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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Transactions of the American Society of
+Civil Engineers, Vol. LXX, Dec. 1910, by A. Kempkey
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXX, Dec. 1910
+       A Concrete Water Tower, Paper No. 1173
+
+Author: A. Kempkey
+
+Release Date: July 3, 2006 [EBook #18748]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Sigal Alon and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
+
+INSTITUTED 1852
+
+
+TRANSACTIONS
+
+Paper No. 1173
+
+
+A CONCRETE WATER TOWER.[A]
+
+BY A. KEMPKEY, JR., JUN. AM. SOC. C. E.[B]
+
+WITH DISCUSSION BY MESSRS. MAURICE C. COUCHOT, L. J. MENSCH,
+A. H. MARKWART, AND A. KEMPKEY, JR.
+
+
+
+
+The City of Victoria is situated on the southern end of Vancouver
+Island, in the Province of British Columbia, Canada, and is the capital
+of the Province.
+
+In common with all cities of the extreme West, its growth has been very
+rapid within the last few years. The population of the city proper,
+together with that of the municipality of Oak Bay, immediately adjacent,
+is now about 35,000.
+
+The Victoria water-works are owned by the city and operated under the
+direction of a Water Commissioner appointed by the City Council. By
+special agreement, water is supplied to Oak Bay in bulk, this
+municipality having its own distributing system.
+
+The rapid increase in population, together with the fact that in recent
+years very little had been done toward increasing the water supply,
+resulted in the necessity for remodeling the entire system, and there
+are very few cities where this would involve as many complex problems or
+a greater variety of work.
+
+Water is drawn from Elk Lake, situated about five miles north of the
+city; thence it flows by gravity to the pumping station about four miles
+distant, and from there is pumped directly to the consumers.
+
+The remodeling of the system, as recently completed, provided for:
+
+1.--Increasing the capacity of Elk Lake by a system of levees.
+
+2.--Increasing the capacity of the main to the pumping station by
+replacing about two miles of the old 16-in., wrought-iron, riveted pipe
+with 24-in. riveted steel pipe.
+
+3.--Increasing the capacity of the pumping station by the installation
+of a 4,500,000-gal. pumping engine of the close-connected,
+cross-compound, Corliss, crank-and-fly-wheel type.
+
+4.--The construction of a 20,000,000-gal. concrete-lined distributing
+reservoir in the city.
+
+5.--The entire remodeling of the distributing system, necessitating the
+laying of about 1/2 mile each of 18-in. and 27-in. pipe, and about 1
+mile of 24-in. riveted steel pipe; also about 3,000 tons of cast-iron
+pipe, varying in size from 4 to 12 in.
+
+6.--The provision for a high-level service by means of an elevated tank
+of approximately 100,000 gal. capacity, water being supplied to the tank
+by two electrically-driven triplex pumps, each having a capacity of
+100,000 gal. per 24 hours, against a dynamic head of 150 ft., and
+arranged to start and stop automatically with a variation of 3 ft. in
+the elevation of the water in the tank. These pumps are located about
+one mile from the tower, and are controlled by a float-operated
+auto-start, in the base of the tower.
+
+A description of the elevated tank, which is novel in design, with the
+reasons for adopting the type of structure used, the method of
+construction, and the detailed cost, form the basis of this paper.
+
+The tower is on the top of the highest hill in the city, in the heart of
+the most exclusive residential district, beautiful homes clustering
+about its base. The necessity for architectural treatment of the
+structure is thus seen to be of prime importance. In fact, the
+opposition of the local residents to the ordinary type of elevated tank,
+that is, latticed columns supporting a tank with a hemispherical bottom
+and a conical roof, rendered its use impossible, although tenders were
+invited on such a structure.
+
+It is believed that under the conditions of location, three types of
+structure should be considered: First, an all-steel structure, the
+ornamentation being produced by casing in with brick or concrete;
+second, a brick-and-steel, or a concrete-and-steel, structure, such as
+the one actually erected; third, a typical reinforced concrete
+structure.
+
+Considering only that portion below the tank, the amount of material
+required to case in a structure of the first type would be substantially
+the same as that used to support the tank in a structure of the second
+type. Consequently, the steel substructure, for all practical purposes,
+would represent a dead loss, and, therefore, the economy of this type is
+open to serious question.
+
+A tender was received for a reinforced concrete structure identical in
+outward appearance with the one built, but, owing to the natural
+conservatism of the local residents regarding this type of construction,
+it was not acceptable.
+
+The tower, as built, consists of a hollow cylinder of plain concrete,
+109 ft. high, and having an inside diameter of 22 ft. The walls are 10
+in. thick for the first 70 ft. and 6 in. thick for the remaining 39 ft.,
+and are ornamented with six pilasters (70 ft. high, 3 ft. wide, and 7
+in. thick), a 4-ft. belt, then twelve pilasters (12 ft. high, 18 in.
+wide, and 7 in. thick), a cornice, and a parapet wall.
+
+A steel tank of the ordinary type is embedded in the upper 40 ft. of
+this cylinder. To form the bottom of this tank, a plain concrete dome is
+thrown across the cylinder at a point about 70 ft. from the base, the
+thrust of this dome being taken up by two steel rings, 1/2 in. by 14 in.
+and 3/8 in. by 18 in., bedded into the walls of the tower, the latter
+ring being riveted to the lower course of the tank.
+
+The tank is covered with a roof of reinforced concrete, 4 in. thick,
+conical in shape, and reinforced with 1/2-in. twisted steel bars. The
+design of the structure is clearly shown in Fig. 1.
+
+The tower is built on out-cropping, solid rock. This rock was roughly
+stepped, and a concrete sub-base built. This sub-base consists of a
+hollow ring, with an inside diameter of 20 ft., the walls being 5 ft.
+thick. It is about 2 ft. high on one side and 7 ft. high on the other,
+and forms a level base on which the tower is built. The forms for this
+sub-base consist of vertical lagging and circumferential ribs. The
+lagging is of double-dressed, 2 by 3-in. segments, and the ribs are of 2
+by 12-in. segments, 6 ft. long, lapping past one another and securely
+spiked together to form complete or partial circles. These ribs are 2
+ft. from center to center.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.--(Full page image)
+
+WATER TOWER VICTORIA, B.C. WATER-WORKS]
+
+Similar construction was used to form the taper base of the tower
+proper, except, of course, that the radii of the segments forming the
+successive ribs decreased with the height of the rib. Tapered lagging
+was used, being made by double dressing 2 by 6-in. pieces to 1-3/4 by
+5-13/16 in., and ripping on a diagonal, thus making two staves, 3 in.
+wide at one end and 2-3/4 in. wide at the other. This tapered lagging
+was used again on the 4-ft. belt and cornice forms, the taper being
+turned alternately up and down.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.--FORMS FOR WATER TOWER VICTORIA, B.C.]
+
+The interior diameter being uniform up to the bottom of the dome,
+collapsible forms were used from the beginning. These forms were
+constructed in six large sections, 6 ft. high, with one small key
+section with wedge piece to facilitate stripping, as shown in Fig. 2.
+There were three tiers of these, bolted end to end horizontally and to
+each other vertically.
+
+Above the taper base and except in the 4-ft. belt and cornice,
+collapsible forms were used on the outside also. There were six sections
+extending from column to column and six column sections, all bolted
+together circumferentially and constructed as shown in Fig. 2. Three
+tiers of these were also bolted together both vertically and
+horizontally.
+
+Having filled the top tier, the mode of operation was as follows:
+
+All horizontal bolts in the lower inside and outside forms were removed,
+as was also the small key section on the inside; this left each section
+suspended to the corresponding one immediately above it by the vertical
+bolts before mentioned. It is thus seen that in each case the center
+tier performed the double duty of holding the upper tier, which was full
+of green concrete, and the sections of the lower tier, until they were
+hoisted up and again placed in position to be filled.
+
+These lower forms were then hoisted by hand--four-part tackles being
+used--and placed in position on the top forms, their bottom edges being
+carefully set flush with the top edge of the form already in position,
+and then bolted to it. On the outside, the column forms, and on the
+inside, the wedge and key sections were set last. A 3-lb. plumb-bob on a
+fine line was suspended from the inner scaffold and carefully centered
+over a point set in the rock at the base. This line was in the exact
+center of the tower, and the tops of all the forms, after each shift,
+were carefully set from it by measurement, thus keeping the structure
+plumb.
+
+The first 23 in. of the barrel of the tower was moulded with special
+outside forms, constructed so as to form the bases of the large
+pilasters. After eleven applications of the 6-ft. forms, these 23-in.
+sections were reversed to form the capitals, thus making these
+pilasters, 69 ft. 10 in. over all.
+
+The forms of the 4-ft. belt and beading were made in twelve sections of
+simple segments and vertical lagging, as shown in Fig. 2.
+
+Two sets of the outside forms were split longitudinally, as shown in
+Fig. 2, and used to form the small pilasters. The first set was put in
+place, filled, and the concrete allowed to harden. The bolts were
+loosened and the forms raised 5-1/2 in. vertically, again bolted up, and
+the second set was placed in position, bringing the top of the second
+set up to the bottom of the cornice. The bases and capitals of the small
+pilasters were moulded on afterward.
+
+The cornice forms are clearly shown in Fig. 2. The small boxes
+separating the dentils are made of light stuff, and tacked into the
+cornice forms so that, in stripping, they would remain in place and
+could be taken out separately, in order to prevent breaking off the
+corners of the dentils. A number of outside and inside sections were
+sawed in half horizontally in order to provide forms for the parapet
+wall.
+
+The inside diameter of the tank is 8 in. greater than the inside
+diameter of the base. Two sets of inside forms were split longitudinally
+and opened out, as shown in Fig. 2, and another small section was added
+to complete the circle. The remaining set was left in place to support
+the dome forms.
+
+The dome forms were made in twelve sections, bolted together to
+facilitate stripping. All ribs and segments were cut to size on the
+ground, put together in place, and then covered with lagging and two-ply
+tar paper. The lagging on the lower sharp curve was formed of a double
+thickness of 3/8-in. spruce, the remainder being 1 by 4-in. pine, sized
+to a uniform thickness of 7/8 in. Fig. 3 shows the construction of these
+forms and the method of putting on the lagging.
+
+The roof forms were made in eight sections and bolted together to
+facilitate stripping. All ribs and segments were cut to size on the
+ground, put together in place, and covered with 1 by 4-in. lagging,
+dressed to a uniform thickness of 7/8 in., and two-ply tar paper. Fig. 3
+shows the construction of these forms. The segments being put in
+horizontally instead of square with the lagging, gave circles instead of
+parabolas, making them much easier to lay out, and giving a form which
+was amply stiff.
+
+The question of using an inside scaffold only was carefully considered,
+but owing to the considerable amount of ornamentation on the outside,
+necessitating a large number of individual forms, it was not thought
+that any economy would result.
+
+Fig. 4 and Figs. 1 and 2, Plate XXIII, show clearly the construction of
+the scaffolding.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXIII, FIG. 1.--SCAFFOLDING FOR WATER TOWER.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXIII, FIG. 2.--COMPLETED WATER TOWER.]
+
+All concrete was mixed wet, in a motor-driven, Smith mixer, and handled
+off the outside scaffold, being sent up in wheel-barrows on the ordinary
+contractor's hoist and placed in the forms through an iron chute having
+a hopper mouth. This chute was built in three sections bolted together,
+either one, two, or three sections being used, depending on the distance
+of the forms below the deck. When the top of the forms reached the
+elevation of any deck, the concrete was put in through the chute from
+the deck above. The chute was light and easily shifted by the
+wheel-barrow men, assisted by the man placing the concrete, during the
+interval between successive wheel-barrows.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.--FORMS FOR WATER TOWER VICTORIA, B.C.]
+
+The concrete, except that for the roof and parapet, was composed of sand
+and broken rock, the run of the crusher being used. That for the roof
+and parapet was composed of sand and gravel. The only reason for using
+gravel for the concrete of the roof was the ease with which it could be
+obtained in small quantities, the supply of broken rock having been used
+up, and this being the last concrete work to be done.
+
+The concrete used was as follows: 1:3:6 for the sub-base and taper base;
+1:3:5 for the barrel of the tower and tank casing; and 1:2:4 for the
+dome and roof. The dome was put in at one time, there being no joint,
+the same being true of the roof. Vancouver Portland cement,
+manufactured on the island about 15 miles from the city, was used
+throughout the work.
+
+Before filling, the inside of the tank was given a plaster coat,
+consisting of 1 part cement to 1-3/4 parts of fine sand. This proved to
+be insufficient to prevent leakage, the water seeping through the dome
+and appearing on the outside of the structure along the line of the
+bottom of the rings. Three more coats were then applied over the entire
+tank, and two additional ones over the dome and about 8 ft. up on the
+sides, and, except for one or two small spots which show just a sign of
+moisture, the tank is perfectly tight.
+
+The barrel of the tower was carried up to a height of 66 ft. A special
+set of inside forms, about 2 ft. high, extending to the springing line
+of the dome, was then put in, and the dome forms were set up on it. The
+idea was that this 2-ft. form could be knocked out piece by piece and
+the weight of the dome form taken on wedges to the last 6-ft. form,
+these wedges being gradually slackened down in order to allow the dome
+form to settle clear of the dome. As a matter of fact, this was done,
+but the dome forms, being very tight, did not settle, and had to be
+pried off a section at a time. A similar method was used for slacking
+down the roof forms, with similar results.
+
+After the dome forms had been put in, the concrete was carried up
+approximately to the elevation of the bottom of the rings. Small neat
+cement pads were then put in and accurately leveled, and on these the
+steel rings were placed, and the steel tank was erected.
+
+In order to insure a perfectly round tank, each course was erected
+against wooden templates accurately centered and fastened to the inside
+scaffold. The tank is the ordinary type of light steel, the lower course
+being 3/16-in., the next, No. 8 B. w. gauge, the next, No. 10 B. w.
+gauge, and the remaining four, No. 12 B. w. gauge.
+
+Work on the foundation was started on August 15th, 1908, and the tower
+was not completed until April 1st, 1909. Much time was lost waiting for
+the delivery of the steel, and also owing to a period of very cold
+weather which caused entire cessation of work for about one month.
+
+The tower as completed presents a striking appearance. In order to
+obliterate rings due to the successive application of the forms and to
+cover the efflorescence so common to concrete structures, the outside
+was given two coats of neat cement wash applied with ordinary
+calcimining brushes, and, up to the present time, this seems to have
+been very effective in accomplishing the desired result.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.--(Full page image)
+
+SCAFFOLD FOR WATER TOWER]
+
+Irregularities due to forms are unnoticeable at a distance of 200 or 300
+ft., and the grouting gave a very uniform color.
+
+The application of two coats of cement wash cost, for labor, $97.68, and
+for material, $15.18, or $1.32 per 100 sq. ft., labor being at the rate
+of $2.25 per 8 hours and cement costing $2.53 per bbl. delivered on the
+work.
+
+The tower was designed by Arthur L. Adams, M. Am. Soc. C. E., under
+whose direction the plans for all the work of remodeling the water-works
+system were prepared and executed. The forms, scaffolding, etc., were
+designed by the writer, who was also in immediate charge of the
+erection.
+
+Tenders received for the construction of the tower covered an extremely
+wide range, and indicated at once the utter lack of knowledge on the
+part of the bidders of the cost of a structure of this kind. Inasmuch as
+none of them had had previous experience in this class of construction,
+the engineer deemed it the part of wisdom and economy to retain the
+construction under his immediate supervision, and, therefore, the work
+was done by days' labor.
+
+Table 1 gives the cost of the structure. The total herein given will not
+coincide with the total cost as shown by the city's books, for the
+reason that various items not properly chargeable to the structure
+itself have been omitted, the principal ones of which are the cost of
+the site, the laying of about 600 ft. of sewer pipe to connect with the
+overflow, and considerable expense incident to the construction of a
+wagon road to the tower.
+
+The rates of wages paid, all being on a basis of an 8-hour day, were as
+follows:
+
+Common labor                         $2.25 and $2.50
+Carpenter                             4.00
+Carpenter's helper                    2.75
+Boiler-maker                          3.50
+Holders on                            2.50
+Boiler-maker foreman                  5.00
+Plasterers                            6.00
+Plasterers' helpers                   3.00
+
+The cost of material was as follows:
+
+Cement, per barrel                   $2.53
+Sand, per yard                        1.47
+Rock, per yard                        0.80
+Lumber, per 1,000 ft. b. m.          14.00 and 16.00
+
+All these prices are for material delivered on the work.
+
+An examination of the cost data, as given, will show that for the most
+part the unit costs are very high. This is due chiefly to the continued
+interruption of the work, during its later stages, owing to bad weather,
+particularly in the case of the erection of the steel tank. The material
+cost in this case was also exceedingly high.
+
+In the case of the concreting, inability to purchase a hoist and motor
+and the high cost of renting the same, together with the delays
+mentioned, added greatly to the unit cost.
+
+When it is considered that the cost of plastering covers that of four
+coats over the entire inside of the tank and three more over about
+one-third of it, it does not appear so high, especially in view of the
+high rate of wages paid.
+
+The cost per yard for concrete alone was $25.126, and this is probably
+about 25% in excess of the cost of the same class of work executed under
+more favorable conditions as to location, weather conditions, etc.
+
+TABLE 1.--COST OF HIGH-LEVEL TOWER, VICTORIA WATER-WORKS. (412 cu. yd.)
+
+=============================================================================
+                     |    TOTAL COST.              |   UNIT COST.
+---------------------+---------+--------+----------+---------------+---------
+                     |  Rate   |        |          |               |
+                     |   per   | Amount.| Complete.|     Labor.    |Material.
+                     |  hour.  |        |          |               |
+---------------------+---------+--------+----------+---------------+---------
+Preliminary Work:    |         |        |          |               |
+ Labor, Carpenter    |$0.50    |$11.00  |          |               |
+   Labor             | 0.344   | 64.94  |          |               |
+     "               | 0.281   | 249.67 |   $325.61| $0.790        |
+ Material            |         | 133.62 |    133.62|               | $0.324
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+Forms:               |         |        |          |               |
+ Buildings, shifting |         |        |          |               |
+  and stripping:     |         |        |          |               |
+   Labor, Carpenter  | 0.50    |1,832.99|          |               |
+    Labor            | 0.344   |   80.85|          |               |
+      "              | 0.281   |  563.84|  2,477.68| 6.014         |
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+ Material:           |         |        |          |               |
+   Lumber            |         |  583.49|          |               |
+   Hardware          |         |  325.51|          |               |
+   Miscellaneous     |         |   13.90|    922.90|               |  2.240
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+Scaffold:            |         |        |          |               |
+ Erecting and        |         |        |          |               |
+  tearing down:      |         |        |          |               |
+   Labor, Carpenter  | 0.50    |  693.00|          |               |
+    Labor            | 0.344   |  350.59|          |               |
+      "              | 0.281   |  117.27|  1,160.86| 2.818         |
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+ Material:           |         |        |          |               |
+   Lumber            |         |  487.77|          |               |
+   Hardware          |         |  202.79|    690.56|               |  1.676
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+Concreting:          |         |        |          |               |
+ Labor               | 0.50    |  142.00|          |               |
+   "                 | 0.344   |   11.00|          |               |
+   "                 | 0.281   |  947.81|  1,100.81| 2.672         |
+ Material:           |         |        |          |               |
+   Rock              |         |  317.30|          |               |
+   Sand              |         |  385.72|          |               |
+   Cement            |         |1,581.97|          |               |
+ Motor and Hoist:    |         |        |          |               |
+   Rental            |         |  406.56|          |               |
+   Power             |         |   83.53|  2,735.08|               |  6.638
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+Plastering           |         |        |          |               |
+ (3,000 sq. ft.):    |         |        |          |               |
+ Labor, Plasterers   | 0.75    |  116.50|          |               |
+   Labor             | 0.46-7/8|   15.00|          |               |
+     "               | 0.37-1/2|  198.52|          |               |
+     "               | 0.281   |  105.66|    435.68| 14.52         |
+                     |         |        |          |   per sq. ft. |
+ Material:           |         |        |          |               |
+   Sand              |         |    8.64|          |               |
+   Cement            |         |   66.10|          |               |
+   Alum and Potash   |         |   16.00|     90.74|  3.25         |
+                     |         |        |          |   per sq. ft. |
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+Cement Wash          |         |        |          |               |
+ (8,560 sq. ft.):    |         |        |          |               |
+   Labor             | 0.48-3/4|   50.00|          |               |
+     "               | 0.281   |   47.68|     97.68|1.14 per       |
+                     |         |        |          |   100 sq ft.  |
+ Material:           |         |        |          |               |
+   Cement            |         |   15.18|     15.18| 0.18  " " " " |
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+Windows, doors,      |         |        |          |               |
+ and scuttle:        |         |        |          |               |
+   Labor             | 0.50    |   49.00|     49.00|               |
+ Material:           |         |        |          |               |
+   1 door,           |         |        |          |               |
+    7 windows, etc.  |         |   47.26|    47.26 |               |
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+Equipment:           |         |        |          |               |
+ 40% of $461.46      |         |  184.58|    184.58| 0.448         |
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+Superintendence      |         |        |  1,241.45| 1.506         |
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+Steel Tank:          |         |        |          |               |
+ Labor, Carpenter    |$0.50    | $124.24|          |               |
+   Helper            | 0.344   |    2.75|          |               |
+   Boiler-makers     |         |  382.57|          |               |
+   Holders on        |         |  147.33|          |               |
+   Labor             |         |   40.61|          |               |
+   Foreman           | 0.625   |  186.25|   $883.75|$0.0441 per lb.|
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+ Material:           |         |        |          |               |
+   Tank, rivets, etc.|         |        |          |               |
+    (20,000 lb.)     |         |        |  1,740.69|               | $0.0875
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+Iron-work:           |         |        |          |               |
+ Spiral stairway,    |         |        |          |               |
+  inlet, and overflow|         |        |          |               |
+  pipes, ventilator, |         |        |          |               |
+  reinforcing steel, |         |        |          |               |
+  etc.:              |         |        |          |               |
+   Labor, Machinists |  0.50   |   89.50|          |               |
+    Helper           |  0.344  |  240.16|          |               |
+    Labor            |  0.281  |  100.79|    430.45|               |
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+   Material          |         |1,814.71|  1,814.71|               |
+---------------------+---------+--------+----------+---------------+---------
+   Total             |         |        |$16,578.29|               |
+=============================================================================
+
+
+
+
+DISCUSSION
+
+
+MAURICE C. COUCHOT, M. AM. SOC. C. E. (by letter).--It appears to the
+writer that in the design of this structure two features are open to
+criticism. The first is that such a high structure was built of plain
+concrete without any reinforcement. Even if the computation of stresses
+did not show the necessity for steel reinforcement, some should have
+been embedded in the work. As a matter of fact, the writer believes
+that, with the present knowledge of the benefit of reinforced concrete,
+a structure such as this should not be built without it. This applies
+mainly to the tower below the tank.
+
+The second feature, which is still more important, refers to the
+insertion of a shell of smooth steel plate to take the stresses due to
+the hydrostatic pressure, and also to insure against leakage in the
+walls of the tank. The 6-in. shell of plain concrete outside the steel
+shell, and the 3-in. shell inside, do not work together, and are
+practically of no value as walls, but are simply outside and inside
+linings. Although the designer provided lugs to insure the adhesion of
+the concrete to the plate, such precaution, in the writer's opinion,
+will not prevent the separation of the concrete from the smooth steel
+plate, and, at some future time, the water will reach and corrode the
+steel. It would have been better to have reinforced the wall of the tank
+with rods, as is generally done. The full thickness would have been
+available, and less plastering would have been required. Furthermore,
+the adhesion of concrete to a smooth steel plate is of doubtful value,
+for, in reinforced concrete, it is not the adhesion which does the work,
+but the gripping of the steel by the concrete in the process of setting.
+
+
+L. J. MENSCH, M. AM. SOC. C. E. (by letter).--This water-tower is
+probably the sightliest structure of its kind in North America; still,
+it does not look like a water-tower, and, from an architectural point of
+view, the crown portion is faulty, because it makes the tank appear to
+be much less in depth than it really is.
+
+The cost of this structure far exceeds that of similar tanks in the
+United States. The stand-pipe at Attleboro, 50 ft. in diameter and 100
+ft. high, cost about $25,000. Several years ago the writer proposed to
+build an elevated tank, 60 ft. in diameter and 40 ft. deep, the bottom
+of which was to be 50 ft. above the ground, for $21,000.
+
+Among other elevated tanks known to the writer is one having a capacity
+of 100,000 gal., the bottom being 60 ft. above the ground.[C] The total
+quantities of material required for this tank are given as 4,480 cu. ft.
+of concrete, 23,200 lb. of reinforcing steel, and 27,600 ft., b. m., of
+form lumber and staging. Calculating at the abnormally high unit prices
+of 40 cents per cu. ft. for concrete, 4 cents per lb. for steel, and $50
+per 1,000 ft., b. m., for lumber, the cost of the concrete would be
+$1,792, the steel, $928, and the form lumber and staging, $1,380. Adding
+to this the cost of a spiral staircase, at the high figure of $7 per
+linear foot in height, the total cost of this structure would be $4,598.
+The factor of safety used in this structure was four, but some engineers
+who are not familiar with concrete construction may require a higher
+factor. By doubling the quantities of concrete and steel, which would
+mean a tensile stress in the steel of only 8,000 lb. per sq. in., and a
+compressive stress in the concrete of only 225 lb. per sq. in., the cost
+of the tank would be only $7,318, as compared with the $16,578 mentioned
+in the paper. This enormous discrepancy between a good design and an
+amateur design, and between day-labor work and contract work should be a
+lesson which consulting engineers and managers of large corporations,
+who prefer their own designs and day-labor work, should take to heart.
+
+
+A. H. MARKWART, ASSOC. M. AM. SOC. C. E. (by letter).--It is the
+writer's opinion that the steel tank enclosed within the concrete of the
+upper cylinder, to take up the hoop tension and presumably to provide a
+water-tight tower, will not fulfill this latter requirement. If a
+plastered surface on the dome-shaped bottom provided the necessary
+imperviousness, it would seem that plastered walls would have proved
+satisfactory.
+
+Apparently, the sheet-metal tank is intended to exclude the possibility
+of exterior leakage, but it occurs to the writer that it will fail to be
+efficient in this particular, because, under pressure, the water will
+force itself under the steel tank and the dome thrust rings and out to
+the exterior of the tower just below the tank, thus showing that
+insurance against leakage is actually provided by the plastered interior
+surfaces and not by the sheet-metal tank, and, for this reason, ordinary
+deformed rod reinforcement, in the writer's opinion, would have proved
+cheaper and better, and more in line with other parts of the
+reinforcement.
+
+Mr. Kempkey states:
+
+     "Before filling, the inside of the tank was given a plaster coat,
+     consisting of 1 part cement to 1-3/4 parts of fine sand. This
+     proved to be insufficient to prevent leakage, the water seeping
+     through the dome and appearing on the outside of the structure
+     along the line of the bottom of the rings. Three more coats were
+     then applied over the entire tank, and two additional ones over the
+     dome and about 8 ft. up on the sides, and, except for one or two
+     small spots which show just a sign of moisture, the tank is
+     perfectly tight."
+
+This substantiates the writer's contention that water-tightness was
+actually obtained by a liberal use of cement plaster, which would also
+have been true had the reinforcement been rods.
+
+As a further comment, it might be stated that a water-tight concrete for
+the tank could have been obtained by adding from 8 to 10% of hydrated
+lime to the 1:2:4 mixture. This seems advisable in all cases where a
+water-tight concrete is necessary. The interior plastering could then
+have been done as a further precaution.
+
+
+A. KEMPKEY, JR., JUN. AM. SOC. C. E. (by letter).--Mr. Couchot's
+statement, that the 3-in. inside and outside sheets forming the tank
+casing do not act together, is quite true, and it was not expected that
+they would, other than to protect the steel and form an ornamental
+covering for it.
+
+There is certainly adhesion between concrete and steel, even though the
+steel be in the form of a thin shell, and in a structure of this kind
+where the steel is designed, with a low unit stress, to take all the
+strain, and where the load is at all times quiescent, it is difficult to
+see how this bond can be destroyed; the writer feels no concern on this
+score.
+
+Mr. Markwart's statement, that the steel tank enclosed within the
+concrete of the upper cylinder, presumably to provide a water-tight
+tower, will not fulfill this latter requirement, is not true, as shown
+by the statement in the paper that the only leakage which occurred was
+that which passed under the tank, the entire remaining portion being
+absolutely tight. The amount of leakage, while insignificant, was, until
+remedied, sufficient to spot the outside of the tower, making it
+unsightly; and this, in the writer's opinion, is just what would have
+happened had the tank been constructed in the ordinary manner, with
+deformed bars, except that it would have extended over more or less of
+the entire surface, instead of being localized, as was actually the
+case, and would have required more instead of less plastering. It is
+also doubtful whether the addition of hydrated lime would have produced
+a tight tank, in the sense that this structure was required to be tight.
+
+In the paper the writer endeavored to bring out the fact that this is
+one of the few instances where the ęsthetic design of a structure of
+this sort is of prime importance, and cost a secondary consideration.
+There is, therefore, no use in comparing its cost with that of a
+structure in no way its equal in this respect and the use of which would
+not have been permitted any more than the use of the ordinary type of
+steel structure, even though the estimated cost were 75% less.
+
+Mr. Mensch has been pleased to term this design amateurish, presumably
+because of the conservative character of the stresses used and because
+of its cost; at the same time, he sets up the design to which he makes
+reference as a good one simply because of its cheapness. He will find
+the "enormous discrepancy," to which he calls attention, accounted for
+by the fact that the "good design" would not have been tolerated because
+of its appearance and because of the fact that the excessively high
+unit stresses, of which Mr. Mensch is an exponent, did not commend
+themselves either to the designer, in common with most engineers, or to
+Victorian taste; while the design used has proven eminently satisfactory
+to a more than usually conservative and discriminating community.
+
+Mr. Mensch's statement of unit costs, even though applied to a much
+plainer structure, is not calculated to inspire confidence in the
+soundness of his deductions in any one familiar with Victoria
+conditions.
+
+
+    FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [Footnote A: Presented at the meeting of March 16th, 1910.]
+
+    [Footnote B: Now Assoc. M. Am. Soc. C. E.]
+
+    [Footnote C: "The Reinforced Concrete Pocket Book," p. 124.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Transactions of the American Society
+of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXX, Dec. 1910, by A. Kempkey
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS ***
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Transactions of the American Society of
+Civil Engineers, Vol. LXX, Dec. 1910, by A. Kempkey
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXX, Dec. 1910
+       A Concrete Water Tower, Paper No. 1173
+
+Author: A. Kempkey
+
+Release Date: July 3, 2006 [EBook #18748]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Sigal Alon and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[334]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h2>AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS</h2>
+
+<h3>INSTITUTED 1852</h3>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h1>TRANSACTIONS</h1>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h3>Paper No. 1174</h3>
+
+
+<h1>A CONCRETE WATER TOWER.<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></h1>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">By A. Kempkey, Jr., Jun. Am. Soc. C.&nbsp;E.</span><a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></h2>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">With Discussion by Messrs. Maurice C. Couchot, L.&nbsp;J. Mensch,
+A.&nbsp;H. Markwart, and A. Kempkey, Jr.</span>
+</h2>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+
+
+<p>The City of Victoria is situated on the southern end of Vancouver
+Island, in the Province of British Columbia, Canada, and is the capital
+of the Province.</p>
+
+<p>In common with all cities of the extreme West, its growth has
+been very rapid within the last few years. The population of the
+city proper, together with that of the municipality of Oak Bay, immediately
+adjacent, is now about 35,000.</p>
+
+<p>The Victoria water-works are owned by the city and operated under
+the direction of a Water Commissioner appointed by the City Council.
+By special agreement, water is supplied to Oak Bay in bulk, this
+municipality having its own distributing system.</p>
+
+<p>The rapid increase in population, together with the fact that in
+recent years very little had been done toward increasing the water
+supply, resulted in the necessity for remodeling the entire system, and
+there are very few cities where this would involve as many complex
+problems or a greater variety of work.</p>
+
+<p>Water is drawn from Elk Lake, situated about five miles north of
+the city; thence it flows by gravity to the pumping station about four
+miles distant, and from there is pumped directly to the consumers.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[335]</a></span>
+The remodeling of the system, as recently completed, provided for:</p>
+
+<p>1.&mdash;Increasing the capacity of Elk Lake by a system of levees.</p>
+
+<p>2.&mdash;Increasing the capacity of the main to the pumping station by
+replacing about two miles of the old 16-in., wrought-iron, riveted pipe
+with 24-in. riveted steel pipe.</p>
+
+<p>3.&mdash;Increasing the capacity of the pumping station by the installation
+of a 4,500,000-gal. pumping engine of the close-connected, cross-compound,
+Corliss, crank-and-fly-wheel type.</p>
+
+<p>4.&mdash;The construction of a 20,000,000-gal. concrete-lined distributing
+reservoir in the city.</p>
+
+<p>5.&mdash;The entire remodeling of the distributing system, necessitating
+the laying of about 1/2 mile each of 18-in. and 27-in. pipe, and about
+1 mile of 24-in. riveted steel pipe; also about 3,000 tons of cast-iron
+pipe, varying in size from 4 to 12 in.</p>
+
+<p>6.&mdash;The provision for a high-level service by means of an elevated
+tank of approximately 100,000 gal. capacity, water being supplied to
+the tank by two electrically-driven triplex pumps, each having a capacity
+of 100,000 gal. per 24 hours, against a dynamic head of 150 ft., and
+arranged to start and stop automatically with a variation of 3 ft. in
+the elevation of the water in the tank. These pumps are located about
+one mile from the tower, and are controlled by a float-operated auto-start,
+in the base of the tower.</p>
+
+<p>A description of the elevated tank, which is novel in design, with
+the reasons for adopting the type of structure used, the method of construction,
+and the detailed cost, form the basis of this paper.</p>
+
+<p>The tower is on the top of the highest hill in the city, in the heart
+of the most exclusive residential district, beautiful homes clustering
+about its base. The necessity for architectural treatment of the
+structure is thus seen to be of prime importance. In fact, the opposition
+of the local residents to the ordinary type of elevated tank, that
+is, latticed columns supporting a tank with a hemispherical bottom
+and a conical roof, rendered its use impossible, although tenders were
+invited on such a structure.</p>
+
+<p>It is believed that under the conditions of location, three types
+of structure should be considered: First, an all-steel structure, the
+ornamentation being produced by casing in with brick or concrete;
+second, a brick-and-steel, or a concrete-and-steel, structure, such as the
+one actually erected; third, a typical reinforced concrete structure.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[336]</a></span>
+Considering only that portion below the tank, the amount of
+material required to case in a structure of the first type would be substantially
+the same as that used to support the tank in a structure of
+the second type. Consequently, the steel substructure, for all practical
+purposes, would represent a dead loss, and, therefore, the economy of
+this type is open to serious question.</p>
+
+<p>A tender was received for a reinforced concrete structure identical
+in outward appearance with the one built, but, owing to the natural
+conservatism of the local residents regarding this type of construction,
+it was not acceptable.</p>
+
+<p>The tower, as built, consists of a hollow cylinder of plain concrete,
+109 ft. high, and having an inside diameter of 22 ft. The walls
+are 10 in. thick for the first 70 ft. and 6 in. thick for the remaining
+39 ft., and are ornamented with six pilasters (70 ft. high, 3 ft. wide,
+and 7 in. thick), a 4-ft. belt, then twelve pilasters (12 ft. high, 18 in.
+wide, and 7 in. thick), a cornice, and a parapet wall.</p>
+
+<p>A steel tank of the ordinary type is embedded in the upper 40 ft.
+of this cylinder. To form the bottom of this tank, a plain concrete
+dome is thrown across the cylinder at a point about 70 ft. from the
+base, the thrust of this dome being taken up by two steel rings, 1/2 in.
+by 14 in. and 3/8 in. by 18 in., bedded into the walls of the tower, the
+latter ring being riveted to the lower course of the tank.</p>
+
+<p>The tank is covered with a roof of reinforced concrete, 4 in. thick,
+conical in shape, and reinforced with 1/2-in. twisted steel bars. The
+design of the structure is clearly shown in <a href="#fig1">Fig. 1</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The tower is built on out-cropping, solid rock. This rock was
+roughly stepped, and a concrete sub-base built. This sub-base consists
+of a hollow ring, with an inside diameter of 20 ft., the walls being
+5 ft. thick. It is about 2 ft. high on one side and 7 ft. high on the other,
+and forms a level base on which the tower is built. The forms for this
+sub-base consist of vertical lagging and circumferential ribs. The
+lagging is of double-dressed, 2 by 3-in. segments, and the ribs are of
+2 by 12-in. segments, 6 ft. long, lapping past one another and securely
+spiked together to form complete or partial circles. These ribs are
+2 ft. from center to center.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 370px;">
+<a href="images/fig1.png">
+<img id="fig1" src="images/fig1tn.png" width="370" height="539"
+alt="Fig. 1.&mdash;(Full page image) WATER TOWER VICTORIA, B.C. WATER-WORKS"
+title="Fig. 1.&mdash;(Full page image) WATER TOWER VICTORIA, B.C. WATER-WORKS" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 1.&mdash;(Full page image)<br />
+WATER TOWER VICTORIA, B.C. WATER-WORKS</span>
+</a>
+</div>
+
+<p>Similar construction was used to form the taper base of the tower
+proper, except, of course, that the radii of the segments forming the
+successive ribs decreased with the height of the rib. Tapered lagging<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[338]</a></span>
+was used, being made by double dressing 2 by 6-in. pieces to 1-3/4 by
+5-13/16 in., and ripping on a diagonal, thus making two staves, 3 in. wide
+at one end and 2-3/4 in. wide at the other. This tapered lagging was
+used again on the 4-ft. belt and cornice forms, the taper being turned
+alternately up and down.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 551px;">
+<a href="images/fig2.png">
+<img id="fig2" src="images/fig2tn.png" width="551" height="430"
+alt="Fig. 2.&mdash;FORMS FOR WATER TOWER VICTORIA, B.C."
+title="Fig. 2.&mdash;FORMS FOR WATER TOWER VICTORIA, B.C." />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 2.&mdash;FORMS FOR WATER TOWER VICTORIA, B.C.</span>
+</a>
+</div>
+
+<p>The interior diameter being uniform up to the bottom of the dome,
+collapsible forms were used from the beginning. These forms were
+constructed in six large sections, 6 ft. high, with one small key
+section with wedge piece to facilitate stripping, as shown in <a href="#fig2">Fig. 2</a>.
+There were three tiers of these, bolted end to end horizontally and to
+each other vertically.</p>
+
+<p>Above the taper base and except in the 4-ft. belt and cornice,
+collapsible forms were used on the outside also. There were six sections
+extending from column to column and six column sections, all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[339]</a></span>
+bolted together circumferentially and constructed as shown in <a href="#fig2">Fig. 2</a>.
+Three tiers of these were also bolted together both vertically and
+horizontally.</p>
+
+<p>Having filled the top tier, the mode of operation was as follows:</p>
+
+<p>All horizontal bolts in the lower inside and outside forms were
+removed, as was also the small key section on the inside; this left
+each section suspended to the corresponding one immediately above
+it by the vertical bolts before mentioned. It is thus seen that in each
+case the center tier performed the double duty of holding the upper
+tier, which was full of green concrete, and the sections of the lower
+tier, until they were hoisted up and again placed in position to be
+filled.</p>
+
+<p>These lower forms were then hoisted by hand&mdash;four-part tackles
+being used&mdash;and placed in position on the top forms, their bottom
+edges being carefully set flush with the top edge of the form already
+in position, and then bolted to it. On the outside, the column forms,
+and on the inside, the wedge and key sections were set last. A 3-lb.
+plumb-bob on a fine line was suspended from the inner scaffold and
+carefully centered over a point set in the rock at the base. This line
+was in the exact center of the tower, and the tops of all the forms,
+after each shift, were carefully set from it by measurement, thus keeping
+the structure plumb.</p>
+
+<p>The first 23 in. of the barrel of the tower was moulded with special
+outside forms, constructed so as to form the bases of the large pilasters.
+After eleven applications of the 6-ft. forms, these 23-in. sections were
+reversed to form the capitals, thus making these pilasters, 69 ft. 10 in.
+over all.</p>
+
+<p>The forms of the 4-ft. belt and beading were made in twelve sections
+of simple segments and vertical lagging, as shown in <a href="#fig2">Fig. 2</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Two sets of the outside forms were split longitudinally, as shown
+in <a href="#fig2">Fig. 2</a>, and used to form the small pilasters. The first set was put
+in place, filled, and the concrete allowed to harden. The bolts were
+loosened and the forms raised 5-1/2 in. vertically, again bolted up, and
+the second set was placed in position, bringing the top of the second
+set up to the bottom of the cornice. The bases and capitals of the
+small pilasters were moulded on afterward.</p>
+
+<p>The cornice forms are clearly shown in <a href="#fig2">Fig. 2</a>. The small boxes
+separating the dentils are made of light stuff, and tacked into the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[340]</a></span>
+cornice forms so that, in stripping, they would remain in place and
+could be taken out separately, in order to prevent breaking off
+the corners of the dentils. A number of outside and inside sections
+were sawed in half horizontally in order to provide forms for the
+parapet wall.</p>
+
+<p>The inside diameter of the tank is 8 in. greater than the inside
+diameter of the base. Two sets of inside forms were split longitudinally
+and opened out, as shown in <a href="#fig2">Fig. 2</a>, and another small section
+was added to complete the circle. The remaining set was left in
+place to support the dome forms.</p>
+
+<p>The dome forms were made in twelve sections, bolted together
+to facilitate stripping. All ribs and segments were cut to size on the
+ground, put together in place, and then covered with lagging and two-ply
+tar paper. The lagging on the lower sharp curve was formed of
+a double thickness of 3/8-in. spruce, the remainder being 1 by 4-in. pine,
+sized to a uniform thickness of 7/8 in. <a href="#fig3">Fig. 3</a> shows the construction
+of these forms and the method of putting on the lagging.</p>
+
+<p>The roof forms were made in eight sections and bolted together
+to facilitate stripping. All ribs and segments were cut to size on the
+ground, put together in place, and covered with 1 by 4-in. lagging,
+dressed to a uniform thickness of 7/8 in., and two-ply tar paper. <a href="#fig3">Fig. 3</a>
+shows the construction of these forms. The segments being put in
+horizontally instead of square with the lagging, gave circles instead
+of parabolas, making them much easier to lay out, and giving a form
+which was amply stiff.</p>
+
+<p>The question of using an inside scaffold only was carefully considered,
+but owing to the considerable amount of ornamentation on
+the outside, necessitating a large number of individual forms, it was
+not thought that any economy would result.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#fig4">Fig. 4</a> and Figs. <a href="#plate23_fig1">1</a> and <a href="#plate23_fig2">2</a>, Plate XXIII, show clearly the construction
+of the scaffolding.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 392px;">
+<img id="plate23_fig1" src="images/p23fig1.jpg" width="392" height="591"
+alt="Plate XXIII, Fig. 1.&mdash;Scaffolding for Water Tower."
+title="Plate XXIII, Fig. 1.&mdash;Scaffolding for Water Tower." />
+<span class="caption">Plate XXIII, Fig. 1.&mdash;Scaffolding for Water Tower.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 412px;">
+<img id="plate23_fig2" src="images/p23fig2.jpg" width="412" height="590"
+alt="Plate XXIII, Fig. 2.&mdash;Completed Water Tower."
+title="Plate XXIII, Fig. 2.&mdash;Completed Water Tower." />
+<span class="caption">Plate XXIII, Fig. 2.&mdash;Completed Water Tower.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>All concrete was mixed wet, in a motor-driven, Smith mixer, and
+handled off the outside scaffold, being sent up in wheel-barrows on
+the ordinary contractor's hoist and placed in the forms through an
+iron chute having a hopper mouth. This chute was built in three sections
+bolted together, either one, two, or three sections being used,
+depending on the distance of the forms below the deck. When the top
+of the forms reached the elevation of any deck, the concrete was put<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[341]</a></span>
+in through the chute from the deck above. The chute was light and
+easily shifted by the wheel-barrow men, assisted by the man placing
+the concrete, during the interval between successive wheel-barrows.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 588px;">
+<a href="images/fig3.png">
+<img id="fig3" src="images/fig3tn.png" width="588" height="346"
+alt="Fig. 3.&mdash;FORMS FOR WATER TOWER VICTORIA, B.C."
+title="Fig. 3.&mdash;FORMS FOR WATER TOWER VICTORIA, B.C." />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 3.&mdash;FORMS FOR WATER TOWER VICTORIA, B.C.</span>
+</a>
+</div>
+
+<p>The concrete, except that for the roof and parapet, was composed
+of sand and broken rock, the run of the crusher being used. That for
+the roof and parapet was composed of sand and gravel. The only
+reason for using gravel for the concrete of the roof was the ease with
+which it could be obtained in small quantities, the supply of broken
+rock having been used up, and this being the last concrete work to
+be done.</p>
+
+<p>The concrete used was as follows: 1:3:6 for the sub-base and taper
+base; 1:3:5 for the barrel of the tower and tank casing; and 1:2:4
+for the dome and roof. The dome was put in at one time, there being
+no joint, the same being true of the roof. Vancouver Portland cement,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[342]</a></span>
+manufactured on the island about 15 miles from the city, was used
+throughout the work.</p>
+
+<p>Before filling, the inside of the tank was given a plaster coat, consisting
+of 1 part cement to 1-3/4 parts of fine sand. This proved to be
+insufficient to prevent leakage, the water seeping through the dome
+and appearing on the outside of the structure along the line of the
+bottom of the rings. Three more coats were then applied over the
+entire tank, and two additional ones over the dome and about 8 ft.
+up on the sides, and, except for one or two small spots which show
+just a sign of moisture, the tank is perfectly tight.</p>
+
+<p>The barrel of the tower was carried up to a height of 66 ft. A special
+set of inside forms, about 2 ft. high, extending to the springing line
+of the dome, was then put in, and the dome forms were set up on it.
+The idea was that this 2-ft. form could be knocked out piece by piece
+and the weight of the dome form taken on wedges to the last 6-ft.
+form, these wedges being gradually slackened down in order to allow
+the dome form to settle clear of the dome. As a matter of fact, this
+was done, but the dome forms, being very tight, did not settle, and
+had to be pried off a section at a time. A similar method was used
+for slacking down the roof forms, with similar results.</p>
+
+<p>After the dome forms had been put in, the concrete was carried
+up approximately to the elevation of the bottom of the rings. Small
+neat cement pads were then put in and accurately leveled, and on these
+the steel rings were placed, and the steel tank was erected.</p>
+
+<p>In order to insure a perfectly round tank, each course was erected
+against wooden templates accurately centered and fastened to the inside
+scaffold. The tank is the ordinary type of light steel, the lower
+course being 3/16-in., the next, No. 8 B.&nbsp;w. gauge, the next, No. 10
+B.&nbsp;w. gauge, and the remaining four, No. 12 B.&nbsp;w. gauge.</p>
+
+<p>Work on the foundation was started on August 15th, 1908, and the
+tower was not completed until April 1st, 1909. Much time was lost
+waiting for the delivery of the steel, and also owing to a period of very
+cold weather which caused entire cessation of work for about one
+month.</p>
+
+<p>The tower as completed presents a striking appearance. In order
+to obliterate rings due to the successive application of the forms and
+to cover the efflorescence so common to concrete structures, the outside
+was given two coats of neat cement wash applied with ordinary calcimining<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[344]</a></span>
+brushes, and, up to the present time, this seems to have been
+very effective in accomplishing the desired result.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 666px;">
+<a href="images/fig4.png">
+<img id="fig4" src="images/fig4tn.png" width="666" height="389"
+alt="Fig. 4.&mdash;(Full page image) SCAFFOLD FOR WATER TOWER"
+title="Fig. 4.&mdash;(Full page image) SCAFFOLD FOR WATER TOWER" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 4.&mdash;(Full page image) <br />
+SCAFFOLD FOR WATER TOWER</span>
+</a>
+</div>
+
+<p>Irregularities due to forms are unnoticeable at a distance of 200
+or 300 ft., and the grouting gave a very uniform color.</p>
+
+<p>The application of two coats of cement wash cost, for labor, $97.68,
+and for material, $15.18, or $1.32 per 100 sq. ft., labor being at the
+rate of $2.25 per 8 hours and cement costing $2.53 per bbl. delivered
+on the work.</p>
+
+<p>The tower was designed by Arthur L. Adams, M. Am. Soc. C.&nbsp;E.,
+under whose direction the plans for all the work of remodeling the
+water-works system were prepared and executed. The forms, scaffolding,
+etc., were designed by the writer, who was also in immediate
+charge of the erection.</p>
+
+<p>Tenders received for the construction of the tower covered an
+extremely wide range, and indicated at once the utter lack of knowledge
+on the part of the bidders of the cost of a structure of this kind.
+Inasmuch as none of them had had previous experience in this class of
+construction, the engineer deemed it the part of wisdom and economy
+to retain the construction under his immediate supervision, and, therefore,
+the work was done by days' labor.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#table1">Table 1</a> gives the cost of the structure. The total herein given
+will not coincide with the total cost as shown by the city's books, for
+the reason that various items not properly chargeable to the structure
+itself have been omitted, the principal ones of which are the cost of the
+site, the laying of about 600 ft. of sewer pipe to connect with the overflow,
+and considerable expense incident to the construction of a wagon
+road to the tower.</p>
+
+<p>The rates of wages paid, all being on a basis of an 8-hour day, were
+as follows:</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="rates of wages paid">
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdleft" style="width: 12em;">Common labor</td>
+  <td class="tdleft1">$2.25 and $2.50</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdleft">Carpenter</td>
+  <td class="tdleft">4.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdleft">Carpenter's helper</td>
+  <td class="tdleft">2.75</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdleft">Boiler-maker</td>
+  <td class="tdleft">3.50</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdleft">Holders on</td>
+  <td class="tdleft">2.50</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdleft">Boiler-maker foreman</td>
+  <td class="tdleft">5.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdleft">Plasterers</td>
+  <td class="tdleft">6.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdleft">Plasterers' helpers</td>
+  <td class="tdleft">3.00</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[345]</a></span>
+The cost of material was as follows:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="cost of material">
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdleft" style="width: 12em;">Cement, per barrel</td>
+  <td class="tdleft1">$2.53</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdleft">Sand, per yard</td>
+  <td class="tdleft">1.47</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdleft">Rock, per yard</td>
+  <td class="tdleft">0.80</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdleft">Lumber, per 1,000 ft. b. m.</td>
+  <td class="tdleft1">14.00 and 16.00</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>All these prices are for material delivered on the work.</p>
+
+<p>An examination of the cost data, as given, will show that for the
+most part the unit costs are very high. This is due chiefly to the continued
+interruption of the work, during its later stages, owing to bad
+weather, particularly in the case of the erection of the steel tank.
+The material cost in this case was also exceedingly high.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of the concreting, inability to purchase a hoist and
+motor and the high cost of renting the same, together with the delays
+mentioned, added greatly to the unit cost.</p>
+
+<p>When it is considered that the cost of plastering covers that of
+four coats over the entire inside of the tank and three more over about
+one-third of it, it does not appear so high, especially in view of the
+high rate of wages paid.</p>
+
+<p>The cost per yard for concrete alone was $25.126, and this is
+probably about 25% in excess of the cost of the same class of work
+executed under more favorable conditions as to location, weather conditions,
+etc.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[346]</a></span></p>
+
+<h4 id="table1">TABLE 1.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Cost of High-Level Tower, Victoria Water-Works.</span>
+(412 cu. yd.)</h4>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Cost of High-Level Tower, Victoria Water-Works">
+<tr class='topr'>
+  <td class='tdright' rowspan='2' style='width: 14em;'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdcenter' colspan='3'> <span class="smcap">Total Cost</span>.</td>
+  <td class='tdcenter' colspan='2'> <span class="smcap">Unit Cost</span>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='topr1'>
+  <td class='tdcenter'>Rate per hour.</td>
+  <td class='tdcenter'> Amount.</td>
+  <td class='tdcenter'> Complete.</td>
+  <td class='tdcenter'> Labor.</td>
+  <td class='tdcenter'>Material.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='topr2'>
+  <td class='tdleft1'>Preliminary Work:</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft2'>Labor, Carpenter</td>
+  <td class='td2rightld'>$0.50</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>$11.00</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Labor</td>
+  <td class='td2right'> 0.344</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 64.94</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'>&nbsp; &nbsp;"</td>
+  <td class='td2right'> 0.281</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 249.67</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> $325.61</td>
+  <td class='tdleft1'> $0.790</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='botr2'>
+  <td class='tdleft2'> Material</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 133.62</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 133.62</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdleft1'> $0.324</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='topr2'>
+  <td class='tdleft1'>Forms:</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft2'> Buildings, shifting and stripping:</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Labor, Carpenter</td>
+  <td class='td2rightld'> 0.50</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>1,832.99</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft4'> Labor</td>
+  <td class='td2right'> 0.344</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 80.85</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft4'>&nbsp; &nbsp;"</td>
+  <td class='td2right'> 0.281</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 563.84</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 2,477.68</td>
+  <td class='tdleft'> 6.014</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft2'> Material:</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Lumber</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 583.49</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Hardware</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 325.51</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='botr2'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Miscellaneous</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 13.90</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 922.90</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdleft'> 2.240</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='topr2'>
+  <td class='tdleft1'>Scaffold:</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft2'> Erecting and tearing down:</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Labor, Carpenter</td>
+  <td class='td2rightld'> 0.50</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 693.00</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft4'> Labor</td>
+  <td class='td2right'> 0.344</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 350.59</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft4'>&nbsp; &nbsp;"</td>
+  <td class='td2right'> 0.281</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 117.27</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 1,160.86</td>
+  <td class='tdleft'> 2.818</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft2'> Material:</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Lumber</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 487.77</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='botr2'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Hardware</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 202.79</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 690.56</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdleft'> 1.676</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='topr2'>
+  <td class='tdleft1'>Concreting:</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft2'> Labor</td>
+  <td class='td2rightld'> 0.50</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 142.00</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft2'>&nbsp; &nbsp;"</td>
+  <td class='td2right'> 0.344</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 11.00</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft2'>&nbsp; &nbsp;"</td>
+  <td class='td2right'> 0.281</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 947.81</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 1,100.81</td>
+  <td class='tdleft'> 2.672</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft2'> Material:</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Rock</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 317.30</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Sand</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 385.72</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Cement</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>1,581.97</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft2'> Motor and Hoist:</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Rental</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 406.56</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='botr2'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Power</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 83.53</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 2,735.08</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdleft'> 6.638</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='topr2'>
+  <td class='tdleft1'>Plastering (3,000 sq. ft.):</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft2'> Labor, Plasterers</td>
+  <td class='td2rightld'> 0.75</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 116.50</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Labor</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 0.46-7/8</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 15.00</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'>&nbsp; &nbsp;"</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 0.37-1/2</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 198.52</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'>&nbsp; &nbsp;"</td>
+  <td class='td2right'> 0.281</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 105.66</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 435.68</td>
+  <td class='tdleft'> 14.52 per sq. ft.</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft2'> Material:</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Sand</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 8.64</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Cement</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 66.10</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='botr2'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Alum and Potash</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 16.00</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 90.74</td>
+  <td class='tdleft'> 3.25 per sq. ft.</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='topr2'>
+  <td class='tdleft1'>Cement Wash (8,560 sq. ft.):</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Labor</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 0.48-3/4</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 50.00</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'>&nbsp; &nbsp;"</td>
+  <td class='td2right'> 0.281</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 47.68</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 97.68</td>
+  <td class='tdleft'>1.14 per 100 sq ft.</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft2'> Material:</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='botr2'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Cement</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 15.18</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 15.18</td>
+  <td class='tdleft'> 0.18&nbsp; &nbsp;"&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;"&nbsp; &nbsp;"&nbsp; &nbsp;"</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='topr2'>
+  <td class='tdleft1'>Windows, doors, and scuttle:</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Labor</td>
+  <td class='td2rightld'> 0.50</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 49.00</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 49.00</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft2'> Material:</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='botr2'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> 1 door, 7 windows, etc.</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 47.26</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 47.26</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='topr2'>
+  <td class='tdleft1'>Equipment:</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='botr2'>
+  <td class='tdleft2'> 40% of $461.46</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 184.58</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 184.58</td>
+  <td class='tdleft'> 0.448</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr2'>
+  <td class='tdleft1'>Superintendence</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 1,241.45</td>
+  <td class='tdleft'> 1.506</td>
+  <td class='tdright'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[347]</a></span>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='topr2'>
+  <td class='tdleft1'>Steel Tank:</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft2'> Labor, Carpenter</td>
+  <td class='td2right'>$0.50</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> $124.24</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Helper</td>
+  <td class='td2right'> 0.344</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 2.75</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Boiler-makers</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 382.57</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Holders on</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 147.33</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Labor</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 40.61</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Foreman</td>
+  <td class='td2right'> 0.625</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 186.25</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> $883.75</td>
+  <td class='tdleft1'>$0.0441 per lb.</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft2'> Material:</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='botr2'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Tank, rivets, etc. (20,000 lb.)</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 1,740.69</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdleft1'> $0.0875</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='topr2'>
+  <td class='tdleft1'>Iron-work:</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft2'> Spiral stairway, inlet, and overflow pipes, ventilator, reinforcing steel, etc.:</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Labor, Machinists</td>
+  <td class='td2rightld'> 0.50</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 89.50</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft4'> Helper</td>
+  <td class='td2right'> 0.344</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 240.16</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='midr'>
+  <td class='tdleft4'> Labor</td>
+  <td class='td2right'> 0.281</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 100.79</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 430.45</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='botr2'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Material</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>1,814.71</td>
+  <td class='tdright'> 1,814.71</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class='botr'>
+  <td class='tdleft3'> Total</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>$16,578.29</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class='tdright'>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[348]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="DISCUSSION" id="DISCUSSION"></a>DISCUSSION</h2>
+
+
+<p class="section"><span class="smcap">Maurice C. Couchot, M. Am. Soc. C.&nbsp;E.</span> (by letter).&mdash;It appears to
+the writer that in the design of this structure two features are open
+to criticism. The first is that such a high structure was built of plain
+concrete without any reinforcement. Even if the computation of
+stresses did not show the necessity for steel reinforcement, some should
+have been embedded in the work. As a matter of fact, the writer
+believes that, with the present knowledge of the benefit of reinforced
+concrete, a structure such as this should not be built without it. This
+applies mainly to the tower below the tank.</p>
+
+<p>The second feature, which is still more important, refers to the
+insertion of a shell of smooth steel plate to take the stresses due to the
+hydrostatic pressure, and also to insure against leakage in the walls
+of the tank. The 6-in. shell of plain concrete outside the steel shell,
+and the 3-in. shell inside, do not work together, and are practically of
+no value as walls, but are simply outside and inside linings. Although
+the designer provided lugs to insure the adhesion of the concrete to
+the plate, such precaution, in the writer's opinion, will not prevent
+the separation of the concrete from the smooth steel plate, and, at
+some future time, the water will reach and corrode the steel. It
+would have been better to have reinforced the wall of the tank with
+rods, as is generally done. The full thickness would have been available,
+and less plastering would have been required. Furthermore, the
+adhesion of concrete to a smooth steel plate is of doubtful value, for,
+in reinforced concrete, it is not the adhesion which does the work,
+but the gripping of the steel by the concrete in the process of setting.</p>
+
+
+<p class="section"><span class="smcap">L.&nbsp;J. Mensch, M. Am. Soc. C.&nbsp;E.</span> (by letter).&mdash;This water-tower
+is probably the sightliest structure of its kind in North America;
+still, it does not look like a water-tower, and, from an architectural
+point of view, the crown portion is faulty, because it makes the tank
+appear to be much less in depth than it really is.</p>
+
+<p>The cost of this structure far exceeds that of similar tanks in the
+United States. The stand-pipe at Attleboro, 50 ft. in diameter and
+100 ft. high, cost about $25,000. Several years ago the writer proposed
+to build an elevated tank, 60 ft. in diameter and 40 ft. deep, the bottom
+of which was to be 50 ft. above the ground, for $21,000.</p>
+
+<p>Among other elevated tanks known to the writer is one having a
+capacity of 100,000 gal., the bottom being 60 ft. above the ground.<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a>
+The total quantities of material required for this tank are given as
+4,480 cu. ft. of concrete, 23,200 lb. of reinforcing steel, and 27,600 ft.,
+b.&nbsp;m., of form lumber and staging. Calculating at the abnormally<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[349]</a></span>
+high unit prices of 40 cents per cu. ft. for concrete, 4 cents per lb.
+for steel, and $50 per 1,000 ft., b.&nbsp;m., for lumber, the cost of the concrete
+would be $1,792, the steel, $928, and the form lumber and staging,
+$1,380. Adding to this the cost of a spiral staircase, at the high
+figure of $7 per linear foot in height, the total cost of this structure
+would be $4,598. The factor of safety used in this structure was
+four, but some engineers who are not familiar with concrete construction
+may require a higher factor. By doubling the quantities of concrete
+and steel, which would mean a tensile stress in the steel of only
+8,000 lb. per sq. in., and a compressive stress in the concrete of only
+225 lb. per sq. in., the cost of the tank would be only $7,318, as compared
+with the $16,578 mentioned in the paper. This enormous discrepancy
+between a good design and an amateur design, and between day-labor
+work and contract work should be a lesson which consulting engineers
+and managers of large corporations, who prefer their own designs and
+day-labor work, should take to heart.</p>
+
+
+<p class="section"><span class="smcap">A.&nbsp;H. Markwart, Assoc. M. Am. Soc. C.&nbsp;E.</span> (by letter).&mdash;It is the
+writer's opinion that the steel tank enclosed within the concrete of the
+upper cylinder, to take up the hoop tension and presumably to provide
+a water-tight tower, will not fulfill this latter requirement. If a
+plastered surface on the dome-shaped bottom provided the necessary
+imperviousness, it would seem that plastered walls would have proved
+satisfactory.</p>
+
+<p>Apparently, the sheet-metal tank is intended to exclude the possibility
+of exterior leakage, but it occurs to the writer that it will fail to
+be efficient in this particular, because, under pressure, the water will
+force itself under the steel tank and the dome thrust rings and out
+to the exterior of the tower just below the tank, thus showing that
+insurance against leakage is actually provided by the plastered interior
+surfaces and not by the sheet-metal tank, and, for this reason, ordinary
+deformed rod reinforcement, in the writer's opinion, would have
+proved cheaper and better, and more in line with other parts of the
+reinforcement.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Kempkey states:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Before filling, the inside of the tank was given a plaster coat,
+consisting of 1 part cement to 1-3/4 parts of fine sand. This proved
+to be insufficient to prevent leakage, the water seeping through the
+dome and appearing on the outside of the structure along the line
+of the bottom of the rings. Three more coats were then applied
+over the entire tank, and two additional ones over the dome and about
+8 ft. up on the sides, and, except for one or two small spots which
+show just a sign of moisture, the tank is perfectly tight."</p></div>
+
+<p>This substantiates the writer's contention that water-tightness was
+actually obtained by a liberal use of cement plaster, which would also
+have been true had the reinforcement been rods.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[350]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As a further comment, it might be stated that a water-tight concrete
+for the tank could have been obtained by adding from 8 to 10%
+of hydrated lime to the 1:2:4 mixture. This seems advisable in all
+cases where a water-tight concrete is necessary. The interior plastering
+could then have been done as a further precaution.</p>
+
+
+<p class="section"><span class="smcap">A. Kempkey, Jr., Jun. Am. Soc. C.&nbsp;E.</span> (by letter).&mdash;Mr. Couchot's
+statement, that the 3-in. inside and outside sheets forming the tank
+casing do not act together, is quite true, and it was not expected that
+they would, other than to protect the steel and form an ornamental
+covering for it.</p>
+
+<p>There is certainly adhesion between concrete and steel, even though
+the steel be in the form of a thin shell, and in a structure of this
+kind where the steel is designed, with a low unit stress, to take all
+the strain, and where the load is at all times quiescent, it is difficult
+to see how this bond can be destroyed; the writer feels no concern
+on this score.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Markwart's statement, that the steel tank enclosed within the
+concrete of the upper cylinder, presumably to provide a water-tight
+tower, will not fulfill this latter requirement, is not true, as shown
+by the statement in the paper that the only leakage which occurred
+was that which passed under the tank, the entire remaining portion
+being absolutely tight. The amount of leakage, while insignificant,
+was, until remedied, sufficient to spot the outside of the tower, making
+it unsightly; and this, in the writer's opinion, is just what would have
+happened had the tank been constructed in the ordinary manner, with
+deformed bars, except that it would have extended over more or less
+of the entire surface, instead of being localized, as was actually the
+case, and would have required more instead of less plastering. It is
+also doubtful whether the addition of hydrated lime would have produced
+a tight tank, in the sense that this structure was required to
+be tight.</p>
+
+<p>In the paper the writer endeavored to bring out the fact that this
+is one of the few instances where the &aelig;sthetic design of a structure of
+this sort is of prime importance, and cost a secondary consideration.
+There is, therefore, no use in comparing its cost with that of a structure
+in no way its equal in this respect and the use of which would
+not have been permitted any more than the use of the ordinary type
+of steel structure, even though the estimated cost were 75% less.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Mensch has been pleased to term this design amateurish,
+presumably because of the conservative character of the stresses used
+and because of its cost; at the same time, he sets up the design to
+which he makes reference as a good one simply because of its cheapness.
+He will find the "enormous discrepancy," to which he calls attention,
+accounted for by the fact that the "good design" would not have
+been tolerated because of its appearance and because of the fact that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[351]</a></span>
+the excessively high unit stresses, of which Mr. Mensch is an exponent,
+did not commend themselves either to the designer, in common with
+most engineers, or to Victorian taste; while the design used has proven
+eminently satisfactory to a more than usually conservative and discriminating
+community.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Mensch's statement of unit costs, even though applied to a
+much plainer structure, is not calculated to inspire confidence in the
+soundness of his deductions in any one familiar with Victoria conditions.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1">
+<span class="label">[A]</span></a> Presented at the meeting of March 16th, 1910.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2">
+<span class="label">[B]</span></a> Now Assoc. M. Am. Soc. C.&nbsp;E.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3">
+<span class="label">[C]</span></a> "The Reinforced Concrete Pocket Book," p. 124.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Transactions of the American Society
+of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXX, Dec. 1910, by A. Kempkey
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS ***
+
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+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Transactions of the American Society of
+Civil Engineers, Vol. LXX, Dec. 1910, by A. Kempkey
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXX, Dec. 1910
+       A Concrete Water Tower, Paper No. 1173
+
+Author: A. Kempkey
+
+Release Date: July 3, 2006 [EBook #18748]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Sigal Alon and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
+
+INSTITUTED 1852
+
+
+TRANSACTIONS
+
+Paper No. 1173
+
+
+A CONCRETE WATER TOWER.[A]
+
+BY A. KEMPKEY, JR., JUN. AM. SOC. C. E.[B]
+
+WITH DISCUSSION BY MESSRS. MAURICE C. COUCHOT, L. J. MENSCH,
+A. H. MARKWART, AND A. KEMPKEY, JR.
+
+
+
+
+The City of Victoria is situated on the southern end of Vancouver
+Island, in the Province of British Columbia, Canada, and is the capital
+of the Province.
+
+In common with all cities of the extreme West, its growth has been very
+rapid within the last few years. The population of the city proper,
+together with that of the municipality of Oak Bay, immediately adjacent,
+is now about 35,000.
+
+The Victoria water-works are owned by the city and operated under the
+direction of a Water Commissioner appointed by the City Council. By
+special agreement, water is supplied to Oak Bay in bulk, this
+municipality having its own distributing system.
+
+The rapid increase in population, together with the fact that in recent
+years very little had been done toward increasing the water supply,
+resulted in the necessity for remodeling the entire system, and there
+are very few cities where this would involve as many complex problems or
+a greater variety of work.
+
+Water is drawn from Elk Lake, situated about five miles north of the
+city; thence it flows by gravity to the pumping station about four miles
+distant, and from there is pumped directly to the consumers.
+
+The remodeling of the system, as recently completed, provided for:
+
+1.--Increasing the capacity of Elk Lake by a system of levees.
+
+2.--Increasing the capacity of the main to the pumping station by
+replacing about two miles of the old 16-in., wrought-iron, riveted pipe
+with 24-in. riveted steel pipe.
+
+3.--Increasing the capacity of the pumping station by the installation
+of a 4,500,000-gal. pumping engine of the close-connected,
+cross-compound, Corliss, crank-and-fly-wheel type.
+
+4.--The construction of a 20,000,000-gal. concrete-lined distributing
+reservoir in the city.
+
+5.--The entire remodeling of the distributing system, necessitating the
+laying of about 1/2 mile each of 18-in. and 27-in. pipe, and about 1
+mile of 24-in. riveted steel pipe; also about 3,000 tons of cast-iron
+pipe, varying in size from 4 to 12 in.
+
+6.--The provision for a high-level service by means of an elevated tank
+of approximately 100,000 gal. capacity, water being supplied to the tank
+by two electrically-driven triplex pumps, each having a capacity of
+100,000 gal. per 24 hours, against a dynamic head of 150 ft., and
+arranged to start and stop automatically with a variation of 3 ft. in
+the elevation of the water in the tank. These pumps are located about
+one mile from the tower, and are controlled by a float-operated
+auto-start, in the base of the tower.
+
+A description of the elevated tank, which is novel in design, with the
+reasons for adopting the type of structure used, the method of
+construction, and the detailed cost, form the basis of this paper.
+
+The tower is on the top of the highest hill in the city, in the heart of
+the most exclusive residential district, beautiful homes clustering
+about its base. The necessity for architectural treatment of the
+structure is thus seen to be of prime importance. In fact, the
+opposition of the local residents to the ordinary type of elevated tank,
+that is, latticed columns supporting a tank with a hemispherical bottom
+and a conical roof, rendered its use impossible, although tenders were
+invited on such a structure.
+
+It is believed that under the conditions of location, three types of
+structure should be considered: First, an all-steel structure, the
+ornamentation being produced by casing in with brick or concrete;
+second, a brick-and-steel, or a concrete-and-steel, structure, such as
+the one actually erected; third, a typical reinforced concrete
+structure.
+
+Considering only that portion below the tank, the amount of material
+required to case in a structure of the first type would be substantially
+the same as that used to support the tank in a structure of the second
+type. Consequently, the steel substructure, for all practical purposes,
+would represent a dead loss, and, therefore, the economy of this type is
+open to serious question.
+
+A tender was received for a reinforced concrete structure identical in
+outward appearance with the one built, but, owing to the natural
+conservatism of the local residents regarding this type of construction,
+it was not acceptable.
+
+The tower, as built, consists of a hollow cylinder of plain concrete,
+109 ft. high, and having an inside diameter of 22 ft. The walls are 10
+in. thick for the first 70 ft. and 6 in. thick for the remaining 39 ft.,
+and are ornamented with six pilasters (70 ft. high, 3 ft. wide, and 7
+in. thick), a 4-ft. belt, then twelve pilasters (12 ft. high, 18 in.
+wide, and 7 in. thick), a cornice, and a parapet wall.
+
+A steel tank of the ordinary type is embedded in the upper 40 ft. of
+this cylinder. To form the bottom of this tank, a plain concrete dome is
+thrown across the cylinder at a point about 70 ft. from the base, the
+thrust of this dome being taken up by two steel rings, 1/2 in. by 14 in.
+and 3/8 in. by 18 in., bedded into the walls of the tower, the latter
+ring being riveted to the lower course of the tank.
+
+The tank is covered with a roof of reinforced concrete, 4 in. thick,
+conical in shape, and reinforced with 1/2-in. twisted steel bars. The
+design of the structure is clearly shown in Fig. 1.
+
+The tower is built on out-cropping, solid rock. This rock was roughly
+stepped, and a concrete sub-base built. This sub-base consists of a
+hollow ring, with an inside diameter of 20 ft., the walls being 5 ft.
+thick. It is about 2 ft. high on one side and 7 ft. high on the other,
+and forms a level base on which the tower is built. The forms for this
+sub-base consist of vertical lagging and circumferential ribs. The
+lagging is of double-dressed, 2 by 3-in. segments, and the ribs are of 2
+by 12-in. segments, 6 ft. long, lapping past one another and securely
+spiked together to form complete or partial circles. These ribs are 2
+ft. from center to center.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.--(Full page image)
+
+WATER TOWER VICTORIA, B.C. WATER-WORKS]
+
+Similar construction was used to form the taper base of the tower
+proper, except, of course, that the radii of the segments forming the
+successive ribs decreased with the height of the rib. Tapered lagging
+was used, being made by double dressing 2 by 6-in. pieces to 1-3/4 by
+5-13/16 in., and ripping on a diagonal, thus making two staves, 3 in.
+wide at one end and 2-3/4 in. wide at the other. This tapered lagging
+was used again on the 4-ft. belt and cornice forms, the taper being
+turned alternately up and down.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.--FORMS FOR WATER TOWER VICTORIA, B.C.]
+
+The interior diameter being uniform up to the bottom of the dome,
+collapsible forms were used from the beginning. These forms were
+constructed in six large sections, 6 ft. high, with one small key
+section with wedge piece to facilitate stripping, as shown in Fig. 2.
+There were three tiers of these, bolted end to end horizontally and to
+each other vertically.
+
+Above the taper base and except in the 4-ft. belt and cornice,
+collapsible forms were used on the outside also. There were six sections
+extending from column to column and six column sections, all bolted
+together circumferentially and constructed as shown in Fig. 2. Three
+tiers of these were also bolted together both vertically and
+horizontally.
+
+Having filled the top tier, the mode of operation was as follows:
+
+All horizontal bolts in the lower inside and outside forms were removed,
+as was also the small key section on the inside; this left each section
+suspended to the corresponding one immediately above it by the vertical
+bolts before mentioned. It is thus seen that in each case the center
+tier performed the double duty of holding the upper tier, which was full
+of green concrete, and the sections of the lower tier, until they were
+hoisted up and again placed in position to be filled.
+
+These lower forms were then hoisted by hand--four-part tackles being
+used--and placed in position on the top forms, their bottom edges being
+carefully set flush with the top edge of the form already in position,
+and then bolted to it. On the outside, the column forms, and on the
+inside, the wedge and key sections were set last. A 3-lb. plumb-bob on a
+fine line was suspended from the inner scaffold and carefully centered
+over a point set in the rock at the base. This line was in the exact
+center of the tower, and the tops of all the forms, after each shift,
+were carefully set from it by measurement, thus keeping the structure
+plumb.
+
+The first 23 in. of the barrel of the tower was moulded with special
+outside forms, constructed so as to form the bases of the large
+pilasters. After eleven applications of the 6-ft. forms, these 23-in.
+sections were reversed to form the capitals, thus making these
+pilasters, 69 ft. 10 in. over all.
+
+The forms of the 4-ft. belt and beading were made in twelve sections of
+simple segments and vertical lagging, as shown in Fig. 2.
+
+Two sets of the outside forms were split longitudinally, as shown in
+Fig. 2, and used to form the small pilasters. The first set was put in
+place, filled, and the concrete allowed to harden. The bolts were
+loosened and the forms raised 5-1/2 in. vertically, again bolted up, and
+the second set was placed in position, bringing the top of the second
+set up to the bottom of the cornice. The bases and capitals of the small
+pilasters were moulded on afterward.
+
+The cornice forms are clearly shown in Fig. 2. The small boxes
+separating the dentils are made of light stuff, and tacked into the
+cornice forms so that, in stripping, they would remain in place and
+could be taken out separately, in order to prevent breaking off the
+corners of the dentils. A number of outside and inside sections were
+sawed in half horizontally in order to provide forms for the parapet
+wall.
+
+The inside diameter of the tank is 8 in. greater than the inside
+diameter of the base. Two sets of inside forms were split longitudinally
+and opened out, as shown in Fig. 2, and another small section was added
+to complete the circle. The remaining set was left in place to support
+the dome forms.
+
+The dome forms were made in twelve sections, bolted together to
+facilitate stripping. All ribs and segments were cut to size on the
+ground, put together in place, and then covered with lagging and two-ply
+tar paper. The lagging on the lower sharp curve was formed of a double
+thickness of 3/8-in. spruce, the remainder being 1 by 4-in. pine, sized
+to a uniform thickness of 7/8 in. Fig. 3 shows the construction of these
+forms and the method of putting on the lagging.
+
+The roof forms were made in eight sections and bolted together to
+facilitate stripping. All ribs and segments were cut to size on the
+ground, put together in place, and covered with 1 by 4-in. lagging,
+dressed to a uniform thickness of 7/8 in., and two-ply tar paper. Fig. 3
+shows the construction of these forms. The segments being put in
+horizontally instead of square with the lagging, gave circles instead of
+parabolas, making them much easier to lay out, and giving a form which
+was amply stiff.
+
+The question of using an inside scaffold only was carefully considered,
+but owing to the considerable amount of ornamentation on the outside,
+necessitating a large number of individual forms, it was not thought
+that any economy would result.
+
+Fig. 4 and Figs. 1 and 2, Plate XXIII, show clearly the construction of
+the scaffolding.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXIII, FIG. 1.--SCAFFOLDING FOR WATER TOWER.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXIII, FIG. 2.--COMPLETED WATER TOWER.]
+
+All concrete was mixed wet, in a motor-driven, Smith mixer, and handled
+off the outside scaffold, being sent up in wheel-barrows on the ordinary
+contractor's hoist and placed in the forms through an iron chute having
+a hopper mouth. This chute was built in three sections bolted together,
+either one, two, or three sections being used, depending on the distance
+of the forms below the deck. When the top of the forms reached the
+elevation of any deck, the concrete was put in through the chute from
+the deck above. The chute was light and easily shifted by the
+wheel-barrow men, assisted by the man placing the concrete, during the
+interval between successive wheel-barrows.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.--FORMS FOR WATER TOWER VICTORIA, B.C.]
+
+The concrete, except that for the roof and parapet, was composed of sand
+and broken rock, the run of the crusher being used. That for the roof
+and parapet was composed of sand and gravel. The only reason for using
+gravel for the concrete of the roof was the ease with which it could be
+obtained in small quantities, the supply of broken rock having been used
+up, and this being the last concrete work to be done.
+
+The concrete used was as follows: 1:3:6 for the sub-base and taper base;
+1:3:5 for the barrel of the tower and tank casing; and 1:2:4 for the
+dome and roof. The dome was put in at one time, there being no joint,
+the same being true of the roof. Vancouver Portland cement,
+manufactured on the island about 15 miles from the city, was used
+throughout the work.
+
+Before filling, the inside of the tank was given a plaster coat,
+consisting of 1 part cement to 1-3/4 parts of fine sand. This proved to
+be insufficient to prevent leakage, the water seeping through the dome
+and appearing on the outside of the structure along the line of the
+bottom of the rings. Three more coats were then applied over the entire
+tank, and two additional ones over the dome and about 8 ft. up on the
+sides, and, except for one or two small spots which show just a sign of
+moisture, the tank is perfectly tight.
+
+The barrel of the tower was carried up to a height of 66 ft. A special
+set of inside forms, about 2 ft. high, extending to the springing line
+of the dome, was then put in, and the dome forms were set up on it. The
+idea was that this 2-ft. form could be knocked out piece by piece and
+the weight of the dome form taken on wedges to the last 6-ft. form,
+these wedges being gradually slackened down in order to allow the dome
+form to settle clear of the dome. As a matter of fact, this was done,
+but the dome forms, being very tight, did not settle, and had to be
+pried off a section at a time. A similar method was used for slacking
+down the roof forms, with similar results.
+
+After the dome forms had been put in, the concrete was carried up
+approximately to the elevation of the bottom of the rings. Small neat
+cement pads were then put in and accurately leveled, and on these the
+steel rings were placed, and the steel tank was erected.
+
+In order to insure a perfectly round tank, each course was erected
+against wooden templates accurately centered and fastened to the inside
+scaffold. The tank is the ordinary type of light steel, the lower course
+being 3/16-in., the next, No. 8 B. w. gauge, the next, No. 10 B. w.
+gauge, and the remaining four, No. 12 B. w. gauge.
+
+Work on the foundation was started on August 15th, 1908, and the tower
+was not completed until April 1st, 1909. Much time was lost waiting for
+the delivery of the steel, and also owing to a period of very cold
+weather which caused entire cessation of work for about one month.
+
+The tower as completed presents a striking appearance. In order to
+obliterate rings due to the successive application of the forms and to
+cover the efflorescence so common to concrete structures, the outside
+was given two coats of neat cement wash applied with ordinary
+calcimining brushes, and, up to the present time, this seems to have
+been very effective in accomplishing the desired result.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.--(Full page image)
+
+SCAFFOLD FOR WATER TOWER]
+
+Irregularities due to forms are unnoticeable at a distance of 200 or 300
+ft., and the grouting gave a very uniform color.
+
+The application of two coats of cement wash cost, for labor, $97.68, and
+for material, $15.18, or $1.32 per 100 sq. ft., labor being at the rate
+of $2.25 per 8 hours and cement costing $2.53 per bbl. delivered on the
+work.
+
+The tower was designed by Arthur L. Adams, M. Am. Soc. C. E., under
+whose direction the plans for all the work of remodeling the water-works
+system were prepared and executed. The forms, scaffolding, etc., were
+designed by the writer, who was also in immediate charge of the
+erection.
+
+Tenders received for the construction of the tower covered an extremely
+wide range, and indicated at once the utter lack of knowledge on the
+part of the bidders of the cost of a structure of this kind. Inasmuch as
+none of them had had previous experience in this class of construction,
+the engineer deemed it the part of wisdom and economy to retain the
+construction under his immediate supervision, and, therefore, the work
+was done by days' labor.
+
+Table 1 gives the cost of the structure. The total herein given will not
+coincide with the total cost as shown by the city's books, for the
+reason that various items not properly chargeable to the structure
+itself have been omitted, the principal ones of which are the cost of
+the site, the laying of about 600 ft. of sewer pipe to connect with the
+overflow, and considerable expense incident to the construction of a
+wagon road to the tower.
+
+The rates of wages paid, all being on a basis of an 8-hour day, were as
+follows:
+
+Common labor                         $2.25 and $2.50
+Carpenter                             4.00
+Carpenter's helper                    2.75
+Boiler-maker                          3.50
+Holders on                            2.50
+Boiler-maker foreman                  5.00
+Plasterers                            6.00
+Plasterers' helpers                   3.00
+
+The cost of material was as follows:
+
+Cement, per barrel                   $2.53
+Sand, per yard                        1.47
+Rock, per yard                        0.80
+Lumber, per 1,000 ft. b. m.          14.00 and 16.00
+
+All these prices are for material delivered on the work.
+
+An examination of the cost data, as given, will show that for the most
+part the unit costs are very high. This is due chiefly to the continued
+interruption of the work, during its later stages, owing to bad weather,
+particularly in the case of the erection of the steel tank. The material
+cost in this case was also exceedingly high.
+
+In the case of the concreting, inability to purchase a hoist and motor
+and the high cost of renting the same, together with the delays
+mentioned, added greatly to the unit cost.
+
+When it is considered that the cost of plastering covers that of four
+coats over the entire inside of the tank and three more over about
+one-third of it, it does not appear so high, especially in view of the
+high rate of wages paid.
+
+The cost per yard for concrete alone was $25.126, and this is probably
+about 25% in excess of the cost of the same class of work executed under
+more favorable conditions as to location, weather conditions, etc.
+
+TABLE 1.--COST OF HIGH-LEVEL TOWER, VICTORIA WATER-WORKS. (412 cu. yd.)
+
+=============================================================================
+                     |    TOTAL COST.              |   UNIT COST.
+---------------------+---------+--------+----------+---------------+---------
+                     |  Rate   |        |          |               |
+                     |   per   | Amount.| Complete.|     Labor.    |Material.
+                     |  hour.  |        |          |               |
+---------------------+---------+--------+----------+---------------+---------
+Preliminary Work:    |         |        |          |               |
+ Labor, Carpenter    |$0.50    |$11.00  |          |               |
+   Labor             | 0.344   | 64.94  |          |               |
+     "               | 0.281   | 249.67 |   $325.61| $0.790        |
+ Material            |         | 133.62 |    133.62|               | $0.324
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+Forms:               |         |        |          |               |
+ Buildings, shifting |         |        |          |               |
+  and stripping:     |         |        |          |               |
+   Labor, Carpenter  | 0.50    |1,832.99|          |               |
+    Labor            | 0.344   |   80.85|          |               |
+      "              | 0.281   |  563.84|  2,477.68| 6.014         |
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+ Material:           |         |        |          |               |
+   Lumber            |         |  583.49|          |               |
+   Hardware          |         |  325.51|          |               |
+   Miscellaneous     |         |   13.90|    922.90|               |  2.240
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+Scaffold:            |         |        |          |               |
+ Erecting and        |         |        |          |               |
+  tearing down:      |         |        |          |               |
+   Labor, Carpenter  | 0.50    |  693.00|          |               |
+    Labor            | 0.344   |  350.59|          |               |
+      "              | 0.281   |  117.27|  1,160.86| 2.818         |
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+ Material:           |         |        |          |               |
+   Lumber            |         |  487.77|          |               |
+   Hardware          |         |  202.79|    690.56|               |  1.676
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+Concreting:          |         |        |          |               |
+ Labor               | 0.50    |  142.00|          |               |
+   "                 | 0.344   |   11.00|          |               |
+   "                 | 0.281   |  947.81|  1,100.81| 2.672         |
+ Material:           |         |        |          |               |
+   Rock              |         |  317.30|          |               |
+   Sand              |         |  385.72|          |               |
+   Cement            |         |1,581.97|          |               |
+ Motor and Hoist:    |         |        |          |               |
+   Rental            |         |  406.56|          |               |
+   Power             |         |   83.53|  2,735.08|               |  6.638
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+Plastering           |         |        |          |               |
+ (3,000 sq. ft.):    |         |        |          |               |
+ Labor, Plasterers   | 0.75    |  116.50|          |               |
+   Labor             | 0.46-7/8|   15.00|          |               |
+     "               | 0.37-1/2|  198.52|          |               |
+     "               | 0.281   |  105.66|    435.68| 14.52         |
+                     |         |        |          |   per sq. ft. |
+ Material:           |         |        |          |               |
+   Sand              |         |    8.64|          |               |
+   Cement            |         |   66.10|          |               |
+   Alum and Potash   |         |   16.00|     90.74|  3.25         |
+                     |         |        |          |   per sq. ft. |
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+Cement Wash          |         |        |          |               |
+ (8,560 sq. ft.):    |         |        |          |               |
+   Labor             | 0.48-3/4|   50.00|          |               |
+     "               | 0.281   |   47.68|     97.68|1.14 per       |
+                     |         |        |          |   100 sq ft.  |
+ Material:           |         |        |          |               |
+   Cement            |         |   15.18|     15.18| 0.18  " " " " |
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+Windows, doors,      |         |        |          |               |
+ and scuttle:        |         |        |          |               |
+   Labor             | 0.50    |   49.00|     49.00|               |
+ Material:           |         |        |          |               |
+   1 door,           |         |        |          |               |
+    7 windows, etc.  |         |   47.26|    47.26 |               |
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+Equipment:           |         |        |          |               |
+ 40% of $461.46      |         |  184.58|    184.58| 0.448         |
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+Superintendence      |         |        |  1,241.45| 1.506         |
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+Steel Tank:          |         |        |          |               |
+ Labor, Carpenter    |$0.50    | $124.24|          |               |
+   Helper            | 0.344   |    2.75|          |               |
+   Boiler-makers     |         |  382.57|          |               |
+   Holders on        |         |  147.33|          |               |
+   Labor             |         |   40.61|          |               |
+   Foreman           | 0.625   |  186.25|   $883.75|$0.0441 per lb.|
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+ Material:           |         |        |          |               |
+   Tank, rivets, etc.|         |        |          |               |
+    (20,000 lb.)     |         |        |  1,740.69|               | $0.0875
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+Iron-work:           |         |        |          |               |
+ Spiral stairway,    |         |        |          |               |
+  inlet, and overflow|         |        |          |               |
+  pipes, ventilator, |         |        |          |               |
+  reinforcing steel, |         |        |          |               |
+  etc.:              |         |        |          |               |
+   Labor, Machinists |  0.50   |   89.50|          |               |
+    Helper           |  0.344  |  240.16|          |               |
+    Labor            |  0.281  |  100.79|    430.45|               |
+                     |         |        |          |               |
+   Material          |         |1,814.71|  1,814.71|               |
+---------------------+---------+--------+----------+---------------+---------
+   Total             |         |        |$16,578.29|               |
+=============================================================================
+
+
+
+
+DISCUSSION
+
+
+MAURICE C. COUCHOT, M. AM. SOC. C. E. (by letter).--It appears to the
+writer that in the design of this structure two features are open to
+criticism. The first is that such a high structure was built of plain
+concrete without any reinforcement. Even if the computation of stresses
+did not show the necessity for steel reinforcement, some should have
+been embedded in the work. As a matter of fact, the writer believes
+that, with the present knowledge of the benefit of reinforced concrete,
+a structure such as this should not be built without it. This applies
+mainly to the tower below the tank.
+
+The second feature, which is still more important, refers to the
+insertion of a shell of smooth steel plate to take the stresses due to
+the hydrostatic pressure, and also to insure against leakage in the
+walls of the tank. The 6-in. shell of plain concrete outside the steel
+shell, and the 3-in. shell inside, do not work together, and are
+practically of no value as walls, but are simply outside and inside
+linings. Although the designer provided lugs to insure the adhesion of
+the concrete to the plate, such precaution, in the writer's opinion,
+will not prevent the separation of the concrete from the smooth steel
+plate, and, at some future time, the water will reach and corrode the
+steel. It would have been better to have reinforced the wall of the tank
+with rods, as is generally done. The full thickness would have been
+available, and less plastering would have been required. Furthermore,
+the adhesion of concrete to a smooth steel plate is of doubtful value,
+for, in reinforced concrete, it is not the adhesion which does the work,
+but the gripping of the steel by the concrete in the process of setting.
+
+
+L. J. MENSCH, M. AM. SOC. C. E. (by letter).--This water-tower is
+probably the sightliest structure of its kind in North America; still,
+it does not look like a water-tower, and, from an architectural point of
+view, the crown portion is faulty, because it makes the tank appear to
+be much less in depth than it really is.
+
+The cost of this structure far exceeds that of similar tanks in the
+United States. The stand-pipe at Attleboro, 50 ft. in diameter and 100
+ft. high, cost about $25,000. Several years ago the writer proposed to
+build an elevated tank, 60 ft. in diameter and 40 ft. deep, the bottom
+of which was to be 50 ft. above the ground, for $21,000.
+
+Among other elevated tanks known to the writer is one having a capacity
+of 100,000 gal., the bottom being 60 ft. above the ground.[C] The total
+quantities of material required for this tank are given as 4,480 cu. ft.
+of concrete, 23,200 lb. of reinforcing steel, and 27,600 ft., b. m., of
+form lumber and staging. Calculating at the abnormally high unit prices
+of 40 cents per cu. ft. for concrete, 4 cents per lb. for steel, and $50
+per 1,000 ft., b. m., for lumber, the cost of the concrete would be
+$1,792, the steel, $928, and the form lumber and staging, $1,380. Adding
+to this the cost of a spiral staircase, at the high figure of $7 per
+linear foot in height, the total cost of this structure would be $4,598.
+The factor of safety used in this structure was four, but some engineers
+who are not familiar with concrete construction may require a higher
+factor. By doubling the quantities of concrete and steel, which would
+mean a tensile stress in the steel of only 8,000 lb. per sq. in., and a
+compressive stress in the concrete of only 225 lb. per sq. in., the cost
+of the tank would be only $7,318, as compared with the $16,578 mentioned
+in the paper. This enormous discrepancy between a good design and an
+amateur design, and between day-labor work and contract work should be a
+lesson which consulting engineers and managers of large corporations,
+who prefer their own designs and day-labor work, should take to heart.
+
+
+A. H. MARKWART, ASSOC. M. AM. SOC. C. E. (by letter).--It is the
+writer's opinion that the steel tank enclosed within the concrete of the
+upper cylinder, to take up the hoop tension and presumably to provide a
+water-tight tower, will not fulfill this latter requirement. If a
+plastered surface on the dome-shaped bottom provided the necessary
+imperviousness, it would seem that plastered walls would have proved
+satisfactory.
+
+Apparently, the sheet-metal tank is intended to exclude the possibility
+of exterior leakage, but it occurs to the writer that it will fail to be
+efficient in this particular, because, under pressure, the water will
+force itself under the steel tank and the dome thrust rings and out to
+the exterior of the tower just below the tank, thus showing that
+insurance against leakage is actually provided by the plastered interior
+surfaces and not by the sheet-metal tank, and, for this reason, ordinary
+deformed rod reinforcement, in the writer's opinion, would have proved
+cheaper and better, and more in line with other parts of the
+reinforcement.
+
+Mr. Kempkey states:
+
+     "Before filling, the inside of the tank was given a plaster coat,
+     consisting of 1 part cement to 1-3/4 parts of fine sand. This
+     proved to be insufficient to prevent leakage, the water seeping
+     through the dome and appearing on the outside of the structure
+     along the line of the bottom of the rings. Three more coats were
+     then applied over the entire tank, and two additional ones over the
+     dome and about 8 ft. up on the sides, and, except for one or two
+     small spots which show just a sign of moisture, the tank is
+     perfectly tight."
+
+This substantiates the writer's contention that water-tightness was
+actually obtained by a liberal use of cement plaster, which would also
+have been true had the reinforcement been rods.
+
+As a further comment, it might be stated that a water-tight concrete for
+the tank could have been obtained by adding from 8 to 10% of hydrated
+lime to the 1:2:4 mixture. This seems advisable in all cases where a
+water-tight concrete is necessary. The interior plastering could then
+have been done as a further precaution.
+
+
+A. KEMPKEY, JR., JUN. AM. SOC. C. E. (by letter).--Mr. Couchot's
+statement, that the 3-in. inside and outside sheets forming the tank
+casing do not act together, is quite true, and it was not expected that
+they would, other than to protect the steel and form an ornamental
+covering for it.
+
+There is certainly adhesion between concrete and steel, even though the
+steel be in the form of a thin shell, and in a structure of this kind
+where the steel is designed, with a low unit stress, to take all the
+strain, and where the load is at all times quiescent, it is difficult to
+see how this bond can be destroyed; the writer feels no concern on this
+score.
+
+Mr. Markwart's statement, that the steel tank enclosed within the
+concrete of the upper cylinder, presumably to provide a water-tight
+tower, will not fulfill this latter requirement, is not true, as shown
+by the statement in the paper that the only leakage which occurred was
+that which passed under the tank, the entire remaining portion being
+absolutely tight. The amount of leakage, while insignificant, was, until
+remedied, sufficient to spot the outside of the tower, making it
+unsightly; and this, in the writer's opinion, is just what would have
+happened had the tank been constructed in the ordinary manner, with
+deformed bars, except that it would have extended over more or less of
+the entire surface, instead of being localized, as was actually the
+case, and would have required more instead of less plastering. It is
+also doubtful whether the addition of hydrated lime would have produced
+a tight tank, in the sense that this structure was required to be tight.
+
+In the paper the writer endeavored to bring out the fact that this is
+one of the few instances where the aesthetic design of a structure of
+this sort is of prime importance, and cost a secondary consideration.
+There is, therefore, no use in comparing its cost with that of a
+structure in no way its equal in this respect and the use of which would
+not have been permitted any more than the use of the ordinary type of
+steel structure, even though the estimated cost were 75% less.
+
+Mr. Mensch has been pleased to term this design amateurish, presumably
+because of the conservative character of the stresses used and because
+of its cost; at the same time, he sets up the design to which he makes
+reference as a good one simply because of its cheapness. He will find
+the "enormous discrepancy," to which he calls attention, accounted for
+by the fact that the "good design" would not have been tolerated because
+of its appearance and because of the fact that the excessively high
+unit stresses, of which Mr. Mensch is an exponent, did not commend
+themselves either to the designer, in common with most engineers, or to
+Victorian taste; while the design used has proven eminently satisfactory
+to a more than usually conservative and discriminating community.
+
+Mr. Mensch's statement of unit costs, even though applied to a much
+plainer structure, is not calculated to inspire confidence in the
+soundness of his deductions in any one familiar with Victoria
+conditions.
+
+
+    FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [Footnote A: Presented at the meeting of March 16th, 1910.]
+
+    [Footnote B: Now Assoc. M. Am. Soc. C. E.]
+
+    [Footnote C: "The Reinforced Concrete Pocket Book," p. 124.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Transactions of the American Society
+of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXX, Dec. 1910, by A. Kempkey
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS ***
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