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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:52:32 -0700 |
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L. Apperson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Social History of Smoking + +Author: G. L. Apperson + +Release Date: April 1, 2006 [EBook #18096] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SOCIAL HISTORY OF SMOKING *** + + + + +Produced by David Newman, Jeannie Howse and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="tr"> +<p class="cen" style="font-weight: bold;">Transcriber's Note:</p> +<br /> +<p class="noin">A number of obvious typographical errors have been corrected in this text.<br /> +For a complete list, please see the <a href="#TN">bottom of this document</a>.</p> +<p class="noin">Hover over greek words for a transliteration.</p> +</div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1"></a></span> + + +<h3>THE<br /> +SOCIAL HISTORY<br /> +OF SMOKING</h3> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2"></a></span><br /> +<h3><i>BY THE SAME AUTHOR</i><br /> +BYGONE LONDON LIFE</h3> + +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3"></a></span> + +<h1>THE<br /> +SOCIAL HISTORY<br /> +OF SMOKING</h1> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<h2>BY G.L. APPERSON, I.S.O.</h2> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<h5>LONDON<br /> +MARTIN SECKER<br /> +NUMBER FIVE JOHN STREET<br /> +ADELPHI</h5> + +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> +<h5><i>First published 1914</i><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +PRINTED AT<br /> +THE BALLANTYNE PRESS<br /> +LONDON</h5> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> +<h4>TO<br /> +<br /> +J.H.M. AND R.W.B.<br /> +<br /> +GOOD FRIENDS AND<br /> +<br /> +GOOD SMOKERS<br /> +<br /> +BOTH</h4> + +<br /> +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span><br /> + + +<h3>PREFACE</h3> +<br /> + + +<p>This is the first attempt to write the history of smoking in this +country from the social point of view. There have been many books +written about tobacco—F.W. Fairholt's "History of Tobacco," 1859, and +the "Tobacco" (1857) of Andrew Steinmetz, are still valuable +authorities—but hitherto no one has told the story of the +fluctuations of fashion in respect of the practice of smoking.</p> + +<p>Much that is fully and well treated in such a work as Fairholt's +"History" is ignored in the following pages. I have tried to confine +myself strictly to the changes in the attitude of society towards +smoking, and to such historical and social sidelights as serve to +illuminate that theme.</p> + +<p>The tobacco-pipe was popular among every section of society in this +country in an amazingly short space of time after smoking was first +practised for pleasure, and retained its ascendancy for no +inconsiderable period. Signs of decline are to be observed during the +latter part of the seventeenth century; and in the course of its +successor smoking fell more and more under the ban of fashion. Early +in the nineteenth century tobacco-smoking had reached its nadir from +the social point of view. Then came the introduction of the cigar and +the revival of smoking in the circles from which it had long been +almost <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>entirely absent. The practice was hedged about and obstructed +by a host of restrictions and conventions, but as the nineteenth +century advanced the triumphant progress of tobacco became more and +more marked. The introduction of the cigarette completed what the +cigar had begun; barriers and prejudices crumbled and disappeared with +increasing rapidity; until at the present day tobacco-smoking in +England—by pipe or cigar or cigarette—is more general, more +continuous, and more free from conventional restrictions than at any +period since the early days of its triumph in the first decades of the +seventeenth century.</p> + +<p>The tracing and recording of this social history of the smoking-habit, +touching as it does so many interesting points and details of domestic +manners and customs, has been a task of peculiar pleasure. To me it +has been a labour of love; but no one can be more conscious of the +many imperfections of these pages than I am.</p> + +<p>I should like to add that I am indebted to Mr. Vernon Rendall, editor +of <i>The Athenæum</i>, for a number of valuable references and +suggestions.</p> + +<p class="right">G.L.A.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Haywards Heath.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>September 1914.</i></span></p> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="toc" id="toc"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span><br /> + + +<h3>CONTENTS</h3> +<br /> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="90%" summary="Table of Contents" style="font-size: 80%;"> + <tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> + <td class="tdr" width="15%"><span style="font-size: 90%;">PAGE</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrp" width="10%"><a href="#I">I.</a></td> + <td class="tdl" width="75%">THE FIRST PIPES OF TOBACCO SMOKED IN ENGLAND</td> + <td class="tdr">11</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrp"><a href="#II">II.</a></td> + <td class="tdl">TOBACCO TRIUMPHANT: SMOKING FASHIONABLE AND UNIVERSAL</td> + <td class="tdr">25</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrp"><a href="#III">III.</a></td> + <td class="tdl">TOBACCO TRIUMPHANT (<i>continued</i>): SELLERS OF + TOBACCO AND PROFESSORS OF THE ART OF SMOKING</td> + <td class="tdr">39</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrp"><a href="#IV">IV.</a></td> + <td class="tdl">CAVALIER AND ROUNDHEAD SMOKERS</td> + <td class="tdr">57</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrp"><a href="#V">V.</a></td> + <td class="tdl">SMOKING IN THE RESTORATION ERA</td> + <td class="tdr">69</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrp"><a href="#VI">VI.</a></td> + <td class="tdl">SMOKING UNDER KING WILLIAM III AND QUEEN ANNE</td> + <td class="tdr">83</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrp"><a href="#VII">VII.</a></td> + <td class="tdl">SMOKING UNFASHIONABLE: EARLY GEORGIAN DAYS</td> + <td class="tdr">99</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrp"><a href="#VIII">VIII.</a></td> + <td class="tdl">SMOKING UNFASHIONABLE (<i>continued</i>): + LATER GEORGIAN DAYS</td> + <td class="tdr">119</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrp"><a href="#IX">IX.</a></td> + <td class="tdl">SIGNS OF REVIVAL</td> + <td class="tdr">137</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrp"><a href="#X">X.</a></td> + <td class="tdl">EARLY VICTORIAN DAYS</td> + <td class="tdr">155</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrp"><a href="#XI">XI.</a></td> + <td class="tdl">LATER VICTORIAN DAYS</td> + <td class="tdr">179</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrp"><a href="#XII">XII.</a></td> + <td class="tdl">SMOKING IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY</td> + <td class="tdr">193</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrp"><a href="#XIII">XIII.</a></td> + <td class="tdl">SMOKING BY WOMEN</td> + <td class="tdr">205</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrp"><a href="#XIV">XIV.</a></td> + <td class="tdl">SMOKING IN CHURCH</td> + <td class="tdr">225</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrp"><a href="#XV">XV.</a></td> + <td class="tdl">TOBACCONISTS' SIGNS</td> + <td class="tdr">235</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrp"> </td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#INDEX">INDEX</a></td> + <td class="tdr">251</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="I" id="I"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>I</h3> + +<h3>THE FIRST PIPES OF TOBACCO SMOKED IN ENGLAND<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza" style="margin-bottom: .25em;"> +<span class="i0">Before the wine of sunny Rhine, or even Madam Clicquot's,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Let all men praise, with loud hurras, this panacea of Nicot's.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The debt confess, though none the less they love the grape and barley,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Which Frenchmen owe to good Nicot, and Englishmen to Raleigh.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="rightp sc">Dean Hole.</p> + +<br /> + +<p>There is little doubt that the smoke of herbs and leaves of various +kinds was inhaled in this country, and in Europe generally, long +before tobacco was ever heard of on this side the Atlantic. But +whatever smoking of this kind took place was medicinal and not social. +Many instances have been recorded of the finding of pipes resembling +those used for tobacco-smoking in Elizabethan times, in positions and +in circumstances which would seem to point to much greater antiquity +of use than the form of the pipes supports; but some at least of these +finds will not bear the interpretation which has been put upon them, +and in other cases the presence of pipes could reasonably be accounted +for otherwise than by associating them with the antiquity claimed for +them. In any case, the entire absence of any <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>allusions whatever to +smoking in any shape or form in our pre-Elizabethan literature, or in +mediæval or earlier art, is sufficient proof that from the social +point of view smoking did not then exist. The inhaling of the smoke of +dried herbs for medicinal purposes, whether through a pipe-shaped +funnel or otherwise, had nothing in it akin to the smoking of tobacco +for both individual and social pleasure, and therefore lies outside +the scope of this book.</p> + +<p>It may further be added that though the use of tobacco was known and +practised on the continent of Europe for some time before smoking +became common in England—it was taken to Spain from Mexico by a +physician about 1560, and Jean Nicot about the same time sent tobacco +seeds to France—yet such use was exclusively for medicinal purposes. +The smoking of tobacco in England seems from the first to have been +much more a matter of pleasure than of hygiene.</p> + +<p>Who first smoked a pipe of tobacco in England? The honour is divided +among several claimants. It has often been stated that Captain William +Middleton or Myddelton (son of Richard Middleton, Governor of Denbigh +Castle), a Captain Price and a Captain Koet were the first who smoked +publicly in London, and that folk flocked from all parts to see them; +and it is usually added that pipes were not then invented, so they +smoked the twisted leaf, or cigars. This account first appeared in one +of the volumes of Pennant's "Tour in Wales." But the late Professor +Arber long ago pointed out that the remark as to the mode of smoking +by cigars and not by pipes was simply Pennant's speculation. The +authority for the rest of the story is a paper in the Sebright MSS., +which, in an account of William Middleton, has the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>remark: "It is +sayed, that he, with Captain Thomas Price of Plâsyollin and one +Captain Koet, were the first who smoked, or (as they called it) drank +tobacco publickly in London; and that the Londoners flocked from all +parts to see them." No date is named, and no further particulars are +available.</p> + +<p>Another Elizabethan who is often said to have smoked the first pipe in +England is Ralph Lane, the first Governor of Virginia, who came home +with Drake in 1586. Lane is said to have given Sir Walter Raleigh an +Indian pipe and to have shown him how to use it. There is no original +authority, however, for the statement that Lane first smoked tobacco +in England, and, moreover, he was not the first English visitor to +Virginia to return to this country. One Captain Philip Amadas +accompanied Captain Barlow, who commanded on the occasion of Raleigh's +first voyage of discovery, when the country was formally taken +possession of and named Virginia in honour of Queen Elizabeth. This +was early in 1584. The two captains reached England in September 1584, +bringing with them the natives of whom King James I, in his +"Counter-blaste to Tobacco," speaks as "some two or three Savage men," +who "were brought in, together with this Savage custome," <i>i.e.</i> of +smoking. It is extremely improbable that Captains Amadas and Barlow, +when reporting to Raleigh on their expedition, did not also make him +acquainted with the Indian practice of smoking. This would be two +years before the return of Ralph Lane.</p> + +<p>But certainly pipes were smoked in England before 1584. The plant was +introduced into Europe, as we have seen, about 1560, and it was under +cultivation in England by 1570. In the 1631 edition of Stow's +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>"Chronicles" it is stated that tobacco was "first brought and made +known by Sir John Hawkins, about the year 1565, but not used by +Englishmen in many years after." There is only one reference to +tobacco in Hawkins's description of his travels. In the account of his +second voyage (1564-65) he says: "The Floridians when they travel have +a kinde of herbe dryed, which with a cane, and an earthen cup in the +end, with fire, and the dried herbs put together do smoke thoro the +cane the smoke thereof, which smoke satisfieth their hunger, and +therewith they live foure or five days without meat or drinke." +Smoking was thus certainly known to Hawkins in 1565, but much reliance +cannot be placed on the statement in the Stow of 1631 that he first +made known the practice in this country, because that statement +appears in no earlier edition of the "Chronicles." Moreover, as +opposed to the allegation that tobacco was "not used by Englishmen in +many years after" 1565, there is the remark by William Harrison, in +his "Chronologie," 1588, that in 1573 "the taking in of the smoke of +the Indian herbe called Tobacco, by an instrument formed like a little +ladell, whereby it passeth from the mouth into the head and stomach, +is gretlie taken up and used in England." The "little ladell" +describes the early form of the tobacco-pipe, with small and very +shallow bowl.</p> + +<p>King James, in his reference to the "first Author" of what he calls +"this abuse," clearly had Sir Walter Raleigh in view, and it is +Raleigh with whom in the popular mind the first pipe of tobacco smoked +in England is usually associated. The tradition is crystallized in the +story of the schoolboy who, being <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>asked "What do you know about Sir +Walter Raleigh?" replied: "Sir Walter Raleigh introduced tobacco into +England, and when smoking it in this country said to his servant, +'Master Ridley, we are to-day lighting a candle in England which by +God's blessing will never be put out'"!</p> + +<p>The truth probably is that whoever actually smoked the first pipe, it +was Raleigh who brought the practice into common use. It is highly +probable, also, that Raleigh was initiated in the art of smoking by +Thomas Hariot. This was made clear, I think, by the late Dr. +Brushfield in the second of the valuable papers on matters connected +with the life and achievements of Sir Walter, which he contributed +under the title of "Raleghana" to the "Transactions" of the Devonshire +Association. Hariot was sent out by Raleigh for the specific purpose +of inquiring into and reporting upon the natural productions of +Virginia. He returned in 1586, and in 1588 published the results of +his researches in a thin quarto with an extremely long-winded title +beginning "A briefe and true report of the new found land of Virginia" +and continuing for a further 138 words.</p> + +<p>In this "Report" Hariot says of the tobacco plant: "There is an herbe +which is sowed a part by itselfe and is called by the inhabitants +Vppówoc: In the West Indies it hath divers names, according to the +severall places and countries where it groweth and is used: The +Spaniardes generally call it Tobacco. The leaves thereof being dried +and brought into powder: they use to take the fume or smoke thereof by +sucking it through pipes made of claie into their stomacke and heade: +from whence it purgeth superfluous fleame and other grosse humors, +openeth all <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>the pores and passages of the body: by which meanes the +use thereof, not only preserveth the body from obstructions: but if +also any be, so that they have not beane of too long continuance, in +short time breaketh them: wherby their bodies are notably preserved in +health, and know not many greevous diseases wherewithall wee in +England are oftentimes afflicted."</p> + +<p>So far Hariot's "Report" regarded tobacco from the medicinal point of +view only; but it is important to note that he goes on to describe his +personal experience of the practice of smoking in words that suggest +the pleasurable nature of the experience. He says: "We ourselves +during the time we were there used to suck it after their maner, as +also since our returne, and have found maine [? manie] rare and +wonderful experiments of the vertues thereof: of which the relation +woulde require a volume by itselfe: the use of it by so manie of late, +men and women of great calling as else, and some learned Physitians +also, is sufficient witness."</p> + +<p>Who can doubt that Hariot, in reporting direct to Sir Walter Raleigh, +showed his employer how "to suck it after their maner"?</p> + +<p>All the evidence agrees that whoever taught Raleigh, it was Raleigh's +example that brought smoking into notice and common use. Long before +his death in 1618 it had become fashionable, as we shall see, in all +ranks of society. He is said to have smoked a pipe on the morning of +his execution, before he went to the scaffold, a tradition which is +quite credible.</p> + +<p>Every one knows the legend of the water (or beer) thrown over Sir +Walter by his servant when he first saw his master smoking, and +imagined he was on <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>fire. The story was first associated with Raleigh +by a writer in 1708 in a magazine called the <i>British Apollo</i>. +According to this yarn Sir Walter usually "indulged himself in +Smoaking secretly, two pipes a Day; at which time, he order'd a Simple +Fellow, who waited, to bring him up a Tankard of old Ale and Nutmeg, +always laying aside the Pipe, when he heard his servant coming." On +this particular occasion, however, the pipe was not laid aside in +time, and the "Simple Fellow," imagining his master was on fire, as he +saw the smoke issuing from his mouth, promptly put the fire out by +sousing him with the contents of the tankard. One difficulty about +this story is the alleged secrecy of Raleigh's indulgence in tobacco. +There seems to be no imaginable reason why he should not have smoked +openly. Later versions turn the ale into water and otherwise vary the +story.</p> + +<p>But the story was a stock jest long before it was associated with +Raleigh. The earliest example of it occurs in the "Jests" attributed +to Richard Tarleton, the famous comic performer of the Elizabethan +stage, who died in 1588—the year of the Armada. "Tarlton's Jests" +appeared in 1611, and the story in question, which is headed "How +Tarlton tooke tobacco at the first comming up of it," runs as follows:</p> + +<p>"Tarlton, as other gentlemen used, at the first comming up of tobacco, +did take it more for fashion's sake than otherwise, and being in a +roome, set between two men overcome with wine, and they never seeing +the like, wondered at it, and seeing the vapour come out of Tarlton's +nose, cryed out, fire, fire, and threw a cup of wine in Tarlton's +face. Make no more stirre, quoth Tarlton, the fire is quenched: if +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>the sheriffes come, it will turne to a fine, as the custome is. And +drinking that againe, fie, sayes the other, what a stinke it makes; I +am almost poysoned. If it offend, saies Tarlton, let every one take a +little of the smell, and so the savour will quickly goe: but tobacco +whiffes made them leave him to pay all."</p> + +<p>In the early days of smoking, the smoker was very generally said to +"drink" tobacco.</p> + +<p>Another early example of the story occurs in Barnaby Rich's "Irish +Hubbub," 1619, where a "certain Welchman coming newly to London," and +for the first time seeing a man smoking, extinguished the fire with a +"bowle of beere" which he had in his hand.</p> + +<p>Various places are traditionally associated with Raleigh's first pipe. +The most surprising claim, perhaps, is that of Penzance, for which +there is really no evidence at all. Miss Courtney, writing in the +<i>Folk-Lore Journal</i>, 1887, says: "There is a myth that Sir Walter +Raleigh landed at Penzance Quay when he returned from Virginia, and on +it smoked the first tobacco ever seen in England, but for this I do +not believe that there is the slightest foundation. Several western +ports, both in Devon and Cornwall, make the same boast." Miss Courtney +might have added that Sir Walter never himself visited Virginia at +all.</p> + +<p>Another place making a similar claim is Hemstridge, on the Somerset +and Dorset border. Just before reaching Hemstridge from Milborne Port, +at the cross-roads, there is a public-house called the Virginia Inn. +There, it is said, according to Mr. Edward Hutton, in his "Highways +and Byways in Somerset," "Sir Walter Raleigh smoked his first pipe of +tobacco, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>and, being discovered by his servant, was drenched with a +bucket of water."</p> + +<p>At the fifteenth-century Manor-House at South Wraxall, Wiltshire, the +"Raleigh Room" is shown, and visitors are told that according to local +tradition it was in this room that Sir Walter smoked his first pipe, +when visiting his friend, the owner of the mansion, Sir Henry Long.</p> + +<p>Another tradition gives the old Pied Bull at Islington, long since +demolished, as the scene of the momentous event. It is said in its +earlier days to have been a country house of Sir Walter's, and +according to legend it was in his dining-room in this house that he +had his first pipe. Hone, in the first volume of the "Every Day Book" +tells how he and some friends visited this Pied Bull, then in a very +decayed condition, and smoked their pipes in the dining-room in memory +of Sir Walter. From the recently published biography of William Hone +by Mr. F.W. Hackwood, we learn that the jovial party consisted of +William Hone, George Cruikshank, Joseph Goodyear, and David Sage, who +jointly signed a humorous memorandum of their proceedings on the +occasion, from which it appears that "each of us smoked a pipe, that +is to say, each of us one or more pipes, or less than one pipe, and +the undersigned George Cruikshank having smoked pipes innumerable or +more or less," and that "several pots of porter, in aid of the said +smoking," were consumed, followed by bowls of negus made from "port +wine @ 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> per bottle (duty knocked off lately)" and other +ingredients. Speeches were made and toasts proposed, and altogether +the four, who desired to "have the gratification of saying hereafter +that we had smoked a pipe in the same room <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>that the man who first +introduced tobacco smoked in himself," seem to have thoroughly enjoyed +themselves.</p> + +<p>Wherever Raleigh is known to have lived or lodged we are sure to find +the tradition flourishing that there he smoked his first pipe. The +assertion has been made of his birthplace, Hayes Barton, although it +is very doubtful if he ever visited the place after his parents left +it, some years before their son had become acquainted with tobacco; +and also with more plausibility of his home at Youghal, in the south +of Ireland. Froude, in one of his "Short Studies," quotes a legend to +the effect that Raleigh smoked on a rock below the Manor House of +Greenaway, on the River Dart, which was the home of the first husband +of Katherine Champernowne, afterwards Raleigh's wife; and Devonshire +guide-books have adopted the story.</p> + +<p>Perhaps the most likely scene of Raleigh's first experiments in the +art of smoking was Durham House, which stood where the Adelphi Terrace +and the streets between it and the Strand now stand. This was in the +occupation of Sir Walter for twenty years (1583-1603), and he was +probably resident there when Hariot returned from Virginia to make his +report and instruct his employer in the management of a pipe. Walter +Thornbury, in his "Haunted London," referring to the story of the +servant throwing the ale over his smoking master, says: "There is a +doubtful old legend about Raleigh's first pipe, the scene of which may +be not unfairly laid at Durham House, where Raleigh lived." The ale +story is mythical, but it is highly probable that Sir Walter's first +pipes were smoked in Durham House. Dr. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>Brushfield quotes Hepworth +Dixon, in "Her Majesty's Tower," as drawing "an imaginary and yet +probable picture of him and his companions at a window of this very +house, overlooking the 'silent highway':</p> + +<p>"'It requires no effort of the fancy to picture these three men +[Shakespeare, Bacon and Raleigh] as lounging in a window of Durham +House, puffing the new Indian weed from silver bowls, discussing the +highest themes in poetry and science, while gazing on the flower-beds +and the river, the darting barges of dame and cavalier, and the +distant pavilions of Paris garden and the Globe.'" This is a pure +"effort of the fancy" so far as Bacon and Shakespeare are concerned. +Shakespeare's absolute silence about tobacco forbids us to assume that +he smoked; but of Raleigh the picture may be true enough. The house +had, as Aubrey tells us, "a little turret that looked into and over +the Thames, and had the prospect which is as pleasant perhaps as any +in the world"; and it would be strange indeed if the owner of the +noble house did not often smoke a contemplative pipe in the window of +that pleasant turret.</p> + +<p>The only mention made of tobacco by Raleigh himself occurs in a +testamentary note made a little while before his execution in 1618. +Referring to the tobacco remaining on his ship after his last voyage, +he wrote: "Sir Lewis Stukely sold all the tobacco at Plimouth of +which, for the most part of it, I gave him a fift part of it, as also +a role for my Lord Admirall and a role for himself ... I desire that +hee may give his account for the tobacco." As showing how closely Sir +Walter's name was associated with it long after his death, Dr. +Brushfield quotes the following entry from the diary of the great Earl +of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>Cork: "Sept. 1, 1641. Sent by Travers to my infirme cozen Roger +Vaghan, a pott of Sir Walter Raleighes tobackoe."</p> + +<p>In the Wallace Collection at Hertford House is a pouch or case +labelled as having belonged to and been used by Sir Walter Raleigh. +This pouch contains several clay pipes. It was perhaps this same pouch +or case which once upon a time figured in Ralph Thoresby's museum at +Leeds, and is described by Thoresby himself in his "Ducatus +Leodiensis," 1715. Curiously enough, a few years ago when excavations +were being made around the foundations of Raleigh's house at Youghal a +clay pipe-bowl was dug up which in size, shape, &c., was exactly like +the pipes in the Wallace exhibit. Raleigh lived and no doubt smoked in +the Youghal house, so it is quite possible that the bowl found +belonged to one of the pipes actually smoked by him. In the garden of +the Youghal house, by the way, they used to show the tree—perhaps +still do so—under which Raleigh was sitting, smoking his pipe, when +his servant drenched him. Thus the tradition, which, as we have seen, +dates from 1708 only, has obtained two local habitations—Youghal and +Durham House on the Adelphi site.</p> + +<p>In November 1911 a curiously shaped pipe was put up for sale in Mr. +J.C. Stevens's Auction Room, Covent Garden, which was described as +that which Raleigh smoked "on the scaffold." The pipe in question was +said to have been given by the doomed man to Bishop Andrewes, in whose +family it remained for many years, and it was stated to have been in +the family of the owner, who sent it for sale, for some 200 years. The +pipe was of wood constructed in four pieces of strange shape, rudely +carved with dogs' <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>heads and faces of Red Indians. According to legend +it had been presented to Raleigh by the Indians. The auctioneer, Mr. +Stevens, remarked that unfortunately a parchment document about the +pipe was lost some years ago, and declared, "If we could only produce +the parchment the pipe would fetch £500." In the end, however, it was +knocked down at seventy-five guineas.</p> + +<p>The form and make of the first pipe is a matter I do not propose to go +into here; but in connexion with the first pipe smoked in this country +Aubrey's interesting statements must be given. Writing in the time of +Charles II, he said that he had heard his grandfather say that at +first one pipe was handed from man to man round about the table. "They +had first silver pipes; the ordinary sort made use of a walnut shell +and a straw"—surely a very unsatisfactory pipe. Tobacco in those +earliest days, he says, was sold for its weight in silver. "I have +heard some of our old yeomen neighbours say that when they went to +Malmesbury or Chippenham Market, they culled out their biggest +shillings to lay in the scales against the tobacco."</p> + +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="II" id="II"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>II</h3> + +<h3>TOBACCO TRIUMPHANT: SMOKING FASHIONABLE AND UNIVERSAL<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza" style="margin-bottom: .25em; font-style: normal;"> +<span class="i4">Tobacco engages<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Both sexes, all ages,<br /></span> +<span class="i6">The poor as well as the wealthy;<br /></span> +<span class="i4">From the court to the cottage,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">From childhood to dotage,<br /></span> +<span class="i6">Both those that are sick and the healthy.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="rightp"><i>Wits' Recreations</i>, 1640.</p> + +<br /> + + +<p>This chapter and the next deal with the history of smoking during the +first fifty years after its introduction as a social habit—roughly to +1630.</p> + +<p>The use of tobacco spread with extraordinary rapidity among all +classes of society. During the latter part of Queen Elizabeth's reign +and through the early decades of the seventeenth century tobacco-pipes +were in full blast. Tobacco was triumphant.</p> + +<p>Perhaps the most noteworthy thing about smoking at this period, from +the social point of view, was its fashionableness. One of the marked +characteristics of the gallant—the beau or dandy or "swell" of the +time—was his devotion to tobacco. Earle says that a gallant was one +that was born and shaped for his clothes—but clothes were only a part +of his equipment. Bishop Hall, satirizing the young man of fashion in +1597, describes the delicacies with which <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>he was accustomed to +indulge his appetite, and adds that, having eaten, he "Quaffs a whole +tunnel of tobacco smoke"; and old Robert Burton, in satirically +enumerating the accomplishments of "a complete, a well-qualified +gentleman," names to "take tobacco with a grace," with hawking, +riding, hunting, card-playing, dicing and the like. The qualifications +for a gallant were described by another writer in 1603 as "to make +good faces, to take Tobacco well, to spit well, to laugh like a +waiting gentlewoman, to lie well, to blush for nothing, to looke big +upon little fellowes, to scoffe with a grace ... and, for a neede, to +ride prettie and well."</p> + +<p>A curious feature of tobacco-manners among fashionable smokers of the +period was the practice of passing a pipe from one to another, after +the fashion of the "loving cup." There is a scene in "Greene's Tu +Quoque," 1614, laid in a fashionable ordinary, where the London +gallants meet as usual, and one says to a companion who is smoking: +"Please you to impart your smoke?" "Very willingly, sir," says the +smoker. Number two takes a whiff or two and courteously says: "In good +faith, a pipe of excellent vapour!" The owner of the pipe then +explains that it is "the best the house yields," whereupon the other +immediately depreciates it, saying affectedly: "Had you it in the +house? I thought it had been your own: 'tis not so good now as I took +it for!" Another writer of this time speaks of one pipe of tobacco +sufficing "three or four men at once."</p> + +<p>The rich young gallant carried about with him his tobacco apparatus +(often of gold or silver) in the form of tobacco-box, +tobacco-tongs—wherewith to lift a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>live coal to light his pipe, ladle +"for the cold snuffe into the nosthrill," and priming-iron. Sometimes +the tobacco-box was of ivory; and occasionally a gallant would have +looking-glass set in his box, so that when he took it out to obtain +tobacco, he could at the same time have a view of his own delectable +person. When our gallant went to dine at the ordinary, according to +the custom of the time, he brought out these possessions, and smoked +while the dinner was being served. Before dinner, after taking a few +turns up and down Paul's Walk in the old cathedral, he might look into +the booksellers' shops, and, pipe in mouth, inquire for the most +recent attack upon the "divine weed"—the contemporary tobacco +literature was abundant—or drop into an apothecary's, which was +usually a tobacco-shop also, and there meet his fellow-smokers.</p> + +<p>In the afternoon the gallant might attend what Dekker calls a +"Tobacco-ordinary," by which may possibly have been meant a +smoking-club, or, more probably, the gathering after dinner at one of +the many ordinaries in the neighbourhood of St. Paul's Cathedral of +"tobacconists," as smokers were then called, to discuss the merits of +their respective pipes, and of the various kinds of tobacco—"whether +your Cane or your Pudding be sweetest."</p> + +<p>Of course he often bragged, like Julio in Day's "Law Trickes": +"Tobacco? the best in Europe, 't cost me ten Crownes an ounce, by this +vapour."</p> + +<p>An amusing example of the bragging "tobacconist" is pictured for us in +Ben Jonson's "Bobadil." Bobadil may perhaps be somewhat of an +exaggerated caricature, but it is probable that the dramatist in +drawing him simply exaggerated the characteristic <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>traits of many +smokers of the day. This hero, drawing tobacco from his pocket, +declares that it is all that is left of seven pounds which he had +bought only "yesterday was seven-night." A consumption of seven pounds +of tobacco in eight days is a pretty "tall order"! Then he goes on to +brag of its quality—your right Trinidado—and to assert that he had +been in the Indies, where the herb grows, and where he himself and a +dozen other gentlemen had for the space of one-and-twenty weeks known +no other nutriment than the fume of tobacco. This again was tolerably +"steep" even for this Falstaff-like braggart. He continues with more +bombast in praise of the medicinal virtues of the herb—virtues which +were then very firmly and widely believed in—and is replied to by +Cob, the anti-tobacconist, who, with equal exaggeration on the other +side, denounces tobacco, and declares that four people had died in one +house from the use of it in the preceding week, and that one had +"voided a bushel of soot"!</p> + +<p>The properly accomplished gallant not only professed to be curiously +learned in pipes and tobacco, but his knowledge of prices and their +fluctuations, of the apothecaries' and other shops where the herb was +sold, and of the latest and most fashionable ways of inhaling and +exhaling the smoke, was, like Mr. Weller's knowledge of London, +"extensive and peculiar." It was knowledge of this kind that gained +for a gallant reputation and respect by no means to be acquired by +mere scholarship and learning.</p> + +<p>The satirical Dekker might class "tobacconists" with "feather-makers, +cobweb-lawne-weavers, perfumers, young country gentlemen and fools," +but he <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>bears invaluable witness to the devotion of the fashionable +men of the day to the "costlye and gentleman-like Smoak."</p> + +<p>It was customary for a man to carry a case of pipes about with him. In +a play of 1609 ("Everie Woman in her Humour") there is an inventory of +the contents of a gentleman's pocket, with a value given for each +item, which displays certainly a curious assortment of articles. First +comes a brush and comb worth fivepence, and next a looking-glass worth +three halfpence. With these aids to vanity are a case of tobacco-pipes +valued at fourpence, half an ounce of tobacco valued at sixpence, and +three pence in coin, or, as it is quaintly worded, "in money and +golde." Satirists of course made fun of the smoker's pocketful of +apparatus. A pamphleteer of 1609 says: "I behelde pipes in his pocket; +now he draweth forth his tinder-box and his touchwood, and falleth to +his tacklings; sure his throat is on fire, the smoke flyeth so fast +from his mouth."</p> + +<p>It may be noted, by the way, that the gallant had no hesitation about +smoking in the presence of ladies. Gostanzo, in Chapman's "All Fools," +1605, says:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">And for discourse in my fair mistress's presence<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I did not, as you barren gallants do,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Fill my discourses up drinking tobacco.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="noin">And in Ben Jonson's "Every Man out of his Humour," 1600, Fastidious +Brisk, "a neat, spruce, affecting courtier," smokes while he talks to +his mistress. A feather-headed gallant, when in the presence of +ladies, often found himself, like others of his tribe of later date, +gravelled for lack of matter for conversation, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>the puffing of +tobacco-smoke helped to occupy the pauses.</p> + +<p>When our gallant went to the theatre he loved to occupy one of the +stools at the side of the stage. There he could sit and smoke and +embarrass the actors with his audible criticisms of play and players.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">It chaunc'd me gazing at the Theater,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To spie a Lock-Tabacco Chevalier<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Clowding the loathing ayr with foggie fume<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of Dock Tobacco friendly foe to rhume—<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="noin">says a versifier of 1599, who did not like smoking in the theatre and +so abused the quality of the tobacco smoked—though admitting its +medicinal virtue. Dekker suggests, probably with truth, that one +reason why the young gallant liked to push his way to a stool on the +stage, notwithstanding "the mewes and hisses of the opposed +rascality"—the "mewes" must have been the squeals or whistles +produced by the instrument which was later known as a cat-call—was +the opportunity such a prominent position afforded for the display of +"the best and most essential parts of a gallant—good cloathes, a +proportionable legge, white hand, the Persian lock, and a tolerable +beard." Apparently, too, serving-boys were within call, and thus +lights could easily be obtained, which were handed to one another by +the smokers on the points of their swords.</p> + +<p>Ben Jonson has given us an amusing picture of the behaviour of +gallants on the Elizabethan stage, in his "Cynthia's Revels." In this +scene a child thus mimics the obtrusive beau: "Now, sir, suppose I am +one of your genteel auditors, that am come in (having paid my money at +the door, with much ado), and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>here I take my place, and sit downe. I +have my three sorts of tobacco in my pocket, my light by me, and thus +I begin. 'By this light, I wonder that any man is so mad, to come to +see these rascally tits play here—they do act like so many wrens—not +the fifth part of a good face amongst them all—and then their musick +is abominable—able to stretch a man's ears worse than ten—pillories, +and their ditties—most lamentable things, like the pitiful fellows +that make them—poets. By this vapour—an't were not for tobacco—I +think—the very smell of them would poison me, I should not dare to +come in at their gates. A man were better visit fifteen jails—or a +dozen or two hospitals—than once adventure to come near them.'" And +the young rascal, who at each pause marked by a dash had puffed his +pipe, no doubt blowing an extra large "cloud" when he swore "by this +vapour," turns to his companions and says: "How is't? Well?" and they +pronounce his mimicry "Excellent!"</p> + +<p>Smoking was not confined to the auditors on the stage, who paid +sixpence each for a stool. There was the "lords' room" over the stage, +which seems to have corresponded with the modern stage boxes, the +price of admission to which appears to have been a shilling, where the +pipe was also in full blast. Dekker tells how a gallant at a new play +would take a place in the "twelve penny room, next the stage, because +the lords and you may seem to be hail fellow, well met"; and Jonson, +in "Every Man out of his Humour," 1600, speaks of one who pretended +familiarity with courtiers, that he talked of them as if he had "taken +tobacco with them over the stage, in the lords' room."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>Among the general audience of the theatre smoking seems to have been +usual also. The anti-tobacconists among those present, few of whom +were men, must have suffered by the practice. In that admirable +burlesque comedy by Beaumont and Fletcher, "The Knight of the Burning +Pestle," 1613, the citizen's wife, addressing herself either to the +gallants on the stage, or to her fellow-spectators sitting around her, +exclaims: "Fy! This stinking tobacco kills men! Would there were none +in England! Now I pray, gentlemen, what good does this stinking +tobacco do you? Nothing, I warrant you; make chimneys a' your faces!" +But many women viewed tobacco differently, as we shall see in the +chapter on "Smoking by Women." Moreover, this good woman herself, in +the epilogue to the burlesque, invites the gentlemen whom she has +before abused for smoking, to come to her house where she will +entertain them with "a pottle of wine, and a pipe of tobacco."</p> + +<p>Hentzner, the German traveller, who visited London in 1598, speaks of +smoking being customary among the audience at plays, who were also +supplied with "fruits, such as apples, pears and nuts, according to +the season, carried about to be sold, as well as ale and wine." He was +struck with the universal prevalence of the tobacco-habit. Not only at +plays, but "everywhere else," he says, the "English are constantly +smoking tobacco," and then he proceeds to describe how they did it: +"They have pipes on purpose made of clay, into the further end of +which they put the herb, so dry that it may be rubbed into powder; and +putting fire to it, they draw the smoak into their mouths, which they +puff out again through their nostrils, like funnels, along with it +plenty of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>phlegm and defluxions from the head." This suggests that +the unpleasant and quite unnecessary habit of spitting was common with +these early smokers, a suggestion which is amply supported by other +contemporary evidence.</p> + +<p>Tobacco was smoked by all classes and in almost all places. It was +smoked freely in the streets. In some verses prefixed to an edition of +Skelton's "Elinour Rumming" which appeared in 1624, the ghost of +Skelton, who was poet-laureate to King Henry VIII, was made to say +that he constantly saw smoking:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">As I walked between<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Westminster Hall<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And the Church of Saint Paul,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And so thorow the citie,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Where I saw and did pitty<br /></span> +<span class="i0">My country men's cases,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With fiery-smoke faces,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sucking and drinking<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A filthie weede stinking.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Tobacco-selling was sometimes curiously combined with other trades. A +Fleet Street tobacconist of this time was also a dealer in worsted +stockings. A mercer of Mansfield who died at the beginning of 1624, +and who apparently carried on business also at Southwell, had a +considerable stock of tobacco. In the Inventory of all his "cattalles +and goods" which is dated 24 January 1624, there is included "It. in +Tobacco 19.<i>li</i> 0. 0." Nineteen pounds' worth of tobacco, considering +the then value of money, was no small stock for a mercer-tobacconist +to carry.</p> + +<p>But the apothecaries were the most usual salesmen, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>and their shops +and the ordinaries were the customary day meeting-places for the more +fashionable smokers. The taverns and inns, however, were also filled +with smoke, and taverns were frequented by men of all social grades. +Dekker speaks of the gallant leaving the tavern at night when "the +spirit of wine and tobacco walkes" in his train. On the occasion of +the accession of James I, 1603, when London was given up to rejoicing +and revelry, we are told that "tobacconists [<i>i.e.</i> smokers] filled up +whole Tavernes."</p> + +<p>King James himself is an unwilling witness to the popularity of +tobacco. He tells us that a man could not heartily welcome his friend +without at once proposing a smoke. It had become, he says, a point of +good-fellowship, and he that would refuse to take a pipe among his +fellows was accounted "peevish and no good company." "Yea," he +continues, with rising indignation, "the mistress cannot in a more +mannerly kind entertain her servant than by giving him out of her fair +hand a pipe of tobacco."</p> + +<p>Smoking was soon as common in the country as in London. On Wednesday, +April 16, 1621, in the course of a debate in the House of Commons, Sir +William Stroud, who seems to have been a worthy disciple of that +tobacco-hater, King James I, moved that he "would have tobacco +banished wholly out of the kingdom, and that it may not be brought in +from any part, nor used amongst us"; and Sir Grey Palmes said "that if +tobacco be not banished, it will overthrow 100,000 men in England, for +now it is so common that he hath seen ploughmen take it as they are at +plough." Perhaps this terrible picture of a ploughman smoking as he +followed his lonely furrow did not impress the House so much as Sir +Grey <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>evidently thought it would; at all events, tobacco was not +banished.</p> + +<p>Peers and squires and parsons and peasants alike smoked. The parson of +Thornton, in Buckinghamshire, was so devoted to tobacco that when his +supply of the weed ran short, he is said to have cut up the bell-ropes +and smoked them! This is dated about 1630. In the well-known +description of the famous country squire, Mr. Hastings, who was +remarkable for keeping up old customs in the early years of the +seventeenth century, we read of how his hall tables were littered with +hawks' hoods, bells, old hats with their crowns thrust in, full of +pheasants' eggs; tables, dice, cards, and store of tobacco-pipes.</p> + +<p>Sir Francis Vere, in the account of his services by sea and land which +he wrote about 1606, mentions that on an expedition to the Azores in +1597, the Earl of Essex, waiting for news of the enemy at St. Michael, +"called for tobacco ... and so on horseback, with those Noblemen and +Gentlemen on foot beside him, took tobacco, whilst I was telling his +Lordship of the men I had sent forth, and orders I had given." +Presently came the sound of guns, which "made his Lordship cast his +pipe from him, and listen to the shooting."</p> + +<p>Another famous nobleman, Lord Herbert of Cherbury—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">All-virtuous Herbert! on whose every part<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Truth might spend all her voice, fame all her art!—<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="noin">was a smoker, as we know from a very curious passage in his well-known +autobiography. He appears to have smoked not so much for pleasure as +for supposed reasons of health. "It is well known," <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>he wrote, "to +those that wait in my chamber, that the shirts, waistcoats, and other +garments I wear next my body, are sweet, beyond what either can easily +be believed, or hath been observed in any else, which sweetness also +was found to be in my breath above others, before I used to take +tobacco, which towards my latter time I was forced to take against +certain rheums and catarrhs that trouble me, which yet did not taint +my breath for any long time." The autobiography was written about +1645, so as Lord Herbert did not smoke till towards the latter part of +his life—he died in 1648—he clearly was not one of those who took to +tobacco in the first enthusiasm for the new indulgence.</p> + +<p>When Robert, Earl of Essex, and Henry, Earl of Southampton, were tried +for high treason in Westminster Hall on February 19, 1600-1, the +members of the House of Lords, who with the Judges formed the Court, +if we may believe the French Ambassador of the time, behaved in a +remarkable and unseemly manner. In a letter to Monsieur de Rohan, the +Ambassador declared that while the Earls and the Counsel were +pleading, their lordships guzzled and smoked; and that when they gave +their votes condemning the two Earls, they were stupid with eating and +"yvres de tabac"—drunk with smoking. This was probably quite untrue +as a representation of what actually took place; but it would hardly +have been written had smoking not been a common practice among noble +lords.</p> + +<p>Queen Elizabeth's Secretary of State, Sir Robert Cecil, would appear +to have been a smoker. In a letter addressed to him, John Watts, an +alderman of London, wrote: "According to your request, I have <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>sent +the greatest part of my store of tobaca by the bearer, wishing that +the same may be to your good liking. But this tobaca I have had this +six months, which was such as my son brought home, but since that time +I have had none. At this period there is none that is good to be had +for money. Wishing you to make store thereof, for I do not know where +to have the like, I have sent you of two sorts. Mincing Lane, 12 Dec. +1600."</p> + +<p>A curious scene took place at Oxford in 1605 when King James visited +the University. Two subjects were debated by learned dons before his +Majesty, and one of them, at his own suggestion, was, "Whether the +frequent use of tobacco is good for healthy men?" Among those who +spoke were Doctors Ailworth, Gwyn, Gifford and Cheynell. The +discussion, needless to say, being conducted in the presence of the +author of the "Counterblaste to Tobacco," was not favourable to the +herb. The King summed up in a speech which hopelessly begged the +question while it contained plenty of strong denunciation. After his +Majesty had spoken, one learned doctor, Cheynell, who is described by +the recorder, Isaac Wake, the Public Orator of the University, as +second to none of the doctors, had the courage to rise and, with a +pipe held forth in his hand, to speak both wittily and eloquently in +favour of tobacco from the medicinal point of view, praising it to the +skies, says Wake, as of virtue beyond all other remedial agents. His +wit pleased both the King and the whole assembly, whom it moved to +laughter; but when he had finished, his Majesty made a lengthy +rejoinder in which he said some curious things. He objected to the +medicinal use of tobacco, and quite agreed with previous <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>speakers +that such a use must have arisen among Barbarians and Indians, who he +went on to say had as much knowledge of medicine as they had of +civilized customs. If, he argued, there were men whose bodies were +benefited by tobacco-smoke, this did not so much redound to the credit +of tobacco, as it did reflect upon the depraved condition of such men, +that their bodies should have sunk to the level of those of Barbarians +so as to be affected by remedies such as were effective on the bodies +of Barbarians and Indians! His Majesty kindly suggested that doctors +who believed in tobacco as a remedial agent should take themselves and +their medicine of pollution off to join the Indians.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="III" id="III"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>III</h3> + +<h3>TOBACCO TRIUMPHANT (<i>continued</i>)—<br />SELLERS OF TOBACCO AND PROFESSORS OF +SMOKING—<br />ABUSE AND PRAISE OF TOBACCO<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza" style="margin-bottom: .25em; font-style: normal;"> +<span class="i4">This is my friend Abel, an honest fellow;<br /></span> +<span class="i4">He lets me have good tobacco.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="rightp"><span class="sc">Ben Jonson</span>, <i>The Alchemist</i>.</p> + +<br /> + + +<p>The druggists and other tradesmen who sold tobacco in Elizabethan and +Jacobean days had every provision for the convenience of their +numerous customers. Some so-called druggists, it may be shrewdly +suspected, did much more business in tobacco than they did in drugs. +Dekker tells us of an apothecary and his wife who had no customers +resorting to their shop "for any phisicall stuffe," but whose shop had +many frequenters in the shape of gentlemen who "came to take their +pipes of the divine smoake." That tobacco was often the most +profitable part of a druggist's stock is also clear from the last +sentence in Bishop Earle's character of "A Tobacco-Seller," one of the +shortest in that remarkable collection of "Characters" which the +Bishop issued in 1628 under the title of "Micro-Cosmographie."</p> + +<p>"A Tobacco-Seller," says Earle, "is the onely <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>man that findes good in +it which others brag of, but do not; for it is meate, drinke, and +clothes to him. No man opens his ware with greater seriousnesse, or +challenges your judgement more in the approbation. His shop is the +Randevous of spitting, where men dialogue with their noses, and their +communication is smoake. It is the place onely where Spaine is +commended, and prefer'd before England itselfe. He should be well +experienc'd in the world: for he ha's daily tryall of mens nostrils, +and none is better acquainted with humors. Hee is the piecing commonly +of some other trade which is bawde to his Tobacco, and that to his +wife, which is the flame that follows this smoke."</p> + +<p>This brief "Character" is hardly so pointed or so effective as some of +the others in the "Micro-Cosmographie," but it would seem that the +Bishop was not very friendly to tobacco. In the character of "A +Drunkard" he says: "Tobacco serves to aire him after a washing [<i>i.e.</i> +a drinking-bout], and is his onely breath, and breathing while." In +another, a tavern "is the common consumption of the Afternoone, and +the murderer, or maker away of a rainy day. It is the Torrid Zone that +scorches the face, and Tobacco the gunpowder that blows it up."</p> + +<p>The druggist-tobacconists were well stocked with abundance of +pipes—those known as Winchester pipes were highly popular—with maple +blocks for cutting or shredding the tobacco upon, juniper wood +charcoal fires, and silver tongs with which the hot charcoal could be +lifted to light the customer's pipe. The maple block was in constant +use in those days, when the many present forms of prepared tobacco and +varied mixtures were unknown. In Middleton <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>and Dekker's "Roaring +Girl," 1611, the "mincing and shredding of tobacco" is mentioned; and +in the same play, by the way, we are told that "a pipe of rich smoak" +was sold for sixpence.</p> + +<p>The tobacco-tongs were more properly called ember-or brand-tongs. They +sometimes had a tobacco-stopper riveted in near the axis of the tongs, +and thus could be easily distinguished from other kinds of tongs. An +example in the Guildhall Museum, made of brass, and probably of late +seventeenth-century date, has the end of one of the handles formed +into a stopper. In the same collection there are several pairs of +ember-tongs with handles or jaws decorated. In one or two a handle +terminates in a hook, by which they could be hung up when not required +for use. In that delightful book of pictures and gossip concerning old +household and farming gear, and old-fashioned domestic plenishings of +many kinds, called "Old West Surrey," Miss Jekyll figures two pairs of +old ember-or brand-tongs. One of these quite deserves the praise which +she bestows upon it. "Its lines," says Miss Jekyll, "fill one with the +satisfaction caused by a thing that is exactly right, and with +admiration for the art and skill of a true artist." These homely tongs +are fashioned with a fine eye for symmetry, and, indeed, for beauty of +design and perfect fitness for the intended purpose. The ends which +were to pick up the coal are shaped like two little hands, while "the +edges have slight mouldings and even a low bead enrichment. The +circular flat on the side away from the projecting stopper has two +tiny engraved pictures; on one side of the joint a bottle and tall +wine-glass, on the other a pair of long clay pipes crossed, and a bowl +of tobacco <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>shown in section." This beautiful little implement bears +the engraved name of its Surrey maker, and the date 1795.</p> + +<p>Country-folk nowadays often light their pipes in the old way, by +picking up a live coal, or, in Ireland, a fragment of glowing peat, +from the kitchen fire, with the ordinary tongs, and applying it to the +pipe-bowl; but the old ember-tongs are seldom seen. They may still be +found in some farmhouses and country cottages, which have not been +raided by the agents of dealers in antique furniture and implements, +but examples are rare. This is a digression, however, which has +carried us far away from the early years of the seventeenth century.</p> + +<p>It is pretty clear that not a few of the druggists who sold tobacco +were great rascals. Ben Jonson has let us into some of their secrets +of adulteration—the treatment of the leaf with oil and the lees of +sack, the increase of its weight by other artificial additions to its +moisture, washing it in muscadel and grains, keeping it in greased +leather and oiled rags buried in gravel under ground, and by like +devices. Other writers speak of black spice, galanga, aqua vitæ, +Spanish wine, aniseeds and other things as being used for purposes of +adulteration.</p> + +<p>Trickery of another kind is revealed in a scene in Chapman's play "A +Humorous Day's Mirth," 1599. A customer at an ordinary says: "Hark +you, my host, have you a pipe of good tobacco?" "The best in the +town," says mine host, after the manner of his class. "Boy, dry a +leaf." Quietly the boy tells him, "There's none in the house, sir," to +which the worthy host replies <i>sotto voce</i>, "Dry a dock leaf." But the +diner's potations must have been powerful <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>if they had left him unable +to distinguish between the taste of tobacco and that of dried +dock-leaf.</p> + +<p>Sometimes coltsfoot was mixed with tobacco. Ursula, the pig-woman and +refreshment-booth keeper in Bartholomew Fair, in Ben Jonson's play of +that name, says to her assistant: "Threepence a pipe-full I will have +made, of all my whole half-pound of tobacco and a quarter of a pound +of coltsfoot mixt with it too to eke it out."</p> + +<p>The fumes of dried coltsfoot leaves were used as a remedy in cases of +difficulty of breathing, both in ancient Roman times and in Tudor +England. Lyte, in his translation, 1578, of Dodoens' "Historie of +Plants," says of coltsfoot: "The parfume of the dryed leaves layde +upon quicke coles, taken into the mouth through the pipe of a funnell, +or tunnell, helpeth suche as are troubled with the shortnesse of +winde, and fetche their breath thicke or often, and do [<i>sic</i>] breake +without daunger the impostems of the breast." The leaves of coltsfoot +and of other plants have often been used as a substitute for tobacco +in modern days. A correspondent of <i>Notes and Queries</i>, in 1897, said +that when he was a boy he knew an old Calvinist minister, who used to +smoke a dried mixture of the leaves of horehound, yarrow and "foal's +foot" intermingled with a small quantity of tobacco. He said it was a +very good substitute for the genuine article. Similar mixtures, or the +leaves of coltsfoot alone, have often been smoked in bygone days by +folk who could not afford to smoke tobacco only.</p> + +<p>The number of shops where tobacco was sold in the early days of its +triumph seems to have been extraordinary. Barnaby Rich, one of the +most prolific <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>parents of pamphlets in an age of prolific writers, +wrote a satire on "The Honestie of this Age," which was printed in +1614. In this production Rich declares that every fellow who came into +an ale-house and called for his pot, must have his pipe also, for +tobacco was then a commodity as much sold in every tavern, inn and +ale-house as wine, ale, or beer. He goes on to say that apothecaries' +shops, grocers' shops, and chandlers' shops were (almost) never +without company who from morning to night were still taking tobacco; +and what a number there are besides, he adds, "that doe keepe houses, +set open shoppes, that have no other trade to live by but by the +selling of tobacco." Rich says he had been told that a list had been +recently made of all the houses that traded in tobacco in and near +about London, and that if a man might believe what was confidently +reported, there were found to be upwards of 7000 houses that lived by +that trade; but he could not say whether the apothecaries', grocers' +and chandlers' shops, where tobacco was also sold, were included in +that number. He proceeds to calculate what the annual expenditure on +smoke must be. The number of 7000 seems very large and is perhaps +exaggerated. Round numbers are apt to be over rather than under the +mark.</p> + +<p>Another proof of the extraordinary popularity of the new habit is to +be found in the fact that by the seventeenth year of the reign of +James I—the arch-enemy of tobacco—that is, by 1620, the Society of +Tobacco-pipe-makers had become so very numerous and considerable a +body that they were incorporated by royal charter, and bore on their +shield a tobacco plant in full blossom. The Society's motto was +happily chosen—"Let brotherly love continue."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>A further witness to the prevalence of smoking and to the enormous +number of tobacco-sellers' shops is Camden, the antiquary. In his +"Annales," 1625, he remarks with curious detail that since its +introduction—"that Indian plant called Tobacco, or Nicotiana, is +growne so frequent in use and of such price, that many, nay, the most +part, with an insatiable desire doe take of it, drawing into their +mouth the smoke thereof, which is of a strong scent, through a pipe +made of earth, and venting of it againe through their nose; some for +wantownesse, or rather fashion sake, and other for health sake, +insomuch that Tobacco shops are set up in greater number than either +Alehouses or Tavernes."</p> + +<p>One result of the herb's popularity was found in frequent attempts by +tradesmen of various kinds to sell it without being duly licensed to +do so. Mr. W.G. Bell, in his valuable book on "Fleet Street in Seven +Centuries," mentions the arrest of a Fleet Street grocer by the Star +Chamber for unlicensed trading in tobacco. He also quotes from the St. +Dunstan's Wardmote Register of 1630 several cases of complaint against +unlicensed traders and others. Four men were presented "for selling +ale and tobacco unlicensed, and for annoying the Judges of Serjeants +Inn whose chambers are near adjoyning." Two other men, one of them +hailing from the notorious Ram Alley, were presented "for annoying the +Judges at Serjeants Inn with the stench and smell of their tobacco," +which looks as if the Judges were of King James's mind about smoking. +The same Register of 1630 records the presentment of two men of the +same family name—Thomas Bouringe and Philip Bouringe—"for keeping +open their shops and selling tobacco at <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>unlawful hours, and having +disorderly people in their house to the great disturbance of all the +inhabitants and neighbours near adjoining." The Ram Alley, Fleet +Street, mentioned above, was notorious in sundry ways. Mr. Bell +mentions that in 1618 the wardmote laid complaint against Timothy +Louse and John Barker, of Ram Alley, "for keeping their +tobacco-shoppes open all night and fyers in the same without any +chimney and suffering hot waters [spirits] and selling also without +licence, to the great disquietness and annoyance of that +neighbourhood." There were sad goings on of many kinds in Ram Alley.</p> + +<p>It is uncertain when licences were first issued for the sale of +tobacco. Probably they were issued in London some time before it was +considered necessary to license dealers in other parts of the country. +Among the Municipal Records of Exeter is the following note: "358. +Whitehall, 31 August 1633. The Lords of the Council to the Chamber. +'Whereas his Ma^tie to prevent the excesse of the use of Tobacco, and +to set an order to those that regrate and sell or utter it by retayle, +who observe noe reasonable rates or prizes [prices], nor take care +that it be wholsome for men's bodyes that shall use it,' has caused +letters to be sent to the chief Officers of Citties and towns +requiring them to certify 'in what places it might be fitt to suffer +ye retayleing of Tobacco and how many be licenced in each of those +places to use trade'; and the City of Exeter having made a return the +Lords sent a list of those which are to be licensed, and order that no +others be permitted to sell."</p> + +<p>In the neighbouring county of Somerset the Justices of the Peace sent +presentments to the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>Council in 1632 of persons within the Hundred of +Milverton and Kingsbury West thought fit to sell tobacco by retail; +and for Wiveliscombe, Mr. Hancock says in his book on that old town, a +mercer and a hosier were selected.</p> + +<p>It would seem, from one example I have noted, as if in some places +smoking were not allowed in public-houses. In the account-book of St. +Stephen's Church and Parish, Norwich, the income for the year 1628-29 +included on one occasion 20<i>s.</i> received by way of fine from one +Edmond Nockals for selling a pot of beer "wanting in measure, contrary +to the law," and another sovereign from William Howlyns for a like +offence. This is right and intelligible enough; but on another +occasion in the same year each of these men, who presumably were +ale-house keepers, had to pay 30<i>s.</i>—a substantial sum considering +the then value of money—for the same offence and "for suffering +parishioners to smoke in his house." I have been unable to obtain any +information as to why a publican should have been fined an additional +10<i>s.</i> for the heinous offence of allowing a brother parishioner to +smoke in his house.</p> + +<p>Penalties for "offences" of this fanciful kind were not common in +England; but in Puritan New England they were abundant. In the early +days of the American Colonies the use of the "creature called Tobacko" +was by no means encouraged. In Connecticut a man was permitted by the +law to smoke once if he went on a journey of ten miles, but not more +than once a day and by no means in another man's house. It could +hardly have been difficult to evade so absurd a regulation as this.</p> + +<p>It has been already stated that the Elizabethan <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>gallant was +acquainted with the most fashionable methods of inhaling and exhaling +the smoke of tobacco. A singular feature of the enthusiasm for tobacco +in the early years of the seventeenth century was the existence of +professors of the art of smoking.</p> + +<p>Some of the apothecaries whose shops were in most repute for the +quality of the tobacco kept, took pupils and taught them the +"slights," as tricks with the pipe were called. These included +exhaling the smoke in little globes, rings and so forth. The +invaluable Ben Jonson, in the preliminary account of the characters in +his "Every Man out of his Humour," 1600, describes one Sogliardo as +"an essential clown ... yet so enamoured of the name of a gentleman +that he will have it though he buys it. He comes up every term to +learn to take tobacco and see new motions." Sogliardo was accustomed +to hire a private room to practise in. The fashionable way was to +expel the smoke through the nose. In a play by Field of 1618, a +foolish nobleman is asked by some boon companions in a tavern: "Will +your lordship take any tobacco?" when another sneers, "'Sheart! he +cannot put it through his nose!" His lordship was apparently not well +versed in the "slights."</p> + +<p>Taking tobacco was clearly an accomplishment to be studied seriously. +Shift, a professor of the art in Jonson's play, puts up a bill in St. +Paul's—the recognized centre for advertisements and commercial +business of every kind—in which he offers to teach any young +gentleman newly come into his inheritance, who wishes to be as exactly +qualified as the best of the ordinary-hunting gallants are—"to +entertain the most gentlemanlike use of tobacco; as first, to give it +the most exquisite perfume; then to know all the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>delicate sweet forms +for the assumption of it; as also the rare corollary and practice of +the Cuban ebolition, euripus and whiff, which he shall receive, or +take in here at London, and evaporate at Uxbridge, or farther, if it +please him."</p> + +<p>Taking the whiff, it has been suggested, may have been either a +swallowing of the smoke, or a retaining it in the throat for a given +space of time; but what may be meant by the "Cuban ebolition" or the +"euripus" is perhaps best left to the imagination. "Ebolition" is +simply a variant of "ebullition," and "ebullition," as applied with +burlesque intent to rapid smoking—the vapour bubbling rapidly from +the pipe-bowl—is intelligible enough, but why Cuban? "Euripus" was +the name, in ancient geography, of the channel between Eubœa +(Negropont) and the mainland—a passage which was celebrated for the +violence and uncertainty of its currents—and hence the name was +occasionally applied by our older writers to any strait or sea-channel +having like characteristics. The use of the word in connexion with +tobacco may, like that of "ebolition," have some reference to furious +smoking, but the meaning is not clear.</p> + +<p>If one contemporary writer may be believed, some of these early +smokers acquired the art of emitting the smoke through their ears, but +a healthy scepticism is permissible here.</p> + +<p>The accomplished Shift promises a would-be pupil in the art of taking +tobacco that if he pleases to be a practitioner, he shall learn in a +fortnight to "take it plausibly in any ordinary, theatre, or the +Tiltyard, if need be, in the most popular assembly that is." The +Tiltyard adjoined Whitehall Palace and was the frequent scene of +sports in which Queen Elizabeth <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>took the greatest delight. Here took +place, not only tilting properly so called, but rope-walking +performances, bear- and bull-baiting, dancing and other diversions +which her Majesty held in high favour. Consequently the Tiltyard was +constantly the scene of courtly gatherings; and if smoking were +permitted on such occasions—as Shift's boasting promises would appear +to indicate—then it may be reasonably inferred that Queen Elizabeth +did not entertain the objections to the new practice that her +successor, King James, set forth with such vehemence in his famous +"Counterblaste to Tobacco." There is, however, no positive evidence +one way or the other, to show what the attitude of the Virgin Queen +towards tobacco really was. A tradition as to her smoking herself on +one occasion is referred to in a subsequent chapter—that on "Smoking +by Women."</p> + +<p>Although tobacco was in such general use it yet had plenty of enemies. +It was extravagantly abused and extravagantly praised. Robert Burton, +of "Anatomy of Melancholy" fame, like many other writers of his time, +was prepared to admit the medicinal value of the herb, though he +detested the general habit of smoking. Tobacco was supposed in those +days to be "good for" a surprising variety of ailments and diseases; +but to explore that little section of popular medicine would be +foreign to my purpose. Burton believed in tobacco as medicine; but +with regard to habitual smoking he was a worthy follower of King +James, the strength of whose language he sought to emulate and exceed +when he denounced the common taking of tobacco "by most men, which +take it as tinkers do ale"—as "a plague, a mischief, a violent purger +of goods, lands, health, hellish, devilish, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>damned tobacco, the +ruin and overthrow of body and soul." No anti-tobacconist could wish +for a more whole-hearted denunciation than that.</p> + +<p>Thomas Dekker, to whose pictures of London social life at the opening +of the seventeenth century we are so much indebted for information +both with regard to smoking and in respect of many other matters of +interest, was himself an enemy of tobacco. He politely refers to "that +great Tobacconist, the Prince of Smoake and Darkness, Don Pluto"; and +in another place addresses tobacco as "thou beggarly Monarche of +Indians, and setter up of rotten-lungd chimney-sweepers," and proceeds +in a like strain of abuse.</p> + +<p>One of the most curious of the early publications on tobacco, in which +an attempt is made to hold the balance fairly between the legitimate +use and the "licentious" abuse of the herb, is Tobias Venner's tract +with the long-winded title: "A Brief and Accurate Treatise concerning +The taking of the Fume of Tobacco, Which very many, in these dayes doe +too licenciously use. In which the immoderate, irregular, and +unseasonable use thereof is reprehended, and the true nature and best +manner of using it, perspicuously demonstrated." Venner described +himself as a doctor of physic in Bath, and his tract was published in +London in 1637. Venner says that tobacco is of "ineffable force" for +the rapid healing of wounds, cuts, sores and so on, by external +application, but thinks little of its use for any other purpose. Like +others of his school, he attacks the "licentious Tobacconists +[smokers] who spend and consume, not only their time, but also their +health, wealth, and witts in taking of this loathsome and unsavorie +fume." <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>He admits the popularity of the herb, but expresses his own +personal objection to the "detestable savour or smack that it leaveth +behind upon the taking of it"; from which one is inclined to surmise +that the doctor's first pipe was not an entire success. With an +evident desire to be fair, Venner, notwithstanding his dislike of the +"savour," refuses to condemn tobacco utterly, because of what he +considers its valuable medicinal qualities, and he goes so far as to +give "10 precepts in the use of" tobacco. The sixth is "that you drink +not between the taking of the fumes, as our idle and smoakie +Tobacconists are wont"—there must be no alliance, in short, between +the pipe and the cheerful glass. The tenth and last precept is "that +you goe not abroad into the aire presently [immediately] upon the +taking of the fume, but rather refrain therefrom the space of halfe an +houre, or more, especially if the season be cold, or moist." The +suggestion that the smoker, when he has finished his pipe, shall wait +for half an hour or so before he ventures into the outer air is very +quaint.</p> + +<p>Venner goes on to give a terrible catalogue of the ills that will +befall the smoker who uses tobacco "contrary to the order and way I +have set down." It is a dreadful list which may possibly have +frightened a few nervous smokers; but probably it had no greater +effect than the terrible curse in the "Jackdaw of Rheims."</p> + +<p>Another tract which may be classed with Venner's "Treatise" was the +"Nepenthes or the Vertues of Tobacco," by Dr. William Barclay, which +was published at Edinburgh in 1614. This is sometimes referred to and +quoted, as by Fairholt, as if it were a whole-hearted defence of +tobacco-taking. But <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>Barclay enlarges mainly on the medicinal virtues +of the herb. "If Tabacco," he says, "were used physically and with +discretion there were no medicament in the worlde comparable to it"; +and again: "In Tabacco there is nothing which is not medicine, the +root, the stalke, the leaves, the seeds, the smoake, the ashes." The +doctor gives sundry directions for administering tobacco—"to be used +in infusion, in decoction, in substance, in smoke, in salt." But +Barclay clearly does not sympathize with its indiscriminate use for +pleasure. "As concerning the smoke," he says, "it may be taken more +frequently, and for the said effects, but always fasting, and with +emptie stomack, not as the English abusers do, which make a smoke-boxe +of their skull, more fit to be carried under his arme that selleth at +Paris <i>dunoir a noircir</i> to blacke mens shooes then to carie the +braine of him that can not walke, can not ryde except the Tabacco Pype +be in his mouth." He goes on to say that he was once in company with +an English merchant in Normandy—"betweene Rowen and New-haven"—who +was a merry fellow, but was constantly wanting a coal to kindle his +tobacco. "The Frenchman wondered and I laughed at his intemperancie."</p> + +<p>It is a little curious, considering the devotion of latter-day men of +letters to tobacco, that in their early days so many of the men who +wrote on the subject attacked the social use of tobacco with violence +and virulence. Perhaps, courtier-like, they followed the lead of the +British Solomon, King James I. Their titles are characteristic of +their style. A writer named Deacon published in 1616 a quarto entitled +"Tobacco tortured in the filthy Fumes of Tobacco <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>refined"; but Joshua +Sylvester had easily surpassed this when he wrote his "Tobacco +Battered and the Pipes Shattered about their Eares, that idely Idolize +so base and barbarous a Weed, or at least overlove so loathsome a +Vanity, by a Volley of Holy Shot Thundered from Mount Helicon," 1615. +Controversialists of that period rejoiced in full-worded titles and in +full-blooded praise or abuse.</p> + +<p>Deacon, as the title of his book just quoted shows, was very fond of +alliteration, and one sentence of his diatribe may be quoted. He +warned his readers that tobacco-smoke was "very pernicious unto their +bodies, too profluvious for many of their purses, and most pestiferous +to the publike State." Much may be forgiven, however, to the +introducer of so charming a term of abuse as "profluvious." Deacon's +book takes the form of a dialogue, and after nearly 200 pages of +argument, in which the unfortunate herb gets no mercy, one of the +interlocutors, a trader in tobacco, is so convinced of the iniquity of +his trade, and of his own parlous state if he continue therein, that +he declares that the two hundred pounds' worth of this "beastly +tobacco" which he owns, shall "presently packe to the fire," or else +be sent "swimming down the Thames."</p> + +<p>Many good folk would seem to have associated smoking with idling. In +the rules of the Grammar School at Chigwell, Essex, which was founded +in 1629, it is prescribed that "the Master must be a man of sound +religion, neither a Papist nor a Puritan, of a grave behaviour, and +sober and honest conversation, no tippler or haunter of alehouses, no +puffer of tobacco." A worthy Derbyshire man named Campbell, in his +will dated 20 October 1616, left all his <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>household goods to his son, +"on this condition that yf at any time hereafter, any of his brothers +or sisters shall fynd him takeing of tobacco, that then he or she so +fynding him, shall have the said goods"—a testamentary arrangement +which suggests to the fancy some amusing strategic evasions and +manœuvres on the part of the conditional legatee and his watchful +relations.</p> + +<p>A converse view of smoking may be seen in Izaak Walton's "Life" of Sir +Henry Wotton, who died in 1639. Walton says that Wotton obtained +relief to some extent from asthma by leaving off smoking which he had +practised "somewhat immoderately"—"<i>as many thoughtful men do</i>." The +italics are mine.</p> + +<p>Tobacco, as has been said, was praised as well as abused +extravagantly. Much absurdity was written in glorification of the +medicinal and therapeutic properties of tobacco, but a more sensible +note was struck by some lauders of the weed. Marston wrote in 1607:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Musicke, tobacco, sacke and sleepe,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The tide of sorrow backward keep.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>An ingenious lover of his pipe declared ironically in the same year +that he had found three bad qualities in tobacco, for it made a man a +thief (which meant danger), a good fellow (which meant cost), and a +niggard ("the name of which is hateful"). "It makes him a theefe," he +continued "for he will steale it from his father; a good fellow, for +he will give the smoake to a beggar; a niggard, for he will not part +with his box to an Emperor!" A character in one of Chapman's plays, +1606, calls tobacco "the gentleman's saint and the soldier's idol." A +little-known <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span>bard of 1630—Barten Holiday—wrote a poem of eight +stanzas with chorus to each in praise of tobacco, in which he showed +with a touch of burlesque that the herb was a musician, a lawyer, a +physician, a traveller, a critic, an ignis fatuus, and a whiffler, +<i>i.e.</i> a braggart. The first verse may suffice as a specimen:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Tobacco's a musician,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And in a pipe delighteth,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">It descends in a close<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Through the organ of the nose<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With a relish that inviteth.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>These are merely a few examples of both the praise and the abuse which +were lavished upon tobacco at this early stage in the history of +smoking. It would be easy to fill many pages with the like +testimonials and denunciations, especially the latter, from writers of +the early decades of the seventeenth century. Perhaps the most curious +thing in connexion with the immense number of allusions to smoking in +the literature of the period is that there is no mention whatever of +tobacco or smoking in the plays of William Shakespeare. As Edmund +Spenser, in the "Faerie Queene," speaks of</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><i>The soveraine weede, divine tobacco</i>,</span><br /> +</p> + +<p class="noin">it may be presumed that he was a smoker.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="IV" id="IV"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>IV</h3> + +<h3>CAVALIER AND ROUNDHEAD SMOKERS<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<div class="block"><p class="noin">"A custom lothsome to the eye, hatefull to the Nose, +harmefull to the braine, dangerous to the lungs, and in the +blacke stinking fume thereof, nearest resembling the +horrible Stigian smoke of the pit that is +bottomelesse."—<span class="sc">James I</span>, <i>A Counterblaste to +Tobacco</i>.</p></div> +<br /> + + +<p>The social history of smoking from the point of view of fashion, +during the period covered by this and the next two chapters may be +summarized in a sentence. Through the middle of the seventeenth +century smoking maintained its hold upon all classes of society, but +in the later decades there are distinct signs that the habit was +becoming less universal; and it seems pretty clear that by the time of +Queen Anne, smoking, though still extensively practised in many +classes of society, was to a considerable extent out of vogue among +those most amenable to the dictates of Fashion.</p> + +<p>It is certain that the armies of the Parliament were great smokers, +for the finds of seventeenth-century pipes on the sites of their camps +have been numerous. A considerable number of pipes of the Caroline +period, with the usual small elongated bowls, were found in 1902 at +Chichester, in the course of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>excavating the foundations of the Old +Swan Inn, East Street, for building the present branch of the London +and County Bank.</p> + +<p>We know also that the Roundhead soldiers smoked in circumstances that +did them no credit. In the account of the trial of Charles I, written +by Dr. George Bates, principal physician to his Majesty, and to +Charles II also, we read that when the sentence of the Court presided +over by Bradshaw, condemning the King "to death by severing his Head +from his Body," had been read, the soldiers treated the fallen monarch +with great indignity and barbarity. They spat on his clothes as he +passed by, and even in his face; and they "blew the smoak of Tobacco, +a thing which they knew his Majesty hated, in his sacred mouth, +throwing their broken Pipes in his way as he passed along."</p> + +<p>Time brought its revenges. The dead Protector was not treated too +respectfully by his soldiery. Evelyn, describing Cromwell's "superb +funeral," says that the soldiers in the procession were "drinking and +taking tobacco in the streets as they went."</p> + +<p>Whether the use of tobacco prevailed as generally among the Cavalier +forces is less certain; but as King Charles hated the weed, courtiers +may have frowned upon its use. One distinguished cavalier, however, +either smoked his pipe, or proposed to do so, on a historic occasion. +In Markham's "Life of the Great Lord Fairfax" there is a lively +account of how the Duke, then Marquis, of Newcastle, with his brother +Charles Cavendish, drove in a coach and six to the field of Marston +Moor on the afternoon before the battle. His Grace was in a very bad +humour. "He applied to Rupert," says Markham, "for orders as <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>to the +disposal of his own most noble person, and was told that there would +be no battle that night, and that he had better get into his coach and +go to sleep, which he accordingly did." But the decision as to battle +or no battle did not rest with Prince Rupert. Cromwell attacked the +royal army with the most disastrous results to the King's cause. His +Grace of Newcastle woke up, left his coach, and fought bravely, being, +according to his Duchess, the last to ride off the fatal field, +leaving his coach and six behind him.</p> + +<p>So far Markham: but according to another account, when Rupert told him +that there would be no battle, the Duke betook himself to his coach, +"lit his pipe, and making himself very comfortable, fell asleep." The +original authority, however, for the whole story is to be found in a +paper of notes by Clarendon on the affairs of the North, preserved +among his MSS. In this paper Clarendon writes: "The marq. asked the +prince what he would do? His highness answered, 'Wee will charge them +to-morrow morninge.' My lord asked him whether he were sure the enimy +would not fall on them sooner? He answered, 'No'; and the marquisse +thereupon going to his coach hard by, and callinge for a pype of +tobacco, before he could take it the enimy charged, and instantly all +the prince's horse were routed."</p> + +<p>Gardiner evidently follows this account, for his version of the story +is: "Newcastle strolled towards his coach to solace himself with a +pipe. Before he had time to take a whiff, the battle had begun." The +incident was made the subject of a picture by Ernest Crofts, A.R.A., +which was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1888. It shows the Duke +leaning <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>out of his carriage window, with his pipe in his hand.</p> + +<p>Among the documents in the possession of the Society of Antiquaries of +Scotland there is a letter patent under the great seal of Charles I, +in 1634, granted for the purpose of correcting the irregular sales and +restraining the immoderate use of tobacco in Scotland. The letter +states that tobacco was used on its first introduction as a medicine, +but had since been so largely indulged in and was frequently of such +bad quality, as not only to injure the health, but deprave the morals +of the King's subjects. These were sentiments worthy of King James. +Mr. Matthew Livingstone, who has calendared this document, says that +the King therein proceeds, in order to prevent such injurious results +of the use of tobacco, to appoint Sir James Leslie and Thomas Dalmahoy +to enjoy for seven years the sole power of appointing licensed vendors +of the commodity. These vendors, after due examination as to their +fitness, were to be permitted, on payment of certain compositions and +an annual rent in augmentation of the King's revenue, to sell tobacco +in small quantities. The letter further directs that the licensees so +appointed shall become bound to sell only sound tobacco—an admirable +provision, if a trifle difficult to enforce—and to keep good order in +their houses and shops. "The latter clause," adds Mr. Livingstone, +"would almost suggest that the tobacco was to be sold for consumption +on the premises,"—as I have no doubt it was—"and that the smokers +were probably in the habit at their symposiums of using, even as they +may still, I dare say, other indulgences not so soothing in their +effects as the coveted weed"—a suggestion for which there <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>seems +little foundation in the clause to which Mr. Livingstone refers.</p> + +<p>One inference at least may be fairly drawn, I think, from this +document, and that is that smoking was very popular north as well as +south of the Tweed.</p> + +<p>Tobacco was certainly cheap in Scotland. The following entries are +from a MS. account of household expenses kept by the minister of the +parish of Eastwood, near Glasgow, the Rev. William Hamilton. They +cover two months only and show that the minister was a furious smoker. +The prices given are in Scots currency, the pound Scots being worth +about twenty pence sterling:</p> + +<div style="margin-left: 5%;"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="Price of Tobacco in Scots currency"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" width="80%"> Maii, 1651</td> + <td class="tdr" width="20%"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">It. to Andro Carnduff for 4 pund of Tobacco</td> + <td class="tdr">£1. 0. 0.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">It. to Robert Hamilton Chapman for Tobacco</td> + <td class="tdr">0. 18. 0.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">It. 9 June to my wife to give for sax trenchers and tobacco</td> + <td class="tdr">1. 13. 4.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">It. 10 June, The sd day for tobacco and stuffes</td> + <td class="tdr">0. 14. 4.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">28 June, It. for tobacco</td> + <td class="tdr">0. 13. 9.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<br /> + +<p>It may perhaps be interesting to compare with these prices, from +which, apparently, it may be inferred that near Glasgow tobacco could +be bought for some 5<i>d.</i> a pound, which seems incredibly cheap, the +occasional expenditure upon tobacco of a worthy citizen of Exeter some +few years earlier. Extracts from the "Financial Diary" of this good +man, whose name was John Hayne, and who was an extensive dealer in +serges and woollen goods generally, as well as in a smaller degree of +cotton goods also, were printed some years ago, with copious +annotations, by the late Dr. Brushfield.</p> + +<p>In this "Diary," covering the years 1631-43, there are some forty +entries concerning the purchase of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>what is always, save in one case, +called "tobacka." These entries give valuable information as to the +prices of the two chief kinds of tobacco. One was imported from +Spanish America, which up to 1639 Hayne calls "Varinaes," and after +that date "Spanish"; the other was imported from English +colonies—chiefly from Virginia. The "Varinaes" kind, Dr. Brushfield +suggests, was obtained from Varina, near the foot of the range of +mountains forming the west boundary of Venezuela, and watered by a +branch of the Orinoco River. Hayne also notes the purchase of +"Tertudoes" tobacco, but what that may have been I cannot say. From +the various entries relating respectively to Varinaes or Spanish +tobacco, and to Virginia tobacco, it is clear that the former ranged +in price from 8<i>s.</i> to 13<i>s.</i> per lb., while the latter was from 1<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i> to 4<i>s.</i> per lb. There is one entry of "perfumed Tobacka," 10 +oz. of which were bought at the very high price of 15<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>The variations in price of both Spanish and Virginia tobacco were +largely due to the frequent changes in the amount of the duty thereon. +In 1604 King James I, newly come to the throne, and full of iconoclastic +fervour against the weed, raised the duty to 6<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i> per lb. in +addition to the original duty of 2<i>d.</i> On March 29, 1615, there was a +grant to a licensed importer "of the late imposition of 2<i>s.</i> per lb. on +tobacco"—which shows that there must have been considerable fluctuation +between 1604 and 1615—while in September 1621 the duty stood at 9<i>d.</i> +Through James's reign much dissatisfaction was expressed about the +importation of Spanish tobacco, and the outcome of this may probably be +seen in the proclamations issued by the King in his last two years +forbidding "the importation, buying, or selling tobacco which was not of +the proper growth of the colonies of Virginia and the Somers Islands." +These proclamations were several times confirmed by Charles I, the +latest being on January 8, 1631; but they do not seem to have had much +effect.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>Hayne's "Diary" contains one or two entries relating to smokers' +requisites. In September 1639 he spent 2<i>d.</i> on a new spring to his +"Tobacka tonges." These were the tongs used for lifting a live coal to +light the pipe, to which I have referred on a previous page. On the +last day of 1640 Hayne paid "Mr. Drakes man" 1<i>s.</i> 5<i>d.</i> for "6 doz: +Tobacka-pipes."</p> + +<p>From the various entries in the "Diary" relating to the purchase of +tobacco, it seems clear that there was no shop in Exeter devoted +specially or exclusively to the sale of the weed. Hayne bought his +supplies from four of the leading goldsmiths of the city, who can be +identified by the fact that he had dealings with them in their own +special wares, also from two drapers, one grocer, and four other +tradesmen (on a single occasion each) whose particular occupations are +unknown.</p> + +<p>But to turn from this worthy Exeter citizen to more famous names: I do +not know of any good evidence as to whether or not Cromwell smoked, +although he is said to have taken an occasional pipe while considering +the offer of the crown, but John Milton certainly did. The account of +how the blind poet passed his days, after his retirement from public +office, was first told by his contemporary Richardson, and has since +been repeated by all his biographers. His placid day ended early. The +poet took his frugal supper at eight o'clock, and at nine, having +smoked <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>a pipe and drunk a glass of water, he went to bed. Apparently +this modest allowance of a daily evening pipe was the extent of +Milton's indulgence in tobacco. He knew nothing of what most smokers +regard as the best pipe of the day—the after-breakfast pipe.</p> + +<p>It is somewhat singular that the Puritans, who denounced most +amusements and pleasures, and who frowned upon most of the occupations +or diversions that make for gaiety and the enjoyment of life, did not, +as Puritans, denounce the use of tobacco. One or two of their writers +abused it roundly; but these were not representative of Puritan +feeling on the subject. The explanation doubtless is that the practice +of smoking was so very general and so much a matter of course among +men of all ranks and of all opinions, that the mouths of Puritans were +closed, so to speak, by their own pipes. A precisian, however, could +take his tobacco with a difference. The seventeenth-century diarist, +Abraham de la Pryme, says that he had heard of a Presbyterian minister +who was so precise that "he would not as much as take a pipe of +tobacco before that he had first sayed grace over it." George Wither, +one of the most noteworthy of the poets who took the side of the +Parliament, was confined in Newgate after the Restoration, and found +comfort in his pipe.</p> + +<p>Some of the Puritan colonists in America took a strong line on the +subject. Under the famous "Blue Laws" of 1650 it was ordered by the +General Court of Connecticut that no one under twenty-one was to +smoke—"nor any other that hath not already accustomed himself to the +use thereof." And no smoker could enjoy his pipe unless he obtained a +doctor's certificate that tobacco would be "usefull <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>for him, and +allso that he hath received a lycense from the Courte for the same." +But the unhappy smoker having passed the doctor and obtained his +licence was still harassed by restrictions, for it was ordered that no +man within the colony, after the publication of the order, should take +any tobacco publicly "in the streett, highwayes, or any barn-yardes, +or uppon training dayes, in any open places, under the penalty of +six-pence for each offence against this order." The ingenuities of +petty tyranny are ineffable. It is said that these "Blue Laws" are not +authentic; but if they are not literally true, they are certainly well +invented, for most of them can be paralleled and illustrated by laws +and regulations of undoubted authenticity.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Alice Morse Earle, in her interesting book, abounding in curious +information, on "The Sabbath in Puritan New England," says that the +use of tobacco "was absolutely forbidden under any circumstances on +the Sabbath within two miles of the meeting-house, which (since at +that date all the houses were clustered round the church-green) was +equivalent to not smoking it at all on the Lord's Day, if the law were +obeyed. But wicked backsliders existed, poor slaves of habit, who were +in Duxbury fixed 10<i>s.</i> for each offence, and in Portsmouth, not only +were fined, but to their shame be it told, set as jail-birds in the +Portsmouth cage. In Sandwich and in Boston the fine for 'drinking +tobacco in the meeting-house' was 5<i>s.</i> for each drink, which I take +to mean chewing tobacco rather than smoking it; many men were fined +for thus drinking, and solacing the weary hours, though doubtless they +were as sly and kept themselves as unobserved as possible. Four +Yarmouth <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span>men—old sea-dogs, perhaps, who loved their pipe—were in +1687 fined 4<i>s.</i> each for smoking tobacco around the end of the +meeting-house. Silly, ostrich-brained Yarmouth men! to fancy to escape +detection by hiding around the corner of the church; and to think that +the tithing-man had no nose when he was so Argus-eyed."</p> + +<p>On weekdays many New England Puritans probably smoked as their friends +in old England did. A contemporary painting of a group of Puritan +divines over the mantelpiece of Parson Lowell, of Newbury, shows them +well provided with punch-bowl and drinking-cups, tobacco and pipes. +One parson, the Rev. Mr. Bradstreet, of the First Church of +Charlestown, was very unconventional in his attire. He seldom wore a +coat, "but generally appeared in a plaid gown, and was always seen +with a pipe in his mouth." John Eliot, the noble preacher and +missionary to the Indians, warmly denounced both the wearing of wigs +and the smoking of tobacco. But his denunciations were ineffectual in +both matters—heads continued to be adorned with curls of foreign +growth, and pipe-smoke continued to ascend.</p> + +<p>In this country tobacco is said to have invaded even the House of +Commons itself. Mr. J.H. Burn, in his "Descriptive Catalogue of London +Tokens," writes: "About the middle of the seventeenth century it was +ordered: That no member of the House do presume to smoke tobacco in +the gallery or at the table of the House sitting as Committees." I do +not know what the authority for this order may be, but there is no +doubt that smoking was practised in the precincts of the House. In +"Mercurius Pragmaticus," December 19-26, 1648, the writer says on +December 20, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>speaking of the excluded members: "Col. Pride standing +sentinell at the door, denyed entrance, and caused them to retreat +into the Lobby where they used to drink ale and tobacco."</p> + +<p>There is a curious entry in Thomas Burton's diary of the proceedings +of Cromwell's Parliament, which suggests that there may then have been +the luxury of a members' smoking-room. Burton was a member of the +Parliaments of Oliver and Richard Cromwell from 1656 to 1659, and made +a practice—for which historical students have been and are much his +debtors—of taking notes of the debates as he sat in the House. +Members sometimes objected to and protested against this note-taking, +but Burton quietly went on using his pencil, and though his summaries +of speeches are often difficult to follow, argument and sense +suffering by compression, he has preserved much very valuable matter. +Referring to a debate on January 7, 1656-57, on an attempt to go +behind the previously passed Act of Oblivion, the diarist records that +"Sir John Reynolds had numbered the House, and said at rising there +were 220 at the least, besides tobacconists." This can only mean that +there were at least 220 members actually present in the House when it +rose, not counting the "tobacconists" or smokers, who were enjoying +their pipes, not in the Chamber itself, but in some conveniently +adjoining place, which may have been a room for the purpose, or may +simply have been the lobby referred to above in the extract from +"Mercurius Pragmaticus."</p> + +<p>It seems likely that Richard Cromwell was a smoker. In 1689, long +after he had retired into private life and had ample leisure for +blowing clouds, he sent to a friend a "Boxe of Tobacco," which was +described <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>as "A.J. Bod (den's) ... best Virginnea." In a letter to +his daughter Elizabeth, dated 21 January 1705, there is a reference to +this same dealer, whom he describes as "Adam Bodden, Bacconist in +George Yard, Lumber [Lombard] Street." The allusion is worth noting as +a very early instance of the colloquial trick of abbreviation familiar +in later days in such forms as "baccy" and "bacca" and their +compounds.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="V" id="V"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>V</h3> + +<h3>SMOKING IN THE RESTORATION PERIOD<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza" style="margin-bottom: .25em; font-style: normal;"> +<span class="i4">The Indian weed withered quite<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Green at noon, cut down at night,<br /></span> +<span class="i6">Shows thy decay—<br /></span> +<span class="i6">All flesh is hay:<br /></span> +<span class="i8">Thus think, then drink tobacco.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="rightp"><span class="sc">George Wither</span> (1588-1667).</p> + +<br /> + + +<p>The year 1660 that restored Charles II to his throne, restored a +gaiety and brightness, not to say frivolity of tone, that had long +been absent from English life. The following song in praise of +tobacco, taken from a collection which was printed in 1660, is touched +with the spirit of the time; though it is really founded on, and to no +small extent taken from, some verses in praise of tobacco written by +Samuel Rowlands in his "Knave of Clubs," 1611:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">To feed on flesh is gluttony,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">It maketh men fat like swine;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But is not he a frugal man<br /></span> +<span class="i2">That on a leaf can dine?<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">He needs no linnen for to foul<br /></span> +<span class="i2">His fingers' ends to wipe,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That has his kitchin in a box,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And roast meat in a pipe.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">The cause wherefore few rich men's sons<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> +<span class="i2">Prove disputants in schools,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Is that their fathers fed on flesh,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And they begat fat fools.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">This fulsome feeding cloggs the brain<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And doth the stomach choak<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But he's a brave spark that can dine<br /></span> +<span class="i2">With one light dish of smoak.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>There is nothing to show that King Charles smoked, nor what his +personal attitude towards tobacco may have been.</p> + +<p>His Majesty was pleased, however, in a letter to Cambridge University, +officially to condemn smoking by parsons, as at the same time he +condemned the practice of wig-wearing and of sermon-reading by the +clergy. But the royal frown was without effect. Wigs soon covered +nearly every clerical head from the bench of bishops downwards; and it +is very doubtful indeed whether a single parson put his pipe out.</p> + +<p>Clouds were blown under archiepiscopal roofs. At Lambeth Palace one +Sunday in February 1672 John Eachard, the author of the famous book or +tract on "The Contempt of the Clergy," 1670, which Macaulay turned to +such account, dined with Archbishop Sheldon. He sat at the lower end +of the table between the archbishop's two chaplains; and when dinner +was finished, Sheldon, we are told, retired to his withdrawing-room, +while Eachard went with the chaplains and another convive to their +lodgings "to drink and smoak."</p> + +<p>If the restored king did not himself smoke, tobacco was far from +unknown at the Palace of Whitehall. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span>We get a curious glimpse of one +aspect of life there in the picture which Lilly, the notorious +astrologer, paints in his story of his arrest in January 1661. He was +taken to Whitehall at night, and kept in a large room with some sixty +other prisoners till daylight, when he was transferred to the +guardroom, which, he says, "I thought to be hell; some therein were +sleeping, others swearing, others smoaking tobacco. In the chimney of +the room I believe there was two bushels of broken tobacco pipes, +almost half one load of ashes." What would the king's grandfather, the +author of the "Counterblaste," have said, could he have imagined such +a spectacle within the palace walls?</p> + +<p>General Monk, to whom Charles II owed so much, is said to have +indulged in the unpleasant habit of chewing tobacco, and to have been +imitated by others; but the practice can never have been common.</p> + +<p>Tobacco was still the symbol of good-fellowship. Winstanley, who was +an enemy of what he called "this Heathenish Weed," and who thought the +"folly" of smoking might never have spread so much if stringent "means +of prevention" had been exercised, yet had to declare in 1660 that +"Tobacco it self is by few taken now as medicinal, it is grown a +good-fellow, and fallen from a Physician to a Complement. 'He's no +good-fellow that's without ... burnt Pipes, Tobacco, and his +Tinder-Box.'"</p> + +<p>At the time of the Restoration tobacco-boxes which were considered +suitable to the occasion were made in large numbers. The outside of +the lid bore a portrait of the Royal Martyr; within the lid was a +picture of the restored king, His Majesty King Charles II; while on +the inside of the bottom of the box was a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>representation of Oliver +Cromwell leaning against a post, a gallows-tree over his head, and +about his neck a halter tied to the tree, while beside him was +pictured the devil, wide-mouthed. Another form of memorial tobacco-box +is described in an advertisement in the <i>London Gazette</i> of September +15, 1687. This was a silver box which had either been "taken out of +the Bull's Head Tavern, Cheapside, or left in a Hackney Coach." It was +"ingraved on the Lid with a Coat of Arms, etc., and a Medal of Charles +the First fastened to the inside of the Lid, and engraved on the +inside 'to Jacob Smith it doth belong, at the Black Lyon in High +Holborn, date August 1671.'"</p> + +<p>Smokers of the period were often curious in tobacco-boxes. Mr. Richard +Stapley, gentleman, of Twineham, Sussex, whose diary is full of +curious information, was presented in 1691 by his friend Mr. John Hill +with a "tobacco-box made of tortoise." Seven years earlier Stapley had +sold to Hill his silver tobacco-box for 10<i>s.</i> in cash—the rest of +the value of the box, he noted, "I freely forgave him for writing at +our first commission for me, and for copying of answers and ye like in +our law concerns; so yt I reckon I have as good as 30<i>s.</i> for my box: +5<i>s.</i> he gave me, and 5<i>s.</i> more he promised to pay me ... and I had +his steel box with the bargain, and full of smoake." Apparently Mr. +Hill's secretarial labours were valued at 20<i>s.</i> This same Sussex +squire bought a pound of tobacco in December 1685 for 20<i>d.</i>, which +seems decidedly cheap, and in the following year a 5 lb. box for 7<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i>—which was cheaper still.</p> + +<p>A Sussex rector, the Rev. Giles Moore, of Horsted Keynes, in 1656 and +again in 1662, paid 1<i>s.</i> for two ounces of tobacco, <i>i.e.</i> at the +rate of 8<i>s.</i> per lb. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>Presumably the rector bought the more expensive +Spanish tobacco and the squire the cheaper Virginian. At the annual +parish feast held at St. Bride's, Fleet Street, London, on May 24, +1666, the expenses included 3<i>d.</i> for tobacco for twenty or more +adults. This too was doubtless Virginian or colonial tobacco. The +North Elmham Church Accounts (Norfolk) for 1673 show that 12<i>s.</i> 4 +<i>d.</i> was paid for "Butter, cheese, Bread, Cakes, Beere and Tobacco and +Tobacco Pipes at the goeing of the Rounds of the Towne." On the +occasion of a similar perambulation of the parish boundaries in +1714-15 the churchwardens paid for beer, pipes and tobacco, cakes and +wine. The account-books of the church and parish of St. Stephen, +Norwich, for 1696-97 show 2<i>s.</i> as the price of a pound of tobacco. +These entries, and many others of similar import, show that at feasts +and at social and convivial gatherings of all kinds, tobacco +maintained its ascendancy. Pipes and tobacco were included in the +usual provision for city feasts, mayoral and other; and smoking was +made a particular feature of the Lord Mayor's Show of 1672. A +contemporary pamphleteer says that in the Show of that year were "two +extreme great giants, each of them at least 15 foot high, that do sit, +and are drawn by horses in two several chariots, moving, talking, and +taking tobacco as they ride along, to the great admiration and delight +of all the spectators." Among the guests at a wedding in London in +1683 were the Lord Mayor, Sheriff and Aldermen of the City, the Lord +Chief Justice—the afterwards notorious Jeffreys—and other "bigwigs." +Evelyn records with grave disapproval that "these great men spent the +rest of the afternoon till 11 at night, in drinking healths, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>taking +tobacco, and talking much beneath the gravity of judges, who had but a +day or two before condemned Mr. Algernon Sidney."</p> + +<p>Although smoking was general among parsons, yet attacks on tobacco +were occasionally heard from pulpits. A Lancashire preacher named +Thomas Jollie, who was one of the ministers ejected from Church +livings by the Act of Uniformity, 1662, has left a manuscript diary +relating to his religious work. In it, under date 1687, he mentions +that he had spoken "against the inordinate affection to and the +immoderate use of tobacco which did caus much trouble in some of my +hearers and some reformation did follow." He then goes on to record +two remarkable examples of such "reformation"—examples, he says, +"which did stirr me up in that case more than ordinary. The one I had +from my reverend Brother Mr. Robert Whittaker, concerning a professor +[<i>i.e.</i> a person who professed to have been "converted"] who could not +follow his calling without his pipe in his mouth, but that text Isaiah +55, 2, coming into his mind hee layd aside his taking of tobacco. The +other instance was of a profane person living nigh Haslingdon (who was +but poor) and took up his time in the trade of smoking and also spent +what should reliev his poor family. This man dreamed that he was +taking tobacco, and that the devill stood by him filling one pipe upon +another for him. In the morning hee fell to his old cours +notwithstanding; thinking it was but a dream: but when hee came to +take his pipe, hee had such an apprehension that the devill did indeed +stand by him and doe the office as hee dreamed that hee was struck +speechless for a time and when hee came to himself hee threw his +tobacco in the fire and his <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>pipes at the walls; resolving never to +meddle more with it: soe much money as was formerly wasted by the week +in to serving his family afterward weekly."</p> + +<p>Among the many medicinal virtues attributed to tobacco was its +supposed value as a preservative from contagion at times of plague. +Hearne, the antiquary, writing early in 1721, said that he had been +told that in the Great Plague of London of 1665 none of those who kept +tobacconists' shops suffered from it, and this belief no doubt +enhanced the medical reputation of the weed. I have also seen it +stated that during the cholera epidemics of 1831, 1849, and 1866 not +one London tobacconist died from that disease; but good authority for +the statement seems to be lacking. Hutton, in his "History of Derby," +says that when that town was visited by the plague in 1665, that at +the "Headless-cross ... the market-people, having their mouths primed +with tobacco as a preservative, brought their provisions.... It was +observed, that this cruel affliction never attempted the premises of a +tobacconist, a tanner or a shoemaker." Whatever ground there may have +been for the belief in the prophylactic effect of smoking, there can +be no doubt that in the seventeenth century it was firmly held. Howell +in one of his "Familiar Letters" dated January 1, 1646, says that the +smoke of tobacco is "one of the wholesomest sents that is against all +contagious airs, for it overmasters all other smells, as King James +they say found true, when being once a hunting, a showr of rain drave +him into a Pigsty for shelter, wher he caus'd a pipe full to Be taken +of purpose." But here Mr. Howell is certainly drawing the long-bow. +One cannot imagine the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>author of the "Counterblaste" countenancing +the use of tobacco under any circumstances.</p> + +<p>At the time of the Great Plague all kinds of nostrums were sold and +recommended as preservatives or as cures. Most of these perished with +the occasion that called them forth; but the names of some have been +preserved in a rare quarto tract which was published in the Plague +year, 1665, entitled "A Brief Treatise of the Nature, Causes, Signes, +Preservation from and Cure of the Pestilence," "collected by W. Kemp, +Mr. of Arts." In the list of devices for purifying infected air it is +stated that "The American Silver-weed, or Tobacco, is very excellent +for this purpose, and an excellent defence against bad air, being +smoked in a pipe, either by itself, or with Nutmegs shred, and Rew +Seeds mixed with it, especially if it be nosed"—which, I suppose, +means if the smoke be exhaled through the nose—"for it cleanseth the +air, and choaketh, suppresseth and disperseth any venomous vapour." +Mr. Kemp warms to his subject and proceeds with a whole-hearted +panegyric that must be quoted in full: "It hath singular and contrary +effects, it is good to warm one being cold, and will cool one being +hot. All ages, all Sexes, all Constitutions, Young and Old, Men and +Women, the Sanguine, the Cholerick, the Melancholy, the phlegmatick, +take it without any manifest inconvenience, it quencheth thirst, and +yet will make one more able, and fit to drink; it abates hunger, and +yet will get one a good stomach; it is agreeable with mirth or +sadness, with feasting and with fasting; it will make one rest that +wants sleep, and will keep one waking that is drowsie; it hath an +offensive smell to some, and is more desirable than any perfume to +others; <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>that it is a most excellent preservative, both experience and +reason do teach; it corrects the air by Fumigation, and it avoids +corrupt humours by Salivation; for when one takes it either by Chewing +it in the leaf, or Smoaking it in the pipe, the humors are drawn and +brought from all parts of the body, to the stomach, and from thence +rising up to the mouth of the Tobacconist, as to the helme of a +Sublimatory, are voided and spitten out."</p> + +<p>When plague was abroad even children were compelled to smoke. At the +time of the dreadful visitation of 1665 all the boys at Eton were +obliged to smoke in school every morning. One of these juvenile +smokers, a certain Tom Rogers, years afterwards declared to Hearne, +the Oxford antiquary, that he never was whipped so much in his life as +he was one morning for not smoking. Times have changed at Eton since +this anti-tobacconist martyr received his whipping. It is sometimes +stated that at this time smoking was generally practised in schools, +and that at a stated hour each morning lessons were laid aside, and +masters and scholars alike produced their pipes and proceeded to smoke +tobacco. But I know of no authority for this wider statement; it seems +to have grown out of Hearne's record of the practice at Eton.</p> + +<p>The belief in the prophylactic power of tobacco was, however, very +generally held. When Mr. Samuel Pepys on June 7, 1665, for the first +time saw several houses marked with the ominous red cross, and the +words "Lord, have mercy upon us" chalked upon the doors, he felt so +ill at ease that he was obliged to buy some roll tobacco to smell and +chew. There is nothing to show that Pepys even <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span>smoked, which +considering his proficiency in the arts of good-fellowship, is perhaps +a little surprising. Defoe, in his fictitious but graphic "Journal of +the Plague Year in London," says that the sexton of one of the London +parishes, who personally handled a large number of the victims, never +had the distemper at all, but lived about twenty years after it, and +was sexton of the parish to the time of his death. This man, according +to Defoe, "never used any preservative against the infection other +than holding garlic and rue in his mouth, and smoking tobacco."</p> + +<p>When excavations were in progress early in 1901, preparatory to the +construction of Kingsway and Aldwych, they included the removal of +bodies from the burying-grounds of St. Clement Danes and St. +Mary-le-Strand; and among the bones were found a couple of the curious +tobacco-pipes called "plague-pipes," because they are supposed to have +been used as a protection against infection by those whose office it +was to bury the dead. These pipes have been dug up from time to time +in numbers so large that one antiquary, Mr. H. Syer Cuming, has +ventured to infer that "almost every person who ventured from home +invoked the protection of tobacco."</p> + +<p>These seventeenth-century pipes were largely made in Holland of +pipe-clay imported from England—to the disgust and loss of English +pipe-makers. In 1663 the Company of Tobacco-Pipe Makers petitioned +Parliament "to forbid the export of tobacco pipe clay, since by the +manufacture of pipes in Holland their trade is much damaged." Further, +they asked for "the confirmation of their charter of government so as +to empower them to regulate abuses, as many persons engage in the +trade without licence." The <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>Company's request was granted; but in the +next year they again found it necessary to come to Parliament, showing +"the great improvement in their trade since their incorporation, 17 +James I, and their threatened ruin because cooks, bakers, and +ale-house keepers and others make pipes, but so unskilfully that they +are brought into disesteem; they request to be comprehended in the +Statute of Labourers of 5 Elizabeth, so that none may follow the trade +who have not been apprentices seven years."</p> + +<p>Tobacco-pipe making was a flourishing industry at this period and +throughout the seventeenth and following century in most of the chief +provincial towns and cities as well as in London.</p> + +<p>"Old English 'clays,'" says Mr. T.P. Cooper, "are exceedingly +interesting, as most of them are branded with the maker's initials. +Monograms and designs were stamped or moulded upon the bowls and on +the stems, but more generally upon the spur or flat heel of the pipe. +Many pipes display on the heels various forms of lines, hatched and +milled, which were perhaps the earliest marks of identification +adopted by the pipe-makers. In a careful examination of the monograms +we are able to identify the makers of certain pipes found in +quantities at various places, by reference to the freeman and burgess +rolls and parish registers. During the latter half of the seventeenth +century English pipes were presented by colonists in America to the +Indians; they subsequently became valuable as objects of barter or +part purchase value in exchange for land. In 1677 one hundred and +twenty pipes and one hundred Jew's harps were given for a strip of +country near Timber <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>Creek, in New Jersey. William Penn, the founder +of Pennsylvania, purchased a tract of land, and 300 pipes were +included in the articles given in the exchange."</p> + +<p>The French traveller, Sorbière, who visited London in 1663, declared +that the English were naturally lazy and spent half their time in +taking tobacco. They smoked after meals, he observed, and conversed +for a long time. "There is scarce a day passes," he wrote, "but a +Tradesman goes to the Ale-house or Tavern to smoke with some of his +Friends, and therefore Public Houses are numerous here, and Business +goes on but slowly in the Shops"; but, curiously enough, he makes no +mention of coffee-houses. A little later they were too common and too +much frequented to be overlooked. An English writer on thrift in 1676 +said that it was customary for a "mechanic tradesman" to go to the +coffee-house or ale-house in the morning to drink his morning's +draught, and there he would spend twopence and consume an hour in +smoking and talking, spending several hours of the evening in similar +fashion.</p> + +<p>Country gentlemen smoked just as much as town mechanics and tradesmen. +In 1688 Hervey, afterwards Earl of Bristol, wrote to Mr. Thomas +Cullum, of Hawsted Place, desiring "to be remembered by the witty +smoakers of Hawsted." A later Cullum, Sir John, published in 1784 a +"History and Antiquities of Hawsted," and in describing Hawsted Place, +which was rebuilt about 1570, says that there was a small apartment +called the smoking-room—"a name," he says, "it acquired probably soon +after it was built; and which it retained with good reason, as long as +it stood." I should like to know on what <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>authority Sir John Cullum +could have made the assertion that the room was called the +smoking-room from so early a date as the end of the sixteenth century. +No mention in print of a smoking-room has been found for the purposes +of the Oxford Dictionary earlier than 1689. In Shadwell's "Bury Fair" +of that date Lady Fantast says to her husband, Mr. Oldwit, who loves +to tell of his early meetings with Ben Jonson and other literary +heroes of a bygone day, "While all the Beau Monde, as my daughter +says, are with us in the drawing-room, you have none but ill-bred, +witless drunkards with you in your smoking-room." As Mr. Oldwit +himself, in another scene of the same play, says to his friends, +"We'll into my smoking-room and sport about a brimmer," there was +probably some excuse for his wife's remark. These country +smoking-rooms were known in later days as stone-parlours, the floor +being flagged for safety's sake; and the "stone-parlour" in many a +squire's house was the scene of much conviviality, including, no +doubt, abundant smoking.</p> + +<p>The arrival of coffee and the establishment of coffee-houses opened a +new field for the victories of tobacco. The first house was opened in +St. Michael's Alley, Cornhill, in 1652. Others soon followed, and in a +short time the new beverage had captured the town, and coffee-houses +had been opened in every direction. They sold many things besides +coffee, and served a variety of purposes, but primarily they were +temples of talk and good-fellowship. The buzz of conversation and the +smoke of tobacco alike filled the rooms which were the forerunners of +the club-houses of a much later day.</p> + +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="VI" id="VI"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>VI</h3> + +<h3>SMOKING UNDER KING WILLIAM III AND QUEEN ANNE<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza" style="margin-bottom: .25em; font-style: normal;"> +<span class="i4">Hail! social pipe—thou foe of care,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Companion of my elbow-chair;<br /></span> +<span class="i4">As forth thy curling fumes arise,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">They seem an evening sacrifice—<br /></span> +<span class="i4">An offering to my Maker's praise,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">For all His benefits and grace.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="rightp"><span class="sc">Sir Samuel Garth</span> (1660-1718).</p> +<br /> + +<p>After King William III was settled on the throne the sum of £600,000 +was paid to the Dutch from the English exchequer for money advanced in +connexion with his Majesty's expedition, and this amount was paid off +by tobacco duties. Granger long ago remarked that most of the eminent +divines and bishops of the day contributed very practically to the +payment of this revolutionary debt by their large consumption of +tobacco. He mentions Isaac Barrow, Dr. Barlow of Lincoln, who was as +regular in smoking tobacco as at his meals, and had a high opinion of +its virtues, Dr. Aldrich, "and other celebrated persons who flourished +about this time, and gave much into that practice." One of the best +known of these celebrated persons was Gilbert Burnet, Bishop of +Salisbury from 1689, and historian of his own times. He had the +reputation of being an inveterate smoker, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>and was caricatured with a +long clay stuck through the brim of the shovel hat, on the breadth of +which King William once made remark. The bishop replied that the hat +was of a shape suited to his dignity, whereupon the King caustically +said, "I hope that the hat won't turn your head."</p> + +<p>Thackeray pictures Dryden as sitting in his great chair at Will's +Coffee-house, Russell Street, Covent Garden, tobacco-pipe in hand; but +there is no evidence that Dryden smoked. The snuff-box was his symbol +of authority. Budding wits thought themselves highly distinguished if +they could obtain the honour of being allowed to take a pinch from it. +Of Dr. Aldrich, who was Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, and who wrote a +curious "Catch not more difficult to sing than diverting to hear, to +be sung by four men smoaking their pipes," an anecdote has often been +related, which illustrates his devotion to the weed. A bet was made by +one undergraduate and taken by another, that at whatever time, however +early, the Dean might be visited in his own den, he would be found +smoking. As soon as the bet had been made the Dean was visited. The +pair explained the reason for their call, when Aldrich, who must have +been a good-tempered man, said, "Your friend has lost: I am not +smoking, only filling my pipe."</p> + +<p>John Philips, the author of "Cyder" and the "Splendid Shilling," was +an undergraduate at Christ Church, during Aldrich's term of office, +and no doubt learned to smoke in an atmosphere so favourable to +tobacco. In his "Splendid Shilling," which dates from about 1700, +Philips says of the happy man with a shilling in his pocket:</p> + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Meanwhile, he smokes, and laughs at merry tale,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or Pun ambiguous or Conundrum quaint.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="noin">But the poor shillingless wretch can only</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i10">doze at home<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In garret vile, and with a warming puff<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Regale chill'd fingers; or from tube as black<br /></span> +<span class="i0">As winter-chimney, or well-polish'd jet,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Exhale Mundungus, ill-perfuming scent.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="noin">The miserable creature, though without a shilling, yet possessed a +well-coloured "clay."</p> + +<p>It is significant that the writer of a life of Philips, which was +prefixed to an edition of his poems which was published in 1762, after +mentioning that smoking was common at Oxford in the days of Aldrich, +says apologetically, "It is no wonder therefore that he [Philips] fell +in with the general taste ... he has descended to sing its praises in +more than one place." By 1762, as we shall see, smoking was quite +unfashionable, and consequently it was necessary to explain how it was +that a poet could "descend" so low as to sing the praises of tobacco.</p> + +<p>Other well-known men of the late seventeenth century were +"tobacconists" in the old sense of the word. Sir Isaac Newton is said +to have smoked immoderately; and a familiar anecdote represents him as +using for the purposes of a tobacco-stopper, in a fit of +absent-mindedness, the little finger of a lady sitting beside him, +whom he admired, but the truth of this legend is open to doubt. Thomas +Hobbes, who lived to be ninety (1588-1679), was accustomed to dine at +11 o'clock, after which he smoked a pipe <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>and then lay down and took a +nap of about half an hour. No doubt he would have attributed the +length of his days to the regularity of his habits. Izaak Walton, who +also lived to be ninety, as the lover of the placid and contemplative +life deserved to do, loved his pipe, though he seldom mentions smoking +in the "Compleat Angler." Sir Samuel Garth, poet and physician, once +known to fame as the author of "The Dispensary," was another +pipe-lover, as is shown by his verses quoted at the head of this +chapter. Dudley, the fourth Lord North, began to smoke in 1657, and, +says Dr. Jessopp, "the habit grew upon him, the frequent entries for +pipes and tobacco showing that he became more and more addicted to +this indulgence. Probably it afforded him some solace in the dreadful +malady from which he suffered so long."</p> + +<p>Even the staid Quakers smoked. George Fox's position in regard to +tobacco was curious. He did not smoke himself; but on one occasion he +was offered a pipe by a jesting youth who thought thereby to shock so +saintly a person. Fox says in his "Journal," "I lookt upon him to bee +a forwarde bolde lad: and tobacco I did not take: butt ... I saw hee +had a flashy empty notion of religion: soe I took his pipe and putt it +to my mouth and gave it to him again to stoppe him lest his rude +tongue should say I had not unity with ye creation." The incident is +curious, but testifies to Fox's tolerance and breadth of outlook.</p> + +<p>Many of his followers smoked, sometimes apparently to such an extent +as to cause scandal among their brethren. The following is an entry in +the minutes of the Friends' Monthly Meeting at Hardshaw, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>Lancashire: +"14th of 4th mo. 1691. It being considered that the too frequent use +of smoking Tobacco is inconsistent with friends holy profession, it is +desired that such as have occasion to make use thereof take it +privately, neither too publicly in their own houses, nor by the +highways, streets, or in alehouses or elsewhere, tending to the +abetting the common excess." Another Lancashire Monthly Meeting, +Penketh, under date "18th 8th mo. 1691" suggested that Friends were +"not to smoke during their labour or occupation, but to leave their +work and take it privately"—a suggestion which clearly proceeded from +non-smokers. The smug propriety of these recommendations to enjoy a +smoke in private is delightful.</p> + +<p>At the Quarterly Meeting of Aberdeen Friends in 1692 a "weighty paper +containing several heads of solid advyces and Counsells to friends" +sent by Irish Quakers, was read. These counsels abound with amusingly +prim suggestions. Among them is the warning to "take heed of being +overcome with strong drink or tobacco, which many by custome are +brought into bondag to the creature." The Aberdeen Friends themselves +a little later were greatly concerned at the increasing indulgence in +"superfluous apparell and in vain recreations among the young ones"; +and in 1698 they issued a paper dealing in great detail with matters +of dress and deportment. Among a hundred other things treated with +minutest particularity, the desire is expressed that "all Idle and +needless Smoaking of Tobacco be forborn."</p> + +<p>William Penn did not like tobacco and was often annoyed by it in +America. Clarkson, his biographer, relates that on one occasion Penn +called to see some <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>old friends at Burlington, who had been smoking, +but who, in consideration for his feelings, had put their pipes away. +Penn smelt the tobacco, and noticing that the pipes were concealed, +said, "Well, friends, I am glad that you are at last ashamed of your +old practice." "Not entirely so," replied one of the company, "but we +preferred laying down our pipes to the danger of offending a weaker +brother."</p> + +<p>Many of the tobacco-boxes used in the latter part of the seventeenth +century were imported from Holland. They were long or oval and were +usually made of brass. They can be easily identified by their engraved +subjects and Dutch inscriptions. An example in the Colchester Museum +is made of copper and brass, with embossed designs and inscriptions, +representing commerce, &c., on the base and lid. It has engraved on +the sides the name and address of its owner—"Barnabas Barker, +Wyvenhoe, Essex." The similar boxes later made in England usually had +embossed ornamentation.</p> + +<p>The local authorities in our eastern counties seem to have had some +curious ideas of their own as to where tobacco should or should not be +smoked. In a previous chapter we have seen that at Norwich, ale-house +keepers were fined for permitting smoking in their houses. At +Methwold, Suffolk, the folk improved upon this. The court-books of the +manor of Methwold contain the following entry made at a court held on +October 4, 1695: "We agree that any person that is taken smoakeinge +tobacco in the street shall forfitt one shillinge for every time so +taken, and itt shall be lawfull for the petty constabbles to distrane +for the same for to be putt to the uses abovesaid [<i>i.e.</i> "to the use +of the town"]. Wee present Nicholas <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>Baker for smoakeinge in the +street, and doe amerce him 1<i>s.</i>" The same rule is repeated at courts +held in the years 1696 and 1699, but no other fine is mentioned at any +subsequent courts. The good folk at Methwold may have been adepts at +petty tyranny, but such an absurd regulation must soon have become a +dead letter. While we are in the eastern counties we may note that in +1694 there died at Ely an apothecary named Henry Crofts, who owned, +among some other unusual items in his inventory, casks of brandy and +tobacco, which shows that even at that date, when regular +tobacconists' shops for the sale of tobacco had long been common, the +old business connexion between apothecaries and tobacco still +occasionally existed.</p> + +<p>The clay pipes called "aldermen," with longer stems than their +predecessors, tipped with glaze, came into use towards the end of the +seventeenth century. They must not be confused with the much longer +"churchwarden" or "yard of clay" which was not in vogue till the early +years of the nineteenth century.</p> + +<p>Towards the close of the seventeenth century signs may be detected of +some waning in the universal popularity of tobacco. There are hints of +change in the records of City and other companies. Tobacco had always +figured prominently in the provision for trade feasts. In 1651 the +Chester Company of Barbers, Surgeons, Wax and Tallow Chandlers—a +remarkably comprehensive organization—paid for "Sack beere and +Tobacco" at the Talbot on St. Luke's Day, October 18, on the occasion +of a dinner given to the Company by one Richard Walker; and similar +expenditure was common among both London <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>and provincial Companies. +The court-books of the Skinners Company of London show that in +preparation for their annual Election Dinner in 1694, the cook +appeared before the court and produced a bill of fare which, with some +alterations, was agreed to. The butler then appeared and undertook to +provide knives, salt, pepper-pots, glasses, sauces, &c., "and +everything needfull for £7. and if he gives content then to have £8. +he provides all things but pipes, Tobacco, candles and beer"—which +apparently fell to the lot of some other caterer.</p> + +<p>But so early as 1655 there is a sign of change of custom—a change, +that is, in the direction of restricting and limiting the hitherto +unbounded freedom granted to the use of tobacco. The London Society of +Apothecaries on August 15, 1655, held a meeting for the election of a +Master and an Upper Warden; and from the minutes of this meeting we +learn that by general consent it was forbidden henceforward to smoke +in the Court Room while dining or sitting, under penalty of half a +crown.</p> + +<p>The more fashionable folk of the Restoration Era and later began to +leave off if not to disdain the smoking-habit. Up to about 1700 +smoking had been permitted in the public rooms at Bath, but when Nash +then took charge, tobacco was banished. Public or at least fashionable +taste had begun to change, and Nash correctly interpreted and led it. +Sorbière, who has been quoted in the previous chapter, remarked in +1663 that "People of Quality" did not use tobacco so much as others; +and towards the end of the century and in Queen Anne's time the +tendency was for tobacco to go out of fashion. This did not much +affect its general use; but the tendency—with <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>exceptions, no +doubt—was to restrict the use of tobacco to the clergy, to country +squires, to merchants and tradesmen and to the humbler ranks of +society—to limit it, in short, to the middle and lower classes of the +social commonwealth as then organized. In the extraordinary record of +inanity which Addison printed as the diary of a citizen in the +<i>Spectator</i> of March 4, 1712, the devotion of the worthy retired +tradesman to tobacco is emphasized. This is the kind of thing: "Monday +... Hours 10, 11 and 12 Smoaked three Pipes of Virginia ... one +o'clock in the afternoon, chid Ralph for mislaying my Tobacco-Box.... +Wednesday ... From One to Two Smoaked a Pipe and a half.... Friday ... +From Four to Six. Went to the Coffee-house. Met Mr. Nisby there. +Smoaked several Pipes."</p> + +<p>There was indeed no diminution of tobacco-smoke in the coffee-houses. +A visitor from abroad, Mr. Muralt, a Swiss gentleman, writing about +1696, said that character could be well studied at the coffee-houses. +He was probably not a smoker himself, for he goes on to say that in +other respects the coffee-houses are "loathsome, full of smoke like a +guardroom, and as much crowded." He further observed that it was +common to see the clergy of London in coffee-houses and even in +taverns, with pipes in their mouths. A native witness of about the +same date, Ned Ward, writes sneeringly in his "London Spy," 1699, of +the interior of the coffee-house. He saw "some going, some coming, +some scribbling, some talking, some drinking, some smoking, others +jingling; and the whole room stinking of tobacco, like a Dutch scoot, +or a boatswain's cabin.... We each of us stuck in our mouths a pipe of +sotweed, and now began <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span>to look about us." Ward's contemporary, Tom +Brown, took a different tone: he wrote of "Tobacco, Cole and the +Protestant Religion, the three great blessings of life!"—as strange a +jumble as one could wish for.</p> + +<p>Even children seem to have smoked sometimes in the coffee-houses. +Ralph Thoresby, the Leeds antiquary, tells a strange story. He +declares that, one evening which he spent with his brother at +Garraway's Coffee-house, February 20, 1702, he was surprised to see +his brother's "sickly child of three years old fill its pipe of +tobacco and smoke it as <i>audfarandly</i> as a man of three score; after +that a second and a third pipe without the least concern, as it is +said to have done above a year ago." A child of two years of age +smoking three pipes in succession is a picture a little difficult to +accept as true. As this is the only reference to tobacco in the whole +of his "Diary," it is not likely that Thoresby was himself a smoker.</p> + +<p>At the coffee-house entrance was the bar presided over by the +predecessors of the modern barmaids—grumbled at in a <i>Spectator</i> as +"idols," who there received homage from their admirers, and who paid +more attention to customers who flirted with them than to more +sober-minded visitors. They are described by Tom Brown as "a charming +Phillis or two, who invited you by their amorous glances into their +smoaky territories." Admission cost little. There you might see—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Grave wits, who, spending farthings four,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sit, smoke, and warm themselves an hour.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>The allusions in the <i>Spectator</i> to smoking in the coffee-houses are +frequent. "Sometimes," says <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span>Addison, in his title character in the +first number of the paper, "sometimes I smoak a pipe at Child's and +whilst I seem attentive to nothing but the <i>Post-man</i>, over-hear the +conversation of every table in the room." And here is a vignette of +coffee-house life in 1714 from No. 568 of the <i>Spectator</i>: "I was +yesterday in a coffee-house not far from the Royal Exchange, where I +observed three persons in close conference over a pipe of tobacco; +upon which, having filled one for my own use, I lighted it at the +little wax candle that stood before them; and after having thrown in +two or three whiffs amongst them, sat down and made one of the +company. I need not tell my reader, that lighting a man's pipe at the +same candle is looked upon among brother-smoakers as an overture to +conversation and friendship." From the very beginning smoking has +induced and fostered a spirit of comradeship.</p> + +<p>Sir Roger de Coverley, as a typical country squire, was naturally a +smoker. He presented his friend the Spectator, the silent gentleman, +with a tobacco-stopper made by Will Wimble, telling him that Will had +been busy all the early part of the winter in turning great quantities +of them, and had made a present of one to every gentleman in the +county who had good principles and smoked. When Sir Roger was driving +in a hackney-coach he called upon the coachman to stop, and when the +man came to the window asked him if he smoked. While Sir Roger's +companion was wondering "what this would end in," the knight bid his +Jehu to "stop by the way at any good Tobacconist's, and take in a Roll +of their best Virginia." And when he visited Squire's near Gray's Inn +Gate, his first act was to call for a clean <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span>pipe, a paper of tobacco, +a dish of coffee, a newspaper and a wax candle; and all the boys in +the coffee-room ran to serve him. The wax candle was of course a +convenience in matchless days for pipe-lighting. The "paper of +tobacco" was the equivalent of what is now vulgarly called a "screw" +of tobacco.</p> + +<p>The practice of selling tobacco in small paper packets was common, and +moralists naturally had something to say about the fate of an author's +work, when the leaves of his books found their ultimate use as +wrappers for the weed. "For as no mortal author," says Addison, "in +the ordinary fate and vicissitude of things, knows to what use his +works may, some time or other, be applied, a man may often meet with +very celebrated names in a paper of tobacco. I have lighted my pipe +more than once with the writings of a prelate."</p> + +<p>Addison and Steele smoked, and so did Prior, who seems to have had a +weakness at times for low company. After spending an evening with +Oxford, Bolingbroke, Pope and Swift, it is recorded that he would go +"and smoke a pipe, and drink a bottle of ale, with a common soldier +and his wife, in Long Acre, before he went to bed." Some of Prior's +poems, as Thackeray caustically remarks, smack not a little of the +conversation of his Long Acre friends. Pope for awhile attended the +symposium at Button's coffee-house, where Addison was the centre of +the coterie—he describes himself as sitting with them till two in the +morning over punch and Burgundy amid the fumes of tobacco—but such a +way of life did not suit his sickly constitution, and he soon +withdrew. It is not likely that he smoked.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>The attractions and the atmosphere of provincial coffee-houses were +much the same as those of the London resorts. A German gentleman who +visited Cambridge in July and August 1710 remarked that in the Greeks' +coffee-house in that town, in the morning and after 3 o'clock in the +afternoon, you could meet the chief professors and doctors, who read +the papers over a cup of coffee and a pipe of tobacco. One of the +learned doctors took the German visitor to the weekly meeting of a +Music Club in one of the colleges. Here were assembled bachelors, +masters and doctors of music of the University—no professionals were +employed—who performed vocal and instrumental music to their mutual +gratification, though, apparently, not to the satisfaction of the +visitor, who records his opinion that the music was "very poor." "It +lasted," he says, "till 11 <span class="sc">P.M.</span>, there was besides smoking +and drinking of wine, though we did not do much of either. At 11 the +reckoning was called for, and each person paid 2<i>s.</i>"</p> + +<p>There was clearly no prejudice against smoking at Cambridge. Abraham +de la Pryme notes in his diary for the year 1694 that when it was +rumoured in May of that year that a certain house opposite one of the +colleges was haunted, strange noises being heard in it, several +scholars of the college said, "Come, fetch us a good pitcher of ale, +and tobacco and pipes, and wee'l sit up and see this spirit." The ale +was duly provided, the pipes were lit, and the courageous smokers +spent the night in the house, sitting "singing and drinking there till +morning," but, alas! they neither saw nor heard anything.</p> + +<p>Smoking was still popular also at Oxford. A. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>D'Anvers, in her +"Academia; or the Humours of Oxford," 1691, speaks, indeed, of +undergraduates who, when they could not get tobacco, did much as the +parson of Thornton is reputed to have done, as already related in +Chapter II, <i>i.e.</i> they condescended to smoke fragments of mats. With +this may be compared the macaronic lines:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza" style="font-style: normal;"> +<span class="i16"><i>At si</i><br /></span> +<span class="i0">Mundungus <i>desit: tum non funcare recusant</i><br /></span> +<span class="i0">Brown-Paper <i>tostâ, vel quod fit arundine</i> bed-mat.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Tobacco, in Queen Anne's time, still maintained its hold over large +classes of the people, and was still dominant in most places of public +resort; but there were signs of change in various directions as we +have seen, and smoking had to a large extent ceased to be fashionable. +Pepys has very few allusions to tobacco; Evelyn fewer still. There is +little evidence as to whether or not the gallants of the Restoration +Court smoked; but considering the foppery of their attire and manners, +it seems almost certain that tobacco was not in favour among them. The +beaux with their full wigs—they carried combs of ivory or +tortoiseshell in their pockets with which they publicly combed their +flowing locks—their dandy canes and scented, laced handkerchiefs, +were not the men to enjoy the flavour of tobacco in a pipe. They were +still tobacco-worshippers; but they did not smoke. The Indian weed +retained its empire over the men (and women) of fashion by changing +its form. The beaux were the devotees of snuff. The deftly handled +pinch pleasantly titillated their nerves, and the dexterous use of the +snuff-box, moreover, could also serve the purposes of vanity by +displaying the beautiful <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>whiteness of the hand, and the splendour of +the rings upon the fingers. The curled darlings of the late +seventeenth century and the "pretty fellows" of Queen Anne's time did +not forswear tobacco, but they abjured smoking. Snuff-taking was +universal in the fashionable world among both men and women; and the +development of this habit made smoking unfashionable.</p> + +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="VII" id="VII"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>VII</h3> + +<h3>SMOKING UNFASHIONABLE: EARLY GEORGIAN DAYS<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza" style="margin-bottom: .25em; font-style: normal;"> +<span class="i4">Lord Fopling smokes not—for his teeth afraid;<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Sir Tawdry smokes not—for he wears brocade.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="rightp"><span class="sc">Isaac Hawkins Browne</span>, <i>circa</i> 1740.</p> +<br /> + + +<p>With the reign of Queen Anne tobacco had entered on a period, destined +to be of long duration, when smoking was to a very large extent under +a social ban. Pipe-smoking was unfashionable—that is to say, was not +practised by men of fashion, and was for the most part regarded as +"low" or provincial—from the time named until well into the reign of +Queen Victoria. The social taboo was by no means universal—some of +the exceptions will be noted in these pages—but speaking broadly, the +general, almost universal smoking of tobacco which had been +characteristic of the earlier decades of the seventeenth century did +not again prevail until within living memory.</p> + +<p>Throughout the eighteenth century the use of tobacco for smoking was +largely confined to the middle and humbler classes of society. To +smoke was characteristic of the "cit," of the country squire, of the +clergy (especially of the country parsons), and of those of lower +social status. But at the same time it must be borne in mind that +then, as since, the dictates <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>of fashion and the conventions of +society were little regarded by many artists and men of letters.</p> + +<p>In the preceding chapter I quoted from Addison's diary of a retired +tradesman in the <i>Spectator</i> of 1712. The periodical publications of a +generation or so later paid the great essayist the flattery of +imitation in this respect as in others. In the <i>Connoisseur</i> of George +Colman and Bonnell Thornton, for instance, there is, in 1754, the +description of a citizen's Sunday. The good man, having sent his +family to church in the morning, goes off himself to Mother Redcap's, +a favourite tavern—suburban in those days—or house of call for City +tradesmen. There he smokes half a pipe and drinks a pint of ale. In +the evening at another tavern he smokes a pipe and drinks two pints of +cider, winding up the inane day at his club, where he smokes three +pipes before coming home at twelve to go to bed and sleep soundly.</p> + +<p>The week-end habit was strong among London tradesmen in those days. +Another <i>Connoisseur</i> paper of 1754 refers to the citizens' +country-boxes as dusty retreats, because they were always built in +close contiguity to the highway so that the inhabitants could watch +the traffic, in the absence of anything more sensible to do, where +"the want of London smoke is supplied by the smoke of Virginia +tobacco," and where "our chief citizens are accustomed to pass the end +and the beginning of every week." In the following year there is a +description of a visit to Vauxhall by a worthy citizen with his wife +and two daughters. After supper the poor man sadly laments that he +cannot have his pipe, because his wife, with social ambitions, deems +that it is "ungenteel to smoke, where any ladies are in company."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>Again, in the <i>Connoisseur's</i> rival, the <i>World</i>, founded and +conducted by Edward Moore, there is a letter, in the number dated +February 19, 1756, from a citizen who says: "I have the honour to be a +member of a certain club in this city, where it is a standing order, +That the paper called the <i>World</i> be constantly brought upon the +table, with clean glasses, pipes and tobacco, every Thursday after +dinner."</p> + +<p>The country gentlemen of the time followed the hounds and enjoyed +rural sports of all kinds, drank ale, and smoked tobacco. They had +their smoking-rooms too. Walter Gale, schoolmaster at Mayfield, +Sussex, noted in his Journal under date March 26, 1751: "I went to Mr. +Baker's for the list of scholars, and found him alone in the +smoaking-room; he ordered a pint of mild beer for me, an extraordinary +thing." Gale himself was a regular smoker, and too fond of pints of +ale.</p> + +<p>Fielding has immortalized the squire of the mid-eighteenth century in +his picture of that sporting, roaring, swearing, drinking, smoking, +affectionate, irascible, blundering, altogether extraordinary owner of +broad acres, Squire Western. We may shrewdly suspect that the portrait +of Western is somewhat over-coloured, and cannot fairly be taken as +typical; but there is sufficient evidence to show that in some +respects at least—in his enthusiasm for sport and love of ale and +tobacco—Western is representative of the country squires of his day.</p> + +<p>In a <i>World</i> of 1755 there is a description of a noisy, hearty, +drinking, devil-may-care country gentleman, in which it is said, "he +makes no scruple to take his pipe and pot at an alehouse with the very +dregs of the people." In a <i>Connoisseur</i> of 1754 a fine gentleman +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>from London, making a visit in a country-house, is taking his +breakfast with the ladies in the afternoon, when they had their tea, +for, says he, "I should infallibly have perished, had I staied in the +hall, amidst the jargon of toasts and the fumes of tobacco." When +Horace Walpole was staying with his father at his Norfolk +country-seat, Houghton, in September 1737, Gray wrote to him from +Cambridge: "You are in a confusion of wine, and roaring, and hunting, +and tobacco, and, heaven be praised, you too can pretty well bear it." +But Gray had no objection to tobacco. He lived at Cambridge, and the +dons and residents there (as at Oxford), not to speak of the +undergraduates, were as partial to their pipes as the men who went out +from among them to become country parsons, and to share the country +squire's liking for tobacco. Gray wrote to Warton from Cambridge in +April 1749 saying: "Time will settle my conscience, time will +reconcile me to this languid companion (ennui); we shall smoke, we +shall tipple, we shall doze together"—a striking picture of +University life in the sleepy days of the eighteenth century. Gray's +testimony by no means stands alone. In November 1730 Roger North wrote +to his son Montague, then an undergraduate at Cambridge, saying: "I +would be loath you should confirm the scandal charged upon the +universities of learning chiefly to smoke and to drink."</p> + +<p>At Oxford in early Georgian days a profound calm—so far as study was +concerned—appears to have prevailed. Little work was done, but much +tobacco was smoked. In 1733 a satire was published, violently +attacking the Fellows of various colleges. According to this satirist +the occupation of the Magdalen Fellow was to</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i10">drink, look big,<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span> +<span class="i0">Smoke much, think little, curse the freeborn Whig—<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="noin">from which it may not unreasonably be surmised that the author was a +Tory; and however little enthusiasm there may have been at Oxford in +those days for learning and study, there was plenty of life in +political animosities.</p> + +<p>Another witness to the dons' love of tobacco is Thomas Warton. In his +"Progress of Discontent," written in 1746, he plaintively sang:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Return, ye days when endless pleasure<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I found in reading or in leisure!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When calm around the Common Room<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I puff'd my daily pipe's perfume!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Rode for a stomach, and inspected,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">At annual bottlings, corks selected:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And dined untax'd, untroubled, under<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The portrait of our pious Founder!<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Warton and another Oxford smoker of some distinction—the Rev. William +Crowe, who was Public Orator from 1784 to 1829—are both said to have +been, like Prior, rather fond of frequenting the company of persons of +humble rank and little education, with whom they would drink their ale +and smoke their pipes.</p> + +<p>Mr. A.D. Godley, in his "Oxford in the Eighteenth Century," gives an +excellent English version of the Latin original of one of the Christ +Church "Carmina Quadragesmalia," which affords much the same picture +of the daily life of an Oxford Fellow in the days when George I was +king. This good man lives strictly by rule, and each returning day—</p> + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Ne'er swerves a hairbreadth from the same old way.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Always within the memory of men<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He's risen at eight and gone to bed at ten:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The same old cat his College room partakes,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The same old scout his bed each morning makes:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">On mutton roast he daily dines in state<br /></span> +<span class="i0">(Whole flocks have perished to supply his plate),<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Takes just one turn to catch the westering sun,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Then reads the paper, as he's always done;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Soon cracks in Common-room the same old jokes,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Drinking three glasses ere three pipes he smokes:—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And what he did while Charles our throne did fill<br /></span> +<span class="i0">'Neath George's heir you'll find him doing still.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>It seems to have been taken for granted that country parsons smoked. +Smoking was universal among their male parishioners from the squire to +the labourer (when he could afford it), so that it was only natural +that the parson, with little to do, and in those days not too much +inclination to do it, should be as fond of his pipe as the rest of the +world around him. In a <i>World</i> of 1756 there is an account of a +country gentleman entertaining one evening the vicar of the parish, +and the host as a matter of course proceeds to order a bottle of wine +with pipes and tobacco to be placed on the table. The vicar forthwith +"filled his pipe, and drank very cordially to my friend," his host. +One cannot doubt that Laurence Sterne, that most remarkable of country +parsons, smoked. His "My Uncle Toby" is among the immortals, and Toby +without his pipe is unimaginable.</p> + +<p>The most famous of country clergymen of the early Georgian period is, +of course, Fielding's lovable and immortal Parson Adams. Throughout +"Joseph <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span>Andrews" the parson smokes at every opportunity. At his first +appearance on the scene, in the inn kitchen, he calls for a pipe of +tobacco before taking his place at the fireside. The next morning, +when he fails to obtain a desired loan from the landlord, Adams, +extremely dejected at his disappointment, immediately applies to his +pipe, "his constant friend and comfort in his affliction," and leans +over the rails of the gallery overlooking the inn-yard, devoting +himself to meditation, "assisted by the inspiring fumes of tobacco." +Later on, in the parlour of the country Justice of the Peace, who +condemned his prisoners before he had taken the depositions of the +witnesses against them, and who, by the way, also lit his pipe while +his clerk performed this necessary duty, Adams, when his character has +been cleared, sits down with the company and takes a cheerful glass +and applies himself vigorously to smoking. A few hours later, when the +parson, Fanny, and their guide are driven by a storm of rain to take +shelter in a wayside ale-house, Adams "immediately procured himself a +good fire, a toast and ale, and a pipe, and began to smoke with great +content, utterly forgetting everything that had happened." In the same +inn, after Mrs. Slipslop has appeared and disappeared, Adams smokes +three pipes and takes "a comfortable nap in a great chair," so leaving +the lovers, Joseph and Fanny, to enjoy a delightful time together.</p> + +<p>At another inn a country squire is discovered smoking his pipe by the +door and the parson promptly joins him. Again, he smokes before he +goes to bed, and before he breakfasts the next morning; and when he +goes into the inn garden with the host who is willing to trust him, +both host and parson light their <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span>pipes before beginning to gossip. +Farther on, when the hospitable Mr. Wilson takes the weary wayfarers +in, Parson Adams loses no time in filling himself with ale, as +Fielding puts it, and lighting his pipe. The menfolk—Wilson, Adams +and Joseph—have to spend the night seated round the fire, but +apparently Adams is the only one who seeks the solace of tobacco. It +is significant that Wilson, in telling the story of his dissipated +early life, classes smoking with "singing, holloaing, wrangling, +drinking, toasting," and other diversions of "jolly companions."</p> + +<p>There is no mention of Parson Trulliber's pipe, but that pig-breeder +and lover can hardly have been a non-smoker. Both the other clerical +characters who appear in the book, the Roman Catholic priest who makes +an equivocal appearance in the eighth chapter of the third book, and +Parson Barnabas, who thinks that his own sermons are at least equal to +Tillotson's, smoke their pipes. The other smokers in "Joseph Andrews" +are the surgeon and the exciseman who, early in the story, are found +sitting in the inn kitchen with Parson Barnabas, "smoking their pipes +over some syderand"—the mysterious "cup" being a mixture of cider and +something spirituous—and Joseph's father, old Gaffer Andrews, who +appears at the end of the story, and complains bitterly that he wants +his pipe, not having had a whiff that morning.</p> + +<p>Fielding himself smoked his pipe. When his play "The Wedding Day" was +produced by Garrick in 1743, various suggestions were made to the +author as to the excision of certain passages, and the modification of +one of the scenes. Garrick pressed for certain omissions, but—"No, +damn them," said Fielding, "if <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span>the scene is not a good one, let them +find that out"; and then, according to Murphy, he retired to the +green-room, where, during the progress of the play, he smoked his pipe +and drank champagne. Presently he heard the sound of hissing, and when +Garrick came in and explained that the audience had hissed the scene +he had wished to have modified, all Fielding said was: "Oh, damn them, +they <i>have</i> found it out, have they!"</p> + +<p>Simon Fraser, Lord Lovat, the crafty old Jacobite who took part in the +rising of 1745 and who was executed on Tower Hill in 1747, was a +smoker. The pipe which he was reported to have smoked on the evening +before his execution, together with his snuff-box and a canvas +tobacco-bag, were for many years in the possession of the Society of +Cogers, the famous debating society of Fleet Street.</p> + +<p>It has sometimes been said that Swift smoked; but this is a mistake. +He had a fancy for taking tobacco in a slightly different way from the +fashionable mode of taking snuff. He told Stella that he had left off +snuff altogether, and then in the very next sentence remarked that he +had "a noble roll of tobacco for grating, very good." And in a later +letter to Stella, May 24, 1711, he asked if she still snuffed, and +went on to say, in sentences that seem to contradict one another: "I +have left it off, and when anybody offers me their box, I take about a +tenth part of what I used to do, then just smell to it, and privately +fling the rest away. I keep to my tobacco still, as you say; but even +much less of that than formerly, only mornings and evenings, and very +seldom in the day." One might infer from this that he smoked, but this +Swift never did. His practice was to snuff up <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span>cut and dried tobacco, +which was sometimes just coloured with Spanish snuff. This he did all +his life, but as the mixture he took was not technically snuff, he +never owned that he took snuff.</p> + +<p>Another cleric of the period, well known to fame, who took snuff but +also loved his pipe, was Samuel Wesley, rector of Epworth, +Lincolnshire, from 1697 to 1735. He not only smoked his pipe, but sang +its praises:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">In these raw mornings, when I'm freezing ripe,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">What can compare with a tobacco-pipe?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Primed, cocked and toucht, 'twould better heat a man<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Than ten Bath Faggots or Scotch warming-pan.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="noin">Samuel's greater son, John Wesley, did not share the parental love of +a pipe. He spoke of the use of tobacco as "an uncleanly and +unwholesome self-indulgence," and described snuffing as "a silly, +nasty, dirty custom."</p> + +<p>The London clergy seem to have smoked at one time as a matter of +course at their gatherings at Sion College, their headquarters. An +entry in the records under date February 14, 1682, relating to a Court +Meeting, runs: "Paid Maddocks [the Messenger] for Attendinge and Pipes +6d." How long pipes continued to be concomitants of the meetings of +the College's General Court I cannot say; but smoking and the annual +dinners were long associated. At the anniversary feast in 1743 there +were two tables to provide for, the total number of guests being about +thirty, and two "corses" to each. The cost of the food, as Canon +Pearce tells us in his excellent and entertaining book on the College +and its Library, was £19 15<i>s.</i>, or rather more than 13<i>s.</i> a head. +The bill <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span>for wines and tobacco amounted to five guineas, or about +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> a head, and for this modest sum the thirty convives +enjoyed eleven gallons of "Red Oporto," one of "White Lisbon," and +three of "Mountain," to the accompaniment of two pounds of tobacco (at +3<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i> the pound) smoked in "half a groce of pipes" (at 1<i>s.</i>).</p> + +<p>The examples and illustrations which have been given so far in this +chapter relate to tradesmen and merchants, country gentlemen and the +clergy. Other professional men smoked—we read in Fielding's "Amelia" +of a doctor who in the evening "smoked his pillow-pipe, as the phrase +is"—and among the rest of the people of equal or lower social +standing smoking was as generally practised as in the preceding +century. Handel, I may note, enjoyed his pipe. Dr. Burney, when a +schoolboy at Chester, was "extremely curious to see so extraordinary a +man," so when Handel went through that city in 1741 on his way to +Ireland, young Burney "watched him narrowly as long as he remained in +Chester," and among other things, had the felicity of seeing the great +man "smoke a pipe, over a dish of coffee, at the Exchange +Coffee-house," which was under the old Town Hall that stood opposite +the present King's School, and in front of the present Town Hall.</p> + +<p>Gonzales, in his "Voyage to Great Britain," 1731, says that the use of +tobacco was "very universal, and indeed not improper for so moist a +climate." He tells us that though the taverns were very numerous yet +the ale-houses were much more so. These ale-houses were visited by the +inferior tradesmen, mechanics, journeymen, porters, coachmen, carmen, +servants, and others whose pockets were not equal to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span>the price of a +glass of wine, which, apparently, was the more usual thing to call for +at a tavern, properly so called. In the ale-house men of the various +classes and occupations enumerated, says the traveller, would "sit +promiscuously in common dirty rooms, with large fires, and clouds of +tobacco, where one that is not used to them can scarce breathe or +see."</p> + +<p>The antiquary Hearne has left on record an account of a curious +smoking match held at Oxford in 1723. It began at two o'clock in the +afternoon of September 4 on a scaffold specially erected for the +purpose "over against the Theatre in Oxford ... just at Finmore's, an +alehouse." The conditions were that any one (man or woman) who could +smoke out three ounces of tobacco first, without drinking or going off +the stage, should have 12<i>s.</i> "Many tryed," continues Hearne, "and +'twas thought that a journeyman taylour of St. Peter's in the East +would have been victor, he smoking faster than, and being many pipes +before, the rest: but at last he was so sick, that 'twas thought he +would have dyed; and an old man, that had been a souldier, and smoaked +gently, came off conqueror, smoaking the three ounces quite out, and +he told one (from whom I had it) that, after it, he smoaked 4 or 5 +pipes the same evening." The old soldier was a well-seasoned veteran.</p> + +<p>Another foreign visitor to England, the Abbé Le Blanc, who was over +here about 1730, found English customs rather trying. "Even at table," +he says, "where they serve desserts, they do but show them, and +presently take away everything, even to the tablecloth. By this the +English, whom politeness does not permit to tell the ladies their +company is troublesome, give them notice to retire.... The table is +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>immediately covered with mugs, bottles and glasses; and often with +pipes of tobacco. All things thus disposed, the ceremony of toasts +begins."</p> + +<p>The frowns and remonstrances of Quarterly and Monthly Meetings of +Friends had not succeeded in putting the Quakers' pipes out. In a list +of sea stores put on board a vessel called by the un-Quaker-like name +of <i>The Charming Polly</i>, which brought a party of Friends across the +Atlantic from Philadelphia in 1756, we find "In Samuel Fothergill's +new chest ... Tobacco ... a Hamper ... a Barrel ... a box of pipes." +The provident Samuel was well found for a long voyage.</p> + +<p>The non-smokers were the men of fashion and those who followed them in +preferring the snuff-box to the pipe. Sometimes, apparently, they +chewed. A <i>World</i> of 1754 pokes fun at the "pretty" young men who +"take pains to appear manly. But alas! the methods they pursue, like +most mistaken applications, rather aggravate the calamity. Their +drinking and raking only makes them look like old maids. Their +swearing is almost as shocking as it would be in the other sex. Their +chewing tobacco not only offends, but makes us apprehensive at the +same time that the poor things will be sick," as they certainly well +deserved to be. To chew might be "manly," but it will be observed that +smoking is not mentioned. No reputation for manliness could be +achieved by even the affectation of a pipe. Similarly, in Bramston's +"Man of Taste," various fashionable tastes are described, but there is +no mention of tobacco.</p> + +<p>In Townley's well-known two-act farce "High Life Below Stairs," 1759, +the servants take their masters' and mistresses' titles and ape their +ways. The menservants—the Dukes and Sir <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span>Harrys—offer one another +snuff. "Taste this snuff, Sir Harry," says the "Duke." "'Tis good +rappee," replies "Sir Harry." "Right Strasburgh, I assure you, and of +my own importing," says the knowing ducal valet. "The city people +adulterate it so confoundedly," he continues, "that I always import my +own snuff;" and in similar vein he goes on in imitation of his master, +the genuine Duke. These servants copy the talk and style (with a +difference) of their employers; but smoking is never mentioned. The +real Dukes and Sir Harrys took snuff with a grace, but they did not do +anything so low as to smoke, and their menservants faithfully aped +their preferences and their aversions.</p> + +<p>Negative evidence of this kind is abundant; and positive statements of +the aversion of the beaux from smoking are not lacking. Dodsley's +"Collection" contains a satirical poem called "A Pipe of Tobacco," +which was written in imitation of six different poets. The author was +Isaac Hawkins Browne, and the poets imitated were the Laureate Cibber, +Philips, Thomson, Young, Pope, and Swift. The first imitation is +called "A New Year's Ode," and contains three recitatives, three airs +and a chorus. One of the airs will suffice as a sample:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Happy mortal! he who knows<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Pleasure which a Pipe bestows;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Curling eddies climb the room<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Wafting round a mild perfume.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="noin">Number two, which was intended as a burlesque of Philips's "Splendid +Shilling," is really pretty and must be given entire. It reveals +unsuspected beauties in the simple "churchwarden," or "yard of clay":</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Little tube of mighty pow'r,<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> +<span class="i0">Charmer of an idle hour,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Object of my warm desire,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Lip of wax, and eye of fire:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And thy snowy taper waist,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With my finger gently brac'd;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And thy pretty swelling crest,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With my little stopper prest,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And the sweetest bliss of blisses,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Breathing from thy balmy kisses.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Happy thrice, and thrice agen,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Happiest he of happy men;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who when agen the night returns,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When agen the taper burns;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When agen the cricket's gay,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">(Little cricket, full of play)<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Can afford his tube to feed<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With the fragrant Indian weed:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Pleasure for a nose divine,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Incense of the god of wine.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Happy thrice, and thrice agen,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Happiest he of happy men.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="noin">Imitations three and five praise the leaf in less happy strains, +though number five has a line worth noting for our purpose, in which +tobacco is spoken of as</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><i>By ladies hated, hated by the beaux.</i></span><br /> +</p> + +<p class="noin">The sixth sinks to ribaldry. Number four contains evidence of the +distaste for smoking among the beaux in the lines:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Coxcombs prefer the tickling sting of snuff;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Yet all their claim to wisdom is—a puff;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Lord Foplin smokes not—for his teeth afraid:<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span> +<span class="i0">Sir Tawdry smokes not—for he wears brocade.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ladies, when pipes are brought, affect to swoon;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">They love no smoke, except the smoke of Town;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But courtiers hate the puffing tube—no matter,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Strange if they love the breath that cannot flatter!<br /></span> +<span class="i0"> * * * * * * *<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Yet crowds remain, who still its worth proclaim,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">While some for pleasure smoke, and some for Fame.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>The satirist wrote truly that after all the fashionable abstainers had +been deducted, crowds remained, who smoked as heartily as their +predecessors of a century earlier. The populace was still on the side +of tobacco. This was well shown in 1732 when Sir Robert Walpole +proposed special excise duties on tobacco, and brought a Bill into +Parliament which would have given his excisemen powers of inquisition +which were much resented by the people generally. The controversy +produced a host of squibs and caricatures, most of which were directed +against the measure. The Bill was defeated in 1733, and great and +general were the rejoicings. When the news reached Derby on April 19 +in that year, the dealers in tobacco caused all the bells in the Derby +churches to be rung, and we may be sure that this rather unusual +performance was highly popular. The withdrawal of the odious duty was +further celebrated by caricatures and "poetical" chants of triumph. +One of the leading opponents of the Bill had been a well-known puffing +tobacconist named Bradley, who was accustomed to describe his wares as +"the best in Christendom"; and when the Bill was defeated Bradley's +portrait was published for popular circulation, above these lines:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Behold the man, who, when a gloomy band<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> +<span class="i0">Of vile excisemen threatened all the land,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Help'd to deliver from their harpy gripe<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The cheerful bottle and the social pipe.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">O rare Ben Bradley! may for this the bowl,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Still unexcised, rejoice thy honest soul!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">May still the best in Christendom for this<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Cleave to thy stopper, and compleat thy bliss!<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>This print is now chiefly of interest because the plate was adorned +with a tiny etching by Hogarth, in which appear the figures of the +British Lion and Britannia, both with pipes in their mouths, Britannia +being seated on a cask of tobacco.</p> + +<p>Hogarth was fond of introducing the pipe into his plates. In the +tail-piece to his works, which he prepared a few months before his +death, and which he called <i>The Bathos, or Manner of Sinking in +Sublime Paintings</i>, the end of everything is represented. Time +himself, supported against a broken column, is expiring, his scythe +falling from his grasp and a long clay pipe breaking in two as it +falls from his lips. This was issued in 1764—Hogarth's last published +work. In the plate which shows the execution of Thomas Idle, in the +"Industry and Idleness" series, Hogarth depicts the little hangman +smoking a short pipe as he sits on the top of the gallows, waiting for +his victim. The familiar plate of <i>A Modern Midnight Conversation</i> +shows a parson in surplice and wig smoking like a furnace while he +ladles punch from a bowl—probably meant for a portrait of the +notorious Orator Henley. Most of the other guests are also shown +smoking long clay pipes.</p> + +<p>Hogarth's subscription ticket for the print of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span><i>Sigismunda</i> was <i>Time +Smoking a Picture</i> (1761). It represents an old man sitting on a +fragment of statuary and smoking a long pipe against a picture of a +landscape which stands upon an easel before him. Below, on his left, +is a large jar labelled "Varnish." The figure of Time is nude and has +large wings. Volumes of smoke are pouring against the surface of the +picture from both his mouth and the bowl of his long clay pipe. In +<i>The Stage-Coach, or Country Inn-yard</i>, is shown an old woman smoking +a pipe in the "basket" of the coach. The plate of <i>The Distrest Poet</i> +(1736) shows four books and three tobacco-pipes on a shelf. In the +second of the "Election" series—the <i>Canvassing for Votes</i> (1755)—a +barber and a cobbler, seated at the table in the right-hand corner, +are both smoking long pipes. Apparently they are discussing the taking +of Portobello by Admiral Vernon in 1739 with only six ships; for the +barber is illustrating his talk by pointing with his twisted pipe-stem +to six fragments which he has broken from the stem and arranged on the +table in the shape of a crescent. In the frontispiece which Hogarth +drew in 1762 for Garrick's farce of "The Farmer's Return from London," +the worthy farmer, seated in his great chair, holds out a large mug in +one hand to be filled with ale, while the other supports his long +pipe, which he is smoking with evident enjoyment.</p> + +<p>Hogarth himself was a confirmed pipe-lover. When he and Thornhill and +their three companions set out from Gravesend for the final stage, up +the river, of their famous "Five Days Peregrination," we are told that +they hired a boat with clean straw, and laid in a bottle of wine, +pipes, tobacco, and light, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span>and so came merrily up the river. The +arm-chair in which Hogarth was wont to sit and smoke is still +preserved in his house at Chiswick, which has been bought and +preserved as a memorial of the moralist-painter; and in the garden of +the house may still be seen the remains of the mulberry tree under +which Mr. Austin Dobson suggests that Hogarth and Fielding may have +sat and smoked their pipes together in the days when George was +King.</p> + +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="VIII" id="VIII"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>VIII</h3> + +<h3>SMOKING UNFASHIONABLE (<i>continued</i>): <br />LATER GEORGIAN DAYS<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza" style="margin-bottom: .25em; font-style: normal;"> +<span class="i4">Says the Pipe to the Snuff-box, I can't understand<br /></span> +<span class="i6">What the ladies and gentlemen see in your face,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">That you are in fashion all over the land,<br /></span> +<span class="i6">And I am so much fallen into disgrace.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="rightp"><span class="sc">William Cowper</span>.<br /> +(From a letter to the Rev. John Newton, May 28, 1782.)</p> +<br /> + + +<p>"Smoking has gone out," said Johnson in talk at St. Andrews, one day +in 1773. "To be sure," he continued, "it is a shocking thing, blowing +smoke out of our mouths into other people's mouths, eyes and noses, +and having the same thing done to us; yet I cannot account why a thing +which requires so little exertion, and yet preserves the mind from +total vacuity, should have gone out." Johnson did not trouble himself +to think of how much the vagaries of fashion account for stranger +vicissitudes in manners and customs than the rise and fall of the +smoking-habit; nor did he probably foresee how slowly but surely the +taste for smoking, even in the circles most influenced by fashion, +would revive. Boswell tells us that although the sage himself never +smoked, yet he had a high opinion of the practice as a sedative +influence; and Hawkins heard him say on one occasion that insanity had +grown more frequent since smoking had gone out of fashion, which +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>shows that even Johnson could fall a victim to the <i>post hoc propter +hoc</i> fallacy.</p> + +<p>More than one writer of recent days has absurdly misrepresented +Johnson as a smoker. The author of a book on tobacco published a few +years ago wrote—"Dr. Johnson smoked like a furnace"—a grotesquely +untrue statement—and "all his friends, Goldsmith, Reynolds, Garrick, +were his companions in tobacco-worship." Reynolds, we know—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">When they talk'd of their Raphaels, Corregios, and stuff,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He shifted his trumpet, and only took snuff.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="noin">Johnson and all his company took snuff, as every one in the +fashionable world, and a great many others outside that charmed +circle, did; but Johnson did not smoke, and I doubt whether any of the +others did.</p> + +<p>There is ample evidence, apart from Johnson's dictum, that in the +latter part of the eighteenth century smoking had "gone out." In Mrs. +Climenson's "Passages from the Diaries of Mrs. Lybbe Powys," we hear +of a bundle of papers at Hardwick House, near Whitchurch, Oxon, which +bears the unvarnished title "Dick's Debts." This Dick was a Captain +Richard Powys who had a commission in the Guards, and died at the +early age of twenty-six in the year 1768. This list of debts, it +appears, gives "the most complete catalogue of the expenses of a dandy +of the Court of George II, consisting chiefly of swords, buckles, +lace, Valenciennes and point d'Espagne, gold and amber-headed canes, +tavern bills and chair hire." But in all the ample detail of Captain +Powys's list of extravagances there is nothing directly or indirectly +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span>relating to smoking. The beaux of the time did not smoke.</p> + +<p>In the whole sixteen volumes of Walpole's correspondence, as so +admirably edited by Mrs. Toynbee, there is scarcely a mention of +tobacco; and the same may be said of other collections of letters of +the same period—the Selwyn letters, the Delany correspondence, and so +on. Neither Walpole nor any member of the world in which he lived +would appear to have smoked. In Miss Burney's "Evelina," 1778, from +the beginning to the end of the book there is no mention whatever of +tobacco or of smoking. Apparently the vulgar Branghtons were not +vulgar enough to smoke. Such use of tobacco was considered low, and +was confined to the classes of society indicated in the preceding +chapter. One of the characters in Macklin's "Love à la Mode," 1760, is +described as "dull, dull as an alderman, after six pounds of turtle, +four bottles of port, and twelve pipes of tobacco."</p> + +<p>A satirical print by Rowlandson contains <i>A Man of Fashion's Journal</i>, +dated May 1, 1802. The "man of fashion" rides and drinks, goes to the +play, gambles and bets, but his journal contains no reference to +smoking. Rowlandson himself smoked, and so did his brother +caricaturist, Gillray. Angelo says that they would sometimes meet at +such resorts of the "low" as the Bell, the Coal Hole, or the Coach and +Horses, and would enter into the common chat of the room, smoke and +drink together, and then "sometimes early, sometimes late, shake hands +at the door—look up at the stars, say it is a pretty night, and +depart, one for the Adelphi, the other to St. James's Street, each to +his bachelor's bed."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span>But outside the fashionable world pipes were still in full blast, and +in many places of resort the atmosphere was as beclouded with +tobacco-smoke as in earlier days. Grosley, in his "Tour to London," +1765, says that there were regular clubs, which were held in +coffee-houses and taverns at fixed days and hours, when wine, beer, +tea, pipes and tobacco helped to amuse the company.</p> + +<p>Angelo gives some lively pictures of scenes of this kind in the London +of about 1780. The Turk's Head, in Gerrard Street, was the +meeting-place for "a knot of worthies, principally 'Sons of St. Luke,' +or the children of Thespis, and mostly votaries of Bacchus," as the +old fencing-master, who loved a little "fine writing," describes them; +and here they sat, he says, "taking their punch and smoking, the +prevailing custom of the time." About the same time (<i>circa</i> 1790) an +evening resort for purposes mostly vicious was the famous Dog and +Duck, in St. George's Fields. "The long room," says Angelo, "if I may +depend on my memory, was on the ground floor, and all the benches were +filled with motley groups, eating, drinking, and smoking." Angelo also +mentions the "Picnic Society," a celebrated resort of fashion at the +beginning of the nineteenth century, where the odour of tobacco never +penetrated. It afforded, he says in his fine way, "a sort of +antipodeal contrast to these smoking tavern clubs of the old city of +Trinobantes." The same writer speaks of a certain Monsieur Liviez whom +he met in Paris in 1772, who had been one of the first dancers at the +Italian Opera House, and <i>maître de ballet</i> at Drury Lane Theatre. +This gentleman was addicted to self-indulgence, loved good eating, and +good and ample drinking, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span>moreover kept "late hours, <i>Ã +l'Anglaise</i>, smoked his pipe, and drank oceans of punch."</p> + +<p>Coleridge, in the "Biographia Literaria," gives an amusing account of +his own experience of an attempt to smoke in company with a party of +tradesmen. In 1795 he was travelling about the country endeavouring to +secure subscriptions to the periodical publication he had started +called <i>The Watchman</i>. At Birmingham one day he dined with a worthy +tradesman, who, after dinner, importuned him "to smoke a pipe with +him, and two or three other <i>illuminati</i> of the same rank." The +remainder of the moving story must be told in Coleridge's own words. +"I objected," he says, "both because I was engaged to spend the +evening with a minister and his friends, and because I had never +smoked except once or twice in my life-time, and then it was herb +tobacco mixed with Oronooko. On the assurance, however, that the +tobacco was equally mild, and seeing too that it was of a yellow +colour,—not forgetting the lamentable difficulty I have always +experienced in saying, 'No,' and in abstaining from what the people +about me were doing,—I took half a pipe, filling the lower half of +the bole with salt. I was soon, however, compelled to resign it, in +consequence of a giddiness and distressful feeling in my eyes, which, +as I had drunk but a single glass of ale, must, I knew, have been the +effect of the tobacco. Soon after, deeming myself recovered, I sallied +forth to my engagement; but the walk and the fresh air brought on all +the symptoms again, and I had scarcely entered the minister's +drawing-room, and opened a small pacquet of letters, which he had +received from Bristol for me, ere I sank back on the sofa in a sort of +swoon rather than sleep. Fortunately <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span>I had found just time enough to +inform him of the confused state of my feelings, and of the occasion. +For here and thus I lay, my face like a wall that is white-washing, +deathly pale, and with the cold drops of perspiration running down it +from my forehead, while one after another there dropped in the +different gentlemen, who had been invited to meet, and spend the +evening with me, to the number of from fifteen to twenty. As the +poison of tobacco acts but for a short time, I at length awoke from +insensibility, and looked round on the party, my eyes dazzled by the +candles which had been lighted in the interim. By way of relieving my +embarrassment one of the gentlemen began the conversation with 'Have +you seen a paper to-day, Mr. Coleridge?' 'Sir,' I replied, rubbing my +eyes, 'I am far from convinced that a Christian is permitted to read +either newspapers or any other works of merely political and temporary +interest.' This remark, so ludicrously inapposite to, or rather, +incongruous with, the purpose for which I was known to have visited +Birmingham, and to assist me in which they were all met, produced an +involuntary and general burst of laughter; and seldom indeed have I +passed so many delightful hours as I enjoyed in that room from the +moment of that laugh till an early hour the next morning."</p> + +<p>All's well that ends well; but one cannot help wondering what kind of +tobacco it was that the Birmingham tradesman used, a half pipeful of +which had such a deadly effect—but perhaps the effect was due to the +salt, not to the tobacco.</p> + +<p>In the year after that which witnessed Coleridge's adventure, <i>i.e.</i> +in 1796, a tobacco-box with a history was the subject of a legal +decision. This box, made <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span>of common horn and small enough to be +carried in the pocket, was bought for fourpence by an overseer of the +poor in the time of Queen Anne, and was presented by him in 1713 to +the Society of Past Overseers of the parish of St. Margaret, +Westminster. In 1720 the Society, in memory of the donor, ornamented +the lid with a silver rim; and at intervals thereafter additions were +made to an extraordinary extent to the box and its casings. Hogarth +engraved within the lid in 1746 a bust of the victor of Culloden. +Gradually the horn box was enshrined within one case after +another—usually silver lined with velvet—each case bearing inscribed +plates commemorating persons or events. A Past Overseer who detained +the box in 1793 had to give it back after three years of litigation. A +case of octagon shape records the triumph of Justice, and Lord +Chancellor Loughborough pronouncing his decree for the restitution of +the box on March 5, 1796. In later days many and various additions +have been made to the many coverings of the box, recording public +events of interest.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding the unfashionableness of tobacco, there were still +some noteworthy smokers to be found among the clergy. Dr. Sumner, head +master of Harrow, who died in 1771, was devoted to his pipe. The +greatest of clerical "tobacconists" of late eighteenth century and +early nineteenth century date was the once famous Dr. Parr. It was +from him that Dr. Sumner learned to smoke. When he and Parr got +together Sumner was in the habit of refilling his pipe again and again +in such a way as to be unobserved, at the same time begging Parr not +to depart till he had finished his pipe, in order that he might detain +him, we are told, in the evening as long as possible.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span>Parr was not a model smoker. He was brutally overbearing towards other +folk, and would accept no invitation except on the understanding that +he might smoke when and where he liked. It was his invariable +practice, wherever he might be visiting, to smoke a pipe as soon as he +had got out of bed. His biographer says—"The ladies were obliged to +bear his tobacco, or to give up his company; and at Hatton (1786-1825) +now and then he was the tyrant of the fireside." Parr was capable of +smoking twenty pipes in an evening, and described himself as "rolling +volcanic fumes of tobacco to the ceiling" while he worked at his desk. +At a dinner which was given at Trinity College, Cambridge, to the Duke +of Gloucester, as Chancellor of the University, when the cloth was +removed, Parr at once started his pipe and began, says one who was +present, "blowing a cloud into the faces of his neighbours, much to +their annoyance, and causing royalty to sneeze by the stimulating +stench of mundungus." It is surprising that people were willing to put +up with such bad manners as Parr was accustomed to exhibit; but his +reputation was then great, and he traded upon it.</p> + +<p>Parr is said on one occasion to have called for a pipe after taking a +meal at a coaching-inn called the "Bush" at Bristol, when the waiter +told him that smoking was not allowed at the Bush. Parr persisted, but +the authorities at the inn were firm in their refusal to allow +anything so vulgar as smoking on their premises, whereupon Parr is +said to have exclaimed: "Why, man, I've smoked in the dining-room of +every nobleman in England. The Duchess of Devonshire said I could +smoke in every room in her house but her dressing-room, and here, in +this dirty <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span>public-house of Bristol you forbid smoking! Amazing! Bring +me my bill." The learned doctor exaggerated no doubt as regards the +facilities given him for smoking; for it was his overbearing way not +to ask for leave to smoke, but to smoke wherever he went, whether +invited to do so or not; but the story shows the prejudice against +smoking which was found in many places as a result of the attitude of +the fashionable world towards tobacco.</p> + +<p>Johnstone, Parr's biographer, referring to his hero's failure to +obtain preferment to the Episcopal Bench about the year 1804, +says—"His pipe might be deemed in these fantastic days a degradation +at the table of the palace or the castle; but his noble hospitality, +combined with his habits of sobriety, whether tobacco fumigated his +table or not, would have filled his hall with the learned and the +good." A portrait of Parr hangs in the Combination Room in St. John's, +Cambridge. Originally it represented him faithfully with a long clay +between hand and mouth; but for some unknown reason the pipe has been +painted out.</p> + +<p>A famous crony of Parr's, the learned Porson, was another devotee of +tobacco. In November 1789 Parr wrote to Dr. Burney: "The books may be +consulted, and Porson shall do it, and he will do it. I know his price +when he bargains with me; two bottles instead of one, six pipes +instead of two, burgundy instead of claret, liberty to sit till five +in the morning instead of sneaking into bed at one: these are his +terms:" and these few lines, it may be added, give a graphic picture +of Porson. According to Maltby, Porson once remarked that when smoking +began to go out of fashion, learning began to go out <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span>of fashion +also—which shows what nonsense a learned man could talk.</p> + +<p>Another famous parson, the Rev. John Newton, was a smoker, and so was +Cowper's other clerical friend, that learned and able Dissenter, the +Rev. William Bull, whose whole mien and bearing were so dignified that +on two occasions he was mistaken for a bishop. Cowper appreciated +snuff, but did not care for smoking, and when he wrote to Unwin, +describing his new-made friend in terms of admiration, he +concluded—"Such a man is Mr. Bull. But—he smokes tobacco. Nothing is +perfection 'Nihil est ab omni parte beatum.'" Bull, however, was not +excessive in his smoking, for his daily allowance was but three pipes. +In his garden at Newport Pagnell, Bull showed Cowper a nook in which +he had placed a bench, where he said he found it very refreshing to +smoke his pipe and meditate. "Here he sits," wrote Cowper, "with his +back against one brick wall, and his nose against another, which must, +you know, be very refreshing, and greatly assist meditation."</p> + +<p>Cowper's aversion from tobacco could not have been very strong, for he +encouraged his friend to smoke in the famous Summer House at Olney, +which was the poet's outdoor study. Bull smoked Orinoco tobacco, which +he carried in one of the tobacco-boxes, which in those days were much +more commonly used than pouches, and this box on one occasion he +accidentally left behind him at Olney. Cowper returned it to him with +the well-known rhymed epistle dated June 22, 1782, and beginning:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">If reading verse be your delight,<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span> +<span class="i0">'Tis mine as much, or more, to write;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But what we would, so weak is man,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Lies oft remote from what we can.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="noin">He describes the box and its contents in lines which show not only +tolerance but appreciation of tobacco, from which it is not +unreasonable to infer that Cowper's first view of his friend's +smoking-habit as a drawback—as shown in his letter to Unwin, quoted +above—had been modified by neighbourhood and custom. It might have +been well for the poet himself if he had learned to smoke a social +pipe with his friend Bull. The appreciative lines run thus:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">This oval box well filled<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With best tobacco, finely milled,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Beats all Anticyra's pretences<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To disengage the encumbered senses.<br /></span> +<span class="i4">O Nymph of transatlantic fame,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Where'er thine haunt, whate'er thy name,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Whether reposing on the side<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of Oronoco's spacious tide,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or listening with delight not small<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To Niagara's distant fall,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">'Tis thine to cherish and to feed<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The pungent nose-refreshing weed,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Which, whether pulverized it gain<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A speedy passage to the brain,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or whether, touched with fire, it rise<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In circling eddies to the skies,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Does thought more quicken and refine<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Than all the breath of all the Nine—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Forgive the bard, if bard he be,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who once too wantonly made free,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To touch with a satiric wipe<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span> +<span class="i0">That symbol of thy power, the pipe;<br /></span> +<span class="i0"> * * * * * * *<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And so may smoke-inhaling Bull<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Be always filling, never full.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>The allusion in these verses to a "satiric wipe" refers to a passage +in the poem entitled "Conversation," which Cowper had written in the +previous year, 1781. In this passage tobacco is abused in terms which +Cowper clearly felt to need modification after his personal +intercourse with such a smoker as his friend Bull. In describing, in +"Conversation," the manner in which a story is sometimes told, the +poet says:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">The pipe, with solemn interposing puff,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Makes half a sentence at a time enough;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The dozing sages drop the drowsy strain,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Then pause and puff—and speak, and pause again.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Such often, like the tube they so admire,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Important triflers! have more smoke than fire.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="noin">Cowper then goes on to attack tobacco in lines which show how +unpopular smoking at that date was with ladies, and which have since +often been quoted by anti-tobacconists with grateful appreciation:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Pernicious weed! whose scent the fair annoys,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Unfriendly to society's chief joys,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thy worst effect is banishing for hours<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The sex whose presence civilizes ours;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thou art indeed the drug a gardener wants,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To poison vermin that infest his plants,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But are we so to wit and beauty blind,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">As to despise the glory of our kind,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And show the softest minds and fairest forms<br /></span> +<span class="i0">As little mercy as the grubs and worms?<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span>Notwithstanding this "satiric wipe," it is not likely that Cowper +would have had much sympathy with John Wesley, who, in his detestation +of what had been his father's solace at Epworth, forbade his preachers +either to smoke or to take snuff.</p> + +<p>In the first two or three decades of the nineteenth century smoking +reached its nadir. No dandy smoked. If some witnesses may be believed +smoking had almost died out even at Oxford. Archdeacon Denison wrote +in his "Memories"—"When I went up to Oxford, 1823-24, there were two +things unknown in Christ Church, and I believe very generally in +Oxford—smoking and slang"; but one cannot help fancying that the +archdeacon's memory was not quite trustworthy. It is difficult to +imagine that there was ever a time when the slang of the day was not +current on the lips of young Oxford, or that so long as tobacco was +procurable it did not find its way into college rooms.</p> + +<p>If smoking had died out at Oxford its decline must have been rapid. +When a certain young John James was an undergraduate of Queen's, 1778 +to 1781, he and his correspondents spoke severely of the "miserable +condition of Fellows who (under the liberal pretence of educating +youth) spend half their lives in smoking tobacco and reading the +newspapers." About 1800 the older or more old-fashioned of the Fellows +at New College, "not liking the then newly introduced luxury of Turkey +carpets," says Mr. G.V. Cox, in his "Recollections of Oxford," 1868, +"often adjourned to smoke their pipe in a little room opposite to the +Senior Common-room, now appropriated to other uses, but then kept as a +smoking-room." A Mr. Rhodes, a one-time Fellow of Worcester College, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span>who was elected Esquire Bedel in Medicine and Arts in 1792, had a very +peculiar way of enjoying his tobacco. Mr. Cox says: "On one occasion, +when I had to call upon him, I found him drinking rum and water, and +enjoying (what he called his luxury) the fumes of tobacco, not through +a pipe or in the shape of a cigar, but <i>burnt in a dish!</i>"</p> + +<p>Smoking had certainly not died out at Cambridge, even at the time when +Denison was at Oxford. According to the "Gradus ad Cantabrigium," +1824, the Cambridge smart man's habit was to dine in the evening "at +his own rooms, or at those of a friend, and afterwards blows a cloud, +puffs at a segar, and drinks copiously." The spelling of "segar" shows +that cigars were then somewhat of a novelty.</p> + +<p>When Tennyson was an undergraduate at Cambridge, 1828-30, he and his +companions all smoked. At the meetings of the "Apostles"—the little +group of friends which included the future Laureate—"much coffee was +drunk, much tobacco smoked." Dons smoked as well as undergraduates. At +Queens', the Combination-room in Tennyson's time had still a sanded +floor, and the "table was set handsomely forth with long +'churchwardens'"—as the poet told Palgrave when the two visited +Cambridge in 1859. George Pryme, in his "Autobiographic +Recollections," 1870, states that in 1800 "smoking was allowed in the +Trinity Combination-room after supper in the twelve days of Christmas, +when a few old men availed themselves of it," which looks as if +tobacco were not very popular just then at Trinity. With the wine, +pipes and the large silver tobacco-box were laid on the table. Porson, +when asked for an inscription for the box, suggested "<span class="Greek" title="Tô bakchô">Τῷ βακχῳ</span>." +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span>Pryme says that among the undergraduates, of whom he was one, tobacco +had no favour, and "an attempt of Mr. Ginkell, son of Lord Athlone ... +to introduce smoking at his own wine-parties failed, although he had +the prestige of being a hat-fellow-commoner."</p> + +<p>No doubt smoking had its ups and downs at the Universities apart from +the set of the main current of fashion. We learn from the invaluable +Gunning that at Cambridge about 1786 smoking was going "out of fashion +among the junior members of our combination-rooms, except on the river +in the evening, when every man put a short pipe in his mouth." "I took +great pains," he adds, "to make myself master of this elegant +accomplishment, but I never succeeded, though I used to renew the +attempt with a perseverance worthy of a better cause." About the same +time Dr. Farmer was Master of Emmanuel and the Master was an +inveterate smoker. Gunning says that Emmanuel parlour under Farmer's +presidency was always open to those who loved pipes and tobacco and +cheerful conversation—a very natural collocation of tastes. Farmer's +silver tobacco-pipe is still preserved in his old college, while +Porson's japanned snuff-box is at Trinity.</p> + +<p>Dr. Farmer was elected Master of Emmanuel in 1775. Years before he had +held the curacy of Swavesey, about nine miles out of Cambridge, where +he regularly performed the duty. After morning service it was his +custom to repair to the local public-house where he enjoyed a +mutton-chop and potatoes. Immediately after the removal of the cloth, +"Mr. Dobson (his churchwarden) and one or two of the principal +farmers, made their appearance, to whom he invariably said, 'I am +going to read prayers, but <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span>shall be back by the time you have made +the punch.' Occasionally another farmer accompanied him from church, +when pipes and tobacco"—with the punch—"were in requisition until 6 +o'clock." The Sabbath afternoon thus satisfactorily concluded, Farmer +returned to college in Cambridge and took a nap, till at nine he went +to the parlour of the college where the Fellows usually assembled, and +pipes and tobacco concluded a well-spent day.</p> + +<p>In the fashionable world the snuff-box was all-powerful. The Prince +Regent was devoted to snuff, but disdained tobacco. He had a "cellar +of snuff," which after his death was sold, said <i>John Bull</i>, August +15, 1830, "to a well-known purveyor, for £400." Lord Petersham, famous +among dandies, made a wonderful collection of snuffs and snuff-boxes, +and was curious in his choice of a box to carry. Gronow relates that +once when a light Sèvres snuff-box which Lord Petersham was using, was +admired, the noble owner replied, with a gentle lisp—"Yes, it is a +nice summer box—but would certainly be inappropriate for winter +wear!" The well-known purveyor who bought the Prince Regent's cellar +of snuff, and who bought also Lord Petersham's stock, was the Fribourg +of Fribourg and Treyer, whose well-known old-fashioned shop at the top +of the Haymarket, with a bow-window on each side of the door, still +gives an eighteenth-century flavour to that thoroughfare. All the +dandies of the period were connoisseurs of snuff, and imitated the +royal mirror of fashion in their devotion to the scented powder. Young +Charles Stanhope wrote to his brother on November 5, 1812—"I have +learnt to take snuff among other fashionable acquirements, a custom +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span>which, of course, you have learnt and will be able to keep me in +countenance." But no dandies or young men of fashion smoked. Tobacco, +save in the disguise of snuff, was tabooed.</p> + +<p>Smoking was frowned upon, even in places where hitherto it had been +allowed. In 1812 the authorities of Sion College ordered "that Coffee +and Tea be provided in the Parlour for the Visitors and Incumbents, +and in the Court Room for the Curates and Lecturers; and that Pipes +and Tobacco be not allowed; and that no Wine be at any time carried +into the Court Room, nor any into the Hall after Coffee and Tea shall +have been ordered on that day."</p> + +<p>The use of tobacco for smoking, as I have said, had reached its +nadir—in the fashionable world, that is to say—but the dawn follows +the darkest hour, and the revival of smoking was at hand, thanks to +the cigar.</p> + +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="IX" id="IX"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>IX</h3> + +<h3>SIGNS OF REVIVAL<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza" style="margin-bottom: .25em; font-style: normal;"> +<span class="i4">Some sigh for this and that<br /></span> +<span class="i4">My wishes don't go far;<br /></span> +<span class="i4">The world may wag at will,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">So I have my cigar.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="rightp2"><span class="sc">Thomas Hood.</span></p> +<br /> + + +<p>The revival of smoking among those who were most amenable to the +dictates of fashion, and among whom consequently tobacco had long been +in bad odour, came by way of the cigar.</p> + +<p>In the preceding chapters all the references to and illustrations of +smoking have been concerned with pipes. Until the early years of the +nineteenth century the use of cigars was practically unknown in this +country. The earliest notices of cigars in English books occur in +accounts of travel in Spain and Portugal, and in the Spanish Colonies, +and in such notices the phonetic spelling of "segar" often occurs. A +few folk still cling to this spelling—there was a "segar-shop" in the +Strand till quite recently, and I saw the notice "segars" the other +day over a small tobacco-shop in York—which has no authority, and on +etymological grounds is indefensible. The derivation of "cigar" is not +altogether clear; but the probabilities are strongly in favour of its +connexion with "cigarra," the Spanish name for the cicada, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span>the +shrilly-chirping insect familiar in the southern countries of Europe, +and the subject of frequent allusions by the ancient writers of Greece +and Rome, as well as by modern scribes. A Spanish lexicographer of +authority says that the cigar has the form of a "cicada" of paper, +and, on the whole, it is highly probable that the likeness of the roll +of tobacco-leaf to the cylindrical body of the insect (<i>cigarra</i>) was +the reason that the "cigarro" was so called. There is no warrant of +any kind for "segar."</p> + +<p>The earliest mention of cigars in English occurs in a book dated 1735. +A traveller in Spanish America, named Cockburn, whose narrative was +published in that year, describes how he met three friars at +Nicaragua, who, he says, "gave us some Seegars to smoke ... these are +Leaves of Tobacco rolled up in such Manner that they serve both for a +Pipe and Tobacco itself ... they know no other way here, for there is +no such Thing as a Tobacco-Pipe throughout New Spain."</p> + +<p>Cheroots seem to have been known somewhat earlier. The earliest +mention of them is dated about 1670. Sir James Murray, in the great +Oxford Dictionary, gives the following interesting extract from an +unpublished MS. relating to India, written between 1669 and 1679: "The +Poore Sort of Inhabitants vizt. yet Gentues, Mallabars, &c., Smoke +theire Tobacco after a very meane, but I judge Original manner, Onely +ye leafe rowled up, and light one end, holdinge ye other between their +lips ... this is called a bunko, and by ye Portugals a Cheroota." The +condemnation of cheroot-or cigar-smoking as a mean method of taking +tobacco has an odd look in the light of modern habits and customs.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span>The use of cigars in this country began to come in early in the last +century; and by at least 1830 they were being freely, if privately, +smoked. It is probable that the reduction of the duty on cigars from +18<i>s.</i> to 9<i>s.</i> a lb., in 1829, had its effect in making cigars more +popular. Croker, in 1831, commenting on Johnson's saying that smoking +had gone out, said: "The taste for smoking, however, has revived, +probably from the military habits of Europe during the French wars; +but instead of the sober sedentary pipe, the ambulatory cigar is +chiefly used." Croker's shrewd suggestion was probably not far wide of +the truth. It is quite likely, if not highly probable, that the +revival of smoking in the shape of the cigar was directly connected +with the experiences of British officers in Spain and Portugal during +the Peninsular War.</p> + +<p>One of the earliest cigar-smokers must have been that remarkable +clergyman, the Rev. Charles Caleb Colton, whose "Lacon," published in +1820, was once popular. Colton was in succession Rector of Tiverton +and Vicar of Kew, but on leaving Kew became a wine-merchant in Soho. +While at Kew he is said to have kept cigars under the pulpit, where, +he said, the temperature was exactly right.</p> + +<p>At first even cigar-smoking was confined to comparatively few persons, +and the social prejudice against tobacco continued unabated. Thackeray +significantly makes Rawdon Crawley a smoker—the action of "Vanity +Fair" takes place in the first two decades of the nineteenth century. +The original smoking-room of the Athenæum Club, which was founded in +1824, the present building being erected in 1830, was a miserable +little room, Dr. Hawtree, on <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span>behalf of the committee, announcing that +"no gentleman smoked." The Oriental Club, when built in 1826-27, +contained no smoking-room at all.</p> + +<p>Sir Walter Scott often smoked cigars, though he seems to have regarded +it in the light of an indulgence to be half-apologized for. In his +"Journal," July 4, 1829, he noted—"When I had finished my bit of +dinner, and was in a quiet way smoking my cigar over a glass of negus, +Adam Ferguson comes with a summons to attend him to the Justice +Clerk's, where, it seems, I was engaged. I was totally out of case to +attend his summons, redolent as I was of tobacco. But I am vexed at +the circumstance. It looks careless, and, what is worse, affected; and +the Justice is an old friend moreover." Tobacco in any form was +suspect. A man might smoke a cigar, but he must not take the odour +into the drawing-room of even an old friend.</p> + +<p>A few years earlier, in November 1825, Scott had written in his +"Journal" that after dinner he usually smoked a couple of cigars which +operated as a sedative—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Just to drive the cold winter away,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And drown the fatigues of the day.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="noin">"I smoked a good deal," he continued, "about twenty years ago when at +Ashestiel; but, coming down one morning to the parlour, I found, as +the room was small and confined, that the smell was unpleasant, and +laid aside the use of the <i>Nicotian weed</i> for many years; but was +again led to use it by the example of my son, a hussar officer, and my +son-in-law, an Oxford student. I could lay it aside to-morrow; I laugh +at the dominion of custom in this and many things.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">"<i>We make the giants first, and then</i> do not <i>kill them.</i>"</span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span><br /> +</p> + +<p>Scott's remark that Lockhart smoked when an Oxford student rather +discredits Archdeacon's Denison's statement, quoted in the preceding +chapter, that smoking was very generally unknown in Oxford in 1823-24. +The archdeacon was writing from memory—a very untrustworthy recorder; +Scott's remark was that of a contemporary.</p> + +<p>Byron is reputed to have been another cigar-smoker. His apostrophe to +tobacco in "The Island" (1823), a poem founded in part on the history +of the Mutiny of the Bounty, is familiar. The lines are, indeed, +almost the only familiar passage in that poem:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Sublime tobocco! which, from east to west,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Cheers the tar's labours or the Turkman's rest;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Which on the Moslem's ottoman divides<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His hours, and rivals opium and his brides;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Magnificent in Stamboul, but less grand,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Though not less loved, in Wapping or the Strand:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Divine in hookas, glorious in a pipe,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When tipp'd with amber, mellow, rich, and ripe;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Like other charmers, wooing the caress,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">More dazzlingly when daring in full dress;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Yet thy true lovers more admire by far<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thy naked beauties—Give me a cigar!<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="noin">How far these lines really represent the poet's own sentiments, and +whether he habitually smoked either cigar or pipe, is another matter.</p> + +<p>Other men of letters of the time were zealous adherents of the pipe. +One of these was the poet Campbell. From 1820 to 1830 he was editor of +the <i>New Monthly Magazine</i>, and is reputed to have been so <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>very +unbusinesslike in his methods that there was always difficulty in +getting proofs corrected and returned in good time. On one occasion, +as reported by a member of the firm that printed the magazine, a proof +had been lost, and the poet was informed that the article must go to +press next day uncorrected. Campbell sent word that he would look in +in the morning and correct it. Preparations were duly made to receive +him; he was shown into the best room, and left with the proof on his +table. After a while he rang the bell, and said, "I could do this much +better if I had a pipe." Thereupon pipe and tobacco were procured and +taken in to him. Campbell tore open the paper containing the tobacco, +and, with a slightly contemptuous expression, exclaimed, "Ugh! +C'naster! I'd rather it had been shag!"</p> + +<p>Charles Lamb was a heavy pipe-smoker. He smoked too much—regretted +it—but continued to smoke, not wisely but too well. "He came home +very smoky and drinky last night," says his sister of him.</p> + +<p>When sending some books to Coleridge at Keswick in November 1802, Lamb +wrote—"If you find the Miltons in certain parts dirtied and soiled +with a crumb of right Gloucester, blacked in the candle (my usual +supper), or peradventure, a stray ash of tobacco wafted into the +crevices, look to that passage more especially: depend upon it, it +contains good matter." To Lamb, a book read best over a pipe.</p> + +<p>The following year he wrote to Coleridge—"What do you think of +smoking? I want your sober, <i>average, noon opinion</i>, of it. I +generally am eating my dinner about the time I should determine it. +Morning is a girl, and can't smoke—she's no evidence one <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span>way or the +other; and Night is so evidently <i>bought over</i>, he can't be a very +upright judge. Maybe the truth is that <i>one</i> pipe is wholesome, <i>two</i> +pipes toothsome, <i>three</i> pipes noisome, <i>four</i> pipes fulsome, <i>five</i> +pipes quarrelsome, and that's the <i>sum</i> on't. But that is deciding +rather upon rhyme than reason.... After all, our instincts may be +best." It is clear from one or two references, that Lamb and Coleridge +had been accustomed to smoke together at their meetings in early days +at the "Salutation and Cat"—with less disastrous results to +Coleridge, it is to be hoped, than those which followed his Birmingham +smoke, as set forth in the preceding chapter.</p> + +<p>In 1805 Lamb wrote to Wordsworth—"now I have bid farewell to my +'sweet enemy' tobacco ... I shall, perhaps, set nobly to work." +Forthwith he set to work on the farce "Mr. H.," which some months +later was produced at Drury Lane and was promptly damned. After its +failure Lamb wrote to Hazlitt—"We are determined not to be cast down. +I am going to leave off tobacco, and then we must thrive. A smoky man +must write smoky farces." But Lamb and his pipe were not to be parted +by even repeated resolutions to leave off smoking. It was years after +this that he met Macready at Talfourd's, and by way probably of saying +something to shock Macready; whose personality could hardly have been +sympathetic to him, uttered the remarkable wish that the last breath +he drew in might be through a pipe and exhaled in a pun.</p> + +<p>It was in 1818 that Lamb published the collection of his writings, in +two volumes, which contained the well-known "Farewell to Tobacco," +written in 1805, and referred to in the letter of that year to +Wordsworth <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span>quoted above. Its phrases of mingled abuse and affection +are familiar to lovers of Lamb.</p> + +<p>Parr is reported to have once asked Lamb how he could smoke so much +and so fast, and Lamb is said to have replied—"I toiled after it, +sir, as some men toil after virtue." But if all accounts are true, +Parr far outsmoked Lamb. If the essayist discontinued or modified his +smoking habits, he made up for it by devotion to snuff—a devotion +which his sister shared. A large snuff-box usually lay on the table +between them, and they pushed it one to the other.</p> + +<p>But it is time to return to the cigar, and the changing attitude of +fashion towards smoking.</p> + +<p>There would appear to have been some smokers who disliked the +new-fangled cigars. Angelo seems, from various passages in his +"Reminiscences," to have been a smoker, and to have been very +frequently in the company of smokers, yet he could write: "There are +few things which, after a foreign tour, more forcibly remind us that +we are again in England, than the superiority of our stage-coaches. +There is something very exhilarating in being carried through the air +with rapidity ... considering the rate at which stage-coaches now +travel [<i>i.e.</i> in and just before 1830] ... a place on the box or +front of a prime set-out is, indeed, a considerable treat. But alas! +no human enjoyment is free from alloy. A Jew pedlar or mendicant +foreigner with his cigar in his mouth, has it in his power to turn the +draft of sweet air into a cup of bitterness." Perhaps Angelo's +objection was more to the quality of the cigar that would be smoked by +a "Jew pedlar or mendicant foreigner," than to the cigar itself. Yet, +going on to describe a journey to Hastings, sitting "on the roof in +front" <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span>beside an acquaintance, he says, notwithstanding the enjoyment +of dashing along, anecdote and jest going merrily on, "we had the +annoyance of a coxcomb perched on the box, infecting the fresh air +which Heaven had sent us, with the smoke of his abominable cigar," +which looks as if his real objection was to <i>cigars</i>, as such.</p> + +<p>The fashionable dislike of tobacco-smoke appears in the pages of +another descriptive writer—the once well known N.P. Willis, the +American author of many books of travel and gossip. In his +"Pencillings by the Way," writing in July 1833, Willis describes the +prevalence of smoking in Vienna among all the nationalities that +thronged that cosmopolitan capital. "It is," he says, "like a fancy +ball. Hungarians, Poles, Croats, Wallachians, Jews, Moldavians, +Greeks, Turks, all dressed in their national and stinking costumes, +promenade up and down, smoking all, and none exciting the slightest +observation. Every third window is a pipe-shop, and they [presumably +the pipes] show, by their splendour and variety, the expensiveness of +the passion. Some of them are marked '200 dollars.' The streets reek +with tobacco-smoke. You never catch a breath of untainted air within +the Glacis. Your hotel, your café, your coach, your friend, are all +redolent of the same disgusting odour." In the following year, +describing a large dinner-party at the Duke of Gordon's in Scotland, +Willis says that when the ladies left the table, the gentlemen closed +up and "conversation assumed a merrier cast," then "coffee and +liqueurs were brought in, when the wines began to be circulated more +slowly," and at eleven o'clock there was a general move to the +drawing-room. The dinner began at <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span>seven, so the guests had been four +hours at table; but smoking is not mentioned, and it is quite certain +from Willis's silence on the subject—the "disgusting odour" would +surely have disturbed him—that no single member of the large +dinner-party dreamed of smoking, or, at all events, attempted to +smoke.</p> + +<p>By 1830 smoking had so far "come in" again that a considerable +proportion of the members of the House of Commons were smokers. +Macaulay has drawn for us the not very attractive picture of the +smoking-room of the old House of Commons—before the fire of 1834—in +a letter to his sister dated in the summer of 1831. "I have left Sir +Francis Burdett on his legs," he wrote, "and repaired to the +smoking-room; a large, wainscoted, uncarpeted place, with tables +covered with green baize and writing materials. On a full night it is +generally thronged towards twelve o'clock with smokers. It is then a +perfect cloud of fume. There have I seen (tell it not to the West +Indians), Buxton blowing fire out of his mouth. My father will not +believe it. At present, however, all the doors and windows are open, +and the room is pure enough from tobacco to suit my father himself." +In July 1832 he again dated a letter to his sisters from the House of +Commons smoking-room. "I am writing here," he says, "at eleven at +night, in this filthiest of all filthy atmospheres ... with the smell +of tobacco in my nostrils.... Reject not my letter, though it is +redolent of cigars and genuine pigtail; for this is the room—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">The room,—but I think I'll describe it in rhyme,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That smells of tobacco and chloride of lime.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The smell of tobacco was always the same:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But the chloride was bought since the cholera came."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="noin"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span>The mention of pigtail shows that the House contained pipe- as well as +cigar-smokers. A few days later he wrote again to his sisters, but +this time from the library, where, he says, "we are in a far better +atmosphere than in the smoking-room, whence I wrote to you last week." +One wonders why Macaulay, who apparently did not smoke himself, and +who, though somewhat more tolerant of tobacco than his father, Zachary +Macaulay, evidently did not like the atmosphere of the smoking-room, +chose to write there, when the library—where he must surely have felt +more at home—was available.</p> + +<p>Among other well-known men of standing and fashion who were smokers +about this period may be named Lord Eldon, Lord Stowell, Brougham, +Lord Calthorp and H.R.H. the Duke of Sussex. In Thackeray's "Book of +Snobs," Miss Wirt, the governess at Major Ponto's, refers in shocked +tones to "H.R.H. the poor dear Duke of Sussex (such a man my dears, +but alas! addicted to smoking!)."</p> + +<p>Sad to say, the Royal Duke was not content with the cigar that was +becoming fashionable, but actually smoked a pipe. Mrs. Stirling, in +"The Letter-Bag of Lady Elizabeth Spencer-Stanhope," 1913, notes that +Lord Althorp was a frequent visitor about 1822 at Holkham, the +well-known seat of Mr. Coke of Norfolk, later Lord Leicester, and that +on such occasions he enjoyed "the distinction of being the only guest +besides the Duke of Sussex who ever indulged in the rare habit of +smoking. But while the Royal Duke was wont to puff away at a long +meerschaum in his bedroom till he actually blinded himself, and all +who came near him, Fidèle Jack [Lord Althorp's nickname] behaved in +more considerate <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span>fashion, only smoking out of doors as he passed +restlessly up and down the grass terrace."</p> + +<p>With the revival of smoking, things changed at Holkham. On Christmas +Day, 1847, Lady Elizabeth, writing to her husband from Holkham, the +home of her childhood, remarked: "The Billiard table is always lighted +up for the gentlemen when they come from shooting, and there they sit +smoking."</p> + +<p>The growing popularity of the cigar made smoking less unfashionable +than it had been among the upper classes of society; but among humbler +folk pipe-smoking had never "gone out." Every public-house did its +regular trade in clays, known as churchwardens and Broseleys, and by +other names either of familiarity or descriptive of the place of +manufacture; and on the mantelpiece or table of inn or ale-house stood +the tobacco-box. Miss Jekyll, in her delightful book on "Old West +Surrey," figures an example of these old public-house tobacco-boxes +which is made of lead. It has bosses of lions' heads at the ends, and +a portrait in relief on the front of the Duke of Wellington in his +plumed cocked hat. Inside, there is a flat piece of sheet-lead with a +knob to keep the tobacco pressed close, so that it may not dry up.</p> + +<p>A curious and popular variety of tobacco-box often to be found in +rural inns and ale-houses was made somewhat on the principle of the +now everywhere familiar automatic machines. The late Mr. Frederick +Gale, in a column of "Tobacco Reminiscences," which he contributed to +the <i>Globe</i> newspaper in 1899, said, that at village outdoor festivals +of the 'thirties and early 'forties, respectable elderly farmers and +tradesmen would sit "round a table, on which was an automatic, square, +brass tobacco-box of large <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span>dimensions, into which the smokers dropped +a halfpenny and the lid flew back, and the publican trusted to the +smoker's honour to fill his pipe and close the box." When the pipes +were filled they were lighted by means of tinder-box and flint, and a +stable lanthorn supplied by the ostler. A penny would appear to have +been a more usual charge, for a frequent inscription on the lid was:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">The custom is, before you fill,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To put a penny in the till;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When you have filled, without delay<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Close the lid, or sixpence pay.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="noin">One of these old brass penny-in-the-slot tobacco-boxes was included in +the exhibition of Welsh Antiquities held at Cardiff in the summer of +1913.</p> + +<p>In the Colchester Museum is an automatic tobacco-box and till of +japanned iron. On the lid of the box is painted a keg of tobacco and +two clay pipes; and on that of the till the following doggerel lines:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">A halfpeny dropt into the till,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Upsprings the lid and you may fill;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When you have filled, without delay,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Shut down the lid, or sixpence pay.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>A correspondent of <i>Notes and Queries</i>, in 1908, mentioned that he +possessed two of these old penny-in-the-slot tobacco-boxes, and had +come across another in a dealer's shop of a somewhat peculiar make, +about which he wished to get information. "It is of the ordinary +shape," he wrote, "but differs from any I have previously seen in this +respect, that it works with a sixpence, and not with a penny or +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span>halfpenny. It is engraved with the usual lines, except that the user +is asked to put sixpence in the till, and then to shut down the lid +under penalty of a fine of a shilling. What could it have been used +for that was worth sixpence a time? Other uncommon features are that +the money portion is shallow, and that the part for the tobacco +extends the whole length of the box. I should say that the box is much +smaller than any others I have ever seen." No information as to the +use of this curious box was forthcoming from any of the learned and +ingenious correspondents of <i>Notes and Queries</i>; and a problem which +they cannot solve may not unreasonably be regarded as insoluble.</p> + +<p>Readers of Dickens are familiar with the drawing by Cruikshank which +illustrates the chapter on "Scotland Yard" in Dickens's "Sketches by +Boz," which was written before 1836. It shows the coal-heavers sitting +round the fire shouting out "some sturdy chorus," and smoking long +clays. "Here," wrote Dickens, "in a dark wainscoted-room of ancient +appearance, cheered by the glow of a mighty fire ... sat the lusty +coal-heavers, quaffing large draughts of Barclay's best, and puffing +forth volumes of smoke, which wreathed heavily above their heads, and +involved the room in a thick dark cloud." These good folk and others +of their kin had never been affected by any change of fashion in +respect of smoking. In another of the "Sketches," the amusing "Tuggs's +at Ramsgate," when poor Cymon Tuggs is hid behind the curtain, half +dead with fear, he hears Captain Waters call for brandy and +cigars—"The cigars were introduced; the captain was a professed +smoker; so was the lieutenant; so was Joseph Tuggs." Poor Cymon, on +the other hand, was one of those who could <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span>never smoke "without +feeling it indispensably necessary to retire, immediately, and never +could smell smoke without a strong disposition to cough." +Consequently, as the apartment was small, the door closed and the +smoke powerful, poor Cymon was soon compelled to cough, which +precipitated the catastrophe. It is noticeable that Dickens speaks of +the three worthies as <i>professed</i> smokers, a remark which suggests +that such dare-devils, men who would take cigars as a matter of course +and for enjoyment, and not merely out of a complimentary acquiescence +in some one else's wish, were comparatively rare.</p> + +<p>Other illustrations of folk who smoked, not cigars, but pipes, may be +drawn from "Pickwick," which was published in 1836. At the very +beginning, when Mr. Pickwick calls a cab at Saint Martin's-le-Grand, +the first cab is "fetched from the public-house, where he had been +smoking his first pipe." At Rochester, Mr. Pickwick makes notes on the +four towns of Strood, Rochester, Chatham and Brompton, where the +military were present in strength, and hence the observant gentleman +noted—"The consumption of tobacco in these towns must be very great: +and the smell which pervades the streets must be exceedingly delicious +to those who are extremely fond of smoking." On the evening of the +election at Eatanswill, Tupman and Snodgrass resort to the commercial +room of the Peacock Inn, where "the atmosphere was redolent of +tobacco-smoke, the fumes of which had communicated a rather dingy hue +to the whole room, and more especially to the dusty red curtains which +shaded the windows." Here, among others, were the dirty-faced man with +a clay pipe, the very red-faced man behind a cigar, and the man with a +black eye, who slowly <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span>filled a large Dutch pipe with most capacious +bowl. Tupman and Snodgrass were of the company and smoked cigars. Sam +Weller's father smoked his pipe philosophically. If Sam's +"mother-in-law" "flies in a passion, and breaks his pipe, he steps out +and gets another. Then she screams wery loud, and falls into 'sterics; +and he smokes wery comfortably 'till she comes to agin." What better +example could there be of pipe-engendered philosophy? When Mr. +Pickwick and Sam look in at old Weller's house of call off Cheapside, +they find the boxes full of stage coachmen, drinking and smoking, and +among them is the old gentleman himself, "smoking with great +vehemence." After having given his son valuable parental advice, "Mr. +Weller, senior, refilled his pipe from a tin box he carried in his +pocket, and, lighting his fresh pipe from the ashes of the old one, +commenced smoking at a great rate."</p> + +<p>A little later when Mr. Pickwick hunts up Perker's clerk Lowten, and +joins the jovial circle at the Magpie and Stump, he finds on his right +hand "a gentleman in a checked shirt and Mosaic studs, with a cigar in +his mouth," who expresses the hope that the newcomer does not "find +this sort of thing disagreeable." "Not in the least," replied Mr. +Pickwick, "I like it very much, although I am no smoker myself." "I +should be very sorry to say I wasn't," interposes another gentleman on +the opposite side of the table. "It's board and lodging to me, is +smoke." Mr. Pickwick glances at the speaker, and thinks that if it +were washing too, it would be all the better!</p> + +<p>Later again when the "couple o' Sawbones," the medical students, Ben +Allen and Bob Sawyer, make their first appearance on the scene, they +are <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span>discovered in the morning seated by Mr. Wardle's kitchen fire, +smoking cigars; and it is significant of how smoking out of doors was +then regarded that Dickens, going on to describe Sawyer in detail, +refers to "that sort of slovenly smartness, and swaggering gait, which +is peculiar to young gentlemen who smoke in the streets by day, shout +and scream in the same by night, call waiters by their Christian +names, and do various other acts and deeds of an equally facetious +description." Apparently in 1836 the only person who would allow +himself to be seen smoking in the street was of the kind naturally +inclined to do the other objectionable things mentioned. The same idea +runs through the allusions to tobacco in "Pickwick." Smoking was +undeniably vulgar. Mr. John Smauker, who introduces Sam Weller at the +"friendly swarry" of the Bath footmen, smokes a cigar "through an +amber tube"—cigar-holders were a novelty. When Mr. Pickwick is taken +to the house of Namby, the sheriffs' officer, the "principal features" +of the front parlour are "fresh sand and stale tobacco smoke." One of +the occupants of the room is a "mere boy of nineteen or twenty, who, +though it was yet barely ten o'clock, was drinking gin and water, and +smoking a cigar, amusements to which, judging from his inflamed +countenance, he had devoted himself pretty constantly for the last +year or two of his life." Tobacco-smoke pervades the Fleet prison. In +fact, to trace tobacco through the pages of "Pickwick" is to realize +vividly how vulgar if not vicious an accomplishment smoking was +considered by the fashionable world and how popular it was among the +nobodies of the unfashionable world.</p> + +<p>Similar morals may be drawn from other works of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span>fiction. The action +of the first chapters of Thackeray's "Pendennis" passes early in the +nineteenth century. In the third chapter Foker has a cigar in his +mouth as he strolls with Pen down the High Street of Chatteris. Old +Doctor Portman meets them and regards "with wonder Pen's friend, from +whose mouth and cigar clouds of fragrance issued, which curled round +the doctor's honest face and shovel hat. 'An old school-fellow of +mine, Mr. Foker,' said Pen. The doctor said 'H'm!' and scowled at the +cigar. He did not mind a pipe in his study, but the cigar was an +abomination to the worthy gentleman." The reverend gentleman in liking +his pipe was faithful to the traditional fondness for smoking of +parsons; but smoking must be in the study. To smoke in the street was +vulgar; and to smoke the newfangled cigar was worse.</p> + +<p>Pendennis, when he comes home the first time from Oxbridge, brings +with him a large box of cigars of strange brand, which he smokes "not +only about the stables and greenhouses, where they were good" for his +mother's plants, and which were obviously places to which a man who +wished to smoke should betake himself, but in his own study, which +rather shocks his mother. Pen goes from bad to worse during his +University days, and, sad to say, one Sunday in the last long +vacation, the "wretched boy," instead of going to church, "was seen at +the gate of the Clavering Arms smoking a cigar, in the face of the +congregation as it issued from St. Mary's. There was an awful +sensation in the village society. Portman prophesied Pen's ruin after +that, and groaned in spirit over the rebellious young prodigal." Later +the smoke from Warrington's short pipe and Pen's cigars floats through +many pages of the novel.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="X" id="X"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>X</h3> + +<h3>EARLY VICTORIAN DAYS<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza" style="margin-bottom: .25em; font-style: normal;"> +<span class="i4">Scent to match thy rich perfume<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Chemic art did ne'er presume<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Through her quaint alembic strain,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">None so sovereign to the brain.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="rightp"><span class="sc">Lamb</span>, <i>A Farewell to Tobacco</i>.</p> +<br /> + +<p>The social attitude towards smoking in early Victorian days, and for +some time later, was curious. The development of cigar-smoking among +those classes from which tobacco had long been practically banished, +and the natural consequent spread downwards of the use of cigars—in +accordance with the invariable law of fashion—together with the +continued devotion to the pipe among those whose love of tobacco had +never slackened, made smoking a much more general practice than it had +been for some generations.</p> + +<p>It is somewhat significant that Dickens, in the "Old Curiosity Shop," +1840, makes that repulsive dwarf, Quilp, smoke cigars. When the little +monster comes home unexpectedly in the fourth chapter of the book, and +breaks up his wife's tea-party, he settles himself in an +arm-chair—"with his large head and face squeezed up against the back, +and his little legs planted on the table"—with a case-bottle of rum, +cold water, and a box of cigars before him. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span>"Now, Mrs. Quilp," he +says, "I feel in a smoking humour, and shall probably blaze away all +night. But sit where you are, if you please, in case I want you." +Quilp smokes cigars one after the other, his wretched wife sitting +patiently by, from sunset till some time after daybreak. The dwarf's +tastes, however, were catholic. A little later in the book the reader +finds him, when encamped in the back parlour of the old man's shop, +smoking pipe after pipe, and compelling that knavish attorney, Sampson +Brass, to do the same. Tobacco-smoke always caused Brass "great +internal discomposure and annoyance"; but this made no difference to +Quilp, who insisted on his "friend" continuing to smoke, while he +inquired: "Is it good, Brass, is it nice, is it fragrant, do you feel +like the Grand Turk?" But Quilp and Brass were not in "society."</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding that the number of smokers had so largely increased, +and was continually increasing, smoking was regarded socially as +something of a vice—to be practised in inconvenient places and not +too publicly.</p> + +<p>There were still plenty of active opponents and denouncers of tobacco. +One of the most distinguished was the great Duke of Wellington, who +abominated smoking, and was annoyed by the increase of cigar-smoking +among officers of the army. In the early 'forties he issued a General +Order (No. 577) which contained a paragraph that would have delighted +the heart of King James I. It ran thus: "The Commander-in-Chief has +been informed, that the practice of smoking, by the use of pipes, +cigars, or cheroots, has become prevalent among the Officers of the +Army, which is not only in itself a species of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span>intoxication +occasioned by the fumes of tobacco, but, undoubtedly, occasions +drinking and tippling by those who acquire the habit; and he intreats +the Officers commanding Regiments to prevent smoking in the Mess Rooms +of their several Regiments, and in the adjoining apartments, and to +discourage the practice among the Officers of Junior Rank in their +Regiments."</p> + +<p>The Duke's prejudices were stronger than his facts. The statement, not +very grammatically expressed, that "the practice of smoking" was +"itself a species of intoxication" was absurd enough; but the +allegation, introduced by a question-begging "undoubtedly," that +smoking occasioned drinking was directly contrary to fact. It was the +introduction of after-dinner smoking that largely helped to kill the +bad old practice of continued after-dinner drinking.</p> + +<p>Perhaps the best reflection of and comment upon the attitude of +society towards smoking is to be found in the ironical, satirical +pages of Thackeray. Let the reader turn to the confessions of George +Fitz-Boodle Esq.—the "Fitz-Boodle Papers" first appeared in <i>Fraser's +Magazine</i> for 1842—and he will find how smoking was regarded at that +date, and what Thackeray, speaking through the puppet Fitz-Boodle, +thought of it. George starts by saying: "I am not, in the first place, +what is called a ladies' man, having contracted an irrepressible habit +of smoking after dinner, which has obliged me to give up a great deal +of the dear creatures' society; nor can I go much to country-houses +for the same reason." The ladies had a keen scent for the abominable +odour of tobacco, and distrusted the men who smoked. Here is +Fitz-Boodle's, or Thackeray's, comment on it—"What is <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span>this smoking +that it should be considered a crime? I believe in my heart that women +are jealous of it, as of a rival. They speak of it as of some secret +awful vice that seizes upon a man, and makes him a pariah from genteel +society. I would lay a guinea that many a lady who has just been kind +enough to read the above lines lays down the book, after this +confession of mine that I am a smoker, and says, 'Oh, the vulgar +wretch!' and passes on to something else." He goes on to prophesy—and +for once the "most gratuitous of follies" has been justified by the +event—that tobacco will conquer. "Look over the wide world," he says +to the ladies, "and see that your adversary has overcome it. Germany +has been puffing for three score years; France smokes to a man. Do you +think you can keep the enemy out of England? Psha! look at his +progress. Ask the club-houses, Have they smoking-rooms, or not? Are +they not obliged to yield to the general want of the age, in spite of +the resistance of the old women on the committees? I, for my part, do +not despair to see a bishop lolling out of the 'Athenæum' with a +cheroot in his mouth, or, at any rate, a pipe stuck in his +shovel-hat."</p> + +<p>The flight of fancy in the last sentence has hardly yet been +fulfilled; but I saw, many years ago, a distinguished man of letters, +the late Mr. Francis Turner Palgrave, of "Golden Treasury" fame, who +was an inveterate smoker, sitting on one of the cane benches by the +door of the Athenæum Club, smoking a short clay pipe.</p> + +<p>Thackeray does not appear to have realized that tobacco was not +invading England for the first, but for the second time, nor did he +foresee that the ladies, to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span>whom he addressed his impassioned defence +of smoking, would not only submit to the conqueror but would +themselves be found among his joyous devotees.</p> + +<p>George Fitz-Boodle recounts how, as a boy, he was flogged for smoking, +and how, at Oxford, smoking among other villainies led to his +rustication. Later his tobacco, combined with insolence to his +tobacco-hating colonel, conducted him out of the army into the +retirement of civil life; and so on and so on. There is, of course, an +element of exaggeration in all this; but Mr. Fitz-Boodle's experiences +and reflections throw much light on the social history of smoking in +the early decades of the nineteenth century. Mr. Harry Furniss, in the +preface to his edition of Thackeray, has an admirably terse and +pertinent paragraph on this aspect of the "Fitz-Boodle Papers." He +says—"No gentleman in those days was seen smoking even a 'weed' in +the streets. Cigarettes were practically unheard of in England, and +outside one's private smoking-room pipes were tabooed. Men in Society +slunk into their smoking-rooms, or, when there was no smoking-room, +into the kitchen or servants' hall, after the domestics had retired. A +smoking-jacket was worn in the place of their ordinary evening coat, +and their well-oiled, massive head of hair was protected by a +gorgeously decorated smoking-cap. Thus the odour of tobacco was not +brought into the drawing-room."</p> + +<p>The fear of the odour of tobacco-smoke was extraordinary. Mr. J.C. +Buckmaster in his reminiscences describes the famous debating society +at Cogers' Hall, and says that "after one night at the Cogers' it took +three days on a common to purify your clothes" from the smoke. The +journalists and Bohemians who met at the Cogers were above (or <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span>below) +the dictates of fashion, and smoking was always a feature of their +gatherings. The "yard of clay" is provided gratis for members, and it +is to its almost universal use, says Mr. Peter Rayleigh, in his book +on "The Cogers and Fleet Street," "that Cogers owe their existence in +the present quarters. Once upon a time the Cogers 'swarmed' to a +well-appointed room, where carpets covered the floors, the chairs were +upholstered, and the tables had finely polished marble tops. The hot +pipes and smouldering matches stained the table tops and burnt the +carpets, so that they had the option of abandoning either the pipe or +the quarters. Old customs die hard with Cogers, and they stuck to +their pipe.... The pipe is a feature in all illustrations of Cogerian +meetings."</p> + +<p>The influence of the Court was wholly against smoking. Both Queen +Victoria and the Prince Consort detested it, so tobacco was taboo +wherever the Court was. The late Lady Dorothy Nevill, who lived to see +the new triumph of tobacco, said that she thought the greatest minor +change in social habits which she had witnessed was that in the +attitude assumed towards smoking, which, in her youth, "and even +later, was, except in certain well-defined circumstances, regarded as +little less than a heinous crime." Lady Dorothy remarked that +"smoking-rooms in country houses were absolutely unknown"—but that +was not quite correct as we shall see in the experiences of Professor +von Holtzendorff, to be mentioned directly—and that "such gentlemen +as wished to smoke after the ladies had gone to bed used, as a matter +of course, to go either to the servants' hall or to the harness-room +in the stables, where at night some sort of rough preparation was +generally made for their <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span>accommodation.... Well do I remember the +immense care which devotees of tobacco used to take, when sallying +forth in the country to enjoy it, not to allow the faintest whiff of +smoke to penetrate into the hall as they lit their cigars at the +door."</p> + +<p>In 1845 Dickens wrote: "I generally take a cigar after dinner when I'm +alone." The reservation in the last three words may be noted. In the +"Book of Snobs," Major Wellesley Ponto goes to smoke a cigar in the +stables—Ponto had no smoking-room—with Lord Gules, who is described +as a "very young, short, sandy-haired and tobacco-smoking nobleman, +who cannot have left the nursery very long." Later, Ponto and Gules +"resume smoking operations ... in the now vacant kitchen."</p> + +<p>Even so late as 1861 the attitude towards smoking was still much the +same in some quarters. In that year a German scholar, Professor Franz +von Holtzendorff, paid a visit to a country gentleman's house in +Gloucestershire—Hardwicke Court. Later he printed an account of his +experiences, a translation of which was published in this country in +1878. When the professor arrived, his host, the first greeting over, +at once pointed out to him a secluded apartment—the one which he +thought it most important for a German to know, namely, the +smoking-room. "According to his idea," continued the professor, "every +German has three national characteristics, smoking, singing, and +Sabbath-breaking; the first and only idea in which I found him led +astray by an abstract theory." Later, his hostess, explaining to him +the method and routine of life in an English country-house, said that +the ladies retired about eleven, while the gentlemen finished their +day's work in the smoking-room—the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span>secluded apartment—or enjoyed a +cigar at the billiard-table; but a smoke in the billiard-room was only +allowed if that room was not near the drawing-room or in the hall +close by. "You must have often been surprised," she continued, "that +we English ladies have such an invincible repugnance to tobacco smoke, +but there is no dispensation from our rule of abstinence, except in +those rooms which my husband has already pointed out to you."</p> + +<p>The professor, after luncheon, was pressed by the squire—"who, on any +other occasion would never waste time in smoking, and only filled his +short clay pipe at the end of his day's work"—to come to his +smoking-room. As regards this room the professor drily remarked—"I +thought I had noticed that even the key-hole was stopped up, in order +to preserve the ladies' delicate nerves from every disagreeable +sensation." After dinner, again, when the ladies had left the table, +"the gentlemen passed the bottles of port, sherry, and claret, with +the regularity of planets from hand to hand," but no one dreamed of +smoking. That was reserved for the secluded apartment after the ladies +had gone to bed. Neither host nor guest imagined what a revolution +another generation or so would make in these social habits.</p> + +<p>In the 'fifties the pipes smoked were mostly clays. There were the +long clays or "churchwardens," to be smoked in hours of ease and +leisure; and the short clays—"cutties"—which could be smoked while a +man was at work. Milo, a tobacconist in the Strand, and Inderwick, +whose shop was near Leicester Square, were famous for their pipes, +which could be bought for 6<i>d.</i> apiece. A burlesque poem of 1853, in +praise of an old black pipe, says:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Think not of meerschaum is that bowl: away,<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span> +<span class="i0">Ye fond enthusiasts! it is common clay,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By Milo stamped, perchance by Milo's hand,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And for a tizzy purchased in the Strand.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Famed are the clays of Inderwick, and fair<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The pipes of Fiolet from Saint Omer.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>I am indebted for this quotation to a correspondent of <i>Notes and +Queries</i>, September 27, 1913.</p> + +<p>Another correspondent of the same journal, Colonel W.F. Prideaux, also +replying to a query of mine, wrote: "Before briar-root pipes came into +common use clay pipes were of necessity smoked by all classes. When I +matriculated at Oxford at the Easter of 1858 ... University men used +to be rather particular about the pipes they smoked. The finest were +made in France, and the favourite brand was 'Fiolet, Saint Omer.' I do +not know if this kind is still smoked, but it was made of a soft clay +that easily coloured. In taverns, of course, the churchwarden—beloved +of Carlyle and Tennyson—was usually smoked to the accompaniment of +shandygaff. At Simpson's fish ordinary at Billingsgate these pipes +were always placed on the table after dinner, together with screws of +shag tobacco, and a smoking parliament moistened with hot or cold +punch according to the season, was generally held during the following +hour. Of course, in those days no one ever thought of smoking a pipe +in the presence of ladies."</p> + +<p>Colonel Harold Malet at the same time wrote—"When I was a cadet at +Sandhurst in 1855-58, Milo's cutty pipes were quite the thing, and the +selection by cadets of a good one out of a fresh consignment <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span>packed +in sawdust was eagerly watched by the 'Johns.' Of course we were +imitating our parents." It was no doubt these cutty pipes which are +referred to in one of the sporting books of Robert Surtees as the +"clay pipes of gentility."</p> + +<p>In a private letter to me, which I am privileged to quote, Colonel +Prideaux adds some further particulars as to the social attitude of +early Victorian days towards tobacco—particulars which are the more +valuable and interesting as being supplied from personal recollection +of those now somewhat distant days. The Colonel writes: "When I was a +young man people never thought of smoking in what house-agents call +the 'reception-rooms,' the principal reason being that the occupation +of these rooms was shared by ladies, and it was 'bad form' (not, by +the way, a contemporary expression) to smoke while in the company of +the fairer half of creation. Consequently, men had either to indulge +in the practice out of doors, or else, as you say, sneak away to the +kitchen when the servants had gone to bed, and puff up the chimney. It +was only in large houses that a billiard room could be found, and even +in a billiard room a pipe or cigar was <i>taboo</i> if ladies were present, +while smoking-rooms could no more be found in middle-class houses than +bath-rooms. Both cutties and churchwardens were smoked, but the latter +of course were not adapted for persons engaged in active pursuits and +were essentially of what I may call a sedentary nature. You could not +even walk while holding a long churchwarden in your mouth, and +consequently the short clay was most favoured by young men at +Sandhurst and the Universities.... Labourers smoked short clays when +out of doors, and churchwardens when <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span>they rested from their labours +and took their ease in their inn in the evenings."</p> + +<p>Mr. Furniss, in the paragraph quoted on a previous page, says: "No +gentleman in those days was seen smoking even a 'weed' in the +streets." The nearest approach to this seems to have been smoking on +club steps. Thackeray, in the seventeenth chapter of the "Book of +Snobs," speaks of dandies smoking their cigars upon the steps of +"White's," most fashionable of clubs, and, in an earlier chapter, of +young Ensign Famish lounging and smoking on the steps of the "Union +Jack Club," with half a dozen other "young rakes of the fourth or +fifth order." Two of Thackeray's own drawings in the "Book of +Snobs"—in chapters three and nine—show men, one civil the other +military, smoking cigars out of doors; but as these were no doubt +arrant snobs, the drawings may be accepted as proof of Mr. Furniss's +statement.</p> + +<p>In this same book Thackeray says ironically—"Think of that den of +abomination, which, I am told, has been established in <i>some</i> clubs, +called the <i>Smoking-Room</i>." The satirist was very familiar with the +smoking-room at the club he loved well—the "Little G."—the Garrick. +The original Garrick club-house was at 35 King Street, Covent Garden, +where the club was founded in 1831. It had formerly been a quiet, +old-fashioned family hotel, but apparently was not furnished with a +smoking-room, for one of the first acts of the club, when they +obtained possession of the house, was to build out over the "leads" a +large and comfortable smoking-room. Shirley Brooks said that this +room, which was reached by a long passage from the Strangers' +Dining-room, "was not a cheerful apartment by daylight, and when +empty, but which, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span>at night and full, was thought the most cheerful +apartment in Town." At other clubs of more fashion, perhaps, but +certainly of less good-fellowship, smoking-rooms made their way more +slowly. At White's, smoking was not allowed at all till 1845. The +Alfred Club, founded in 1808, which Lord Byron described as +pleasant—"a little too sober and literary, perhaps, but, on the +whole, a decent resource on a rainy day," and which Sir William Fraser +called "a sort of minor Athenæum," owed its death in 1855, if report +be true, to a dispute about smoking. One section of the members wished +for an improved smoking-room—they called the existing room, which was +at the top of the house—an "infamous hole"—while the more +old-fashioned and more influential members objected to any +improvement. The latter carried the day, but the consequent loss of +members ruined the club, which soon after ceased to exist. This +secession must have been subsequent to that of the bishops, of whom at +one time many were members, but who left, it is said, because of the +introduction of a billiard-table!</p> + +<p>The growth of cigar-smoking was rapid. Mr. Steinmetz, in his book on +"Tobacco," published in 1857, remarked that no way of using tobacco +had made a more striking advance in England within the preceding +twenty years than cigars. For a long time it had been confined in this +country to the richer class of smokers, but when he wrote it was "in +universal use." The wonder is that with so many men smoking cigars the +old domestic and club restrictions, as pilloried in Thackeray's pages, +were maintained so long. In 1853 Leech had an admirably drawn sketch +in <i>Punch</i> of paterfamilias, in the absence of his wife, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span>giving a +little dinner. Beside him sits his small son, and on either side of +the table sit two of his cronies. One has a cigar in his hand and is +blowing a cloud of smoke, while the other is selecting a "weed." The +host is just lighting his cigar as the maid enters with a tray of +decanters and glasses, and with disgust written plainly on her face. +The objectionable child beside him says—"Lor! Pa, are you going to +smoke? My eye! won't you catch it when Ma comes home, for making the +curtains smell!"</p> + +<p>Another witness to the rapid development of cigar-smoking is Captain +Gronow, the author of the well-known "Reminiscences." Gronow says that +the famous surgeon, Sir Astley Cooper, on one occasion perceiving that +he was fond of smoking, cautioned him against that habit, telling him +that it would, sooner or later, be the cause of his death. This must +have been before 1841, when Sir Astley died. Writing in the 'sixties +Gronow said: "If Sir Astley were now alive he would find everybody +with a cigar in his mouth: men smoke nowadays whilst they are occupied +in working or hunting, riding in carriages, or otherwise +employed"—which shows how the prejudice against outdoor smoking was +then breaking down. "During the experience of a long life, however," +continued Gronow, "I never knew but one person of whom it was said +that smoking was the cause of his death: he was the son of an Irish +earl, and an attaché at our embassy in Paris. But, alas! I have known +thousands who have been carried off owing to their love of the +bottle."</p> + +<p>Thackeray, as the satirist of the foolish social prejudices against +smoking, was naturally an inveterate smoker himself. He died in 1863, +and so <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span>hardly saw the beginning of a change in the attitude of +society towards the pestilent weed; but he was one of the many men of +letters and artists, who, despising the conventions of society, were +largely instrumental in breaking down stupid restrictions, and in +overcoming senseless prejudices, and were thus heralds of freedom. +Charles Keene's attitude was that of many artists. He smoked a little +Jacobean clay pipe in his "sky-parlour" overlooking the Strand, and +did not care in the least what the world might think or not think +about that or any other subject.</p> + +<p>Those who smoked pipes at Cambridge continued to smoke pipes +afterwards, whatever "society" might do. Spedding, who spent his life +on the elucidation of Bacon, was one of the "Apostles," and he +continued a pipe-lover to the end. In 1832 we hear of Tennyson being +in London with him, and "smoking all the day."</p> + +<p>Lady Ritchie, in "Tennyson and his Friends," says: "I can remember +vaguely, on one occasion through a cloud of smoke, looking across a +darkening room at the noble, grave head of the Poet Laureate. He was +sitting with my Father in the twilight after some family meal in the +old house in Kensington." Thackeray was a cigar-smoker, but Tennyson +was a devotee of the pipe. It was on this occasion, as the poet +himself reminded Thackeray's daughter, that while the novelist was +speaking, Lady Ritchie's little sister "looked up suddenly from the +book over which she had been absorbed, saying in her sweet childish +voice, 'Papa, why do you not write books like 'Nicholas Nickleby'?'"</p> + +<p>Tennyson wrote "In Memoriam" at Shawell Rectory, near Lutterworth, +Leicestershire. The rector was a Mr. Elmhirst, a native of the poet's +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span>Lincolnshire village. The latest historian of Lutterworth says that +"The great puffs of tobacco smoke with which he [Tennyson] mellowed +his thoughts, proved insufferable to his host, and he was accordingly +turned out into Mr. Elmhirst's workshop in the garden, which in +consequence became the birthplace of one of the gems of English +literature."</p> + +<p>About 1842, when Tennyson often dined at the Old Cock (by Temple Bar) +and at other taverns, the perfect dinner for his taste, says his son, +was "a beef-steak, a potato, a cut of cheese, a pint of port, and +afterwards a pipe (never a cigar)." When the Kingsleys paid the +Tennysons a visit about 1859, Charles Kingsley, so the Laureate told +his son, "talked as usual on all sorts of topics, and walked hard up +and down the study for hours smoking furiously, and affirming that +tobacco was the only thing that kept his nerves quiet." The late +Laureate, Alfred Austin, once asked Tennyson, after reading a passage +in Dorothy Wordsworth's "Journal" that William had gone to bed "very +tired" with writing the "Prelude," if he had ever felt tired by +writing poetry. "I think not," said the poet, "but tired with the +accompaniment of too much smoking."</p> + +<p>Kingsley's devotion to smoke seems to have surprised Tennyson, who was +no light smoker himself. The most curious story illustrating +Kingsley's love of tobacco is that told in the life of Archbishop +Benson by his son, Mr. A.C. Benson. One day about the year 1860, the +future archbishop was walking with the Rector of Eversley in a remote +part of the parish, on a common, when Kingsley suddenly said—"I must +smoke a pipe," and forthwith went to a furze-bush and felt about in it +for a time. Presently he produced a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span>clay churchwarden pipe, "which he +lighted, and solemnly smoked as he walked, putting it when he had done +into a hole among some tree roots, and telling my father that he had a +<i>cache</i> of pipes in several places in the parish to meet the +exigencies of a sudden desire for tobacco." If this story did not +appear in the life of an archbishop, some scepticism on the part of +the reader might be excused.</p> + +<p>Carlyle, as every one knows, was a great smoker. The story is +familiar—it may be true—that one evening he and Tennyson sat in +solemn silence smoking for hours, one on each side of the fireplace, +and that when the visitor rose to go, Carlyle, as he bade him +good-night, said—"Man, Alfred, we hae had a graund nicht; come again +soon."</p> + +<p>Tennyson's own devotion to tobacco led, on at least one occasion, to a +peculiar and somewhat questionable proceeding. Mr. W.M. Rossetti had a +temporary acquaintance with the poet, and in the "Reminiscences" which +he published in 1906, he told a curious anecdote concerning him which +was new to print. Rossetti told, on the authority of Woolner, how, in +the course of a trip with friends to Italy, tobacco such as Tennyson +could smoke gave out at some particular city, whereupon the poet +packed up his portmanteau and returned home, breaking up the party! +The late Joseph Knight, who reviewed Rossetti's volumes in the +<i>Athenæum</i>, vouched for the truth of this relation, which he had +heard, not only from Woolner, but also from Tennyson's brother +Septimus.</p> + +<p>In more fashionable circles the mere possession of a pipe might be +looked at askance. Robertson's comedy "Society" was produced in 1865, +and in it, Tom <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span>Stylus, a somewhat Bohemian journalist, has the +misfortune, in a fashionable ball-room, when pulling out his +handkerchief to bring out his pipe with it from his pocket. The vulgar +thing falls upon the floor, and Tom is ashamed to claim his property +and so acknowledge his ownership of a pipe. He presently calls a +footman, who comes with a tray and sugar-tongs, picks up the offending +briar with the tongs, and carries it off "with an air of ineffable +disgust."</p> + +<p>Undergraduates, like men of letters, did not pay much attention to the +conventional attitude of society towards tobacco, and pipes maintained +their popularity in college rooms. Thackeray, in the "Book of Snobs," +describes youths at a University wine-party as "drinking bad wines, +telling bad stories, singing bad songs over and over again. Milk +punch—smoking—ghastly headache—frightful spectacle of dessert-table +next morning, and smell of tobacco." But the satirist is often tempted +to be epigrammatic at the expense of accuracy, and this picture is at +least too highly coloured. In the recently published memoir of +"J"—John Willis Clark—some reminiscences of the late Registrary are +included; and "J" does not recognize Thackeray's picture as quite true +of the "wines" of his undergraduate day, <i>i.e.</i> about 1850. "They +may," he says, "have 'told bad stories and sung bad songs,' as +Thackeray says in his 'Book of Snobs.' I can only say that I never +heard either the one or the other." But certainly there was noise, and +there was smoke—plenty of it. "Conversation there was none," says +"J," "only a noise. Then came smoke. In a short time the atmosphere +became dense, the dessert and the wine came to an end, and it was +chapel time (mercifully)." One story <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span>Clark tells of an extraordinary +attempt to smoke. Referring to the compulsory "chapels," he says that +as a rule everybody behaved with propriety, whether they regarded the +attendance as irksome or otherwise. But, he admits, "'Iniquity +Corner,' as the space at the east end on each side of the altar was +called, may occasionally have effectually sheltered card-playing; but +when a young snob went so far as to light a cigar there, he had the +pleasure of finishing it in the country, for he was rusticated. It was +on a cognate occasion in Jesus College, in which cobblers' wax played +a prominent part, that Dr. Corrie dismissed the culprit, after a +severe lecture, with these admirable words: 'Your conduct, sir, is +what a Christian would call profane, and a gentleman vulgar.'"</p> + +<p>At Oxford, in November 1859, the Vice-Chancellor and Proctors issued +the following notice, which shows that an occasional outbreak of bad +manners might happen on the Isis as on the Cam: "Whereas complaints +have been made that some Undergraduate members of the University are +in the habit of smoking at <i>public entertainments</i>, and otherwise +creating annoyance, they are hereby cautioned against the repetition +of such ungentlemanlike conduct."</p> + +<p>There was plenty of smoking among undergraduates at Oxford in those +days, as may be seen in such books as "The Adventures of Mr. Verdant +Green," and Hughes's "Tom Brown at Oxford," both of which date from +1861. When Tom, after a reading-bout, thought of going out—"there was +a wine party at one of his acquaintance's rooms; or he could go and +smoke a cigar in the pool-room, or at any one of a dozen other +places." Cigars were the fashionable form of smoke. When Tom offers +his box to Captain <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span>Hardy, that worthy's son says: "You might as well +give him a glass of absinthe. He is churchwarden at home, and can't +smoke anything but a long clay," with which the old sailor was +accordingly supplied.</p> + +<p>A striking example of the attitude of the mid-nineteenth century days +towards tobacco may be found in connexion with railways and railway +travelling. In the early days of such travel there were no smoking +compartments, and indeed smoking was "strictly forbidden" practically +everywhere on railway premises. Relics of this time may still be seen +in many stations and on many platforms in the shape of somewhat dingy +placards announcing that smoking is strictly forbidden, and that the +penalty is so much. Nowadays the incense from pipes and cigars and +cigarettes curls freely round these obsolete notices and helps to make +them still dingier. If you wanted to smoke when travelling you had +either to contrive to get a compartment to yourself, or to arrange +terms with your fellow-travellers. In a <i>Punch</i> of 1855, Leech drew a +railway-platform scene wherein figures one of those precocious +youngsters of a type he loved to draw. A railway porter says to his +mate, as the two gaze at the back of this small swell, with his cane +and top-hat, "What does he say, Bill?" "Why, he says he must have a +compartment to hisself, because he can't get on without his smoke!" +Another drawing in a <i>Punch</i> of 1861 points the same moral. It +represents an elderly "party" and a "fast Etonian" seated side by side +in a first-class compartment. The latter has a cigar in one hand and +with the other offers coins to his neighbour; the explanation is as +follows: "<i>Old Party.</i> Really, sir,—I am the manager of the line, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span>sir—I must inform you that if you persist in smoking, you will be +fined forty shillings, sir. <i>Fast Etonian.</i> Well, old boy, I must have +my smoke; so you may as well take your forty shillings now!"</p> + +<p>Tobacco was always popular in the army; and even the strongest of +anti-tobacconists would have felt that there was at least something, +if not much, to be said for the abused weed, when in times of +campaigning suffering it played so beneficent a part in soothing and +comforting weary and wounded men. The period covered by this chapter +included both the Crimean War and the Indian Mutiny, and every one +knows how the soldiers in the Crimea and in India alike craved for +tobacco as for one of the greatest of luxuries, and how even an +occasional smoke cheered and encouraged and sustained suffering +humanity. The late Dr. Norman Kerr, who was no friend to ordinary, +everyday smoking, wrote: "There are occasions, such as in the trenches +during military operations, when worn out with exposure and fatigue, +or when exhausted by slow starvation with no food in prospect, when a +pipe or cigar will be a welcome and valuable friend in need, resting +the weary limbs, cheering the fainting heart, allaying the gnawing +hunger of the empty stomach."</p> + +<p>Sir G.W. Forrest, in his book on "The Indian Mutiny," tells how at the +siege of Lucknow, as the month of August advanced, "the tea and sugar, +except a small store kept for invalids, were exhausted. The tobacco +also was gone, and Europeans and natives suffered greatly from the +want of it. The soldiers yearned for a pipe after a hard day's work, +and smoked dry leaves as the only substitute they could obtain." Mr. +L.E.R. Rees in his diary of the same siege noted—"I have given up +smoking tobacco, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span>and have taken to tea-leaves and neem-leaves, and +guava fruit-leaves instead, which the poor soldiers are also +constantly using." The neem-tree is better known, perhaps, as the +margosa. It yields a bitter oil, and is supposed to possess febrifugal +properties.</p> + +<p>Among the general mass of the population in the early Victorian +period, smoking, though certainly not so all-prevailing as now, was +yet very common. It is highly probable that one of the things which +led to the great increase in pipe-smoking which took place from this +time onwards was the introduction of the briar pipe.</p> + +<p>The earliest example of the use of a wooden pipe I have met with is +dated 1765—but this was not in England. Many years ago the late Mr. +A.J. Munby pointed out that Smollett, in one of his letters dated +March 18, 1765, giving an account of his journey from Nice to Turin, +describes how he ascended "the mountain Brovis," and on the top +thereof met a Quixotic figure, whom he thus pictures: "He was very +tall, meagre, and yellow, with a long hooked nose and twinkling eyes. +His head was cased in a woollen nightcap, over which he wore a flapped +hat; he had a silk handkerchief about his neck, and his mouth was +furnished with a short wooden pipe, from which he discharged wreathing +clouds of tobacco-smoke." This scarecrow turned out to be an Italian +marquis; and no doubt the singularity of his smoking apparatus was of +a piece with the singularity of his attire.</p> + +<p>Mr. Munby, after this reference to Smollett's adventure, proceeded to +claim the honour of having helped to bring the use of wooden pipes +into England. In the year 1853 he wrote, "meerschaums and clays were +the rule at both the English universities and in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span>all shops throughout +the land, and the art of making pipes of wood was either obsolete [it +had never been introduced] or wholly <i>in futuro</i>. But a college friend +of mine, a Norfolk squire, possessed a gardener who was of an +inventive turn, though he was not a Scotchman. This man conceived and +wrought out the idea of making pipes of willow-wood, cutting the bowl +out of a thick stem, and the tube out of a thinner one growing from +the bowl, so that the whole pipe was in one piece. Willow-wood is too +soft, so that the pipes did not last long; but they were a valuable +discovery, and the young squire's friends bought them eagerly at +eighteenpence apiece."</p> + +<p>This experiment in the direction of wooden pipes was interesting, and +deserves to be remembered; but it was not long before the briar was +introduced and carried everything before it.</p> + +<p>It was about 1859 that the use of the root of the White Heath (<i>Erica +arborea</i>), a native of the South of France, Corsica, and some other +localities, for the purpose of making tobacco-pipes was introduced +into this country. The word "brier" or "briar" has no connexion +whatever with the prickly, thorny briar which bears the lovely wild +rose. It is derived from the French <i>bruyère</i>, heath—the root of the +White Heath being the material known as "briar" or "brier," and at +first as "bruyer." The Oxford Dictionary quotes an advertisement from +the <i>Tobacco Trade Review</i> of so recent a date as February 8, 1868, of +a "Heath Pipe: in Bruyer Wood." The briar pipe not only soon drove the +clay largely out of use, but immensely increased the number of +pipe-smokers. Bulwer Lytton may not have known the briar, but he wrote +enthusiastically of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span>the pipe. Every smoker knows the glowing tribute +he paid to it in his "Night and Morning," which appeared in 1841. It +is terser and more to the point than most panegyrics: "A pipe! It is a +great soother, a pleasant comforter. Blue devils fly before its honest +breath. It ripens the brain, it opens the heart; and the man who +smokes thinks like a sage and acts like a Samaritan."</p> + +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="XI" id="XI"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>XI</h3> + +<h3>LATER VICTORIAN DAYS<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza" style="margin-bottom: .25em; font-style: normal;"> +<span class="i4">When life was all a summer day,<br /></span> +<span class="i6">And I was under twenty,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Three loves were scattered in my way—<br /></span> +<span class="i6">And three at once are plenty.<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Three hearts, if offered with a grace,<br /></span> +<span class="i6">One thinks not of refusing.<br /></span> +<span class="i4">The task in this especial case<br /></span> +<span class="i6">Was only that of choosing.<br /></span> +<span class="i6">I knew not which to make my pet—<br /></span> +<span class="i6">My pipe, cigar, or cigarette.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="rightp sc">Henry S. Leigh.</p> +<br /> + + +<p>The social history of smoking in later Victorian days is marked by the +triumph of the cigarette. The introduction of the cigar, as we have +seen, brought about the revival of smoking, from the point of view of +fashion, in the early decades of the nineteenth century; and the +coming of the cigarette completed what the cigar had begun.</p> + +<p>The earliest references for the word "cigarette" in the Oxford +Dictionary are dated 1842 and 1843, but both refer to the smoking of +cigarettes abroad—in France and Italy. The 1843 quotation is from a +book by Mrs. Romer, in which she says—"The beggars in the streets +have paper cigars (called cigarettes) in their mouths." The wording +here would seem to show that cigarettes were not then familiar to +English people.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span>Laurence Oliphant, who was both a man of letters and a man of fashion, +is generally credited with the introduction into English society of +the cigarette; but it is difficult to suggest even an approximate +date. Writing from Boulogne to W.H. Wills in September 1854, Dickens +says, "I have nearly exhausted the cigarettes I brought here," and +proceeds to give directions for some to be sent to him from London. +This is the earliest reference I have found to cigarette-smoking in +England; but it is possible that by "cigarettes" Dickens meant not +what we now know as such, but simply small cigars. Mr. H.M. Hyndman, +in his "Record of an Adventurous Life," says that when he was living +as a pupil, about the year 1860, with the Rector of Oxburgh, his +fellow-pupils included "Edward Abbott of Salonica, who, poor fellow, +was battered to pieces by the Turks with iron staves torn from palings +at the beginning of the Turco-Servian War. Cigarette-smoking, now so +popular, was then almost unknown, and Abbott, who always smoked the +finest Turkish tobacco which he rolled up into cigarettes for himself, +was the first devotee of this habit I encountered."</p> + +<p>Fairholt, in his book on "Tobacco," which was published in 1859, +mentions cigarettes as being smoked in Spain and South and Central +America, but makes no reference to their use in this country.</p> + +<p>The late Lady Dorothy Nevill said that although cigarettes are a +modern invention, she believed that they already existed in a slightly +different form at the beginning of the nineteenth century, "when old +Peninsular officers used to smoke tobacco rolled up tight in a piece +of paper. They called this a <i>papelito</i>, and I fancy it was much the +same thing as a cigarette." <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span>But if this were so, the habit must have +died out long before the cigarette, as we now know it, came into +vogue.</p> + +<p>It may fairly be concluded, I think, that although about 1860 there +may have been an occasional cigarette-smoker in England, like the +Edward Abbott of Mr. Hyndman's reminiscences, yet it was not until a +little later date that the small paper-enclosed rolls of tobacco +became at all common among Englishmen; and it is quite likely that the +credit (or discredit, as the reader pleases) of bringing them into +general, and especially into fashionable, use, has been rightly given +to Laurence Oliphant.</p> + +<p>Cigarettes were perhaps in fashion in 1870. In "Puck," which was +published in that year, Ouida—who is hardly an unimpeachable +authority on the ways and customs of fashionable folk, though she +loved to paint fancy pictures of their sayings and doings—pictures +the Row: "the most fashionable lounge you have, but it is a Republic +for all that." There, she says, "could Bill Jacobs lean against a +rail, with a clay-pipe in his mouth, and a terrier under his arm, +close beside the Earl of Guilliadene, with his cigarette and his +eye-glass, and his Poole-cut habiliments."</p> + +<p>Thirty years or more ago the late Andrew Lang wrote an article +entitled "Enchanted Cigarettes," which began—"To dream our literary +projects, Balzac says, is like 'smoking enchanted cigarettes,' but +when we try to tackle our projects, to make them real, the enchantment +disappears—we have to till the soil, to sow the weed, to gather the +leaves, and then the cigarettes must be manufactured, while there may +be no market for them after all. Probably most <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span>people have enjoyed +the fragrance of these cigarettes and have brooded over much which +they will never put on paper. Here are some of 'the ashes of the weeds +of my delight'—memories of romances whereof no single line is +written, or is likely to be written." What Balzac said in his "La +Cousine Bette" was—"Penser, rêver, concevoir de belles œuvres est +une occupation délicieuse. C'est fumer des cigares enchantés, c'est +mener la vie de la courtisane occupée à sa fantaisie." Balzac's cigars +became cigarettes in Lang's fantasy. The French novelist seems to have +been one of those who praised tobacco without using it much himself. +In his "Illusions Perdues" Carlos Herrera, who was Vautrin, says to +Lucien, whom he meets on the point of suicide: "Dieu nous a donné le +tabac pour endormir nos passions et nos douleurs." M.A. Le Breton, +however, in his book on Balzac—"L'Homme et L'Œuvre"—says: "Il ne se +soutient qu'à force de café," though he would sit working at his desk +for twenty-five hours running.</p> + +<p>About the time that Lang's article was written, Sir F.C. Burnand's +burlesque, "Bluebeard" was produced at the Gaiety Theatre. In those +days a certain type of young man, since known by many names, including +the present day "nut," was called a "masher"; and Burnand's burlesque +included a duet with the refrain:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">We are mashers, we are,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">As we smoke our cigar<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And crawl along, never too quick;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">We are mashers, you bet,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With the light cigarette<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And the quite irreproachable stick.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="noin"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span>Nowadays the cigarette is in such universal use, that it would be +impossible thus to associate it with any particular type of man, sane +or inane.</p> + +<p>The late Bishop Mandell Creighton, of London, was an incessant smoker +of cigarettes. Mr. Herbert Paul, in his paper on the Bishop, says that +those who went to see him at Fulham on a Sunday afternoon always found +him, if they found him at all, "leisurely, chatty, hospitable, and +apparently without a care in the world. There was the family +tea-table, and there were the eternal cigarettes. The Bishop must have +paid a fortune in tobacco-duty." There is a side view of another +tobacco-lover in the "Note-Books" of Samuel Butler, the author of +"Erewhon." Creighton, after reading Butler's "Alps and Sanctuaries" +had asked the author to come and see him. Butler was in doubt whether +or not to go, and consulted his clerk, Alfred, on the matter. That +wise counsellor asked to look at the Bishop's letter, and then said: +"I see, sir, there is a crumb of tobacco in it; I think you can go."</p> + +<p>Apart from cigarette-smoking, however, the use of tobacco grew +steadily during the later Victorian period. In "Mr. Punch's +Pocket-Book" for 1878 there was a burlesque dialogue between uncle and +nephew entitled "Cupid and 'Baccy." The uncle thinks the younger men +smoke too much, and declares that tobacco "has destroyed the +susceptibility, which in my time made youngsters fall in love, as they +often did, with a girl without a penny. No fellow can fall in love +when he has continually a pipe in his mouth; and if he ever feels +inclined to when it would be imprudent, why he lights his pipe, and +very soon smokes the idea of such folly out of his head. Not so when I +was of your age. Besides a few old farmers, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span>churchwardens, and +overseers, and such, nobody then ever smoked but labourers and the +lower orders—cads as you now say. Smoking was thought vulgar. Young +men never smoked at all. To smoke in the presence of a lady was an +inconceivable outrage; yet now I see you and your friends walking +alongside of one another's sisters, smoking a short pipe down the +street." "The girls like it," says Nepos. "In my time," replies +Avunculus, "young ladies would have fainted at the bare suggestion of +such an enormity." The dialogue ends as follows:</p> + +<div class="block2"><p class="noin">"<span class="sc">Nepos</span> (<i>producing short clay</i>). See here, Uncle. +This pipe is almost coloured. How long do you think I have had +it?</p> + +<p class="noin">"<span class="sc">Avunculus.</span> Can't imagine.</p> + +<p class="noin">"<span class="sc">Nepos.</span> Only three weeks.</p> + +<p class="noin">"<span class="sc">Avunculus.</span> Good boy!"</p></div> + +<p>In the same "Pocket-Book" one of the ideals of a wife by a bachelor +is—"To approve of smoking all over the house"; while one of the +ideals of a husband by a spinster is—"Not to smoke, or use a +latch-key." Mr. Punch's prelections, of course, are not to be taken +too seriously. They all necessarily have the exaggeration of +caricature; but at the same time they are all significant, and for the +social historian are invaluable.</p> + +<p>Tobacco-smoking was advancing victoriously all along the line. Absurd +old conventions and ridiculous restrictions had to give way or were +broken through in every direction. The compartments for smokers on +railway trains, at first provided sparsely and grudgingly, became more +and more numerous. The practice of smoking out of doors, which the +early <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span>Victorians held in particular abhorrence, became common—at +least so far as cigars and cigarettes were concerned. Lady Dorothy +Nevill, whose memory covered so large a part of the nineteenth +century, said, in the "Leaves" from her note-book which was published +in 1907, that to smoke in Hyde Park, even up to comparatively recent +years, was looked upon as absolutely unpardonable; while smoking +anywhere with a lady would, in the earlier days, have been classed as +an almost disgraceful social crime. The first gentleman of whom Lady +Dorothy heard as having been seen smoking a cigar in the Park was the +Duke of Sutherland, and the lady who told her spoke of it as if she +had been present at an earthquake! Pipes were (and are) still looked +at askance in many places where the smoking of cigars and cigarettes +is freely allowed, and fashion frowned on the pipe in street or Park.</p> + +<p>Of course, what one might do in the country and what one might do in +town were two quite different things. The following story was told +nearly twenty years ago of the late Duke of Devonshire. An American +tourist began talking one day to a quiet-looking man who was smoking +outside an inn on the Chatsworth estate, and, taking the man for the +inn-keeper, expressed his admiration of the Duke of Devonshire's +domain. "Quite a place, isn't it?" said the American. "Yes, a pleasant +place enough," returned the Englishman. "The fellow who owns it must +be worth a mint of money," said the American, through his cigar-smoke. +"Yes, he's comfortably off," agreed the other. "I wonder if I could +get a look at the old chap," said the stranger, after a short silence; +"I should like to see what sort of a bird he <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span>is." Puff, puff, went +the English cigar, and then said the English voice, trying hard to +control itself: "If you"—puff—"look hard"—puff, puff—"in this +direction, you"—puff, puff—"can tell in a minute." "You, you!" +faltered the American, getting up, "why, I thought you were the +landlord!" "Well, so I am," said the Duke, "though I don't perform the +duties." "I stay here," he added, with a twinkle in his eye, "to be +looked at."</p> + +<p>Among the chief strongholds of the old ideas and prejudices were some +of the clubs. At the Athenæum the only smoking-room used to be a +combined billiard-and smoking-room in the basement. It was but a few +years ago that an attic story was added to the building, and smokers +can now reach more comfortable quarters by means of a lift put in when +the alterations were made in 1900. This new smoking-room is a very +handsome, largely book-lined apartment. At the end of the room is a +beautiful marble mantelpiece of late eighteenth century Italian work. +At White's even cigars had not been allowed at all until 1845; and +when, in 1866, some of the younger members wished to be allowed to +smoke in the drawing-room, there was much perturbation, the older +members bitterly opposing the proposal. "A general meeting was held to +decide the question," says Mr. Ralph Nevill, in his "London Clubs," +"when a number of old gentlemen who had not been seen in the club for +years made their appearance, stoutly determined to resist the proposed +desecration. 'Where do all these old fossils come from?' inquired a +member. 'From Kensal Green,' was Mr. Alfred Montgomery's reply. 'Their +hearses, I understand, are waiting to take them back there.'" The +motion for the extension of the facilities for <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span>smoking was defeated +by a majority of twenty-three votes, and as an indirect result the +Marlborough Club was founded. The late King Edward, at that time +Prince of Wales, is said to have sympathized strongly with the +defeated minority at White's, and to have interested himself in the +foundation of the Marlborough; where, "for the first time in the +history of West End Clubland, smoking, except in the dining-room, was +everywhere allowed." By "smoking" is no doubt here meant everything +but pipes, which were not considered gentlemanly even at the Garrick +Club at the beginning of the present century. The late Duc d'Aumale +was a social pioneer in pipe-smoking. His caricature in "Vanity Fair" +represents him with a pipe in his mouth, although he is wearing an +opera-hat, black frock-coat buttoned up, and a cloak.</p> + +<p>By the end of the nineteenth century the snuff-box which once upon a +time stood upon the mantelpiece of every club, had disappeared. The +habit of snuffing had long been falling into desuetude. The cigar +dealt the snuff-box its death-blow and the cigarette was chief mourner +at its funeral.</p> + +<p>As in other periods, men of letters and artists ignored the social +prejudices and conventions about tobacco, and laughed at the +artificial distinctions drawn between cigars and pipes. It is said +that the late Sir John Millais smoked a clay pipe in his carriage when +he was part of the first Jubilee procession of Queen Victoria—a +performance, if it took place, which would certainly have horrified +her tobacco-hating Majesty. Tennyson and his friends smoked their +pipes as they had always done—and old-fashioned clay pipes too. Sir +Norman Lockyer, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span>referring to a period about 1867, mentions Monday +evenings in his house which were given up to friends "who came in, +<i>sans cérémonie</i>, to talk and smoke. Clays from Broseley, including +'churchwardens' and some of larger size (Frank Buckland's held an +ounce of tobacco) were provided, and the confirmed smokers (Tennyson, +an occasional visitor, being one of them) kept their pipes, on which +the name was written, in a rack for future symposia."</p> + +<p>Of the other great Victorian poets Morris was a pipe-smoker, and so +was Rossetti. Browning also smoked, but not, I think, a pipe. +Swinburne, on the other hand, detested tobacco, and expressed himself +on the subject with characteristic extravagance and vehemence—"James +I was a knave, a tyrant, a fool, a liar, a coward. But I love him, I +worship him, because he slit the throat of that blackguard Raleigh who +invented this filthy smoking!" Professor Blackie, in a letter to his +wife, remarked: "The first thing I said on entering the public room +was—'What a delightful thing the smell of tobacco is, in a warm room +on a wet night!' ... I gave my opinion with great decision that +tobacco, whisky and all such stimulants or sedatives, had their +foundation in nature, could not be abolished, or rather should not, +and must be content with the check of a wise regulation. Even pious +ladies were fond of tea, which, taken in excess, was worse for the +nerves than a glass of sherry."</p> + +<p>One of the most distinguished of Victorian men of letters, John +Ruskin, was a great hater of tobacco. Notwithstanding this, he sent +Carlyle—an inveterate smoker—a box of cigars in February 1865. In +his letter of acknowledgment Carlyle wrote—"Dear <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span>Ruskin, you have +sent me a magnificent Box of Cigars; for which what can I say in +answer? It makes me both sad and glad. <i>Ay de mi</i></p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">'We are such stuff,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Gone with a puff—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Then think, and smoke Tobacco!'"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="noin">In the later years of his life, spent at Brantwood, Ruskin's guests +found that smoking was not allowed even after dinner.</p> + +<p>Another and greater Victorian, Gladstone, was also a non-smoker. He is +said, however, on one occasion, when King Edward as Prince of Wales +dined with him in Downing Street, to have toyed with a cigarette out +of courtesy to his illustrious guest.</p> + +<p>It was in the latter years of his life that Tennyson told Sir William +Harcourt one day that his morning pipe after breakfast was the best in +the day—an opinion, by the way, to which many less distinguished +smokers would subscribe—when Sir William laughingly replied, "The +earliest pipe of half-awakened <i>bards</i>."</p> + +<p>The companion burlesque line, "The earliest pipe of half-awakened +<i>birdseye</i>" appears, with one from Homer and one from Virgil, at the +head of Arthur Sidgwick's poem in Greek Iambics, "<span class="Greek" title="TÔ BAKCHÔ">Τῼ ΒΑΚΧῼ</span>," in +"Echoes from the Oxford Magazine," 1890.</p> + +<p>Sidgwick's praise of tobacco, classically draped in Greek verse, +occasionally of the macaronic order, is delightful. He hails the pipe +as the work of Pan, and the divine smoke as the best and most fragrant +of gifts—healer of sorrow, companion in joy, rest for the toilers, +drink for the thirsty, warmth for the cold, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span>coolness in the heat, and +a cheap feast for those who waste away through hunger. How is it, he +says, that through so many ages men, who have need of thee, have not +seen thy nature? Often, he continues—the verses may be roughly +translated—often, when I am in Alpine solitudes, tied in a chain to a +few companions, clinging to the rope, while barbarians lead the way, +carrying in my hands an ice-axe +(<span class="Greek" title="krustalloplêga chersin axinên pherôn">κρυσταλλοπλῆγα +χερσὶν ἀξίνην +φέρων</span>), +and breathless crawling up the snow-covered plain—then, when groaning +I reach the summit (either pulled up or on foot), how have I rested, +on my back on the rocks, charming my soul with thy divine clouds! He +goes on in burlesque strain to speak of the joys of tobacco when he +lies in idleness by the streams in breathless summer, comforted by a +bath just taken, or when in the middle of the night he is worn out by +revising endless exercises, underlining the mistakes in red and +allotting marks, or weighed down by the wise men of old—Thucydides, +Sophocles, Euripides, the ideas of Plato, wiles of Pindar, fearfully +corrupt strophe of chorus, wondrous guesses of Teutons and fancies of +philologists, when men swoon in the inexplicable wanderings of the +endless examination of Homer, when the brain reels among such +toil—then he hails the pipe, help of mortals, and hastens to kindle +sacrifices at its altars and rejoices as he tastes its smoke. Let some +one, he exclaims, bring Bryant and May's fire, which strikes a light +only if rubbed on the box—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0 Greek" title="enenkatô tis pur bruantomaïkon" style="border-bottom: 0pt;">ἐνεγκάτω τις πῦρ βρυαντομαϊκόν<br /></span> +<span class="i0 Greek" title="kausai d' adunaton mê ouchi pros kistê tribeu" style="border-bottom: 0pt;">(καῦσαι δ᾽ ἀδύνατον μὴ οὐχὶ προς κίστῃ τριβέυ)<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="noin">and taking the best and blackest bowl, and putting on Persian +slippers, sitting on the softest couch, I will <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span>light my pipe, with my +feet on the hearth, and I will cast aside all mortal care!</p> + +<p>Nor must the delightful verses by "J.K.S." be forgotten, in which the +author of "Lapsus Calami" sings of the "Grand Old Pipe"—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">And I'm smoking a pipe which is fashioned<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Like the face of the Grand Old Man;<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="noin">and the quaint similarity or comparison between the pipe and +Gladstone, the "Grand Old Man" when "Lapsus Calami" appeared in 1888, +is maintained throughout—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Grows he black in his face with his labours?<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Well, so does my Grand Old Pipe.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">For the sake of its excellent savour,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">For the many sweet smokes of the past<br /></span> +<span class="i0">My pipe keeps its hold on my favour,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Tho' now it is blackening fast.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>But although many pipes were smoked at the Universities, there were +occasionally to be found odd survivals of old prejudices. Dr. Shipley, +in his recent memoir of John Willis Clark, the Cambridge Registrary, +says that even in the 'seventies of the last century there was an +elderly Don at Cambridge who once rebuked a Junior Fellow, who was +smoking a pipe in the Wilderness, with the remark, "No Christian +gentleman smokes a pipe, or if he does he smokes a cigar." The +perpetrator of this bull was the same parson who married late in life, +and returning to his church after a honeymoon of six weeks, publicly +thanked God "for <i>three</i> weeks of unalloyed connubial bliss."</p> + +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="XII" id="XII"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>XII</h3> + +<h3>SMOKING IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza" style="margin-bottom: .25em; font-style: normal;"> +<span class="i4">Sweet when the morn is grey;<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Sweet, when they've clear'd away<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Lunch; and at close of day<br /></span> +<span class="i8">Possibly sweetest.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="rightp2 sc">C.S. Calverley.</p> +<br /> + + +<p>Tobacco is once more triumphant. The cycle of three hundred years is +complete. Since the early decades of the seventeenth century, smoking +has never been so generally practised nor so smiled upon by fashion as +it is at the present time. Men in their attitude towards tobacco have +always been divisible into three classes—those who respected and +followed and obeyed the conventions of society and the dictates of +fashion, and smoked or did not smoke in accordance therewith; those +who knew those conventions but disregarded them and smoked as and what +they pleased; and those who neither knew nor cared whether such +conventions existed, or what fashion might say, but smoked as and +what, and when and where they pleased. At the present time the three +classes tend to combine into one. There are, it is true, a few +conventions and restrictions left; but they are not very strong, and +will probably disappear one <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span>of these days. There is also, of course, +and always has been, a fourth class of men, who for one reason or +another, quite apart from what fashion may say or do, do not smoke at +all.</p> + +<p>Perhaps the most absurd and unmeaning of the restrictions that remain, +is that which at certain times and in certain places admits the +smoking of cigars and cigarettes and forbids the smoking of pipes. The +idea appears to be that a pipe is vulgar. There are few restaurants +now in which smoking is not allowed after dinner; but the +understanding is that cigars and cigarettes only shall be smoked. In +some places of resort there are notices exhibited which specifically +prohibit the smoking of pipes. Why? At a smoking concert where few +pipes are smoked, anyone looking</p> + +<p class="noin" style="margin-left: 20%; padding-top: .25em; padding-bottom: .25em;"><i>Athwart the smoke of burning weeds</i></p> + +<p class="noin">can at once realize how much greater is the volume of smoke from +cigars and cigarettes than would result from the smoking of a like +number of pipes. It cannot, therefore, be that pipes are barred +because of a supposed greater effect upon the atmosphere of the room. +The only conclusion the observer can come to is, that the fashionable +attitude towards pipes is one of the last relics of the old social +attitude—the attitude of Georgian and Early Victorian days—towards +smoking of any kind. The cigar and the cigarette were first introduced +among the upper classes of society, and their use has spread downward. +They have broken down many barriers, and in many places, and under +many and divers conditions, the pipe has followed triumphantly in +their wake; but the last ditch of the old prejudice has been found in +the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span>convention, which, in certain places and at certain times, admits +the cigar and cigarette of fashionable origin, but bars the entry of +the plebeian pipe—the pipe which for two centuries was practically +the only mode of smoking used or known.</p> + +<p>An article which appeared in the <i>Morning Post</i> of February 20, 1913, +may be regarded as a sign of the times. It was entitled "A Plea for +the Pipe: By one who Smokes it." "I should like," said the writer, +"pipe-men of all degrees to ask themselves whether the time has not +really arrived to enter a protest against the convention which forces +the pipe into a position of inferiority, and exalts to a pinnacle of +undeserved pre-eminence the cigar, and still more the cigarette ... +why should it be considered a mark of vulgarity, of plebeianism, to +inhale tobacco-smoke through the stem of a briar, and the hall-mark of +good breeding to finger a cigar or dally with that triviality and +travesty of the adoration of My Lady Nicotine—a cigarette?" To these +questions there can be but one answer: and the future, there can be +little doubt, will emphasize that answer, and abolish the unmeaning +convention.</p> + +<p>The prejudice against the pipe is not confined to places of indoor +resort. There are many men who smoke pipes within doors, who yet would +not care to be seen in London smoking a pipe in the street, or in the +park. In some circumstances this is quite intelligible. The writer of +the <i>Morning Post</i> article remarked with much force and good sense +that "Apart from social environment, there is a certain affinity +between pipes and clothes. It is considered 'bad form' for a man in a +frock-coat and silk hat to be seen smoking a pipe in the streets. If +you are wearing <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span>a bowler hat and a lounge suit you may walk along +with a briar protruding from your lips, and no one will think ill of +you. If you are a son of toil garbed in your habit as you work, there +is nothing incongruous in a well-seasoned clay or a 'nose-warmer,' +which, for convenience, you carry upside down. Not so very long ago it +was considered unseemly to smoke a pipe at all in the street unless +you belonged to the humbler orders, who inhale their nicotine through +the stem of a clay and expectorate with a greater sense of freedom +than of responsibility."</p> + +<p>At a few clubs there are still some curious and rather unmeaning +restrictions. A particularly absurd rule that maintains its ground +here and there, is that which forbids smoking in the library of a +club. What more appropriate place could there be for the thoughtful +consumption of tobacco than among the books? But after due allowance +has been made for a few minor restrictions of this kind, the fact +remains that smoking has triumphed socially all along the line in +Clubland. We have travelled far from the days when a committee man +could declare that "No Gentleman smoked," to the time when, for +example, the large smoking-room at Brooks's is one of the finest rooms +in one of the most famous and exclusive of clubs. This splendid room +in the eighteenth-century days of gambling was the "Grand Subscription +Room"—the gambling room of Georgian times. It still retains two of +the old gaming tables. Now this magnificent apartment, with its +splendid barrelled ceiling, which a well-known architectural writer, +Mr. Stanley C. Ramsey, A.R.I.B.A., describes as "probably the finest +room of its kind in London," is the temple of Saint Nicotine. The +strangers' smoking-room in the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span>same club, formerly the dining-room, +is another beautiful and delightfully decorated apartment. Similar +transformations have been witnessed in other clubs.</p> + +<p>Barry's original plan for the Travellers' Club, erected in 1832, shows +no smoking-room on the ground floor. It was probably some inconvenient +apartment of no account. The early "Travellers" did smoke, for +Theodore Hook, satirizing them and the club rule that no person was +eligible as a member who had not travelled out of the British Islands +to a distance of at least 500 miles from London in a direct line, +wrote:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">The travellers are in Pall Mall, and smoke cigars so cosily,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And dream they climb the highest Alps, or rove the plains of Moselai,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The world for them has nothing new, they have explored all parts of it;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And now they are club-footed! and they sit and look at charts of it.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="noin">The present-day smoking-room at the Travellers' is a noble apartment, +which was originally the coffee-room. It occupies the whole of the +ground-floor front to the gardens of Carlton House Terrace, and is +divided into three bays by the projection of square piers.</p> + +<p>Another sign of the complete change which has come over the attitude +of most folk towards tobacco is to be seen in the permission of +smoking at meetings of committees and councils, where not so long ago +such an indulgence would have been regarded as an outrage. Many of the +committees of municipal <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span>councils and other public bodies now permit +smoking while business is proceeding. It has even become usual for +members of the House of Commons to smoke in committee rooms when the +sitting is private; and cigars and cigarettes and pipes are now +lighted in the lobby the moment that the House has risen. A very thin +line thus separates the legislative chamber itself from the conquering +weed. A further step forward (or backward, according to each reader's +judgment) was taken on July 21, 1913, when smoking was allowed at the +sitting of the Standing Committee on Scottish Bills—one of the +committees which does not conduct its business in private. On this +occasion, after the luncheon interval, two members entered the +committee room smoking, one a cigarette the other a cigar. The former +was soon finished; but the latter continued to shed its fragrance on +the room. Naturally the chairman, Mr. Arthur Henderson, was appealed +to. He gave a diplomatic reply. It had been held, he said, by two +chairmen that smoking was not in order at the public sessions of a +Standing Committee; and, of course, if his ruling were formally asked +he would be bound to follow precedent. He said this with a suavity and +a smile which disarmed any possible objector. Nobody raised the formal +point of order; so other members "lighted up," and the proceedings +went on peacefully to the appointed hour of closing.</p> + +<p>Yet another sign of the times was the permission given not so very +long ago to the drivers of taxi-cabs to smoke while driving fares—a +development regarding which there may well be two opinions.</p> + +<p>The number of cigarette-smokers nowadays is legion; but to a very +large number of "tobacconists" <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span>(in the old sense of the word) a pipe +remains the most satisfactory of "smokes." A cigar or a cigarette +is—and it is not; the pipe renders its service again and again and +yet remains—a steadfast companion. "Over a pipe" is a phrase of more +meaning than "over a cigarette." Discussions are best conducted over a +pipe. No one can get too excited or over-heated in argument, no one +can neglect the observance of the amenities of conversation, who talks +thoughtfully between the pulls at his pipe, who has to pause now and +again to refill, to strike a light, to knock out the ashes, or to +perform one of those numberless little acts of devotion at the shrine +of St. Nicotine, which fill up the pauses and conduce to reflection. +The Indians were wise in their generation when they made the +circulation of the pipe an essential part of their pow-wows. A +conference founded on the mutual consumption of tobacco was likely, +not, as the frivolous would say, to end in smoke, but to lead to solid +and lasting results. "The fact is, squire," said Sam Slick, "the +moment a man takes a pipe he becomes a philosopher." The pipe, says +Thackeray, "draws wisdom from the lips of the philosopher, and shuts +up the mouth of the foolish; it generates a style of conversation, +contemplative, thoughtful, benevolent and unaffected.... May I die if +I abuse that kindly weed which has given me so much pleasure."</p> + +<p>And what more fitting emblem of peace could be chosen than the +calumet, the proffered pipe? Tobacco, whatever its enemies may have +said, or may yet say, is the friend of peace, the foe of strife, and +the promoter of geniality and good fellowship. Mrs. Battle, whose +serious energies were all given to the great game of whist, unbent her +mind, we are told, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span>over a book. Most men unbend over a pipe, even if +the book is an accompaniment.</p> + +<p>To the solitary man the well-seasoned tube is an invaluable companion. +If he happen, once in a way, to have nothing special to do and plenty +of time in which to do it, he naturally fills his pipe as he draws the +easy-chair on to the hearthrug, and knows not that he is lonely. If he +have a difficult problem to solve, he just as naturally attacks it +over a pipe. It is true that as the smoke-wreaths ring themselves +above his head, his mind may wander off into devious paths of reverie, +and the problem be utterly forgotten. Well, that is, at least, +something for which to be grateful, for the paths of reverie are the +paths of pleasantness and peace, and problems can usually afford to +wait.</p> + +<p>"Over a pipe!" Why the words bring up innumerable pleasant +associations. The angler, having caught the coveted prize, refills his +pipe, and with the satisfied sense of duty done, as the rings curl +upward he reviews the struggle and glows again with victory. At the +end of any day's occupation, especially one of pleasurable +toil—whether it be shooting or hunting, or walking or what not—what +can be pleasanter than to let the mind meander through the course of +the day's proceedings over a pipe?</p> + +<p>There is much wisdom in Robert Louis Stevenson's remarks in +"Virginibus Puerisque"—"Lastly (and this is, perhaps, the golden +rule), no woman should marry a teetotaller, or a man who does not +smoke. It is not for nothing that this 'ignoble tabagie,' as Michelet +calls it, spreads over all the world. Michelet rails against it +because it renders you happy apart from thought or work; to provident +women this will seem no evil influence in married life. Whatever +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span>keeps a man in the front garden, whatever checks wandering fancy and +all inordinate ambition, whatever makes for lounging and contentment, +makes just so surely for domestic happiness."</p> + +<p>Nothing is more marked in the change in the social attitude towards +tobacco than the revolution which has taken place in woman's view of +smoking. The history of smoking by women is dealt with separately in +the next chapter; but here it may be noted that most of the old +intolerance of tobacco has disappeared. "To smoke in Hyde Park," said +the late Lady Dorothy Nevill, in 1907, "even up to comparatively +recent years, was looked upon as absolutely unpardonable, while +smoking anywhere with a lady would have been classed as an almost +disgraceful social crime."</p> + +<p>Women do not nowadays shun the smell of smoke as they did in early +Victorian days, as if it were the most dreadful of odours. They are +tolerant of smoking in their presence, in public places, in +restaurants—in fact, wherever men and women congregate—to a degree +that would have horrified extremely their mothers and grandmothers. It +is only within the last few years that visits to music-halls and +theatres of varieties have been socially possible to ladies. Men go +largely because they can smoke during the performance; women go +largely because they have ceased to consider tobacco-smoke as a thing +to be rigidly avoided, and therefore have no hesitation in +accompanying their menfolk.</p> + +<p>The observant visitor to the promenade concerts annually given in the +Queen's Hall, Langham Place, will notice that but one small section of +the grand circle is reserved for non-smokers, while smoking is freely +allowed (with no absurd ban on the friendly <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span>pipe) in every other part +of the great auditorium—floor, circle and balcony.</p> + +<p>There are still some people who share the Duke of Wellington's +delusion that smoking promotes drinking, although experience proves +the contrary, and historic evidence, especially as regards drinking +after dinner, shows that it was the introduction of the cigar, +followed by that of the cigarette, which absolutely killed the old, +bad after-dinner habits. The Salvation Army do not enforce total +abstinence from tobacco as well as from alcoholic drinks as a +condition of membership or soldiership, but a member of the Army must +be a non-smoker before he can hold any office in its rank, or be a +bandsman, or a member of a "songster brigade." And in other religious +organizations there are yet a few of the "unco' guid" who look askance +at pipe or cigarette as if it were a device of the devil. But the +numbers of these misguided folk become fewer every year.</p> + +<p>Smoking in the dining-room after dinner is now so general that people +are apt to forget that this particular development is of no great age. +It is not yet, however, universal. A valued correspondent tells me +that he knows a house "where tobacco is still kept out of the +dining-room, and smoke indulged in elsewhere after wine. This +old-fashioned habit must now be pretty rare."</p> + +<p>The chief legitimate objection to cigarette smoking was well stated +some years ago by the late Dr. Andrew Wilson. "I think cigarettes are +apt to prove injurious," he said, "because a man will smoke far too +much when he indulges in this form of the weed, and because I think it +is generally admitted that cigarettes are apt to produce evil effects +out of all proportion to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span>the amount of tobacco which is apparently +consumed." Excess can equally be found among cigar and pipe-smokers. +The late Chancellor Parish, in his "Dictionary of the Sussex Dialect," +tells a delightful story of a Sussex rustic's holiday—"May be you +knows Mass [Master, the distinctive title of a married labourer] +Pilbeam? No! doänt ye? Well, he was a very sing'lar marn was Mass +Pilbeam, a very sing'lar marn! He says to he's mistus one day, he +says, 'tis a long time, says he, sence I've took a holiday—so +cardenly, nex marnin' he laid abed till purty nigh seven o'clock, and +then he brackfustes, and then he goos down to the shop and buys fower +ounces of barca, and he sets hisself down on the maxon [manure heap], +and there he set, and there he smoked and smoked and smoked all the +whole day long, for, says he 'tis a long time sence I've had a +holiday! Ah, he was a very sing'lar marn—a very sing'lar marn +indeed."</p> + +<p>Some men seem to act upon Mark Twain's principle of never smoking when +asleep or at meals, and never refraining at any other time. But excess +is self-condemned. There is no good reason why anyone, for social or +any other reasons, should look askance at the reasonable use of +tobacco. "But used in moderation, what evils, let me ask,"—I again +quote Dr. Andrew Wilson's calm good sense—"are to be found in the +train of the tobacco-habit! A man doesn't get delirium tremens even if +he smokes more than is good for him; he doesn't become a debased +mortal; there is nothing about tobacco which makes a man beat his wife +or assault his mother-in-law—rather the reverse, in fact, for tobacco +is a soother and a quietener of the passions, and many a man, I +daresay, has been prevented from doing rash things in the way of +retaliation, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span>when he has lit his pipe and had a good think over his +affairs. Whenever anybody counterblasts to-day against tobacco, I feel +as did my old friend Wilkie Collins, when somebody told him that to +smoke was a wrong thing. 'My dear sir,' said the great novelist, 'all +your objections to tobacco only increase the relish with which I look +forward to my next cigar!'"</p> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="XIII" id="XIII"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>XIII</h3> + +<h3>SMOKING BY WOMEN<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza" style="margin-bottom: .25em; font-style: normal;"> +<span class="i4">Ladies, when pipes are brought, affect to swoon;<br /></span> +<span class="i4">They love no smoke, except the smoke of Town.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="rightp"><span class="sc">Isaac Hawkins Browne</span>, <i>circa</i> 1740.</p> + +<br /> + + +<p>A story is told of Sir Walter Raleigh by John Aubrey which seems to +imply that at first women not only did not smoke, but that they +disliked smoking by men. Aubrey says that Raleigh "standing in a stand +at Sir R. Poyntz's parke at Acton, tooke a pipe of tobacco, which made +the ladies quitt it till he had done." But this objection, whether +general or not, soon vanished, for, as we have seen in a previous +chapter, the gallant of Elizabethan and Jacobean days made a practice +of smoking in his lady's presence. It seems certain, moreover, that +some women, at least, smoked very soon after the introduction of +tobacco; but it is not easy to find direct evidence, though there are +sundry traditions and allusions which suggest that the practice was +not unknown.</p> + +<p>There is a tradition that Queen Elizabeth herself once smoked—with +unpleasant results. Campbell, in his "History of Virginia," says that +Raleigh having offered her Majesty "some tobacco to smoke, after two +or three whiffs she was seized with a nausea, upon observing which +some of the Earl of Leicester's <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span>faction whispered that Sir Walter had +certainly poisoned her. But her Majesty in a short while recovering +made the countess of Nottingham and all her maids smoke a whole pipe +out among them." The Queen had no selfish desire to monopolize the +novel sensations caused by smoking. An eighteenth-century writer, +Oldys, in his "Life of Sir Walter Raleigh," declares that tobacco +"soon became of such vogue in Queen Elizabeth's court, that some of +the great ladies, as well as noblemen therein, would not scruple to +take a pipe sometimes very sociably." But these stories rest on vague +tradition, and probably have no foundation in fact.</p> + +<p>King James I in his famous "Counter-blaste to Tobacco," hinted that +the husband, by his indulgence in the habit, might "reduce thereby his +delicate, wholesome, and cleane complexioned wife to that extremitie, +that either shee must also corrupt her sweete breath therewith, or +else resolve to live in a perpetuall stinking torment." His Majesty's +style was forcible, if not elegant. There are also one or two +references in the early dramatists. In Ben Jonson's "Every Man in his +Humour," for instance, which was first acted in 1598, six years before +King James blew his royal "Counter-blaste," Cob, the water-bearer, +says that he would have any "man or woman that should but deal with a +tobacco-pipe," immediately whipped. Prynne, in his attack on the +stage, declared that women smoked pipes in theatres; but the truth of +this statement may well be doubted. The habit was probably far from +general among women, although Joshua Sylvester, a doughty opponent of +the weed, was pleased to declare that "Fooles of all Sexes haunt it," +<i>i.e.</i> tobacco.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span>The ballads of the period abound in rough woodcuts in which tavern +scenes are often figured, wherein pewter pots and tobacco-pipes are +shown lying on the table or in the hands or at the mouths of the male +carousers. Men and women are figured together, but it would be very +hard to find a woman in one of these rough cuts with a pipe in her +hand or at her mouth. An example, in the "Shirburn Ballads" lies +before me. The cut, which is very rough, heads a bacchanalian ballad +characteristic of the Elizabethan period, called "A Knotte of Good +Fellows," and beginning:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Come hither, mine host, come hither!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Come hither, mine host, come hither!<br /></span> +<span class="i2">I pray thee, mine host,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Give us a pot and a tost,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And let us drinke all together.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="noin">The scene is a tavern interior. Around the table are four men and a +woman, while a boy approaches carrying two huge measures of ale. One +man is smoking furiously, while on the table lie three other +pipes—one for each man—and sundry pots and glasses. The woman is +plainly a convivial soul; but there is no pipe for her, and such +provision was no doubt unusual.</p> + +<p>There is direct evidence, too, besides the story in the first +paragraph of this chapter, that women disliked the prevalence of +smoking. In Marston's "Antonio and Mellinda," 1602, Rosaline, when +asked by her uncle when she will marry, makes the spirited +reply—"Faith, kind uncle, when men abandon jealousy, forsake taking +of tobacco, and cease to wear their beards so rudely long. Oh, to have +a husband with a mouth continually smoking, with a bush of furs on the +ridge of his chin, readie still to flop into his foaming chops, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span>'tis +more than most intolerable;" and similar indications of dislike to +smoking could be quoted from other plays.</p> + +<p>On the other hand, it is certain that from comparatively early in the +seventeenth century there were to be found here and there women who +smoked.</p> + +<p>On the title-page of Middleton's comedy, "The Roaring Girle," 1611, is +a picture of the heroine, Moll Cutpurse, in man's apparel, smoking a +pipe, from which a great cloud of smoke is issuing.</p> + +<p>In the record of an early libel action brought in the court of the +Archdeacon of Essex, some domestic scenes of 1621 are vividly +represented. We need not trouble about the libel action, but two of +the <i>dramatis personæ</i> were a certain George Thresher, who sold beer +and tobacco at his "shopp in Romford," and a good friend and customer +of his named Elizabeth Savage, who, sad to say, was described as much +given to "stronge drincke and tobacco." In the course of the trial, on +June 8, 1621, Mistress Savage had to tell her tale, part of which is +reported as follows:</p> + +<p>"George Thresher kept a shoppe in Romford and sold tobacco there. She +came divers tymes to his shoppe to buy tobacco there; and sometimes, +with company of her acquaintance, did take tobacco and drincke beere +in the hall of George Thresher's house, sometimes with the said +George, and sometimes with his father and his brothers. And sometimes +shee hath had a joint of meat and a cople of chickens dressed there; +and shee, and they, and some other of her freinds, have dined there +together, and paid their share for their dinner, shee being many times +more willing to dine there than at an inne or taverne."</p> + +<p>Elizabeth was evidently of a sociable turn, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span>though she turned her +nose up at a tavern, there seems to have been little difference +between these festive dinners at Mr. Thresher's "shopp," where +Mistress Savage indulged her taste for ale and tobacco, and similar +pleasures at an inn or tavern.</p> + +<p>Some of the references to women smokers occur in curious connexions. +When one George Glapthorne, of Whittlesey, J.P., was returned to +Parliament for the Isle of Ely in 1654, his return was petitioned +against, and among other charges it was said that just before the +election, in a certain Martin's ale-house, he had promised to give +Mrs. Martin a roll of tobacco, and had also undertaken to grant her +husband a licence to brew, thus unduly influencing and corrupting the +electors.</p> + +<p>Women smokers were not confined to any one class of society. The Rev. +Giles Moore, Rector of Horsted Keynes, Sussex, made a note in his +journal and account book in 1665 of "Tobacco for my wyfe, 3d." As from +other entries in Mr. Moore's account book we know that two ounces cost +him one shilling, we may wonder what Mrs. Moore was going to do with +her half-ounce. There is no other reference to tobacco for her in the +journal and account book. Possibly she was not a smoker at all, but +needed the tobacco for some medicinal purpose. There is ample evidence +to show that in the seventeenth century extraordinary medicinal +virtues continued to be attributed to the "divine weed."</p> + +<p>In some letters of the Appleton family, printed some time ago from the +originals in the Bodleian Library, there is a curious letter, undated, +but of 1652 or 1653, from Susan Crane, the widow of Sir Robert Crane, +who was the second wife of Isaac Appleton of Buckman <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span>Vall, Norfolk. +Writing to her husband, Isaac Appleton, at his chamber in Grayes Inn, +as his "Afextinat wife," the good Susan, whose spelling is marvellous, +tells her "Sweet Hart"—"I have done all the tobakcre you left mee; I +pray send mee sum this weeke; and some angelleco ceedd and sum cerret +sed." How much tobacco Mr. Appleton had provisioned his wife with +cannot be known, but it looks as if she were a regular smoker and did +not care to be long without a supply. In 1631 Edmond Howes, who edited +Stow's "Chronicles," and continued them "onto the end of this present +yeare 1631," wrote that tobacco was "at this day commonly used by most +men and many women."</p> + +<p>Anything like general smoking by women in the seventeenth century +would appear to have been confined to certain parts of the country. +Celia Fiennes, who travelled about England on horseback in the reign +of William and Mary, tells us that at St. Austell in Cornwall ("St. +Austins," she calls it) she disliked "the custome of the country which +is a universal smoaking; both men, women, and children have all their +pipes of tobacco in their mouths and soe sit round the fire smoaking, +which was not delightful to me when I went down to talk with my +Landlady for information of any matter and customes amongst them." +What would King James have thought of these depraved Cornish folk? +Other witnesses bear testimony to the prevalence of smoking among +women in the west of England. Dunton, in that <i>Athenian Oracle</i> which +was a kind of early forerunner of <i>Notes and Queries</i>, alluded to +pipe-smoking by "the good Women and Children in the West." Misson, the +French traveller, who was here in 1698, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span>after remarking that +"Tabacco" is very much used in England, says that "the very Women take +it in abundance, particularly in the Western Counties. But why the +<i>very</i> Women? What Occasion is there for that <i>very</i>? We wonder that +in certain Places it should be common for Women to take Tabacco; and +why should we wonder at it? The Women of Devonshire and Cornwall +wonder that the Women of Middlesex do <i>not</i> take Tabacco: And why +should they wonder at it? In truth, our Wonderments are very pleasant +Things!" And with that sage and satisfactory conclusion to his +catechism we may leave M. Misson, though he goes on to philosophize +about the effect of smoking by the English clergy upon their theology!</p> + +<p>Another French visitor to our shores, M. Jorevin, whose rare book of +travels was published at Paris in 1672, was wandering in the west of +England about the year 1666, and in the course of his journey stayed +at the Stag Inn at Worcester, where he found he had to make himself +quite at home with the family of his hostess. He tells us that +according to the custom of the country the landladies sup with +strangers and passengers, and if they have daughters, these also are +of the company to entertain the guests at table with pleasant conceits +where they drink as much as the men. But what quite disgusted our +visitor was "that when one drinks the health of any person in company, +the custom of the country does not permit you to drink more than half +the cup, which is filled up and presented to him or her whose health +you have drunk. Moreover, the supper being finished, they set on the +table half a dozen pipes, and a packet of tobacco, for smoking, which +is a general custom as <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span>well among women as men, who think that +without tobacco one cannot live in England, because, say they, it +dissipates the evil humours of the brain."</p> + +<p>Although, according to M. Misson, the women of Devon and Cornwall +might wonder why the women of Middlesex did not take tobacco, it is +certain that London and its neighbourhood did contain at least a few +female smokers. Tom Brown, often dubbed "the facetious," but to whom a +sterner epithet might well be applied, writing about the end of the +seventeenth century, mentions a vintner's wife who, having "made her +pile," as might be said nowadays, retires to a little country-house at +Hampstead, where she drinks sack too plentifully, smokes tobacco in an +elbow-chair, and snores away the remainder of her life. And the same +writer was responsible for a satirical letter "to an Old Lady that +smoak'd Tobacco," which shows that the practice was not general, for +the letter begins: "Madam, Tho' the ill-natur'd world censures you for +smoaking." Brown advised her to continue the "innocent diversion" +because, first, it was good for the toothache, "the constant +persecutor of old ladies," and, secondly, it was a great help to +meditation, "which is the reason, I suppose," he continues, "that +recommends it to your parsons; the generality of whom can no more +write a sermon without a pipe in their mouths, than a concordance in +their hands."</p> + +<p>From the evidence so far adduced it may fairly be concluded, I think, +that during the seventeenth century smoking was not fashionable, or +indeed anything but rare, among the women of the more well-to-do +classes, while among women of humbler rank it was <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span>an occasional, and +in a few districts a fairly general habit.</p> + +<p>The same conclusion holds good for the eighteenth century. Among women +of the lowest class smoking was probably common enough. In Fielding's +"Amelia," a woman of the lowest character is spoken of as "smoking +tobacco, drinking punch, talking obscenely and swearing and +cursing"—which accomplishments are all carefully noted, because none +of them would be applicable to the ordinary respectable female.</p> + +<p>The fine lady disliked tobacco. The author of "A Pipe of Tobacco," in +Dodsley's well-known "Collection," to which reference has already been +made, wrote:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Ladies, when pipes are brought, affect to swoon;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">They love no smoke, except the smoke of Town.<br /></span> +<span class="i0"> * * * * * * *<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Citronia vows it has an odious stink;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">She will not smoke (ye gods!)—but she will drink;<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="noin">and the same writer describes tobacco as "By ladies hated, hated by +the beaux." Although the fine lady may have affected to swoon at the +sight of pipes, and belles generally, like the beaux, may have +disdained tobacco as vulgar, yet there were doubtless still to be +found here and there respectable women who occasionally indulged in a +smoke. In an early <i>Spectator</i>, Addison gives the rules of a "Twopenny +Club, erected in this Place, for the Preservation of Friendship and +good Neighbourhood," which met in a little ale-house and was +frequented by artisans and mechanics. Rule II was, "Every member shall +fill his pipe out of his own box"; and Rule VII was, "If any member +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span>brings his wife into the club, he shall pay for whatever she drinks or +smokes."</p> + +<p>In one of the valuable volumes issued by the Georgian Society of +Dublin a year or two ago, Dr. Mahaffy, writing on the mid-eighteenth +century society of the Irish capital, quotes an advertisement by a +Dublin tobacconist of "mild pigtail for ladies" which suggests the +alarming question—Did Irish ladies chew?</p> + +<p>It has sometimes been supposed that the companion of Swift's Stella, +Mrs. Rebecca Dingley, was addicted to smoking. In the letters which +make up the famous "Journal to Stella," there are several references +by Swift to the presents of tobacco which he was in the habit of +sending to Mrs. Dingley. On September 21, 1710, he wrote: "I have the +finest piece of Brazil tobacco for Dingley that ever was born." In the +following month he again had a great piece of Brazil tobacco for the +same lady, and again in November: "I have made Delaval promise to send +me some Brazil tobacco from Portugal for you, Madam Dingley." In +December, Swift was expressing his hope that Dingley's tobacco had not +spoiled the chocolate which he had sent for Stella in the same parcel; +and three months later he wrote: "No news of your box? I hope you have +it, and are this minute drinking the chocolate, and that the smell of +the Brazil tobacco has not affected it." The explanation of all this +tobacco for Mistress Dingley is to be found in Swift's letter to +Stella of October 23, 1711. "Then there's the miscellany," he writes, +"an apron for Stella, a pound of chocolate, without sugar, for Stella, +a fine snuff-rasp of ivory, given me by Mrs. St. John for Dingley, and +a large roll of tobacco which she <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span>must hide or cut shorter out of +modesty, and four pair of spectacles for the Lord knows who." The +tobacco was clearly not for smoking, but for Dingley to operate upon +with the snuff-rasp, and so supply herself with snuff—a luxury, which +in those days, was as much enjoyed and as universally used by women as +by men.</p> + +<p>Even Quakeresses sometimes smoked. A list of the sea-stores put on +board the ship in which certain friends—Samuel Fothergill, Mary +Peisly, Katherine Payton and others—sailed from Philadelphia for +England in June 1756, is still extant. In those days Atlantic passages +were long, and might last for an indefinite period, and passengers +provisioned themselves accordingly. On this occasion the passage +though stormy was very quick, for it lasted only thirty-four days. The +list of provisions taken is truly formidable. It includes all sorts of +eatables and drinkables in astonishing quantities. The "Women's +Chest," we are told, contained, among a host of other good and useful +things, "Balm, sage, summer Savoury, horehound, Tobacco, and Oranges; +two bottles of Brandy, two bottles of Jamaica Spirrit, A Canister of +green tea, a Jar of Almond paste, Ginger bread." Samuel Fothergill's +"new chest" contained tobacco among many other things; and a box of +pipes was among the miscellaneous stores.</p> + +<p>The history of smoking by women through Victorian days need not detain +us long. There have always been pipe-smokers among the women of the +poorer classes. Up to the middle of the last century smoking was very +common among the hard-working women of Northumberland and the Scottish +border. Nor has the practice by any means yet died out. In May 1913, a +woman, who was charged with <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span>drunkenness at the West Ham police court, +laid the blame for her condition on her pipe. She said she had smoked +it for twenty years, and "it always makes me giddy!" The writer, in +August 1913, saw a woman seated by the roadside in County Down, +Ireland, calmly smoking a large briar pipe.</p> + +<p>It is not so very long ago that an English traveller heard a +working-man courteously ask a Scottish fish-wife, who had entered a +smoking-compartment of the train, whether she objected to smoking. The +good woman slowly produced a well-seasoned "cutty" pipe, and as she +began to cut up a "fill" from a rank-smelling tobacco, replied: "Na, +na, laddie, I've come in here for a smoke ma'sel."</p> + +<p>The <i>Darlington and Stockton Times</i> in 1856 recorded the death on +December 10, at Wallbury, in the North Riding of Yorkshire, in the +110th year of her age, of Jane Garbutt, widow. Mrs. Garbutt had been +twice married, her husbands having been sailors during the Napoleonic +wars. The old woman, said the journal, "had dwindled into a small +compass, but she was free from pain, retaining all her faculties to +the last, and enjoying her pipe. About a year ago the writer of this +notice paid her a visit, and took her, as a 'brother-piper,' a present +of tobacco, which ingredient of bliss was always acceptable from her +visitors. Asking of her the question how long she had smoked, her +reply was 'Vary nigh a hundred years'!" In 1845 there died at Buxton, +at the age of ninety-six, a woman named Pheasy Molly, who had been for +many years an inveterate smoker. Her death was caused by the +accidental ignition of her clothes as she was lighting her pipe at the +fire. She had burned herself more than once before in performing the +same operation; <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span>but her pipe she was bound to have, and so met her +end.</p> + +<p>The old Irishwomen who were once a familiar feature of London +street-life as sellers of apples and other small wares at street +corners, were often hardened smokers; and so were, and doubtless still +are, many of the gipsy women who tramp the country. An old Seven Dials +ballad has the following choice stanza—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">When first I saw Miss Bailey,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">'Twas on a Saturday,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">At the Corner Pin she was drinking gin,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">And smoking a yard of clay.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Up to about the middle of Queen Victoria's reign female smoking in the +nineteenth century in England may be said to have been pretty well +confined to women of the classes and type already mentioned. +Respectable folk in the middle and upper classes would have been +horrified at the idea of a pipe or a cigar between feminine lips; and +cigarettes had been used by men for a long time before it began to be +whispered that here and there a lady—who was usually considered +dreadfully "fast" for her pains—was accustomed to venture upon a +cigarette.</p> + +<p>In "Puck," 1870, Ouida represented one of her beautiful young men, Vy +Bruce, as "murmuring idlest nonsense to Lilian Lee, as he lighted one +of his cigarettes for her use"—but Lilian Lee was a <i>cocotte</i>.</p> + +<p>An amusing incident is related in Forster's "Life of Dickens," which +shows how entirely unknown was smoking among women of the middle and +upper classes in England some ten years after Queen Victoria came to +the throne. Dickens was at <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span>Lausanne and Geneva in the autumn of 1846. +At his hotel in Geneva he met a remarkable mother and daughter, both +English, who admired him greatly, and whom he had previously known at +Genoa. The younger lady's conversation would have shocked the prim +maids and matrons of that day. She asked Dickens if he had ever "read +such infernal trash" as Mrs. Gore's; and exclaimed "Oh God! what a +sermon we had here, last Sunday." Dickens and his two daughters—"who +were decidedly in the way, as we agreed afterwards"—dined by +invitation with the mother and daughter. The daughter asked him if he +smoked. "Yes," said Dickens, "I generally take a cigar after dinner +when I'm alone." Thereupon said the young lady, "I'll give you a good +'un when we go upstairs." But the sequel must be told in the +novelist's own inimitable style. "Well, sir," he wrote, "in due course +we went upstairs, and there we were joined by an American lady +residing in the same hotel ... also a daughter ... American lady +married at sixteen; American daughter sixteen now, often mistaken for +sisters, &c. &c. &c. When that was over, the younger of our +entertainers brought out a cigar-box, and gave me a cigar, made of +negrohead she said, which would quell an elephant in six whiffs. The +box was full of cigarettes—good large ones, made of pretty strong +tobacco; I always smoke them here, and used to smoke them at Genoa, +and I knew them well. When I lighted my cigar, daughter lighted hers, +at mine; leaned against the mantelpiece, in conversation with me; put +out her stomach, folded her arms, and with her pretty face cocked up +sideways and her cigarette smoking away like a Manchester cotton mill, +laughed, and talked, and smoked, in the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span>most gentlemanly manner I +ever beheld. Mother immediately lighted her cigar; American lady +immediately lighted hers; and in five minutes the room was a cloud of +smoke, with us four in the centre pulling away bravely, while American +lady related stories of her 'Hookah' upstairs, and described different +kinds of pipes. But even this was not all. For presently two Frenchmen +came in, with whom, and the American lady, daughter sat down to whist. +The Frenchmen smoked of course (they were really modest gentlemen and +seemed dismayed), and daughter played for the next hour or two with a +cigar continually in her mouth—never out of it. She certainly smoked +six or eight. Mother gave in soon—I think she only did it out of +vanity. American lady had been smoking all the morning. I took no +more; and daughter and the Frenchmen had it all to themselves. +Conceive this in a great hotel, with not only their own servants, but +half a dozen waiters coming constantly in and out! I showed no atom of +surprise, but I never <i>was</i> so surprised, so ridiculously taken aback, +in my life; for in all my experience of 'ladies' of one kind and +another, I never saw a woman—not a basket woman or a gipsy—smoke +before!" This last remark is highly significant. Forster says that +Dickens "lived to have larger and wider experience, but there was +enough to startle as well as amuse him in the scene described." The +words "cigar" and "cigarette" are used indifferently by the novelist, +but it seems clear from the description and from the number smoked by +the lady in an hour or two, that it was a cigarette and not a cigar, +properly so called, which was never out of her mouth.</p> + +<p>The ladies who so surprised Dickens were English <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span>and American, but at +the period in question—the early 'forties of the last century—one of +the freaks of fashion at Paris was the giving of luncheon parties for +ladies only, at which cigars were handed round.</p> + +<p>The first hints of feminine smoking in England may be traced, like so +many other changes in fashion, in the pages of <i>Punch</i>. In 1851, +steady-going folk were alarmed and shocked at a sudden and short-lived +outburst of "bloomerism," imported from the United States. Of course +it was at once suggested that women who would go so far as to imitate +masculine attire and to emancipate themselves from the usual +conventions of feminine dress, would naturally seek to imitate men in +other ways also. Leech had a picture of "A Quiet Smoke" in <i>Punch</i>, +which depicted five ladies in short wide skirts and "bloomers" in a +tobacconist's shop, two smoking cigars and one a pipe, while "one of +the inferior animals" behind the counter was selling tobacco. But this +was satire and hardly had much relation to fact.</p> + +<p>It was not until the 'sixties of the last century that +cigarette-smoking by women began to creep in. Mortimer Collins, +writing in 1869, in a curious outburst against the use of tobacco by +young men, said, "When one hears of sly cigarettes between feminine +lips at croquet parties, there is no more to be said." Since that date +cigarette-smoking has become increasingly popular among women, and the +term "sly" has long ceased to be applicable. "Punch's Pocket-Book" for +1878 had an amusing skit on a ladies' reading-party, to which Mr. +Punch acted as "coach." After breakfast the reading ladies lounged on +the lawn with cigarettes.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span>What Queen Victoria, who hated tobacco and banished it from her +presence and from her abodes as far as she could, would have thought +and said of the extent to which cigarette-smoking is indulged in now +by women, is a question quite unanswerable. Yet Queen Victoria once +received a present of pipes and tobacco. By the hands of Sir Richard +Burton the Queen had sent a damask tent, a silver pipe, and two silver +trays to the King of Dahomey. That potentate told Sir Richard that the +tent was very handsome, but too small; that the silver pipe did not +smoke so well as his old red clay with a wooden stem; and that though +he liked the trays very much, he thought them hardly large enough to +serve as shields. He hoped that the next gifts would include a +carriage and pair, and a white woman, both of which he would +appreciate very much. However, he sent gifts in return to her +Britannic Majesty, and among them were a West African state umbrella, +a selection of highly coloured clothing materials, and some native +pipes and tobacco for the Queen to smoke.</p> + +<p>Many royal ladies of Europe, contemporaries of Queen Victoria and her +son, have had the reputation of being confirmed smokers. Among them may +be named Carmen Sylva, the poetess—Queen of Roumania, the Dowager +Tsaritsa of Russia, the late Empress of Austria, King Alfonso's mother, +formerly Queen-Regent of Spain, the Dowager Queen Margherita of Italy +and ex-Queen Amélie of Portugal. It is, of course, well known that +Austrian and Russian ladies generally are fond of cigarette-smoking. On +Russian railways it is not unusual to find a compartment labelled "For +ladies who do not smoke."</p> + +<p>The newspapers reported not long ago from the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span>other side of the +Atlantic that the "smart" women of Chicago had substituted cigars for +cigarettes. According to an interview with a Chicago hotel proprietor, +the fair smokers "select their cigars as men do, either black and +strong, or light, according to taste." How in the world else could +they select them? It is not likely, however, that cigar-smoking will +become popular among women. For one thing, it leaves too strong and +too clinging an odour on the clothes.</p> + +<p>One of the latest announcements, however, in the fashion pages of the +newspapers is the advent of "Smoking Jackets" for ladies! We are +informed in the usual style of such pages, that "the well-dressed +woman has begun to consider the little smoking-jacket indispensable." +This jacket, we are told "is a very different matter to the braided +velvet coats which were donned by our masculine forbears in the days +of long drooping cavalry moustaches, tightly buttoned frock-coats, and +flexible canes. The feminine smoking-jacket of to-day is worn with +entrancing little evening or semi-evening frocks, and represents a +compromise between a cloak and a coat, being exquisitely draped and +fashioned of the softest and most attractive of the season's beautiful +fabrics."</p> + +<p>There are still many good people nowadays who are shocked at the idea +of women smoking; and to them may be commended the common-sense words +of Bishop Boyd-Carpenter, formerly of Ripon, who arrived in New York +early in 1913 to deliver a series of lectures at Harvard University. +The American newspapers reported him as saying, with reference to this +subject: "Many women in England who are well thought of, smoke. I do +not attempt to enter into the ethical part of this matter, but this +much I say: <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span>if men find it such a pleasure to smoke, why shouldn't +women? There are many colours in the rainbow; so there are many tastes +in people. What may be a pleasure to men may be given to women. When +we find women smoking, as they do in some branches of society to-day, +the mere pleasure of that habit must be accepted as belonging to both +sexes."</p> + +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="XIV" id="XIV"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>XIV</h3> + +<h3>SMOKING IN CHURCH<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza" style="margin-bottom: .25em; font-style: normal;"> +<span class="i4">For thy sake, TOBACCO, I<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Would do anything but die.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="rightp"><span class="sc">Charles Lamb</span>, <i>A Farewell to Tobacco</i>.</p> +<br /> + +<p>The use of tobacco in churches forms a curious if short chapter in the +social history of smoking. The earliest reference to such a practice +occurs in 1590, when Pope Innocent XII excommunicated all such persons +as were found taking snuff or using tobacco in any form in the church +of St. Peter, at Rome; and again in 1624, Pope Urban VIII issued a +bull against the use of tobacco in churches.</p> + +<p>In England it would seem as if some of the early smokers, in the +fulness of their enthusiasm for the new indulgence, went so far as to +smoke in church. When King James I was about to visit Cambridge, the +Vice-Chancellor of the University put forth sundry regulations in +connexion with the royal visit, in which may be found the following +passage: "That noe Graduate, Scholler, or Student of this Universitie +presume to resort to any Inn, Taverne, Alehowse, or Tobacco-Shop at +any tyme dureing the aboade of his Majestie here; nor doe presume to +take tobacco in St. Marie's Church, or in Trinity Colledge Hall, uppon +payne of finall expellinge the Universitie."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span>Evidently the intention was to make things pleasant for the royal foe +of tobacco during his visit. It would appear to be a fair inference +from the wording of this prohibition that when the King was not at +Cambridge, graduates and scholars and students could resume their +liberty to resort to inns, taverns, ale-houses and tobacco-shops, and +presumably to take tobacco in St. Mary's Church, without question.</p> + +<p>The prohibition, in the regulation quoted, of smoking in St. Mary's +Church, referred, it may be noted, to the Act which was held therein. +Candidates for degrees, or graduates to display their proficiency, +publicly maintained theses; and this performance was termed keeping or +holding an Act.</p> + +<p>It is, of course, conceivable that the prohibition, so far as the +church and Trinity College Hall were concerned, was against the taking +of snuff rather than against smoking; but the phrase "to take tobacco" +was at that time quite commonly applied to smoking, and, considering +the extraordinary and immoderate use of tobacco soon after its +introduction, it is not in the least incredible that pipes were +lighted, at least occasionally, even in sacred buildings.</p> + +<p>Sometimes tobacco was used in church for disinfecting or deodorizing +purposes. The churchwardens' accounts of St. Peter's, Barnstaple, for +1741 contain the entry: "Pd. for Tobacco and Frankincense burnt in the +Church 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>" Sprigs of juniper, pitch, and "sweete wood," in +combination with incense, were often used for the same purpose.</p> + +<p>Smoking, it may safely be asserted, was never practised commonly in +English churches. Even in our own day people have been observed +smoking—not during service time, but in passing through the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span>building—in church in some of the South American States, and nearer +home in Holland; but in England such desecration has been occasional +only, and quite exceptional.</p> + +<p>One need not be much surprised at any instance of lack of reverence in +English churches during the eighteenth century, and a few instances +can be given of church smoking in that era.</p> + +<p>Blackburn, Archbishop of York, was a great smoker. On one occasion he +was at St. Mary's Church, Nottingham, for a confirmation. The story of +what happened was told long afterwards in a letter written in December +1773 by John Disney, rector of Swinderby, Lincolnshire, the grandson +of the Mr. Disney who at the time of the Archbishop's visit to St. +Mary's was incumbent of that church. This letter was addressed to +James Granger, and was published in Granger's correspondence. "The +anecdote which you mention," wrote the Mr. Disney of Swinderby, "is, I +believe, unquestionably true. The affair happened in St. Mary's Church +at Nottingham, when Archbishop Blackbourn (of York) was there on a +visitation. The Archbishop had ordered some of the apparitors, or +other attendants, to bring him pipes and tobacco, and some liquor into +the vestry for his refreshment after the fatigue of confirmation. And +this coming to Mr. Disney's ears, he forbad them being brought +thither, and with a becoming spirit remonstrated with the Archbishop +upon the impropriety of his conduct, at the same time telling his +Grace that his vestry should not be converted into a smoking-room."</p> + +<p>Another eighteenth-century clerical worthy, the famous Dr. Parr, an +inveterate smoker, was accustomed to do what Mr. Disney prevented +Archbishop <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span>Blackburn from doing—he smoked in his vestry at Hatton. +This he did before the sermon, while the congregation were singing a +hymn, and apparently both parties were pleased, for Parr would say: +"My people like long hymns; but I prefer a long clay."</p> + +<p>Robert Hall, the famous Baptist preacher, having once upon a time +strongly denounced smoking as an "odious custom," learned to smoke +himself as a result of his acquaintance with Dr. Parr. Parr was such a +continual smoker that anyone who came into his company, if he had +never smoked before, had to learn the use of a pipe as a means of +self-defence. Hall, who became a heavy smoker, is said to have smoked +in his vestry at intervals in the service. He probably found some +relief in tobacco from the severe internal pains with which for many +years he was afflicted.</p> + +<p>Mr. Ditchfield, in his entertaining book on "The Parish Clerk," tells +a story of a Lincolnshire curate who was a great smoker, and who, like +Parr, was accustomed to retire to the vestry before the sermon and +there smoke a pipe while the congregation sang a psalm. "One Sunday," +says Mr. Ditchfield, "he had an extra pipe, and Joshua (the clerk) +told him that the people were getting impatient.</p> + +<p>"'Let them sing another psalm,' said the curate.</p> + +<p>"'They have, sir,' replied the clerk.</p> + +<p>"'Then let them sing the hundred and nineteenth,' replied the curate.</p> + +<p>"At last he finished his pipe, and began to put on the black gown, but +its folds were troublesome and he could not get it on.</p> + +<p>"'I think the devil's in the gown,' muttered the curate.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span>"'I think he be,' dryly replied old Joshua."</p> + +<p>The same writer, in his companion volume on "The Old Time Parson," +mentions that the Vicar of Codrington in 1692 found that it was +actually customary for people to play cards on the Communion Table, +and that "when they chose the churchwardens they used to sit in the +Sanctuary smoking and drinking, the clerk gravely saying, with a pipe +in his mouth, that such had been their custom for the last sixty +years."</p> + +<p>Although probably the conduct of the Codrington parishioners was +unusual, it is certain that in the seventeenth century smoking at +meetings held, not in the church itself, but in the vestry, was +common. The churchwardens' accounts of St. Mary, Leicester, 1665-6, +record the expenditure—"In beer and tobacco from first to last 7<i>s.</i> +10<i>d.</i>" In those of St. Alphege, London Wall, for 1671, there are the +entries—"For Pipes and Tobaccoe in the Vestry 2<i>s.</i>," and "For a +grosse of pipes at severall times 2<i>s.</i>" In the next century, however, +the practice was modified. The St. Alphege accounts for 1739 have the +entry—"Ordered that there be no Smoaking nor Drinking for the future +in the Vestry Room during the time business is doing on pain of +forfeiting one shilling, Assention Day excepted." From this it would +seem fair to infer (1) that there was no objection to the lighting of +pipes in the vestry after the business of the meeting had been +transacted; and (2) that on Ascension Day for some inscrutable reason +there was no prohibition at all of "Smoaking and Drinking."</p> + +<p>Readers of Sir Walter Scott will remember in "The Heart of Midlothian" +one curious instance of eighteenth-century smoking in church—in a +Scottish Presbyterian church, too. Jeanie Deans's beloved <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span>Reuben +Butler was about to be ordained to the charge of the parish of +Knocktarlitie, Dumbartonshire; the congregation were duly seated, +after prayers, douce David Deans occupying a seat among the elders, +and the officiating minister had read his text preparatory to the +delivery of his hour and a quarter sermon. The redoubtable Duncan of +Knockdunder was making his preparations also for the sermon. "After +rummaging the leathern purse which hung in front of his petticoat, he +produced a short tobacco-pipe made of iron, and observed almost aloud, +'I hae forgotten my spleuchan—Lachlan, gang doon to the Clachan, and +bring me up a pennyworth of twist.' Six arms, the nearest within +reach, presented, with an obedient start, as many tobacco-pouches to +the man of office. He made choice of one with a nod of acknowledgment, +filled his pipe, lighted it with the assistance of his pistol-flint, +and smoked with infinite composure during the whole time of the +sermon. When the discourse was finished, he knocked the ashes out of +his pipe, replaced it in his sporran, returned the tobacco-pouch or +spleuchan to its owner, and joined in the prayers with decency and +attention." David Deans, however, did not at all approve this +irreverence. "It didna become a wild Indian," he said, "much less a +Christian and a gentleman, to sit in the kirk puffing tobacco-reek, as +if he were in a change-house." The date of the incident was 1737; but +whether Sir Walter had any authority in fact for this characteristic +performance of Knockdunder, or not, it is certain that any such +occurrence in a Scottish kirk must have been extremely rare.</p> + +<p>Knockdunder's pipe, according to Scott, was made of iron. This was an +infrequent material for <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span>tobacco-pipes, but there are a few examples +in museums. In the Belfast Museum there is a cast iron tobacco-pipe +about eighteen inches long. With it are shown another, very short, +also of cast iron, the bowl of a brass pipe, and a pipe, about six +inches in length, made of sheet iron.</p> + +<p>Another eighteenth-century instance of smoking in church, taken from +historical fact and not from fiction, is associated with the church of +Hayes, in Middlesex. The parish registers of that village bear witness +to repeated disputes between the parson and bell-ringers and the +parishioners generally in 1748-1754. In 1752 it was noted that a +sermon had been preached after a funeral "to a noisy congregation." On +another occasion, says the register, "the ringers and other +inhabitants disturbed the service from the beginning of prayers to the +end of the sermon, by ringing the bells, and going into the gallery to +spit below"; while at yet another time "a fellow came into church with +a pot of beer and a pipe," and remained "smoking in his own pew until +the end of the sermon." Going to church at Hayes in those days must +have been quite an exciting experience. No one knew what might happen +next.</p> + +<p>In remote English and Welsh parishes men seem occasionally to have +smoked in churches without any intention of being irreverent, and +without any consciousness that they were doing anything unusual. Canon +Atkinson, in his delightful book "Forty Years in a Moorland Parish," +tells how, when he first went to Danby in Cleveland—then very remote +from the great world—and had to take his first funeral, he found +inside the church the parish clerk, who was also parish schoolmaster +by the way, sitting in the sunny <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span>embrasure of the west window with +his hat on and comfortably smoking his pipe. A correspondent of the +<i>Times</i> in 1895 mentioned that his mother had told him how she +remembered seeing smoking in a Welsh church about 1850—"The Communion +table stood in the aisle, and the farmers were in the habit of putting +their hats upon it, and when the sermon began they lit their pipes and +smoked, but without any idea of irreverence." In an Essex church about +1861, a visitor had pointed out to him various nooks in the gallery +where short pipes were stowed away, which he was informed the old men +smoked during service; and several of the pews in the body of the +church contained triangular wooden spittoons filled with sawdust.</p> + +<p>A clergyman has put it on record that when he went in 1873 as +curate-in-charge to an out-of-the-way Norfolk village, at his first +early celebration he arrived in church about 7.45 <span class="sc">A.M.</span>, and, +he says, "to my amazement saw five old men sitting round the stove in +the nave with their hats on, smoking their pipes. I expostulated with +them quite quietly, but they left the church before service and never +came again. I discovered afterwards that they had been regular +communicants, and that my predecessor always distributed the offertory +to the poor present immediately after the service. When these men, in +the course of my remonstrance found that I was not going to continue +the custom, they no longer cared to be communicants."</p> + +<p>Nowadays, if smoking takes place in church at all, it can only be done +with intentional irreverence; and it is painful to think that even at +the present day there are people in whom a feeling of reverence and +decency <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span>is so far lacking as to lead them to desecrate places of +worship. The Vicar of Lancaster, at his Easter vestry meeting in 1913, +complained of bank-holiday visitors to the parish church who ate their +lunch, smoked, and wore their hats while looking round the building. +It is absurd to suppose that these people were unconscious of the +impropriety of their conduct.</p> + +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="XV" id="XV"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>XV</h3> + +<h3>TOBACCONISTS' SIGNS<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<div class="block"> +<p>"I would enjoin every shop to make use of a sign which +bears some affinity to the wares in which it deals."</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="sc">Addison</span>, <i>Spectator</i>, April 2, 1711.</p> +</div> + +<br /> + + +<p>Shop-signs were one of the most conspicuous features of the streets of +old London. In days when the numbering of houses was unknown, the use +of signs was indispensable for identification; and greatly must they +have contributed to the quaint and picturesque appearance of the +streets. Some projected far over the narrow roadway—competition to +attract attention and custom is no modern novelty—some were fastened +to posts or pillars in front of the houses. By the time of Charles II +the overhanging signs had become a nuisance and a danger, and in the +seventh year of that King's reign an Act was passed providing that no +sign should hang across the street, but that all should be fixed to +the balconies or fronts or sides of houses. This Act was not strictly +obeyed; and large numbers of signs were hung over the doors, while +many others were affixed to the fronts of the houses. Eventually, in +the second half of the eighteenth century, signs gradually disappeared +and the streets were numbered. There were occasional survivals which +are to be found to this day, such as <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span>the barber's pole, accompanied +sometimes by the brass basin of the barber-surgeon, the glorified +canister of a grocer or the golden leg of a hosier; and inn signs have +never failed us; but by the close of the eighteenth century most of +the old trade signs which flaunted themselves in the streets had +disappeared.</p> + +<p>The sellers of tobacco naturally hung out their signs like other +tradesfolk. Signs in their early days were, no doubt, chosen to +intimate the trades of those who used them, and in the easy-going +old-fashioned days when it was considered the right and natural thing +for a son to be brought up to his father's trade and to succeed him +therein, they long remained appropriate and intelligible. Later, as we +shall see, they became meaningless in many cases. But in the days when +tobacco-smoking first came into vogue, the signs chosen naturally had +some reference to the trade they indicated, and one of the earliest +used was the sign of the "Black Boy," in allusion to the association +of the negro with tobacco cultivation. The "Black Boy" existed as a +shop-sign before tobacco's triumph, for Henry Machyn in his "Diary," +so early as December 30, 1562, mentions a goldsmith "dwellying at the +sene of the Blake Boy, in the Cheep"; but the early sellers of tobacco +soon fastened on this appropriate sign. The earliest reference to such +use may be found in Ben Jonson's "Bartholomew Fair," 1614, where, in +the first scene, Humphrey Waspe says: "I thought he would have run mad +o' the Black Boy in Bucklersbury, that takes the scurvy, roguy tobacco +there." Later, the "Black Boy," like other once significant signs, +became meaningless and was used in connexion with various trades. +Early in the eighteenth century a bookseller at the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span>sign of the +"Black Boy" on London Bridge was advertising Defoe's "Robinson +Crusoe"; another bookseller traded at the "Black Boy" in Paternoster +Row in 1712. Linendrapers, hatters, pawnbrokers and other tradesmen +all used the same sign at various dates in the eighteenth century. But +side by side with this indiscriminate and unnecessary use of the sign +there existed a continuous association of the "Black Boy" with the +tobacco trade. A tobacconist named Milward lived at the "Black Boy" in +Redcross Street, Barbican, in 1742; and many old tobacco papers show a +black boy, or sometimes two, smoking. Mr. Holden MacMichael, in his +papers on "The London Signs" says: "Mrs. Skinner, of the +old-established tobacconist's opposite the Law Courts in the Strand, +possessed, about the year 1890, two signs of the 'Black Boy,' +appertaining, no doubt, to the old house of Messrs. Skinner's on +Holborn Hill, of the front of which there is an illustration in the +Archer Collection in the Print Department of the British Museum, where +the black boy and tobacco-rolls are depicted outside the premises." +The "Black Boy," indeed, continued in use by tobacconists until the +nineteenth century was well advanced. A tobacconist had a shop "uppon +Wapping Wall" in 1667 at the sign of the "Black Boy and Pelican."</p> + +<p>Other significant early tobacconists' signs were "Sir Walter Raleigh," +"The Virginian" and "The Tobacco Roll." "Sir Walter," as the reputed +introducer of tobacco, was naturally chosen as a sign, and his +portrait adorns several shop-bills in the Banks Collection. The +American Indians, represented under the figure of "The Virginian," and +the negroes were hopelessly confused by the early tobacconists, with +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span>results which were sometimes surprising from an ethnological point of +view. As the first tobacco imported into this country came from +Virginia, a supposed "Virginian" was naturally adopted as a +tobacco-seller's sign at an early date. An "Indian" or a "Negro" or a +figure which was a combination of both, was commonly represented +wearing a kilt or a girdle of tobacco leaves, a feathered head-dress, +and smoking a pipe. A tobacco-paper, dating from about the time of +Queen Anne, bears rudely engraved the figure of a negro smoking, and +holding a roll of tobacco in his hand. Above his head is a crown; +behind are two ships in full sail, with the sun just appearing from +the right-hand corner above. The foreground shows four little black +boys planting and packing tobacco, and below them is the name of the +ingenious tradesman—"John Winkley, Tobacconist, near ye Bridge, in +the Burrough, Southwark." Sixty years or so ago a wooden figure, +representing a negro with a gilt loin-cloth and band with feathered +head, and sometimes with a tobacco roll, was still a frequent ornament +of tobacconists' shops.</p> + +<p>The "Tobacco Roll," either alone or in various combinations, was one +of the commonest of early tobacconists' signs, and was in constant use +for a couple of centuries. It may still be occasionally seen at the +present time in the form of the "twist" with alternate brown or black +and yellow coils, which up to quite a recent date was a tolerably +frequent adornment of tobacconists' shops, but is now rare. This roll +represented what was called spun or twist tobacco. Dekker, in James +I's time, speaks of roll tobacco. The youngster who mimics the +stage-gallants in Jonson's "Cynthia's Revels" as described <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span>in Chapter +II (<i>ante</i>; page 31), says that he has "three sorts of tobacco in his +pocket," which probably means that it was customary to mix for smoking +purposes tobacco of the three usual kinds—roll (or pudding), leaf and +cane. One would have thought that a representation of the tobacco +plant itself would have been a more natural and comprehensive sign +than one particular preparation of the herb, yet representations of +the plant were rare, while those of the compressed tobacco known as +pudding or roll in the form of a "Tobacco Roll," as described above, +were very frequently used as signs.</p> + +<p>From the examples given in Burn's "Descriptive Catalogue of London +Tokens" of the seventeenth century, it is clear that the "Tobacco +Roll" was a warm favourite. "Three Tobacco Rolls" was also used as a +sign. In 1732 there was a "Tobacco Roll" in Finch Lane, on the north +side of Cornhill, "over against the Swan and Rummer Tavern." In 1766, +Mrs. Flight, tobacconist, carried on her business at the "Tobacco +Roll. Next door but one to St. Christopher's Church, Threadneedle +Street."</p> + +<p>The shop-bill of Richard Lee, who sold tobacco about 1730 "at Ye +Golden Tobacco Roll in Panton Street near Leicester Fields," is an +elaborate production. Hogarth in the earlier period of his career as +an engraver engraved many shop-bills, and this particular bill is +usually attributed to him, though the attribution has been disputed. +There is a copy of the bill in the British Museum, and in the +catalogue of the prints and drawings in the National Collection Mr. +Stephens thus describes it: "It is an oblong enclosing an oval, the +spandrels being occupied by leaves of the tobacco plant tied in +bundles; the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span>above title (Richard Lee at Ye Golden Tobacco Roll in +Panton Street near Leicester Fields) is on a frame which encloses the +oval. Within the latter the design represents the interior of a room, +with ten gentlemen gathered near a round table on which is a bowl of +punch; several of the gentlemen are smoking tobacco in long pipes; one +of them stands up on our right and vomits; another, who is +intoxicated, lies on the floor by the side of a chair; a fire of wood +burns in the grate; on the wall hangs two pictures ... three men's +hats hang on pegs on the wall." Altogether this is an interesting and +suggestive design, but hardly in the taste likely to commend itself to +present day tradesmen.</p> + +<p>A roll of tobacco, it may be noted, was a common form of payment to +the Fleet parsons for their scoundrelly services. Pennant, writing in +1791, describes how these men hung out their frequent signs of a male +and female hand conjoined, with the legend written below: "Marriages +performed within." Before his shop walked the parson—"a squalid, +profligate figure, clad in a tattered plaid nightgown, with a fiery +face, and ready to couple you for a dram of gin, or roll of tobacco."</p> + +<p>Combinations of the roll in tobacconists' signs occur occasionally. In +1660 there was a "Tobacco Roll and Sugar Loaf" at Gray's Inn Gate, +Holborn. In 1659 James Barnes issued a farthing token from the "Sugar +Loaf and Three Tobacco Rolls" in the Poultry, London. The "Sugar Loaf" +was the principal grocer's sign, and so when it is found in +combination with the tobacco roll at this time it may reasonably be +assumed that the proprietor of the business was a grocer who was also +a tobacconist.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span>Before the end of the seventeenth century, however, the signs were +ceasing to have any necessary association with the trade carried on +under them, and tobacconists are found with shop-signs which had no +reference in any way to tobacco. For instance, to take a few examples +from the late Mr. Hilton Price's lists of "Signs of Old London" from +Cheapside and adjacent streets, in 1695 John Arundell, tobacconist, +was at the "White Horse," Wood Street; in the same year J. Mumford, +tobacconist, was at the "Faulcon," Laurence Lane; in 1699 Mr. Brutton, +tobacconist, was to be found at the "Three Crowns," under the Royal +Exchange; in 1702 Richard Bronas, tobacconist, was at the "Horse +Shoe," Bread Street; and in 1766 Mr. Hoppie, of the "Oil Jar: Old +Change, Watling Street End," advertised that he "sold a newly invented +phosphorus powder for lighting pipes quickly in about half a minute. +Ask for a Bottle of Thunder Powder."</p> + +<p>Again, in Fleet Street, Mr. Townsend, tobacconist, traded in 1672 at +the "Three Golden Balls," near St. Dunstan's Church; while at the end +of Fetter Lane, a few years later, John Newland, tobacconist, was to +be found at the "King's Head."</p> + +<p>Addison, in the twenty-eighth <i>Spectator</i>, April 2, 1711, took note of +the severance which had taken place between sign and trade, and of the +absurdity that the sign no longer had any significance. After +satirizing first, the monstrous conjunctions in signs of "Dog and +Gridiron," "Cat and Fiddle" and so forth; and next the absurd custom +by which young tradesmen, at their first starting in business, added +their own signs to those of the masters under whom they had served +their apprenticeship; the essayist <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span>goes on to say: "In the third +place I would enjoin every shop to make use of a sign which bears some +affinity to the wares in which it deals. What can be more inconsistent +than to see ... a tailor at the Lion? A cook should not live at the +Boot, nor a Shoe-maker at the Roasted Pig; and yet for want of this +regulation, I have seen a Goat set up before the door of a perfumer, +and the French King's Head at a sword-cutler's."</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding the few examples given above, tobacconists, more than +most tradesmen, seem to have continued to use signs that had at least +some relevance to their trade. Abel Drugger was a "tobacco-man," +<i>i.e.</i> a tobacco-seller in Ben Jonson's play of "The Alchemist," 1610, +so that it is not very surprising to find the name used occasionally +as a tobacconist's sign. Towards the end of the eighteenth century one +Peter Cockburn traded as a tobacconist at the sign of the "Abel +Drugger" in Fenchurch Street, and informed the public on the +advertising papers in which he wrapped up his tobacco for customers +that he had formerly been shopman at the Sir Roger de Coverley—a +notice which has preserved the name of another tobacconist's sign +borrowed from literature. Seventeenth—century London signs were the +"Three Tobacco Pipes," "Two Tobacco Pipes" crossed, and "Five Tobacco +Pipes." At Edinburgh in the eighteenth century there were tobacconists +who used two pipes crossed, a roll of tobacco and two leaves over two +crossed pipes, and a roll of tobacco and three leaves.</p> + +<p>The older tobacconists were wont to assert, says Larwood, that the man +in the moon could enjoy his pipe, hence "the 'Man in the Moon' is +represented <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span>on some of the tobacconists' papers in the Banks +Collection puffing like a steam engine, and underneath the words, +'Who'll smoake with ye Man in ye Moone?'" The Dutch, as every one +knows, are great smokers, so a Dutchman has been a common figure on +tobacconists' signs. In the eighteenth century a common device was +three figures representing a Dutchman, a Scotchman and a sailor, +explained by the accompanying rhyme:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">We three are engaged in one cause,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">I snuffs, I smokes, and I chaws!<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Larwood says that a tobacconist in the Kingsland Road had the three +men on his sign, but with a different legend:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">This Indian weed is good indeed,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Puff on, keep up the joke<br /></span> +<span class="i0">'Tis the best, 'twill stand the test,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Either to chew or smoke.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="noin">The bill bearing this sign is in Banks's Collection, 1750. Another in +the same collection, with a similar meaning but of more elaborate +design, shows the three men, the central figure having his hands in +his pockets and in his mouth a pipe from which smoke is rolling. The +man on the left advances towards this central figure holding out a +pipe, above which is the legend "Voule vous de Rape." Above the middle +man is "No dis been better." The third man, on the right, holds out, +also towards the central figure, a tobacco-box, above which is the +legend "Will you have a quid."</p> + +<p>A frequent sign-device among dealers in snuff was the Crown and Rasp. +The oldest method of taking snuff, says Larwood, in the "History of +Signboards," <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span>was "to scrape it with a rasp from the dry root of the +tobacco plant; the powder was then placed on the back of the hand and +so snuffed up; hence the name of <i>râpé</i> (rasped) for a kind of snuff, +and the common tobacconist's sign of La Carotte d'or (the golden root) +in France." <i>Râpé</i> became in English "rappee," familiar in +snuff-taking days as the name for a coarse kind of snuff made from the +darker and ranker tobacco leaves. The list of prices and names given +by Wimble, a snuff-seller, about 1740, and printed in Fairholt's +"History of Tobacco," contains eighteen different kinds of +rappee—English, best English, fine English, high-flavoured coarse, +low, scented, composite, &c. The rasps for obtaining this <i>râpé</i>, +continues Larwood, "were carried in the waistcoat pocket, and soon +became articles of luxury, being carved in ivory and variously +enriched. Some of them, in ivory and inlaid wood, may be seen at the +Hotel Cluny in Paris, and an engraving of such an object occurs in +'Archæologia,' vol. xiii. One of the first snuff-boxes was the +so-called <i>râpé</i> or <i>grivoise</i> box, at the back of which was a little +space for a piece of the root, whilst a small iron rasp was contained +in the middle. When a pinch was wanted, the root was drawn a few times +over the iron rasp, and so the snuff was produced and could be offered +to a friend with much more grace than under the above-mentioned +process with the pocket-grater."</p> + +<p>The tobacconists' sign that for very many years was in most general +use was the figure of a highlander, which may still perhaps be found +in one or two places, but which was not at all an unusual sight in the +streets of London and other towns some forty or fifty years ago. Most +men of middle age can remember <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span>when the snuff-taking highlander was +the usual ornament to the entrance of a tobacconist's shop; but all +have disappeared from London streets save two—I say two on the +authority of Mr. E.V. Lucas, who gives it (in his "Wanderer in +London") as the number of the survivors; but only one is known to me. +This is the famous old wooden highlander which stood for more than a +hundred years on guard at a tobacconist's shop in Tottenham Court +Road. About the end of 1906 it was announced that the shop was to be +demolished, and that the time-worn figure was for sale. The +announcement created no small stir, and it was said that the offers +for the highlander ran up to a surprising figure. He was bought +ultimately by a neighbouring furnishing firm, and now stands on duty +not far from his ancient post, though no passer-by can help feeling +the incongruity between the time-honoured emblem of the snuff-taker +and his present surroundings of linoleum "and sich."</p> + +<p>Where Mr. Lucas's second survivor may be is unknown to me. Not so many +years ago a wooden highlander, as a tobacconist's sign, was a +conspicuous figure in Knightsbridge, and there was another in the +Westminster Bridge Road; but <i>tempus edax rerum</i> has consumed them +with all their brethren. In a few provincial towns a wooden highlander +may still be found at the door of tobacco shops, but they are probably +destined to early disappearance. In 1907 one still stood guard—a tall +figure in full costume—outside a tobacconist's shop in Cheltenham, +and may still be there. There is a highlander of oak in the costume of +the Black Watch still standing, I believe, in the doorway of a tobacco +shop at St. Heliers, Jersey. It is traditionally said to have been +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span>originally the figure-head of a war vessel which was wrecked on the +Alderney coast. Another survivor may be seen at the door of a shop +belonging to Messrs. Churchman, tobacco manufacturers, in Westgate +Street, Ipswich. A correspondent of "Notes and Queries" describes it +as a very fine specimen in excellent condition, and adds: "Mr. W. +Churchman informs me that it belonged to his grandfather, who +established the business in Ipswich in 1790, and he believed it was +quite 'a hundred' year old at that time."</p> + +<p>One of the earliest known examples of these highlanders as +tobacconists' signs is that which was placed at the door of a shop in +Coventry Street which was opened in 1720 under the sign of "The +Highlander, Thistle and Crown." This is said to have been a favourite +place of resort of the Jacobites. In his "Nicotine and its Rariora," +Mr. A.M. Broadley gives the card, dated 1765, of "William Kebb, at ye +Highlander ye corner of Pall Mall, facing St. James's, Haymarket," and +says that the highlander was a favourite tobacconist's sign for 200 +years. I have been unable, however, to find evidence of such a +prolonged period of favour. I know of no certain seventeenth-century +reference to the highlander as a tobacconist's sign.</p> + +<p>The figure was usually made with a snuff mull in his hand—the +highlander being always credited with a great love and a great +capacity for snuff-taking. But one curious example was furnished, not +only with a mull but with a bat-like implement of unknown use. Mr. +Arthur Denman, F.S.A., writing in <i>Notes and Queries</i>, April 17, 1909, +said: "I have a very neat little, genuine specimen of the old +tobacconist's sign <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span>of a 42nd Highlander with his 'mull.' It is 3 ft. +6 in. high, and it differs from those usually met with in that under +the left arm is an implement almost exactly like a cricket-bat. This +bat has a gilt knob to the handle, and on the shoulder of it are three +chevrons in gold, without doubt a sergeant's stripes. On the exposed +side of the bat is what would appear to represent a loose strip of +wood. This strip is nearly one-third of the width of the instrument, +and extends up the middle about two-fifths of the length of the body +of it. I can only guess that the bat was, at some time, primarily, an +emblem of a sergeant's office, and, secondarily, used for the +infliction of chastisement on clumsy or disorderly recruits; and +perhaps it was equivalent to the <i>Prügel</i> of German armies, with which +sergeants drove lagging warriors into the fray. But is there any +record of such an accoutrement as being that of a sergeant in the +British army? and what was the purpose of the loose strip, unless it +was to cause the blow administered to resound as much as to hurt, as +does the wand of Harlequin in a booth."</p> + +<p>These questions received no answers from the learned correspondents of +the most useful and omniscient of weekly papers. Personally, I much +doubt Mr. Denman's suggested explanations of his highlander's curious +implement. There is no evidence that a sergeant in the British army +ever carried a cricket-bat-like implement either as a sign of office +or to be used for disciplinary or punitive purposes like the canes of +the German sergeants of long ago. It would seem to be more likely that +this particular figure was of unusual, perhaps unique, make, and had +some special local or individual significance, wherever <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span>or for whom +it was first made and used, which has now been forgotten.</p> + +<p>After the suppression of the Jacobite uprising of 1745, the English +Government made war on Scottish nationality, and among other measures +the wearing of the highland dress was forbidden by Parliament. On this +occasion the following paragraph appeared in the newspapers of the +time: "We hear that the dapper wooden Highlanders, who guard so +heroically the doors of snuff-shops, intend to petition the +Legislature, in order that they may be excused from complying with the +Act of Parliament with regard to their change of dress: alledging that +they have ever been faithful subjects to his Majesty, having +constantly supplied his Guards with a pinch out of their Mulls when +they marched by them, and so far from engaging in any Rebellion, that +they have never entertained a rebellious thought; whence they humbly +hope that they shall not be put to the expense of buying new cloaths." +This is not a very humorous production, but at least it bears witness +to the common occurrence in 1746 of the highlander's figure at the +shops of snuff and tobacco-sellers.</p> + +<p>The highlander, as he existed within living memory at many shop doors, +and as he still exists at a few, was and is the survivor of many +similar wooden figures as trade signs. The wooden figure of a negro or +"Indian" with gilt loin-cloth and feathered head, has already been +mentioned as an old tobacconist's sign. In early Georgian days a +tobacconist named John Bowden, who dealt in all kinds of snuff, and +also in "Aloe, Pigtail, and Wild Tobacco; with all sorts <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span>of +perfumer's goods, wholesale and retail," traded at the sign of "The +Highlander and Black Boy" in Threadneedle Street, London. At York, in +this present year, 1914, I came upon a brightly painted wooden figure +of Napoleon in full uniform and snuff-box in hand, standing at the +door of a small tobacco-shop. Another class of sign or emblem was +represented by the "wooden midshipman," which many of us have seen in +Leadenhall Street, and which Dickens made famous in "Dombey and Son." +Sometimes the wooden figure of a sailor stood outside public-houses +with such signs as "The Jolly Sailor"; and a black doll was long a +familiar token of the loathly shop kept by the tradesmen mysteriously +known as Marine Store Dealers. Images of this kind sometimes stood at +the door, or in many cases were placed on brackets or swung from the +lintels.</p> + +<p>Sir Walter Scott said that in London a Scotchman would walk half a +mile farther to purchase his ounce of snuff where the sign of the +Highlander announced a North Briton.</p> + +<p>Dickens's little figure, which adorned old Sol Gills's shop, "thrust +itself out above the pavement, right leg foremost," with shoe buckles +and flapped waistcoat very much unlike the real thing, and "bore at +its right eye the most offensively disproportionate piece of +machinery." But this was only one of many "little timber midshipmen in +obsolete naval uniforms, eternally employed outside the shop-doors of +nautical instrument-makers in taking observations of the +hackney-coaches." All have disappeared, together with the black dolls +of the rag shops and many other <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span>old-time figures. A stray highlander +or two, or other figure, may survive here and there; but with very few +exceptions indeed, the once abundant tobacconists' signs have +disappeared from our streets as completely as the emblems and tokens +of other trades.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>INDEX</h3> +<br /> + + +<ul><li>Adams, Parson, <a href="#Page_104">104-106</a></li> + +<li>Addison, Joseph, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> + +<li>"Aldermen," <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li>Aldrich, Dr. of Oxford, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li>Alfred Club, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li>Althorp, Lord, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Amadas, Captain P., <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li>Andrewes, Bishop, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li>Angelo, Henry, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li>Apothecaries, Society of, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Appleton family, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> + +<li>Arber, Edward, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li>Archer Collection, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> + +<li>Athenæum Club, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> + +<li><i>Athenian Oracle, The</i>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> + +<li>Atkinson, Canon, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> + +<li>Aubrey, John, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> + +<li>Austin, Alfred, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /><br /></li> + + +<li>'Bacconist, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li>Balzac, H. de, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> + +<li>Banks's Collection, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> + +<li>Barclay, Dr. William, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li>Barlow, Bishop, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li>Barlow, Captain, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li>Barrow, Isaac, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li>Bates, Dr. George, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li>Bath, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Beaumont and Fletcher, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li>Bell, W.G., <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Benson, Archbishop, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> + +<li>Blackburn, Archbishop, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> + +<li>Blackie, Prof. J.S., <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> + +<li>Boyd-Carpenter, Bishop, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> + +<li>Bradley, Ben, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li>Brass pipe, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> + +<li>Briar-pipes, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Broadley, A.M., <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> + +<li>Brooks's Club, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> + +<li>Brougham, Lord, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Brown, Tom, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> + +<li>Browne, Isaac H., <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li>Browning, Robert, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> + +<li>Brushfield, Dr., <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Buckland, Frank, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> + +<li>Bull, Rev. W., <a href="#Page_128">128-130</a></li> + +<li>Burn, J.H., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> + +<li>Burnet, Bishop, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li>Burney, Frances, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + +<li>Burney, Dr., <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li>Burton, Robert, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Burton, Thomas, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li>Butler, Samuel, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> + +<li>Byron, Lord, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /><br /></li> + + +<li>Calthorp, Lord, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Cambridge, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132-134</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> + +<li>Camden, William, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Campbell, Thomas, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Carlyle, Thomas, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> + +<li>Cecil, Sir Robert, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>Chapman, George, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Charles I, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Charles II, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Cheroots, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> + +<li>Chester, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li>Chicago, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> + +<li>Chichester, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li>Chigwell, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Church, smoking in, <a href="#Page_225">225-233</a></li> + +<li>"Churchwardens," <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162-164</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> + +<li>Churchwardens' accounts, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> + +<li>Cigarettes, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179-183</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217-223</a></li> + +<li>Cigars, <a href="#Page_137">137-141</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144-148</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155-157</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218-222</a></li> + +<li>Clarendon, Earl of, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span></li> + +<li>Clark, John Willis, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> + +<li>Club snuff-box, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> + +<li>Clubs, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> + +<li>Coffee-houses, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91-95</a></li> + +<li>Cogers' Hall, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> + +<li>Coke, Mr., of Norfolk, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Coleridge, S.T., <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> + +<li>Collins, Mortimer, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> + +<li>Collins, Wilkie, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> + +<li>Colton, Rev. C.C., <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li>Coltsfoot, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li>Commons, House of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> + +<li><i>Connoisseur</i>, The, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Cooper, Sir Astley, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li>Cooper, T.P., <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li>Cork, Earl of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li>Cornwall, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> + +<li>Coverley, Sir Roger de, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> + +<li>Cowper, William, <a href="#Page_128">128-131</a></li> + +<li>Cox, G.V., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li>Creighton, Bishop Mandell, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> + +<li>Croker, J.W., <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li>Cromwell, Oliver, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>Cromwell, Richard, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li>Crowe, Rev. W., <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li>Cruikshank, George, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li>Cullum, Sir John, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li>Cuming, H. Syer, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>"Cutties," <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /><br /></li> + + +<li>Dahomey, King of, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> + +<li>Dalmahoy, Thomas, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>D'Anvers, A., <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li>D'Aumale, Duc, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> + +<li>Deacon, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + +<li>Defoe, Daniel, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Dekker, T., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> + +<li>Denison, Archdeacon, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Denman, Arthur, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> + +<li>Derby, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li>Devonshire, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> + +<li>Devonshire, Duke of, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> + +<li>Dickens, Charles, <a href="#Page_150">150-153</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> + +<li>Disney, John, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> + +<li>Ditchfield, P.H., <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> + +<li>Dixon, Hepworth, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + +<li>Dodsley's "Collection," <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> + +<li>"Dog and Duck, The," <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li>Dryden, John, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li>Dublin, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> + +<li>Durham House, Strand, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /><br /></li> + + +<li>Eachard, John, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li>Earle, Bishop, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li>Earle, Mrs. A.M., <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li>Edward VII, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> + +<li>Eldon, Lord, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Eliot, John, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Elizabeth, Queen, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> + +<li>Ely, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li>Ember-tongs, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li>Essex, Earl of, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li>Eton, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li>Evelyn, John, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Exeter, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /><br /></li> + + +<li>Fairholt, F.W., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> + +<li>Farmer, Dr., <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li>Fielding, Henry, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + +<li>Fiennes, Celia, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> + +<li>Fitz-Boodle, George, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> + +<li>Fleet parsons, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> + +<li>Fox, George, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li>Furniss, Harry, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /><br /></li> + + +<li>Gale, Walter, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Garbutt, Jane, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> + +<li>Garrick, David, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + +<li>Garrick Club, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> + +<li>Garth, Sir Samuel, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li>Gillray, James, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + +<li>Gladstone, W.E., <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> + +<li>Glapthorne, George, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> + +<li>Godley, A.D., <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li>Goldsmith, Oliver, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + +<li>Gonzales' "Voyage," <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li>Goodyear, Joseph, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + +<li>Granger, J., <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li>Gray, Thomas, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + +<li>Greenaway Manor House, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li>Gronow, Captain, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li>Grosley's "Travels," <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li>Grunning, Henry, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /><br /></li> + + +<li>Hall, Bishop, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li>Hall, Robert, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> + +<li>Handel, G.F., <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li>Harcourt, Sir William, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> + +<li>Hariot, Thomas, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li>Harrison, William, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span></li> + +<li>Hastings, Squire, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li>Hawkins, Sir John, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> + +<li>Hawstead Place, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li>Hayes Barton, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li>Hayes, Middlesex, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> + +<li>Hayne, John, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Hearne, Thomas, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li>Hemstridge, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li>Hentzner, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li>Herbert of Cherbury, Lord, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li>Highlander, wooden, <a href="#Page_244">244-248</a></li> + +<li>Hobbes, Thomas, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li>Hogarth, William, <a href="#Page_115">115-117</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> + +<li>Holiday, Barten, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Holtzendorff, Franz von, <a href="#Page_160">160-162</a></li> + +<li>Hone, William, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + +<li>Hook, Theodore, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> + +<li>Howell, James, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>Hyndman, H.M., <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /><br /></li> + + +<li>Inderwick, tobacconist, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li>Innocent XII, Pope, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> + +<li>Iron pipes, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> + +<li>Islington, Old Pied Bull at, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /><br /></li> + + +<li>James I, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> + +<li>James, John, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li>Jeffreys, Lord Chief Justice, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li>Jekyll, Miss G., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li>Jessopp, Dr. A., <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li>Johnson, Dr., <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + +<li>Jollie, Thomas, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li>Jonson, Ben, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> + +<li>Jorevin, Monsieur, <a href="#Page_211">211</a><br /><br /></li> + + +<li>Keene, Charles, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> + +<li>Kingsley, Charles, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> + +<li>Knight, Joseph, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> + +<li>Koet, Captain, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /><br /></li> + + +<li>Lamb, Charles, <a href="#Page_142">142-144</a></li> + +<li>Lambeth Palace, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li>Lancaster, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> + +<li>Lane, Ralph, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li>Lang, Andrew, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> + +<li>Larwood, J., <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li> + +<li>Le Blanc, Abbé, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li>Leslie, Sir James, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Licences, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Lilly, the Astrologer, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Liviez, Monsieur, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li>Livingstone, Matthew, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Lockhart, J.G., <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Lockyer, Sir Norman, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> + +<li>Long, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + +<li>Lord Mayor's Show, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li>Lords, House of, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>Lovat, Lord, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Lucas, E.V., <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> + +<li>Lucknow, Siege of, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> + +<li>Lutterworth, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> + +<li>Lyte's "Dodoens," <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li>Lytton, Lord, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /><br /></li> + + +<li>Macaulay, Lord, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>MacMichael, J.H., <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> + +<li>Malet, Colonel H., <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> + +<li>Marlborough Club, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> + +<li>Marston, John, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> + +<li>"Mashers," <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> + +<li>Medicinal smoking, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53-56</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75-78</a></li> + +<li>Methwold, Suffolk, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li>Middleton, Captain W., <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li>Millais, Sir John, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> + +<li>Milo, tobacconist, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> + +<li>Milton, John, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Milverton, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li>Misson's "Travels," <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> + +<li>Molly, Pheasy, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> + +<li>Monk, General, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Moore, Rev. Giles, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> + +<li>Morris, William, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> + +<li>Munby, A.J., <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> + +<li>Muratt, B.L. de, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /><br /></li> + + +<li>Neem-leaves, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> + +<li>Nevill, Lady Dorothy, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> + +<li>Nevill, Ralph, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> + +<li>Newcastle, Marquis of, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li>New England, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64-66</a></li> + +<li>Newton, Sir Isaac, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li>Newton, Rev. John, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li>Nicot, Jean, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li>North, Lord, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li>North Elmham, Norfolk, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li>Norwich, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li><i>Notes and Queries</i>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a><br /><br /></li> + + +<li>Oliphant, L., <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span></li> + +<li>Ouida, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> + +<li>Oxford, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102-104</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br /><br /></li> + + +<li>Palgrave, F.T., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Parr, Dr., <a href="#Page_125">125-127</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> + +<li>Paul, Herbert, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> + +<li>Penn, William, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li>Pennant, T., <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li>Penzance, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li>Pepys, Samuel, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Petersham, Lord, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + +<li>Philips, John, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li>Picnic Society, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li>Plague, The, and tobacco, <a href="#Page_75">75-78</a></li> + +<li>Plague-pipes, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Pope, Alexander, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> + +<li>Porson, Richard, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li>Powys, Captain Richard, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + +<li>Price, F.G. Hilton, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> + +<li>Price, Captain Thomas, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li>Prideaux, Colonel W.F., <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + +<li>Prince Regent, the, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + +<li>Prior, Matthew, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> + +<li>Pryme, A. de la, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li>Pryme, George, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li>Prynne, William, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> + +<li><i>Punch</i>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> + +<li>Puritans and tobacco, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /><br /></li> + + +<li>Quakers and tobacco, <a href="#Page_86">86-88</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> + +<li>Quilp, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /><br /></li> + + +<li>Railway travelling, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> + +<li>Raleigh, Sir Walter, <a href="#Page_13">13-23</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> + +<li>Ram Alley, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li>Rasps, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> + +<li>Reynolds, Sir Joshua, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + +<li>Rich, Barnaby, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li>Ritchie, Lady, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> + +<li>Robertson, T.W., <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> + +<li>Rossetti, D.G., <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> + +<li>Rossetti, W.M., <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> + +<li>Rowlands, Samuel, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Rowlandson, Thomas, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + +<li>Ruskin, John, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a><br /><br /></li> + + +<li>Sage, David, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + +<li>St. Bride's, Fleet Street, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li>St. Dunstan's, Fleet Street, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>St. Paul's Cathedral, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> + +<li>Salvation Army, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> + +<li>Scotland, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Scott, Sir Walter, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> + +<li>Sebright MSS., <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li>Serjeant's Inn, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Shadwell, Thomas, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Shakespeare, William, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Sidgwick, Arthur, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> + +<li>Sion College, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Skinners' Company, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li>Smoking-rooms, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160-162</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li>Smollett, Tobias, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> + +<li>Snuff-taking, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> + +<li>Soldiers and smoking, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> + +<li>Sorbière, S. de, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>South Wraxall, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + +<li><i>Spectator</i>, The, <a href="#Page_91">91-93</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> + +<li>Spedding, James, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> + +<li>Spenser, Edmund, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Stanhope, Charles, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + +<li>Stapley, Richard, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>Steele, Sir R., <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> + +<li>Steinmetz, A., <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li>Stephen, J.K., <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> + +<li>Stephens, F.G., <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> + +<li>Sterne, Laurence, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li>Stevenson, R.L., <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> + +<li>Stone parlours, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Stowell, Lord, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Sumner, Dr., of Harrow, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> + +<li>Sussex, H.R.H. the Duke of, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Sussex story, a, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> + +<li>Swift, Dean, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> + +<li>Swinburne, A.C., <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> + +<li>Sylvester, Joshua, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a><br /><br /></li> + + +<li>Tarlton, Richard, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + +<li>Taxi-cabs, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> + +<li>Tennyson, Alfred Lord, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168-170</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> + +<li>Thackeray, W.M., <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157-159</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> + +<li>Theatres, smoking in, <a href="#Page_30">30-32</a></li> + +<li>Thoresby, Ralph, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> + +<li>Thornbury, Walter, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li>Tiltyard, The, Whitehall, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Tobacco as disinfectant, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> + +<li>Tobacco-boxes, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li>Tobacco-boxes, automatic, <a href="#Page_148">148-150</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span></li> + +<li>Tobacco-duty, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li>Tobacco, kinds of, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> + +<li>Tobacco-pipe-makers, Society of, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Tobacco-pipes, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> + +<li>Tobacco prices, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61-63</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li>Tobacco sellers, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39-48</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Tobacco-tongs, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Tobacconists' signs, <a href="#Page_235">235-249</a></li> + +<li>Townley's "High Life below Stairs," <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> + +<li>Travellers' Club, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> + +<li>Turk's Head, Gerrard Street, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li>Twain, Mark, <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br /><br /></li> + + +<li>Urban VIII, Pope, <a href="#Page_225">225</a><br /><br /></li> + + +<li>Venner, Tobias, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li>Victoria, Queen, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> + +<li>Vienna, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /><br /></li> + + +<li>Wallace Collection, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li>Walpole, Horace, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + +<li>Walpole, Sir Robert, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li>Walton, Izaak, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li>Ward, Ned, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li>Warton, Thomas, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li>Week-ends, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> + +<li>Wellington, Duke of, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> + +<li>Wesley, John, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li>Wesley, Samuel, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li>Western, Squire, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>White's Club, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> + +<li>William III, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li>Willis, N.P., <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + +<li>Wilson, Dr. Andrew, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> + +<li>Winstanley, William, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Wither, George, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li>Wiveliscombe, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li>Women and tobacco smoke, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157-168</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205-223</a></li> + +<li>Worcester, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> + +<li><i>World</i>, The, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> + +<li>Wotton, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /><br /></li> + + +<li>Youghal, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<h4> +PRINTED AT<br /> +THE BALLANTYNE PRESS<br /> +LONDON</h4> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="TN" id="TN"></a><hr /> +<br /> +<br /> + + +<div class="tr"> +<p class="cen">Typographical errors corrected in text:</p> +<br /> +<p class="noin">Page 124: deathy replaced with deathly<br /> +Page 133: perseverence replaced with perseverance<br /> +Page 231: parishoners replaced with parishioners<br /> +Page 253: Abbè replaced by Abbé</p> +</div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> +<br /> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Social History of Smoking, by G. L. Apperson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SOCIAL HISTORY OF SMOKING *** + +***** This file should be named 18096-h.htm or 18096-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/0/9/18096/ + +Produced by David Newman, Jeannie Howse and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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