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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Successful Methods of Public Speaking, by
+Grenville Kleiser
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Successful Methods of Public Speaking
+
+Author: Grenville Kleiser
+
+Release Date: April 1, 2006 [EBook #18095]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUCCESSFUL METHODS OF PUBLIC ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Kevin Handy, Suzanne Lybarger, Martin Pettit
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
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+
+
+
+SUCCESSFUL METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
+
+
+
+
+_By Grenville Kleiser_
+
+
+Inspiration and Ideals
+How to Build Mental Power
+How to Develop Self-Confidence in Speech and Manner
+How to Read and Declaim
+How to Speak in Public
+How to Develop Power and Personality in Speaking
+Great Speeches and How to Make Them
+How to Argue and Win
+Humorous Hits and How to Hold an Audience
+Complete Guide to Public Speaking
+Talks on Talking
+Fifteen Thousand Useful Phrases
+The World's Great Sermons
+Mail Course in Public Speaking
+Mail Course in Practical English
+How to Speak Without Notes
+Something to Say: How to Say It
+Successful Methods of Public Speaking
+Model Speeches for Practise
+The Training of a Public Speaker
+How to Sell Through Speech
+Impromptu Speeches: How to Make Them
+Word-Power: How to Develop It
+Christ: The Master Speaker
+Vital English for Speakers and Writers
+
+
+
+
+Successful Methods of Public Speaking
+
+BY GRENVILLE KLEISER
+
+_Formerly Instructor in Public Speaking at Yale Divinity School, Yale
+University. Author of "How to Speak in Public," "Great Speeches and How
+to Make Them," "Complete Guide to Public Speaking," "How to Build Mental
+Power," "Talks on Talking," etc., etc._
+
+[Illustration: Publisher's logo]
+
+FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY
+
+NEW YORK AND LONDON
+
+1919
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1920, BY
+
+GRENVILLE KLEISER
+
+[_Printed in the United States of America_]
+
+Published, February, 1920
+
+Copyright Under the Articles of the Copyright Convention of the
+Pan-American Republics and the United States, August 11, 1910
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+As you carefully study the successful methods of public speakers, as
+briefly set forth in this book, you will observe that there is nothing
+that can be substituted for personal sincerity. Unless you thoroughly
+believe in the message you wish to convey to others, you are not likely
+to impress them favorably.
+
+It was said of an eminent British orator, that when one heard him speak
+in public, one instinctively felt that there was something finer in the
+man than in anything he said.
+
+Therein lies the key to successful oratory. When the truth of your
+message is deeply engraved on your own mind; when your own heart has
+been touched as by a living flame; when your own character and
+personality testify to the innate sincerity and nobility of your life,
+then your speech will be truly eloquent, and men will respond to your
+fervent appeal.
+
+                                                  GRENVILLE KLEISER.
+
+New York City,
+August, 1919.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                         PAGE
+
+PREFACE                                     v
+
+SUCCESSFUL METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING      11
+
+STUDY OF MODEL SPEECHES                    55
+
+HISTORY OF PUBLIC SPEAKING                 91
+
+EXTRACTS FOR STUDY, WITH LESSON TALK      117
+
+HOW TO SPEAK IN PUBLIC                    145
+
+
+
+
+SUCCESSFUL METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
+
+
+You can acquire valuable knowledge for use in your own public speaking
+by studying the successful methods of other men. This does not mean,
+however, that you are to imitate others, but simply to profit by their
+experience and suggestions in so far as they fit in naturally with your
+personality.
+
+All successful speakers do not speak alike. Each man has found certain
+things to be effective in his particular case, but which would not
+necessarily be suited to a different type of speaker.
+
+When, therefore, you read the following methods of various men, ask
+yourself in each case whether you can apply the ideas to advantage in
+your own speaking. Put the method to a practical test, and decide for
+yourself whether it is advisable for you to adopt it or not.
+
+
+Requirements of Effective Speaking
+
+There are certain requirements in public speaking which you and every
+other speaker must observe. You must be grammatical, intelligent, lucid,
+and sincere. These are essential. You must know your subject thoroughly,
+and have the ability to put it into pleasing and persuasive form.
+
+But beyond these considerations there are many things which must be left
+to your temperament, taste, and individuality. To compel you to speak
+according to inflexible rules would make you not an orator but an
+automaton.
+
+The temperamental differences in successful speakers have been very
+great. One eminent speaker used practically no gesture; another was in
+almost constant action. One was quiet, modest, and conversational in his
+speaking style; another was impulsive and resistless as a mountain
+torrent.
+
+It is safe to say that almost any man, however unpretentious his
+language, will command a hearing in Congress, Parliament, or elsewhere,
+if he gives accurate information upon a subject of importance and in a
+manner of unquestioned sincerity.
+
+You will observe in the historical accounts of great orators, that
+without a single exception they studied, read, practised, conversed, and
+meditated, not occasionally, but with daily regularity. Many of them
+were endowed with natural gifts, but they supplemented these with
+indefatigable work.
+
+
+Well-known Speakers and Their Methods
+
+_Chalmers_
+
+There is a rugged type of speaker who transcends and seemingly defies
+all rules of oratory. Such a man was the great Scottish preacher
+Chalmers, who was without polished elocution, grace, or manner, but who
+through his intellectual power and moral earnestness thrilled all who
+heard him.
+
+He read his sermons entirely from manuscripts, but it is evident from
+the effects of his preaching that he was not a slave to the written word
+as many such speakers have been. While he read, he retained much of his
+freedom of gesture and physical expression, doubtless due to familiarity
+with his subject and thorough preparation of his message.
+
+
+_John Bright_
+
+You can profitably study the speeches of John Bright. They are
+noteworthy for their simplicity of diction and uniform quality of
+directness. His method was to make a plain statement of facts, enunciate
+certain fundamental principles, then follow with his argument and
+application.
+
+His choice of words and style of delivery were most carefully studied,
+and his sonorous voice was under such complete control that he could
+speak at great length without the slightest fatigue. Many of his
+illustrations were drawn from the Bible, which he is said to have known
+better than any other book.
+
+
+_Lord Brougham_
+
+Lord Brougham wrote nine times the concluding parts of his speech for
+the defense of Queen Caroline. He once told a young man that if he
+wanted to speak well he must first learn to talk well. He recognized
+that good talking was the basis of effective public speaking.
+
+Bear in mind, however, that this does not mean you are always to confine
+yourself to a conversational level. There are themes which demand large
+treatment, wherein vocal power and impassioned feeling are appropriate
+and essential. But what Lord Brougham meant, and it is equally true
+to-day, was that good public speaking is fundamentally good talking.
+
+
+_Edmund Burke_
+
+Edmund Burke recommended debate as one of the best means for developing
+facility and power in public speaking. Himself a master of debate, he
+said, "He that wrestles with us strengthens our nerves and sharpens our
+skill. Our antagonist is our helper. This amiable conflict with
+difficulty obliges us to have an intimate acquaintance with our subject,
+and compels us to consider it in all its relations. It will not suffer
+us to be superficial."
+
+Burke, like all great orators, believed in premeditation, and always
+wrote and corrected his speeches with fastidious care. While such men
+knew that inspiration might come at the moment of speaking, they
+preferred to base their chances of success upon painstaking preparation.
+
+
+_Massillon_
+
+Massillon, the great French divine, spoke in a commanding voice and in a
+style so direct that at times he almost overwhelmed his hearers. His
+pointed and personal questions could not be evaded. He sent truth like
+fiery darts to the hearts of his hearers.
+
+I ask you to note very carefully the following eloquent passage from a
+sermon in which he explained how men justified themselves because they
+were no worse than the multitude:
+
+"On this account it is, my brethren, that I confine myself to you who at
+present are assembled here; I include not the rest of men, but consider
+you as alone existing on the earth. The idea which occupies and
+frightens me is this: I figure to myself the present as your last hour
+and the end of the world; that the heavens are going to open above your
+heads; our Savior, in all His glory, to appear in the midst of the
+temple; and that you are only assembled here to wait His coming; like
+trembling criminals on whom the sentence is to be pronounced, either of
+life eternal or of everlasting death; for it is vain to flatter
+yourselves that you shall die more innocent than you are at this hour.
+All those desires of change with which you are amused will continue to
+amuse you till death arrives, the experience of all ages proves it; the
+only difference you have to expect will most likely be a larger balance
+against you than what you would have to answer for at present; and from
+what would be your destiny were you to be judged this moment, you may
+almost decide upon what will take place at your departure from life.
+Now, I ask you (and connecting my own lot with yours I ask with dread),
+were Jesus Christ to appear in this temple, in the midst of this
+assembly, to judge us, to make the dreadful separation betwixt the goats
+and sheep, do you believe that the greatest number of us would be placed
+at His right hand? Do you believe that the number would at least be
+equal? Do you believe there would even be found ten upright and
+faithful servants of the Lord, when formerly five cities could not
+furnish so many? I ask you. You know not, and I know it not. Thou alone,
+O my God, knowest who belong to Thee. But if we know not who belong to
+Him, at least we know that sinners do not. Now, who are the just and
+faithful assembled here at present? Titles and dignities avail nothing,
+you are stript of all these in the presence of your Savior. Who are
+they? Many sinners who wish not to be converted; many more who wish, but
+always put it off; many others who are only converted in appearance, and
+again fall back to their former courses. In a word, a great number who
+flatter themselves they have no occasion for conversion. This is the
+party of the reprobate. Ah! my brethren, cut off from this assembly
+these four classes of sinners, for they will be cut off at the great
+day. And now appear, ye just! Where are ye? O God, where are Thy chosen?
+And what a portion remains to Thy share."
+
+
+_Gladstone_
+
+Gladstone had by nature a musical and melodious voice, but through
+practise he developed an unusual range of compass and variety. He could
+sink it to a whisper and still be audible, while in open-air meetings he
+could easily make himself heard by thousands.
+
+He was courteous, and even ceremonious, in his every-day meeting with
+men, so that it was entirely natural for him to be deferential and
+ingratiating in his public speaking. He is an excellent illustration of
+the value of cultivating in daily conversation and manner the qualities
+you desire to have in your public address.
+
+
+_John Quincy Adams_
+
+John Quincy Adams read two chapters from the Bible every morning, which
+accounted in large measure for his resourceful English style. He was
+fond of using the pen in daily composition, and constantly committed to
+paper the first thoughts which occurred to him upon any important
+subject.
+
+
+_Fox_
+
+The ambition of Fox was to become a great political orator and debater,
+in which at last he succeeded. His mental agility was manifest in his
+reply to an elector whom he had canvassed for a vote, and who offered
+him a halter instead. "Oh thank you," said Fox, "I would not deprive you
+of what is evidently a family relic."
+
+His method was to take each argument of an opponent, and dispose of it
+in regular order. His passion was for argument, upon great or petty
+subjects. He availed himself of every opportunity to speak. "During five
+whole sessions," he said, "I spoke every night but one; and I regret
+that I did not speak on that night, too."
+
+
+_Theodore Parker_
+
+Theodore Parker always read his sermons aloud while writing them, in
+order to test their "speaking quality." His opinion was that an
+impressive delivery depended particularly upon vigorous feeling,
+energetic thinking, and clearness of statement.
+
+
+_Henry Ward Beecher_
+
+Henry Ward Beecher's method was to practise vocal exercises in the open
+air, exploding all the vowel sounds in various keys. This practise duly
+produced a most flexible instrument, which served him throughout his
+brilliant career. He said:
+
+"I had from childhood impediments of speech arising from a large palate,
+so that when a boy I used to be laughed at for talking as if I had a
+pudding in my mouth. When I went to Amherst, I was fortunate in passing
+into the hands of John Lovell, a teacher of elocution, and a better
+teacher for my purpose I can not conceive of. His system consisted in
+drill, or the thorough practise of inflections by the voice, of gesture,
+posture and articulation. Sometimes I was a whole hour practising my
+voice on a word--like justice. I would have to take a posture,
+frequently at a mark chalked on the floor. Then we would go through all
+the gestures, exercising each movement of the arm and throwing open the
+hand. All gestures except those of precision go in curves, the arm
+rising from the side, coming to the front, turning to the left or
+right. I was drilled as to how far the arm should come forward, where it
+should start from, how far go back, and under what circumstances these
+movements should be made. It was drill, drill, drill, until the motions
+almost became a second nature. Now, I never know what movements I shall
+make. My gestures are natural, because this drill made them natural to
+me. The only method of acquiring effective elocution is by practise, of
+not less than an hour a day, until the student has his voice and himself
+thoroughly subdued and trained to get right expression."
+
+
+_Lord Bolingbroke_
+
+Lord Bolingbroke made it a rule always to speak well in daily
+conversation, however unimportant the occasion. His taste and accuracy
+at last gave him a style in ordinary speech worthy to have been put
+into print as it fell from his lips.
+
+
+_Lord Chatham_
+
+Lord Chatham, despite his great natural endowments for speaking, devoted
+a regular time each day to developing a varied and copious vocabulary.
+He twice examined each word in the dictionary, from beginning to end, in
+his ardent desire to master the English language.
+
+
+_John Philpot Curran_
+
+The well-known case of John Philpot Curran should give encouragement to
+every aspiring student of public speaking. He was generally known as
+"Orator Mum," because of his failure in his first attempt at public
+speaking. But he resolved to develop his oratorical powers, and devoted
+every morning to intense reading. In addition, he regularly carried in
+his pocket a small copy of a classic for convenient reading at odd
+moments.
+
+It is said that he daily practised declamation before a looking-glass,
+closely scrutinizing his gesture, posture, and manner. He was an earnest
+student of public speaking, and eventually became one of the most
+eloquent of world orators.
+
+
+_Balfour_
+
+Among present-day speakers in England Mr. Balfour occupies a leading
+place. He possesses the gift of never saying a word too much, a habit
+which might be copied to advantage by many public speakers. His habit
+during a debate is to scribble a few words on an envelop, and then to
+speak with rare facility of English style.
+
+
+_Bonar Law_
+
+Bonar Law does not use any notes in the preparation of a speech, but
+carefully thinks out the various parts, and then by means of a series of
+"mental rehearsals" fixes them indelibly in his mind. The result of this
+conscientious practise has made him a formidable debater and extempore
+speaker.
+
+
+_Asquith_
+
+Herbert H. Asquith, who possesses the rare gift of summoning the one
+inevitable word, and of compressing his speeches into a small space of
+time, speaks with equal success whether from a prepared manuscript or
+wholly extempore. His unsurpassed English style is the result of many
+years reading and study of prose masterpieces. "He produces, wherever
+and whenever he wants them, an endless succession of perfectly coined
+sentences, conceived with unmatched felicity and delivered without
+hesitation in a parliamentary style which is at once the envy and the
+despair of imitators."
+
+
+_Bryan_
+
+William Jennings Bryan is by common consent one of the greatest public
+speakers in America. He has a voice of unusual power and compass, and
+his delivery is natural and deliberate. His style is generally forensic,
+altho he frequently rises to the dramatic. He has been a diligent
+student of oratory, and once said:
+
+"The age of oratory has not passed; nor will it pass. The press, instead
+of displacing the orator, has given him a larger audience and enabled
+him to do a more extended work. As long as there are human rights to be
+defended; as long as there are great interests to be guarded; as long
+as the welfare of nations is a matter for discussion, so long will
+public speaking have its place."
+
+
+_Roosevelt_
+
+Theodore Roosevelt was one of the most effective of American public
+speakers, due in large measure to intense moral earnestness and great
+stores of physical vitality. His diction was direct and his style
+energetic. He spoke out of the fulness of a well-furnished mind.
+
+
+Success Factors in Platform Speaking
+
+Constant practise of composition has been the habit of all great
+orators. This, combined with the habit of reading and re-reading the
+best prose writers and poets, accounts in large measure for the
+felicitous style of such men as Burke, Erskine, Macaulay, Bolingbroke,
+Phillips, Everett and Webster.
+
+I can not too often urge you to use your pen in daily composition as a
+means to felicity and facility of speech. The act of writing out your
+thoughts is a direct aid to concentration, and tends to enforce the
+habit of choosing the best language. It gives clearness, force,
+precision, beauty, and copiousness of style, so valuable in
+extemporaneous and impromptu speaking.
+
+
+ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MEMORIZING SPEECHES
+
+Some of the most highly successful speakers carefully wrote out,
+revised, and committed to memory important passages in their speeches.
+These they dexterously wove into the body of their addresses in such a
+natural manner as not to expose their method.
+
+This plan, however, is not to be generally recommended, since few men
+have the faculty of rendering memorized parts so as to make them appear
+extempore. If you recite rather than speak to an audience, you may be a
+good entertainer, but just to that degree will you impair your power and
+effectiveness as a public speaker.
+
+There are speakers who have successfully used the plan of committing to
+memory significant sentences, statements, or sayings, and skilfully
+embodying them in their speeches. You might test this method for
+yourself, tho it is attended with danger.
+
+If possible, join a local debating society, where you will have
+excellent opportunity for practise in thinking and speaking on your
+feet. Many distinguished public speakers have owed their fluency of
+speech and self-confidence to early practise in debate.
+
+
+THE VALUE OF REPETITION
+
+Persuasion is a task of skill. You must bring to your aid in speaking
+every available resource. An effective weapon at times is a "remorseless
+iteration." Have the courage to repeat yourself as often as may be
+necessary to impress your leading ideas upon the minds of your hearers.
+Note the forensic maxim, "tell a judge twice whatever you want him to
+hear; tell a special jury thrice, and a common jury half a dozen times,
+the view of a case you wish them to entertain."
+
+
+THE NEED OF SELF-CONFIDENCE
+
+Whatever methods of premeditation you adopt in the preparation of a
+speech, having planned everything to the best of your ability, dismiss
+from your mind all anxiety and all thought about yourself.
+
+Right preparation and earnest practise should give you a full degree of
+confidence in your ability to perform the task before you. When you
+stand at last before the audience, it should be with the assurance that
+you are thoroughly equipped to say something of real interest and
+importance.
+
+
+THE POWER OF PERSONALITY
+
+Personality plays a vital part in a speaker's success. Gladstone
+described Cardinal Newman's manner in the pulpit as unsatisfactory if
+considered in its separate parts. "There was not much change in the
+inflection of his voice; action there was none; his sermons were read,
+and his eyes were always on his book; and all that, you will say, is
+against efficiency in preaching. Yes; but you take the man as a whole,
+and there was a stamp and a seal upon him, there was solemn music and
+sweetness in his tone, there was a completeness in the figure, taken
+together with the tone and with the manner, which made even his delivery
+such as I have described it, and tho exclusively with written sermons,
+singularly attractive."
+
+
+THE DANGER OF IMITATION
+
+It is a fatal mistake, as I have said, to set out deliberately to
+imitate some favorite speaker, and to mold your style after his. You
+will observe certain things and methods in other speakers which will fit
+in naturally with your style and temperament. To this extent you may
+advantageously adopt them, but always be on your guard against anything
+which might in the slightest degree impair your own individuality.
+
+
+Speech for Study, with Lesson Talk
+
+FEATURES OF AN ELOQUENT ADDRESS
+
+
+You will find useful material for study and practise in the speech which
+follows, delivered by Lord Rosebery at the Unveiling of the Statue of
+Gladstone at Glasgow, Scotland, October 11th, 1902.
+
+The English style is noteworthy for its uniform charm and naturalness.
+There is an unmistakable personal note which contributes greatly to the
+effect of the speaker's words.
+
+This eloquent address is a model for such an occasion, and a good
+illustration of the work of a speaker thoroughly familiar with his
+theme. It has sufficient variety to sustain interest, dignity in keeping
+with the subject, and a note of inspiration which would profoundly
+impress an audience of thinking men. It is a scholarly address.
+
+Note the concise introductory sentences. Repeat them aloud and observe
+how easily they flow from the lips. Notice the balance and variety of
+successive sentences, the stately diction, and the underlying tone of
+deep sincerity.
+
+Examine every phrase and sentence of this eloquent speech. Study the
+conclusion and particularly the closing paragraph. When you have
+thoroughly analyzed the speech, stand up and render it aloud in
+clear-cut tones and appropriately dignified style.
+
+
+SPEECH FOR STUDY
+
+AT THE UNVEILING OF THE STATUE OF GLADSTONE
+
+(_Address of Lord Rosebery_)
+
+I am here to-day to unveil the image of one of the great figures of our
+country. It is right and fitting that it should stand here. A statue of
+Mr. Gladstone is congenial in any part of Scotland. But in this Scottish
+city, teeming with eager workers, endowed with a great University, a
+center of industry, commerce, and thought, a statue of William Ewart
+Gladstone is at home.
+
+But you in Glasgow have more personal claims to a share in the
+inheritance of Mr. Gladstone's fame. I, at any rate, can recall one
+memory--the record of that marvelous day in December, 1879, nearly
+twenty-three years ago, when the indomitable old man delivered his
+rectorial address to the students at noon, a long political speech in
+St. Andrew's Hall in the evening, and a substantial discourse on
+receiving an address from the Corporation at ten o'clock at night. Some
+of you may have been present at all these gatherings, some only at the
+political meeting. If they were, they may remember the little incidents
+of the meeting--the glasses which were hopelessly lost and then, of
+course, found on the orator's person--the desperate candle brought in,
+stuck in a water-bottle, to attempt sufficient light to read an extract.
+And what a meeting it was--teeming, delirious, absorbed! Do you have
+such meetings now? They seem to me pretty good; but the meetings of that
+time stand out before all others in my mind.
+
+This statue is erected, not out of the national subscription, but by the
+contributions from men of all creeds in Glasgow and in the West. I must
+then, in what I have to say, leave out altogether the political aspect
+of Mr. Gladstone. In some cases such a rule would omit all that was
+interesting in a man. There are characters, from which if you
+subtracted politics, there would be nothing left. It was not so with
+Mr. Gladstone.
+
+To the great mass of his fellow-countrymen he was of course a statesman,
+wildly worshipped by some, wildly detested by others. But, to those who
+were privileged to know him, his politics seemed but the least part of
+him. The predominant part, to which all else was subordinated, was his
+religion; the life which seemed to attract him most was the life of the
+library; the subject which engrossed him most was the subject of the
+moment, whatever it might be, and that, when he was out of office, was
+very rarely politics. Indeed, I sometimes doubt whether his natural bent
+was toward politics at all. Had his course taken him that way, as it
+very nearly did, he would have been a great churchman, greater perhaps
+than any that this island has known; he would have been a great
+professor, if you could have found a university big enough to hold him;
+he would have been a great historian, a great bookman, he would have
+grappled with whole libraries and wrestled with academies, had the fates
+placed him in a cloister; indeed it is difficult to conceive the career,
+except perhaps the military, in which his energy and intellect and
+application would not have placed him on a summit. Politics, however,
+took him and claimed his life service, but, jealous mistress as she is,
+could never thoroughly absorb him.
+
+Such powers as I have indicated seem to belong to a giant and a prodigy,
+and I can understand many turning away from the contemplation of such a
+character, feeling that it is too far removed from them to interest
+them, and that it is too unapproachable to help them--that it is like
+reading of Hercules or Hector, mythical heroes whose achievements the
+actual living mortal can not hope to rival. Well, that is true enough;
+we have not received intellectual faculties equal to Mr. Gladstone's,
+and can not hope to vie with him in their exercise. But apart from them,
+his great force was character, and amid the vast multitude that I am
+addressing, there is none who may not be helped by him.
+
+The three signal qualities which made him what he was, were courage,
+industry, and faith; dauntless courage, unflagging industry, a faith
+which was part of his fiber; these were the levers with which he moved
+the world.
+
+I do not speak of his religious faith, that demands a worthier speaker
+and another occasion. But no one who knew Mr. Gladstone could fail to
+see that it was the essence, the savor, the motive power of his life.
+Strange as it may seem, I can not doubt that while this attracted many
+to him, it alienated others, others not themselves irreligious, but who
+suspected the sincerity of so manifest a devotion, and who, reared in
+the moderate atmosphere of the time, disliked the intrusion of religious
+considerations into politics. These, however, though numerous enough,
+were the exceptions, and it can not, I think, be questioned that Mr.
+Gladstone not merely raised the tone of public discussion, but quickened
+and renewed the religious feeling of the society in which he moved.
+
+But this is not the faith of which I am thinking to-day. What is present
+to me is the faith with which he espoused and pursued great causes.
+There also he had faith sufficient to move mountains, and did sometimes
+move mountains. He did not lightly resolve, he came to no hasty
+conclusion, but when he had convinced himself that a cause was right,
+it engrossed him, it inspired him, with a certainty as deep-seated and
+as imperious as ever moved mortal man. To him, then, obstacles,
+objections, the counsels of doubters and critics were as nought, he
+pressed on with the passion of a whirlwind, but also with the steady
+persistence of some puissant machine.
+
+He had, of course, like every statesman, often to traffic with
+expediency, he had always, I suppose, to accept something less than his
+ideal, but his unquenchable faith, not in himself--tho that with
+experience must have waxed strong--not in himself but in his cause,
+sustained him among the necessary shifts and transactions of the moment,
+and kept his head high in the heavens.
+
+Such faith, such moral conviction, is not given to all men, for the
+treasures of his nature were in ingots, and not in dust. But there is,
+perhaps, no man without some faith in some cause or some person; if so,
+let him take heart, in however small a minority he may be, by
+remembering how mighty a strength was Gladstone's power of faith.
+
+His next great force lay in his industry. I do not know if the
+aspersions of "ca' canny" be founded, but at any rate there was no "ca'
+canny" about him. From his earliest school-days, if tradition be true,
+to the bed of death, he gave his full time and energy to work. No doubt
+his capacity for labor was unusual. He would sit up all night writing a
+pamphlet, and work next day as usual. An eight-hours' day would have
+been a holiday to him, for he preached and practised the gospel of work
+to its fullest extent. He did not, indeed, disdain pleasure; no one
+enjoyed physical exercise, or a good play, or a pleasant dinner, more
+than he; he drank in deep draughts of the highest and the best that life
+had to offer; but even in pastime he was never idle. He did not know
+what it was to saunter, he debited himself with every minute of his
+time; he combined with the highest intellectual powers the faculty of
+utilizing them to the fullest extent by intense application. Moreover,
+his industry was prodigious in result, for he was an extraordinarily
+rapid worker. Dumont says of Mirabeau, that till he met that marvelous
+man he had no idea of how much could be achieved in a day. "Had I not
+lived with him," he says, "I should not know what can be accomplished in
+a day, all that can be comprest into an interval of twelve hours. A day
+was worth more to him than a week or a month to others." Many men can be
+busy for hours with a mighty small product, but with Mr. Gladstone
+every minute was fruitful. That, no doubt, was largely due to his
+marvelous powers of concentration. When he was staying at Dalmeny in
+1879 he kindly consented to sit for his bust. The only difficulty was
+that there was no time for sittings. So the sculptor with his clay model
+was placed opposite Mr. Gladstone as he worked, and they spent the
+mornings together, Mr. Gladstone writing away, and the clay figure of
+himself less than a yard off gradually assuming shape and form. Anything
+more distracting I can not conceive, but it had no effect on the busy
+patient. And now let me make a short digression. I saw recently in your
+newspapers that there was some complaint of the manners of the rising
+generation in Glasgow. If that be so, they are heedless of Mr.
+Gladstone's example. It might be thought that so impetuous a temper as
+his might be occasionally rough or abrupt. That was not so. His
+exquisite urbanity was one of his most conspicuous graces. I do not now
+only allude to that grave, old-world courtesy, which gave so much
+distinction to his private life; for his sweetness of manner went far
+beyond demeanor. His spoken words, his letters, even when one differed
+from him most acutely, were all marked by this special note. He did not
+like people to disagree with him, few people do; but, so far as manner
+went, it was more pleasant to disagree with Mr. Gladstone than to be in
+agreement with some others.
+
+Lastly, I come to his courage--that perhaps was his greatest quality,
+for when he gave his heart and reason to a cause, he never counted the
+cost. Most men are physically brave, and this nation is reputed to be
+especially brave, but Mr. Gladstone was brave among the brave. He had
+to the end the vitality of physical courage. When well on in his ninth
+decade, well on to ninety, he was knocked over by a cab, and before the
+bystanders could rally to his assistance, he had pursued the cab with a
+view to taking its number. He had, too, notoriously, political courage
+in a not less degree than Sir Robert Walpole. We read that George II,
+who was little given to enthusiasm, would often cry out, with color
+flushing into his cheeks, and tears sometimes in his eyes, and with a
+vehement oath:--"He (Walpole) is a brave fellow; he has more spirit than
+any man I ever knew."
+
+Mr. Gladstone did not yield to Walpole in political and parliamentary
+courage--it was a quality which he closely observed in others, and on
+which he was fond of descanting. But he had the rarest and choicest
+courage of all--I mean moral courage. That was his supreme
+characteristic, and it was with him, like others, from the first. A
+contemporary of his at Eton once told me of a scene, at which my
+informant was present, when some loose or indelicate toast was proposed,
+and all present drank it but young Gladstone. In spite of the storm of
+objurgation and ridicule that raged around him, he jammed his face, as
+it were, down in his hands on the table and would not budge. Every
+schoolboy knows, for we may here accurately use Macaulay's well-known
+expression, every schoolboy knows the courage that this implies. And
+even by the heedless generation of boyhood it was appreciated, for we
+find an Etonian writing to his parents to ask that he might go to Oxford
+rather than Cambridge, on the sole ground that at Oxford he would have
+the priceless advantage of Gladstone's influence and example. Nor did
+his courage ever flag. He might be right, or he might be wrong--that is
+not the question here--but when he was convinced that he was right, not
+all the combined powers of Parliament or society or the multitude could
+for an instant hinder his course, whether it ended in success or in
+failure. Success left him calm, he had had so much of it; nor did
+failures greatly depress him. The next morning found him once more
+facing the world with serene and undaunted brow. There was a man. The
+nation has lost him, but preserves his character, his manhood, as a
+model, on which she may form if she be fortunate, coming generations of
+men. With his politics, with his theology, with his manifold graces and
+gifts of intellect, we are not concerned to-day, not even with his warm
+and passionate human sympathies. They are not dead with him, but let
+them rest with him, for we can not in one discourse view him in all his
+parts. To-day it is enough to have dealt for a moment on three of his
+great moral characteristics, enough to have snatched from the fleeting
+hour a few moments of communion with the mighty dead.
+
+History has not yet allotted him his definite place, but no one would
+now deny that he bequeathed a pure standard of life, a record of lofty
+ambition for the public good as he understood it, a monument of
+life-long labor. Such lives speak for themselves, they need no statues,
+they face the future with the confidence of high purpose and endeavor.
+The statues are not for them but for us, to bid us be conscious of our
+trust, mindful of our duty, scornful of opposition to principle and
+faith. They summon us to account for time and opportunity, they embody
+an inspiring tradition, they are milestones in the life of a nation. The
+effigy of Pompey was bathed in the blood of his great rival: let this
+statue have the nobler destiny of constantly calling to life worthy
+rivals of Gladstone's fame and character.
+
+Unveil, then, that statue. Let it stand to Glasgow in all time coming
+for faith, fortitude, courage, industry, qualities apart from intellect
+or power or wealth, which may inspire all her citizens however humble,
+however weak; let it remind the most unthinking passer-by of the
+dauntless character which it represents, of his long life and honest
+purpose; let it leaven by an immortal tradition the population which
+lives and works and dies around this monument.
+
+
+
+
+STUDY OF MODEL SPEECHES
+
+MODEL SPEECHES, WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR THEIR STUDY
+
+
+There is no better way for you to improve your own public speaking than
+to analyze and study the speeches of successful orators.
+
+First read such speeches aloud, since by that means you fit words to
+your lips and acquire a familiarity with oratorical style.
+
+Then examine the speaker's method of arranging his thoughts, and the
+precise way in which they lead up and contribute to his ultimate object.
+
+Carefully note any special means employed--story, illustration, appeal,
+or climax,--to increase the effectiveness of the speech.
+
+
+_John Stuart Mill_
+
+Read the following speech delivered by John Stuart Mill, in his tribute
+to Garrison. Note the clear-cut English of the speaker. Observe how
+promptly he goes to his subject, and how steadily he keeps to it.
+Particularly note the high level of thought maintained throughout. This
+is an excellent model of dignified, well-reasoned, convincing speech.
+
+"Mr. Chairman, Ladies, and Gentlemen,--The speakers who have preceded me
+have, with an eloquence far beyond anything which I can command, laid
+before our honored guest the homage of admiration and gratitude which we
+all feel due to his heroic life. Instead of idly expatiating upon things
+which have been far better said than I could say them, I would rather
+endeavor to recall one or two lessons applicable to ourselves, which
+may be drawn from his career. A noble work nobly done always contains in
+itself not one but many lessons; and in the case of him whose character
+and deeds we are here to commemorate, two may be singled out specially
+deserving to be laid to heart by all who would wish to leave the world
+better than they found it.
+
+"The first lesson is,--Aim at something great; aim at things which are
+difficult; and there is no great thing which is not difficult. Do not
+pare down your undertaking to what you can hope to see successful in the
+next few years, or in the years of your own life. Fear not the reproach
+of Quixotism or of fanaticism; but after you have well weighed what you
+undertake, if you see your way clearly, and are convinced that you are
+right, go forward, even tho you, like Mr. Garrison, do it at the risk
+of being torn to pieces by the very men through whose changed hearts
+your purpose will one day be accomplished. Fight on with all your
+strength against whatever odds and with however small a band of
+supporters. If you are right, the time will come when that small band
+will swell into a multitude; you will at least lay the foundations of
+something memorable, and you may, like Mr. Garrison--tho you ought not
+to need or expect so great a reward--be spared to see that work
+completed which, when you began it, you only hoped it might be given to
+you to help forward a few stages on its way.
+
+"The other lesson which it appears to me important to enforce, amongst
+the many that may be drawn from our friend's life, is this: If you aim
+at something noble and succeed in it, you will generally find that you
+have succeeded not in that alone. A hundred other good and noble things
+which you never dreamed of will have been accomplished by the way, and
+the more certainly, the sharper and more agonizing has been the struggle
+which preceded the victory. The heart and mind of a nation are never
+stirred from their foundations without manifold good fruits. In the case
+of the great American contest these fruits have been already great, and
+are daily becoming greater. The prejudices which beset every form of
+society--and of which there was a plentiful crop in America--are rapidly
+melting away. The chains of prescription have been broken; it is not
+only the slave who has been freed--the mind of America has been
+emancipated. The whole intellect of the country has been set thinking
+about the fundamental questions of society and government; and the new
+problems which have to be solved and the new difficulties which have to
+be encountered are calling forth new activity of thought, and that great
+nation is saved probably for a long time to come, from the most
+formidable danger of a completely settled state of society and
+opinion--intellectual and moral stagnation. This, then, is an additional
+item of the debt which America and mankind owe to Mr. Garrison and his
+noble associates; and it is well calculated to deepen our sense of the
+truth which his whole career most strikingly illustrates--that tho our
+best directed efforts may often seem wasted and lost, nothing coming of
+them that can be pointed to and distinctly identified as a definite gain
+to humanity, tho this may happen ninety-nine times in every hundred, the
+hundredth time the result may be so great and dazzling that we had
+never dared to hope for it, and should have regarded him who had
+predicted it to us as sanguine beyond the bounds of mental sanity. So
+has it been with Mr. Garrison."
+
+It will be beneficial for your all-round development in speaking to
+choose for earnest study several speeches of widely different character.
+As you compare one speech with another, you will more readily see why
+each subject requires a different form of treatment, and also learn to
+judge how the speaker has availed himself of the possibilities afforded
+him.
+
+
+_Judge Story_
+
+The speech which follows is a fine example of elevated and impassioned
+oratory. Judge Story here lauds the American Republic, and employs to
+advantage the rhetorical figures of exclamation and interrogation.
+
+As you examine this speech you will notice that the speaker himself was
+moved by deep conviction. His own belief stamped itself upon his words,
+and throughout there is the unmistakable mark of sincerity.
+
+You are impressed by the comprehensive treatment of the subject. The
+orator here speaks out of a full mind, and you feel that you would
+confidently trust yourself to his leadership.
+
+"When we reflect on what has been and what is, how is it possible not to
+feel a profound sense of the responsibilities of this Republic to all
+future ages? What vast motives press upon us for lofty efforts! What
+brilliant prospects invite our enthusiasm! What solemn warnings at once
+demand our vigilance and moderate our confidence! The Old World has
+already revealed to us, in its unsealed books, the beginning and the
+end of all marvelous struggles in the cause of liberty.
+
+"Greece! lovely Greece! 'the land of scholars and the nurse of arms,'
+where sister republics, in fair processions chanted the praise of
+liberty and the good, where and what is she? For two thousand years the
+oppressors have bound her to the earth. Her arts are no more. The last
+sad relics of her temples are but the barracks of a ruthless soldiery;
+the fragments of her columns and her palaces are in the dust, yet
+beautiful in ruins.
+
+"She fell not when the mighty were upon her. Her sons united at
+Thermopylae and Marathon; and the tide of her triumph rolled back upon
+the Hellespont. She was conquered by her own factions--she fell by the
+hands of her own people. The man of Macedonia did not the work of
+destruction. It was already done by her own corruptions, banishments,
+and dissensions. Rome! whose eagles glanced in the rising and setting
+sun, where and what is she! The Eternal City yet remains, proud even in
+her desolation, noble in her decline, venerable in the majesty of
+religion, and calm as in the composure of death.
+
+"The malaria has but traveled in the parts won by the destroyers. More
+than eighteen centuries have mourned over the loss of the empire. A
+mortal disease was upon her before Caesar had crossed the Rubicon; and
+Brutus did not restore her health by the deep probings of the
+senate-chamber. The Goths, and Vandals, and Huns, the swarms of the
+North, completed only what was begun at home. Romans betrayed Rome. The
+legions were bought and sold, but the people offered the tribute-money.
+
+"And where are the republics of modern times, which cluster around
+immortal Italy? Venice and Genoa exist but in name. The Alps, indeed,
+look down upon the brave and peaceful Swiss in their native fastnesses;
+but the guaranty of their freedom is in their weakness, and not in their
+strength. The mountains are not easily crossed, and the valleys are not
+easily retained.
+
+"When the invader comes, he moves like an avalanche, carrying
+destruction in his path. The peasantry sink before him. The country,
+too, is too poor for plunder, and too rough for a valuable conquest.
+Nature presents her eternal barrier on every side, to check the
+wantonness of ambition. And Switzerland remains with her simple
+institutions, a military road to climates scarcely worth a permanent
+possession, and protected by the jealousy of her neighbors.
+
+"We stand the latest, and if we fall, probably the last experiment of
+self-government by the people. We have begun it under circumstances of
+the most auspicious nature. We are in the vigor of youth. Our growth has
+never been checked by the oppression of tyranny. Our Constitutions never
+have been enfeebled by the vice or the luxuries of the world. Such as we
+are, we have been from the beginning: simple, hardy, intelligent,
+accustomed to self-government and self-respect.
+
+"The Atlantic rolls between us and a formidable foe. Within our own
+territory, stretching through many degrees of latitude, we have the
+choice of many products, and many means of independence. The government
+is mild. The press is free. Religion is free. Knowledge reaches, or may
+reach every home. What fairer prospects of success could be presented?
+What means more adequate to accomplish the sublime end? What more is
+necessary than for the people to preserve what they themselves have
+created?
+
+"Already has the age caught the spirit of our institutions. It has
+already ascended the Andes, and snuffed the breezes of both oceans. It
+has infused itself into the life-blood of Europe, and warmed the sunny
+plains of France and the lowlands of Holland. It has touched the
+philosophy of Germany and the North, and, moving onward to the South,
+has opened to Greece the lesson of her better days.
+
+"Can it be that America under such circumstances should betray herself?
+That she is to be added to the catalog of republics, the inscription
+upon whose ruin is, 'They were but they are not!' Forbid it, my
+countrymen! forbid it, Heaven! I call upon you, fathers, by the shades
+of your ancestors, by the dear ashes which repose in this precious soil,
+by all you are, and all you hope to be, resist every attempt to fetter
+your consciences, or smother your public schools, or extinguish your
+system of public instruction.
+
+"I call upon you, mothers, by that which never fails in woman, the love
+of your offspring, to teach them as they climb your knees or lean on
+your bosoms, the blessings of liberty. Swear them at the altar, as with
+their baptismal vows, to be true to their country, and never forsake
+her. I call upon you, young men, to remember whose sons you are--whose
+inheritance you possess. Life can never be too short, which brings
+nothing but disgrace and oppression. Death never comes too soon, if
+necessary, in defense of the liberties of our country."
+
+You can advantageously read aloud many times a speech like the
+foregoing. Stand up and read it aloud once a day for a month, and you
+will be conscious of a distinct improvement in your own command of
+persuasive speech.
+
+
+_W. J. Fox_
+
+The following is a specimen of masterly oratorical style, from a sermon
+preached in London, England, by W. J. Fox:
+
+"From the dawn of intellect and freedom Greece has been a watchword on
+the earth. There rose the social spirit to soften and refine her chosen
+race, and shelter as in a nest her gentleness from the rushing storm of
+barbarism; there liberty first built her mountain throne, first called
+the waves her own, and shouted across them a proud defiance to
+despotism's banded myriads, there the arts and graces danced around
+humanity, and stored man's home with comforts, and strewed his path
+with roses, and bound his brows with myrtle, and fashioned for him the
+breathing statue, and summoned him to temples of snowy marble, and
+charmed his senses with all forms of eloquence, and threw over his final
+sleep their veil of loveliness; there sprung poetry, like their own
+fabled goddess, mature at once from the teeming intellect, gilt with
+arts and armour that defy the assaults of time and subdue the heart of
+man; there matchless orators gave the world a model of perfect
+eloquence, the soul the instrument on which they played, and every
+passion of our nature but a tone which the master's touch called forth
+at will; there lived and taught the philosophers of bower and porch, of
+pride and pleasure, of deep speculation, and of useful action, who
+developed all the acuteness and refinement, and excursiveness, and
+energy of mind, and were the glory of their country when their country
+was the glory of the earth."
+
+
+_William McKinley_
+
+An eloquent speech, worthy of close study, is that of William McKinley
+on "The Characteristics of Washington." As you read it aloud, note the
+short, clear-cut sentences used in the introduction. Observe how the
+long sentence at the third paragraph gives the needed variation.
+Carefully study the compact English style, and the use of forceful
+expressions of the speaker, as "He blazed the path to liberty."
+
+"Fellow Citizens:--There is a peculiar and tender sentiment connected
+with this memorial. It expresses not only the gratitude and reverence of
+the living, but is a testimonial of affection and homage from the dead.
+
+"The comrades of Washington projected this monument. Their love inspired
+it. Their contributions helped to build it. Past and present share in
+its completion, and future generations will profit by its lessons. To
+participate in the dedication of such a monument is a rare and precious
+privilege. Every monument to Washington is a tribute to patriotism.
+Every shaft and statue to his memory helps to inculcate love of country,
+encourage loyalty, and establish a better citizenship. God bless every
+undertaking which revives patriotism and rebukes the indifferent and
+lawless! A critical study of Washington's career only enhances our
+estimation of his vast and varied abilities.
+
+"As Commander-in-chief of the Colonial armies from the beginning of the
+war to the proclamation of peace, as president of the convention which
+framed the Constitution of the United States, and as the first President
+of the United States under that Constitution, Washington has a
+distinction differing from that of all other illustrious Americans. No
+other name bears or can bear such a relation to the Government. Not only
+by his military genius--his patience, his sagacity, his courage, and his
+skill--was our national independence won, but he helped in largest
+measure to draft the chart by which the Nation was guided; and he was
+the first chosen of the people to put in motion the new Government. His
+was not the boldness of martial display or the charm of captivating
+oratory, but his calm and steady judgment won men's support and
+commanded their confidence by appealing to their best and noblest
+aspirations. And withal Washington was ever so modest that at no time
+in his career did his personality seem in the least intrusive. He was
+above the temptation of power. He spurned the suggested crown. He would
+have no honor which the people did not bestow.
+
+"An interesting fact--and one which I love to recall--is that the only
+time Washington formally addrest the Constitutional Convention during
+all its sessions over which he presided in this city, he appealed for a
+larger representation of the people in the National House of
+Representatives, and his appeal was instantly heeded. Thus was he ever
+keenly watchful of the rights of the people in whose hands was the
+destiny of our Government then as now.
+
+"Masterful as were his military campaigns, his civil administration
+commands equal admiration. His foresight was marvelous; his conception
+of the philosophy of government, his insistence upon the necessity of
+education, morality, and enlightened citizenship to the progress and
+permanence of the Republic can not be contemplated even at this period
+without filling us with astonishment at the breadth of his comprehension
+and the sweep of his vision. His was no narrow view of government. The
+immediate present was not the sole concern, but our future good his
+constant theme of study. He blazed the path of liberty. He laid the
+foundation upon which we have grown from weak and scattered Colonial
+governments to a united Republic whose domains and power as well as
+whose liberty and freedom have become the admiration of the world.
+Distance and time have not detracted from the fame and force of his
+achievements or diminished the grandeur of his life and work. Great
+deeds do not stop in their growth, and those of Washington will expand
+in influence in all the centuries to follow.
+
+"The bequest Washington has made to civilization is rich beyond
+computation. The obligations under which he has placed mankind are
+sacred and commanding. The responsibility he has left, for the American
+people to preserve and perfect what he accomplished, is exacting and
+solemn. Let us rejoice in every new evidence that the people realize
+what they enjoy, and cherish with affection the illustrious heroes of
+Revolutionary story whose valor and sacrifices made us a nation. They
+live in us, and their memory will help us keep the covenant entered into
+for the maintenance of the freest Government of earth.
+
+"The nation and the name Washington are inseparable. One is linked
+indissolubly with the other. Both are glorious, both triumphant.
+Washington lives and will live because of what he did for the exaltation
+of man, the enthronement of conscience, and the establishment of a
+Government which recognizes all the governed. And so, too, will the
+Nation live victorious over all obstacles, adhering to the immortal
+principles which Washington taught and Lincoln sustained."
+
+
+_Edward Everett_
+
+The following extract from "The Foundation of National Character," by
+Edward Everett, is a fine example of patriotic appeal. Read it aloud,
+and note how the orator speaks with deep feeling and stirs the same
+feeling in you. This impression is largely due to the simple, sincere,
+right-onward style of the speaker,--qualities of his own well-known
+character.
+
+It will amply repay you to read this extract aloud at least once a day
+for a week or more, so that its superior elements of thought and style
+may be deeply imprest on your mind.
+
+"How is the spirit of a free people to be formed, and animated, and
+cheered, but out of the storehouse of its historic recollections? Are we
+to be eternally ringing the changes upon Marathon and Thermopylae; and
+going back to read in obscure texts of Greek and Latin, of the exemplars
+of patriotic virtue?
+
+"I thank God that we can find them nearer home, in our own soil; that
+strains of the noblest sentiment that ever swelled in the breast of man,
+are breathing to us out of every page of our country's history, in the
+native eloquence of our mother-tongue,--that the colonial and
+provincial councils of America exhibit to us models of the spirits and
+character which gave Greece and Rome their name and their praise among
+nations.
+
+"Here we ought to go for our instruction;--the lesson is plain, it is
+clear, it is applicable. When we go to ancient history, we are
+bewildered with the difference of manners and institutions. We are
+willing to pay our tribute of applause to the memory of Leonidas, who
+fell nobly for his country in the face of his foe.
+
+"But when we trace him to his home, we are confounded at the reflection,
+that the same Spartan heroism, to which he sacrificed himself at
+Thermopylae, would have led him to tear his own child, if it had happened
+to be a sickly babe,--the very object for which all that is kind and
+good in man rises up to plead,--from the bosom of his mother, and carry
+it out to be eaten by the wolves of Taygetus.
+
+"We feel a glow of admiration at the heroism displayed at Marathon by
+the ten thousand champions of invaded Greece; but we can not forget that
+the tenth part of the number were slaves, unchained from the workshops
+and doorposts of their masters, to go and fight the battles of freedom.
+
+"I do not mean that these examples are to destroy the interest with
+which we read the history of ancient times; they possibly increase that
+interest by the very contrast they exhibit. But they warn us, if we need
+the warning, to seek our great practical lessons of patriotism at home;
+out of the exploits and sacrifices of which our own country is the
+theater; out of the characters of our own fathers.
+
+"Them we know,--the high-souled, natural, unaffected, the citizen
+heroes. We know what happy firesides they left for the cheerless camp.
+We know with what pacific habits they dared the perils of the field.
+There is no mystery, no romance, no madness, under the name of chivalry
+about them. It is all resolute, manly resistance for conscience and
+liberty's sake not merely of an overwhelming power, but of all the force
+of long-rooted habits and native love of order and peace.
+
+"Above all, their blood calls to us from the soil which we tread; it
+beats in our veins; it cries to us not merely in the thrilling words of
+one of the first victims in this cause--'My sons, scorn to be
+slaves!'--but it cries with a still more moving eloquence--'My sons,
+forget not your fathers!'"
+
+
+_John Quincy Adams_
+
+John Quincy Adams, in his speech on "The Life and Character of
+Lafayette," gives us a fine example of elevated and serious-minded
+utterance. The following extract from this speech can be studied with
+profit. Particularly note the use of sustained sentences, and the happy
+collocation of words. The concluding paragraph should be closely
+examined as a study in impressive climax.
+
+"Pronounce him one of the first men of his age, and you have yet not
+done him justice. Try him by that test to which he sought in vain to
+stimulate the vulgar and selfish spirit of Napoleon; class him among the
+men who, to compare and seat themselves, must take in the compass of all
+ages; turn back your eyes upon the records of time; summon, from the
+creation of the world to this day, the mighty dead of every age and
+every clime,--and where, among the race of merely mortal men, shall one
+be found who, as the benefactor of his kind, shall claim to take
+precedence of Lafayette?
+
+"There have doubtless been in all ages men whose discoveries or
+inventions in the world of matter, or of mind, have opened new avenues
+to the dominion of man over the material creation; have increased his
+means or his faculties of enjoyment; have raised him in nearer
+approximation to that higher and happier condition, the object of his
+hopes and aspirations in his present state of existence.
+
+"Lafayette discovered no new principle of politics or of morals. He
+invented nothing in science. He disclosed no new phenomenon in the laws
+of nature. Born and educated in the highest order of feudal nobility,
+under the most absolute monarchy of Europe; in possession of an
+affluent fortune, and master of himself and of all his capabilities, at
+the moment of attaining manhood the principle of republican justice and
+of social equality took possession of his heart and mind, as if by
+inspiration from above.
+
+"He devoted himself, his life, his fortune, his hereditary honors, his
+towering ambition, his splendid hopes, all to the cause of Liberty. He
+came to another hemisphere to defend her. He became one of the most
+effective champions of our independence; but, that once achieved, he
+returned to his own country, and thenceforward took no part in the
+controversies which have divided us.
+
+"In the events of our Revolution, and in the forms of policy which we
+have adopted for the establishment and perpetuation of our freedom,
+Lafayette found the most perfect form of government. He wished to add
+nothing to it. He would gladly have abstracted nothing from it. Instead
+of the imaginary Republic of Plato, or the Utopia of Sir Thomas More, he
+took a practical existing model in actual operation here, and never
+attempted or wished more than to apply it faithfully to his own country.
+
+"It was not given to Moses to enter the promised land; but he saw it
+from the summit of Pisgah. It was not given to Lafayette to witness the
+consummation of his wishes in the establishment of a Republic and the
+extinction of all hereditary rule in France. His principles were in
+advance of the age and hemisphere in which he lived.... The prejudices
+and passions of the people of France rejected the principle of inherited
+power in every station of public trust, excepting the first and highest
+of them all; but there they clung to it, as did the Israelites of old
+to the savory deities of Egypt.
+
+"When the principle of hereditary dominion shall be extinguished in all
+the institutions of France; when government shall no longer be
+considered as property transmissible from sire to son, but as a trust
+committed for a limited time, and then to return to the people whence it
+came; as a burdensome duty to be discharged, and not as a reward to be
+abused;--then will be the time for contemplating the character of
+Lafayette, not merely in the events of his life, but in the full
+development of his intellectual conceptions, of his fervent aspirations,
+of the labors, and perils, and sacrifices of his long and eventful
+career upon earth; and thenceforward till the hour when the trumpet of
+the Archangel shall sound to announce that time shall be no more, the
+name of Lafayette shall stand enrolled upon the annals of our race high
+on the list of pure and disinterested benefactors of mankind."
+
+I have selected these extracts for your convenient use, as embodying
+both thought and style worthy of your careful study. Read them aloud at
+every opportunity, and you will be gratified at the steady improvement
+such practise will make in your own speaking power.
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
+
+MEN WHO HAVE MADE HISTORY IN PUBLIC SPEAKING--AND THEIR METHODS
+
+
+The great orators of the world did not regard eloquence as simply an
+endowment of nature, but applied themselves diligently to cultivating
+their powers of expression. In many cases there was unusual natural
+ability, but such men knew that regular study and practise were
+essential to success in this coveted art.
+
+The oration can be traced back to Hebrew literature. In the first
+chapter of Deuteronomy we find Moses' speech in the end of the fortieth
+year, briefly rehearsing the story of God's promise, and of God's anger
+for their incredulity and disobedience.
+
+The four orations in Deuteronomy, by Moses, are highly commended for
+their tenderness, sublimity and passionate appeal. You can
+advantageously read them aloud.
+
+The oration of Pericles over the graves of those who fell in the
+Peloponnesian War, is said to have been the first Athenian oration
+designed for the public.
+
+The agitated political times and the people's intense desire for
+learning combined to favor the development of oratory in ancient Greece.
+Questions of great moment had to be discust and serious problems solved.
+As the orator gradually became the most powerful influence in the State,
+the art of oratory was more and more recognized as the supreme
+accomplishment of the educated man.
+
+
+_Demosthenes_
+
+Demosthenes stands preeminent among Greek orators. His well-known
+oration "On the Crown," the preparation of which occupied a large part
+of seven years, is regarded as the oratorical masterpiece of all
+history.
+
+It is encouraging to the student of public speaking to recall that this
+distinguished orator at first had serious natural defects to overcome.
+His voice was weak, he stammered in his speech, and was painfully
+diffident. These faults were remedied, as is well-known, by earnest
+daily practise in declaiming on the sea-shore, with pebbles in the
+mouth, walking up and down hill while reciting, and deliberately seeking
+occasions for conversing with groups of people.
+
+The chief lesson for you to draw from Demosthenes is that he was
+indefatigable in his study of the art of oratory. He left nothing to
+chance. His speeches were characterized by deliberate forethought. He
+excelled other men not because of great natural ability but because of
+intelligent and continuous industry. He stands for all time as the most
+inspiring example of oratorical achievement, despite almost insuperable
+difficulties.
+
+
+_Cicero_
+
+The fame of Roman oratory rests upon Cicero, whose eloquence was second
+only to that of Demosthenes. He was a close student of the art of
+speaking. He was so intense and vehement by nature that he was obliged
+in his early career to spend two years in Greece, exercising in the
+gymnasium in order to restore his shattered constitution.
+
+His nervous temperament clung to him, however, since he made this
+significant confession after long years of practise in public speaking.
+"I declare that when I think of the moment when I shall have to rise and
+speak in defense of a client, I am not only disturbed in mind, but
+tremble in every limb of my body."
+
+It is well to note here that a nervous temperament may be a help rather
+than a hindrance to a speaker. Indeed, it is the highly sensitive nature
+that often produces the most persuasive orator, but only when he has
+learned to conserve and properly use this valuable power.
+
+Cicero was a living embodiment of the comprehensive requirements laid
+down by the ancients as essential to the orator. He had a knowledge of
+logic, ethics, astronomy, philosophy, geometry, music, and rhetoric.
+Little wonder, therefore, that his amazing eloquence was described as a
+resistless torrent.
+
+
+_Luther_
+
+Martin Luther was the dominating orator of the Reformation. He combined
+a strong physique with great intellectual power. "If I wish to compose,
+or write, or pray, or preach well," said he, "I must be angry. Then all
+the blood in my veins is stirred, my understanding is sharpened, and all
+dismal thoughts and temptations are dissipated." What the great Reformer
+called "anger," we would call indignation or earnestness.
+
+
+_John Knox_
+
+John Knox, the Scotch reformer, was a preeminent preacher. His pulpit
+style was characterized by a fiery eloquence which stirred his hearers
+to great enthusiasm and sometimes to violence.
+
+
+_Bossuet_
+
+Bossuet, regarded as the greatest orator France has produced, was a
+fearless and inspired speaker. His style was dignified and deliberate,
+but as he warmed with his theme his thought took fire and he carried his
+hearers along upon a swiftly moving tide of impassioned eloquence. When
+he spoke from the text, "Be wise, therefore, O ye Kings! be instructed,
+ye judges of the earth!" the King himself was thrilled as with a
+religious terror.
+
+To ripe scholarship Bossuet added a voice that was deep and sonorous, an
+imposing personality, and an animated style of gesture. Lamartine
+described his voice as "like that of the thunder in the clouds, or the
+organ in the cathedral."
+
+
+_Bourdaloue_
+
+Louis Bourdaloue, styled "the preacher of Kings, and the King of
+preachers," was a speaker of versatile powers. He could adapt his style
+to any audience, and "mechanics left their shops, merchants their
+business, and lawyers their court house" in order to hear him. His high
+personal character, simplicity of life, and clear and logical utterance
+combined to make him an accomplished orator.
+
+
+_Massillon_
+
+Massillon preached directly to the hearts of his hearers. He was of a
+deeply affectionate nature, hence his style was that of tender
+persuasiveness rather than of declamation. He had remarkable spiritual
+insight and knowledge of the human heart, and was himself deeply moved
+by the truths which he proclaimed to other men.
+
+
+_Lord Chatham_
+
+Lord Chatham's oratorical style was formed on the classic model. His
+intellect, at once comprehensive and vigorous, combined with deep and
+intense feeling, fitted him to become one of the highest types of
+orators. He was dignified and graceful, sometimes vehement, always
+commanding. He ruled the British parliament by sheer force of eloquence.
+
+His voice was a wonderful instrument, so completely under control that
+his lowest whisper was distinctly heard, and his full tones completely
+filled the House. He had supreme self-confidence, and a sense of
+superiority over those around him which acted as an inspiration to his
+own mind.
+
+
+_Burke_
+
+Burke was a great master of English prose as well as a great orator. He
+took large means to deal with large subjects. He was a man of immense
+power, and his stride was the stride of a giant. He has been credited
+with passion, intensity, imagination, nobility, and amplitude. His style
+was sonorous and majestic.
+
+
+_Sheridan_
+
+Sheridan became a foremost parliamentary speaker and debater, despite
+early discouragements. His well-known answer to a friend, who adversely
+criticized his speaking, "It is in me, and it shall come out of me!" has
+for years given new encouragement to many a student of public speaking.
+He applied himself with untiring industry to the development of all his
+powers, and so became one of the most distinguished speakers of his
+day.
+
+
+_Charles James Fox_
+
+Charles James Fox was a plain, practical, forceful orator of the
+thoroughly English type. His qualities of sincerity, vehemence,
+simplicity, ruggedness, directness and dexterity, combined with a manly
+fearlessness, made him a formidable antagonist in any debate. Facts,
+analogies, illustrations, intermingled with wit, feeling, and ridicule,
+gave charm and versatility to his speaking unsurpassed in his time.
+
+
+_Lord Brougham_
+
+Lord Brougham excelled in cogent, effective argument. His impassioned
+reasoning often made ordinary things interesting. He ingratiated himself
+by his wise and generous sentiments, and his uncompromising solicitude
+for his country.
+
+He always succeeded in getting through his protracted and parenthetical
+sentences without confusion to his hearers or to himself. He could see
+from the beginning of a sentence precisely what the end would be.
+
+
+_John Quincy Adams_
+
+John Quincy Adams won a high place as a debater and orator in his speech
+in Congress upon the right of petition, delivered in 1837. A formidable
+antagonist, pugnacious by temperament, uniformly dignified, a profound
+scholar,--his is "a name recorded on the brightest page of American
+history, as statesman, diplomatist, philosopher, orator, author, and,
+above all a Christian."
+
+
+_Patrick Henry_
+
+Patrick Henry was a man of extraordinary eloquence. In his day he was
+regarded as the greatest orator in America. In his early efforts as a
+speaker he hesitated much and throughout his career often gave an
+impression of natural timidity. He has been favorably compared with Lord
+Chatham for fire, force, and personal energy. His power was largely due
+to a rare gift of lucid and concise statement.
+
+
+_Henry Clay_
+
+The eloquence of Henry Clay was magisterial, persuasive, and
+irresistible. So great was his personal magnetism that multitudes came
+great distances to hear him. He was a man of brilliant intellect,
+fertile fancy, chivalrous nature, and patriotic fervor. He had a clear,
+rotund, melodious voice, under complete command. He held, it is said,
+the keys to the hearts of his countrymen.
+
+
+_Calhoun_
+
+The eloquence of John Caldwell Calhoun has been described by Daniel
+Webster as "plain, strong, terse, condensed, concise; sometimes
+impassioned, still always severe. Rejecting ornament, not often seeking
+far for illustrations, his power consisted in the plainness of his
+propositions, in the closeness of his logic, and in the earnestness and
+energy of his manner."
+
+He exerted unusual influence over the opinions of great masses of men.
+He had remarkable power of analysis and logical skill. Originality,
+self-reliance, impatience, aggressiveness, persistence, sincerity,
+honesty, ardor,--these were some of the personal qualities which gave
+him dominating influence over his generation.
+
+
+_Daniel Webster_
+
+Daniel Webster was a massive orator. He combined logical and
+argumentative skill with a personality of extraordinary power and
+attractiveness. He had a supreme scorn for tricks of oratory, and a
+horror of epithets and personalities. His best known speeches are those
+delivered on the anniversary at Plymouth, the laying of the corner-stone
+of Bunker Hill monument, and the deaths of Jefferson and Adams.
+
+
+_Edward Everett_
+
+Edward Everett was a man of scholastic tastes and habits. His speaking
+style was remarkable for its literary finish and polished precision. His
+sense of fitness saved him from serious faults of speech or manner. He
+blended many graces in one, and his speeches are worthy of study as
+models of oratorical style.
+
+
+_Rufus Choate_
+
+Rufus Choate was a brilliant and persuasive extempore speaker. He
+possest in high degree faculties essential to great oratory--a capacious
+mind, retentive memory, logical acumen, vivid imagination, deep
+concentration, and wealth of language. He had an extraordinary personal
+fascination, largely due to his broad sympathy and geniality.
+
+
+_Charles Sumner_
+
+Charles Sumner was a gifted orator. His delivery was highly impressive,
+due fundamentally to his innate integrity and elevated personal
+character. He was a wide reader and profound student. His style was
+energetic, logical, and versatile. His intense patriotism and
+argumentative power, won large favor with his hearers.
+
+
+_William E. Channing_
+
+William Ellery Channing was a preacher of unusual eloquence and
+intellectual power. He was small in stature, but of surpassing grace.
+His voice was soft and musical, and wonderfully responsive to every
+change of emotion that arose in his mind. His eloquence was not forceful
+nor forensic, but gentle and persuasive.
+
+His monument bears this high tribute: "In memory of William Ellery
+Channing, honored throughout Christendom for his eloquence and courage
+in maintaining and advancing the great cause of truth, religion, and
+human freedom."
+
+
+_Wendell Phillips_
+
+Wendell Phillips was one of the most graceful and polished orators. To
+his conversational style he added an exceptional vocabulary, a clear and
+flexible voice, and a most fascinating personality.
+
+He produced his greatest effects by the simplest means. He combined
+humor, pathos, sarcasm and invective with rare skill, yet his style was
+so simple that a child could have understood him.
+
+
+_George William Curtis_
+
+George William Curtis has been described in his private capacity as
+natural, gentle, manly, refined, simple, and unpretending. He was the
+last of the great school of Everett, Sumner, and Phillips.
+
+His art of speaking had an enduring charm, and he completely satisfied
+the taste for pure and dignified speech. His voice was of silvery
+clearness, which carried to the furthermost part of the largest hall.
+
+
+_Gladstone_
+
+Gladstone was an orator of preeminent power. In fertility of thought,
+spontaneity of expression, modulation of voice, and grace of gesture, he
+has had few equals. He always spoke from a deep sense of duty. When he
+began a sentence you could not always foresee how he would end it, but
+he always succeeded. He had an extraordinary wealth of words and command
+of the English language.
+
+Gladstone has been described as having eagerness, self-control, mastery
+of words, gentle persuasiveness, prodigious activity, capacity for work,
+extreme seriousness, range of experience, constructive power, mastery of
+detail, and deep concentration. "So vast and so well ordered was the
+arsenal of his mind, that he could both instruct and persuade, stimulate
+his friends and demolish his opponents, and do all these things at an
+hour's notice."
+
+He was essentially a devout man, and unquestionably his spiritual
+character was the fundamental secret of his transcendent power. A keen
+observer thus describes him:
+
+"While this great and famous figure was in the House of Commons, the
+House had eyes for no other person. His movements on the bench, restless
+and eager, his demeanor when on his legs, whether engaged in answering a
+simple question, expounding an intricate Bill, or thundering in vehement
+declamation, his dramatic gestures, his deep and rolling voice with its
+wide compass and marked northern accent, his flashing eye, his almost
+incredible command of ideas and words, made a combination of
+irresistible fascination and power."
+
+
+_John Bright_
+
+John Bright won a foremost place among British orators largely because
+of his power of clear statement and vivid description. His manner was at
+once ingratiating and commanding.
+
+His way of putting things was so lucid and convincing that it was
+difficult to express the same ideas in any other words with equal force.
+One of the secrets of his success, it is said, was his command of
+colloquial simile, apposite stories, and ready wit.
+
+Mr. Bright always had himself well in hand, yet his style at times was
+volcanic in its force and impetuosity. He would shut himself up for days
+preparatory to delivering a great speech, and tho he committed many
+passages to memory, his manner in speaking was entirely free from
+artifice.
+
+
+_Lincoln_
+
+Lincoln's power as a speaker was due to a combination of rugged gifts.
+Self-reliance, sympathy, honesty, penetration, broad-mindedness,
+modesty, and independence,--these were keynotes to his great character.
+
+The Gettysburg speech of less than 300 words is regarded as the greatest
+short speech in history.
+
+Lincoln's aim was always to say the most sensible thing in the clearest
+terms, and in the fewest possible words. His supreme respect for his
+hearers won their like respect for him.
+
+There is a valuable suggestion for the student of public speaking in
+this description of Lincoln's boyhood: "Abe read diligently. He read
+every book he could lay his hands on, and when he came across a passage
+that struck him, he would write it down on boards if he had no paper,
+and keep it there until he did get paper. Then he would rewrite it, look
+at it, repeat it. He had a copy book, a kind of scrap-book, in which he
+put down all things, and thus preserved them."
+
+
+_Daniel O'Connell_
+
+Daniel O'Connell was one of the most popular orators of his day. He had
+a deep, sonorous, flexible voice, which he used to great advantage. He
+had a wonderful gift of touching the human heart, now melting his
+hearers by his pathos, then convulsing them with his quaint humor. He
+was attractive in manner, generous in feeling, spontaneous in
+expression, and free from rhetorical trickery.
+
+As you read this brief sketch of some of the world's great orators, it
+should be inspiring to you as a student of public speaking to know
+something of their trials, difficulties, methods and triumphs. They have
+left great examples to be emulated, and to read about them and to study
+their methods is to follow somewhat in their footsteps.
+
+Great speeches, like great pictures, are inspired by great subjects and
+great occasions. When a speaker is moved to vindicate the national
+honor, to speak in defense of human rights, or in some other great
+cause, his thought and expression assume new and wonderful power. All
+the resources of his mind--will, imagination, memory, and emotion,--are
+stimulated into unusual activity. His theme takes complete possession of
+him and he carries conviction to his hearers by the force, sincerity,
+and earnestness of his delivery. It is to this exalted type of oratory I
+would have you aspire.
+
+
+
+
+EXTRACTS FOR STUDY, WITH LESSON TALK
+
+EXAMPLES OF ORATORY AND HOW TO STUDY THEM
+
+
+It will be beneficial to you in this connection to study examples of
+speeches by the world's great orators. I furnish you here with a few
+short specimens which will serve this purpose. Carefully note the
+suggestions and the numbered extract to which they refer.
+
+1. Practise this example for climax. As you read it aloud, gradually
+increase the intensity of your voice but do not unduly elevate the key.
+
+2. Study this particularly for its suggestive value to you as a public
+speaker.
+
+3. Practise this for fervent appeal. Articulate distinctly. Pause after
+each question. Do not rant or declaim, but speak it.
+
+4. Study this for its sustained sentences and dignity of style.
+
+5. Analyze this for its strength of thought and diction. Note the
+effective repetition of "I care not." Commit the passage to memory.
+
+6. Read this for elevated and patriotic feeling. Render it aloud in
+deliberate and thoughtful style.
+
+7. Particularly observe the judicial clearness of this example. Note the
+felicitous use of language.
+
+8. Read this aloud for oratorical style. Fit the words to your lips.
+Engrave the passage on your mind by frequent repetition.
+
+9. Study this passage for its profound and prophetic thought. Render it
+aloud in slow and dignified style.
+
+10. Practise this for its sustained power. The words "let him" should be
+intensified at each repetition, and the phrase "and show me the man"
+brought out prominently.
+
+11. Study this for its beauty and variety of language. Meditate upon it
+as a model of what a speaker should be.
+
+12. Note the strength in the repeated phrase "I will never say." Observe
+the power, nobility and courage manifest throughout. The closing
+sentence should be read in a deeply earnest tone and at a gradually
+slower rate.
+
+13. Read this for its purity and strength of style. Note the effective
+use of question and answer.
+
+14. Study this passage for its common sense and exalted thought. Note
+how each sentence is rounded out into fulness, until it is imprest upon
+your memory.
+
+
+Extracts for Study
+
+SPECIMENS OF ELOQUENCE
+
+_A Study in Climax_
+
+
+1. My lords, these are the securities which we have in all the
+constituent parts of the body of this House. We know them, we reckon
+them, rest upon them, and commit safely the interests of India and of
+humanity into your hands. Therefore it is with confidence that, ordered
+by the Commons,
+
+I impeach him in the name of all the Commons of Great Britain in
+Parliament assembled, whose parliamentary trust he has betrayed.
+
+I impeach him in the name of the Commons of Great Britain, whose
+national character he has dishonored.
+
+I impeach him in the name of the people of India, whose laws, rights,
+and liberties he has subverted, whose properties he has destroyed,
+whose country he has laid waste and desolate.
+
+I impeach him in the name and by virtue of those eternal laws of justice
+which he has violated.
+
+I impeach him in the name of human nature itself, which he has cruelly
+outraged, injured, and opprest in both sexes, in every age, rank,
+situation, and condition of life.--_Impeachment of Warren Hastings:_
+EDMUND BURKE.
+
+
+_Suggestions to the Public Speaker_
+
+2. I am now requiring not merely great preparation while the speaker is
+learning his art but after he has accomplished his education. The most
+splendid effort of the most mature orator will be always finer for being
+previously elaborated with much care. There is, no doubt, a charm in
+extemporaneous elocution, derived from the appearance of artless,
+unpremeditated effusion, called forth by the occasion, and so adapting
+itself to its exigencies, which may compensate the manifold defects
+incident to this kind of composition: that which is inspired by the
+unforeseen circumstances of the moment, will be of necessity suited to
+those circumstances in the choice of the topics, and pitched in the tone
+of the execution, to the feelings upon which it is to operate. These are
+great virtues: it is another to avoid the besetting vice of modern
+oratory--the overdoing everything--the exhaustive method--which an
+off-hand speaker has no time to fall into, and he accordingly will take
+only the grand and effective view; nevertheless, in oratorical merit,
+such effusions must needs be very inferior; much of the pleasure they
+produce depends upon the hearer's surprize that in such circumstances
+anything can be delivered at all, rather than upon his deliberate
+judgment, that he has heard anything very excellent in itself. We may
+rest assured that the highest reaches of the art, and without any
+necessary sacrifice of natural effect, can only be attained by him who
+well considers, and maturely prepares, and oftentimes sedulously
+corrects and refines his oration. Such preparation is quite consistent
+with the introduction of passages prompted by the occasion, nor will the
+transition from one to the other be perceptible in the execution of the
+practised master.--_Inaugural Discourse:_ LORD BROUGHAM.
+
+
+_A Study in Fervent Appeal_
+
+3. It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry,
+peace, peace--but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next
+gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of
+resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we
+here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life
+so dear or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and
+slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may
+take, but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!--_The War
+Inevitable:_ PATRICK HENRY.
+
+
+_A Study in Dignity and Style_
+
+4. In retiring as I am about to do, forever, from the Senate, suffer me
+to express my heartfelt wishes that all the great and patriotic objects
+of the wise framers of our Constitution may be fulfilled; that the high
+destiny designed for it may be fully answered; and that its
+deliberations, now and hereafter, may eventuate in securing the
+prosperity of our beloved country, in maintaining its rights and honor
+abroad, and upholding its interests at home. I retire, I know, at a
+period of infinite distress and embarrassment. I wish I could take my
+leave of you under more favorable auspices; but without meaning at this
+time to say whether on any or on whom reproaches for the sad condition
+of the country should fall, I appeal to the Senate and to the world to
+bear testimony to my earnest and continued exertions to avert it, and to
+the truth that no blame can justly attach to me.--_Farewell Address:_
+HENRY CLAY.
+
+
+_A Study in Strength and Diction_
+
+5. For myself, I believe there is no limit fit to be assigned to it by
+the human mind, because I find at work everywhere, on both sides of the
+Atlantic, under various forms and degrees of restriction on the one
+hand, and under various degrees of motive and stimulus on the other, in
+these branches of the common race, the great principle of the freedom of
+human thought, and the respectability of individual character. I find
+everywhere an elevation of the character of man as man, an elevation of
+the individual as a component part of society. I find everywhere a
+rebuke of the idea that the many are made for the few, or that
+government is anything but an agency for mankind. And I care not beneath
+what zone, frozen, temperate, or torrid; I care not of what complexion,
+white, or brown; I care not under what circumstances of climate or
+cultivation--if I can find a race of men on an inhabited spot of earth
+whose general sentiment it is, and whose general feeling it is, that
+government is made for man--man, as a religious, moral, and social
+being--and not man for government, there I know that I shall find
+prosperity and happiness.--_The Landing at Plymouth:_ DANIEL WEBSTER.
+
+
+_A Study in Patriotic Feeling_
+
+6. Friends, fellow citizens, free, prosperous, happy Americans! The men
+who did so much to make you are no more. The men who gave nothing to
+pleasure in youth, nothing to repose in age, but all to that country
+whose beloved name filled their hearts, as it does ours, with joy, can
+now do no more for us; nor we for them. But their memory remains, we
+will cherish it; their bright example remains, we will strive to imitate
+it; the fruit of their wise counsels and noble acts remains, we will
+gratefully enjoy it.
+
+They have gone to the companions of their cares, of their dangers, and
+their toils. It is well with them. The treasures of America are now in
+heaven. How long the list of our good, and wise, and brave, assembled
+there! How few remain with us! There is our Washington; and those who
+followed him in their country's confidence are now met together with him
+and all that illustrious company.--_Adams and Jefferson:_ EDWARD EVERETT.
+
+
+_A Study in Clearness of Expression_
+
+7. I can not leave this life and character without selecting and
+dwelling a moment on one or two of his traits, or virtues, or
+felicities, a little longer. There is a collective impression made by
+the whole of an eminent person's life, beyond, and other than, and apart
+from, that which the mere general biographer would afford the means of
+explaining. There is an influence of a great man derived from things
+indescribable, almost, or incapable of enumeration, or singly
+insufficient to account for it, but through which his spirit transpires,
+and his individuality goes forth on the contemporary generation. And
+thus, I should say, one grand tendency of his life and character was to
+elevate the whole tone of the public mind. He did this, indeed, not
+merely by example. He did it by dealing, as he thought, truly and in
+manly fashion with that public mind. He evinced his love of the people
+not so much by honeyed phrases as by good counsels and useful service,
+_vera pro gratis_. He showed how he appreciated them by submitting sound
+arguments to their understandings, and right motives to their free will.
+He came before them, less with flattery than with instruction; less with
+a vocabulary larded with the words humanity and philanthropy, and
+progress and brotherhood, than with a scheme of politics, an
+educational, social and governmental system, which would have made them
+prosperous, happy and great.--_On the Death of Daniel Webster:_
+RUFUS CHOATE.
+
+
+_A Study of Oratorical Style_
+
+8. And yet this small people--so obscure and outcast in condition--so
+slender in numbers and in means--so entirely unknown to the proud and
+great--so absolutely without name in contemporary records--whose
+departure from the Old World took little more than the breath of their
+bodies--are now illustrious beyond the lot of men; and the Mayflower is
+immortal beyond the Grecian Argo or the stately ship of any victorious
+admiral. Tho this was little foreseen in their day, it is plain now how
+it has come to pass. The highest greatness surviving time and storm is
+that which proceeds from the soul of man. Monarchs and cabinets,
+generals and admirals, with the pomp of courts and the circumstance of
+war, in the gradual lapse of time disappear from sight; but the pioneers
+of truth, the poor and lowly, especially those whose example elevates
+human nature and teaches the rights of man, so that government of the
+people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from the
+earth, such harbingers can never be forgotten, and their renown spreads
+coextensive with the cause they served.--_The Qualities that Win:_
+CHARLES SUMNER.
+
+
+_A Study in Profound Thinking_
+
+9. There is something greater in the age than its greatest men; it is
+the appearance of a new power in the world, the appearance of the
+multitude of men on the stage where as yet the few have acted their
+parts alone. This influence is to endure to the end of time. What more
+of the present is to survive? Perhaps much of which we now fail to note.
+The glory of an age is often hidden from itself. Perhaps some word has
+been spoken in our day which we have not designed to hear, but which is
+to grow clearer and louder through all ages. Perhaps some silent thinker
+among us is at work in his closet whose name is to fill the earth.
+Perhaps there sleeps in his cradle some reformer who is to move the
+church and the world, who is to open a new era in history, who is to
+fire the human soul with new hope and new daring. What else is to
+survive the age? That which the age has little thought of, but which is
+living in us all; I mean the soul, the immortal spirit. Of this all ages
+are the unfoldings, and it is greater than all. We must not feel, in
+the contemplation of the vast movements in our own and former times, as
+if we ourselves were nothing. I repeat it, we are greater than all. We
+are to survive our age, to comprehend it, and to pronounce its
+sentence.--_The Present Age:_ W. E. CHANNING.
+
+
+_A Study of Sustained Power_
+
+10. Now, blue-eyed Saxon, proud of your race, go back with me to the
+commencement of the century, and select what statesman you please. Let
+him be either American or European; let him have a brain the result of
+six generations of culture; let him have the ripest training of
+university routine; let him add to it the better education of practical
+life; crown his temples with the silver locks of seventy years, and show
+me the man of Saxon lineage for whom his most sanguine admirer will
+wreathe a laurel, rich as embittered foes have placed on the brow of
+this negro,--rare military skill, profound knowledge of human nature,
+content to blot out all party distinctions, and trust a state to the
+blood of its sons,--anticipating Sir Robert Peel fifty years, and taking
+his station by the side of Roger Williams, before any Englishman or
+American had won the right; and yet this is the record which the history
+of rival states makes up for this inspired black of St.
+Domingo.--_Toussaint L'Ouverture:_ WENDELL PHILLIPS.
+
+
+_Study in Beauty of Language_
+
+11. He faced his audience with a tranquil mien and a beaming aspect that
+was never dimmed. He spoke, and in the measured cadence of his quiet
+voice there was intense feeling, but no declamation, no passionate
+appeal, no superficial and feigned emotion. It was simple colloquy--a
+gentleman conversing. Unconsciously and surely the ear and heart were
+charmed. How was it done?--Ah! how did Mozart do it, how Raffael?
+
+The secret of the rose's sweetness, of the bird's ecstacy, of the
+sunset's glory--that is the secret of genius and of eloquence. What was
+heard, what was seen, was the form of noble manhood, the courteous and
+self-possest tone, the flow of modulated speech, sparkling with
+matchless richness of illustration, with apt allusion and happy anecdote
+and historic parallel, with wit and pitiless invective, with melodious
+pathos, with stinging satire, with crackling epigram and limpid humor,
+like the bright ripples that play around the sure and steady prow of the
+resistless ship. Like an illuminated vase of odors, he glowed with
+concentrated and perfumed fire. The divine energy of his conviction
+utterly possest him, and his
+
+     "Pure and eloquent blood
+     Spoke in his cheek, and so distinctly wrought,
+     That one might almost say his body thought."
+
+Was it Pericles swaying the Athenian multitude? Was it Apollo breathing
+the music of the morning from his lips?--No, no! It was an American
+patriot, a modern son of liberty, with a soul as firm and as true as was
+ever consecrated to unselfish duty, pleading with the American
+conscience for the chained and speechless victims of American
+inhumanity.--_Eulogy of Wendell Phillips:_ GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS.
+
+
+_A Study in Powerful Delivery_
+
+12. I thank you very cordially, both friends and opponents, if opponents
+you be, for the extreme kindness with which you have heard me. I have
+spoken, and I must speak in very strong terms of the acts done by my
+opponents. I will never say that they did it from passion; I will never
+say that they did it from a sordid love of office; I have no right to
+use such words; I have no right to entertain such sentiments; I
+repudiate and abjure them; I give them credit for patriotic motives--I
+give them credit for those patriotic motives which are incessantly and
+gratuitously denied to us. I believe we are all united in a fond
+attachment to the great country to which we belong; to the great empire
+which has committed to it a trust and function from Providence, as
+special and remarkable as was ever entrusted to any portion of the
+family of man. When I speak of that trust and that function I feel that
+words fail. I can not tell you what I think of the nobleness of the
+inheritance which has descended upon us, of the sacredness of the duty
+of maintaining it. I will not condescend to make it a part of
+controversial politics. It is a part of my being, of my flesh and blood,
+of my heart and soul. For those ends I have labored through my youth and
+manhood, and, more than that, till my hairs are gray. In that faith and
+practise I have lived, and in that faith and practise I shall
+die.--_Midlothian Speech:_ WILLIAM EWART GLADSTONE.
+
+
+_A Study in Purity of Style_
+
+13. Is this a reality? or is your Christianity a romance? is your
+profession a dream? No, I am sure that your Christianity is not a
+romance, and I am equally sure that your profession is not a dream. It
+is because I believe this that I appeal to you with confidence, and that
+I have hope and faith in the future. I believe that we shall see, and at
+no very distant time, sound economic principles spreading much more
+widely among the people; a sense of justice growing up in a soil which
+hitherto has been deemed unfruitful; and, which will be better than
+all--the churches of the United Kingdom--the churches of Britain
+awaking, as it were, from their slumbers, and girding up their loins to
+more glorious work, when they shall not only accept and believe in the
+prophecy, but labor earnestly for its fulfilment, that there shall come
+a time--a blessed time--a time which shall last forever--when "nation
+shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any
+more."--_Peace:_ JOHN BRIGHT.
+
+
+_A Study in Common Sense and Exalted Thought_
+
+14. My countrymen, one and all, think calmly and well upon this whole
+subject. Nothing valuable can be lost by taking time. If there be an
+object to hurry any of you in hot haste to a step which you would never
+take deliberately, that object will be frustrated by taking time; but no
+good object can be frustrated by it. Such of you as are now dissatisfied
+still have the old Constitution unimpaired, and on the sensitive point,
+the laws of your own framing under it; while the new administration will
+have no immediate power, if it would, to change either. If it were
+admitted that you who are dissatisfied hold the right side in this
+dispute there is still no single good reason for precipitate action.
+Intelligence, patriotism, Christianity, and a firm reliance on Him who
+has never yet forsaken this favored land are still competent to adjust
+in the best way all our present difficulty. In your hands, my
+dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, are the momentous
+issues of civil war. The government will not assail you. You can have no
+conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath
+registered in heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the
+most solemn one to "preserve, protect, and defend" it.--_The First
+Inaugural Address:_ ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+
+
+
+
+HOW TO SPEAK IN PUBLIC[1]
+
+BY GRENVILLE KLEISER
+
+[Footnote 1: A talk given before The Public Speaking Club of America.]
+
+The art of public speaking is so simple that it is difficult. There is
+an erroneous impression that in order to make a successful speech a man
+must have unusual natural talent in addition to long and arduous study.
+
+Consequently, many a person, when asked to make a speech, is immediately
+subjected to a feeling of fear or depression. Once committed to the
+undertaking, he spends anxious days and sleepless nights in mental
+agony, much as a criminal is said to do just prior to his execution.
+When at last he attempts his "maiden effort," he is almost wholly unfit
+for his task because of the needless waste of thought and energy
+expended in fear.
+
+Elbert Hubbard once confided to me that when he made deliberate
+preparation for an elaborate speech,--which was seldom,--it was
+invariably a disappointment. To push a great speech before him for an
+hour or more used up most of his vitality. It was like making a speech
+while attempting to carry a heavy burden on the back.
+
+
+HOW THE SPEAKER MUST PREPARE HIMSELF
+
+There is, of course, certain preparation necessary for effective public
+speaking. The so-called impromptu speech is largely the product of
+previous knowledge and study. What the speaker has read, what he has
+seen, what he has heard,--in short, what he actually knows, furnishes
+the available material for his use.
+
+As the public speaker gains in experience, however, he learns to put
+aside, at the time of speaking, all conscious thought of rules or
+methods. He learns through discipline how to abandon himself to the
+subject in hand and to give spontaneous expression to all his powers.
+
+_Primarily, then, the public speaker should have a well-stored mind._ He
+should have mental culture in a broad way; sound judgment, a sense of
+proportion, mental alertness, a retentive memory, tact, and common
+sense,--these are vital to good speaking.
+
+_The physical requirements of the public speaker_ comprise good health
+and bodily vigor. He must have power of endurance, since there will be
+at times arduous demands upon him. It is worthy of note that most of the
+world's great orators have been men with great animal vitality.
+
+The student of public speaking should give careful attention to his
+personal appearance, which includes care of the teeth. His clothes,
+linen, and the evidence of general care and cleanliness, will play an
+important part in the impression he makes upon an audience.
+
+_Elocutionary training is essential._ Daily drill in deep breathing,
+articulation, pronunciation, voice culture, gesture, and expression, are
+prerequisites to polished speech. Experienced public speakers of the
+best type know the necessity for daily practise.
+
+_The mental training of the public speaker_, so often neglected, should
+be regular and thorough. A reliable memory and a vivid imagination are
+his indispensable allies.
+
+_The moral side of the public speaker_ will include the development of
+character, sympathy, self-confidence and kindred qualities. To be a
+leader of other men, a speaker must have clear, settled, vigorous views
+upon the subject under consideration.
+
+So much, briefly, as to the previous preparation of the speaker.
+
+
+HOW THE SPEAKER MUST PREPARE HIS SPEECH
+
+_As to the speech itself, the speaker first chooses a subject._ This
+will depend upon the nature of the occasion and the purpose in view. He
+proceeds intelligently to gather material on his selected theme,
+supplementing the resources of his own mind with information from books,
+periodicals, and other sources.
+
+_The next step is to make a brief_, or outline of his subject. A brief
+is composed of three parts, called the introduction, the discussion or
+statement of facts, and the conclusion. Principal ideas are placed
+under headings and subheadings.
+
+_The speaker next writes out his speech in full_, using the brief as the
+basis of procedure. The discipline of writing out a speech, even tho the
+intention is to speak without notes, is of inestimable value. It is one
+of the best indications of the speaker's thoroughness and sincerity.
+
+When the speech has at last been carefully written out, revised, and
+approved, should it be committed word for word to memory, or only in
+part, or should the speaker read from the manuscript?
+
+
+THE PART MEMORY PLAYS IN PUBLIC SPEAKING
+
+Here circumstances must govern. _The most approved method is to fix the
+thoughts clearly in mind, and to trust to the time of speaking for
+exact phraseology._ This method requires, however, that the speaker
+rehearse his speech over and over again, changing the form of the words
+frequently, so as to acquire facility in the use of language.
+
+_The great objection to memoriter speaking is that it limits and
+handicaps the speaker._ He is like a schoolboy "saying his piece." He is
+in constant danger of running off the prescribed track and of having to
+begin again at some definite point.
+
+The most effective speaker to-day is the one who can think clearly and
+promptly on his feet, and can speak from his personality rather than
+from his memory. Untrammelled by manuscript or effort of memory, he
+gives full and spontaneous expression to his powers. On the other hand,
+a speech from memory is like a recitation, almost inevitably stilted
+and artificial in character.
+
+
+THE STUDY OF WORDS AND IDEAS
+
+Those who would become highly proficient in public speaking should form
+the dictionary habit. It is a profitable and pleasant exercise to study
+lists of words and to incorporate them in one's daily conversation. Ten
+minutes devoted regularly every day to this study will build the
+vocabulary in a rapid manner.
+
+The study of words is really a study of ideas,--since words are symbols
+of ideas,--and while the student is increasing his working vocabulary,
+in the way indicated, he is at the same time furnishing his mind with
+new and useful ideas.
+
+_One of the best exercises for the student of public speaking is to read
+aloud daily, taking care to read as he would speak._ He should choose
+one of the standard writers, such as Stevenson, Ruskin, Newman, or
+Carlyle, and while reading severely criticize his delivery. Such reading
+should be done standing up and as if addressing an audience. This simple
+exercise will, in the course of a few weeks, yield the most gratifying
+results.
+
+It is true that "All art must be preceded by a certain mechanical
+expertness," but as the highest art is to conceal art, a student must
+learn eventually to abandon thought of "exercises" and "rules."
+
+
+ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF THE PUBLIC SPEAKER
+
+The three greatest qualities in a successful public speaker are
+simplicity, directness, and deliberateness.
+
+Lincoln had these qualities in preeminent degree. His speech at
+Gettysburg--the model short speech of all history--occupied about three
+minutes in delivery. Edward Everett well said afterward that he would
+have been content to make the same impression in three hours which
+Lincoln made in that many minutes.
+
+The great public speakers in all times have been earnest and diligent
+students. We are familiar with the indefatigable efforts of Demosthenes,
+who rose from very ordinary circumstances, and goaded by the realization
+of great natural defects, through assiduous self-training eventually
+made the greatest of the world's orations, "The Speech on the Crown."
+
+Cicero was a painstaking disciple of the speaker's art and gave himself
+much to the discipline of the pen. His masterly work on oratory in which
+he commends others to write much, remains unsurpassed to this day.
+
+John Bright, the eminent British orator, always required time for
+preparation. He read every morning from the Bible, from which he drew
+rich material for argument and illustration. A remarkable thing about
+him was that he spoke seldom.
+
+Phillips Brooks was an ideal speaker, combining simplicity and sympathy
+in large degree. He was a splendid type of pulpit orator produced by
+broad spiritual culture.
+
+Henry Ward Beecher had unique powers as a dramatic and eloquent speaker.
+In his youth he hesitated in his speech, which led him to study
+elocution. He himself tells of how he went to the woods daily to
+practise vocal exercises.
+
+He was an exponent of thorough preparation, never speaking upon a
+subject until he had made it his own by diligent study. Like Phillips
+Brooks, he was a man of large sympathy and imagination--two faculties
+indispensable to persuasive eloquence.
+
+It was his oratory that first brought fame to Gladstone. He had a superb
+voice, and he possest that fighting force essential to a great public
+debater. When he quitted the House of Commons in his eighty-fifth year
+his powers of eloquence were practically unimpaired.
+
+Wendell Phillips was distinguished for his personality, conversational
+style, and thrilling voice. He had a wonderful vocabulary, and a
+personal magnetism which won men instantly to him. It is said that he
+relied principally upon the power of truth to make his speaking
+eloquent. He, too, was an untiring student of the speaker's art.
+
+As we examine the lives and records of eminent speakers of other days,
+we are imprest with the fact that they were sincere and earnest
+students of the art in which they ultimately excelled.
+
+
+LEARNING TO THINK ON YOUR FEET
+
+One of the best exercises for learning to think and speak on the feet is
+to practise daily giving one minute impromptu talks upon chosen
+subjects. A good plan is to write subjects of a general character, on
+say fifty or more cards, and then to speak on each subject as it is
+chosen.
+
+This simple exercise will rapidly develop facility of thought and
+expression and give greatly increased self-confidence.
+
+It is a good plan to prepare more material than one intends to use--at
+least twice as much. It gives a comfortable feeling of security when one
+stands before an audience, to know that if some of the prepared matter
+evades his memory, he still has ample material at his ready service.
+
+There is no more interesting and valuable study than that of speaking in
+public. It confers distinct advantages by way of improved health,
+through special exercise in deep breathing and voice culture; by way of
+stimulated thought and expression; and by an increase of self-confidence
+and personal power.
+
+Men and women in constantly increasing numbers are realizing the
+importance of public speaking, and as questions multiply for debate and
+solution the need for this training will be still more widely
+appreciated, so that a practical knowledge of public speaking will in
+time be considered indispensable to a well-rounded education.
+
+
+Speech for Study, with Lesson Talk
+
+THE STYLE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT
+
+The speeches of Mr. Roosevelt commend themselves to the student of
+public speaking for their fearlessness, frankness, and robustness of
+thought. His aim was deliberate and effective.
+
+His style was generally exuberant, and the note of personal assertion
+prominent. He was direct in diction, often vehement in feeling, and one
+of his characteristics was a visible satisfaction when he drove home a
+special thought to his hearers.
+
+It is hoped that the extract reprinted here, from Mr. Roosevelt's famous
+address, "The Strenuous Life," will lead the student to study the speech
+in its entirety. The speech will be found in "Essays and Addresses,"
+published by The Century Company.
+
+
+THE STRENUOUS LIFE[2]
+
+BY THEODORE ROOSEVELT
+
+[Footnote 2: Extract from speech before the Hamilton Club, Chicago,
+April 10, 1899. From the "Strenuous Life. Essays and Addresses" by
+Theodore Roosevelt. The Century Co., 1900.]
+
+
+In speaking to you, men of the greatest city of the West, men of the
+State which gave to the country Lincoln and Grant, men who preeminently
+and distinctly embody all that is most American in the American
+character, I wish to preach, not the doctrine of ignoble ease, but the
+doctrine of the strenuous life, the life of toil and effort, of labor
+and strife; to preach that highest form of success which comes, not to
+the man who desires mere easy peace, but to the man who does not shrink
+from danger, from hardship, or from bitter toil, and who out of these
+wins the splendid ultimate triumph.
+
+A life of slothful ease, a life of that peace which springs merely from
+lack either of desire or of power to strive after great things, is as
+little worthy of a nation as of an individual. I ask only that what
+every self-respecting American demands from himself and his sons shall
+be demanded of the American nation as a whole. Who among you would teach
+the boys that ease, that peace, is to be the first consideration in
+their eyes--to be the ultimate goal after which they strive? You men of
+Chicago have made this city great, you men of Illinois have done your
+share, and more than your share, in making America great, because you
+neither preach nor practise such a doctrine. You work, yourselves, and
+you bring up your sons to work. If you are rich and are worth your salt
+you will teach your sons that tho they may have leisure, it is not to be
+spent in idleness; for wisely used leisure merely means that those who
+possess it, being free from the necessity of working for their
+livelihood, are all the more bound to carry on some kind of
+non-remunerative work in science, in letters, in art, in exploration, in
+historical research--work of the type we most need in this country, the
+successful carrying out of which reflects most honor upon the nation. We
+do not admire the man of timid peace. We admire the man who embodies
+victorious effort; the man who never wrongs his neighbor, who is prompt
+to help a friend, but who has those virile qualities necessary to win in
+the stern strife of actual life. It is hard to fail, but it is worse
+never to have tried to succeed. In this life we get nothing save by
+effort. Freedom from effort in the present merely means that there has
+been stored up effort in the past. A man can be freed from the necessity
+of work only by the fact that he or his fathers before him have worked
+to good purpose. If the freedom thus purchased is used aright and the
+man still does actual work tho of a different kind, whether as a writer
+or a general, whether in the field of politics or in the field of
+exploration and adventure, he shows he deserves his good fortune. But if
+he treats this period of freedom from the need of actual labor as a
+period, not of preparation, but of more enjoyment, he shows that he is
+simply a cumberer on the earth's surface, and he surely unfits himself
+to hold his own with his fellows if the need to do so should again
+arise. A mere life of ease is not in the end a very satisfactory life,
+and, above all, it is a life which ultimately unfits those who follow
+it for serious work in the world.
+
+In the last analysis a healthy State can exist only when the men and
+women who make it up lead clean, vigorous, healthy lives; when the
+children are so trained that they shall endeavor, not to shirk
+difficulties, but to overcome them; not to seek ease, but to know how to
+wrest triumph from toil and risk. The man must be glad to do a man's
+work, to dare and endure and to labor; to keep himself, and to keep
+those dependent upon him. The woman must be the housewife, the helpmeet
+of the homemaker, the wise and fearless mother of many healthy children.
+In one of Daudet's powerful and melancholy books he speaks of "the fear
+of maternity, the haunting terror of the young wife of the present day."
+When such words can be truthfully written of a nation, that nation is
+rotten to the heart's core. When men fear work or fear righteous war,
+when women fear motherhood, they tremble on the brink of doom; and well
+it is that they should vanish from the earth, where they are fit
+subjects for the scorn of all men and women who are themselves strong
+and brave and high-minded.
+
+As it is with the individual, so it is with the nation. It is a base
+untruth to say that happy is the nation that has no history. Thrice
+happy is the nation that has a glorious history. Far better it is to
+dare mighty things, to win glorious triumphs, even tho checkered by
+failure, than to take rank with those poor spirits who neither enjoy
+much nor suffer much, because they live in the gray twilight that knows
+not victory nor defeat. If in 1861 the men who loved the Union had
+believed that peace was the end of all things, and war and strife the
+worst of all things, and had acted up to their belief, we would have
+saved hundreds of lives, we would have saved hundreds of millions of
+dollars. Moreover, besides saving all the blood and treasure we then
+lavished, we would have prevented the heartbreak of many women, the
+dissolution of many homes, and we would have spared the country those
+months of gloom and shame when it seemed as if our armies marched only
+to defeat. We could have avoided all this suffering simply by shrinking
+from strife. And if we had thus avoided it, we would have shown that we
+were weaklings, and that we were unfit to stand among the great nations
+of the earth. Thank God for the iron in the blood of our fathers, the
+men who upheld the wisdom of Lincoln, and bore sword or rifle in the
+armies of Grant! Let us, the children of the men who proved themselves
+equal to the mighty days, let us the children of the men who carried the
+great Civil War to a triumphant conclusion, praise the God of our
+fathers that the ignoble counsels of peace were rejected; that the
+suffering and loss, the blackness of sorrow and despair were
+unflinchingly faced, and the years of strife endured; for in the end the
+slave was freed, the Union restored, and the mighty American republic
+placed once more as a helmeted queen among nations....
+
+The Army and Navy are the sword and shield which this nation must carry
+if she is to do her duty among the nations of the earth--if she is not
+to stand merely as the China of the western hemisphere. Our proper
+conduct toward the tropic islands we have wrested from Spain is merely
+the form which our duty has taken at the moment. Of course, we are bound
+to handle the affairs of our own household well. We must see that there
+is civic good sense in our home administration of city, State and
+nation. We must strive for honesty in office, for honesty toward the
+creditors of the nation and of the individual, for the widest freedom of
+individual initiative where possible, and for the wisest control of
+individual initiative where it is hostile to the welfare of the many.
+But because we set our own household in order we are not thereby excused
+from playing our part in the great affairs of the world. A man's first
+duty is to his own home, but he is not thereby excused from doing his
+duty to the State; for if he fails in this second duty, it is under the
+penalty of ceasing to be a freeman. In the same way, while a nation's
+first duty is within its own borders it is not thereby absolved from
+facing its duties in the world as a whole; and if it refuses to do so,
+it merely forfeits its right to struggle for a place among the peoples
+that shape the destiny of mankind.
+
+
+I preach to you, then, my countrymen, that our country calls not for the
+life of ease, but for the life of strenuous endeavor. The twentieth
+century looms before us big with the fate of many nations. If we stand
+idly by, if we seek merely swollen, slothful ease and ignoble peace, if
+we shrink from the hard contests where men must win at hazard of their
+lives and at the risk of all they hold dear, then the bolder and
+stronger peoples will pass us by, and will win for themselves the
+domination of the world. Let us, therefore, boldly face the life of
+strife, resolute to do our duty well and manfully; resolute to uphold
+righteousness by deed and by word; resolute to be both honest and brave,
+to serve high ideals, yet to use practical methods. Above all, let us
+shrink from no strife, moral or physical, within or without the nation,
+provided we are certain that the strife is justified, for it is only
+through strife, through hard and dangerous endeavor, that we shall
+ultimately win the goal of true national greatness.
+
+
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENTS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HOW TO Develop Self-Confidence IN SPEECH AND MANNER
+
+By GRENVILLE KLEISER
+
+_Author of "How to Argue and Win."_
+
+
+In all fields of endeavor there are thousands of people who are forced
+to remain in the background because they lack self-confidence in speech
+and manner--the very fundamental of success. For just such people
+Grenville Kleiser has written his book "How to Develop Self-Confidence
+in Speech and Manner."
+
+The work deals with methods of correction for self-consciousness, with
+manners as a power in the making of men, with the value of a cultivated
+and agreeable voice, with confidence in society and business. A series
+of suggestions is given for an every-day cultivation of these qualities.
+
+     "Embodies in a most encouraging and practical way all that is
+     needed to make one who is naturally timid or fearful in speech and
+     manner, self-poised, calm, dignified and confident of himself. It
+     must be said that the method proposed is one of sober self-estimate
+     and persistent effort along well considered lines of thought and
+     action, designed to eradicate this uneasiness."--_Times Dispatch_,
+     Richmond, Va.
+
+_12mo, Cloth. $1.50, Net; by mail, $1.65_
+
+
+FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY, Publishers
+NEW YORK AND LONDON
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_ELSIE JANIS, the wonderful protean actress, says:--"I can not speak in
+too high praise of the opening remarks. If carefully read, will greatly
+assist. Have several books of choice selections, but I find some in
+'Humorous Hits' never before published."_
+
+
+HUMOROUS HITS
+
+AND HOW TO HOLD AN AUDIENCE
+
+By GRENVILLE KLEISER
+
+_Author of "How to Argue and Win."_
+
+
+This is a choice, new collection of effective recitations, sketches,
+stories, poems, monologues; the favorite numbers of world-famed
+humorists such as James Whitcomb Riley, Eugene Field, Mark Twain, Finley
+Peter Dunne, W. J. Lampton, Thomas Bailey Aldrich, Chas. Batell Loomis,
+Wallace Irwin, Richard Mansfield, Bill Nye, S. E. Kiser, Tom Masson, and
+others. It is the best book for home entertainment, and the most useful
+for teachers, orators, after-dinner speakers, and actors.
+
+In this book, Mr. Kleiser also gives practical suggestions on how to
+deliver humorous or other selections so that they will make the
+strongest possible impression on the audience.
+
+_Cloth 12mo, 316 pages. Price, $1.25, Net; Post-paid, $1.37_
+
+
+FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY, Publishers
+NEW YORK AND LONDON
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Successful Methods of Public Speaking, by
+Grenville Kleiser
+
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