impudent, and barefaced rogue, and therefore I
+resolved not to pay him. Throwing him the money, minus the attempted
+imposition, I told him to consider himself fortunate that he had got
+that, which was more than such a rogue-_schurke_ was the word I
+used--deserved.
+
+'Do you call me a rogue?' said he.
+
+'Certainly; a rogue is your right name,' I replied, and sprang into
+the carriage.
+
+'Ho! ho!' said he; 'that is against the law. Hans Felder,' he bawled
+to the postilion, 'I charge you not to move; the horses may be led
+back to the stable: the gracious gentleman has called me a rogue.
+Stiefel, run for the police: the gracious gentleman says I am a rogue.
+I will cite him before the council.'
+
+It was in vain that I put my head out of the window, and bawled to the
+postilion to proceed. He was evidently afraid to move. In a few
+minutes a crowd began to collect around us, and in less than a quarter
+of an hour half the inhabitants of the place had assembled in front of
+the inn. The noise of a perfect Babel succeeded in an instant to the
+dull silence of the quiet town. I soon gathered from the vehement
+disputes that arose on all sides, that the populace were about equally
+divided into two parties. The more reasonable portion were for
+allowing us to proceed on our journey, and this would perhaps have
+been permitted, had not my companion, on understanding what was the
+matter, burst into an uncontrollable fit of laughter, and repeated the
+offensive word, accompanying it with a declaration in French, which
+many of the bystanders understood, that he considered it generally
+applicable. The landlord of the inn now came forth, and after a not
+very energetic attempt to conciliate the ostler, who refused to forego
+his determination to obtain legal redress, invited us to alight and
+resume our quarters in the inn. This we were compelled to do, to
+escape the annoyance of the crowd; and the carriage being housed under
+a shed, the horses returned to the stable. We had not been three
+minutes in the inn before the police appeared to take me into custody,
+and march me off to durance vile. By this time I began to see that the
+charge, and the dilemma into which it had led us, was no joke. I might
+perhaps have bribed the scoundrel who preferred it, and have sent away
+the police with a gratuity; but I felt as little disposed to do that
+as to go to prison. I refused to leave the inn, protested against the
+jurisdiction of their absurd laws over strangers, and at length, with
+the assistance of my companion, and a good deal of threatening talk,
+succeeded in ejecting the two police functionaries from the room. They
+kept watch, however, at the door, and planted sentinels at the
+windows, to prevent an ignominious flight that way.
+
+In the meanwhile, the whole town was in commotion, and everybody was
+hurrying towards the _rathhaus_, or town-hall, where it was plain
+enough that preparations were making for putting me immediately upon
+my trial. I saw the old _burgermeister_ go waddling by in his robe of
+office, accompanied by a crowd of nondescript officials, with one of
+whom my villainous-looking adversary was in close confabulation. In a
+short space of time, a band of very scurvy-looking police, plainly
+vamped up for the occasion, made its appearance; and one of the band
+entering the room without ceremony, presented me with a summons,
+couched in legal diction, citing me to appear instantly before the
+commission then sitting, to answer an indictment preferred against me
+by Karl Gurtler, Supernumerary Deputy Road Inspector of the district,
+whose honourable character I had unjustly and wantonly assailed and
+deteriorated by the application of the scandalous and defamatory term,
+schurke. There was nothing for it but to obey the mandate; and
+accordingly, requesting the bearer to convey my compliments to the
+assembled council, and to say that I would have the honour of
+attending them in a few minutes, I dismissed him, evidently soothed
+with my courteous reception. I did this with a view of getting rid of
+the _posse comitatus_, in whose company I did not much relish the idea
+of being escorted as a prisoner. My politeness, however, had not the
+anticipated effect, as, upon emerging from the inn, we found the whole
+squad waiting at the door as a sort of body-guard, to make sure of our
+attendance.
+
+On arriving at the rathhaus, which was crammed to overflowing with all
+the inhabitants of the place who could possibly wedge themselves into
+it, way was cleared for us through the crowd to the seats which had
+been considerately allotted for us, in front of the tribunal. A more
+extraordinary bench of justice was perhaps never convened. It was
+plain that the little village was steeped in poverty to the lips, and
+that I, having been entrapped, through an unconscious expression, in
+the meshes of some antiquated law, was doomed to administer in some
+measure to their need by the payment of a penalty and costs. The fat
+old fellow who presided as judge, and beneath whose robe of office an
+unctuous leathery surtout was all too visible, peered in vain through
+a pair of massive horn-spectacles into a huge timber-swathed volume in
+search of the act, the provisions of which I had violated. At length,
+the schoolmaster--a meagre, pensive-looking scarecrow, industriously
+patched all over--came to his assistance, turned over the ponderous
+code by which the little community were governed, and having rummaged
+out the law, and the clause under the provisions of which I had been
+so summarily arrested, handed it to the clerk, who I shrewdly
+suspected to be nothing more or less than the village barber. He, at
+the command of the judge, read it aloud for the information of all
+present, and for my especial admonition. From the contents, it
+appeared to have been decreed, how long ago I had no means of judging,
+that, for the better sustentation of good morals and good-breeding,
+and for the prevention of quarrelling, or unseemly and abusive
+conversation, any person who should call or designate any other person
+in the said town by the name of thief, villain, rascal, rogue
+(schurke), cheat, charlatan, impostor, wretch, coward, sneak,
+suborner, slanderer, tattler, and sundry other titles of ill-repute,
+which I cannot recollect now, and could not render into English were I
+to recall them, should, upon complaint of the person aggrieved, and
+upon proof of the offence by the evidence of worthy and truth-speaking
+witnesses, be amerced in such penalty, not exceeding a certain sum, as
+in the estimation of the presiding magistrate should be held to be a
+proper compensation for the injury to his reputation suffered by the
+plaintiff. When the clerk drew breath at the end of the long-winded
+clause, I inquired if the law in question made no counter-provision
+for cases which might occur where, the abusive term being richly
+deserved, it could be no crime to apply it. The schoolmaster, who,
+despite his patched habiliments, was a clever fellow, at once answered
+my question in the negative, and justified the omission of any such
+provision by contraverting the position I had advanced upon moral
+grounds. This he did in a speech of some length, and with remarkable
+ingenuity and good sense; proving--to the satisfaction of his
+fellow-townsmen at least--that to taunt a malefactor openly with his
+misdeeds, was not the way to reform him, while it was a sure mode of
+producing a contrary result; and winding up with an assurance, that
+the law was a good law, and perfect in all its parts; and that if I
+had suffered wrong, I might obtain at their hands redress as readily
+and with as much facility as my antagonist.
+
+I had nothing to reply to this, and the proceedings went on in due
+form. Without being sworn, the plaintiff was called upon to state his
+case, which he did with an elaborate circumlocution altogether without
+a parallel in my experience. He detailed the whole history of his
+life--from his birth, in Wolfenbuettel, up to his seven years' service
+in the army; then followed his whole military career; and after that,
+his service under the _weg_-inspector, which was rewarded at length by
+the gratification of his honest ambition, in his appointment as
+supernumerary deputy road inspector of the district. He enlarged upon
+the service he had rendered to, and the honours he had received from,
+his country; and then put it to his judges to decide whether, as a
+public officer, a soldier, and a man of honour, he could submit to be
+stigmatised as a schurke, without appealing to the laws of his
+Fatherland to vindicate his character. Of course it was not to be
+thought of. He then detailed the circumstances of the assault I had
+made upon his character, forgetting to mention, however, the
+provocation he had given by the fraudulent charge for greasing. Having
+finished his peroration, he proceeded to call witnesses to the fact of
+the abuse, and cited Hans Felder, our postilion, to be first examined.
+Hans, who had heard every syllable that passed, was not, however, so
+manageable a subject as the plaintiff expected to find him. Whether,
+like Toby Allspice in the play, he 'made it a rule never to disoblige
+a customer;' or whether, which was not unlikely, he owed Karl Gurtler
+a grudge, either for stopping him on his route, or for some previous
+disagreement with that conscientious public functionary; or whether,
+which was likeliest of all, he feared to compromise his claim for
+_trinkgeld_ from the highborn, gracious gentlemen he had the honour of
+driving, I cannot pretend to determine. Certain it is, that when
+brought to the bar, he had heard nothing, and seen nothing, and knew
+nothing, and could recollect nothing, and say nothing, about the
+business in hand; and nothing but nothing could be got out of him by a
+single member of the bench, though all took him in hand by turns. He
+was finally sent down. By this time, so dilatory had been the
+proceedings, the sun was sinking in the west. My companion, weary of
+the prosecutor's long story, had withdrawn to the inn to order dinner.
+As the second witness was about to give his testimony, a note was
+handed to the old burgermeister, who, having given it a glance,
+immediately adjourned the court till the next morning at nine o'clock.
+The assembly broke up, and, returning to the inn, I found that the
+proceedings had been stopped by the landlord, to save the reputation
+of his cookery, which would have been endangered had the dinner waited
+much longer. Having first consulted my fellow-traveller, he had
+despatched directions to the judge to adjourn the case till the
+morrow, who, like a good and obliging neighbour, had accordingly done
+so.
+
+The little town was unusually alive and excited that evening. Karl
+Gurtler was the centre of an admiring circle, who soon enveloped him
+in the incense of their meerschaums. He held a large levee in the
+common room of the inn, where a succession of very terrific
+battle-songs kept us up to a late hour, as it was of no use to think
+of slumber during their explosion. The next morning, at the appointed
+hour, the proceedings recommenced, and the remainder of the witnesses
+were examined at full length. It was in vain that I offered to plead
+guilty, and pay the penalty, whatever it might be, so that we might be
+allowed to proceed on our journey. I was solemnly reminded, that it
+was not for me to interrupt the course of justice, but to await its
+decision with patience. I saw they were determined to prevent our
+departure as long as possible; and, judging that the only way to
+assist in the completion of the unlucky business, was to interpose no
+obstacle to its natural course, I henceforth held my peace, conjuring
+my companion on no account to give directions for dinner. After a
+sitting of nearly seven hours on the second day, when everything that
+could be lugged into connection with the silly affair had been said
+and reiterated ten times over, the notary in attendance read over his
+condensed report of the whole, and I was called upon for my defence. I
+told them plainly that I did not choose to make any; that I was sick
+of the company of fools; that since it was a crime to speak the truth
+in their good town, I was willing to pay the penalty for so doing, for
+the privilege of leaving it; that I was astonished and disgusted at
+the spectacle of a company of grave men siding with such a beggarly
+_raeuber_ (I believed that term was not proscribed in their precious
+statute) as Karl Gurtler was, and taking advantage of the law, of
+which a stranger must necessarily be ignorant, to obstruct him on his
+journey, and levy a contribution on his purse; and I added, finally,
+for I had talked myself into an angry mood, that if the farce were not
+immediately brought to a conclusion, I should despatch my friend
+forthwith to Berlin, and lay a report of their proceedings before the
+British ambassador. I could perceive something like consternation in
+the broad visage of the burgermeister as I concluded my harangue; but
+without attempting to answer it, the Solons on the bench laid their
+heads together, and after a muttering of a few minutes' duration, the
+schoolmaster pronounced the sentence of the court, which was, that I
+should indemnify the plaintiff to the amount of one dollar, and pay
+the costs of the proceedings, which amounted to three more. I could
+scarce forbear laughing at the mention of a sum so ludicrous. Fifteen
+shillings for penalty and costs of a trial which had lasted nearly two
+days! I threw down the money, and was hastening from the court, when
+the notary called upon me to stop for one moment, while he concluded
+his report of the case, to which, it appeared, their laws gave me a
+valid claim. I took the papers, and crammed them into my valise, in
+the hasty packing which took place so soon as I got back to my
+companion. In a quarter of an hour, we were on our road towards
+Berlin, having been taught a lesson of politeness, even towards
+rogues, at the expense of a stoppage of more than thirty hours on our
+route. I have no recollection how the papers found their way into the
+old trunk from which they were lately unkennelled. They are now before
+me, and consist of nearly fifty sides of small foolscap, written in a
+bold legal hand, affording a unique specimen of the cheapness of law
+amongst a community who, it is to be supposed, had but little demand
+for it.
+
+A few short months after this event, and the little town where it took
+place had something else to think of. The ill-advised step of the
+Prussian government, who, relying upon the aid of Russia, declared war
+against Napoleon, brought the devastating hordes of republican France
+among them. The battle of Jena placed the whole kingdom at the foot of
+the conqueror; and few towns suffered more, comparatively, than the
+little burgh which, by the decree of a very doubtful sort of justice,
+had mulcted me in penalties for calling a very ill-favoured rogue by
+his right name.
+
+
+
+
+TRACES OF THE DANES AND NORWEGIANS IN ENGLAND.
+
+
+Mr J. J. A. Worsaae, a conspicuous member of that brilliant corps of
+northern antiquaries who have of late given a new wing to history,
+travelled through the United Kingdom in 1846-7, on a commission from
+his sovereign the king of Denmark, to make inquiry respecting the
+monuments and memorials of the Danes and Norwegians, which might still
+be extant in these islands. The result of his investigations appeared
+in a concise volume, which has been translated into English, and
+published by Mr Murray in a handsome style, being illustrated by
+numerous wood-cuts.[4] It is a work which we would recommend to the
+attention of all who feel any interest in our early history, as
+calculated to afford them a great gratification. One is surprised to
+find in how great a degree the Northmen affected Britain; what an
+infusion of Scandinavian blood there is in our population; how many
+traces of their predominancy survive in names of places and in more
+tangible monuments. Mr Worsaae writes with a warm feeling towards his
+country and her historical reminiscences, but without allowing it to
+carry him into any extravagances. He is everywhere clear and
+simple--sometimes rises into eloquence; and always displays a close
+and searching knowledge of his subject.
+
+From the end of the eighth century till the time of the Norman
+Conquest, the restless chiefs of Denmark and Norway were continually
+in the practice of making piratical expeditions to our shores. They
+committed terrible devastations, and made many settlements, almost
+exclusively on the eastern coast. Finally, as is well known, we had a
+brief succession of Danish kings in England, including the magnanimous
+Canute. When we look at the quiet people now inhabiting Denmark and
+Norway, we are at a loss to understand whence came or where resided
+that spirit of reckless daring which inspired such a system of
+conquest, or how it came so completely to die out; but the explanation
+is, that the Northmen of those days were heathens, animated by a
+religion which made them utterly indifferent to danger. Whenever they
+became Christianised, they began to appreciate life like other men,
+and ceased, of course, to be the troublers they had once been. Mr
+Worsaae draws a line from London to Chester--the line of the great
+Roman road (Watling Street)--to the north of which the infusion of
+Scandinavian population is strong, and their monuments abundant. A
+vast number of names of places in that part of the island are of
+Danish origin--all ending in _by_, which in Danish signifies a town,
+as Whitby (the White Town), Derby (Deoraby, the town of Deer), Kirby
+(the church town), &c.--all ending in _thwaite_, which signifies an
+isolated piece of land--all ending in _thorpe_ (Old Northern, a
+collection of houses separated from some principal estate)--all ending
+in _naes_, a promontory, and _ey_ or _oee_, an island. _Toft_, a field;
+_with_, a forest; _beck_, a streamlet; _tarn_, a mountain-lake;
+_force_, a waterfall; _garth_, a large farm; _dale_, a valley; and
+_fell_, a mountain, are all of them common elements of names of places
+in England, north of the line above indicated, and all are
+Scandinavian terms. The terminations _by_, _thwaite_, and _thorpe_,
+are still common in Denmark.
+
+Mr Worsaae found many memorials of the Northmen in London: for
+example, the church of St Clement's Danes, where this people had their
+burial-place; the name _Southwark_, which is 'unmistakably of Danish
+or Norwegian origin;' St Olave's Church there, and even Tooley Street,
+which is a corruption of the name of that celebrated Norsk saint; but,
+above all, in the fact that 'the highest tribunal in the city has
+retained in our day its pure old northern name "Husting."' The fact
+is, that about the time of Canute, the Danes predominated over the
+rest of the population of London. Mr Worsaae was not able to trace the
+Danish face or form as a distinct element in the modern population. In
+going northward, however, he soon began to find that the prevailing
+physiognomy was of a northern character: 'The form of the face is
+broader, the cheek-bones project a little, the nose is somewhat
+flatter, and at times turned a little upwards; the eyes and hair are
+of a lighter colour, and even deep-red hair is far from being
+uncommon. The people are not very tall in stature, but usually more
+compact and strongly built than their countrymen towards the south.
+The Englishman himself seems to acknowledge that a difference is to be
+found in the appearance of the inhabitants of the northern and
+southern counties; at least, one constantly hears in England, when
+red-haired, compact-built men with broad faces are spoken of: "They
+must certainly be from Yorkshire;" a sort of admission that light
+hair, and the broad peculiar form of the face, belong mostly to the
+north of England people.... In the midland, and especially in the
+northern part of England, I saw every moment, and particularly in the
+rural districts, faces exactly resembling those at home. Had I met the
+same persons in Denmark or Norway, it would never have entered my mind
+that they were foreigners. Now and then I also met with some whose
+taller growth and sharper features reminded me of the inhabitants of
+South Jutland, or Sleswick, and particularly of Angeln; districts of
+Denmark which first sent colonists to England. It is not easy to
+describe peculiarities which can be appreciated in all their details
+only by the eye; nor dare I implicitly conclude that in the
+above-named cases I have really met with persons descended in a
+direct line from the old Northmen. I adduce it only as a striking
+fact, which will not escape the attention of at least any observant
+Scandinavian traveller, that the inhabitants of the north of England
+bear, on the whole, more than those of any other part of that country,
+an unmistakable personal resemblance to the Danes and Norwegians.'
+
+Scandinavian words abound in the popular language of those districts.
+'On entering a house there, one will find the housewife sitting with
+her _rock_ (Dan., _Rok_; Eng., a distaff) and _spoele_ (Dan., _Spole_;
+Eng., spool, a small wheel on the spindle); or else she has set both
+her _rock_ and her _garnwindle_ (Dan., _Garnvinde_; Eng., reel or
+yarn-winder) aside, whilst standing by her _back-bword_ (Dan.,
+_Bagebord_; Eng., baking-board) she is about to knead dough (Dan.,
+_Deig_), in order to make the oaten-bread commonly used in these
+parts, at times, also, barley-bread; for _clap-bread_ (Dan.,
+_Klappebroed_, or thin cakes beaten out with the hand), she lays the
+dough on the _clap-board_ (Dan., _Klappebord_.) One will also find the
+_bord-claith_ spread (Dan., _Bordklaede_; Eng. table-cloth); the people
+of the house then sit on the _bank_ or _bink_ (Dan., _Baenk_; Eng.,
+bench), and eat _Aandorn_ (Eng., afternoon's repast), or, as it is
+called in Jutland and Fuenen, _Onden_ (dinner.) The chimney (_lovver_)
+stands in the room; which name may perhaps be connected with the
+Scandinavian _lyre_ (Icelandic, _ljori_)--namely, the smoke-hole in
+the roof or thatch (_thack_), out of which, in olden times, before
+houses had regular chimneys and "_lofts_" (Dan., _Loft_; Eng., roof,
+an upper room), the smoke (_reek_ or _reik_, Dan., _Roeg_) left the
+dark (_mirk_ or _murk_, Dan., _Moerk_) room. Within is the _bower_ or
+_boor_ (Eng., bed-chamber), in Danish, _Buur_; as, for instance, in
+the old Danish word _Jomfrubuur_ (the maiden's chamber), and in the
+modern word _Fadebuur_ (the pantry.)'
+
+Mr Worsaae only speaks the truth when he remarks how the name of the
+Danes has been impressed on the English mind. 'Legends about the Danes
+are,' he says, 'very much disseminated among the people, even in the
+south of England. There is scarce a parish that has not in some way or
+another preserved the remembrance of them. Sometimes, they are
+recorded to have burned churches and castles, and to have destroyed
+towns, whose inhabitants were put to the sword; sometimes, they are
+said to have burned or cut down forests; here are shewn the remains of
+large earthen mounds and fortifications which they erected; there,
+again, places are pointed out where bloody battles were fought with
+them. To this must be added the names of places--as, the
+_Danes-walls_, the _Danish forts_, the _Dane-field_, the
+_Dane-forest_, the _Danes-banks_, and many others of the like kind.
+Traces of Danish castles and ramparts are not only found in the
+southern and south-eastern parts of England, but also quite in the
+south-west, in Devonshire and Cornwall, where, under the name of
+_Castelton Danis_, they are particularly found on the sea-coast. In
+the chalk-cliffs, near Uffington, in Berkshire, is carved an enormous
+figure of a horse, more than 300 feet in length; which, the common
+people say, was executed in commemoration of a victory that King
+Alfred gained over the Danes in that neighbourhood. On the heights,
+near Eddington, were shewn not long since the intrenchments, which, it
+was asserted, the Danes had thrown up in the battle with Alfred. On
+the plain near Ashdon, in Essex, where it was formerly thought that
+the battle of Ashingdon had taken place, are to be seen some large
+Danish barrows which were long, but erroneously, said to contain the
+bones of the Danes who had fallen in it. The so-called dwarf-alder
+(_Sambucus ebulus_), which has red buds, and bears red berries, is
+said in England to have germinated from the blood of the fallen Danes,
+and is therefore also called _Daneblood_ and _Danewort_. It flourishes
+principally in the neighbourhood of Warwick; where it is said to have
+sprung from, and been dyed by, the blood shed there, when Canute the
+Great took and destroyed the town.
+
+'Monuments, the origin of which is in reality unknown, are, in the
+popular traditions, almost constantly attributed to the Danes. If the
+spade or the plough brings ancient arms and pieces of armour to light,
+it is rare that the labourer does not suppose them to have belonged to
+that people. But particularly if bones or joints of unusual size are
+found, they are at once concluded to be the remains of the gigantic
+Danes, whose immense bodily strength and never-failing courage had so
+often inspired their forefathers with terror. For though the
+Englishman has stories about the cruelties of the ancient Danes, their
+barbarousness, their love of drinking, and other vices, he has still
+preserved no slight degree of respect for Danish bravery and Danish
+achievements. "As brave as a Dane," is said to have been an old phrase
+in England; just as "to strike like a Dane" was, not long since, a
+proverb at Rome. Even in our days, Englishmen readily acknowledge that
+the Danes are the "best sailors on the continent;" nay, even that,
+themselves of course excepted, they are "the best and bravest sailors
+in all the world." It is, therefore, doubly natural that English
+legends should dwell with singular partiality on the memorials of the
+Danes' overthrow. Even the popular ballads revived and glorified the
+victories of the English. Down to the very latest times was heard in
+Holmesdale, in Surrey, on the borders of Kent, a song about a battle
+which the Danes had lost there in the tenth century.'
+
+In our own northern land, the Northmen committed as many devastations,
+and made nearly as many settlements, as in England. The Orcadian
+Islands formed, indeed, a Norwegian kingdom, which was not entirely at
+an end till the thirteenth century. In that group, and on the adjacent
+coasts of Caithness and Sutherlandshires, the appearance of the
+people, the names of places, and the tangible monuments, speak
+strongly of a Scandinavian infusion into the population. Sometimes,
+between the early Celtic people still speaking their own language, and
+the descendants of the Norwegians, a surprisingly definite line can be
+drawn. The island of Harris is possessed for the most part by a set of
+Celts, 'small, dark-haired, and in general very ugly;' but at the
+northern point, called 'the Ness,' we meet with people of an entirely
+different appearance. 'Both the men and women have, in general,
+lighter hair, taller figures, and far handsomer features. I visited
+several of their cabins, and found myself surrounded by physiognomies
+so Norwegian, that I could have fancied myself in Scandinavia itself,
+if the Gaelic language now spoken by the people, and their wretched
+dwellings, had not reminded me that I was in one of those poor
+districts in the north-west of Europe where the Gaels or Celts are
+still allowed a scanty existence. The houses, as in Shetland, and
+partly in Orkney, are built of turf and unhewn stones, with a wretched
+straw or heather roof, held together by ropes laid across the ridge of
+the house, and fastened with stones at the ends. The houses are so
+low, that one may often see the children lie playing on the side of
+the roof. The family and the cattle dwell in the same apartment, and
+the fire, burning freely on the floor, fills the house with a thick
+smoke, which slowly finds its way out of the hole in the roof. The
+sleeping-places are, as usual, holes in the side-walls.
+
+'It is but a little while ago that the inhabitants of the Ness, who
+are said to have preserved faint traditions of their origin from
+Lochlin--called also in Ireland, Lochlan--or the North, regarded
+themselves as being of better descent than their neighbours the Gaels.
+The descendants of the Norwegians seldom or never contracted marriage
+with natives of a more southern part of the island, but formed among
+themselves a separate community, distinguished even by a peculiar
+costume, entirely different from the Highland Scotch dress. Although
+the inhabitants of Ness are now, for the most part, clothed like the
+rest of the people of Lewis, I was fortunate enough to see the dress
+of an old man of that district, which had been preserved as a
+curiosity. It was of thick, coarse woollen stuff, of a brown colour,
+and consisted of a close-fitting jacket, sewn in one piece, with a
+pair of short trousers, reaching only a little below the knees. It was
+formerly customary with them not to cover the head at all.'
+
+The people of the Ness are described as good fishermen--a striking
+trait of their original national character, for nothing could
+distinguish them more from their neighbours, the ordinary Highlanders
+being everywhere remarkable for their inaptitude to a sea-life.
+
+Tradition speaks loudly all over Scotland of the ancient doings of the
+Danes. So much, indeed, is this the case, that every antiquity which
+cannot be ascribed to the Romans, is popularly thought to be Danish,
+an idea which has been implicitly adopted by a great number of the
+Scotch clergy in the Statistical Account of their respective parishes.
+In the Highlands, Mr Worsaae found the people retaining a very fresh
+recollection of the terrors of the Northmen, and ready to believe that
+their incursions might yet be renewed. 'Having employed myself,' he
+says, 'in examining, among other things, the many so-called "Danish"
+or Pictish towers on the west and north-west coast of Sutherland, the
+common people were led to believe, that the Danes wished to regain
+possession of the country, and with that view intended to rebuild the
+ruined castles on the coasts. The report spread very rapidly, and was
+soon magnified into the news, that the Danish fleet was lying outside
+the sunken rocks near the shore, and that I was merely sent beforehand
+to survey the country round about; nay, that I was actually the Danish
+king's son himself, and had secretly landed. This report, which
+preceded me very rapidly, had, among other effects, that of making the
+poorer classes avoid, with the greatest care, mentioning any
+traditions connected with defeats of the Danes, and especially with
+the killing of any Dane in the district, lest they should occasion a
+sanguinary vengeance when the Danish army landed. Their fears were
+carried so far, that my guide was often stopped by the natives, who
+earnestly requested him, in Gaelic, not to lend a helping-hand to the
+enemies of the country by shewing them the way; nor would they let him
+go, till he distinctly assured them that I was in possession of maps
+correctly indicating old castles in the district which he himself had
+not previously known. This, of course, did not contribute to allay
+their fears; and it is literally true, that in several of the Gaelic
+villages, particularly near the firths of Loch Inver and Kyle-Sku, we
+saw on our departure old folks wring their hands in despair at the
+thought of the terrible misfortunes which the Danes would now bring on
+their hitherto peaceful country.'
+
+We have here been obliged wholly to overlook Mr Worsaae's curious
+chapters about Ireland and the Isle of Man, and to give what we cannot
+but feel to be a very superficial view of the contents of his book
+generally; but our readers have seen enough to inspire them with an
+interest in it, and we trust that this will lead many of them to its
+entire perusal.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4] _An Account of the Danes and Norwegians in England, Scotland, and
+Ireland._ By J. J. A. Worsaae, For. F. S. A., London; Author of
+_Primaeval Antiquities of Denmark._ London: Murray. 1852.
+
+
+
+
+CHILDREN OF PRISONS.
+
+
+When I was in Berlin, I went into the public prison, and visited every
+part of the establishment. At last I was introduced to a very large
+hall, which was full of children, with their books and teachers, and
+having the appearance of a Prussian school-room. 'What!' said I, 'is
+it possible that all these children are imprisoned here for crime?' 'O
+no,' said my conductor, smiling at my simplicity; 'but if a parent is
+imprisoned for crime, and on that account his children are left
+destitute of the means of education, and are liable to grow up in
+ignorance and crime, the government places them here, and maintains
+and educates them for useful employment.' This was a new idea to me. I
+know not that it has ever been suggested in the United States; but
+surely it is the duty of government, as well as its highest interest,
+when a man is paying the penalties of his crime in a public prison, to
+see that his unoffending children are not left to suffer and inherit
+their father's vices. Surely it would be better for the child, and
+cheaper as well as better for the state. Let it not be supposed that a
+man will go to prison for the sake of having his children taken care
+of; for those who go to prison, usually have little regard for their
+children. If they had, _discipline_ like that of the Berlin prison
+would soon sicken them of such a bargain.--_Professor Stowe_.
+
+
+
+
+JUPITER, AN EVENING STAR.
+
+
+    Ruler and hero, shining in the west
+      With great bright eye,
+    Rain down thy luminous arrows in this breast
+      With influence calm and high,
+    And speak to me of many things gone by.
+
+    Rememberest thou--'tis years since, wandering star--
+      Those eves in June,
+    When thou hung'st quivering o'er the tree-tops far,
+      Where, with discordant tune,
+    Many-tongued rooks hailed the red-rising moon?
+
+    Some watched thee then with human eyes like mine,
+      Whose boundless gaze
+    May now pierce on from orb to orb divine
+      Up to the Triune blaze
+    Of glory--nor be dazzled by its rays.
+
+    All things they know, whose wisdom seemed obscure;
+      They, sometime blamed,
+    Hold our best purities as things impure:
+      Their star-glance downward aimed,
+    Makes our most lamp-like deeds grow pale and shamed.
+
+    Their star-glance?--What if through those rays there gleam
+      Immortal eyes
+    Down to this dark? What if these thoughts, that seem
+      Unbidden to arise,
+    Be souls with my soul talking from the skies?
+
+    I know not. Yet awhile, and I shall know!--
+      Thou, to thy place
+    Slow journeying back, there startlingly to shew
+      Thy orb in liquid space,
+    Like a familiar death-lost angel face--
+
+    O planet! thou hast blotted out whole years
+      Of life's dull round;
+    The Abel-voice of heart's-blood and of tears
+      Sinks dumb into the ground,
+    And the green grass waves on with lulling sound.
+
+
+
+
+GRATUITOUS SERVICES.
+
+
+Never let people work for you _gratis_. Two years ago, a man carried a
+bundle for us to Boston, and we have been lending him two shillings a
+week ever since.--_American paper_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Printed and Published by W. and R. CHAMBERS, High Street, Edinburgh.
+Also sold by W. S. ORR, Amen Corner, London; D. N. CHAMBERS, 55 West
+Nile Street, Glasgow; and J. M'GLASHAN, 50 Upper Sackville Street,
+Dublin.--Advertisements for Monthly Parts are requested to be sent to
+MAXWELL & CO., 31 Nicholas Lane, Lombard Street, London, to whom all
+applications respecting their insertion must be made.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, No. 435, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S EDINBURGH ***
+
+***** This file should be named 18775.txt or 18775.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/7/7/18775/
+
+Produced by Malcolm Farmer, Richard J. Shiffer and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+*** END: FULL LICENSE ***
+
diff --git a/18775.zip b/18775.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ffd3455
--- /dev/null
+++ b/18775.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b08167c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #18775 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18775)