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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Fians, Fairies and Picts, by David MacRitchie
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Fians, Fairies and Picts
+
+Author: David MacRitchie
+
+Release Date: March 5, 2006 [EBook #17926]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIANS, FAIRIES AND PICTS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Ted Garvin, Taavi Kalju, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreaders Europe at http://dp.rastko.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE I.
+
+SELECTIONAL VIEW AND GROUND PLAN OF UNDERGROUND GALLERY, CALLED _UAMH
+SGALABHAD_, NEAR MOL A DEAS, HUISHNISH, ISLAND OF SOUTH UIST.
+
+_Frontispiece._]
+
+
+
+
+FIANS, FAIRIES
+AND
+PICTS
+
+
+BY
+
+DAVID MACRITCHIE
+
+AUTHOR OF
+"THE TESTIMONY OF TRADITION"
+
+
+     "Sometimes ... it seems that the stones are really
+     speaking--speaking of the old things, of the time when the strange
+     fishes and animals lived that are turned into stone now, and the
+     lakes were here; and then of the time when the little Bushmen lived
+     here, so small and so ugly, and used to sleep in the wild dog
+     holes, and in the 'sloots,' and eat snakes, and shoot the bucks
+     with their poisoned arrows ... Now the Boers have shot them all, so
+     that we never see a little yellow face peeping out among the stones
+     ... And the wild bucks have gone, and those days, and we are
+     here."--WALDO, in _The Story of an African Farm._
+
+
+_WITH ILLUSTRATIONS_
+
+
+LONDON
+KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÃœBNER & CO., LTD.
+PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARING CROSS ROAD
+1893
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+The following treatise is to some extent a re-statement and partly an
+amplification of a theory I have elsewhere advanced.[1] But as that
+theory, although it has been advocated by several writers, especially
+during the past half-century, is not familiar to everybody, some remarks
+of an explanatory nature are necessary. And if this explanation assumes
+a narrative form, not without a tinge of autobiography, it is because
+this seems the most convenient way of stating the case.
+
+It is now a dozen years or thereabouts since I first read the "Popular
+Tales of the West Highlands," by Mr. J.F. Campbell, otherwise known by
+his courtesy-title of "Campbell of Islay." Mr. Campbell was, as many
+people know, a Highland gentleman of good family, who devoted much of
+his time to collecting and studying the oral traditions of his own
+district and of many lands. His equipment as a student of West Highland
+folklore was unique. He had the necessary knowledge of Gaelic, the
+hereditary connection with the district which made him at home with the
+poorest peasant, and the sympathetic nature which proved a master-key in
+opening the storehouse of inherited belief. It is not likely that
+another Campbell of Islay will arise, and, indeed, in these days of
+decaying tradition, he would be born too late.
+
+In reading his book, then, for the first time, what impressed me more
+than anything else in his pages were statements such as the following:--
+
+     "The ancient Gauls wore helmets which represented beasts. The
+     enchanted king's sons, when they come home to their dwellings, put
+     off _cochal_ [a Gaelic word signifying], the husk, and become men;
+     and when they go out they resume the _cochal_, and become animals
+     of various kinds. May this not mean that they put on their armour?
+     They marry a plurality of wives in many stories. In short, the
+     enchanted warriors are, as I verily believe, nothing but real men,
+     and their manners real manners, seen through a haze of
+     centuries.... I do not mean that the tales date from any particular
+     period, but that traces of all periods may be found in them--that
+     various actors have played the same parts time out of mind, and
+     that their manners and customs are all mixed together, and truly,
+     though confusedly, represented--that giants and fairies and
+     enchanted princes were men ... that tales are but garbled popular
+     history, of a long journey through forests and wilds, inhabited by
+     savages and wild beasts; of events that occurred on the way from
+     east to west, in the year of grace, once upon a time" (I.
+     cxv.-cxvi.). "The Highland giants were not so big but that their
+     conquerors wore their clothes; they were not so strong that men
+     could not beat them, even by wrestling. They were not quite
+     savages; for though some lived in caves, others had houses and
+     cattle and hoards of spoil" (I. xcix.). "And though I do not myself
+     believe that fairies _are_ ... I believe there once was a small
+     race of people in these islands, who are remembered as fairies, for
+     the fairy belief is not confined to the Highlanders of Scotland"
+     (I. c.) "This class of stories is so widely spread, so
+     matter-of-fact, hangs so well together, and is so implicitly
+     believed all over the United Kingdom, that I am persuaded of the
+     former existence of a race of men in these islands who were smaller
+     in stature than the Celts; who used stone arrows, lived in conical
+     mounds like the Lapps, knew some mechanical arts, pilfered goods
+     and stole children; and were perhaps contemporary with some species
+     of wild cattle and horses and great auks, which frequented marshy
+     ground, and are now remembered as water-bulls and water-horses, and
+     boobries, and such like impossible creatures" (IV. 344).
+
+And much more to the same effect,[2] with which it is unnecessary to
+trouble the reader. Now, all this was quite new to me. If I had ever
+given a second thought to the so-called "supernatural" beings of
+tradition, it was only to dismiss them, in the conventional manner as
+creatures of the imagination. But these ideas of Mr. Campbell's were
+decidedly interesting, and deserving of consideration. It was obvious
+that tradition, especially where there had been an intermixture of
+races, could not preserve one clear, unblemished record of the past; and
+this he fully recognised. But it seemed equally obvious that the
+"matter-of-fact" element to which he refers could not have owed its
+origin to myth or fancy. The question being fascinating, there was
+therefore no alternative but to make further inquiry. And the more it
+was considered, the more did his theory proclaim its reasonableness. He
+suggests, for example, that certain "fairy herds" in Sutherlandshire
+were probably reindeer, that the "fairies" who milked those reindeer
+were probably of the same race as Lapps, and that not unlikely they were
+the people historically known as Picts. The fact that Picts once
+occupied northern Scotland formed no obstacle to his theory. And when I
+learned that the reindeer was hunted in that part of Scotland as
+recently as the twelfth century, that remains of reindeer horns are
+still to be found in the counties of Sutherland, Ross, and Caithness,
+sometimes in the very structures ascribed to the Picts, then I perceived
+this to be a theory which, to quote his words, "hung well together."
+Further, the actual Lapps are a small-statured race, the fairies also
+were so described, and this, too, I found to be the traditional idea
+regarding the Picts. Here the identification was closer still. Then
+came the consideration: The fairies lived in hollow hillocks and under
+the ground: what kind of dwellings are the Picts supposed to have
+occupied? The answer to this question still further strengthened Mr.
+Campbell's conjecture. There yet exist numerous underground structures
+and artificial mounds whose interior shows them to have been
+dwelling-places; and these are in some places known as "fairy halls" and
+in others as "Picts' houses." (Illustrations of these are shown in the
+present volume, and are specially referred to in the annexed paper.)
+
+The examination, therefore, of this interesting theory not only helped
+greatly to bear out its probable correctness, but it further began to
+appear that by following this method of inquiry new lights might be
+thrown upon history--perhaps upon very remote history. It was clear that
+the question was not a simple one. All tradition is obscured by the
+darkness of time, and genuine fact is mixed up with ideas which belong
+to the world of religion and of myth. Even in Mr. Campbell's own
+statements there were seeming contradictions. These, however, it is not
+my present purpose to discuss; since they do not vitally affect his main
+contention.
+
+The Lapp-Dwarf parallel was gone into very fully by Professor Nilsson in
+his _Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia_, written twenty years before
+the "West Highland Tales." Not that he, either, was the originator of
+that theory, for it is frequently referred to by Sir Walter Scott, who
+accepted it himself.[3] "In fact," he says, "there seems reason to
+conclude that these _duergar_ [in English, _dwarfs_] were originally
+nothing else than the diminutive natives of the Lappish, Lettish and
+Finnish nations, who, flying before the conquering weapons of the Asae,
+sought the most retired regions of the north, and there endeavoured to
+hide themselves from their eastern invaders." Scott, again, refers us
+back to Einar Gudmund, an Icelandic writer of the second half of the
+sixteenth century, whom I would cite as the earliest "Euhemerus" of
+northern lands, were it not for the fact that he is obviously much more
+than a theorist, and is beyond all doubt speaking of an actual race, as
+may be seen from an incident which he relates.
+
+But, although the popular memory may retain for many centuries the
+impress of historical facts, these become inevitably blurred and
+modified by the lapse of time and the ignorance of the very people who
+preserve the tradition. As an illustration of this, I may cite the
+instance of the dwarfs of Yesso, referred to in the following pages.
+These people still survived as a separate community until the first
+half of the seventeenth century, if not later. They occupied
+semi-subterranean or "pit" dwellings, and are said to have been under
+four feet in height. But, although the modern inhabitants of that island
+still describe them, on the whole, in these terms, a new belief
+regarding them has recently sprouted up in one corner. The Aïno word
+signifying "pit-dweller" is also not unlike the word for a burdock leaf.
+It was known that those dwarfs were little people. Obviously, then,
+their name must have meant "people living under burdock leaves" (instead
+of "in pits"). And so, to some of the modern natives of Yesso, those
+historical dwarfs of the seventeenth century "were so small that if
+caught in a shower of rain or attacked by an enemy, they would stand
+beneath a burdock leaf for shelter, or flee thither to hide."[4]
+
+In that instance, we see before our eyes the whole process by which a
+real race has been transformed into an unreal impossibility, within a
+period of two centuries or so. Had the extinction (or modification by
+inter-marriage or by the processes of evolution) of those Yesso dwarfs
+taken place a thousand years earlier, the difficulty of identifying them
+would have been greatly increased. After a race has once disappeared
+from sight, the popular terms describing it must become more vague and
+confused with every century. Thus, in a certain traditional Scotch story
+there is mention of a number of "little black creatures with spades."
+The description is delightfully comprehensive. It would be quite
+applicable to a gang of Andaman coolies. On the other hand, if we
+exclude the "spades," it might be applied to any "little black
+creatures"--say a colony of tadpoles or of black-beetles. So that, when
+a poet or an artist gets hold of a tradition which has reached this
+stage of uncertainty, he may give the reins to his fancy, so long as he
+portrays some kind--any kind--of "little black creatures."[5]
+
+Before parting altogether from the Yesso dwarfs, notice may be taken of
+a folk-tale containing an incident which obviously derives its
+existence from them, or from a branch of their race. In Mr. Andrew
+Lang's "Green Fairy Book" there is introduced a certain Chinese "Story
+of Hok Lee and the Dwarfs." It appears to be also current in Japan, to
+judge from a reviewer's remark, that "the clever artist who has
+illustrated the book must have known the Japanese story, for he gets
+some of his ideas from the Japanese picture-maker." In the story of Hok
+Lee the dwarfs are represented as living in subterranean dwellings, and
+in the picture they are portrayed as half-naked, with (for the most
+part) shaggy beards and eyebrows, and bald heads. It is wonderfully near
+the truth. The baldness is one of the most striking characteristics of
+those actual dwarfs, and is caused by a certain skin-disease, induced by
+their dirty habits, from which a great number of them suffer, or did
+suffer. The shaggy beards and eyebrows are equally characteristic of the
+race; and their custom of occupying half-underground dwellings has given
+them the name by which they are remembered in Japan at the present day.
+The exact scene of the story is a matter of minor importance. Those
+people appear to have been known to the Chinese for at least twelve
+centuries, and to the Japanese for a much longer period. Thus, it was
+quite unnecessary for any novelist in China or Japan to _invent_ such
+people, since they already existed. As for the details of that
+particular story, or of any other of the kind, it is not to be supposed
+that a belief in its historical basis necessarily implies an acceptance
+of every statement contained in it. On this principle, one would be
+bound to accept the truth of every "snake-story," for the simple reason
+that one believed in the existence of snakes. Still, it is possible, and
+perhaps not improbable, that tales which preserve the memory of those
+people, may also be fairly accurate in many of the statements made
+regarding them. The reason, however, of introducing this particular
+story is to show that the Chinese or Japanese romancer did not require
+to _create_ a race of bald-headed, shaggy, half-wild dwarfs, seeing that
+that had already been done for him by the Creator.
+
+Those to whom this question is a new one will now see what is the point
+of view of the realist or euhemerist with regard to such traditions. He
+sees here and there in the past, through much intervening mist,
+something that looks like a real object, and he tries to define its
+outlines. He has no intention of denying, as some have vainly imagined,
+that there _is_ an intervening mist. Nor, it seems necessary to explain,
+does he assume that wherever there is a mist there must be some tangible
+object behind it. For example, he does not believe that Boreas, or
+Zephyrus, or Jack Frost were ever anything but personifications of
+certain natural forces.
+
+Various other considerations have also to be borne in mind; not the
+least important of which is the fact that the very people who have
+preserved these traditional beliefs have done much to obscure them,
+owing to their want of education. Scott tells a story of a Scotch
+peasant who, discovering a company of gaily-dressed puppets standing in
+a thicket, where they had been concealed by a travelling showman, at
+once concluded that they were "fairies." He had inherited the belief
+that fairies were "little people" who frequented just such places as
+this; consequently, he decided these were fairies. This fact was
+elicited in court, where the countryman had to appear as a witness. From
+that time onward his mind ought to have been disabused of his hasty
+belief. But a man so stupid as to assume that a showman's marionettes
+were anything else than lifeless dolls, might continue for the rest of
+his life to recount his marvellous meeting with "the fairies."
+Similarly, to a tipsy man returning homeward from market, many common
+and every-day objects take on a weird and superhuman aspect, due to no
+other spirits than those he has consumed. From this cause, a large
+number of odd stories (such as one told by Mr. William Black of a tipsy
+Hebridean) has doubtless arisen. Further, the belief in the existence of
+"supernatural" beings has been much utilised by rustic humourists, and
+no doubt also by smugglers and other night-birds, in comparatively
+recent times. The prolonged absence of a husband, or it may be of a
+wife, could be explained by some wild legend of having been "stolen by
+the fairies," when a more frank avowal dared not be offered. And
+although "strange tales were told" regarding the paternity of "Brian,"
+in _The Lady of the Lake_, and although Scott adheres to those legends
+in his poem, he does not fail to point out in his appended _Note_ that
+the story could be explained in a much more rational manner. There have
+been many "Brians."
+
+To give this subject the special attention which it deserves would,
+however, swell these introductory notes to an intolerable size; and,
+indeed, their purpose is rather to show what the euhemeristic theory is
+than what it is not; that is to say, the euhemeristic theory as applied
+to the traditions relating to dwarf races.
+
+In the work to which I have referred, the opinions enunciated by
+Professor Nilsson and Mr. J.F. Campbell, together with other
+developments which suggested themselves to me, were duly set forth, and
+were received, as was to be expected, with every form of comment, from
+complete approval to entire dissent. Among the adverse criticisms, some
+arose from a misapprehension of the case, while others were due to the
+critic's imperfect acquaintance with the subject he professed to
+discuss. But besides these, there were of course the legitimate
+objections which can always be urged in matters of a debateable
+character, where there is no positive evidence on either side. With
+regard to such I can at least echo the words of one of the most eminent
+and most courteous of my opponents, M. Charles Ploix, and say for
+euhemerism what he says for naturalism:--"Tant que la théorie sur
+laquelle il s'appuie n'aura pas été démontrée fausse par des arguments
+décisifs, et surtout tant qu'elle n'aura pas été remplacée par une
+hypothèse plus certaine, il pourra continuer à s'affirmer."[6]
+
+It ought to be mentioned that the following paper was written for the
+Folk-Lore Society, at one of whose meetings (in February 1892) it was
+subsequently read. As, however, the Council of that Society ultimately
+decided that the paper was unsuited for publication in a journal devoted
+to the study of folk-lore, it now appears in a separate form. One
+advantage to be derived from this is that the illustrations which
+accompanied the lecture, and which are of much importance in enabling
+one to understand the argument, can also be reproduced at the same time.
+It may be added that, while the theme is capable of much
+amplification,[7] have preferred to print the paper as it was written
+for the occasion referred to. It states, concisely enough, the leading
+points of the argument.
+
+To those who are interested in the "realistic" interpretation of such
+traditions, I beg to recommend for reference the following works:--First
+and foremost, there is "The Anatomy of a Pygmie," by Dr. Edward Tyson
+(London, 1699), a book full of suggestive notices. This author has
+undoubtedly reached the "bed-rock" of the question; but, owing to his
+era and mental environment, he has not realised that his argument is
+useless without a consideration of the various stratifications above the
+"bed-rock." Belonging to the same century is the chapter "Of Pigmies" in
+Sir Thomas Browne's "Vulgar Errors," wherein he makes several very
+interesting statements, although he argues from the opposite side.
+Scattered throughout the writings of Sir Walter Scott, both poetry and
+prose, there are also many references bearing upon this question, from
+the realistic point of view. In addition to these, there is his
+well-known treatise "On the Fairies of Popular Superstition," prefaced
+to "The Tale of Tamlane," wherein he states that "the most distinct
+account of the duergar [_i.e._ dwergs, or dwarfs], or elves, and their
+attributes, is to be found in a preface of Torfæus to the history of
+Hrolf Kraka [Copenhagen, 1715], who cites a dissertation by Einar
+Gudmund, a learned native of Iceland. 'I am firmly of opinion,' says the
+Icelander, 'that these beings are creatures of God, consisting, like
+human beings, of a body and rational soul; that they are of different
+sexes, and capable of producing children, and subject to all human
+affections, as sleeping and waking, laughing and crying, poverty and
+wealth; and that they possess cattle and other effects, and are
+obnoxious to death, like other mortals.' He proceeds to state that the
+females of this race are capable of procreating with mankind;[8] and
+gives an account of one who bore a child to an inhabitant of Iceland,
+for whom she claimed the privilege of baptism; depositing the infant for
+that purpose at the gate of the churchyard, together with a goblet of
+gold as an offering."[9] Scott further cites from Jessen's _De
+Lapponibus_ similar matter-of-fact details obtained on this subject from
+the Lapps; who, on their own showing, are inferentially the half-bred
+descendants of dwarfs.
+
+"That some of the myths of giants and dwarfs are connected with
+traditions of real indigenous or hostile tribes is settled beyond
+question by the evidence brought forward by Grimm, Nilsson, and
+Hanusch," observes Dr. E.B. Tylor.[10] And although that eminent
+anthropologist sees a different meaning in many kindred traditions, yet
+his observations, and the great mass of references which he gives in
+connection with this single detail, are of much interest to euhemerists
+pure and simple. The late Sir Daniel Wilson's "Caliban"[11] teems with
+the realistic doctrine, and so also does a work of (in my opinion) less
+equal merit, "The Pedigree of the Devil,"[12] by Mr. Frederic T. Hall.
+In Mr. R.G. Haliburton's "Dwarfs of Mount Atlas: with notes as to Dwarfs
+and Dwarf Worship,"[13] and also in his "Further Notes"[14] on that
+subject, the same idea is prominent. All of these writers, with the
+exception of Sir Thomas Browne (and excluding Dr. Tylor in so far as
+regards some of his deductions), refer practically, though in varying
+degrees, to the question discussed by Tyson; and in this respect I must
+also cite my recent work on "The Aïnos" (pp. 51-66). Of other writers
+who have not probed quite so deeply, and who possibly may not recognise
+the necessity for so doing, but who are realists nevertheless, the
+following may be mentioned: M. Paul Monceaux, who, in the _Revue
+Historique_ of October 1891, deals with the African dwarfs of ancient
+and modern writers;[15] Professor Henri van Elven, the main theme of
+whose forthcoming work, _Les Nains préhistoriques de l'Europe
+Occidentale_, formed the subject of a paper recently read by him before
+the _Société d'Archéologie de Bruxelles;_ and MM. Grandgagnage and De
+Reul, cited by Mr. C. Carter Blake, F.G.S., in connection with the
+_Nutons_ of the Belgian bone-caves;[16] as also another writer of the
+Low Countries, Van den Bergh ("xxx. and 313"), whom Mr. J. Dirks quotes
+at p. 15 of his _Heidens of Egyptiërs_, Utrecht, 1850. In Mr. W.G.
+Black's charming book on Heligoland,[17] one passage (p. 72) recognises
+that a certain Sylt tradition "is evidently one of those valuable
+legends which illuminate dark pages of history. It clearly bears
+testimony to the same small race having inhabited Friesland in times
+which we trace in the caves of the Neolithic age, and of which the
+Esquimaux are the only survivors." For many of the kindred traditions in
+that locality, one cannot do better than refer to Mr. Christian Jensen's
+_Zwergsagen aus Nordfriesland_, contributed to the _Zeitschrift des
+Vereins für Volkskunde_ (Berlin, Heft 4, 1892).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[The foregoing pages were all in type before the appearance of Vol.
+VIII. of the _Bibliothèque de Carabas_, which contains several
+criticisms by Mr. Andrew Lang on my "Testimony of Tradition" and
+"Underground Life." The already excessive length of this Introduction
+prevents me from now referring more particularly to these observations,
+as I should otherwise have done. In the meantime, however, I beg to
+refer Mr. Lang to the present work, and to ask him whether he thinks the
+statements there quoted substantiate his conception of the _Fir Sidhe_
+as a deathless people, occupying some region "unknown of earth."
+
+An addition to the Bibliography of this subject is made in the
+above-named volume (p. 88). "In his _Scottish Scenery_ (1803), Dr.
+Cririe suggests that the germ of the Fairy myth is the existence of
+dispossessed aboriginals dwelling in subterranean houses, in some places
+called Picts' houses, covered with artificial mounds. The lights seen
+near the mounds are lights actually carried by the mound-dwellers." Mr.
+Lang adds: "Dr. Cririe works out in some detail 'this marvellously
+absurd supposition,' as the _Quarterly Review_ calls it (vol. lix. p.
+280)."]
+
+
+[Footnote 1: _The Testimony of Tradition_. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner &
+Co., London, 1890.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Such as at pp. ci.-cix. of Vol. I., and pp. 46, 101, and
+275 of Vol. II.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Scott, however, had only imperfectly grasped this idea. In
+numerous passages he inconsistently refers to "the little people" as
+purely the creatures of imagination.]
+
+[Footnote 4: A description of those dwarfs, obtained from Japanese
+records and pictures, may be seen in my monograph on "The Aïnos"
+(Supplement to Vol. IV. of the _Internationales Archiv für
+Ethnographie_, Leiden, 1892). Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.,
+London.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Similarly, the "little Bushmen" referred to by Miss Olive
+Schreiner's _Waldo_ (as quoted by me on the title-page) would be
+remembered with as much uncertainty a century hence if the modern
+population of South Africa had nothing but tradition to depend upon. (It
+may be explained, in case of misapprehension on the part of any
+too-literal reader, that that quotation is not supposed to prove that
+the earth-dwellers of the Hebrides were small and ugly, with "little
+yellow faces," any more than it proves the reindeer of Scotland to have
+been identical with the wild buck of South Africa. But the cases are
+analogous, and the quotation seems _à propos_.)]
+
+[Footnote 6: _Le Surnaturel dans les Contes Populaires_, Paris, 1891, p.
+iv.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Some portions of it I have already amplified: in a pamphlet
+entitled "The Underground Life," Edinburgh, 1892 (privately printed); in
+a paper on "Subterranean Dwellings," contributed to _The Antiquary_
+(London: Elliot Stock) of August 1892; and at pp. 52-58 of "The Aïnos,"
+previously quoted.]
+
+[Footnote 8: By "mankind" need only be understood the race to which
+Einar Gudmund belonged. It is well known that many races apply the term
+"men" to themselves alone. At the same time, Gudmund's words may denote
+a very marked difference in the two types.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Scott again quotes this story, in fuller detail, in the
+Appendix to _The Lady of the Lake_, Note 3 C.]
+
+[Footnote 10: "Primitive Culture," vol. i. p. 385 (3rd edition).]
+
+[Footnote 11: London, Macmillan and Co., 1873.]
+
+[Footnote 12: London, Trübner and Co., 1883.]
+
+[Footnote 13: London, David Nutt, 1891.]
+
+[Footnote 14: _Asiatic Quarterly Review_, July 1892.]
+
+[Footnote 15: For an exhaustive account of "The Pygmy Tribes of Africa,"
+treated from the purely scientific and ethnological point of view see
+Dr. Henry Schlichter's articles in _The Scottish Geographical Magazine_
+of June and July 1892.]
+
+[Footnote 16: _Memoirs_ of the Anthropological Society of London, vol.
+iii. 1870, pp. 320, 321.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Blackwood and Sons, 1888.]
+
+
+
+
+FIANS, FAIRIES AND PICTS.
+
+
+The general belief at the present day is that, of the three designations
+here classed together, only that of the Picts is really historical. The
+Fians are regarded as merely legendary--perhaps altogether mythical
+beings; and the Fairies as absolutely unreal. On the other hand, there
+are those who believe that the three terms all relate to historical
+people, closely akin to each other, if not actually one people under
+three names.
+
+To those unacquainted with the views of the realists, or euhemerists, it
+is necessary to explain that the popular definition of Fairies as
+"little people" is one which that school is quite ready to accept. But
+the conception of such "little people" as tiny beings of aërial and
+ethereal nature, able to fly on a bat's back, or to sip honey from the
+flowers "where the bee sucks," is regarded by the realists as simply
+the outcome of the imagination, working upon a basis of fact. An
+illustration of this position may be seen in the Far East. There is a
+tradition among the Aïnos of Northern Japan that they were preceded by a
+race of "little people," only a few inches in height, whose
+pit-dwellings they still point out. But the pottery and the skeletons
+associated with these habitations show that not only were their
+occupants of a stature to be measured by feet rather than by inches, but
+also that, by reason of a certain anatomical peculiarity common to both,
+the traditional dwarfs were very clearly the ancestors of the Aïnos--a
+race which, though now blended, was once most distinctly a race of
+dwarfs, if one is to believe the earliest Japanese pictures of them.
+Similarly, the dwarfs of European tradition are believed to have had as
+real an origin as the little people of Aïno legend, at any rate by those
+who hold the realistic theory.
+
+Any attempt to reconcile the pygmies of the classic writers with actual
+dwarfs of flesh and blood is outside my province. Moreover, this has
+been admirably, and, as it seems to me, successfully done quite recently
+by M. Paul Monceaux, in an article in the _Revue Historique,_[18]
+wherein he compares the traditional and historical descriptions with the
+statements of modern travellers, and draws the inference that the
+pygmies of the Greek and Roman writers, sculptors and painters, are all
+derived from actual dwarfs seen by their forefathers in Africa and
+India. (Still less doubt is there with regard to the dwarfs in Ancient
+Egyptian paintings.) And whereas Strabo is, says M. Monceaux, the only
+writer of antiquity who questions the existence of the dwarfs, all the
+others are on the side of Aristotle, who says--"This is no fable; there
+really exists in that region (the sources of the Nile), as people
+relate, a race of little men, who have small horses and who live in
+holes." And these little men were of course the ancestors of
+Schweinfurth's and Stanley's dwarfs.
+
+But although M. Monceaux confines his identification to equatorial
+Africa and to India, he does not omit to state that Pliny and other
+writers speak of dwarf tribes in other localities, and among these are
+"the vague regions of the north, designated by the name of Thule." This
+area, vague enough certainly, is the territory with which Fians and
+Picts are both associated; as, also, of course, the Fairies of North
+European tradition.
+
+The attributes with which the "little people" of North Europe are
+accredited cannot be given in detail here. It is enough to note that
+they were believed to live in houses wholly or partly underground, the
+latter kind being described as "hollow" mounds, or hills; that when
+people of taller race entered such subterranean dwellings (as
+occasionally they did) they found the domestic utensils of the dwarfs
+were of the kind labelled "pre-historic" in our antiquarian museums;
+that the copper vessels which dwarf women sometimes left behind them
+when discovered surreptitiously milking the cows of their neighbours,
+were likewise of an antique form; further, that they helped themselves
+to the beef and mutton of their neighbours, after having shot the
+animals with flint-headed arrows; that melodies peculiar to them are
+still sung by the peasants of certain localities; that words used by
+them are still employed by children in their games; and that many
+families in many districts are believed to have inherited some of their
+blood.[19] Of this intercourse between the taller races and the dwarfs,
+there are many records in old traditions. In the days of King Arthur,
+when, as Chaucer tells us, the land was "ful-filled of faërie," the
+knights errant had usually a dwarf as attendant. One of King Arthur's
+own knights was a Fairy.[20] According to Highland tradition, every
+high-caste family of pure Gaelic descent had an attendant dwarf. These
+examples show the "little people" in a not unfriendly light. But many
+other stories speak of them as "malignant" foes, and as dreaded
+oppressors. Of which the rational explanation is that these various
+tales relate to various localities and epochs.
+
+The connection visible between Fians and Fairies, between Fians and
+Picts, and between Picts and Fairies, may now briefly be stated.
+
+The earliest known association of the first two classes occurs in an
+Irish manuscript of the eleventh or twelfth century,[21] wherein it is
+stated that when the ninth-century Danes overran and plundered Ireland,
+there was nothing "in concealment under ground in Erinn, or in the
+various secret places belonging to Fians or to Fairies" that they did
+not discover and appropriate. This statement receives strong
+confirmation from a Scandinavian record, the _Landnáma-bok_, which
+says[22] that, in or about the year 870, a well-known Norse chief named
+Leif
+
+     "went on warfare in the west. He made war in Ireland, and there
+     found a large underground house; he went down into it, and it was
+     dark until light shone from a sword in the hand of a man. Leif
+     killed the man, and took the sword and much property.... He made
+     war widely in Ireland, and got much property. He took ten thralls."
+
+Although the Scandinavian record does not speak of the owner of the
+earth-house as either a "Fian" or a "Fairy," it is quite evident that
+this is an example of the plundering referred to in the Irish chronicle,
+and that the Gaels of Ireland seven or eight centuries ago, if not a
+thousand years ago, regarded the underground people as indifferently
+Fians and Fairies.[23]
+
+Many other associations of Fians with Fairies are to be seen. In one of
+the old traditional ballads regarding the Fians, they are described as
+feasting with Fairies in one of their "hollow" mounds.[24] A
+Sutherlandshire story relates the adventures of the son of a Fairy
+woman, who took service with Ossian, the king of the Fians.[25] One of
+the Fians (Caoilte) had a Fairy sweet-heart.[26] Another of them (Oscar)
+has an interview with a washerwoman who is a Fairy.[27] A Fenian story
+recounts how one day the Fians were working in the harvest-field, in the
+Argyleshire island of Tiree, and on that occasion they had "left their
+weapons of war in the armoury of the Fairy Hill of Caolas";[28] from
+which one is to infer that the Fians made use of Fairy dwellings. In the
+same collection of tales we are told[29] that one time when the Fians
+were hunting in the Isle of Skye, they left their wives in a dwelling
+which bore a title "applied to dwellings of the Elfin race." It is
+further stated that one popular belief in the Scottish Highlands is that
+the Fians are still lying in the hill of Tomnahurich, near Inverness,
+and that "others say they are lying in Glenorchy, Argyleshire."[30] Now,
+both the Inverness-shire mound and the mounds in Glenorchy are also
+popularly regarded as the abodes of Fairies.[31] The vitrified fort on
+Knock-Farril, in Ross-shire, is said to have been one of Fin McCoul's
+castles;[32] and Knock-Farril, or rather "a knoll opposite Knock-Farril"
+is remembered as the abode of the Fairies of that district.[33]
+Glenshee, in Perthshire, is celebrated equally as a Fairy haunt and as a
+favourite hunting-ground of the Fians. The Fians, indeed, were said to
+have lived by deer-hunting, so much so that Campbell of Islay suggests
+that their name signifies "the deer men"; and the deer, it is believed,
+"were a fairy race."[34] The famous hound of the famous leader of the
+Fians was "a Fairy or Elfin dog." In short, the connection between Fians
+and Fairies, recognised in the Gaelic manuscript of eight or ten
+centuries ago, is apparent throughout the traditions of the
+Gaelic-speaking people.
+
+But if the Fians were either identical with, or closely akin to the
+Fairies, they must have been "little people." The belief that they were
+so is supported by one traditional Fenian story. This is the well-known
+tale of the visit of Fin, the famous chief of the Fians, to a country
+known to him and his people as "The Land of the Big Men." The story
+tells how Fin sailed from Dublin Bay in his skin-boat, crossed the sea
+to that country, and shortly after landing was captured and taken to the
+palace of the king, where he was appointed court dwarf,[35] and remained
+for a considerable time the attached and faithful adherent of the king.
+The collector of this story has assumed that it is purely imaginary. But
+let it be contrasted with the following extract from the _Heimskringla_.
+The period is the early part of the eleventh century, and the scene
+Norway: "There was a man from the Uplands called Fin the Little, and
+some said of him that he was of Finnish race. He was a remarkable [?
+remarkably] little man, but so swift of foot that no horse could
+overtake him.... He had long been in the service of King Hrorek, and
+often employed in errands of trust.... Now when King Hrorek was set
+under guards on the journey Fin would often slip in among the men of
+the guard, and followed, in general, with the lads and serving-men; but
+as often as he could he waited upon Hrorek, and entered into
+conversation with him."[36] And, like Fin the dwarf in the Gaelic story,
+this little Fin rendered great service to his king. Now, the
+_Heimskringla_ Fin is unquestionably a historical personage, and the
+account of him was written by a twelfth century historian. The Gaelic
+story was only obtained in the Hebrides, and reduced to writing
+twenty-three years ago. Although Fin of the Fians is stated in Irish
+records to be the grandson of a Finland woman,[37] and although the
+Scandinavian and the Hebridean tales look very much like two versions of
+one story, this cannot precisely be the case, as the Fenian Fin is
+placed in an earlier era than his namesake of Norway. A dwarf king named
+Fin is also remembered in Frisian tradition;[38] and that he and his
+race were small men is pretty clearly proved by the fact that when one
+of the earth-houses attributed to him was opened some years ago, it was
+found to contain the bones of a little man.[39] Both of these dwarf
+Fins, Little Fin of Norway and Little Fin of Denmark, are undoubtedly
+real; and there seems no good reason to suppose that the dwarf Fin of
+Hebridean tradition was not equally real. Whether they were three
+separate people is a problem. "Fin" appears to have been at one time a
+not uncommon name, whatever its etymology and that of "Fian" may be. At
+any rate, there is nothing in history (which speaks of a close
+intercourse between Scandinavia and the British Isles, in former times),
+and nothing in the ethnology of North-Western Europe, to make us regard
+as mythical the capture and enthralment of any one of these three
+"little Fins." If Fin of the Fians, therefore, was a typical Fian, they
+were little people.[40]
+
+In regarding the Fians as a race of dwarfs, I do not overlook the fact
+that they are also spoken of as "giants." But to assume them to have
+been of gigantic stature is both totally at variance with the bulk of
+the evidence regarding them, and at variance with the fact that the word
+"giant" has very frequently been used to denote a savage, or a
+cave-dweller.[41] No more appropriate illustration of this can be found
+than the local tradition that a certain artificially hollowed rock in
+the island of Hoy, Orkney, was the abode of "a giant and his wife." Now,
+this same "giant" is also remembered as a "dwarf," and the largest cell
+in his dwelling is only 5 feet 8 inches long. Similarly, there is in
+Iceland a certain _Tröllakyrkia_ (literally "the dwarfs' church") which
+is translated "the _giants'_ church."[42] For these reasons, then, I do
+not regard any reference to the Fians as "giants" as indicating that
+they were of tall stature; although I see no objection to the assumption
+that they were savages and cave-dwellers.
+
+Fians, then, are closely connected with the "little people" called
+"Fairies." The connection between Fians and Picts is equally well
+marked.
+
+Regarding them historically, Dr. Skene identifies the Fians with one or
+other of two historical races believed to have occupied Ireland before
+the coming of the Gaels. These two races are known in Irish story as the
+Tuatha De and the Cruithné.[43] Now, the Tuatha De _are_ the Fairies of
+Ireland.[44] Therefore, according to Dr. Skene, the Fians were either
+Fairies or Cruithné. Now, Cruithné is simply a Gaelic name for the
+Picts. Consequently, the Fians were either Fairies or Picts--according
+to Dr. Skene. In one traditional story, already referred to, the Fians
+seem to be unhesitatingly regarded as Picts. This story, obtained in
+Sutherlandshire, tells how a certain king lived for a year with a
+_banshee_, or fairy woman,[45] by whom he had a son. When this son grew
+up he went to the country of the Fians,[46] and there he entered into
+the service of their king, who was no other than the celebrated Oisin.
+The Gaelic narrator calls him "Oisin, Righ na Feinne," that is, "Ossian,
+King of the Fians"; but the collector of the story,[47] who had no doubt
+obtained the translation on the spot, renders _Righ na Feinne_ as "King
+of the Picts." No explanation or comment is given, and one is therefore
+led to infer that in Sutherlandshire _Feinne_ is without question
+regarded as a Gaelic name for the Picts. This identity is, indeed, borne
+out otherwise. There is a Gaelic saying in Glenlyon, Perthshire, to the
+effect that "Fin had twelve castles" in that glen, and the remains of
+these "castles," all said to have been built by him and his Fians, and
+of which one in particular is styled "Castle Fin,"[48] are known to the
+English-speaking people of Scotland as "Picts'" houses. For they belong
+to a peculiar class of structures, all radically alike, and all known,
+in certain districts, as "Picts' houses." The term "Picts' house" is
+unknown in the Hebrides, says one writer. "In the Hebrides tradition is
+entirely silent concerning the Picts ... there the Fenian heroes are the
+builders of the duns."[49] Yet the self-same class of building is
+elsewhere assigned to the Picts. To these structures I shall presently
+refer more particularly; but it is enough to note in passing that, just
+as Oisin, King of the Fians, is translated into Ossian, King of the
+Picts, so the dwellings ascribed to the Fians in one locality, are in
+another said to have been made and inhabited by the Picts.
+
+Fians, then, are associated or identified with Fairies, and also with
+Picts. To complete my equilateral triangle, the Picts ought also to be
+regarded as Fairies, or as akin to them.
+
+This undoubtedly is a popular belief. The earliest alleged reference of
+this kind is placed by one writer in the middle of the fifteenth
+century, before the Orkney Islands had passed from the crown of Denmark
+to the crown of Scotland. A manuscript of the then Bishop of Orkney,
+dated Kirkwall 1443, states that when Harald Haarfagr conquered the
+Orkneys in the ninth century, the inhabitants were the two "nations" of
+the _Papæ_ and the _Peti_, both of whom were exterminated. By the former
+name is understood the Irish missionaries: the _Peti_ were certainly the
+Picts, or Pehts.[50] Now, of these Picts of Orkney it is said, that they
+"were only a little exceeding pigmies in stature, and worked wonderfully
+in the construction of their cities, evening and morning, but in
+mid-day, being quite destitute of strength, they hid themselves through
+fear in little houses under ground."[51]
+
+The exact date of this statement is at present doubtful, but it is quite
+in accordance with the widespread ideas held throughout Scotland and
+Northumberland with regard to the Picts: that they were great as
+builders, but were of very low stature, and closely akin to Fairies.[52]
+Moreover, they are famous for doing their work during the night.
+Whatever be the explanation of the above curious statement that at
+mid-day they lost their strength and withdrew to their underground
+houses, it is at any rate interesting to compare with it the remark made
+by the traveller Pennant as he was passing along Glenorchy in 1772. This
+is the entry in his journal:--"See frequently on the road-sides small
+verdant hillocks, styled by the common people shi an (_sithean_), or the
+Fairy-haunt, because here, say they, the fairies, who love not the glare
+of day, make their retreat after the celebration of their nocturnal
+revels."[53] Now, as the "Picts' houses" are, to outward appearance,
+"small verdant hillocks," the parallel is very exact. With these two
+references compare also the mention, in a quaint old gazetteer printed
+at Cambridge in 1693,[54] of the tribe of the "Germara," defined as "a
+people of the Celtæ, who in the day-time cannot see." Although the
+author usually gives the sources of his information, in this instance he
+gives none. But the statement agrees perfectly with the belief found
+everywhere throughout Northern Europe that "the dwarfs could not bear
+daylight, and during the day hid in their holes."[55] It really seems
+impossible to avoid the inference that all this was perfectly true. When
+Leif went down into the underground house in Ireland, he could not see
+at first, though at length he saw in the obscurity the glimmer of his
+opponent's sword. Consequently, the denizens and builders of these
+subterranean retreats must either have had something very like "cat's
+eyes," or else they must in general have had numerous lamps burning.
+This will be understood by an examination of one or two of the
+accompanying diagrams. It seems to me beyond question that a people
+living this underground life must have differed very distinctly from
+ourselves in the matter of vision; and to them the brightness of noonday
+must have been blinding. This physical fact--if it be a fact--would
+explain much that is otherwise strange and incredible in the traditions
+relating to the Picts--or Pechts, as they were formerly called in
+Scotland. However, it is sufficient for my present purpose to note that
+this peculiarity associates, and indeed identifies, the Picts with the
+dwarfs or fairies of tradition.
+
+Having thus shown that Fians, Fairies, and Picts are so closely
+associated as to be, in some aspects, almost indistinguishable from one
+another, I shall now refer to the structures which are popularly
+believed to have been their dwellings. Some of these are wholly
+underground, others partly so, and others quite above ground. In many
+other ways, also, they vary. But all of them are unquestionably links
+in one special style of structure; of which the most marked feature, or
+at any rate that which is common to all, is the use of what is called
+the "cyclopean" arch. This is formed by the overlapping of the stones in
+the wall until they almost meet at the dome or apex of the building,
+when a heavy "keystone" completes this rude arch. The principle of the
+arch proper was obviously quite unknown to the originators of such
+structures.
+
+Of the various Hebridean specimens of these buildings, very interesting
+and complete descriptions have been given by the late Captain Thomas,
+R.N.,[56] and Sir Arthur Mitchell,[57] who visited some of them together
+in 1866. Referring to the most modern examples of this kind of
+structure, the latter writer says:--"They are commonly spoken of as
+beehive houses, but their Gaelic name is _bo'h_ or _bothan_. They are
+now only used as temporary residences or shealings by those who herd
+the cattle at their summer pasturage; but at a time not very remote they
+are believed to have been the permanent dwellings of the people." And he
+thus describes his first sight of the beehive houses:--
+
+     "I do not think I ever came upon a scene which more surprised me,
+     and I scarcely know where or how to begin my description of it.
+
+     "By the side of a burn which flowed through a little grassy glen
+     ... we saw two small round hive-like hillocks, not much higher than
+     a man, joined together, and covered with grass and weeds. Out of
+     the top of one of them a column of smoke slowly rose, and at its
+     base there was a hole about three feet high and two feet wide,
+     which seemed to lead into the interior of the hillock--its
+     hollowness, and the possibility of its having a human creature
+     within it being thus suggested. There was no one, however, actually
+     within the _bo'h_, the three girls, when we came in sight, being
+     seated on a knoll by the burn-side, but it was really in the inside
+     of these two green hillocks that they slept, and cooked their food,
+     and carried on their work, and--dwelt, in short."[58]
+
+These two "green hillocks," and other structures of the same nature, are
+shown in the accompanying diagrams[59] (Plates I.-XVI.), which explain
+their formation better than any written description. It is enough here
+to state that they are built of rough stone, without any mortar. "Though
+the stone walls are very thick," says my authority (p. 62), "they are
+covered on the outside with turf, which soon becomes grassy like the
+land round about, and thus secures perfect wind and water tightness."
+Sometimes they occur in groups, as those shown in Plate III.; of which
+scene Captain Thomas justly remarks that "at first sight it may be taken
+for a picture of a Hottentot village rather than a hamlet in the British
+Isles."[60] Here there is little or no grassy covering outside, however;
+and consequently none of the hillock-like effect. But this is very well
+shown in Plates VI. and VIII. Of the "agglomeration of beehives"
+pictured in the latter, Sir Arthur Mitchell observes:--"It has several
+entrances, and would accommodate many families, who might be spoken of
+as living in one mound, rather than under one roof" (_op. cit._ pp.
+64-5). Of another such dwelling, now ruined, he says that it could have
+accommodated "from forty to fifty people."
+
+This last, however (Plates XI. and XII.), represents another variety of
+earth-house, the chambered mound or beehive, with an underground gallery
+leading to it. Of this kind two examples are here shown. And in Plates
+I. and XIII. will be seen specimens of wholly subterranean structures.
+It is difficult, and indeed hardly necessary, to distinguish between one
+variety and another of what is practically the same kind of building;
+but to this last class the term "earth-house" is most frequently
+accorded in Scotland. In the broader dialect it is "yird-house" or
+"eirde-house," which at once recalls the form "jord-hus" in the saga
+which tells of Leif's adventure underground in Ireland. The term _weem_
+is also applied to these places in Scotland. This is merely a quickened
+pronunciation of the Gaelic _uam_ (or _uamh_), a cave; and it reminds
+one that, both in Gaelic and in English, the word "cave" is by no means
+restricted to a _natural_ cavity. Indeed, one of the two artificial
+structures under consideration is known as _Uamh Sgalabhad_, "the _cave_
+of Sgalabhad." Another old Gaelic name for those underground galleries
+is "_tung_ or _tunga_";[61] while another name, by which they are known
+in Lewis is _tigh fo thalaimh_,[62] or "house beneath the ground."
+
+"Martin, in his description of the Western Islands, printed in 1703,
+when their use would appear to have been still remembered, speaks of
+them [these underground structures] as 'little stone-houses, built under
+ground, called earth-houses, which served to hide a few people and their
+goods in time of war.'"[63] Dean Monro writes, "There is sundry coves
+and holes in the earth, coverit with hedder above, quhilk fosters many
+rebellis in the country of the North head of Ywst" [North Uist].[64]
+"From O'Flaherty's description of West Connaught, written in 1684, it
+appears," observes Captain Thomas,[65] but referring more strictly to
+the beehive-house, "that this style of dwelling had already become
+archaic." For, although that writer mentions certain "cloghans" as being
+still inhabited, holding forty men in some cases, yet he says they were
+"so ancient that nobody knows how long ago any of them were made." Of
+the underground galleries another writer says: "It has been doubted if
+these houses were ever really used as places of abode.... But as to this
+there can be no real doubt. The substances found in many of them have
+been the accumulated _débris_ of food used by man.... Ornaments of
+bronze have been found in a few of them, and beads of streaked glass. In
+some cases the articles found would indicate that the occupation of
+these houses had come down to comparatively recent times."[66]
+
+In conclusion, these remarks of Captain Thomas, who made so thorough a
+study of the subject, may be quoted:--
+
+     "The Pict's house on the Holm of Papay [Orkney] would have held,
+     besides the chiefs at each end, all the families in [the island of]
+     Papay Westray when it was built. Maes howe[67] was for three
+     families--grandees, no doubt; but the numbers it was intended to
+     hold in the _beds_ may be learned by comparing them with the
+     Amazon's House, St. Kilda."[68]
+
+     "I consider the relation between the _boths_ [beehive houses] and
+     the Picts' houses of the Orkneys (and elsewhere) to be evident--the
+     same method of forming the arch, the low and narrow doors and
+     passages, the enormous thickness of the walls, when compared with
+     the interior accommodation--exist in both. When a _both_ is covered
+     with green turf it becomes a chambered tumulus, and when buried by
+     drifting sand it is a subterranean Pict's house.... I regard the
+     comparatively large Picts' houses of the Orkneys as the pastoral
+     residence of the Pictish lord, fitted to contain his numerous
+     family and dependents. Such an one exists on the Holm of Papa
+     Westray, which, according to the Highland method of stowage, would
+     certainly contain a whole clan. When writing the description of it,
+     I had not made acquaintance with a people who would close the door
+     to keep in the smoke, or that nested in holes in a wall like
+     sand-martins....
+
+     "But the _both_ of the Long Island is only the lodging of the
+     common man or 'Tuathanach,' and is consequently of small
+     dimensions, and not remarkable for comfort. If the modern Highland
+     proprietor or large farmer should ever be induced to lead a
+     pastoral life, and adopt a Pictish architecture in his residence,
+     we might again see a tumulus of twenty feet in height, with its
+     long low passage leading into a large hall with beehive cells on
+     both sides."[69]
+
+But the point of all this is that these dwellings, whether above ground
+or below, are known as _Picts' Houses, Fairy Halls, Elf Hillocks_, "the
+hidden places of _Fians and Fairies_." Thus, the three titles which I
+have shown to be associated in other ways are all given to the alleged
+builders and occupiers of those very archaic and peculiar structures.
+
+It is true that, in their most modern form, some of those dwellings are
+still inhabited for months at a time. And their inhabitants are neither
+Fians, Fairies nor Picts. But it is among those people that stories of
+Fians and Fairies are most rife, and many claim an actual descent from
+them. And although they are certainly not pigmies, yet they live in a
+district in which the _small_ type of this heterogeneous nation of ours
+is still quite discernible; and that part of the island of Lewis (Uig),
+which has longest retained those places as dwellings, is inhabited by a
+caste whom other Hebrideans describe as small, and regard as different
+from themselves.[70] Dr. Beddoe states that the tallest people in the
+United Kingdom are to be found in a certain village in Galloway, where
+a six-foot man is perfectly common, and many are above that height. It
+is quite certain that such men could not "nest like sand-martins" in the
+holes in the wall described by Captain Thomas. And, in proportion as
+such Galloway men are to the modern Hebridean mound-dwellers, so are
+these to the much more archaic race with whom the oldest structures are
+associated. For a study of the dimensions of these will show that they
+could not have been conceived, and would not have been built or
+inhabited by any but a race of actual dwarfs; as tradition says they
+were.
+
+[Footnote 18: "_La légende des Pygmées et les nains de l'Afrique
+equatoriale_": _Rev. Hist._ t. 47, I. (Sept.-Oct. 1891), pp. 1-64.]
+
+[Footnote 19: For some of these references see Dr. Hibbert's
+"Description of the Shetland Islands," Edinburgh, 1822, pp. 444-451. See
+also Mrs. J.E. Saxby's "Folk-Lore from Unst, Shetland" (in _Leisure
+Hour_ of 1880); Mr. W.G. Black's "Heligoland", 1888, chap. iv.; and "The
+Fians," London, 1891, pp. 2-3.]
+
+[Footnote 20: Gwynn the son of Nudd: for whom see Lady C. Guest's
+"Mabinogion," pp. 223, 263-5, and 501-2.]
+
+[Footnote 21: "The War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill," edited by J.H.
+Todd, D.D., London, 1867, pp. 114-115.]
+
+[Footnote 22: I. cc. 4-6 (this reference and the passage is quoted from
+Du Chaillu's "Viking Age," vol. ii. p. 516).]
+
+[Footnote 23: "_Fianaibh ag Sithcuiraibh_"]
+
+[Footnote 24: "_Dan an Fhir Shicair"; Leabhar na Feinne_, pp. 94-95.]
+
+[Footnote 25: _Folk-Lore Journal_, vol. vi. 1888, pp. 173-178.]
+
+[Footnote 26: _The Fians_, 1891, p. 64.]
+
+[Footnote 27: _Ibid._ p. 33.]
+
+[Footnote 28: _The Fians_, p. 172. The Fairy Hill referred to is "a
+hillock, in which there is to be seen a small hollow called the armoury"
+(p. 174).]
+
+[Footnote 29: _Ibid._ pp. 12-13, 166, &c.]
+
+[Footnote 30: _Ibid._ pp. 3-4. Glenorchy is said to have teemed with
+Fenian traditions about the early part of this century (_Proceedings_ of
+Soc. of Antiq. of Scotland, vol. vii. pp. 237-240).]
+
+[Footnote 31: See my _Testimony of Tradition_, London, 1890, pp. 146-8;
+and Pennant's "Second Tour in Scotland" (Pinkerton's _Voyages,_ London,
+1809, vol. iii. p. 368).]
+
+[Footnote 32: _Proceedings_ of Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vol.
+vii. p. 294, _note_.]
+
+[Footnote 33: See, for example, an article on "Scottish Customs and Folk
+lore," in _The Glasgow Herald_ of August 1, 1891.]
+
+[Footnote 34: _The Fians_, pp. 78-80.]
+
+[Footnote 35: _Scottish Celtic Review_, 1885, pp. 184-90: _The Fians_,
+pp. 175-184.]
+
+[Footnote 36: _The Heimskringla_: Dr. Rasmus B. Anderson's 2nd ed.
+(1889) of Mr. Samuel Laing's translation from Snorre Sturlason: chap.
+lxxxiii., _Of Little Fin_.]
+
+[Footnote 37: _Leabhar na Feinne_, p. 34.
+
+[SUBSEQUENT NOTE.--To be very accurate, one ought to say that,
+in the pedigree referred to, Fin's grandfather (Trenmor) is stated to
+have married a Finland woman.]]
+
+[Footnote 38: Mr. W.G. Black's _Heligoland_, 1888, chap. iv.]
+
+[Footnote 39: With this Fin of Frisian tradition may be compared Fin, a
+North-Frisian chief of the fifth century, mentioned in _Beowulf_ and
+_The Gleeman's Tale_, and whose death is recorded in _The Fight at
+Finnsburk_.
+
+[SUBSEQUENT NOTE.--A suitable companion to the dwarf Fin of
+Frisian tradition is mentioned in Harald Hardradi's Saga:--"Tuta, a
+Frisian, was with King Harald; he was sent to him for show, for he was
+short and stout, in every respect shaped like a dwarf."--Quoted by Mr.
+Du Chaillu at p. 357 of vol. ii. of "The Viking Age."]]
+
+[Footnote 40: In this connection it is worth noting that Sir Walter
+Scott, in referring to the aboriginal or servile clans in 1745, whom he
+describes as "half naked, _stinted in growth_, and miserable in aspect,"
+includes among them the McCouls, Fin's alleged descendants, who "were a
+sort of Gibeonites, or hereditary servants to the Stewarts of Appin."
+(Waverley, ch. xliv.)]
+
+[Footnote 41: For example, the late Rev. J.G. Campbell, Tiree, says of
+"the Great Tuairisgeul" that he was "a giant of the kind called
+_Samhanaich_--that is, one who lived in a cave by the sea-shore, the
+strongest and coarsest of any" (_Scottish Celtic Review_, p. 62). That
+this term was one of contempt, given by Gaelic-speaking people to those
+"giants" (and apparently based upon their malodorous characteristics),
+will be seen from Mr. Campbell's further observation (_op. cit._ pp.
+140-141):--"It is a common expression to say of any strong offensive
+smell, _mharbhadh e na Samhanaich_, it would kill the giants who dwell
+in caves by the sea. _Samk_ is a strong oppressive smell." McAlpine
+defines _Samk_ as a "bad smell arising from a sick person, or a dirty
+hot place"; and he further gives the definition "a savage" (quoting
+Mackenzie). The word _Samhanach_ itself is defined by McAlpine as "a
+savage," and he cites the Islay saying:--"_chuireadh tu cagal air na
+samhanaich_," "you would frighten the very savages." From these
+definitions it will be seen that a word translated "giant" by one is
+rendered "savage" by another (though neither of these terms expresses
+the literal meaning). Mr. J.G. Campbell also practically regards it as
+signifying "cave-dweller," or perhaps a certain special caste of
+cave-dwellers. With this may be compared McAlpine's "_uamh_, _n.f._, a
+cave, den; _n.m._, a chief of savages, terrible fellow ... '_cha'n'eil
+ann ach uamh dhuine_,' 'he is only a savage of a fellow.'" Islay has
+also another word to denote a Hebridean savage. This is _ciuthach_, "pr.
+_kewach_, described in the Long Island as naked wild men living in
+caves" (J.F. Campbell, Tales, iii. 55, _n._). One of these "kewachs"
+figures in the story of Diarmaid and Grainne, and one version says that
+he "came in from the western ocean in a coracle with two oars
+(_curachan_)" (_The Fians_, p. 54). (His name assumes various
+shapes--_e.g._, Ciofach Mac a Ghoill, Ciuthach Mac an Doill, Ceudach Mac
+Righ nan Collach.) These three terms--_samhanach, uamh dhuine_, and
+_ciuthach_--all seem to indicate one and the same race of people. And
+these are probably the people referred to by Pennant when he says,
+speaking of the civilised races of the Hebrides in the beginning of the
+seventeenth century:--"Each chieftain had his armour-bearer, who
+preceded his master in time of war, and, by my author's (Timothy Pont's
+MS., Advocates' Library, Edinburgh) account in time of peace; for they
+went armed even to church, in the manner the North Americans do at
+present [1772] in the frontier settlement, and for the same reason, the
+dread of savages." (Pinkerton's _Voyages_, vol. iii. p. 322.)]
+
+[Footnote 42: Hibbert's "Description of the Shetland Islands,"
+Edinburgh, 1822, pp. 444-451. With regard to the "Dwarfie Stone" of Hoy,
+the following references may be given:--"Jo. Ben," 1529, at p. 449 of
+Barry's "History of the Orkney Islands," 2nd ed., London, 1808; and
+other writers subsequent to 1529. These speak of this stone as the abode
+of a "giant." Sir Walter Scott (_The Pirate_, Note P.) and many others
+invariably say "a dwarf."
+
+Note also J.F. Campbell (_W.H. Tales_, p. xcix): "The Highland giants
+were not so big, but that their conquerors wore their clothes." Also the
+dwarf in Ramsay's "Evergreen" who says that he was engendered "of
+giants' kind."]
+
+[Footnote 43: _Dean of Lismore's Book_, p. lxxvi.; _Celt. Scot._, vol.
+i. p. 131; vol. iii. chap. iii.; &c.]
+
+[Footnote 44: _Celt. Scot._ iii. 106-7.]
+
+[Footnote 45: In this tale, the phonetic spelling _ben-ce_ shows the
+unusual aspirated form _bean-shithe_. She is elsewhere spoken of as the
+Lady of Innse Uaine, and her son is the hero of the tale _Gille nan
+Cochla-Craicinn_.]
+
+[Footnote 46: According to a clergyman of the seventeenth century, the
+Hebrides and a part of the Western Highlands constituted "the country of
+the Fians," (_Testimony of Tradition_, p. 45.)]
+
+[Footnote 47: Miss Dempster: "The Folk-Lore of Sutherlandshire,"
+Folk-Lore Journal, vol. vi. 1888, p. 174.]
+
+[Footnote 48: _Proc. of the Soc. of Antiq. of Scot._, vol. vii. p. 294.]
+
+[Footnote 49: _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vol. vii. pp. 165 and 192.]
+
+[Footnote 50: "They are plainly no other than the Peihts, Picts, or Piks
+... the Scandinavian writers generally call the Piks Peti, or Pets: one
+of them uses the term Petia, instead of Pictland (Saxo-Gram.); and,
+besides, the frith that divides Orkney from Caithness is usually
+denominated Petland Fiord in the Icelandic Sagas or histories." (Barry's
+_Orkney_, p. 115.)]
+
+[Footnote 51: _Proc. of the Soc. of Antiq. of Scot._, vol. iii. p. 141:
+also vol. vii. p. 191. This quotation is made by the late Captain
+Thomas, R.N., a sound archæologist; but I have to add that in the
+document of 1443, as given in Barry's _Orkney_ (2nd ed., London, 1808,
+pp. 401-419), while I find the statement as to the two native races, I
+find nothing about the stature or habits of the Picts. Captain Thomas
+twice quotes his statement, and as at one place he refers, not to the
+Bishop of 1443, but (vol. iii. p. 141) to "the Earl of Orkney's
+chaplain, writing about 1460," it is possible he had two manuscripts of
+the fifteenth century in view.
+
+[SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE.--The Bishop's words are as follows:--
+
+"_Istas insulas primitus Peti et Pape inhabitabant. Horum alteri
+scilicet Peti parvo superantes pigmeos statura in structuris urbium
+vespere et mane mira operantes, meredie vero cunctis viribus prorsus
+destituti in subterraneis domunculis pre timore latuerunt._"--From his
+treatise _De Orcadibus Insulis_, reprinted in the "Bannatyne
+Miscellany," 1855, p. 33.]]
+
+[Footnote 52: _Testimony of Tradition_, pp. 58-60, 65, 67-74, 79-80.]
+
+[Footnote 53: Pennant's Second Tour in Scotland; Pinkerton's _Voyages_,
+London, 1809, p. 368.]
+
+[Footnote 54: Linguæ Romanæ, Dictionarium, Luculentum Novum.]
+
+[Footnote 55: Du Chaillu: _Land of the Midnight Sun_, vol. ii. pp.
+421-2. This also is one of the articles of belief in Shetland, with
+regard to the _trows_, as the trolls are there called.]
+
+[Footnote 56: _Proc. of Soc. of Antiq. of Scot_. (First Series), vol.
+iii. pp. 127-144; vol. vii. pp. 153-195.]
+
+[Footnote 57: _The Past in the Present_, Edinburgh, 1880, pp. 58-72.]
+
+[Footnote 58: _The Past in the Present_, p. 59.]
+
+[Footnote 59: Reproduced by permission of the Society of Antiquaries of
+Scotland.]
+
+[Footnote 60: _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vol. iii. p. 137.]
+
+[Footnote 61: _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 168 _n._ This
+appears to me to be a phonetic spelling of the _diongna_ mentioned in
+the passage relating to the plunderings of the Danes in the ninth
+century.]
+
+[Footnote 62: _Ibid._ p. 171. On the same page, the form _Ugh talamkant_
+is given.]
+
+[Footnote 63: _Chambers's Encyclopædia_, new ed., s.v. Earth-house.]
+
+[Footnote 64: Quoted in _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vii. 172. The
+reference is "Ag. Rep. Heb. p. 782."]
+
+[Footnote 65: _Op. cit._ vol. iii. p. 140.]
+
+[Footnote 66: John Stuart, LL.D., _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, viii. pp.
+23 _et seq._]
+
+[Footnote 67: Plates XIV.-XVI. Compare also Plates XVII.-XIX.]
+
+[Footnote 68: _Op. cit._, vii. 191.]
+
+[Footnote 69: _Op. cit._, iii. 133.]
+
+[Footnote 70: _Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland_,
+vol. iii. (First Series), p. 129. The district of Barvas is specially
+referred to by Captain Thomas.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+Most of the illustrations here given are reproductions of some of the
+plates accompanying Captain Thomas's papers in the _Proceedings of the
+Society of Antiquaries of Scotland_. In explanation of their details the
+following extracts may be made.
+
+
+PLATE I. (Frontispiece).--_Uamh Sgalabhad, South Uist._
+
+(From Plate XXXV. of Vol. VII. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+Captain Thomas thus describes his descent into and exploration of this
+earth-house:--"An irregular hole was pointed out by the little lassie
+before alluded to, and some of my party quickly disappeared below
+ground. As they did not immediately return, I thought it was time to
+follow, and squeezing through the ruinated entrance (_a_), I entered the
+usual kind of gallery, which descended into the ground at a sharp angle.
+At the bottom, on the right-hand side, was the usual guard-cell (_b_);
+the sides of dry-stone masonry, but the end was the face of a rock _in
+situ_. Proceeding on, the roof rose and the gallery widened to what was
+the main chamber (_c_), which was 7 feet high under the apex of the
+dome, and 4 feet broad. Upon the west side of this chamber, and about 2
+feet from the ground, is a recess, about 2 feet square and 4 feet long.
+At the further end, and in the same right line, the gallery (_d_)
+became low (2½ feet) and narrow (2 feet). Again the roof rose, and the
+gallery widened till stopt, in face, by a large transported rock (_f_);
+to the right of the rock a rectangular chamber (_e_), 2 feet broad,
+extended 4 feet, and ended against rock _in situ_. Round, and beyond the
+rock (_f_), the wall of the left side of the gallery was built, but the
+passage was so narrow (_g_) that I contented myself by looking through
+it. This incomprehensible narrowness is a feature in the buildings of
+this period. Some of Captain Otter's officers pushed through into the
+small chamber (_h_); beyond this the gallery was ruinated and
+impassable; the total length explored was 45 feet."[71]
+
+[Footnote 71: _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vol. vii. (First Series), pp.
+167-8.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE II.
+
+FIG. 8.
+
+
+"It is of a bee-hive form, about 18 feet in diameter, 9 feet high, and
+covered with green turf outside."
+
+_a_ _a_. doors; 3 feet high, "higher and better formed than is usual."
+
+_b_. fireplace (having a chimney above, which is exceptional).
+
+_c_. row of stones marking off _d._
+
+_d_. bed on floor.
+
+_e_ _e_ _e_. small recesses in wall.
+
+
+FIG. 9.
+
+Dwelling and Dairy joined, "of the usual bee-hive shape, and green with
+the growing turf." Dairy "6 feet square on floor, but roundish
+externally."
+
+_a_. doorway; "easily closed with a creel, a bundle of heather, or a
+straw mat."
+
+_b_. "a very low interior doorway."
+
+_c_. doorway of dairy.
+
+_d_. fireplace; "the smoke escaping through a hole in the apex of the
+dome."
+
+_e_. "the usual row of stones."
+
+_f_. "a litter of hay and rushes for a bed."
+
+_g_. niches in wall.
+
+_i_ _j_ _k_ _l_. various utensils.]
+
+PLATE II.--_Bee-Hive Houses at Uig, Lewis._
+
+(From Plate XXXI. of Vol. VII. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+_Fig. 8._ Captain Thomas selects this as "the most modern, and at the
+same time the last, in all probability, that will be constructed in this
+manner"--viz., "roofed by the horizontal or cyclopean arch, _i.e._, by a
+system of overlapping stones." "The woman who was living in it [about
+1869] told us it was built for his shieling by Dr. Macaulay's
+grandfather, who was tacksman [leaseholder] of Linshader ... and I
+conclude that it was made about ninety years back."[72]
+
+_Fig. 9._ Sir Arthur Mitchell says of this compound "bee-hive"
+house:--"The greatest height of the living room--in its centre, that
+is--was scarcely 6 feet. In no part of the dairy was it possible to
+stand erect. The door of communication between the two rooms was so
+small that we could get through it only by creeping. The great
+thickness of the walls, 6 to 8 feet, gave this door, or passage of
+communication, the look of a tunnel, and made the creeping through it
+very real. The creeping was only a little less real in getting through
+the equally tunnel-like, though somewhat wider and loftier passage,
+which led from the open air into the first or dwelling room."[73]
+
+[Footnote 72: _Op. cit._, p. 161.]
+
+[Footnote 73: _The Past in the Present_, p. 60.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE III.
+
+BEE-HIVE HOUSES, FIDIGIDH IOCHDRACH, UIG, LEWIS, HEBRIDES. Inhabited
+1859.]
+
+PLATE III.--_Bee-Hive Houses at Uig, inhabited in 1859._
+
+(From Plate XII. of Vol. III. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+See p. 47, _ante_.
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IV.
+
+BEEHIVE-HOUSES (BOTHAN) MEABHAG, FOREST OF HARRIS.]
+
+PLATE IV.--_Bee-Hive Houses at Meabhag, Forest of Harris._
+
+(From Plate X. of Vol. III. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+At the date of Captain Thomas's visit (1861) a man was still living who
+had been born in one or other of these dwellings.
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE V.
+
+GROUND PLAN OF RUINED _BOTH_ AT BAILE FHLODAIDH, ON THE NORTH SIDE OF
+THE ISLAND OF BENBECULA.
+
+_a_. "scarcely 18 in. wide."]
+
+PLATE V.--_Ground Plan of Bee-Hive House, Island of Benbecula._
+
+(From Plate XXXII. of Vol. VII. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VI.
+
+SECTIONAL VIEW AND GROUND PLAN OF MOUND DWELLING, CALLED _BOTH
+STACSEAL_, SITUATED MIDWAY BETWEEN STORNOWAY AND CARLOWAY, LEWIS,
+HEBRIDES.
+
+"A hole (_e_), called the Farlos, is left in the apex of the roof for
+the escape of the smoke, and is closed with a turf or flat stone as
+requisite."
+
+_Height of Dome, 7 feet._
+
+_a, b. Doorways._
+
+_c. Fireplace._
+
+_d. Row of stones for seats._
+
+_e. Centre. (Distance from e to end of cells, 7 feet.)_
+
+_f, g, h. Cells or bed-places._
+
+_f is "2 feet wide and 15 inches high at the inner end; is 5 feet long
+and 3 feet high at the mouth. The opposite cell (g) is of the same
+dimensions. The third cell (h) is 4 feet wide at the mouth, 5 feet long,
+decreasing to 2½ feet wide at the head, where it is 16 inches high."_
+
+The above is given by Captain Thomas as an example of such dwellings
+"having oven-like bed-places around the internal area. This interesting
+summer house illustrates the most antique form of dormitory; but in the
+winter houses the floor of the bedroom was raised three or four feet
+above the ground." (Compare the side cells in Maes-How, Orkney.)]
+
+PLATE VI.--_Chambered Mound (Both Stacseal), near Stornoway,
+Lewis._
+
+(From Plate XXXII. of Vol. VII. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+With reference to the _farlos_, or smoke-hole (otherwise "sky-light"),
+which, in this instance, is at a height of 7 feet from the floor of the
+dwelling, Captain Thomas remarks:--"A man, on standing upright, can
+often put his head out of the hole and look around" (_op. cit._, vol.
+iii., p. 130 _n._). This suggests the following story, told by Mr. J.F.
+Campbell (_West Highland Tales_, vol. ii., pp. 39-40):
+
+     "There was a woman in Baile Thangusdail, and she was out seeking a
+     couple of calves; and the night and lateness caught her, and there
+     came rain and tempest, and she was seeking shelter. She went to a
+     knoll with the couple of calves, and she was striking the
+     tether-peg into it. The knoll opened. She heard a gleegashing
+     (_gliogadaich_) as if a pot-hook were clashing beside a pot. She
+     took wonder, and she stopped striking the tether-peg. A woman put
+     out her head and all above her middle, and she said, 'What business
+     hast thou to be troubling this tulman [mound] in which I make my
+     dwelling?' 'I am taking care of this couple of calves, and I am but
+     weak. Where shall I go with them?' 'Thou shalt go with them to that
+     breast down yonder. Thou wilt see a tuft of grass. If thy couple of
+     calves eat that tuft of grass, thou wilt not be a day without a
+     milk cow as long as thou art alive, because thou hast taken my
+     counsel.'
+
+     "As she said, she never was without a milk cow after that, and she
+     was alive fourscore and fifteen years after the night that was
+     there."
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VII.
+
+GROUND PLAN OF _BOTHAN GEARRAIDH NA H'AIRDE MOIRE_, UIG LEWIS, HEBRIDES.
+
+_a. Dwelling apartments._
+
+_b. Fosgarlan or Porch._
+
+_c. Cuiltean or Milk cupboards._
+
+_d. Stonebench or Bedplace._
+
+_AB. Line of Section._
+
+_CD. View as represented as restored._]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VIII.
+
+SECTION AND ELEVATION OF _BOTHAN GEARRAIDH NA H'AIRDE MOIRE_, UIG,
+LEWIS, HEBRIDES, AND VIEW OF SAME IF RESTORED.]
+
+PLATES VII. AND VIII.--_"Agglomeration of Bee-Hives" at Uig,
+Lewis._
+
+(From Plates XV. and XVI. of Vol. III. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+     "By far the most singular of all these structures, and probably
+     unique in the Long Island, is at Gearraidh na h-Airde Moire,
+     on the shore of Loch Resort. I cannot describe it better than by
+     bidding you suppose twelve individual bee-hive huts all built
+     touching each other, with doors and passages from one to the other.
+     The diameter of this gigantic booth is 46 feet, and [it] is nearly
+     circular in plan. The height of the doors and passages about 2½
+     feet; and under the smokehole (_farlos_), in two of the chambers,
+     the height was 6½ feet.... I am informed that, so late as 1823,
+     this _both_ was inhabited by four families." (Captain Thomas,
+     _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vol. iii., p. 139.)
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IX.
+
+PLAN AND ELEVATION OF A BOTH _at Gearraidh Aird Mhor, Uig, Lewis._
+
+_a. dwellings._
+
+_b. fosgarlan or porch._
+
+_c. cuiltean or milk cupboards._
+
+_d. doors._
+
+_e. farlos or smokehole._
+
+"One of a group of three at the garry of Aird Mhor, close to the shore
+and near the mouth of Loch Resort, Uig, Lewis. This compound _both_ has
+evidently been intended for two related families ... but there is no
+interior communication between the dwellings." (_Op. cit. p. 144._)]
+
+PLATE IX.--_Compound "Both" situated near the above._
+
+(From Plate XIV. of Vol. III. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE X.
+
+GROUND PLAN AND SECTIONAL VIEW OF SEMI-SUBTERRANEAN _BOTH_ AND
+UNDERGROUND GALLERY, MEAL NA H-UAMH, MOL A DEAS, HUISHNISH, ISLAND OF
+SOUTH UIST.]
+
+PLATE X.--_"Both" and Underground Gallery at Meall na h-Uamh,
+Huishnish, South Uist._
+
+(From Plate XXXIII. of Vol. VII. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+     "I have next to notice," says Captain Thomas (_op. cit._, p. 164),
+     "that form of bo'h, Pict's house, or clochan, whichever name may be
+     adopted by archæologists, to which a hypogeum or subterranean
+     gallery is attached.... [The present example] is in South Uist,
+     about half a mile inland from Moll a Deas (South Beach); and the
+     Moll is about one mile and a half to the south of Husinish
+     (Husness, _i.e._, Houseness). The site of the bo'h is called Meall
+     na [h-] Uamh, or Cave Lump [more correctly, the Mound of the Cave,
+     or 'Weem.'] It consists of a partly excavated oval dwelling chamber
+     (_a_), 7 feet by 14 feet on the floor; the dome roof has fallen in;
+     there are two _cuiltean_, or niches in the wall. A low curved
+     subterranean passage (_b_), about 2½ feet square and 20 feet in
+     length, leads into an elongated bee-hive chamber (_c_), 13 feet by
+     5 feet, and 6¾ feet high; from thence an entrance (_d_), 2 feet by
+     2 feet, admits to a small circular chamber or cell (_e_), 5 feet in
+     diameter and 5 feet high. The main passage inclines downwards, so
+     that the floor of the second chamber (_c_) is nearly 3 feet lower
+     than that of the first (_a_); and that of the inner one (_e_) a
+     foot below the second (_c_)."
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XI.
+
+GROUND PLAN OF _BOTH_ AND UNDERGROUND GALLERY, OR _TIGH LAIR_, NEAR MOL
+A DEAS, HUISHNISH, ISLAND OF SOUTH UIST.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XII.
+
+RESTORED ELEVATION OF ANCIENT BOTH AND SECTION OF HYPOGEUM OR TIGH LAIR,
+ON THE LINE a, k, NEAR MOL A DEAS, HUISHNISH, SOUTH UIST.
+
+"These piers were about 4 feet high, 4 feet to 6 feet long, and 1½ foot
+to 2 feet broad; and there was a passage of from 1 foot to 2 feet in
+width between the wall and them."
+
+"On a small, flattish terrace, where the hill sloped steeply, an area
+had been cleared by digging away the bank, so that the wall of the
+house, for nearly half its circumference, was the side of the hill,
+faced with stone.... The hypogeum or subterranean gallery is on a level
+with the floor, pierced towards the hill, and is entered by a very small
+doorway [marked _d_ on Ground Plan, Plate XI.].... It is but 18 inches
+high and 2 feet broad, so that a very stout or large man could not get
+in." (_Op. cit._, pp. 166, 167.)]
+
+PLATES XI. AND XII.--_"Both" and Underground Gallery at
+Huishnish, South Uist._
+
+(From Plates XXXIV. and XXXV. of Vol. VII. of _Proceedings of the
+Society of Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+     "An ancient dwelling, semi-subterranean, exists at Nisibost, Harris
+     [and is described in vol. iii. of the _Proceedings_, p. 140].... A
+     still finer example exists near to Meall na h-Uamh, in South
+     Uist.... The bo'h, or Pict's house, as it would be called in the
+     Orkneys--but the name is unknown in the Long Island--that I am
+     about to describe lies less than half a mile above the shepherd's
+     house; but so little curiosity had that individual that he was
+     entirely unacquainted with it; and I believe it would never have
+     been found by us but for a little terrier (in its etymological
+     sense, of course) of a daughter. The child was only acquainted with
+     the two here drawn [of which the other--viz., _Uamh Sgalabhad_, is
+     here reproduced as Plate I., frontispiece]; but there may be many
+     more waiting the researches of the zealous antiquary." (Captain
+     Thomas, _op. cit._, p. 165.)
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIII.
+
+GROUND PLAN AND ENTRANCE OF UNDERGROUND GALLERY AT PAIBLE, TARANSAY,
+HARRIS.
+
+"The drawing is from a photograph of the entrance, which is 2 feet 10
+inches high and 1½ foot broad. The sea flows up to it at high tides."]
+
+PLATE XIII.--_Underground Gallery at Paible, Taransay, Harris._
+
+(From Plate XXIX. of Vol. VII. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+Describing this earth-house, Captain Thomas says:--"The
+drawing is from a photograph of the entrance, which is 2 feet 10 inches
+high and 1½ foot broad. The sea flows up to it at high tides. On
+crawling in, there is seen the usual guard-cell (_b_), close beside the
+entrance, but so small that we may be sure the sentinel, if there was
+one, must have been a light weight; in fact, we are almost driven to the
+conclusion that there were no Bantings in those days. This guard-cell is
+but 2 feet 5 inches high, and 3 feet in width. The gallery then turns at
+a right angle to the left hand. We excavated it for 22 feet.... When
+digging, we came upon two broken stone dishes (corn-crushers?) now in
+the Museum [Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]; and above the gallery
+were most of the bones of a small ox, placed orderly together.... Bones
+of the seal were common, and a few of the eagle." (_Op. cit._, p. 169.)
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIV.
+
+MAES-HOW, ORKNEY.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XV.
+
+INTERIOR OF MAES-HOW, ORKNEY
+
+(_Facing inner doorway of gallery_).
+
+_Cell or Bed in Wall._]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVI.
+
+SECTIONAL VIEW AND GROUND PLAN OF MAES-HOW.]
+
+PLATES XIV., XV., AND XVI.--_Maes-How, Orkney._
+
+These plates represent the "Pict's house" referred to by Captain Thomas
+(pp. 50-51, _ante_), with regard to which he says:--"Maes howe was for
+three families--grandees, no doubt; but the numbers it was intended to
+hold in the _beds_ may be learned by comparing them with the Amazon's
+House, St. Kilda."
+
+The structure last named is described by Captain Thomas and Mr. T.S.
+Muir in vol. iii. of the _Proceedings_ (pp. 225-228), where it is
+stated:--"The Amazon's House is of the same class with our earliest
+stone buildings--belonging to the era of cromlechs, stone-circles,
+Picts' castles, &c.; but while in other parts of Britain the style and
+type have vanished for a thousand years, in the Outer Hebrides we find
+them (in the Bothan [_i.e._, 'boths' or 'bee-hive houses'] of Uig)
+continued to the present day." The following additional remarks by
+Captain Thomas are also of interest in this connection:--"It appears
+that besides the Tigh na Bhanna ghaisgach (Ty-na-Van-a-ghas-gec), or
+Amazon's House--and of whom all tradition, except her name, has
+gone--there are the remains of other submerged dwellings and hypogea.
+Miss Euphemia MacCrimmon, the oldest inhabitant of that far-off island,
+tells that a certain Donald Macdonald and John Macqueen, on passing a
+hillock, heard churning going on within. And about thirty years ago,
+when digging into the hillock to make the foundations of a new house,
+they discovered what seemed to be the fairies' residence, built of
+stones inside, and holes in the wall, or croops, as they call them, as
+in Airidh na Bhannaghaisgach."[74]
+
+It will be noticed that the "beds" in Maes-How are on a higher level
+than the floor of the main chamber. "In the winter houses," observes
+Captain Thomas,[75] "the floor of the bed-place was raised 3 or 4 feet
+above the ground."
+
+The original use of Maes-How is a matter of opinion, and some have
+assumed it to belong to the class of sepulchral mounds, although there
+is no evidence in support of this belief. For many reasons, the opinions
+of Captain Thomas are endorsed by the present writer. It may be added
+that, prior to 1861, when the mound was opened, local tradition had
+declared that it was the residence of a "hog-boy," or mound-dweller.
+
+[Footnote 74: _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._ (First Series), vol. vii. p.
+172.]
+
+[Footnote 75: _Op. cit._, p. 164.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVII.
+
+THE BRUGH OF THE BOYNE, NEW GRANGE, COUNTY MEATH]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVIII.
+
+DOORWAY OF THE BRUGH OF THE BOYNE.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIX.
+
+GROUND PLAN OF THE BRUGH OF THE BOYNE (as at present explored).]
+
+PLATES XVII., XVIII., AND XIX.--_Brugh of the Boyne, New
+Grange, County Meath._
+
+The diagrams here shown are from drawings by Mr. W.F. Wakeman, the
+veteran Irish archæologist.[76] With reference to the spiral carvings at
+the doorway of the Brugh, it may be mentioned that "the same kind of
+ornament appears on a stone found amidst a heap which had once been a
+'Pict's-house' in the island of Eday, Orkney;"[77] and that in Orkney,
+also, there has been found, in an underground house, a large stone
+"saucer," or "tray," resembling the two shown in the ground plan of the
+Brugh. (There appears to be no settled opinion as to the uses of those
+"saucers.")
+
+In connection with the identification of this mound with the "Brugh of
+the Boyne" of ancient Irish history, the following remarks may be
+quoted. The Rev. Father O'Laverty, in the Journal of the Royal Society
+of Antiquaries of Ireland (December, 1892, p. 430) thus observes:--
+
+     "In his very valuable work, _The Boyne and Blackwater_, Sir William
+     Wilde appears to me to have used convincing arguments to prove that
+     _Brugh-na-Boinne_ ... was ... on the left bank of the Boyne,
+     convenient to the ford of _Ros-na-righ_ (Rossnaree) at Knowth,
+     Dowth, and Newgrange. To Sir William's arguments one point only was
+     wanting: the old name had disappeared.... It is now more than
+     thirty years since I went to Newgrange for the special purpose of
+     investigating that matter. I explained to Mr. Maguire, then of
+     Newgrange, and to his son, that _Brugh-na-Boinne_ signified 'the
+     town, or dwelling-place, on the Boyne,' that the word _Brugh_ would
+     assume the modern form _Bro_, as in Brughshane (pronounced
+     Broshane), and many other townland names, and that _na-Boinne_, 'of
+     the Boyne,' would probably cease to be used as unnecessary at the
+     site. I need not say that I was greatly pleased when they informed
+     me that the field in which is the mound of Newgrange is called the
+     _Bro-Park_, while in the immediate vicinity are the _Bro-Farm_, the
+     _Bro-Mill_, and the _Bro-Cottage_." [And also, they might have
+     added, the mansion of _Broe House_.]
+
+Any one, therefore, who duly considers the matter, in relation to the
+statements of both of these writers, will see that the mound at New
+Grange is the _Brugh-na-Boinne_ of Irish history and tradition. And this
+name, says Father O'Laverty, "signified 'the town, or dwelling-place, on
+the Boyne.'" What, then, are the earliest associations with this "town
+or dwelling-place?"
+
+It is said[78] to have been built by a celebrated "king and oracle" of
+the people known as the Tuatha Dé, Dea, or De Danann, and to have been
+the residence of himself and others of his race. This chief (Eochaid
+_Ollathair_) is usually referred to as "the Dagda," or "the Daghda Mòr";
+and of his nation it is asserted that, after having invaded Ireland and
+conquered its native "Fir-Bolgs," they were themselves conquered in
+turn by a later race of immigrants, the Gaels. This "Brugh," therefore,
+is said to have been the residence of the Dagda, and, after him, of
+Angus, one of his sons. Consequently, it is very frequently styled "the
+Brugh of Angus, son of the Dagda," an appellation which assumes various
+forms.[79] Latterly, it seems to have been most generally known as "the
+Brugh" (_par excellence_), or, more simply still, as "Brugh." In the
+Book of Leinster it is specified as one of "Ireland's three undeniable
+eminences [_dindgna_]"[80]; while "an ancient poem by Mac Nia, son of
+Oenna (in the Book of Ballymote, fol. 190 b.)," styles it "a king's
+mansion" and a "_sídh_." The same MS. (32 _a b_) gives the variant _Sídh
+an Bhrogha_, rendered by Dr. Standish O'Grady "the fairy fort of the
+_Brugh_ upon the Boyne."[81] This word "_sídh_," which was
+applied--probably in the first place--to hollow mounds such as this, but
+which was also applied to the dwellers in them, gave the Tuatha De
+Danann their most popular name. Because it was on account of their
+residence in "the green mounds, known by the name of _Sídh_," that they
+were called "the _Fir Sídhe_ [_i.e._, men of the _sídhs_], or Fairies,
+of Ireland."[82] The one word, indeed (_sídh_), became indifferently
+applied to the dwellings and the dwellers. Whichever was the earliest
+meaning of that word, there is little dubiety as to the etymology of
+_Siabhra_. In one copy of the _Leabhar na h-Uidhre_,[83] it is stated
+that the Tuatha De Danann "were called _Siabhras_." O'Reilly defines
+_siabhra_ as "a fairy," and _siabhrach_ as "fairy-like"; while "a fairy
+mansion" is _siabhrugh_. With Connellan, again, _siabhrog_ is "a fairy."
+It seems quite evident that these are all corruptions of _sídh-bhrugh_
+(otherwise _Sídh an Bhrogha_, as above), and that _Siabhra_, as applied
+to the _dwellers_, was simply a transference from the name denoting
+their _dwellings_.
+
+Numerous as are the references to this mound as a "dwelling-place," its
+name figures prominently in the list of the ancient cemeteries of
+Ireland. _Relec in Broga_, "the Cemetery of the Brugh," is referred to
+as one of "the three cemeteries of Idolaters," in an Irish manuscript of
+the twelfth century (or earlier), the _Leabhar na h-Uidhre_ cited above.
+Of the two others, one is "the Cemetery of Cruachan"; and, by glancing
+at it, in the first place, we shall obtain a good idea of the Cemetery
+of the Brugh. "We find that the monuments within the cemetery at
+Rathcroghan,"[84] says Mr. Petrie, "are small circular mounds, which,
+when examined, are found to cover rude, sepulchral chambers formed of
+stone, without cement of any kind, and containing unburned bones."[85]
+And the twelfth-century scribe whom Mr. Petrie largely quotes, says that
+there were fifty such mounds (_cnoc_) in the cemetery at Cruachan. This
+mediæval scholar has copied a poem on the subject, "ascribed to Dorban,
+a poet of West Connaught," wherein it is said that it is not in the
+power of poets or of sages to reckon the number of heroes under the
+Cruachan mounds, and that there is not a hillock (_cnoc_) in that
+cemetery "which is not the grave of a king or royal prince, or of a
+woman, or warlike poet." In another verse, he says that _each_ of the
+fifty mounds had a warrior under it; and, altogether, it appears that,
+although their number could doubtless be "reckoned," yet the burial
+mounds of Cruachan, in or about the twelfth century, much exceeded fifty
+in number. "Fifty" is simply used by the poet and his commentator to
+show that, like the two other cemeteries of the triad (each of which is
+also said to have had fifty) the Cemetery of Cruachan contained about a
+third of the pagan notables of Ireland.
+
+From this we see that, about the twelfth century, the Cemetery of the
+Brugh contained at least fifty sepulchral mounds such as those described
+by Mr. Petrie at Cruachan. Mr. Petrie further quotes two passages from
+the _Dinnsenchus_, which specify in the following terms some of the most
+famous of those "monuments" at the Brugh:--
+
+     "The Grave [or Stone Cairn, _Leacht_] of the Dagda; the Grave of
+     Aedh Luirgnech, son of the Dagda; the Graves of Cirr and Cuirrell,
+     wives of the Dagda--'these are two hillocks [_da cnoc_]'; the Grave
+     of Esclam, the Dagda's Brehon, 'which is called _Fert-Patric_ at
+     this day'; the Cashel [or Stone Enclosure] of Angus, son of
+     Crunmael; the Cave [_Derc_] of Buailcc Bec; the Stone Cairn
+     [_Leacht_] of Cellach, son of Maelcobha; the Stone Cairn [_Leacht_]
+     of the steed of Cinaedh, son of Irgalach; the Prison [_Carcar_] of
+     Liath-Macha; the 'Glen' of the Mata; the Pillar Stone of Buidi, the
+     son of Muiredh, where his head is interred; the Stone of Benn; the
+     Grave of Boinn, the wife of Nechtan; the 'Bed' of the daughter of
+     Forann; the _Barc_ of Crimthann Nianar, in which he was interred;
+     the Grave of Fedelmidh, the Lawgiver; the _Cumot_ of Cairbre
+     Lifeachair; the _Fulacht_ of Fiachna Sraiphtine."
+
+These, of course, are only some of the most famous of the sepulchral
+monuments which existed in the Cemetery of the Brugh eight or nine
+centuries ago. Since that time, most of them have disappeared, their
+stones having been presumably built into castles, mansions, cottages and
+walls, while the bones of the queens and heroes have fertilised the soil
+of the neighbouring farms. But there still remain a few
+"standing-stones" and "moats" in the vicinity of the Brugh, all of which
+may be included in the above list.
+
+I have cited that list for the reason that modern antiquaries, or many
+of them, have assumed that _Síd in Broga_ and _Relec in Broga_ are
+synonymous terms, and that when a king or hero is recorded to have been
+buried "at Brugh," that means that he was buried _in_ the Brugh itself.
+In other words, that a place which was known as Fert-Patrick in or about
+the twelfth century, as also the "cashel" and the many hillocks, graves,
+and cairns mentioned in the list--not to speak of innumerable
+others--were all situated in the chamber which is shown in Plate XIX. It
+does not require a moment's reflection to convince one that this is an
+erroneous assumption. Nor is it warranted by the "History of the
+Cemeteries" itself, which always speaks of the burials having been "_at_
+Brugh."[86]
+
+One other statement, however, must be referred to. In another verse of
+Dorban's poem, mentioned above, it is said that "the host of Meath" are
+buried "_ar lár in Broga tuathaig_." This is rendered by Petrie, "in the
+middle of the lordly Brugh." The translation is no doubt good; and it is
+open to any one to deduce therefrom that the chamber shown in the plan
+contained at one time the skeletons of the host of Meath. In that case,
+the "host" must have been very limited in number; and anyone who has
+crawled along the sixty-foot passage into the Brugh, and who adopts this
+view, must wonder a little as to how the corpses were conveyed along
+that passage, and as to the reasons which must have induced some people
+(prior to 1699, when the chamber was almost, if not altogether, void of
+such relics)[87] to drag all those bones out again, at much personal
+inconvenience. But "_ar lár in Broga_" may also mean "in the [burying-]
+ground of the Brugh"; and the descriptions quoted above from the
+_Dinnsenchus_ show quite clearly that the ground in which "the host of
+Meath" were buried embraced a considerable tract of land, dotted over
+with mounds and monuments, differing only in degree from those of a
+modern cemetery.[88]
+
+The twelfth-century commentator of Dorban's poem states:
+
+     "The nobles of the Tuatha De Danann (with the exception of seven of
+     them who were interred at Talten [which was the third 'Cemetery of
+     the Idolaters']) were buried at Brugh, _i.e._, Lugh, and Oe, son of
+     Ollamh, and Ogma, and Carpre, son of Etan, and Etan (the poetess)
+     herself, and the Dagda and his three sons (_i.e._, Aedh, and
+     Oengus, and Cermait), and a great many others besides of the
+     Tuatha De Dananns, and Firbolgs and others."[89]
+
+But, afterwards, "the race of Heremon, _i.e._, the kings of Tara," who
+used to bury at Cruachan (because that was the chief seat in their
+special principality of Connaught) came to bury at Brugh. "The first
+king of them that was interred at Brugh" was a certain Crimthann,
+surnamed _Nianar_, the son of Lughaidh Riabh-n-derg;[90] and the reason
+why Crimthann decided to abandon the burying-place of his forefathers
+was "because his wife Nar was of the Tuatha Dea, and it was she
+solicited him that he should adopt Brugh as a burial-place for himself
+and his descendants, and this was the cause that they did not bury at
+Cruachan."[91] It would appear that the ruling dynasty of the Tuatha Dea
+had ended in a female, both on account of Nar's action in this matter,
+and because her husband became known by her name--as Nianar
+(_Niadk-Náir_) or "Nar's Champion."
+
+This Nar is a very interesting personage in the present connection.
+Because, being one of the Tuatha Dea, she was a _siabhra_, or woman of
+the _sídhs_; otherwise, a _bean-síde_ (modernised into "banshee"). This
+is plainly stated in two other Irish manuscripts, with an additional
+explanation which is very apposite. It is said that Crimthann was called
+Nar's Champion "because his wife Nar _thuathchaech_ out of the _sídhes_,
+or of the Pict-folk [_a sídaib no do Chruithentuaith_], she it was that
+took him off on an adventure." A companion statement is that made in
+another manuscript to the effect that "Nar _thuathchaech_, the
+daughter of Lotan of the Pict-folk [_Nár thuathchaech ingen Lotain do
+Chruithentuaith_], was the mother of Feradach _finnfhechtnach_," or "the
+brightly prosperous"--a king of Ireland.[92]
+
+Incidentally, therefore, in considering the Brugh of the Boyne and the
+people most associated with it, we find very distinct confirmation of
+the main part of the contention in the foregoing treatise. From these
+extracts it is evident that those early writers regarded _siabhra,
+fear-sídh, bean-sídh_, and _daoine-sídh_ (words which may also be
+interpreted "mound-dweller") as ordinary folk-names for the Picts; just
+in the same way as any historian of the frontier wars in North America
+would understand by "Red-skin" and "Greaser" the more classic "Indian"
+and "Mexican."
+
+[Footnote 76: Earlier illustrations, from drawings made in 1724 by Mr.
+Samuel Molyneux, a Dublin student, may be seen in Part II. of "A Natural
+History of Ireland," Dublin, 1726. Other eighteenth-century
+representations of the same place occur in a volume of old plates,
+belonging to the Society of Antiquaries (London). This volume is
+endorsed "Celtic Remains; I," and its contents form part of (says the
+fly-leaf) "a collection of plates from the Archæologia collected by Mr.
+Akerman when the Society's Stock was sold off and arranged more or less
+in Classes." The views of the Brugh will be found at pp. 239, 253, and
+254 (Plates XIX.-XXII.). Colonel Forbes Leslie has two excellent plates,
+from drawings of his own, in his _Early Races of Scotland_ (Edin. 1866),
+vol. ii.; where he also refers to Wilde's _Boyne and Blackwater_ and
+Wakeman's _Irish Antiquities_. A recent work, illustrating the same
+subject, but which I have not yet had an opportunity of seeing, is Mr.
+George Coffey's "Tumuli and Inscribed Stones at New Grange, Dowth, and
+Knowth," Dublin, 1893.]
+
+[Footnote 77: Forbes Leslie's _Early Races of Scotland_, vol. ii. p.
+335, _note_.]
+
+[Footnote 78: O'Curry's _Lectures_, Dublin, 1861, p. 505.]
+
+[Footnote 79: For most of which see Dr. Standish O'Grady's _Silva
+Gadelica_, pp. 102-3, 146, 233, 474, and 484.]
+
+[Footnote 80: _Silva Gadelica_ (English translation), pp. 474 and 520.]
+
+[Footnote 81: _Op. cit._ (English translation), p. 522.]
+
+[Footnote 82: Skene's _Celtic Scotland_, vol. iii. pp. 106-7.]
+
+[Footnote 83: Class H. 3, 17, Trinity College, Dublin. [I quote from Mr.
+Petrie's "Round Towers," Trans, of Roy. Irish Acad., vol. xx. (Dublin,
+1845), p. 98.]]
+
+[Footnote 84: Rath Chruachain, Co. Roscommon: the cemetery was styled
+_Relig na Riogh_, or the Cemetery of Kings.]
+
+[Footnote 85: _Op. cit._, p. 106.]
+
+[Footnote 86: "_Is in Brug, or Bruig_." Mr. Petrie invariably translates
+this as "at" Brugh. But I observe that Dr. Standish O'Grady (_Silva
+Gadelica_, p. 256; and p. 289 of English translation) renders the Gaelic
+particle by English "in." To decide between two Gaelic scholars is not
+within my province. But if Dr. O'Grady understands "the Brugh" to be
+synonymous with _Sídh an Bhrogha_ (as perhaps he does not), the adoption
+of his reading would lead to an inference which is opposed to common
+sense.]
+
+[Footnote 87: Molyneux, writing in 1725, says that "when first the cave
+was opened, the bones of two dead bodies entire, not burnt, were found
+upon the floor." Colonel Forbes Leslie remarks: "Llhuyd, the antiquary,
+writing in 1699, makes no mention of any human remains being found in
+it."]
+
+[Footnote 88: Since the above was written, the quarterly number, June
+1893, of the _Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland_
+has been issued, and a note therein confirms the suspicion, indicated in
+Mr. Wakeman's drawing, that the whole mound is not yet explored. But the
+above remarks are applicable in any case.]
+
+[Footnote 89: Petrie: _op. cit._, p. 106.]
+
+[Footnote 90: That is, Lughaidh of the Red Stripes; "meaning that on his
+person he had two such: one as girdle round his middle, another as
+necklace round his neck." (_Silva Gadelica_, English translation, p.
+544.)]
+
+[Footnote 91: Petrie (_op. cit._, p. 101), quoting from the "History of
+the Cemeteries" in the _Leabhar na h-Uidhre_.]
+
+[Footnote 92: These two extracts are from _Silva Gadelica_, Eng.
+transl., pp. 495 and 544; where the references are, respectively, "Book
+of Ballymote, 250 _a b_," and "Kilbride No. 3, Advocates' Library,
+Edinburgh, 5."]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATES XX. AND XXI.
+
+SECTIONAL VIEW AND GROUND PLAN OF THE DENGHOOG, ISLAND OF SYLT.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXII.
+
+INTERIOR OF THE DENGHOOG, ISLAND OF SYLT.]
+
+PLATES XX. AND XXI.--_The Denghoog, Island of Sylt, North
+Friesland._
+
+In addition to my original collection, I am now able to show three views
+of the Denghoog, in Sylt, which is the mound referred to on p. 34
+(_ante_). Mr. W.G. Black speaks of it thus:--
+
+     "There is some confusion as to King Finn's dwelling. As doctors
+     differ, we may be allowed to claim that it was the Denghoog, close
+     to Wenningstedt, if only because we descended into that remarkable
+     dwelling. Externally merely a swelling green mound, like so many
+     others in Sylt, entrance is gained by a trap-door in the roof, and
+     decending a steep ladder, one finds himself in a subterranean
+     chamber, some seventeen by ten feet in size, the walls of which are
+     twelve huge blocks of Swedish granite; the height of the roof
+     varies from five feet to six feet. The original entrance appears to
+     have been a long narrow passage, seventeen feet long and about two
+     feet wide and high. This mound was examined by a Hamburg professor
+     in 1868, who found remains of a fireplace, bones of a small man,
+     some clay urns, and stone weapons. Later, a Kiel professor is said
+     to have carried off all he found therein to Kiel Museum, and so far
+     we have not been able to trace the published accounts of his
+     investigations."[93]
+
+Mr. Christian Jensen, Oevenum, Föhr, to whom I am indebted for these
+three views, has favoured me with the following information:--
+
+     "The sketches of the Denhoog which I enclose [viz., the Ground Plan
+     and Sectional View] are from the drawings of Professor Wibel, who
+     conducted the excavation of it in 1868. From his and C.P. Hansen's
+     observations I contribute the following statements: Originally, the
+     mound was higher, but in 1868 it had the form of a truncated cone,
+     4½ _mètres_ [say 14 feet 9 inches] in height. As may be seen from
+     the picture, it slopes away to the south above the original passage
+     into the mound, which the dweller made use of as his entrance; so
+     that the extent is very considerable. The present entrance, as may
+     be seen from the view of the interior, was made from above, at the
+     north side, directly opposite the original entrance.... Dr. Wibel
+     says: 'At the south side of the chamber is the doorway for ingress
+     and egress, with the passage itself leading from it. This passage,
+     which was 6 _mètres_ [19 feet 8 inches] in length, was lined with
+     upright blocks of granite and gneiss, with a roofing and floor made
+     of flagstones of the same kinds of stone. It was opened up all the
+     way to the mouth of the passage. This [the outer orifice] lay close
+     to the extremity of the earth and near the floor of the mound, was
+     closed with earth only, not with a stone, and measured about 1
+     _mètre_ [3 feet 3.4 inches] in height, and 1⅓ _mètre_ in breadth.
+     On account of these dimensions ... one can only creep through
+     with difficulty, and for that reason the plan does not show with
+     accuracy the position of the wall-slabs, and their number is merely
+     conjectured to be nine.'
+
+     "Immediately after this excavation of 17-19 September, 1868, C.P.
+     Hansen writes as follows:--
+
+     "'There are in the island of Sylt hillocks of ancient origin, for
+     the most part pagan burying-places, but some of which may have
+     served as the dwelling-places of a primitive people. One such
+     hillock has just been opened at Wenningstedt. The interior was
+     found to be a chamber, 17 feet long, 10 feet in breadth, and from 5
+     to 6 feet in height, with a covered passage about 22 feet long,
+     trending southward. The walls of this underground room were
+     composed of twelve large granite blocks, regularly arranged; the
+     roof consisted of three still larger slabs of the same kind of
+     rock; the stones which formed the passage were smaller. At one
+     corner of the floor of the cellar there was a well-defined
+     fireplace, and near it were urns and flint implements; in the
+     opposite corner there were many bones lying, apparently unburned,
+     probably those of the last dweller in the cavern.'"
+
+Mr. Christian Jensen gives an account of "Der Denghoog bei Wenningstedt"
+in the "Beilage zu Nr. 146 der Flensburger Nachrichten" of 25th June
+1893, in which he says:
+
+     "... On the floor of the chamber, three separate divisions were
+     distinctly visible, of which one, situated on the east side, showed
+     traces of having been a fireplace. Professor Wibel found several
+     fragments of human bones, which evidently belonged only to _one_
+     individual, as no portion was duplicated; also a few animals'
+     bones. There was an extraordinary number of fragments of pottery,
+     belonging to about 24 different urns, of which 11 could be put
+     together. Their form and ornamentation were both fine and varied,
+     an interesting witness to the ceramics of the grey past.... Among
+     the stone implements found were a great many flint-knives; two
+     stone hatchets, two chisels, and a gouge, all of flint, and a disc
+     of porphyry were also obtained. Several mineral substances,
+     quartzite, rubble-stones, gravel, ochre, a sinter-heap--these are
+     less interesting than the seven amber beads which, with some
+     charcoal, completes the list of objects found. Referring to former
+     investigations of galleried mounds [_gangbauten_], which seem to
+     have been used in some cases as burying-places, in others as
+     dwellings, Dr. Wibel observes, in answer to the question resulting
+     from his discovery, as to whether the Denghoog ought to be regarded
+     as a sepulchre or as a dwelling, that, as Nilsson has already said,
+     all gallery-mounds were originally dwellings, and occasionally
+     became utilised as tombs. In the case of the Denghoog, this fact is
+     demonstrated by the fireplace, the scattered potsherds, the amber
+     beads, &c."
+
+[Footnote 93: _Heligoland_, Edin. and Lond., 1888, pp. 84-85.]
+
+
+Of the little woodcut which forms the Tailpiece of this volume, it is
+hardly necessary to say that it represents some popular ideas regarding
+"the little people." The woodcut of which this is a facsimile is one of
+those contained in the eighteenth-century chap-book, "_Round about our
+Coal Fire_; or, Christmas Entertainments," and it heads the chapter "_Of
+Fairies, their Use and Dignity_." "They generally came out of a
+Mole-hill," it is said; "they had fine Musick always among themselves,
+and Danced in a Moonshiny Night around, or in a Ring as one may see at
+this Day upon every Common in _England_, where Mushroones [_sic_] grow,"
+The size of the mushroom, so elegantly depicted in the foreground, is
+quite on a scale suitable to the stature ultimately accorded to the
+little people in many districts; so also is the mole-hill. But the tree,
+and the Satanic head in the foliage, are curiously out of proportion.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An examination of these various diagrams will show that the more
+primitive of those structures were obviously built by a small-sized
+race; some of the passages being quite impassable to large men of the
+present day. This peculiarity was noticed by Scott when visiting the
+"brochs" of Shetland, a kindred class of structures (none of which are
+here shown). "These Duns or Picts' Castles are so small," he says,
+writing in his Diary in August 1814, "it is impossible to conceive what
+effectual purpose they could serve excepting a temporary refuge for the
+chief." This reflection was suggested to him by the Broch of
+Cleik-him-in (now usually written Clickemin), near Lerwick; and in
+describing it he says: "The interior gallery, with its apertures, is so
+extremely low and narrow, being only about three feet square, that it is
+difficult to conceive how it could serve the purpose of communication.
+At any rate, the size fully justifies the tradition prevalent here, as
+well as in the south of Scotland, that the Picts were a diminutive
+race." Of the Broch of Mousa he says: "The uppermost gallery is so
+narrow and low that it was with great difficulty I crept through it,"--a
+feat which baffled the present writer.[94] In all those cases, of
+course, it is understood one has to crawl. As with the Lapps and the
+Eskimos, creeping was much more a matter of course with the builders of
+those places than it is with us. After getting through such passages it
+happens that, in several instances, the roof is higher than is required
+for the tallest living man. An admirable example of such a place is the
+underground "Picts' House" at Pitcur, in Forfarshire, which would be
+quite a palace to people of a small race, and very likely figures as
+such in some popular tale; its dimensions and appearance considerably
+magnified with every century.[95] But even this "fairy palace" was
+entered by narrow, downward-sloping passages, similar to that seen in
+the Frontispiece, down and up which the dwellers had to crawl. An
+underground gallery such as that of Ardtole (near Ardglass, County
+Down), is somewhat puzzling, because, while one chamber off it rises to
+a height of 5 feet 3 inches, another is only 3½ feet high; and the main
+gallery, for 70 feet of its length, is 4½ feet high, with a width of 3
+feet 4 inches. The inference from this seems to be that the occupants
+were under 4½ feet in height. If they had intended to crawl along the 70
+feet, they did not require so high a roof; whereas, if they walked, and
+if they were more than 4½ feet in height, they would need to walk the 70
+feet in a stooping posture, a constraint which they could easily have
+avoided by raising the roof a foot or two. The highest roof in all this
+souterrain being 5 feet 3, it does not seem likely that the builders
+were taller than that; and there seems more reason to believe that they
+were much smaller. Another such gallery in Sutherlandshire is "nowhere
+more than 4½ feet in height, and for the greater part of its length only
+2 feet wide, expanding to 3½, for about 3 feet only from the inner end."
+Still more restricted is the "rath-cave" of Ballyknock, in the parish of
+Ballynoe, barony of Kinnatalloon, County Cork. "The cave is a mere
+cutting in the clayey subsoil, and is roofed with flags resting on the
+clayey banks of the cutting, of which the length is about 100 feet, and
+the height and width from 3 to 3½ feet, except that the width to a
+height of 2 feet is hardly a foot at the N.W. turn, 23 feet from the
+N.E. end, and at a point 27 feet from the S.E. end.... Right below the
+aperture ... was a short pillar-stone, deeply scored with Oghams ...
+[and] many of the roofing slabs were seen ... to be inscribed with
+Oghams, some large and others minute."[96]
+
+"This class of structures deserves a careful study," observes Captain
+Thomas, referring to the souterrains of the north-west of Scotland;[97]
+"for the room or accommodation afforded by this mode of building is
+exceedingly small when compared with the labour expended in procuring
+it; besides, the doorway or entry is often so contracted that no bulky
+object, not even a very stout man, could get in ... But what are we to
+think when the single passage is so small that only a child could crawl
+through it?"
+
+[Footnote 94: On the very topmost course of all, the gallery dwindles
+into such insignificant dimensions that not even a dwarf (as one would
+naturally understand that term) could creep along it. Scott cannot have
+meant this very extremity. With regard to it, I should be inclined to
+say that it was merely the necessary finish of the gallery, not intended
+to be used any more than the spaces beside the eaves of a house.]
+
+[Footnote 95: The tendency to "idealisation on the part of the narrator"
+is referred to, in this connection, by Mr. Joseph Jacobs, at p. 242 of
+his "English Fairy Tales" (London, D. Nutt, 1890).]
+
+[Footnote 96: _Jour. Roy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland_, 1891 (Third Quarter), p.
+517. It is not inappropriate to add that one of these inscriptions
+reads: "Branan, son of Ochal," and that the decipherer (the Rev. Edmond
+Barry, M.R.I.A.) identifies this latter name with "the name of a King of
+the Fairies of Connaught (_Ri Síde Connacht_)": _op. cit._, pp. 524-525.
+The Ardtole souterrain is described in the Journal of the same Society
+(July-October, 1889, p. 245), by Mr. Seaton F. Milligan, M.R.I.A.; and
+the one in Sutherlandshire is referred to by Dr. Joseph Anderson (at p.
+289 of "Scotland in Pagan Times: The Iron Age," Edinburgh, 1883).]
+
+[Footnote 97: _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._ (First Series), vol. vii. pp.
+185-6.]
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+_Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO. London & Edinburgh._
+
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Fians, Fairies and Picts, by David MacRitchie
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Fians, Fairies and Picts
+
+Author: David MacRitchie
+
+Release Date: March 5, 2006 [EBook #17926]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIANS, FAIRIES AND PICTS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Ted Garvin, Taavi Kalju, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreaders Europe at http://dp.rastko.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE I.
+
+SELECTIONAL VIEW AND GROUND PLAN OF UNDERGROUND GALLERY, CALLED _UAMH
+SGALABHAD_, NEAR MOL A DEAS, HUISHNISH, ISLAND OF SOUTH UIST.
+
+_Frontispiece._]
+
+
+
+
+FIANS, FAIRIES
+AND
+PICTS
+
+
+BY
+
+DAVID MACRITCHIE
+
+AUTHOR OF
+"THE TESTIMONY OF TRADITION"
+
+
+     "Sometimes ... it seems that the stones are really
+     speaking--speaking of the old things, of the time when the strange
+     fishes and animals lived that are turned into stone now, and the
+     lakes were here; and then of the time when the little Bushmen lived
+     here, so small and so ugly, and used to sleep in the wild dog
+     holes, and in the 'sloots,' and eat snakes, and shoot the bucks
+     with their poisoned arrows ... Now the Boers have shot them all, so
+     that we never see a little yellow face peeping out among the stones
+     ... And the wild bucks have gone, and those days, and we are
+     here."--WALDO, in _The Story of an African Farm._
+
+
+_WITH ILLUSTRATIONS_
+
+
+LONDON
+KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & CO., LTD.
+PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARING CROSS ROAD
+1893
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+The following treatise is to some extent a re-statement and partly an
+amplification of a theory I have elsewhere advanced.[1] But as that
+theory, although it has been advocated by several writers, especially
+during the past half-century, is not familiar to everybody, some remarks
+of an explanatory nature are necessary. And if this explanation assumes
+a narrative form, not without a tinge of autobiography, it is because
+this seems the most convenient way of stating the case.
+
+It is now a dozen years or thereabouts since I first read the "Popular
+Tales of the West Highlands," by Mr. J.F. Campbell, otherwise known by
+his courtesy-title of "Campbell of Islay." Mr. Campbell was, as many
+people know, a Highland gentleman of good family, who devoted much of
+his time to collecting and studying the oral traditions of his own
+district and of many lands. His equipment as a student of West Highland
+folklore was unique. He had the necessary knowledge of Gaelic, the
+hereditary connection with the district which made him at home with the
+poorest peasant, and the sympathetic nature which proved a master-key in
+opening the storehouse of inherited belief. It is not likely that
+another Campbell of Islay will arise, and, indeed, in these days of
+decaying tradition, he would be born too late.
+
+In reading his book, then, for the first time, what impressed me more
+than anything else in his pages were statements such as the following:--
+
+     "The ancient Gauls wore helmets which represented beasts. The
+     enchanted king's sons, when they come home to their dwellings, put
+     off _cochal_ [a Gaelic word signifying], the husk, and become men;
+     and when they go out they resume the _cochal_, and become animals
+     of various kinds. May this not mean that they put on their armour?
+     They marry a plurality of wives in many stories. In short, the
+     enchanted warriors are, as I verily believe, nothing but real men,
+     and their manners real manners, seen through a haze of
+     centuries.... I do not mean that the tales date from any particular
+     period, but that traces of all periods may be found in them--that
+     various actors have played the same parts time out of mind, and
+     that their manners and customs are all mixed together, and truly,
+     though confusedly, represented--that giants and fairies and
+     enchanted princes were men ... that tales are but garbled popular
+     history, of a long journey through forests and wilds, inhabited by
+     savages and wild beasts; of events that occurred on the way from
+     east to west, in the year of grace, once upon a time" (I.
+     cxv.-cxvi.). "The Highland giants were not so big but that their
+     conquerors wore their clothes; they were not so strong that men
+     could not beat them, even by wrestling. They were not quite
+     savages; for though some lived in caves, others had houses and
+     cattle and hoards of spoil" (I. xcix.). "And though I do not myself
+     believe that fairies _are_ ... I believe there once was a small
+     race of people in these islands, who are remembered as fairies, for
+     the fairy belief is not confined to the Highlanders of Scotland"
+     (I. c.) "This class of stories is so widely spread, so
+     matter-of-fact, hangs so well together, and is so implicitly
+     believed all over the United Kingdom, that I am persuaded of the
+     former existence of a race of men in these islands who were smaller
+     in stature than the Celts; who used stone arrows, lived in conical
+     mounds like the Lapps, knew some mechanical arts, pilfered goods
+     and stole children; and were perhaps contemporary with some species
+     of wild cattle and horses and great auks, which frequented marshy
+     ground, and are now remembered as water-bulls and water-horses, and
+     boobries, and such like impossible creatures" (IV. 344).
+
+And much more to the same effect,[2] with which it is unnecessary to
+trouble the reader. Now, all this was quite new to me. If I had ever
+given a second thought to the so-called "supernatural" beings of
+tradition, it was only to dismiss them, in the conventional manner as
+creatures of the imagination. But these ideas of Mr. Campbell's were
+decidedly interesting, and deserving of consideration. It was obvious
+that tradition, especially where there had been an intermixture of
+races, could not preserve one clear, unblemished record of the past; and
+this he fully recognised. But it seemed equally obvious that the
+"matter-of-fact" element to which he refers could not have owed its
+origin to myth or fancy. The question being fascinating, there was
+therefore no alternative but to make further inquiry. And the more it
+was considered, the more did his theory proclaim its reasonableness. He
+suggests, for example, that certain "fairy herds" in Sutherlandshire
+were probably reindeer, that the "fairies" who milked those reindeer
+were probably of the same race as Lapps, and that not unlikely they were
+the people historically known as Picts. The fact that Picts once
+occupied northern Scotland formed no obstacle to his theory. And when I
+learned that the reindeer was hunted in that part of Scotland as
+recently as the twelfth century, that remains of reindeer horns are
+still to be found in the counties of Sutherland, Ross, and Caithness,
+sometimes in the very structures ascribed to the Picts, then I perceived
+this to be a theory which, to quote his words, "hung well together."
+Further, the actual Lapps are a small-statured race, the fairies also
+were so described, and this, too, I found to be the traditional idea
+regarding the Picts. Here the identification was closer still. Then
+came the consideration: The fairies lived in hollow hillocks and under
+the ground: what kind of dwellings are the Picts supposed to have
+occupied? The answer to this question still further strengthened Mr.
+Campbell's conjecture. There yet exist numerous underground structures
+and artificial mounds whose interior shows them to have been
+dwelling-places; and these are in some places known as "fairy halls" and
+in others as "Picts' houses." (Illustrations of these are shown in the
+present volume, and are specially referred to in the annexed paper.)
+
+The examination, therefore, of this interesting theory not only helped
+greatly to bear out its probable correctness, but it further began to
+appear that by following this method of inquiry new lights might be
+thrown upon history--perhaps upon very remote history. It was clear that
+the question was not a simple one. All tradition is obscured by the
+darkness of time, and genuine fact is mixed up with ideas which belong
+to the world of religion and of myth. Even in Mr. Campbell's own
+statements there were seeming contradictions. These, however, it is not
+my present purpose to discuss; since they do not vitally affect his main
+contention.
+
+The Lapp-Dwarf parallel was gone into very fully by Professor Nilsson in
+his _Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia_, written twenty years before
+the "West Highland Tales." Not that he, either, was the originator of
+that theory, for it is frequently referred to by Sir Walter Scott, who
+accepted it himself.[3] "In fact," he says, "there seems reason to
+conclude that these _duergar_ [in English, _dwarfs_] were originally
+nothing else than the diminutive natives of the Lappish, Lettish and
+Finnish nations, who, flying before the conquering weapons of the Asae,
+sought the most retired regions of the north, and there endeavoured to
+hide themselves from their eastern invaders." Scott, again, refers us
+back to Einar Gudmund, an Icelandic writer of the second half of the
+sixteenth century, whom I would cite as the earliest "Euhemerus" of
+northern lands, were it not for the fact that he is obviously much more
+than a theorist, and is beyond all doubt speaking of an actual race, as
+may be seen from an incident which he relates.
+
+But, although the popular memory may retain for many centuries the
+impress of historical facts, these become inevitably blurred and
+modified by the lapse of time and the ignorance of the very people who
+preserve the tradition. As an illustration of this, I may cite the
+instance of the dwarfs of Yesso, referred to in the following pages.
+These people still survived as a separate community until the first
+half of the seventeenth century, if not later. They occupied
+semi-subterranean or "pit" dwellings, and are said to have been under
+four feet in height. But, although the modern inhabitants of that island
+still describe them, on the whole, in these terms, a new belief
+regarding them has recently sprouted up in one corner. The Aïno word
+signifying "pit-dweller" is also not unlike the word for a burdock leaf.
+It was known that those dwarfs were little people. Obviously, then,
+their name must have meant "people living under burdock leaves" (instead
+of "in pits"). And so, to some of the modern natives of Yesso, those
+historical dwarfs of the seventeenth century "were so small that if
+caught in a shower of rain or attacked by an enemy, they would stand
+beneath a burdock leaf for shelter, or flee thither to hide."[4]
+
+In that instance, we see before our eyes the whole process by which a
+real race has been transformed into an unreal impossibility, within a
+period of two centuries or so. Had the extinction (or modification by
+inter-marriage or by the processes of evolution) of those Yesso dwarfs
+taken place a thousand years earlier, the difficulty of identifying them
+would have been greatly increased. After a race has once disappeared
+from sight, the popular terms describing it must become more vague and
+confused with every century. Thus, in a certain traditional Scotch story
+there is mention of a number of "little black creatures with spades."
+The description is delightfully comprehensive. It would be quite
+applicable to a gang of Andaman coolies. On the other hand, if we
+exclude the "spades," it might be applied to any "little black
+creatures"--say a colony of tadpoles or of black-beetles. So that, when
+a poet or an artist gets hold of a tradition which has reached this
+stage of uncertainty, he may give the reins to his fancy, so long as he
+portrays some kind--any kind--of "little black creatures."[5]
+
+Before parting altogether from the Yesso dwarfs, notice may be taken of
+a folk-tale containing an incident which obviously derives its
+existence from them, or from a branch of their race. In Mr. Andrew
+Lang's "Green Fairy Book" there is introduced a certain Chinese "Story
+of Hok Lee and the Dwarfs." It appears to be also current in Japan, to
+judge from a reviewer's remark, that "the clever artist who has
+illustrated the book must have known the Japanese story, for he gets
+some of his ideas from the Japanese picture-maker." In the story of Hok
+Lee the dwarfs are represented as living in subterranean dwellings, and
+in the picture they are portrayed as half-naked, with (for the most
+part) shaggy beards and eyebrows, and bald heads. It is wonderfully near
+the truth. The baldness is one of the most striking characteristics of
+those actual dwarfs, and is caused by a certain skin-disease, induced by
+their dirty habits, from which a great number of them suffer, or did
+suffer. The shaggy beards and eyebrows are equally characteristic of the
+race; and their custom of occupying half-underground dwellings has given
+them the name by which they are remembered in Japan at the present day.
+The exact scene of the story is a matter of minor importance. Those
+people appear to have been known to the Chinese for at least twelve
+centuries, and to the Japanese for a much longer period. Thus, it was
+quite unnecessary for any novelist in China or Japan to _invent_ such
+people, since they already existed. As for the details of that
+particular story, or of any other of the kind, it is not to be supposed
+that a belief in its historical basis necessarily implies an acceptance
+of every statement contained in it. On this principle, one would be
+bound to accept the truth of every "snake-story," for the simple reason
+that one believed in the existence of snakes. Still, it is possible, and
+perhaps not improbable, that tales which preserve the memory of those
+people, may also be fairly accurate in many of the statements made
+regarding them. The reason, however, of introducing this particular
+story is to show that the Chinese or Japanese romancer did not require
+to _create_ a race of bald-headed, shaggy, half-wild dwarfs, seeing that
+that had already been done for him by the Creator.
+
+Those to whom this question is a new one will now see what is the point
+of view of the realist or euhemerist with regard to such traditions. He
+sees here and there in the past, through much intervening mist,
+something that looks like a real object, and he tries to define its
+outlines. He has no intention of denying, as some have vainly imagined,
+that there _is_ an intervening mist. Nor, it seems necessary to explain,
+does he assume that wherever there is a mist there must be some tangible
+object behind it. For example, he does not believe that Boreas, or
+Zephyrus, or Jack Frost were ever anything but personifications of
+certain natural forces.
+
+Various other considerations have also to be borne in mind; not the
+least important of which is the fact that the very people who have
+preserved these traditional beliefs have done much to obscure them,
+owing to their want of education. Scott tells a story of a Scotch
+peasant who, discovering a company of gaily-dressed puppets standing in
+a thicket, where they had been concealed by a travelling showman, at
+once concluded that they were "fairies." He had inherited the belief
+that fairies were "little people" who frequented just such places as
+this; consequently, he decided these were fairies. This fact was
+elicited in court, where the countryman had to appear as a witness. From
+that time onward his mind ought to have been disabused of his hasty
+belief. But a man so stupid as to assume that a showman's marionettes
+were anything else than lifeless dolls, might continue for the rest of
+his life to recount his marvellous meeting with "the fairies."
+Similarly, to a tipsy man returning homeward from market, many common
+and every-day objects take on a weird and superhuman aspect, due to no
+other spirits than those he has consumed. From this cause, a large
+number of odd stories (such as one told by Mr. William Black of a tipsy
+Hebridean) has doubtless arisen. Further, the belief in the existence of
+"supernatural" beings has been much utilised by rustic humourists, and
+no doubt also by smugglers and other night-birds, in comparatively
+recent times. The prolonged absence of a husband, or it may be of a
+wife, could be explained by some wild legend of having been "stolen by
+the fairies," when a more frank avowal dared not be offered. And
+although "strange tales were told" regarding the paternity of "Brian,"
+in _The Lady of the Lake_, and although Scott adheres to those legends
+in his poem, he does not fail to point out in his appended _Note_ that
+the story could be explained in a much more rational manner. There have
+been many "Brians."
+
+To give this subject the special attention which it deserves would,
+however, swell these introductory notes to an intolerable size; and,
+indeed, their purpose is rather to show what the euhemeristic theory is
+than what it is not; that is to say, the euhemeristic theory as applied
+to the traditions relating to dwarf races.
+
+In the work to which I have referred, the opinions enunciated by
+Professor Nilsson and Mr. J.F. Campbell, together with other
+developments which suggested themselves to me, were duly set forth, and
+were received, as was to be expected, with every form of comment, from
+complete approval to entire dissent. Among the adverse criticisms, some
+arose from a misapprehension of the case, while others were due to the
+critic's imperfect acquaintance with the subject he professed to
+discuss. But besides these, there were of course the legitimate
+objections which can always be urged in matters of a debateable
+character, where there is no positive evidence on either side. With
+regard to such I can at least echo the words of one of the most eminent
+and most courteous of my opponents, M. Charles Ploix, and say for
+euhemerism what he says for naturalism:--"Tant que la théorie sur
+laquelle il s'appuie n'aura pas été démontrée fausse par des arguments
+décisifs, et surtout tant qu'elle n'aura pas été remplacée par une
+hypothèse plus certaine, il pourra continuer à s'affirmer."[6]
+
+It ought to be mentioned that the following paper was written for the
+Folk-Lore Society, at one of whose meetings (in February 1892) it was
+subsequently read. As, however, the Council of that Society ultimately
+decided that the paper was unsuited for publication in a journal devoted
+to the study of folk-lore, it now appears in a separate form. One
+advantage to be derived from this is that the illustrations which
+accompanied the lecture, and which are of much importance in enabling
+one to understand the argument, can also be reproduced at the same time.
+It may be added that, while the theme is capable of much
+amplification,[7] have preferred to print the paper as it was written
+for the occasion referred to. It states, concisely enough, the leading
+points of the argument.
+
+To those who are interested in the "realistic" interpretation of such
+traditions, I beg to recommend for reference the following works:--First
+and foremost, there is "The Anatomy of a Pygmie," by Dr. Edward Tyson
+(London, 1699), a book full of suggestive notices. This author has
+undoubtedly reached the "bed-rock" of the question; but, owing to his
+era and mental environment, he has not realised that his argument is
+useless without a consideration of the various stratifications above the
+"bed-rock." Belonging to the same century is the chapter "Of Pigmies" in
+Sir Thomas Browne's "Vulgar Errors," wherein he makes several very
+interesting statements, although he argues from the opposite side.
+Scattered throughout the writings of Sir Walter Scott, both poetry and
+prose, there are also many references bearing upon this question, from
+the realistic point of view. In addition to these, there is his
+well-known treatise "On the Fairies of Popular Superstition," prefaced
+to "The Tale of Tamlane," wherein he states that "the most distinct
+account of the duergar [_i.e._ dwergs, or dwarfs], or elves, and their
+attributes, is to be found in a preface of Torfæus to the history of
+Hrolf Kraka [Copenhagen, 1715], who cites a dissertation by Einar
+Gudmund, a learned native of Iceland. 'I am firmly of opinion,' says the
+Icelander, 'that these beings are creatures of God, consisting, like
+human beings, of a body and rational soul; that they are of different
+sexes, and capable of producing children, and subject to all human
+affections, as sleeping and waking, laughing and crying, poverty and
+wealth; and that they possess cattle and other effects, and are
+obnoxious to death, like other mortals.' He proceeds to state that the
+females of this race are capable of procreating with mankind;[8] and
+gives an account of one who bore a child to an inhabitant of Iceland,
+for whom she claimed the privilege of baptism; depositing the infant for
+that purpose at the gate of the churchyard, together with a goblet of
+gold as an offering."[9] Scott further cites from Jessen's _De
+Lapponibus_ similar matter-of-fact details obtained on this subject from
+the Lapps; who, on their own showing, are inferentially the half-bred
+descendants of dwarfs.
+
+"That some of the myths of giants and dwarfs are connected with
+traditions of real indigenous or hostile tribes is settled beyond
+question by the evidence brought forward by Grimm, Nilsson, and
+Hanusch," observes Dr. E.B. Tylor.[10] And although that eminent
+anthropologist sees a different meaning in many kindred traditions, yet
+his observations, and the great mass of references which he gives in
+connection with this single detail, are of much interest to euhemerists
+pure and simple. The late Sir Daniel Wilson's "Caliban"[11] teems with
+the realistic doctrine, and so also does a work of (in my opinion) less
+equal merit, "The Pedigree of the Devil,"[12] by Mr. Frederic T. Hall.
+In Mr. R.G. Haliburton's "Dwarfs of Mount Atlas: with notes as to Dwarfs
+and Dwarf Worship,"[13] and also in his "Further Notes"[14] on that
+subject, the same idea is prominent. All of these writers, with the
+exception of Sir Thomas Browne (and excluding Dr. Tylor in so far as
+regards some of his deductions), refer practically, though in varying
+degrees, to the question discussed by Tyson; and in this respect I must
+also cite my recent work on "The Aïnos" (pp. 51-66). Of other writers
+who have not probed quite so deeply, and who possibly may not recognise
+the necessity for so doing, but who are realists nevertheless, the
+following may be mentioned: M. Paul Monceaux, who, in the _Revue
+Historique_ of October 1891, deals with the African dwarfs of ancient
+and modern writers;[15] Professor Henri van Elven, the main theme of
+whose forthcoming work, _Les Nains préhistoriques de l'Europe
+Occidentale_, formed the subject of a paper recently read by him before
+the _Société d'Archéologie de Bruxelles;_ and MM. Grandgagnage and De
+Reul, cited by Mr. C. Carter Blake, F.G.S., in connection with the
+_Nutons_ of the Belgian bone-caves;[16] as also another writer of the
+Low Countries, Van den Bergh ("xxx. and 313"), whom Mr. J. Dirks quotes
+at p. 15 of his _Heidens of Egyptiërs_, Utrecht, 1850. In Mr. W.G.
+Black's charming book on Heligoland,[17] one passage (p. 72) recognises
+that a certain Sylt tradition "is evidently one of those valuable
+legends which illuminate dark pages of history. It clearly bears
+testimony to the same small race having inhabited Friesland in times
+which we trace in the caves of the Neolithic age, and of which the
+Esquimaux are the only survivors." For many of the kindred traditions in
+that locality, one cannot do better than refer to Mr. Christian Jensen's
+_Zwergsagen aus Nordfriesland_, contributed to the _Zeitschrift des
+Vereins für Volkskunde_ (Berlin, Heft 4, 1892).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[The foregoing pages were all in type before the appearance of Vol.
+VIII. of the _Bibliothèque de Carabas_, which contains several
+criticisms by Mr. Andrew Lang on my "Testimony of Tradition" and
+"Underground Life." The already excessive length of this Introduction
+prevents me from now referring more particularly to these observations,
+as I should otherwise have done. In the meantime, however, I beg to
+refer Mr. Lang to the present work, and to ask him whether he thinks the
+statements there quoted substantiate his conception of the _Fir Sidhe_
+as a deathless people, occupying some region "unknown of earth."
+
+An addition to the Bibliography of this subject is made in the
+above-named volume (p. 88). "In his _Scottish Scenery_ (1803), Dr.
+Cririe suggests that the germ of the Fairy myth is the existence of
+dispossessed aboriginals dwelling in subterranean houses, in some places
+called Picts' houses, covered with artificial mounds. The lights seen
+near the mounds are lights actually carried by the mound-dwellers." Mr.
+Lang adds: "Dr. Cririe works out in some detail 'this marvellously
+absurd supposition,' as the _Quarterly Review_ calls it (vol. lix. p.
+280)."]
+
+
+[Footnote 1: _The Testimony of Tradition_. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner &
+Co., London, 1890.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Such as at pp. ci.-cix. of Vol. I., and pp. 46, 101, and
+275 of Vol. II.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Scott, however, had only imperfectly grasped this idea. In
+numerous passages he inconsistently refers to "the little people" as
+purely the creatures of imagination.]
+
+[Footnote 4: A description of those dwarfs, obtained from Japanese
+records and pictures, may be seen in my monograph on "The Aïnos"
+(Supplement to Vol. IV. of the _Internationales Archiv für
+Ethnographie_, Leiden, 1892). Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.,
+London.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Similarly, the "little Bushmen" referred to by Miss Olive
+Schreiner's _Waldo_ (as quoted by me on the title-page) would be
+remembered with as much uncertainty a century hence if the modern
+population of South Africa had nothing but tradition to depend upon. (It
+may be explained, in case of misapprehension on the part of any
+too-literal reader, that that quotation is not supposed to prove that
+the earth-dwellers of the Hebrides were small and ugly, with "little
+yellow faces," any more than it proves the reindeer of Scotland to have
+been identical with the wild buck of South Africa. But the cases are
+analogous, and the quotation seems _à propos_.)]
+
+[Footnote 6: _Le Surnaturel dans les Contes Populaires_, Paris, 1891, p.
+iv.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Some portions of it I have already amplified: in a pamphlet
+entitled "The Underground Life," Edinburgh, 1892 (privately printed); in
+a paper on "Subterranean Dwellings," contributed to _The Antiquary_
+(London: Elliot Stock) of August 1892; and at pp. 52-58 of "The Aïnos,"
+previously quoted.]
+
+[Footnote 8: By "mankind" need only be understood the race to which
+Einar Gudmund belonged. It is well known that many races apply the term
+"men" to themselves alone. At the same time, Gudmund's words may denote
+a very marked difference in the two types.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Scott again quotes this story, in fuller detail, in the
+Appendix to _The Lady of the Lake_, Note 3 C.]
+
+[Footnote 10: "Primitive Culture," vol. i. p. 385 (3rd edition).]
+
+[Footnote 11: London, Macmillan and Co., 1873.]
+
+[Footnote 12: London, Trübner and Co., 1883.]
+
+[Footnote 13: London, David Nutt, 1891.]
+
+[Footnote 14: _Asiatic Quarterly Review_, July 1892.]
+
+[Footnote 15: For an exhaustive account of "The Pygmy Tribes of Africa,"
+treated from the purely scientific and ethnological point of view see
+Dr. Henry Schlichter's articles in _The Scottish Geographical Magazine_
+of June and July 1892.]
+
+[Footnote 16: _Memoirs_ of the Anthropological Society of London, vol.
+iii. 1870, pp. 320, 321.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Blackwood and Sons, 1888.]
+
+
+
+
+FIANS, FAIRIES AND PICTS.
+
+
+The general belief at the present day is that, of the three designations
+here classed together, only that of the Picts is really historical. The
+Fians are regarded as merely legendary--perhaps altogether mythical
+beings; and the Fairies as absolutely unreal. On the other hand, there
+are those who believe that the three terms all relate to historical
+people, closely akin to each other, if not actually one people under
+three names.
+
+To those unacquainted with the views of the realists, or euhemerists, it
+is necessary to explain that the popular definition of Fairies as
+"little people" is one which that school is quite ready to accept. But
+the conception of such "little people" as tiny beings of aërial and
+ethereal nature, able to fly on a bat's back, or to sip honey from the
+flowers "where the bee sucks," is regarded by the realists as simply
+the outcome of the imagination, working upon a basis of fact. An
+illustration of this position may be seen in the Far East. There is a
+tradition among the Aïnos of Northern Japan that they were preceded by a
+race of "little people," only a few inches in height, whose
+pit-dwellings they still point out. But the pottery and the skeletons
+associated with these habitations show that not only were their
+occupants of a stature to be measured by feet rather than by inches, but
+also that, by reason of a certain anatomical peculiarity common to both,
+the traditional dwarfs were very clearly the ancestors of the Aïnos--a
+race which, though now blended, was once most distinctly a race of
+dwarfs, if one is to believe the earliest Japanese pictures of them.
+Similarly, the dwarfs of European tradition are believed to have had as
+real an origin as the little people of Aïno legend, at any rate by those
+who hold the realistic theory.
+
+Any attempt to reconcile the pygmies of the classic writers with actual
+dwarfs of flesh and blood is outside my province. Moreover, this has
+been admirably, and, as it seems to me, successfully done quite recently
+by M. Paul Monceaux, in an article in the _Revue Historique,_[18]
+wherein he compares the traditional and historical descriptions with the
+statements of modern travellers, and draws the inference that the
+pygmies of the Greek and Roman writers, sculptors and painters, are all
+derived from actual dwarfs seen by their forefathers in Africa and
+India. (Still less doubt is there with regard to the dwarfs in Ancient
+Egyptian paintings.) And whereas Strabo is, says M. Monceaux, the only
+writer of antiquity who questions the existence of the dwarfs, all the
+others are on the side of Aristotle, who says--"This is no fable; there
+really exists in that region (the sources of the Nile), as people
+relate, a race of little men, who have small horses and who live in
+holes." And these little men were of course the ancestors of
+Schweinfurth's and Stanley's dwarfs.
+
+But although M. Monceaux confines his identification to equatorial
+Africa and to India, he does not omit to state that Pliny and other
+writers speak of dwarf tribes in other localities, and among these are
+"the vague regions of the north, designated by the name of Thule." This
+area, vague enough certainly, is the territory with which Fians and
+Picts are both associated; as, also, of course, the Fairies of North
+European tradition.
+
+The attributes with which the "little people" of North Europe are
+accredited cannot be given in detail here. It is enough to note that
+they were believed to live in houses wholly or partly underground, the
+latter kind being described as "hollow" mounds, or hills; that when
+people of taller race entered such subterranean dwellings (as
+occasionally they did) they found the domestic utensils of the dwarfs
+were of the kind labelled "pre-historic" in our antiquarian museums;
+that the copper vessels which dwarf women sometimes left behind them
+when discovered surreptitiously milking the cows of their neighbours,
+were likewise of an antique form; further, that they helped themselves
+to the beef and mutton of their neighbours, after having shot the
+animals with flint-headed arrows; that melodies peculiar to them are
+still sung by the peasants of certain localities; that words used by
+them are still employed by children in their games; and that many
+families in many districts are believed to have inherited some of their
+blood.[19] Of this intercourse between the taller races and the dwarfs,
+there are many records in old traditions. In the days of King Arthur,
+when, as Chaucer tells us, the land was "ful-filled of faërie," the
+knights errant had usually a dwarf as attendant. One of King Arthur's
+own knights was a Fairy.[20] According to Highland tradition, every
+high-caste family of pure Gaelic descent had an attendant dwarf. These
+examples show the "little people" in a not unfriendly light. But many
+other stories speak of them as "malignant" foes, and as dreaded
+oppressors. Of which the rational explanation is that these various
+tales relate to various localities and epochs.
+
+The connection visible between Fians and Fairies, between Fians and
+Picts, and between Picts and Fairies, may now briefly be stated.
+
+The earliest known association of the first two classes occurs in an
+Irish manuscript of the eleventh or twelfth century,[21] wherein it is
+stated that when the ninth-century Danes overran and plundered Ireland,
+there was nothing "in concealment under ground in Erinn, or in the
+various secret places belonging to Fians or to Fairies" that they did
+not discover and appropriate. This statement receives strong
+confirmation from a Scandinavian record, the _Landnáma-bok_, which
+says[22] that, in or about the year 870, a well-known Norse chief named
+Leif
+
+     "went on warfare in the west. He made war in Ireland, and there
+     found a large underground house; he went down into it, and it was
+     dark until light shone from a sword in the hand of a man. Leif
+     killed the man, and took the sword and much property.... He made
+     war widely in Ireland, and got much property. He took ten thralls."
+
+Although the Scandinavian record does not speak of the owner of the
+earth-house as either a "Fian" or a "Fairy," it is quite evident that
+this is an example of the plundering referred to in the Irish chronicle,
+and that the Gaels of Ireland seven or eight centuries ago, if not a
+thousand years ago, regarded the underground people as indifferently
+Fians and Fairies.[23]
+
+Many other associations of Fians with Fairies are to be seen. In one of
+the old traditional ballads regarding the Fians, they are described as
+feasting with Fairies in one of their "hollow" mounds.[24] A
+Sutherlandshire story relates the adventures of the son of a Fairy
+woman, who took service with Ossian, the king of the Fians.[25] One of
+the Fians (Caoilte) had a Fairy sweet-heart.[26] Another of them (Oscar)
+has an interview with a washerwoman who is a Fairy.[27] A Fenian story
+recounts how one day the Fians were working in the harvest-field, in the
+Argyleshire island of Tiree, and on that occasion they had "left their
+weapons of war in the armoury of the Fairy Hill of Caolas";[28] from
+which one is to infer that the Fians made use of Fairy dwellings. In the
+same collection of tales we are told[29] that one time when the Fians
+were hunting in the Isle of Skye, they left their wives in a dwelling
+which bore a title "applied to dwellings of the Elfin race." It is
+further stated that one popular belief in the Scottish Highlands is that
+the Fians are still lying in the hill of Tomnahurich, near Inverness,
+and that "others say they are lying in Glenorchy, Argyleshire."[30] Now,
+both the Inverness-shire mound and the mounds in Glenorchy are also
+popularly regarded as the abodes of Fairies.[31] The vitrified fort on
+Knock-Farril, in Ross-shire, is said to have been one of Fin McCoul's
+castles;[32] and Knock-Farril, or rather "a knoll opposite Knock-Farril"
+is remembered as the abode of the Fairies of that district.[33]
+Glenshee, in Perthshire, is celebrated equally as a Fairy haunt and as a
+favourite hunting-ground of the Fians. The Fians, indeed, were said to
+have lived by deer-hunting, so much so that Campbell of Islay suggests
+that their name signifies "the deer men"; and the deer, it is believed,
+"were a fairy race."[34] The famous hound of the famous leader of the
+Fians was "a Fairy or Elfin dog." In short, the connection between Fians
+and Fairies, recognised in the Gaelic manuscript of eight or ten
+centuries ago, is apparent throughout the traditions of the
+Gaelic-speaking people.
+
+But if the Fians were either identical with, or closely akin to the
+Fairies, they must have been "little people." The belief that they were
+so is supported by one traditional Fenian story. This is the well-known
+tale of the visit of Fin, the famous chief of the Fians, to a country
+known to him and his people as "The Land of the Big Men." The story
+tells how Fin sailed from Dublin Bay in his skin-boat, crossed the sea
+to that country, and shortly after landing was captured and taken to the
+palace of the king, where he was appointed court dwarf,[35] and remained
+for a considerable time the attached and faithful adherent of the king.
+The collector of this story has assumed that it is purely imaginary. But
+let it be contrasted with the following extract from the _Heimskringla_.
+The period is the early part of the eleventh century, and the scene
+Norway: "There was a man from the Uplands called Fin the Little, and
+some said of him that he was of Finnish race. He was a remarkable [?
+remarkably] little man, but so swift of foot that no horse could
+overtake him.... He had long been in the service of King Hrorek, and
+often employed in errands of trust.... Now when King Hrorek was set
+under guards on the journey Fin would often slip in among the men of
+the guard, and followed, in general, with the lads and serving-men; but
+as often as he could he waited upon Hrorek, and entered into
+conversation with him."[36] And, like Fin the dwarf in the Gaelic story,
+this little Fin rendered great service to his king. Now, the
+_Heimskringla_ Fin is unquestionably a historical personage, and the
+account of him was written by a twelfth century historian. The Gaelic
+story was only obtained in the Hebrides, and reduced to writing
+twenty-three years ago. Although Fin of the Fians is stated in Irish
+records to be the grandson of a Finland woman,[37] and although the
+Scandinavian and the Hebridean tales look very much like two versions of
+one story, this cannot precisely be the case, as the Fenian Fin is
+placed in an earlier era than his namesake of Norway. A dwarf king named
+Fin is also remembered in Frisian tradition;[38] and that he and his
+race were small men is pretty clearly proved by the fact that when one
+of the earth-houses attributed to him was opened some years ago, it was
+found to contain the bones of a little man.[39] Both of these dwarf
+Fins, Little Fin of Norway and Little Fin of Denmark, are undoubtedly
+real; and there seems no good reason to suppose that the dwarf Fin of
+Hebridean tradition was not equally real. Whether they were three
+separate people is a problem. "Fin" appears to have been at one time a
+not uncommon name, whatever its etymology and that of "Fian" may be. At
+any rate, there is nothing in history (which speaks of a close
+intercourse between Scandinavia and the British Isles, in former times),
+and nothing in the ethnology of North-Western Europe, to make us regard
+as mythical the capture and enthralment of any one of these three
+"little Fins." If Fin of the Fians, therefore, was a typical Fian, they
+were little people.[40]
+
+In regarding the Fians as a race of dwarfs, I do not overlook the fact
+that they are also spoken of as "giants." But to assume them to have
+been of gigantic stature is both totally at variance with the bulk of
+the evidence regarding them, and at variance with the fact that the word
+"giant" has very frequently been used to denote a savage, or a
+cave-dweller.[41] No more appropriate illustration of this can be found
+than the local tradition that a certain artificially hollowed rock in
+the island of Hoy, Orkney, was the abode of "a giant and his wife." Now,
+this same "giant" is also remembered as a "dwarf," and the largest cell
+in his dwelling is only 5 feet 8 inches long. Similarly, there is in
+Iceland a certain _Tröllakyrkia_ (literally "the dwarfs' church") which
+is translated "the _giants'_ church."[42] For these reasons, then, I do
+not regard any reference to the Fians as "giants" as indicating that
+they were of tall stature; although I see no objection to the assumption
+that they were savages and cave-dwellers.
+
+Fians, then, are closely connected with the "little people" called
+"Fairies." The connection between Fians and Picts is equally well
+marked.
+
+Regarding them historically, Dr. Skene identifies the Fians with one or
+other of two historical races believed to have occupied Ireland before
+the coming of the Gaels. These two races are known in Irish story as the
+Tuatha De and the Cruithné.[43] Now, the Tuatha De _are_ the Fairies of
+Ireland.[44] Therefore, according to Dr. Skene, the Fians were either
+Fairies or Cruithné. Now, Cruithné is simply a Gaelic name for the
+Picts. Consequently, the Fians were either Fairies or Picts--according
+to Dr. Skene. In one traditional story, already referred to, the Fians
+seem to be unhesitatingly regarded as Picts. This story, obtained in
+Sutherlandshire, tells how a certain king lived for a year with a
+_banshee_, or fairy woman,[45] by whom he had a son. When this son grew
+up he went to the country of the Fians,[46] and there he entered into
+the service of their king, who was no other than the celebrated Oisin.
+The Gaelic narrator calls him "Oisin, Righ na Feinne," that is, "Ossian,
+King of the Fians"; but the collector of the story,[47] who had no doubt
+obtained the translation on the spot, renders _Righ na Feinne_ as "King
+of the Picts." No explanation or comment is given, and one is therefore
+led to infer that in Sutherlandshire _Feinne_ is without question
+regarded as a Gaelic name for the Picts. This identity is, indeed, borne
+out otherwise. There is a Gaelic saying in Glenlyon, Perthshire, to the
+effect that "Fin had twelve castles" in that glen, and the remains of
+these "castles," all said to have been built by him and his Fians, and
+of which one in particular is styled "Castle Fin,"[48] are known to the
+English-speaking people of Scotland as "Picts'" houses. For they belong
+to a peculiar class of structures, all radically alike, and all known,
+in certain districts, as "Picts' houses." The term "Picts' house" is
+unknown in the Hebrides, says one writer. "In the Hebrides tradition is
+entirely silent concerning the Picts ... there the Fenian heroes are the
+builders of the duns."[49] Yet the self-same class of building is
+elsewhere assigned to the Picts. To these structures I shall presently
+refer more particularly; but it is enough to note in passing that, just
+as Oisin, King of the Fians, is translated into Ossian, King of the
+Picts, so the dwellings ascribed to the Fians in one locality, are in
+another said to have been made and inhabited by the Picts.
+
+Fians, then, are associated or identified with Fairies, and also with
+Picts. To complete my equilateral triangle, the Picts ought also to be
+regarded as Fairies, or as akin to them.
+
+This undoubtedly is a popular belief. The earliest alleged reference of
+this kind is placed by one writer in the middle of the fifteenth
+century, before the Orkney Islands had passed from the crown of Denmark
+to the crown of Scotland. A manuscript of the then Bishop of Orkney,
+dated Kirkwall 1443, states that when Harald Haarfagr conquered the
+Orkneys in the ninth century, the inhabitants were the two "nations" of
+the _Papæ_ and the _Peti_, both of whom were exterminated. By the former
+name is understood the Irish missionaries: the _Peti_ were certainly the
+Picts, or Pehts.[50] Now, of these Picts of Orkney it is said, that they
+"were only a little exceeding pigmies in stature, and worked wonderfully
+in the construction of their cities, evening and morning, but in
+mid-day, being quite destitute of strength, they hid themselves through
+fear in little houses under ground."[51]
+
+The exact date of this statement is at present doubtful, but it is quite
+in accordance with the widespread ideas held throughout Scotland and
+Northumberland with regard to the Picts: that they were great as
+builders, but were of very low stature, and closely akin to Fairies.[52]
+Moreover, they are famous for doing their work during the night.
+Whatever be the explanation of the above curious statement that at
+mid-day they lost their strength and withdrew to their underground
+houses, it is at any rate interesting to compare with it the remark made
+by the traveller Pennant as he was passing along Glenorchy in 1772. This
+is the entry in his journal:--"See frequently on the road-sides small
+verdant hillocks, styled by the common people shi an (_sithean_), or the
+Fairy-haunt, because here, say they, the fairies, who love not the glare
+of day, make their retreat after the celebration of their nocturnal
+revels."[53] Now, as the "Picts' houses" are, to outward appearance,
+"small verdant hillocks," the parallel is very exact. With these two
+references compare also the mention, in a quaint old gazetteer printed
+at Cambridge in 1693,[54] of the tribe of the "Germara," defined as "a
+people of the Celtæ, who in the day-time cannot see." Although the
+author usually gives the sources of his information, in this instance he
+gives none. But the statement agrees perfectly with the belief found
+everywhere throughout Northern Europe that "the dwarfs could not bear
+daylight, and during the day hid in their holes."[55] It really seems
+impossible to avoid the inference that all this was perfectly true. When
+Leif went down into the underground house in Ireland, he could not see
+at first, though at length he saw in the obscurity the glimmer of his
+opponent's sword. Consequently, the denizens and builders of these
+subterranean retreats must either have had something very like "cat's
+eyes," or else they must in general have had numerous lamps burning.
+This will be understood by an examination of one or two of the
+accompanying diagrams. It seems to me beyond question that a people
+living this underground life must have differed very distinctly from
+ourselves in the matter of vision; and to them the brightness of noonday
+must have been blinding. This physical fact--if it be a fact--would
+explain much that is otherwise strange and incredible in the traditions
+relating to the Picts--or Pechts, as they were formerly called in
+Scotland. However, it is sufficient for my present purpose to note that
+this peculiarity associates, and indeed identifies, the Picts with the
+dwarfs or fairies of tradition.
+
+Having thus shown that Fians, Fairies, and Picts are so closely
+associated as to be, in some aspects, almost indistinguishable from one
+another, I shall now refer to the structures which are popularly
+believed to have been their dwellings. Some of these are wholly
+underground, others partly so, and others quite above ground. In many
+other ways, also, they vary. But all of them are unquestionably links
+in one special style of structure; of which the most marked feature, or
+at any rate that which is common to all, is the use of what is called
+the "cyclopean" arch. This is formed by the overlapping of the stones in
+the wall until they almost meet at the dome or apex of the building,
+when a heavy "keystone" completes this rude arch. The principle of the
+arch proper was obviously quite unknown to the originators of such
+structures.
+
+Of the various Hebridean specimens of these buildings, very interesting
+and complete descriptions have been given by the late Captain Thomas,
+R.N.,[56] and Sir Arthur Mitchell,[57] who visited some of them together
+in 1866. Referring to the most modern examples of this kind of
+structure, the latter writer says:--"They are commonly spoken of as
+beehive houses, but their Gaelic name is _bo'h_ or _bothan_. They are
+now only used as temporary residences or shealings by those who herd
+the cattle at their summer pasturage; but at a time not very remote they
+are believed to have been the permanent dwellings of the people." And he
+thus describes his first sight of the beehive houses:--
+
+     "I do not think I ever came upon a scene which more surprised me,
+     and I scarcely know where or how to begin my description of it.
+
+     "By the side of a burn which flowed through a little grassy glen
+     ... we saw two small round hive-like hillocks, not much higher than
+     a man, joined together, and covered with grass and weeds. Out of
+     the top of one of them a column of smoke slowly rose, and at its
+     base there was a hole about three feet high and two feet wide,
+     which seemed to lead into the interior of the hillock--its
+     hollowness, and the possibility of its having a human creature
+     within it being thus suggested. There was no one, however, actually
+     within the _bo'h_, the three girls, when we came in sight, being
+     seated on a knoll by the burn-side, but it was really in the inside
+     of these two green hillocks that they slept, and cooked their food,
+     and carried on their work, and--dwelt, in short."[58]
+
+These two "green hillocks," and other structures of the same nature, are
+shown in the accompanying diagrams[59] (Plates I.-XVI.), which explain
+their formation better than any written description. It is enough here
+to state that they are built of rough stone, without any mortar. "Though
+the stone walls are very thick," says my authority (p. 62), "they are
+covered on the outside with turf, which soon becomes grassy like the
+land round about, and thus secures perfect wind and water tightness."
+Sometimes they occur in groups, as those shown in Plate III.; of which
+scene Captain Thomas justly remarks that "at first sight it may be taken
+for a picture of a Hottentot village rather than a hamlet in the British
+Isles."[60] Here there is little or no grassy covering outside, however;
+and consequently none of the hillock-like effect. But this is very well
+shown in Plates VI. and VIII. Of the "agglomeration of beehives"
+pictured in the latter, Sir Arthur Mitchell observes:--"It has several
+entrances, and would accommodate many families, who might be spoken of
+as living in one mound, rather than under one roof" (_op. cit._ pp.
+64-5). Of another such dwelling, now ruined, he says that it could have
+accommodated "from forty to fifty people."
+
+This last, however (Plates XI. and XII.), represents another variety of
+earth-house, the chambered mound or beehive, with an underground gallery
+leading to it. Of this kind two examples are here shown. And in Plates
+I. and XIII. will be seen specimens of wholly subterranean structures.
+It is difficult, and indeed hardly necessary, to distinguish between one
+variety and another of what is practically the same kind of building;
+but to this last class the term "earth-house" is most frequently
+accorded in Scotland. In the broader dialect it is "yird-house" or
+"eirde-house," which at once recalls the form "jord-hus" in the saga
+which tells of Leif's adventure underground in Ireland. The term _weem_
+is also applied to these places in Scotland. This is merely a quickened
+pronunciation of the Gaelic _uam_ (or _uamh_), a cave; and it reminds
+one that, both in Gaelic and in English, the word "cave" is by no means
+restricted to a _natural_ cavity. Indeed, one of the two artificial
+structures under consideration is known as _Uamh Sgalabhad_, "the _cave_
+of Sgalabhad." Another old Gaelic name for those underground galleries
+is "_tung_ or _tunga_";[61] while another name, by which they are known
+in Lewis is _tigh fo thalaimh_,[62] or "house beneath the ground."
+
+"Martin, in his description of the Western Islands, printed in 1703,
+when their use would appear to have been still remembered, speaks of
+them [these underground structures] as 'little stone-houses, built under
+ground, called earth-houses, which served to hide a few people and their
+goods in time of war.'"[63] Dean Monro writes, "There is sundry coves
+and holes in the earth, coverit with hedder above, quhilk fosters many
+rebellis in the country of the North head of Ywst" [North Uist].[64]
+"From O'Flaherty's description of West Connaught, written in 1684, it
+appears," observes Captain Thomas,[65] but referring more strictly to
+the beehive-house, "that this style of dwelling had already become
+archaic." For, although that writer mentions certain "cloghans" as being
+still inhabited, holding forty men in some cases, yet he says they were
+"so ancient that nobody knows how long ago any of them were made." Of
+the underground galleries another writer says: "It has been doubted if
+these houses were ever really used as places of abode.... But as to this
+there can be no real doubt. The substances found in many of them have
+been the accumulated _débris_ of food used by man.... Ornaments of
+bronze have been found in a few of them, and beads of streaked glass. In
+some cases the articles found would indicate that the occupation of
+these houses had come down to comparatively recent times."[66]
+
+In conclusion, these remarks of Captain Thomas, who made so thorough a
+study of the subject, may be quoted:--
+
+     "The Pict's house on the Holm of Papay [Orkney] would have held,
+     besides the chiefs at each end, all the families in [the island of]
+     Papay Westray when it was built. Maes howe[67] was for three
+     families--grandees, no doubt; but the numbers it was intended to
+     hold in the _beds_ may be learned by comparing them with the
+     Amazon's House, St. Kilda."[68]
+
+     "I consider the relation between the _boths_ [beehive houses] and
+     the Picts' houses of the Orkneys (and elsewhere) to be evident--the
+     same method of forming the arch, the low and narrow doors and
+     passages, the enormous thickness of the walls, when compared with
+     the interior accommodation--exist in both. When a _both_ is covered
+     with green turf it becomes a chambered tumulus, and when buried by
+     drifting sand it is a subterranean Pict's house.... I regard the
+     comparatively large Picts' houses of the Orkneys as the pastoral
+     residence of the Pictish lord, fitted to contain his numerous
+     family and dependents. Such an one exists on the Holm of Papa
+     Westray, which, according to the Highland method of stowage, would
+     certainly contain a whole clan. When writing the description of it,
+     I had not made acquaintance with a people who would close the door
+     to keep in the smoke, or that nested in holes in a wall like
+     sand-martins....
+
+     "But the _both_ of the Long Island is only the lodging of the
+     common man or 'Tuathanach,' and is consequently of small
+     dimensions, and not remarkable for comfort. If the modern Highland
+     proprietor or large farmer should ever be induced to lead a
+     pastoral life, and adopt a Pictish architecture in his residence,
+     we might again see a tumulus of twenty feet in height, with its
+     long low passage leading into a large hall with beehive cells on
+     both sides."[69]
+
+But the point of all this is that these dwellings, whether above ground
+or below, are known as _Picts' Houses, Fairy Halls, Elf Hillocks_, "the
+hidden places of _Fians and Fairies_." Thus, the three titles which I
+have shown to be associated in other ways are all given to the alleged
+builders and occupiers of those very archaic and peculiar structures.
+
+It is true that, in their most modern form, some of those dwellings are
+still inhabited for months at a time. And their inhabitants are neither
+Fians, Fairies nor Picts. But it is among those people that stories of
+Fians and Fairies are most rife, and many claim an actual descent from
+them. And although they are certainly not pigmies, yet they live in a
+district in which the _small_ type of this heterogeneous nation of ours
+is still quite discernible; and that part of the island of Lewis (Uig),
+which has longest retained those places as dwellings, is inhabited by a
+caste whom other Hebrideans describe as small, and regard as different
+from themselves.[70] Dr. Beddoe states that the tallest people in the
+United Kingdom are to be found in a certain village in Galloway, where
+a six-foot man is perfectly common, and many are above that height. It
+is quite certain that such men could not "nest like sand-martins" in the
+holes in the wall described by Captain Thomas. And, in proportion as
+such Galloway men are to the modern Hebridean mound-dwellers, so are
+these to the much more archaic race with whom the oldest structures are
+associated. For a study of the dimensions of these will show that they
+could not have been conceived, and would not have been built or
+inhabited by any but a race of actual dwarfs; as tradition says they
+were.
+
+[Footnote 18: "_La légende des Pygmées et les nains de l'Afrique
+equatoriale_": _Rev. Hist._ t. 47, I. (Sept.-Oct. 1891), pp. 1-64.]
+
+[Footnote 19: For some of these references see Dr. Hibbert's
+"Description of the Shetland Islands," Edinburgh, 1822, pp. 444-451. See
+also Mrs. J.E. Saxby's "Folk-Lore from Unst, Shetland" (in _Leisure
+Hour_ of 1880); Mr. W.G. Black's "Heligoland", 1888, chap. iv.; and "The
+Fians," London, 1891, pp. 2-3.]
+
+[Footnote 20: Gwynn the son of Nudd: for whom see Lady C. Guest's
+"Mabinogion," pp. 223, 263-5, and 501-2.]
+
+[Footnote 21: "The War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill," edited by J.H.
+Todd, D.D., London, 1867, pp. 114-115.]
+
+[Footnote 22: I. cc. 4-6 (this reference and the passage is quoted from
+Du Chaillu's "Viking Age," vol. ii. p. 516).]
+
+[Footnote 23: "_Fianaibh ag Sithcuiraibh_"]
+
+[Footnote 24: "_Dan an Fhir Shicair"; Leabhar na Feinne_, pp. 94-95.]
+
+[Footnote 25: _Folk-Lore Journal_, vol. vi. 1888, pp. 173-178.]
+
+[Footnote 26: _The Fians_, 1891, p. 64.]
+
+[Footnote 27: _Ibid._ p. 33.]
+
+[Footnote 28: _The Fians_, p. 172. The Fairy Hill referred to is "a
+hillock, in which there is to be seen a small hollow called the armoury"
+(p. 174).]
+
+[Footnote 29: _Ibid._ pp. 12-13, 166, &c.]
+
+[Footnote 30: _Ibid._ pp. 3-4. Glenorchy is said to have teemed with
+Fenian traditions about the early part of this century (_Proceedings_ of
+Soc. of Antiq. of Scotland, vol. vii. pp. 237-240).]
+
+[Footnote 31: See my _Testimony of Tradition_, London, 1890, pp. 146-8;
+and Pennant's "Second Tour in Scotland" (Pinkerton's _Voyages,_ London,
+1809, vol. iii. p. 368).]
+
+[Footnote 32: _Proceedings_ of Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vol.
+vii. p. 294, _note_.]
+
+[Footnote 33: See, for example, an article on "Scottish Customs and Folk
+lore," in _The Glasgow Herald_ of August 1, 1891.]
+
+[Footnote 34: _The Fians_, pp. 78-80.]
+
+[Footnote 35: _Scottish Celtic Review_, 1885, pp. 184-90: _The Fians_,
+pp. 175-184.]
+
+[Footnote 36: _The Heimskringla_: Dr. Rasmus B. Anderson's 2nd ed.
+(1889) of Mr. Samuel Laing's translation from Snorre Sturlason: chap.
+lxxxiii., _Of Little Fin_.]
+
+[Footnote 37: _Leabhar na Feinne_, p. 34.
+
+[SUBSEQUENT NOTE.--To be very accurate, one ought to say that,
+in the pedigree referred to, Fin's grandfather (Trenmor) is stated to
+have married a Finland woman.]]
+
+[Footnote 38: Mr. W.G. Black's _Heligoland_, 1888, chap. iv.]
+
+[Footnote 39: With this Fin of Frisian tradition may be compared Fin, a
+North-Frisian chief of the fifth century, mentioned in _Beowulf_ and
+_The Gleeman's Tale_, and whose death is recorded in _The Fight at
+Finnsburk_.
+
+[SUBSEQUENT NOTE.--A suitable companion to the dwarf Fin of
+Frisian tradition is mentioned in Harald Hardradi's Saga:--"Tuta, a
+Frisian, was with King Harald; he was sent to him for show, for he was
+short and stout, in every respect shaped like a dwarf."--Quoted by Mr.
+Du Chaillu at p. 357 of vol. ii. of "The Viking Age."]]
+
+[Footnote 40: In this connection it is worth noting that Sir Walter
+Scott, in referring to the aboriginal or servile clans in 1745, whom he
+describes as "half naked, _stinted in growth_, and miserable in aspect,"
+includes among them the McCouls, Fin's alleged descendants, who "were a
+sort of Gibeonites, or hereditary servants to the Stewarts of Appin."
+(Waverley, ch. xliv.)]
+
+[Footnote 41: For example, the late Rev. J.G. Campbell, Tiree, says of
+"the Great Tuairisgeul" that he was "a giant of the kind called
+_Samhanaich_--that is, one who lived in a cave by the sea-shore, the
+strongest and coarsest of any" (_Scottish Celtic Review_, p. 62). That
+this term was one of contempt, given by Gaelic-speaking people to those
+"giants" (and apparently based upon their malodorous characteristics),
+will be seen from Mr. Campbell's further observation (_op. cit._ pp.
+140-141):--"It is a common expression to say of any strong offensive
+smell, _mharbhadh e na Samhanaich_, it would kill the giants who dwell
+in caves by the sea. _Samk_ is a strong oppressive smell." McAlpine
+defines _Samk_ as a "bad smell arising from a sick person, or a dirty
+hot place"; and he further gives the definition "a savage" (quoting
+Mackenzie). The word _Samhanach_ itself is defined by McAlpine as "a
+savage," and he cites the Islay saying:--"_chuireadh tu cagal air na
+samhanaich_," "you would frighten the very savages." From these
+definitions it will be seen that a word translated "giant" by one is
+rendered "savage" by another (though neither of these terms expresses
+the literal meaning). Mr. J.G. Campbell also practically regards it as
+signifying "cave-dweller," or perhaps a certain special caste of
+cave-dwellers. With this may be compared McAlpine's "_uamh_, _n.f._, a
+cave, den; _n.m._, a chief of savages, terrible fellow ... '_cha'n'eil
+ann ach uamh dhuine_,' 'he is only a savage of a fellow.'" Islay has
+also another word to denote a Hebridean savage. This is _ciuthach_, "pr.
+_kewach_, described in the Long Island as naked wild men living in
+caves" (J.F. Campbell, Tales, iii. 55, _n._). One of these "kewachs"
+figures in the story of Diarmaid and Grainne, and one version says that
+he "came in from the western ocean in a coracle with two oars
+(_curachan_)" (_The Fians_, p. 54). (His name assumes various
+shapes--_e.g._, Ciofach Mac a Ghoill, Ciuthach Mac an Doill, Ceudach Mac
+Righ nan Collach.) These three terms--_samhanach, uamh dhuine_, and
+_ciuthach_--all seem to indicate one and the same race of people. And
+these are probably the people referred to by Pennant when he says,
+speaking of the civilised races of the Hebrides in the beginning of the
+seventeenth century:--"Each chieftain had his armour-bearer, who
+preceded his master in time of war, and, by my author's (Timothy Pont's
+MS., Advocates' Library, Edinburgh) account in time of peace; for they
+went armed even to church, in the manner the North Americans do at
+present [1772] in the frontier settlement, and for the same reason, the
+dread of savages." (Pinkerton's _Voyages_, vol. iii. p. 322.)]
+
+[Footnote 42: Hibbert's "Description of the Shetland Islands,"
+Edinburgh, 1822, pp. 444-451. With regard to the "Dwarfie Stone" of Hoy,
+the following references may be given:--"Jo. Ben," 1529, at p. 449 of
+Barry's "History of the Orkney Islands," 2nd ed., London, 1808; and
+other writers subsequent to 1529. These speak of this stone as the abode
+of a "giant." Sir Walter Scott (_The Pirate_, Note P.) and many others
+invariably say "a dwarf."
+
+Note also J.F. Campbell (_W.H. Tales_, p. xcix): "The Highland giants
+were not so big, but that their conquerors wore their clothes." Also the
+dwarf in Ramsay's "Evergreen" who says that he was engendered "of
+giants' kind."]
+
+[Footnote 43: _Dean of Lismore's Book_, p. lxxvi.; _Celt. Scot._, vol.
+i. p. 131; vol. iii. chap. iii.; &c.]
+
+[Footnote 44: _Celt. Scot._ iii. 106-7.]
+
+[Footnote 45: In this tale, the phonetic spelling _ben-ce_ shows the
+unusual aspirated form _bean-shithe_. She is elsewhere spoken of as the
+Lady of Innse Uaine, and her son is the hero of the tale _Gille nan
+Cochla-Craicinn_.]
+
+[Footnote 46: According to a clergyman of the seventeenth century, the
+Hebrides and a part of the Western Highlands constituted "the country of
+the Fians," (_Testimony of Tradition_, p. 45.)]
+
+[Footnote 47: Miss Dempster: "The Folk-Lore of Sutherlandshire,"
+Folk-Lore Journal, vol. vi. 1888, p. 174.]
+
+[Footnote 48: _Proc. of the Soc. of Antiq. of Scot._, vol. vii. p. 294.]
+
+[Footnote 49: _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vol. vii. pp. 165 and 192.]
+
+[Footnote 50: "They are plainly no other than the Peihts, Picts, or Piks
+... the Scandinavian writers generally call the Piks Peti, or Pets: one
+of them uses the term Petia, instead of Pictland (Saxo-Gram.); and,
+besides, the frith that divides Orkney from Caithness is usually
+denominated Petland Fiord in the Icelandic Sagas or histories." (Barry's
+_Orkney_, p. 115.)]
+
+[Footnote 51: _Proc. of the Soc. of Antiq. of Scot._, vol. iii. p. 141:
+also vol. vii. p. 191. This quotation is made by the late Captain
+Thomas, R.N., a sound archæologist; but I have to add that in the
+document of 1443, as given in Barry's _Orkney_ (2nd ed., London, 1808,
+pp. 401-419), while I find the statement as to the two native races, I
+find nothing about the stature or habits of the Picts. Captain Thomas
+twice quotes his statement, and as at one place he refers, not to the
+Bishop of 1443, but (vol. iii. p. 141) to "the Earl of Orkney's
+chaplain, writing about 1460," it is possible he had two manuscripts of
+the fifteenth century in view.
+
+[SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE.--The Bishop's words are as follows:--
+
+"_Istas insulas primitus Peti et Pape inhabitabant. Horum alteri
+scilicet Peti parvo superantes pigmeos statura in structuris urbium
+vespere et mane mira operantes, meredie vero cunctis viribus prorsus
+destituti in subterraneis domunculis pre timore latuerunt._"--From his
+treatise _De Orcadibus Insulis_, reprinted in the "Bannatyne
+Miscellany," 1855, p. 33.]]
+
+[Footnote 52: _Testimony of Tradition_, pp. 58-60, 65, 67-74, 79-80.]
+
+[Footnote 53: Pennant's Second Tour in Scotland; Pinkerton's _Voyages_,
+London, 1809, p. 368.]
+
+[Footnote 54: Linguæ Romanæ, Dictionarium, Luculentum Novum.]
+
+[Footnote 55: Du Chaillu: _Land of the Midnight Sun_, vol. ii. pp.
+421-2. This also is one of the articles of belief in Shetland, with
+regard to the _trows_, as the trolls are there called.]
+
+[Footnote 56: _Proc. of Soc. of Antiq. of Scot_. (First Series), vol.
+iii. pp. 127-144; vol. vii. pp. 153-195.]
+
+[Footnote 57: _The Past in the Present_, Edinburgh, 1880, pp. 58-72.]
+
+[Footnote 58: _The Past in the Present_, p. 59.]
+
+[Footnote 59: Reproduced by permission of the Society of Antiquaries of
+Scotland.]
+
+[Footnote 60: _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vol. iii. p. 137.]
+
+[Footnote 61: _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 168 _n._ This
+appears to me to be a phonetic spelling of the _diongna_ mentioned in
+the passage relating to the plunderings of the Danes in the ninth
+century.]
+
+[Footnote 62: _Ibid._ p. 171. On the same page, the form _Ugh talamkant_
+is given.]
+
+[Footnote 63: _Chambers's Encyclopædia_, new ed., s.v. Earth-house.]
+
+[Footnote 64: Quoted in _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vii. 172. The
+reference is "Ag. Rep. Heb. p. 782."]
+
+[Footnote 65: _Op. cit._ vol. iii. p. 140.]
+
+[Footnote 66: John Stuart, LL.D., _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, viii. pp.
+23 _et seq._]
+
+[Footnote 67: Plates XIV.-XVI. Compare also Plates XVII.-XIX.]
+
+[Footnote 68: _Op. cit._, vii. 191.]
+
+[Footnote 69: _Op. cit._, iii. 133.]
+
+[Footnote 70: _Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland_,
+vol. iii. (First Series), p. 129. The district of Barvas is specially
+referred to by Captain Thomas.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+Most of the illustrations here given are reproductions of some of the
+plates accompanying Captain Thomas's papers in the _Proceedings of the
+Society of Antiquaries of Scotland_. In explanation of their details the
+following extracts may be made.
+
+
+PLATE I. (Frontispiece).--_Uamh Sgalabhad, South Uist._
+
+(From Plate XXXV. of Vol. VII. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+Captain Thomas thus describes his descent into and exploration of this
+earth-house:--"An irregular hole was pointed out by the little lassie
+before alluded to, and some of my party quickly disappeared below
+ground. As they did not immediately return, I thought it was time to
+follow, and squeezing through the ruinated entrance (_a_), I entered the
+usual kind of gallery, which descended into the ground at a sharp angle.
+At the bottom, on the right-hand side, was the usual guard-cell (_b_);
+the sides of dry-stone masonry, but the end was the face of a rock _in
+situ_. Proceeding on, the roof rose and the gallery widened to what was
+the main chamber (_c_), which was 7 feet high under the apex of the
+dome, and 4 feet broad. Upon the west side of this chamber, and about 2
+feet from the ground, is a recess, about 2 feet square and 4 feet long.
+At the further end, and in the same right line, the gallery (_d_)
+became low (2-1/2 feet) and narrow (2 feet). Again the roof rose, and
+the gallery widened till stopt, in face, by a large transported rock
+(_f_); to the right of the rock a rectangular chamber (_e_), 2 feet
+broad, extended 4 feet, and ended against rock _in situ_. Round, and
+beyond the rock (_f_), the wall of the left side of the gallery was
+built, but the passage was so narrow (_g_) that I contented myself by
+looking through it. This incomprehensible narrowness is a feature in the
+buildings of this period. Some of Captain Otter's officers pushed
+through into the small chamber (_h_); beyond this the gallery was
+ruinated and impassable; the total length explored was 45 feet."[71]
+
+[Footnote 71: _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vol. vii. (First Series), pp.
+167-8.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE II.
+
+FIG. 8.
+
+
+"It is of a bee-hive form, about 18 feet in diameter, 9 feet high, and
+covered with green turf outside."
+
+_a_ _a_. doors; 3 feet high, "higher and better formed than is usual."
+
+_b_. fireplace (having a chimney above, which is exceptional).
+
+_c_. row of stones marking off _d._
+
+_d_. bed on floor.
+
+_e_ _e_ _e_. small recesses in wall.
+
+
+FIG. 9.
+
+Dwelling and Dairy joined, "of the usual bee-hive shape, and green with
+the growing turf." Dairy "6 feet square on floor, but roundish
+externally."
+
+_a_. doorway; "easily closed with a creel, a bundle of heather, or a
+straw mat."
+
+_b_. "a very low interior doorway."
+
+_c_. doorway of dairy.
+
+_d_. fireplace; "the smoke escaping through a hole in the apex of the
+dome."
+
+_e_. "the usual row of stones."
+
+_f_. "a litter of hay and rushes for a bed."
+
+_g_. niches in wall.
+
+_i_ _j_ _k_ _l_. various utensils.]
+
+PLATE II.--_Bee-Hive Houses at Uig, Lewis._
+
+(From Plate XXXI. of Vol. VII. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+_Fig. 8._ Captain Thomas selects this as "the most modern, and at the
+same time the last, in all probability, that will be constructed in this
+manner"--viz., "roofed by the horizontal or cyclopean arch, _i.e._, by a
+system of overlapping stones." "The woman who was living in it [about
+1869] told us it was built for his shieling by Dr. Macaulay's
+grandfather, who was tacksman [leaseholder] of Linshader ... and I
+conclude that it was made about ninety years back."[72]
+
+_Fig. 9._ Sir Arthur Mitchell says of this compound "bee-hive"
+house:--"The greatest height of the living room--in its centre, that
+is--was scarcely 6 feet. In no part of the dairy was it possible to
+stand erect. The door of communication between the two rooms was so
+small that we could get through it only by creeping. The great
+thickness of the walls, 6 to 8 feet, gave this door, or passage of
+communication, the look of a tunnel, and made the creeping through it
+very real. The creeping was only a little less real in getting through
+the equally tunnel-like, though somewhat wider and loftier passage,
+which led from the open air into the first or dwelling room."[73]
+
+[Footnote 72: _Op. cit._, p. 161.]
+
+[Footnote 73: _The Past in the Present_, p. 60.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE III.
+
+BEE-HIVE HOUSES, FIDIGIDH IOCHDRACH, UIG, LEWIS, HEBRIDES. Inhabited
+1859.]
+
+PLATE III.--_Bee-Hive Houses at Uig, inhabited in 1859._
+
+(From Plate XII. of Vol. III. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+See p. 47, _ante_.
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IV.
+
+BEEHIVE-HOUSES (BOTHAN) MEABHAG, FOREST OF HARRIS.]
+
+PLATE IV.--_Bee-Hive Houses at Meabhag, Forest of Harris._
+
+(From Plate X. of Vol. III. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+At the date of Captain Thomas's visit (1861) a man was still living who
+had been born in one or other of these dwellings.
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE V.
+
+GROUND PLAN OF RUINED _BOTH_ AT BAILE FHLODAIDH, ON THE NORTH SIDE OF
+THE ISLAND OF BENBECULA.
+
+_a_. "scarcely 18 in. wide."]
+
+PLATE V.--_Ground Plan of Bee-Hive House, Island of Benbecula._
+
+(From Plate XXXII. of Vol. VII. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VI.
+
+SECTIONAL VIEW AND GROUND PLAN OF MOUND DWELLING, CALLED _BOTH
+STACSEAL_, SITUATED MIDWAY BETWEEN STORNOWAY AND CARLOWAY, LEWIS,
+HEBRIDES.
+
+"A hole (_e_), called the Farlos, is left in the apex of the roof for
+the escape of the smoke, and is closed with a turf or flat stone as
+requisite."
+
+_Height of Dome, 7 feet._
+
+_a, b. Doorways._
+
+_c. Fireplace._
+
+_d. Row of stones for seats._
+
+_e. Centre. (Distance from e to end of cells, 7 feet.)_
+
+_f, g, h. Cells or bed-places._
+
+_f is "2 feet wide and 15 inches high at the inner end; is 5 feet long
+and 3 feet high at the mouth. The opposite cell (g) is of the same
+dimensions. The third cell (h) is 4 feet wide at the mouth, 5 feet long,
+decreasing to 2-1/2 feet wide at the head, where it is 16 inches high."_
+
+The above is given by Captain Thomas as an example of such dwellings
+"having oven-like bed-places around the internal area. This interesting
+summer house illustrates the most antique form of dormitory; but in the
+winter houses the floor of the bedroom was raised three or four feet
+above the ground." (Compare the side cells in Maes-How, Orkney.)]
+
+PLATE VI.--_Chambered Mound (Both Stacseal), near Stornoway,
+Lewis._
+
+(From Plate XXXII. of Vol. VII. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+With reference to the _farlos_, or smoke-hole (otherwise "sky-light"),
+which, in this instance, is at a height of 7 feet from the floor of the
+dwelling, Captain Thomas remarks:--"A man, on standing upright, can
+often put his head out of the hole and look around" (_op. cit._, vol.
+iii., p. 130 _n._). This suggests the following story, told by Mr. J.F.
+Campbell (_West Highland Tales_, vol. ii., pp. 39-40):
+
+     "There was a woman in Baile Thangusdail, and she was out seeking a
+     couple of calves; and the night and lateness caught her, and there
+     came rain and tempest, and she was seeking shelter. She went to a
+     knoll with the couple of calves, and she was striking the
+     tether-peg into it. The knoll opened. She heard a gleegashing
+     (_gliogadaich_) as if a pot-hook were clashing beside a pot. She
+     took wonder, and she stopped striking the tether-peg. A woman put
+     out her head and all above her middle, and she said, 'What business
+     hast thou to be troubling this tulman [mound] in which I make my
+     dwelling?' 'I am taking care of this couple of calves, and I am but
+     weak. Where shall I go with them?' 'Thou shalt go with them to that
+     breast down yonder. Thou wilt see a tuft of grass. If thy couple of
+     calves eat that tuft of grass, thou wilt not be a day without a
+     milk cow as long as thou art alive, because thou hast taken my
+     counsel.'
+
+     "As she said, she never was without a milk cow after that, and she
+     was alive fourscore and fifteen years after the night that was
+     there."
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VII.
+
+GROUND PLAN OF _BOTHAN GEARRAIDH NA H'AIRDE MOIRE_, UIG LEWIS, HEBRIDES.
+
+_a. Dwelling apartments._
+
+_b. Fosgarlan or Porch._
+
+_c. Cuiltean or Milk cupboards._
+
+_d. Stonebench or Bedplace._
+
+_AB. Line of Section._
+
+_CD. View as represented as restored._]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VIII.
+
+SECTION AND ELEVATION OF _BOTHAN GEARRAIDH NA H'AIRDE MOIRE_, UIG,
+LEWIS, HEBRIDES, AND VIEW OF SAME IF RESTORED.]
+
+PLATES VII. AND VIII.--_"Agglomeration of Bee-Hives" at Uig,
+Lewis._
+
+(From Plates XV. and XVI. of Vol. III. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+     "By far the most singular of all these structures, and probably
+     unique in the Long Island, is at Gearraidh na h-Airde Moire,
+     on the shore of Loch Resort. I cannot describe it better than by
+     bidding you suppose twelve individual bee-hive huts all built
+     touching each other, with doors and passages from one to the other.
+     The diameter of this gigantic booth is 46 feet, and [it] is nearly
+     circular in plan. The height of the doors and passages about 2-1/2
+     feet; and under the smokehole (_farlos_), in two of the chambers,
+     the height was 6-1/2 feet.... I am informed that, so late as 1823,
+     this _both_ was inhabited by four families." (Captain Thomas,
+     _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vol. iii., p. 139.)
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IX.
+
+PLAN AND ELEVATION OF A BOTH _at Gearraidh Aird Mhor, Uig, Lewis._
+
+_a. dwellings._
+
+_b. fosgarlan or porch._
+
+_c. cuiltean or milk cupboards._
+
+_d. doors._
+
+_e. farlos or smokehole._
+
+"One of a group of three at the garry of Aird Mhor, close to the shore
+and near the mouth of Loch Resort, Uig, Lewis. This compound _both_ has
+evidently been intended for two related families ... but there is no
+interior communication between the dwellings." (_Op. cit. p. 144._)]
+
+PLATE IX.--_Compound "Both" situated near the above._
+
+(From Plate XIV. of Vol. III. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE X.
+
+GROUND PLAN AND SECTIONAL VIEW OF SEMI-SUBTERRANEAN _BOTH_ AND
+UNDERGROUND GALLERY, MEAL NA H-UAMH, MOL A DEAS, HUISHNISH, ISLAND OF
+SOUTH UIST.]
+
+PLATE X.--_"Both" and Underground Gallery at Meall na h-Uamh,
+Huishnish, South Uist._
+
+(From Plate XXXIII. of Vol. VII. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+    "I have next to notice," says Captain Thomas (_op. cit._, p. 164),
+    "that form of bo'h, Pict's house, or clochan, whichever name may be
+    adopted by archæologists, to which a hypogeum or subterranean
+    gallery is attached.... [The present example] is in South Uist,
+    about half a mile inland from Moll a Deas (South Beach); and the
+    Moll is about one mile and a half to the south of Husinish (Husness,
+    _i.e._, Houseness). The site of the bo'h is called Meall na [h-]
+    Uamh, or Cave Lump [more correctly, the Mound of the Cave, or
+    'Weem.'] It consists of a partly excavated oval dwelling chamber
+    (_a_), 7 feet by 14 feet on the floor; the dome roof has fallen in;
+    there are two _cuiltean_, or niches in the wall. A low curved
+    subterranean passage (_b_), about 2-1/2 feet square and 20 feet in
+    length, leads into an elongated bee-hive chamber (_c_), 13 feet by 5
+    feet, and 6-3/4 feet high; from thence an entrance (_d_), 2 feet by
+    2 feet, admits to a small circular chamber or cell (_e_), 5 feet in
+    diameter and 5 feet high. The main passage inclines downwards, so
+    that the floor of the second chamber (_c_) is nearly 3 feet lower
+    than that of the first (_a_); and that of the inner one (_e_) a foot
+    below the second (_c_)."
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XI.
+
+GROUND PLAN OF _BOTH_ AND UNDERGROUND GALLERY, OR _TIGH LAIR_, NEAR MOL
+A DEAS, HUISHNISH, ISLAND OF SOUTH UIST.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XII.
+
+RESTORED ELEVATION OF ANCIENT BOTH AND SECTION OF HYPOGEUM OR TIGH LAIR,
+ON THE LINE a, k, NEAR MOL A DEAS, HUISHNISH, SOUTH UIST.
+
+"These piers were about 4 feet high, 4 feet to 6 feet long, and 1-1/2
+foot to 2 feet broad; and there was a passage of from 1 foot to 2 feet
+in width between the wall and them."
+
+"On a small, flattish terrace, where the hill sloped steeply, an area
+had been cleared by digging away the bank, so that the wall of the
+house, for nearly half its circumference, was the side of the hill,
+faced with stone.... The hypogeum or subterranean gallery is on a level
+with the floor, pierced towards the hill, and is entered by a very small
+doorway [marked _d_ on Ground Plan, Plate XI.].... It is but 18 inches
+high and 2 feet broad, so that a very stout or large man could not get
+in." (_Op. cit._, pp. 166, 167.)]
+
+PLATES XI. AND XII.--_"Both" and Underground Gallery at
+Huishnish, South Uist._
+
+(From Plates XXXIV. and XXXV. of Vol. VII. of _Proceedings of the
+Society of Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+     "An ancient dwelling, semi-subterranean, exists at Nisibost, Harris
+     [and is described in vol. iii. of the _Proceedings_, p. 140].... A
+     still finer example exists near to Meall na h-Uamh, in South
+     Uist.... The bo'h, or Pict's house, as it would be called in the
+     Orkneys--but the name is unknown in the Long Island--that I am
+     about to describe lies less than half a mile above the shepherd's
+     house; but so little curiosity had that individual that he was
+     entirely unacquainted with it; and I believe it would never have
+     been found by us but for a little terrier (in its etymological
+     sense, of course) of a daughter. The child was only acquainted with
+     the two here drawn [of which the other--viz., _Uamh Sgalabhad_, is
+     here reproduced as Plate I., frontispiece]; but there may be many
+     more waiting the researches of the zealous antiquary." (Captain
+     Thomas, _op. cit._, p. 165.)
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIII.
+
+GROUND PLAN AND ENTRANCE OF UNDERGROUND GALLERY AT PAIBLE, TARANSAY,
+HARRIS.
+
+"The drawing is from a photograph of the entrance, which is 2 feet 10
+inches high and 1-1/2 foot broad. The sea flows up to it at high
+tides."]
+
+PLATE XIII.--_Underground Gallery at Paible, Taransay, Harris._
+
+(From Plate XXIX. of Vol. VII. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+Describing this earth-house, Captain Thomas says:--"The
+drawing is from a photograph of the entrance, which is 2 feet 10 inches
+high and 1-1/2 foot broad. The sea flows up to it at high tides. On
+crawling in, there is seen the usual guard-cell (_b_), close beside the
+entrance, but so small that we may be sure the sentinel, if there was
+one, must have been a light weight; in fact, we are almost driven to the
+conclusion that there were no Bantings in those days. This guard-cell is
+but 2 feet 5 inches high, and 3 feet in width. The gallery then turns at
+a right angle to the left hand. We excavated it for 22 feet.... When
+digging, we came upon two broken stone dishes (corn-crushers?) now in
+the Museum [Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]; and above the gallery
+were most of the bones of a small ox, placed orderly together.... Bones
+of the seal were common, and a few of the eagle." (_Op. cit._, p. 169.)
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIV.
+
+MAES-HOW, ORKNEY.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XV.
+
+INTERIOR OF MAES-HOW, ORKNEY
+
+(_Facing inner doorway of gallery_).
+
+_Cell or Bed in Wall._]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVI.
+
+SECTIONAL VIEW AND GROUND PLAN OF MAES-HOW.]
+
+PLATES XIV., XV., AND XVI.--_Maes-How, Orkney._
+
+These plates represent the "Pict's house" referred to by Captain Thomas
+(pp. 50-51, _ante_), with regard to which he says:--"Maes howe was for
+three families--grandees, no doubt; but the numbers it was intended to
+hold in the _beds_ may be learned by comparing them with the Amazon's
+House, St. Kilda."
+
+The structure last named is described by Captain Thomas and Mr. T.S.
+Muir in vol. iii. of the _Proceedings_ (pp. 225-228), where it is
+stated:--"The Amazon's House is of the same class with our earliest
+stone buildings--belonging to the era of cromlechs, stone-circles,
+Picts' castles, &c.; but while in other parts of Britain the style and
+type have vanished for a thousand years, in the Outer Hebrides we find
+them (in the Bothan [_i.e._, 'boths' or 'bee-hive houses'] of Uig)
+continued to the present day." The following additional remarks by
+Captain Thomas are also of interest in this connection:--"It appears
+that besides the Tigh na Bhanna ghaisgach (Ty-na-Van-a-ghas-gec), or
+Amazon's House--and of whom all tradition, except her name, has
+gone--there are the remains of other submerged dwellings and hypogea.
+Miss Euphemia MacCrimmon, the oldest inhabitant of that far-off island,
+tells that a certain Donald Macdonald and John Macqueen, on passing a
+hillock, heard churning going on within. And about thirty years ago,
+when digging into the hillock to make the foundations of a new house,
+they discovered what seemed to be the fairies' residence, built of
+stones inside, and holes in the wall, or croops, as they call them, as
+in Airidh na Bhannaghaisgach."[74]
+
+It will be noticed that the "beds" in Maes-How are on a higher level
+than the floor of the main chamber. "In the winter houses," observes
+Captain Thomas,[75] "the floor of the bed-place was raised 3 or 4 feet
+above the ground."
+
+The original use of Maes-How is a matter of opinion, and some have
+assumed it to belong to the class of sepulchral mounds, although there
+is no evidence in support of this belief. For many reasons, the opinions
+of Captain Thomas are endorsed by the present writer. It may be added
+that, prior to 1861, when the mound was opened, local tradition had
+declared that it was the residence of a "hog-boy," or mound-dweller.
+
+[Footnote 74: _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._ (First Series), vol. vii. p.
+172.]
+
+[Footnote 75: _Op. cit._, p. 164.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVII.
+
+THE BRUGH OF THE BOYNE, NEW GRANGE, COUNTY MEATH]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVIII.
+
+DOORWAY OF THE BRUGH OF THE BOYNE.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIX.
+
+GROUND PLAN OF THE BRUGH OF THE BOYNE (as at present explored).]
+
+PLATES XVII., XVIII., AND XIX.--_Brugh of the Boyne, New
+Grange, County Meath._
+
+The diagrams here shown are from drawings by Mr. W.F. Wakeman, the
+veteran Irish archæologist.[76] With reference to the spiral carvings at
+the doorway of the Brugh, it may be mentioned that "the same kind of
+ornament appears on a stone found amidst a heap which had once been a
+'Pict's-house' in the island of Eday, Orkney;"[77] and that in Orkney,
+also, there has been found, in an underground house, a large stone
+"saucer," or "tray," resembling the two shown in the ground plan of the
+Brugh. (There appears to be no settled opinion as to the uses of those
+"saucers.")
+
+In connection with the identification of this mound with the "Brugh of
+the Boyne" of ancient Irish history, the following remarks may be
+quoted. The Rev. Father O'Laverty, in the Journal of the Royal Society
+of Antiquaries of Ireland (December, 1892, p. 430) thus observes:--
+
+     "In his very valuable work, _The Boyne and Blackwater_, Sir William
+     Wilde appears to me to have used convincing arguments to prove that
+     _Brugh-na-Boinne_ ... was ... on the left bank of the Boyne,
+     convenient to the ford of _Ros-na-righ_ (Rossnaree) at Knowth,
+     Dowth, and Newgrange. To Sir William's arguments one point only was
+     wanting: the old name had disappeared.... It is now more than
+     thirty years since I went to Newgrange for the special purpose of
+     investigating that matter. I explained to Mr. Maguire, then of
+     Newgrange, and to his son, that _Brugh-na-Boinne_ signified 'the
+     town, or dwelling-place, on the Boyne,' that the word _Brugh_ would
+     assume the modern form _Bro_, as in Brughshane (pronounced
+     Broshane), and many other townland names, and that _na-Boinne_, 'of
+     the Boyne,' would probably cease to be used as unnecessary at the
+     site. I need not say that I was greatly pleased when they informed
+     me that the field in which is the mound of Newgrange is called the
+     _Bro-Park_, while in the immediate vicinity are the _Bro-Farm_, the
+     _Bro-Mill_, and the _Bro-Cottage_." [And also, they might have
+     added, the mansion of _Broe House_.]
+
+Any one, therefore, who duly considers the matter, in relation to the
+statements of both of these writers, will see that the mound at New
+Grange is the _Brugh-na-Boinne_ of Irish history and tradition. And this
+name, says Father O'Laverty, "signified 'the town, or dwelling-place, on
+the Boyne.'" What, then, are the earliest associations with this "town
+or dwelling-place?"
+
+It is said[78] to have been built by a celebrated "king and oracle" of
+the people known as the Tuatha Dé, Dea, or De Danann, and to have been
+the residence of himself and others of his race. This chief (Eochaid
+_Ollathair_) is usually referred to as "the Dagda," or "the Daghda Mòr";
+and of his nation it is asserted that, after having invaded Ireland and
+conquered its native "Fir-Bolgs," they were themselves conquered in
+turn by a later race of immigrants, the Gaels. This "Brugh," therefore,
+is said to have been the residence of the Dagda, and, after him, of
+Angus, one of his sons. Consequently, it is very frequently styled "the
+Brugh of Angus, son of the Dagda," an appellation which assumes various
+forms.[79] Latterly, it seems to have been most generally known as "the
+Brugh" (_par excellence_), or, more simply still, as "Brugh." In the
+Book of Leinster it is specified as one of "Ireland's three undeniable
+eminences [_dindgna_]"[80]; while "an ancient poem by Mac Nia, son of
+Oenna (in the Book of Ballymote, fol. 190 b.)," styles it "a king's
+mansion" and a "_sídh_." The same MS. (32 _a b_) gives the variant _Sídh
+an Bhrogha_, rendered by Dr. Standish O'Grady "the fairy fort of the
+_Brugh_ upon the Boyne."[81] This word "_sídh_," which was
+applied--probably in the first place--to hollow mounds such as this, but
+which was also applied to the dwellers in them, gave the Tuatha De
+Danann their most popular name. Because it was on account of their
+residence in "the green mounds, known by the name of _Sídh_," that they
+were called "the _Fir Sídhe_ [_i.e._, men of the _sídhs_], or Fairies,
+of Ireland."[82] The one word, indeed (_sídh_), became indifferently
+applied to the dwellings and the dwellers. Whichever was the earliest
+meaning of that word, there is little dubiety as to the etymology of
+_Siabhra_. In one copy of the _Leabhar na h-Uidhre_,[83] it is stated
+that the Tuatha De Danann "were called _Siabhras_." O'Reilly defines
+_siabhra_ as "a fairy," and _siabhrach_ as "fairy-like"; while "a fairy
+mansion" is _siabhrugh_. With Connellan, again, _siabhrog_ is "a fairy."
+It seems quite evident that these are all corruptions of _sídh-bhrugh_
+(otherwise _Sídh an Bhrogha_, as above), and that _Siabhra_, as applied
+to the _dwellers_, was simply a transference from the name denoting
+their _dwellings_.
+
+Numerous as are the references to this mound as a "dwelling-place," its
+name figures prominently in the list of the ancient cemeteries of
+Ireland. _Relec in Broga_, "the Cemetery of the Brugh," is referred to
+as one of "the three cemeteries of Idolaters," in an Irish manuscript of
+the twelfth century (or earlier), the _Leabhar na h-Uidhre_ cited above.
+Of the two others, one is "the Cemetery of Cruachan"; and, by glancing
+at it, in the first place, we shall obtain a good idea of the Cemetery
+of the Brugh. "We find that the monuments within the cemetery at
+Rathcroghan,"[84] says Mr. Petrie, "are small circular mounds, which,
+when examined, are found to cover rude, sepulchral chambers formed of
+stone, without cement of any kind, and containing unburned bones."[85]
+And the twelfth-century scribe whom Mr. Petrie largely quotes, says that
+there were fifty such mounds (_cnoc_) in the cemetery at Cruachan. This
+mediæval scholar has copied a poem on the subject, "ascribed to Dorban,
+a poet of West Connaught," wherein it is said that it is not in the
+power of poets or of sages to reckon the number of heroes under the
+Cruachan mounds, and that there is not a hillock (_cnoc_) in that
+cemetery "which is not the grave of a king or royal prince, or of a
+woman, or warlike poet." In another verse, he says that _each_ of the
+fifty mounds had a warrior under it; and, altogether, it appears that,
+although their number could doubtless be "reckoned," yet the burial
+mounds of Cruachan, in or about the twelfth century, much exceeded fifty
+in number. "Fifty" is simply used by the poet and his commentator to
+show that, like the two other cemeteries of the triad (each of which is
+also said to have had fifty) the Cemetery of Cruachan contained about a
+third of the pagan notables of Ireland.
+
+From this we see that, about the twelfth century, the Cemetery of the
+Brugh contained at least fifty sepulchral mounds such as those described
+by Mr. Petrie at Cruachan. Mr. Petrie further quotes two passages from
+the _Dinnsenchus_, which specify in the following terms some of the most
+famous of those "monuments" at the Brugh:--
+
+     "The Grave [or Stone Cairn, _Leacht_] of the Dagda; the Grave of
+     Aedh Luirgnech, son of the Dagda; the Graves of Cirr and Cuirrell,
+     wives of the Dagda--'these are two hillocks [_da cnoc_]'; the Grave
+     of Esclam, the Dagda's Brehon, 'which is called _Fert-Patric_ at
+     this day'; the Cashel [or Stone Enclosure] of Angus, son of
+     Crunmael; the Cave [_Derc_] of Buailcc Bec; the Stone Cairn
+     [_Leacht_] of Cellach, son of Maelcobha; the Stone Cairn [_Leacht_]
+     of the steed of Cinaedh, son of Irgalach; the Prison [_Carcar_] of
+     Liath-Macha; the 'Glen' of the Mata; the Pillar Stone of Buidi, the
+     son of Muiredh, where his head is interred; the Stone of Benn; the
+     Grave of Boinn, the wife of Nechtan; the 'Bed' of the daughter of
+     Forann; the _Barc_ of Crimthann Nianar, in which he was interred;
+     the Grave of Fedelmidh, the Lawgiver; the _Cumot_ of Cairbre
+     Lifeachair; the _Fulacht_ of Fiachna Sraiphtine."
+
+These, of course, are only some of the most famous of the sepulchral
+monuments which existed in the Cemetery of the Brugh eight or nine
+centuries ago. Since that time, most of them have disappeared, their
+stones having been presumably built into castles, mansions, cottages and
+walls, while the bones of the queens and heroes have fertilised the soil
+of the neighbouring farms. But there still remain a few
+"standing-stones" and "moats" in the vicinity of the Brugh, all of which
+may be included in the above list.
+
+I have cited that list for the reason that modern antiquaries, or many
+of them, have assumed that _Síd in Broga_ and _Relec in Broga_ are
+synonymous terms, and that when a king or hero is recorded to have been
+buried "at Brugh," that means that he was buried _in_ the Brugh itself.
+In other words, that a place which was known as Fert-Patrick in or about
+the twelfth century, as also the "cashel" and the many hillocks, graves,
+and cairns mentioned in the list--not to speak of innumerable
+others--were all situated in the chamber which is shown in Plate XIX. It
+does not require a moment's reflection to convince one that this is an
+erroneous assumption. Nor is it warranted by the "History of the
+Cemeteries" itself, which always speaks of the burials having been "_at_
+Brugh."[86]
+
+One other statement, however, must be referred to. In another verse of
+Dorban's poem, mentioned above, it is said that "the host of Meath" are
+buried "_ar lár in Broga tuathaig_." This is rendered by Petrie, "in the
+middle of the lordly Brugh." The translation is no doubt good; and it is
+open to any one to deduce therefrom that the chamber shown in the plan
+contained at one time the skeletons of the host of Meath. In that case,
+the "host" must have been very limited in number; and anyone who has
+crawled along the sixty-foot passage into the Brugh, and who adopts this
+view, must wonder a little as to how the corpses were conveyed along
+that passage, and as to the reasons which must have induced some people
+(prior to 1699, when the chamber was almost, if not altogether, void of
+such relics)[87] to drag all those bones out again, at much personal
+inconvenience. But "_ar lár in Broga_" may also mean "in the [burying-]
+ground of the Brugh"; and the descriptions quoted above from the
+_Dinnsenchus_ show quite clearly that the ground in which "the host of
+Meath" were buried embraced a considerable tract of land, dotted over
+with mounds and monuments, differing only in degree from those of a
+modern cemetery.[88]
+
+The twelfth-century commentator of Dorban's poem states:
+
+     "The nobles of the Tuatha De Danann (with the exception of seven of
+     them who were interred at Talten [which was the third 'Cemetery of
+     the Idolaters']) were buried at Brugh, _i.e._, Lugh, and Oe, son of
+     Ollamh, and Ogma, and Carpre, son of Etan, and Etan (the poetess)
+     herself, and the Dagda and his three sons (_i.e._, Aedh, and
+     Oengus, and Cermait), and a great many others besides of the
+     Tuatha De Dananns, and Firbolgs and others."[89]
+
+But, afterwards, "the race of Heremon, _i.e._, the kings of Tara," who
+used to bury at Cruachan (because that was the chief seat in their
+special principality of Connaught) came to bury at Brugh. "The first
+king of them that was interred at Brugh" was a certain Crimthann,
+surnamed _Nianar_, the son of Lughaidh Riabh-n-derg;[90] and the reason
+why Crimthann decided to abandon the burying-place of his forefathers
+was "because his wife Nar was of the Tuatha Dea, and it was she
+solicited him that he should adopt Brugh as a burial-place for himself
+and his descendants, and this was the cause that they did not bury at
+Cruachan."[91] It would appear that the ruling dynasty of the Tuatha Dea
+had ended in a female, both on account of Nar's action in this matter,
+and because her husband became known by her name--as Nianar
+(_Niadk-Náir_) or "Nar's Champion."
+
+This Nar is a very interesting personage in the present connection.
+Because, being one of the Tuatha Dea, she was a _siabhra_, or woman of
+the _sídhs_; otherwise, a _bean-síde_ (modernised into "banshee"). This
+is plainly stated in two other Irish manuscripts, with an additional
+explanation which is very apposite. It is said that Crimthann was called
+Nar's Champion "because his wife Nar _thuathchaech_ out of the _sídhes_,
+or of the Pict-folk [_a sídaib no do Chruithentuaith_], she it was that
+took him off on an adventure." A companion statement is that made in
+another manuscript to the effect that "Nar _thuathchaech_, the
+daughter of Lotan of the Pict-folk [_Nár thuathchaech ingen Lotain do
+Chruithentuaith_], was the mother of Feradach _finnfhechtnach_," or "the
+brightly prosperous"--a king of Ireland.[92]
+
+Incidentally, therefore, in considering the Brugh of the Boyne and the
+people most associated with it, we find very distinct confirmation of
+the main part of the contention in the foregoing treatise. From these
+extracts it is evident that those early writers regarded _siabhra,
+fear-sídh, bean-sídh_, and _daoine-sídh_ (words which may also be
+interpreted "mound-dweller") as ordinary folk-names for the Picts; just
+in the same way as any historian of the frontier wars in North America
+would understand by "Red-skin" and "Greaser" the more classic "Indian"
+and "Mexican."
+
+[Footnote 76: Earlier illustrations, from drawings made in 1724 by Mr.
+Samuel Molyneux, a Dublin student, may be seen in Part II. of "A Natural
+History of Ireland," Dublin, 1726. Other eighteenth-century
+representations of the same place occur in a volume of old plates,
+belonging to the Society of Antiquaries (London). This volume is
+endorsed "Celtic Remains; I," and its contents form part of (says the
+fly-leaf) "a collection of plates from the Archæologia collected by Mr.
+Akerman when the Society's Stock was sold off and arranged more or less
+in Classes." The views of the Brugh will be found at pp. 239, 253, and
+254 (Plates XIX.-XXII.). Colonel Forbes Leslie has two excellent plates,
+from drawings of his own, in his _Early Races of Scotland_ (Edin. 1866),
+vol. ii.; where he also refers to Wilde's _Boyne and Blackwater_ and
+Wakeman's _Irish Antiquities_. A recent work, illustrating the same
+subject, but which I have not yet had an opportunity of seeing, is Mr.
+George Coffey's "Tumuli and Inscribed Stones at New Grange, Dowth, and
+Knowth," Dublin, 1893.]
+
+[Footnote 77: Forbes Leslie's _Early Races of Scotland_, vol. ii. p.
+335, _note_.]
+
+[Footnote 78: O'Curry's _Lectures_, Dublin, 1861, p. 505.]
+
+[Footnote 79: For most of which see Dr. Standish O'Grady's _Silva
+Gadelica_, pp. 102-3, 146, 233, 474, and 484.]
+
+[Footnote 80: _Silva Gadelica_ (English translation), pp. 474 and 520.]
+
+[Footnote 81: _Op. cit._ (English translation), p. 522.]
+
+[Footnote 82: Skene's _Celtic Scotland_, vol. iii. pp. 106-7.]
+
+[Footnote 83: Class H. 3, 17, Trinity College, Dublin. [I quote from Mr.
+Petrie's "Round Towers," Trans, of Roy. Irish Acad., vol. xx. (Dublin,
+1845), p. 98.]]
+
+[Footnote 84: Rath Chruachain, Co. Roscommon: the cemetery was styled
+_Relig na Riogh_, or the Cemetery of Kings.]
+
+[Footnote 85: _Op. cit._, p. 106.]
+
+[Footnote 86: "_Is in Brug, or Bruig_." Mr. Petrie invariably translates
+this as "at" Brugh. But I observe that Dr. Standish O'Grady (_Silva
+Gadelica_, p. 256; and p. 289 of English translation) renders the Gaelic
+particle by English "in." To decide between two Gaelic scholars is not
+within my province. But if Dr. O'Grady understands "the Brugh" to be
+synonymous with _Sídh an Bhrogha_ (as perhaps he does not), the adoption
+of his reading would lead to an inference which is opposed to common
+sense.]
+
+[Footnote 87: Molyneux, writing in 1725, says that "when first the cave
+was opened, the bones of two dead bodies entire, not burnt, were found
+upon the floor." Colonel Forbes Leslie remarks: "Llhuyd, the antiquary,
+writing in 1699, makes no mention of any human remains being found in
+it."]
+
+[Footnote 88: Since the above was written, the quarterly number, June
+1893, of the _Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland_
+has been issued, and a note therein confirms the suspicion, indicated in
+Mr. Wakeman's drawing, that the whole mound is not yet explored. But the
+above remarks are applicable in any case.]
+
+[Footnote 89: Petrie: _op. cit._, p. 106.]
+
+[Footnote 90: That is, Lughaidh of the Red Stripes; "meaning that on his
+person he had two such: one as girdle round his middle, another as
+necklace round his neck." (_Silva Gadelica_, English translation, p.
+544.)]
+
+[Footnote 91: Petrie (_op. cit._, p. 101), quoting from the "History of
+the Cemeteries" in the _Leabhar na h-Uidhre_.]
+
+[Footnote 92: These two extracts are from _Silva Gadelica_, Eng.
+transl., pp. 495 and 544; where the references are, respectively, "Book
+of Ballymote, 250 _a b_," and "Kilbride No. 3, Advocates' Library,
+Edinburgh, 5."]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATES XX. AND XXI.
+
+SECTIONAL VIEW AND GROUND PLAN OF THE DENGHOOG, ISLAND OF SYLT.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXII.
+
+INTERIOR OF THE DENGHOOG, ISLAND OF SYLT.]
+
+PLATES XX. AND XXI.--_The Denghoog, Island of Sylt, North
+Friesland._
+
+In addition to my original collection, I am now able to show three views
+of the Denghoog, in Sylt, which is the mound referred to on p. 34
+(_ante_). Mr. W.G. Black speaks of it thus:--
+
+     "There is some confusion as to King Finn's dwelling. As doctors
+     differ, we may be allowed to claim that it was the Denghoog, close
+     to Wenningstedt, if only because we descended into that remarkable
+     dwelling. Externally merely a swelling green mound, like so many
+     others in Sylt, entrance is gained by a trap-door in the roof, and
+     decending a steep ladder, one finds himself in a subterranean
+     chamber, some seventeen by ten feet in size, the walls of which are
+     twelve huge blocks of Swedish granite; the height of the roof
+     varies from five feet to six feet. The original entrance appears to
+     have been a long narrow passage, seventeen feet long and about two
+     feet wide and high. This mound was examined by a Hamburg professor
+     in 1868, who found remains of a fireplace, bones of a small man,
+     some clay urns, and stone weapons. Later, a Kiel professor is said
+     to have carried off all he found therein to Kiel Museum, and so far
+     we have not been able to trace the published accounts of his
+     investigations."[93]
+
+Mr. Christian Jensen, Oevenum, Föhr, to whom I am indebted for these
+three views, has favoured me with the following information:--
+
+    "The sketches of the Denhoog which I enclose [viz., the Ground Plan
+    and Sectional View] are from the drawings of Professor Wibel, who
+    conducted the excavation of it in 1868. From his and C.P. Hansen's
+    observations I contribute the following statements: Originally, the
+    mound was higher, but in 1868 it had the form of a truncated cone,
+    4-1/2 _mètres_ [say 14 feet 9 inches] in height. As may be seen from
+    the picture, it slopes away to the south above the original passage
+    into the mound, which the dweller made use of as his entrance; so
+    that the extent is very considerable. The present entrance, as may
+    be seen from the view of the interior, was made from above, at the
+    north side, directly opposite the original entrance.... Dr. Wibel
+    says: 'At the south side of the chamber is the doorway for ingress
+    and egress, with the passage itself leading from it. This passage,
+    which was 6 _mètres_ [19 feet 8 inches] in length, was lined with
+    upright blocks of granite and gneiss, with a roofing and floor made
+    of flagstones of the same kinds of stone. It was opened up all the
+    way to the mouth of the passage. This [the outer orifice] lay close
+    to the extremity of the earth and near the floor of the mound, was
+    closed with earth only, not with a stone, and measured about 1
+    _mètre_ [3 feet 3.4 inches] in height, and 1-1/3 _mètre_ in breadth.
+    On account of these dimensions ... one can only creep through
+    with difficulty, and for that reason the plan does not show with
+    accuracy the position of the wall-slabs, and their number is merely
+    conjectured to be nine.'
+
+     "Immediately after this excavation of 17-19 September, 1868, C.P.
+     Hansen writes as follows:--
+
+     "'There are in the island of Sylt hillocks of ancient origin, for
+     the most part pagan burying-places, but some of which may have
+     served as the dwelling-places of a primitive people. One such
+     hillock has just been opened at Wenningstedt. The interior was
+     found to be a chamber, 17 feet long, 10 feet in breadth, and from 5
+     to 6 feet in height, with a covered passage about 22 feet long,
+     trending southward. The walls of this underground room were
+     composed of twelve large granite blocks, regularly arranged; the
+     roof consisted of three still larger slabs of the same kind of
+     rock; the stones which formed the passage were smaller. At one
+     corner of the floor of the cellar there was a well-defined
+     fireplace, and near it were urns and flint implements; in the
+     opposite corner there were many bones lying, apparently unburned,
+     probably those of the last dweller in the cavern.'"
+
+Mr. Christian Jensen gives an account of "Der Denghoog bei Wenningstedt"
+in the "Beilage zu Nr. 146 der Flensburger Nachrichten" of 25th June
+1893, in which he says:
+
+     "... On the floor of the chamber, three separate divisions were
+     distinctly visible, of which one, situated on the east side, showed
+     traces of having been a fireplace. Professor Wibel found several
+     fragments of human bones, which evidently belonged only to _one_
+     individual, as no portion was duplicated; also a few animals'
+     bones. There was an extraordinary number of fragments of pottery,
+     belonging to about 24 different urns, of which 11 could be put
+     together. Their form and ornamentation were both fine and varied,
+     an interesting witness to the ceramics of the grey past.... Among
+     the stone implements found were a great many flint-knives; two
+     stone hatchets, two chisels, and a gouge, all of flint, and a disc
+     of porphyry were also obtained. Several mineral substances,
+     quartzite, rubble-stones, gravel, ochre, a sinter-heap--these are
+     less interesting than the seven amber beads which, with some
+     charcoal, completes the list of objects found. Referring to former
+     investigations of galleried mounds [_gangbauten_], which seem to
+     have been used in some cases as burying-places, in others as
+     dwellings, Dr. Wibel observes, in answer to the question resulting
+     from his discovery, as to whether the Denghoog ought to be regarded
+     as a sepulchre or as a dwelling, that, as Nilsson has already said,
+     all gallery-mounds were originally dwellings, and occasionally
+     became utilised as tombs. In the case of the Denghoog, this fact is
+     demonstrated by the fireplace, the scattered potsherds, the amber
+     beads, &c."
+
+[Footnote 93: _Heligoland_, Edin. and Lond., 1888, pp. 84-85.]
+
+
+Of the little woodcut which forms the Tailpiece of this volume, it is
+hardly necessary to say that it represents some popular ideas regarding
+"the little people." The woodcut of which this is a facsimile is one of
+those contained in the eighteenth-century chap-book, "_Round about our
+Coal Fire_; or, Christmas Entertainments," and it heads the chapter "_Of
+Fairies, their Use and Dignity_." "They generally came out of a
+Mole-hill," it is said; "they had fine Musick always among themselves,
+and Danced in a Moonshiny Night around, or in a Ring as one may see at
+this Day upon every Common in _England_, where Mushroones [_sic_] grow,"
+The size of the mushroom, so elegantly depicted in the foreground, is
+quite on a scale suitable to the stature ultimately accorded to the
+little people in many districts; so also is the mole-hill. But the tree,
+and the Satanic head in the foliage, are curiously out of proportion.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An examination of these various diagrams will show that the more
+primitive of those structures were obviously built by a small-sized
+race; some of the passages being quite impassable to large men of the
+present day. This peculiarity was noticed by Scott when visiting the
+"brochs" of Shetland, a kindred class of structures (none of which are
+here shown). "These Duns or Picts' Castles are so small," he says,
+writing in his Diary in August 1814, "it is impossible to conceive what
+effectual purpose they could serve excepting a temporary refuge for the
+chief." This reflection was suggested to him by the Broch of
+Cleik-him-in (now usually written Clickemin), near Lerwick; and in
+describing it he says: "The interior gallery, with its apertures, is so
+extremely low and narrow, being only about three feet square, that it is
+difficult to conceive how it could serve the purpose of communication.
+At any rate, the size fully justifies the tradition prevalent here, as
+well as in the south of Scotland, that the Picts were a diminutive
+race." Of the Broch of Mousa he says: "The uppermost gallery is so
+narrow and low that it was with great difficulty I crept through it,"--a
+feat which baffled the present writer.[94] In all those cases, of
+course, it is understood one has to crawl. As with the Lapps and the
+Eskimos, creeping was much more a matter of course with the builders of
+those places than it is with us. After getting through such passages it
+happens that, in several instances, the roof is higher than is required
+for the tallest living man. An admirable example of such a place is the
+underground "Picts' House" at Pitcur, in Forfarshire, which would be
+quite a palace to people of a small race, and very likely figures as
+such in some popular tale; its dimensions and appearance considerably
+magnified with every century.[95] But even this "fairy palace" was
+entered by narrow, downward-sloping passages, similar to that seen in
+the Frontispiece, down and up which the dwellers had to crawl. An
+underground gallery such as that of Ardtole (near Ardglass, County
+Down), is somewhat puzzling, because, while one chamber off it rises to
+a height of 5 feet 3 inches, another is only 3-1/2 feet high; and the
+main gallery, for 70 feet of its length, is 4-1/2 feet high, with a
+width of 3 feet 4 inches. The inference from this seems to be that the
+occupants were under 4-1/2 feet in height. If they had intended to crawl
+along the 70 feet, they did not require so high a roof; whereas, if they
+walked, and if they were more than 4-1/2 feet in height, they would need
+to walk the 70 feet in a stooping posture, a constraint which they could
+easily have avoided by raising the roof a foot or two. The highest roof
+in all this souterrain being 5 feet 3, it does not seem likely that the
+builders were taller than that; and there seems more reason to believe
+that they were much smaller. Another such gallery in Sutherlandshire is
+"nowhere more than 4-1/2 feet in height, and for the greater part of its
+length only 2 feet wide, expanding to 3-1/2, for about 3 feet only from
+the inner end." Still more restricted is the "rath-cave" of Ballyknock,
+in the parish of Ballynoe, barony of Kinnatalloon, County Cork. "The
+cave is a mere cutting in the clayey subsoil, and is roofed with flags
+resting on the clayey banks of the cutting, of which the length is about
+100 feet, and the height and width from 3 to 3-1/2 feet, except that the
+width to a height of 2 feet is hardly a foot at the N.W. turn, 23 feet
+from the N.E. end, and at a point 27 feet from the S.E. end.... Right
+below the aperture ... was a short pillar-stone, deeply scored with
+Oghams ... [and] many of the roofing slabs were seen ... to be inscribed
+with Oghams, some large and others minute."[96]
+
+"This class of structures deserves a careful study," observes Captain
+Thomas, referring to the souterrains of the north-west of Scotland;[97]
+"for the room or accommodation afforded by this mode of building is
+exceedingly small when compared with the labour expended in procuring
+it; besides, the doorway or entry is often so contracted that no bulky
+object, not even a very stout man, could get in ... But what are we to
+think when the single passage is so small that only a child could crawl
+through it?"
+
+[Footnote 94: On the very topmost course of all, the gallery dwindles
+into such insignificant dimensions that not even a dwarf (as one would
+naturally understand that term) could creep along it. Scott cannot have
+meant this very extremity. With regard to it, I should be inclined to
+say that it was merely the necessary finish of the gallery, not intended
+to be used any more than the spaces beside the eaves of a house.]
+
+[Footnote 95: The tendency to "idealisation on the part of the narrator"
+is referred to, in this connection, by Mr. Joseph Jacobs, at p. 242 of
+his "English Fairy Tales" (London, D. Nutt, 1890).]
+
+[Footnote 96: _Jour. Roy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland_, 1891 (Third Quarter), p.
+517. It is not inappropriate to add that one of these inscriptions
+reads: "Branan, son of Ochal," and that the decipherer (the Rev. Edmond
+Barry, M.R.I.A.) identifies this latter name with "the name of a King of
+the Fairies of Connaught (_Ri Síde Connacht_)": _op. cit._, pp. 524-525.
+The Ardtole souterrain is described in the Journal of the same Society
+(July-October, 1889, p. 245), by Mr. Seaton F. Milligan, M.R.I.A.; and
+the one in Sutherlandshire is referred to by Dr. Joseph Anderson (at p.
+289 of "Scotland in Pagan Times: The Iron Age," Edinburgh, 1883).]
+
+[Footnote 97: _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._ (First Series), vol. vii. pp.
+185-6.]
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+_Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO. London & Edinburgh._
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Fians, Fairies and Picts, by David MacRitchie
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Fians, Fairies and Picts, by David MacRitchie.
+    </title>
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Fians, Fairies and Picts, by David MacRitchie
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Fians, Fairies and Picts
+
+Author: David MacRitchie
+
+Release Date: March 5, 2006 [EBook #17926]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
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+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIANS, FAIRIES AND PICTS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Ted Garvin, Taavi Kalju, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreaders Europe at http://dp.rastko.net
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+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+   <a id="image01" name="image01"></a><a href="images/01large.jpg">
+   <img src="images/01.jpg"
+      alt="PLATE I."
+      title="PLATE I." /></a><br />
+   <span class="caption">PLATE I.<br /><br />SELECTIONAL VIEW AND GROUND PLAN OF UNDERGROUND GALLERY, CALLED <i>UAMH
+SGALABHAD</i>, NEAR MOL A DEAS, HUISHNISH, ISLAND OF SOUTH UIST.<br /><br /><i>Frontispiece.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h1>
+FIANS, FAIRIES<br />
+AND<br />
+PICTS
+</h1>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">DAVID MacRITCHIE</span></h2>
+
+<h4>AUTHOR OF<br />
+"THE TESTIMONY OF TRADITION"
+</h4>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Sometimes ... it seems that the stones are really
+speaking&mdash;speaking of the old things, of the time when the strange
+fishes and animals lived that are turned into stone now, and the
+lakes were here; and then of the time when the little Bushmen lived
+here, so small and so ugly, and used to sleep in the wild dog
+holes, and in the 'sloots,' and eat snakes, and shoot the bucks
+with their poisoned arrows ... Now the Boers have shot them all, so
+that we never see a little yellow face peeping out among the stones
+... And the wild bucks have gone, and those days, and we are
+here."&mdash;<span class="smcap">Waldo</span>, in <i>The Story of an African Farm.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<h4><i>WITH ILLUSTRATIONS</i></h4>
+
+
+<h5>
+LONDON<br />
+KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TR&Uuml;BNER &amp; CO., L<sup>TD</sup>.<br />
+PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARING CROSS ROAD<br />
+1893<br />
+</h5>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p>
+<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The following treatise is to some extent a re-statement and partly an
+amplification of a theory I have elsewhere advanced.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> But as that
+theory, although it has been advocated by several writers, especially
+during the past half-century, is not familiar to everybody, some remarks
+of an explanatory nature are necessary. And if this explanation assumes
+a narrative form, not without a tinge of autobiography, it is because
+this seems the most convenient way of stating the case.</p>
+
+<p>It is now a dozen years or thereabouts since I first read the "Popular
+Tales of the West Highlands," by Mr. J.F. Campbell, otherwise known by
+his courtesy-title of "Campbell of Islay." Mr. Campbell was, as many
+people know, a Highland gentleman of good family, who devoted much of
+his time to collecting and studying the oral traditions of his own
+district and of many lands. His equipment as a student of West Highland
+folklore was unique. He had the necessary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span> knowledge of Gaelic, the
+hereditary connection with the district which made him at home with the
+poorest peasant, and the sympathetic nature which proved a master-key in
+opening the storehouse of inherited belief. It is not likely that
+another Campbell of Islay will arise, and, indeed, in these days of
+decaying tradition, he would be born too late.</p>
+
+<p>In reading his book, then, for the first time, what impressed me more
+than anything else in his pages were statements such as the following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The ancient Gauls wore helmets which represented beasts. The
+enchanted king's sons, when they come home to their dwellings, put
+off <i>cochal</i> [a Gaelic word signifying], the husk, and become men;
+and when they go out they resume the <i>cochal</i>, and become animals
+of various kinds. May this not mean that they put on their armour?
+They marry a plurality of wives in many stories. In short, the
+enchanted warriors are, as I verily believe, nothing but real men,
+and their manners real manners, seen through a haze of
+centuries.... I do not mean that the tales date from any particular
+period, but that traces of all periods may be found in them&mdash;that
+various actors have played the same parts time out of mind, and
+that their manners and customs are all mixed together, and truly,
+though confusedly, represented&mdash;that giants and fairies and
+enchanted princes were men ... that tales are but garbled popular
+history, of a long journey through forests and wilds, inhabited by
+savages and wild beasts; of events that occurred on the way from
+east to west, in the year of grace, once upon a time" (I.
+cxv.-cxvi.). "The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span> Highland giants were not so big but that their
+conquerors wore their clothes; they were not so strong that men
+could not beat them, even by wrestling. They were not quite
+savages; for though some lived in caves, others had houses and
+cattle and hoards of spoil" (I. xcix.). "And though I do not myself
+believe that fairies <i>are</i> ... I believe there once was a small
+race of people in these islands, who are remembered as fairies, for
+the fairy belief is not confined to the Highlanders of Scotland"
+(I. c.) "This class of stories is so widely spread, so
+matter-of-fact, hangs so well together, and is so implicitly
+believed all over the United Kingdom, that I am persuaded of the
+former existence of a race of men in these islands who were smaller
+in stature than the Celts; who used stone arrows, lived in conical
+mounds like the Lapps, knew some mechanical arts, pilfered goods
+and stole children; and were perhaps contemporary with some species
+of wild cattle and horses and great auks, which frequented marshy
+ground, and are now remembered as water-bulls and water-horses, and
+boobries, and such like impossible creatures" (IV. 344).</p></div>
+
+<p>And much more to the same effect,<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> with which it is unnecessary to
+trouble the reader. Now, all this was quite new to me. If I had ever
+given a second thought to the so-called "supernatural" beings of
+tradition, it was only to dismiss them, in the conventional manner as
+creatures of the imagination. But these ideas of Mr. Campbell's were
+decidedly interest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span>ing, and deserving of consideration. It was obvious
+that tradition, especially where there had been an intermixture of
+races, could not preserve one clear, unblemished record of the past; and
+this he fully recognised. But it seemed equally obvious that the
+"matter-of-fact" element to which he refers could not have owed its
+origin to myth or fancy. The question being fascinating, there was
+therefore no alternative but to make further inquiry. And the more it
+was considered, the more did his theory proclaim its reasonableness. He
+suggests, for example, that certain "fairy herds" in Sutherlandshire
+were probably reindeer, that the "fairies" who milked those reindeer
+were probably of the same race as Lapps, and that not unlikely they were
+the people historically known as Picts. The fact that Picts once
+occupied northern Scotland formed no obstacle to his theory. And when I
+learned that the reindeer was hunted in that part of Scotland as
+recently as the twelfth century, that remains of reindeer horns are
+still to be found in the counties of Sutherland, Ross, and Caithness,
+sometimes in the very structures ascribed to the Picts, then I perceived
+this to be a theory which, to quote his words, "hung well together."
+Further, the actual Lapps are a small-statured race, the fairies also
+were so described, and this, too, I found to be the traditional idea
+regarding the Picts. Here the identification was closer still.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span> Then
+came the consideration: The fairies lived in hollow hillocks and under
+the ground: what kind of dwellings are the Picts supposed to have
+occupied? The answer to this question still further strengthened Mr.
+Campbell's conjecture. There yet exist numerous underground structures
+and artificial mounds whose interior shows them to have been
+dwelling-places; and these are in some places known as "fairy halls" and
+in others as "Picts' houses." (Illustrations of these are shown in the
+present volume, and are specially referred to in the annexed paper.)</p>
+
+<p>The examination, therefore, of this interesting theory not only helped
+greatly to bear out its probable correctness, but it further began to
+appear that by following this method of inquiry new lights might be
+thrown upon history&mdash;perhaps upon very remote history. It was clear that
+the question was not a simple one. All tradition is obscured by the
+darkness of time, and genuine fact is mixed up with ideas which belong
+to the world of religion and of myth. Even in Mr. Campbell's own
+statements there were seeming contradictions. These, however, it is not
+my present purpose to discuss; since they do not vitally affect his main
+contention.</p>
+
+<p>The Lapp-Dwarf parallel was gone into very fully by Professor Nilsson in
+his <i>Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia</i>, written twenty years before
+the "West<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span> Highland Tales." Not that he, either, was the originator of
+that theory, for it is frequently referred to by Sir Walter Scott, who
+accepted it himself.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> "In fact," he says, "there seems reason to
+conclude that these <i>duergar</i> [in English, <i>dwarfs</i>] were originally
+nothing else than the diminutive natives of the Lappish, Lettish and
+Finnish nations, who, flying before the conquering weapons of the Asae,
+sought the most retired regions of the north, and there endeavoured to
+hide themselves from their eastern invaders." Scott, again, refers us
+back to Einar Gudmund, an Icelandic writer of the second half of the
+sixteenth century, whom I would cite as the earliest "Euhemerus" of
+northern lands, were it not for the fact that he is obviously much more
+than a theorist, and is beyond all doubt speaking of an actual race, as
+may be seen from an incident which he relates.</p>
+
+<p>But, although the popular memory may retain for many centuries the
+impress of historical facts, these become inevitably blurred and
+modified by the lapse of time and the ignorance of the very people who
+preserve the tradition. As an illustration of this, I may cite the
+instance of the dwarfs of Yesso, referred to in the following pages.
+These people still survived<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span> as a separate community until the first
+half of the seventeenth century, if not later. They occupied
+semi-subterranean or "pit" dwellings, and are said to have been under
+four feet in height. But, although the modern inhabitants of that island
+still describe them, on the whole, in these terms, a new belief
+regarding them has recently sprouted up in one corner. The A&iuml;no word
+signifying "pit-dweller" is also not unlike the word for a burdock leaf.
+It was known that those dwarfs were little people. Obviously, then,
+their name must have meant "people living under burdock leaves" (instead
+of "in pits"). And so, to some of the modern natives of Yesso, those
+historical dwarfs of the seventeenth century "were so small that if
+caught in a shower of rain or attacked by an enemy, they would stand
+beneath a burdock leaf for shelter, or flee thither to hide."<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p>In that instance, we see before our eyes the whole process by which a
+real race has been transformed into an unreal impossibility, within a
+period of two centuries or so. Had the extinction (or modification by
+inter-marriage or by the processes of evolution) of those<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span> Yesso dwarfs
+taken place a thousand years earlier, the difficulty of identifying them
+would have been greatly increased. After a race has once disappeared
+from sight, the popular terms describing it must become more vague and
+confused with every century. Thus, in a certain traditional Scotch story
+there is mention of a number of "little black creatures with spades."
+The description is delightfully comprehensive. It would be quite
+applicable to a gang of Andaman coolies. On the other hand, if we
+exclude the "spades," it might be applied to any "little black
+creatures"&mdash;say a colony of tadpoles or of black-beetles. So that, when
+a poet or an artist gets hold of a tradition which has reached this
+stage of uncertainty, he may give the reins to his fancy, so long as he
+portrays some kind&mdash;any kind&mdash;of "little black creatures."<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<p>Before parting altogether from the Yesso dwarfs, notice may be taken of
+a folk-tale containing an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span> incident which obviously derives its
+existence from them, or from a branch of their race. In Mr. Andrew
+Lang's "Green Fairy Book" there is introduced a certain Chinese "Story
+of Hok Lee and the Dwarfs." It appears to be also current in Japan, to
+judge from a reviewer's remark, that "the clever artist who has
+illustrated the book must have known the Japanese story, for he gets
+some of his ideas from the Japanese picture-maker." In the story of Hok
+Lee the dwarfs are represented as living in subterranean dwellings, and
+in the picture they are portrayed as half-naked, with (for the most
+part) shaggy beards and eyebrows, and bald heads. It is wonderfully near
+the truth. The baldness is one of the most striking characteristics of
+those actual dwarfs, and is caused by a certain skin-disease, induced by
+their dirty habits, from which a great number of them suffer, or did
+suffer. The shaggy beards and eyebrows are equally characteristic of the
+race; and their custom of occupying half-underground dwellings has given
+them the name by which they are remembered in Japan at the present day.
+The exact scene of the story is a matter of minor importance. Those
+people appear to have been known to the Chinese for at least twelve
+centuries, and to the Japanese for a much longer period. Thus, it was
+quite unnecessary for any novelist in China or Japan to <i>invent</i> such
+people, since they already existed. As for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span> the details of that
+particular story, or of any other of the kind, it is not to be supposed
+that a belief in its historical basis necessarily implies an acceptance
+of every statement contained in it. On this principle, one would be
+bound to accept the truth of every "snake-story," for the simple reason
+that one believed in the existence of snakes. Still, it is possible, and
+perhaps not improbable, that tales which preserve the memory of those
+people, may also be fairly accurate in many of the statements made
+regarding them. The reason, however, of introducing this particular
+story is to show that the Chinese or Japanese romancer did not require
+to <i>create</i> a race of bald-headed, shaggy, half-wild dwarfs, seeing that
+that had already been done for him by the Creator.</p>
+
+<p>Those to whom this question is a new one will now see what is the point
+of view of the realist or euhemerist with regard to such traditions. He
+sees here and there in the past, through much intervening mist,
+something that looks like a real object, and he tries to define its
+outlines. He has no intention of denying, as some have vainly imagined,
+that there <i>is</i> an intervening mist. Nor, it seems necessary to explain,
+does he assume that wherever there is a mist there must be some tangible
+object behind it. For example, he does not believe that Boreas, or
+Zephyrus, or Jack Frost were ever anything but personifications of
+certain natural forces.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Various other considerations have also to be borne in mind; not the
+least important of which is the fact that the very people who have
+preserved these traditional beliefs have done much to obscure them,
+owing to their want of education. Scott tells a story of a Scotch
+peasant who, discovering a company of gaily-dressed puppets standing in
+a thicket, where they had been concealed by a travelling showman, at
+once concluded that they were "fairies." He had inherited the belief
+that fairies were "little people" who frequented just such places as
+this; consequently, he decided these were fairies. This fact was
+elicited in court, where the countryman had to appear as a witness. From
+that time onward his mind ought to have been disabused of his hasty
+belief. But a man so stupid as to assume that a showman's marionettes
+were anything else than lifeless dolls, might continue for the rest of
+his life to recount his marvellous meeting with "the fairies."
+Similarly, to a tipsy man returning homeward from market, many common
+and every-day objects take on a weird and superhuman aspect, due to no
+other spirits than those he has consumed. From this cause, a large
+number of odd stories (such as one told by Mr. William Black of a tipsy
+Hebridean) has doubtless arisen. Further, the belief in the existence of
+"supernatural" beings has been much utilised by rustic humourists, and
+no doubt also by smugglers and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a></span> other night-birds, in comparatively
+recent times. The prolonged absence of a husband, or it may be of a
+wife, could be explained by some wild legend of having been "stolen by
+the fairies," when a more frank avowal dared not be offered. And
+although "strange tales were told" regarding the paternity of "Brian,"
+in <i>The Lady of the Lake</i>, and although Scott adheres to those legends
+in his poem, he does not fail to point out in his appended <i>Note</i> that
+the story could be explained in a much more rational manner. There have
+been many "Brians."</p>
+
+<p>To give this subject the special attention which it deserves would,
+however, swell these introductory notes to an intolerable size; and,
+indeed, their purpose is rather to show what the euhemeristic theory is
+than what it is not; that is to say, the euhemeristic theory as applied
+to the traditions relating to dwarf races.</p>
+
+<p>In the work to which I have referred, the opinions enunciated by
+Professor Nilsson and Mr. J.F. Campbell, together with other
+developments which suggested themselves to me, were duly set forth, and
+were received, as was to be expected, with every form of comment, from
+complete approval to entire dissent. Among the adverse criticisms, some
+arose from a misapprehension of the case, while others were due to the
+critic's imperfect acquaintance with the subject he professed to
+discuss. But besides these, there were of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[Pg xvii]</a></span> course the legitimate
+objections which can always be urged in matters of a debateable
+character, where there is no positive evidence on either side. With
+regard to such I can at least echo the words of one of the most eminent
+and most courteous of my opponents, M. Charles Ploix, and say for
+euhemerism what he says for naturalism:&mdash;"Tant que la th&eacute;orie sur
+laquelle il s'appuie n'aura pas &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;montr&eacute;e fausse par des arguments
+d&eacute;cisifs, et surtout tant qu'elle n'aura pas &eacute;t&eacute; remplac&eacute;e par une
+hypoth&egrave;se plus certaine, il pourra continuer &agrave; s'affirmer."<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p>It ought to be mentioned that the following paper was written for the
+Folk-Lore Society, at one of whose meetings (in February 1892) it was
+subsequently read. As, however, the Council of that Society ultimately
+decided that the paper was unsuited for publication in a journal devoted
+to the study of folk-lore, it now appears in a separate form. One
+advantage to be derived from this is that the illustrations which
+accompanied the lecture, and which are of much importance in enabling
+one to understand the argument, can also be reproduced at the same time.
+It may be added that, while the theme is capable of much
+amplification,<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> have preferred to print the paper<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[Pg xviii]</a></span> as it was written
+for the occasion referred to. It states, concisely enough, the leading
+points of the argument.</p>
+
+<p>To those who are interested in the "realistic" interpretation of such
+traditions, I beg to recommend for reference the following works:&mdash;First
+and foremost, there is "The Anatomy of a Pygmie," by Dr. Edward Tyson
+(London, 1699), a book full of suggestive notices. This author has
+undoubtedly reached the "bed-rock" of the question; but, owing to his
+era and mental environment, he has not realised that his argument is
+useless without a consideration of the various stratifications above the
+"bed-rock." Belonging to the same century is the chapter "Of Pigmies" in
+Sir Thomas Browne's "Vulgar Errors," wherein he makes several very
+interesting statements, although he argues from the opposite side.
+Scattered throughout the writings of Sir Walter Scott, both poetry and
+prose, there are also many references bearing upon this question, from
+the realistic point of view. In addition to these, there is his
+well-known treatise "On the Fairies of Popular Superstition," prefaced
+to "The Tale of Tamlane," wherein he states that "the most distinct
+account of the duergar [<i>i.e.</i> dwergs, or dwarfs], or elves, and their
+attributes, is to be found in a preface of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix">[Pg xix]</a></span> Torf&aelig;us to the history of
+Hrolf Kraka [Copenhagen, 1715], who cites a dissertation by Einar
+Gudmund, a learned native of Iceland. 'I am firmly of opinion,' says the
+Icelander, 'that these beings are creatures of God, consisting, like
+human beings, of a body and rational soul; that they are of different
+sexes, and capable of producing children, and subject to all human
+affections, as sleeping and waking, laughing and crying, poverty and
+wealth; and that they possess cattle and other effects, and are
+obnoxious to death, like other mortals.' He proceeds to state that the
+females of this race are capable of procreating with mankind;<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> and
+gives an account of one who bore a child to an inhabitant of Iceland,
+for whom she claimed the privilege of baptism; depositing the infant for
+that purpose at the gate of the churchyard, together with a goblet of
+gold as an offering."<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> Scott further cites from Jessen's <i>De
+Lapponibus</i> similar matter-of-fact details obtained on this subject from
+the Lapps; who, on their own showing, are inferentially the half-bred
+descendants of dwarfs.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx">[Pg xx]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"That some of the myths of giants and dwarfs are connected with
+traditions of real indigenous or hostile tribes is settled beyond
+question by the evidence brought forward by Grimm, Nilsson, and
+Hanusch," observes Dr. E.B. Tylor.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> And although that eminent
+anthropologist sees a different meaning in many kindred traditions, yet
+his observations, and the great mass of references which he gives in
+connection with this single detail, are of much interest to euhemerists
+pure and simple. The late Sir Daniel Wilson's "Caliban"<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> teems with
+the realistic doctrine, and so also does a work of (in my opinion) less
+equal merit, "The Pedigree of the Devil,"<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> by Mr. Frederic T. Hall.
+In Mr. R.G. Haliburton's "Dwarfs of Mount Atlas: with notes as to Dwarfs
+and Dwarf Worship,"<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> and also in his "Further Notes"<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> on that
+subject, the same idea is prominent. All of these writers, with the
+exception of Sir Thomas Browne (and excluding Dr. Tylor in so far as
+regards some of his deductions), refer practically, though in varying
+degrees, to the question discussed by Tyson; and in this respect I must
+also cite my recent work on "The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxi" id="Page_xxi">[Pg xxi]</a></span> A&iuml;nos" (pp. 51-66). Of other writers
+who have not probed quite so deeply, and who possibly may not recognise
+the necessity for so doing, but who are realists nevertheless, the
+following may be mentioned: M. Paul Monceaux, who, in the <i>Revue
+Historique</i> of October 1891, deals with the African dwarfs of ancient
+and modern writers;<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> Professor Henri van Elven, the main theme of
+whose forthcoming work, <i>Les Nains pr&eacute;historiques de l'Europe
+Occidentale</i>, formed the subject of a paper recently read by him before
+the <i>Soci&eacute;t&eacute; d'Arch&eacute;ologie de Bruxelles;</i> and MM. Grandgagnage and De
+Reul, cited by Mr. C. Carter Blake, F.G.S., in connection with the
+<i>Nutons</i> of the Belgian bone-caves;<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> as also another writer of the
+Low Countries, Van den Bergh ("xxx. and 313"), whom Mr. J. Dirks quotes
+at p. 15 of his <i>Heidens of Egypti&euml;rs</i>, Utrecht, 1850. In Mr. W.G.
+Black's charming book on Heligoland,<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> one passage (p. 72) recognises
+that a certain Sylt tradition "is evidently one of those valuable
+legends which illuminate dark pages of history. It clearly bears<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxii" id="Page_xxii">[Pg xxii]</a></span>
+testimony to the same small race having inhabited Friesland in times
+which we trace in the caves of the Neolithic age, and of which the
+Esquimaux are the only survivors." For many of the kindred traditions in
+that locality, one cannot do better than refer to Mr. Christian Jensen's
+<i>Zwergsagen aus Nordfriesland</i>, contributed to the <i>Zeitschrift des
+Vereins f&uuml;r Volkskunde</i> (Berlin, Heft 4, 1892).</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>[The foregoing pages were all in type before the appearance of Vol.
+VIII. of the <i>Biblioth&egrave;que de Carabas</i>, which contains several
+criticisms by Mr. Andrew Lang on my "Testimony of Tradition" and
+"Underground Life." The already excessive length of this Introduction
+prevents me from now referring more particularly to these observations,
+as I should otherwise have done. In the meantime, however, I beg to
+refer Mr. Lang to the present work, and to ask him whether he thinks the
+statements there quoted substantiate his conception of the <i>Fir Sidhe</i>
+as a deathless people, occupying some region "unknown of earth."</p>
+
+<p>An addition to the Bibliography of this subject is made in the
+above-named volume (p. 88). "In his <i>Scottish Scenery</i> (1803), Dr.
+Cririe suggests that the germ of the Fairy myth is the existence of
+dispossessed aboriginals dwelling in subterranean houses, in some places
+called Picts' houses, covered with artificial mounds. The lights seen
+near the mounds are lights actually carried by the mound-dwellers." Mr.
+Lang adds: "Dr. Cririe works out in some detail 'this marvellously
+absurd supposition,' as the <i>Quarterly Review</i> calls it (vol. lix. p.
+280)."]</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>The Testimony of Tradition</i>. Kegan Paul, Trench, Tr&uuml;bner &amp;
+Co., London, 1890.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Such as at pp. ci.-cix. of Vol. I., and pp. 46, 101, and
+275 of Vol. II.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Scott, however, had only imperfectly grasped this idea. In
+numerous passages he inconsistently refers to "the little people" as
+purely the creatures of imagination.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> A description of those dwarfs, obtained from Japanese
+records and pictures, may be seen in my monograph on "The A&iuml;nos"
+(Supplement to Vol. IV. of the <i>Internationales Archiv f&uuml;r
+Ethnographie</i>, Leiden, 1892). Kegan Paul, Trench, Tr&uuml;bner &amp; Co.,
+London.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Similarly, the "little Bushmen" referred to by Miss Olive
+Schreiner's <i>Waldo</i> (as quoted by me on the title-page) would be
+remembered with as much uncertainty a century hence if the modern
+population of South Africa had nothing but tradition to depend upon. (It
+may be explained, in case of misapprehension on the part of any
+too-literal reader, that that quotation is not supposed to prove that
+the earth-dwellers of the Hebrides were small and ugly, with "little
+yellow faces," any more than it proves the reindeer of Scotland to have
+been identical with the wild buck of South Africa. But the cases are
+analogous, and the quotation seems <i>&agrave; propos</i>.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>Le Surnaturel dans les Contes Populaires</i>, Paris, 1891, p.
+iv.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Some portions of it I have already amplified: in a pamphlet
+entitled "The Underground Life," Edinburgh, 1892 (privately printed); in
+a paper on "Subterranean Dwellings," contributed to <i>The Antiquary</i>
+(London: Elliot Stock) of August 1892; and at pp. 52-58 of "The A&iuml;nos,"
+previously quoted.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> By "mankind" need only be understood the race to which
+Einar Gudmund belonged. It is well known that many races apply the term
+"men" to themselves alone. At the same time, Gudmund's words may denote
+a very marked difference in the two types.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Scott again quotes this story, in fuller detail, in the
+Appendix to <i>The Lady of the Lake</i>, Note 3 C.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> "Primitive Culture," vol. i. p. 385 (3rd edition).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> London, Macmillan and Co., 1873.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> London, Tr&uuml;bner and Co., 1883.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> London, David Nutt, 1891.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> <i>Asiatic Quarterly Review</i>, July 1892.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> For an exhaustive account of "The Pygmy Tribes of Africa,"
+treated from the purely scientific and ethnological point of view see
+Dr. Henry Schlichter's articles in <i>The Scottish Geographical Magazine</i>
+of June and July 1892.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> <i>Memoirs</i> of the Anthropological Society of London, vol.
+iii. 1870, pp. 320, 321.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Blackwood and Sons, 1888.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p>
+<h2>FIANS, FAIRIES AND PICTS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The general belief at the present day is that, of the three designations
+here classed together, only that of the Picts is really historical. The
+Fians are regarded as merely legendary&mdash;perhaps altogether mythical
+beings; and the Fairies as absolutely unreal. On the other hand, there
+are those who believe that the three terms all relate to historical
+people, closely akin to each other, if not actually one people under
+three names.</p>
+
+<p>To those unacquainted with the views of the realists, or euhemerists, it
+is necessary to explain that the popular definition of Fairies as
+"little people" is one which that school is quite ready to accept. But
+the conception of such "little people" as tiny beings of a&euml;rial and
+ethereal nature, able to fly on a bat's back, or to sip honey from the
+flowers "where the bee sucks,"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> is regarded by the realists as simply
+the outcome of the imagination, working upon a basis of fact. An
+illustration of this position may be seen in the Far East. There is a
+tradition among the A&iuml;nos of Northern Japan that they were preceded by a
+race of "little people," only a few inches in height, whose
+pit-dwellings they still point out. But the pottery and the skeletons
+associated with these habitations show that not only were their
+occupants of a stature to be measured by feet rather than by inches, but
+also that, by reason of a certain anatomical peculiarity common to both,
+the traditional dwarfs were very clearly the ancestors of the A&iuml;nos&mdash;a
+race which, though now blended, was once most distinctly a race of
+dwarfs, if one is to believe the earliest Japanese pictures of them.
+Similarly, the dwarfs of European tradition are believed to have had as
+real an origin as the little people of A&iuml;no legend, at any rate by those
+who hold the realistic theory.</p>
+
+<p>Any attempt to reconcile the pygmies of the classic writers with actual
+dwarfs of flesh and blood is outside my province. Moreover, this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> has
+been admirably, and, as it seems to me, successfully done quite recently
+by M. Paul Monceaux, in an article in the <i>Revue Historique,</i><a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>
+wherein he compares the traditional and historical descriptions with the
+statements of modern travellers, and draws the inference that the
+pygmies of the Greek and Roman writers, sculptors and painters, are all
+derived from actual dwarfs seen by their forefathers in Africa and
+India. (Still less doubt is there with regard to the dwarfs in Ancient
+Egyptian paintings.) And whereas Strabo is, says M. Monceaux, the only
+writer of antiquity who questions the existence of the dwarfs, all the
+others are on the side of Aristotle, who says&mdash;"This is no fable; there
+really exists in that region (the sources of the Nile), as people
+relate, a race of little men, who have small horses and who live in
+holes." And these little men were of course the ancestors of
+Schweinfurth's and Stanley's dwarfs.</p>
+
+<p>But although M. Monceaux confines his identification to equatorial
+Africa and to India, he does<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> not omit to state that Pliny and other
+writers speak of dwarf tribes in other localities, and among these are
+"the vague regions of the north, designated by the name of Thule." This
+area, vague enough certainly, is the territory with which Fians and
+Picts are both associated; as, also, of course, the Fairies of North
+European tradition.</p>
+
+<p>The attributes with which the "little people" of North Europe are
+accredited cannot be given in detail here. It is enough to note that
+they were believed to live in houses wholly or partly underground, the
+latter kind being described as "hollow" mounds, or hills; that when
+people of taller race entered such subterranean dwellings (as
+occasionally they did) they found the domestic utensils of the dwarfs
+were of the kind labelled "pre-historic" in our antiquarian museums;
+that the copper vessels which dwarf women sometimes left behind them
+when discovered surreptitiously milking the cows of their neighbours,
+were likewise of an antique form; further, that they helped themselves
+to the beef and mutton of their neighbours, after having shot the
+animals with flint-headed arrows; that melodies peculiar to them are
+still<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> sung by the peasants of certain localities; that words used by
+them are still employed by children in their games; and that many
+families in many districts are believed to have inherited some of their
+blood.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> Of this intercourse between the taller races and the dwarfs,
+there are many records in old traditions. In the days of King Arthur,
+when, as Chaucer tells us, the land was "ful-filled of fa&euml;rie," the
+knights errant had usually a dwarf as attendant. One of King Arthur's
+own knights was a Fairy.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> According to Highland tradition, every
+high-caste family of pure Gaelic descent had an attendant dwarf. These
+examples show the "little people" in a not unfriendly light. But many
+other stories speak of them as "malignant" foes, and as dreaded
+oppressors. Of which the rational explanation is that these various
+tales relate to various localities and epochs.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The connection visible between Fians and Fairies, between Fians and
+Picts, and between Picts and Fairies, may now briefly be stated.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest known association of the first two classes occurs in an
+Irish manuscript of the eleventh or twelfth century,<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> wherein it is
+stated that when the ninth-century Danes overran and plundered Ireland,
+there was nothing "in concealment under ground in Erinn, or in the
+various secret places belonging to Fians or to Fairies" that they did
+not discover and appropriate. This statement receives strong
+confirmation from a Scandinavian record, the <i>Landn&aacute;ma-bok</i>, which
+says<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> that, in or about the year 870, a well-known Norse chief named
+Leif</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"went on warfare in the west. He made war in Ireland, and there
+found a large underground house; he went down into it, and it was
+dark until light shone from a sword in the hand of a man. Leif
+killed the man, and took the sword and much property.... He made
+war widely in Ireland, and got much property. He took ten thralls."</p></div>
+
+<p>Although the Scandinavian record does not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> speak of the owner of the
+earth-house as either a "Fian" or a "Fairy," it is quite evident that
+this is an example of the plundering referred to in the Irish chronicle,
+and that the Gaels of Ireland seven or eight centuries ago, if not a
+thousand years ago, regarded the underground people as indifferently
+Fians and Fairies.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
+
+<p>Many other associations of Fians with Fairies are to be seen. In one of
+the old traditional ballads regarding the Fians, they are described as
+feasting with Fairies in one of their "hollow" mounds.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> A
+Sutherlandshire story relates the adventures of the son of a Fairy
+woman, who took service with Ossian, the king of the Fians.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> One of
+the Fians (Caoilte) had a Fairy sweet-heart.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> Another of them (Oscar)
+has an interview with a washerwoman who is a Fairy.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> A Fenian story
+recounts how one day the Fians were working in the harvest-field, in the
+Argyleshire island of Tiree, and on that occasion they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> had "left their
+weapons of war in the armoury of the Fairy Hill of Caolas";<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> from
+which one is to infer that the Fians made use of Fairy dwellings. In the
+same collection of tales we are told<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> that one time when the Fians
+were hunting in the Isle of Skye, they left their wives in a dwelling
+which bore a title "applied to dwellings of the Elfin race." It is
+further stated that one popular belief in the Scottish Highlands is that
+the Fians are still lying in the hill of Tomnahurich, near Inverness,
+and that "others say they are lying in Glenorchy, Argyleshire."<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> Now,
+both the Inverness-shire mound and the mounds in Glenorchy are also
+popularly regarded as the abodes of Fairies.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> The vitrified fort on
+Knock-Farril, in Ross-shire, is said to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> have been one of Fin McCoul's
+castles;<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> and Knock-Farril, or rather "a knoll opposite Knock-Farril"
+is remembered as the abode of the Fairies of that district.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a>
+Glenshee, in Perthshire, is celebrated equally as a Fairy haunt and as a
+favourite hunting-ground of the Fians. The Fians, indeed, were said to
+have lived by deer-hunting, so much so that Campbell of Islay suggests
+that their name signifies "the deer men"; and the deer, it is believed,
+"were a fairy race."<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> The famous hound of the famous leader of the
+Fians was "a Fairy or Elfin dog." In short, the connection between Fians
+and Fairies, recognised in the Gaelic manuscript of eight or ten
+centuries ago, is apparent throughout the traditions of the
+Gaelic-speaking people.</p>
+
+<p>But if the Fians were either identical with, or closely akin to the
+Fairies, they must have been "little people." The belief that they were
+so is supported by one traditional Fenian story.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> This is the well-known
+tale of the visit of Fin, the famous chief of the Fians, to a country
+known to him and his people as "The Land of the Big Men." The story
+tells how Fin sailed from Dublin Bay in his skin-boat, crossed the sea
+to that country, and shortly after landing was captured and taken to the
+palace of the king, where he was appointed court dwarf,<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> and remained
+for a considerable time the attached and faithful adherent of the king.
+The collector of this story has assumed that it is purely imaginary. But
+let it be contrasted with the following extract from the <i>Heimskringla</i>.
+The period is the early part of the eleventh century, and the scene
+Norway: "There was a man from the Uplands called Fin the Little, and
+some said of him that he was of Finnish race. He was a remarkable [?
+remarkably] little man, but so swift of foot that no horse could
+overtake him.... He had long been in the service of King Hrorek, and
+often employed in errands of trust.... Now when King Hrorek was set
+under guards on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> journey Fin would often slip in among the men of
+the guard, and followed, in general, with the lads and serving-men; but
+as often as he could he waited upon Hrorek, and entered into
+conversation with him."<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> And, like Fin the dwarf in the Gaelic story,
+this little Fin rendered great service to his king. Now, the
+<i>Heimskringla</i> Fin is unquestionably a historical personage, and the
+account of him was written by a twelfth century historian. The Gaelic
+story was only obtained in the Hebrides, and reduced to writing
+twenty-three years ago. Although Fin of the Fians is stated in Irish
+records to be the grandson of a Finland woman,<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> and although the
+Scandinavian and the Hebridean tales look very much like two versions of
+one story, this cannot precisely be the case, as the Fenian Fin is
+placed in an earlier era than his namesake of Norway. A dwarf king named
+Fin is also remembered in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> Frisian tradition;<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> and that he and his
+race were small men is pretty clearly proved by the fact that when one
+of the earth-houses attributed to him was opened some years ago, it was
+found to contain the bones of a little man.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> Both of these dwarf
+Fins, Little Fin of Norway and Little Fin of Denmark, are undoubtedly
+real; and there seems no good reason to suppose that the dwarf Fin of
+Hebridean tradition was not equally real. Whether they were three
+separate people is a problem. "Fin" appears to have been at one time a
+not uncommon name, whatever its etymology and that of "Fian" may be. At
+any rate, there is nothing in history (which speaks of a close
+intercourse between Scandinavia and the British Isles, in former times),
+and nothing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> in the ethnology of North-Western Europe, to make us regard
+as mythical the capture and enthralment of any one of these three
+"little Fins." If Fin of the Fians, therefore, was a typical Fian, they
+were little people.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></p>
+
+<p>In regarding the Fians as a race of dwarfs, I do not overlook the fact
+that they are also spoken of as "giants." But to assume them to have
+been of gigantic stature is both totally at variance with the bulk of
+the evidence regarding them, and at variance with the fact that the word
+"giant" has very frequently been used to denote a savage, or a
+cave-dweller.<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> No more appropriate illustration<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> of this can be found
+than the local tradition that a certain artificially hollowed rock in
+the island of Hoy, Orkney, was the abode of "a giant and his wife." Now,
+this same "giant" is also remembered as a "dwarf," and the largest cell
+in his dwelling is only 5 feet 8 inches long. Similarly,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> there is in
+Iceland a certain <i>Tr&ouml;llakyrkia</i> (literally "the dwarfs' church") which
+is translated "the <i>giants'</i> church."<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> For these reasons, then, I do
+not regard any reference to the Fians as "giants" as indicating that
+they were of tall stature; although I see no objection to the assumption
+that they were savages and cave-dwellers.</p>
+
+<p>Fians, then, are closely connected with the "little people" called
+"Fairies." The connection between Fians and Picts is equally well
+marked.</p>
+
+<p>Regarding them historically, Dr. Skene identi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>fies the Fians with one or
+other of two historical races believed to have occupied Ireland before
+the coming of the Gaels. These two races are known in Irish story as the
+Tuatha De and the Cruithn&eacute;.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> Now, the Tuatha De <i>are</i> the Fairies of
+Ireland.<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> Therefore, according to Dr. Skene, the Fians were either
+Fairies or Cruithn&eacute;. Now, Cruithn&eacute; is simply a Gaelic name for the
+Picts. Consequently, the Fians were either Fairies or Picts&mdash;according
+to Dr. Skene. In one traditional story, already referred to, the Fians
+seem to be unhesitatingly regarded as Picts. This story, obtained in
+Sutherlandshire, tells how a certain king lived for a year with a
+<i>banshee</i>, or fairy woman,<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> by whom he had a son. When this son grew
+up he went to the country of the Fians,<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> and there he entered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> into
+the service of their king, who was no other than the celebrated Oisin.
+The Gaelic narrator calls him "Oisin, Righ na Feinne," that is, "Ossian,
+King of the Fians"; but the collector of the story,<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> who had no doubt
+obtained the translation on the spot, renders <i>Righ na Feinne</i> as "King
+of the Picts." No explanation or comment is given, and one is therefore
+led to infer that in Sutherlandshire <i>Feinne</i> is without question
+regarded as a Gaelic name for the Picts. This identity is, indeed, borne
+out otherwise. There is a Gaelic saying in Glenlyon, Perthshire, to the
+effect that "Fin had twelve castles" in that glen, and the remains of
+these "castles," all said to have been built by him and his Fians, and
+of which one in particular is styled "Castle Fin,"<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> are known to the
+English-speaking people of Scotland as "Picts'" houses. For they belong
+to a peculiar class of structures, all radically alike, and all known,
+in certain districts, as "Picts' houses." The term "Picts' house" is
+unknown in the Hebrides, says<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> one writer. "In the Hebrides tradition is
+entirely silent concerning the Picts ... there the Fenian heroes are the
+builders of the duns."<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> Yet the self-same class of building is
+elsewhere assigned to the Picts. To these structures I shall presently
+refer more particularly; but it is enough to note in passing that, just
+as Oisin, King of the Fians, is translated into Ossian, King of the
+Picts, so the dwellings ascribed to the Fians in one locality, are in
+another said to have been made and inhabited by the Picts.</p>
+
+<p>Fians, then, are associated or identified with Fairies, and also with
+Picts. To complete my equilateral triangle, the Picts ought also to be
+regarded as Fairies, or as akin to them.</p>
+
+<p>This undoubtedly is a popular belief. The earliest alleged reference of
+this kind is placed by one writer in the middle of the fifteenth
+century, before the Orkney Islands had passed from the crown of Denmark
+to the crown of Scotland. A manuscript of the then Bishop of Orkney,
+dated Kirkwall 1443, states that when Harald Haarfagr conquered the
+Orkneys in the ninth century, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> inhabitants were the two "nations" of
+the <i>Pap&aelig;</i> and the <i>Peti</i>, both of whom were exterminated. By the former
+name is understood the Irish missionaries: the <i>Peti</i> were certainly the
+Picts, or Pehts.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> Now, of these Picts of Orkney it is said, that they
+"were only a little exceeding pigmies in stature, and worked wonderfully
+in the construction of their cities, evening and morning, but in
+mid-day, being quite destitute of strength, they hid themselves through
+fear in little houses under ground."<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>The exact date of this statement is at present doubtful, but it is quite
+in accordance with the widespread ideas held throughout Scotland and
+Northumberland with regard to the Picts: that they were great as
+builders, but were of very low stature, and closely akin to Fairies.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a>
+Moreover, they are famous for doing their work during the night.
+Whatever be the explanation of the above curious statement that at
+mid-day they lost their strength and withdrew to their underground
+houses, it is at any rate interesting to compare with it the remark made
+by the traveller Pennant as he was passing along Glenorchy in 1772. This
+is the entry in his journal:&mdash;"See frequently on the road-sides small
+verdant hillocks, styled by the common people shi an (<i>sithean</i>), or the
+Fairy-haunt, because here, say they, the fairies, who love not the glare
+of day, make their retreat after<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> the celebration of their nocturnal
+revels."<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> Now, as the "Picts' houses" are, to outward appearance,
+"small verdant hillocks," the parallel is very exact. With these two
+references compare also the mention, in a quaint old gazetteer printed
+at Cambridge in 1693,<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> of the tribe of the "Germara," defined as "a
+people of the Celt&aelig;, who in the day-time cannot see." Although the
+author usually gives the sources of his information, in this instance he
+gives none. But the statement agrees perfectly with the belief found
+everywhere throughout Northern Europe that "the dwarfs could not bear
+daylight, and during the day hid in their holes."<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> It really seems
+impossible to avoid the inference that all this was perfectly true. When
+Leif went down into the underground house in Ireland, he could not see
+at first, though at length he saw in the obscurity the glimmer of his
+opponent's sword. Consequently, the denizens and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> builders of these
+subterranean retreats must either have had something very like "cat's
+eyes," or else they must in general have had numerous lamps burning.
+This will be understood by an examination of one or two of the
+accompanying diagrams. It seems to me beyond question that a people
+living this underground life must have differed very distinctly from
+ourselves in the matter of vision; and to them the brightness of noonday
+must have been blinding. This physical fact&mdash;if it be a fact&mdash;would
+explain much that is otherwise strange and incredible in the traditions
+relating to the Picts&mdash;or Pechts, as they were formerly called in
+Scotland. However, it is sufficient for my present purpose to note that
+this peculiarity associates, and indeed identifies, the Picts with the
+dwarfs or fairies of tradition.</p>
+
+<p>Having thus shown that Fians, Fairies, and Picts are so closely
+associated as to be, in some aspects, almost indistinguishable from one
+another, I shall now refer to the structures which are popularly
+believed to have been their dwellings. Some of these are wholly
+underground, others partly so, and others quite above ground. In many
+other<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> ways, also, they vary. But all of them are unquestionably links
+in one special style of structure; of which the most marked feature, or
+at any rate that which is common to all, is the use of what is called
+the "cyclopean" arch. This is formed by the overlapping of the stones in
+the wall until they almost meet at the dome or apex of the building,
+when a heavy "keystone" completes this rude arch. The principle of the
+arch proper was obviously quite unknown to the originators of such
+structures.</p>
+
+<p>Of the various Hebridean specimens of these buildings, very interesting
+and complete descriptions have been given by the late Captain Thomas,
+R.N.,<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> and Sir Arthur Mitchell,<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> who visited some of them together
+in 1866. Referring to the most modern examples of this kind of
+structure, the latter writer says:&mdash;"They are commonly spoken of as
+beehive houses, but their Gaelic name is <i>bo'h</i> or <i>bothan</i>. They are
+now only used as temporary residences or shealings by those who herd<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>
+the cattle at their summer pasturage; but at a time not very remote they
+are believed to have been the permanent dwellings of the people." And he
+thus describes his first sight of the beehive houses:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I do not think I ever came upon a scene which more surprised me,
+and I scarcely know where or how to begin my description of it.</p>
+
+<p>"By the side of a burn which flowed through a little grassy glen
+... we saw two small round hive-like hillocks, not much higher than
+a man, joined together, and covered with grass and weeds. Out of
+the top of one of them a column of smoke slowly rose, and at its
+base there was a hole about three feet high and two feet wide,
+which seemed to lead into the interior of the hillock&mdash;its
+hollowness, and the possibility of its having a human creature
+within it being thus suggested. There was no one, however, actually
+within the <i>bo'h</i>, the three girls, when we came in sight, being
+seated on a knoll by the burn-side, but it was really in the inside
+of these two green hillocks that they slept, and cooked their food,
+and carried on their work, and&mdash;dwelt, in short."<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>These two "green hillocks," and other structures of the same nature, are
+shown in the accompanying diagrams<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> (Plates I.-XVI.), which explain
+their formation better than any written<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> description. It is enough here
+to state that they are built of rough stone, without any mortar. "Though
+the stone walls are very thick," says my authority (p. 62), "they are
+covered on the outside with turf, which soon becomes grassy like the
+land round about, and thus secures perfect wind and water tightness."
+Sometimes they occur in groups, as those shown in Plate III.; of which
+scene Captain Thomas justly remarks that "at first sight it may be taken
+for a picture of a Hottentot village rather than a hamlet in the British
+Isles."<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> Here there is little or no grassy covering outside, however;
+and consequently none of the hillock-like effect. But this is very well
+shown in Plates VI. and VIII. Of the "agglomeration of beehives"
+pictured in the latter, Sir Arthur Mitchell observes:&mdash;"It has several
+entrances, and would accommodate many families, who might be spoken of
+as living in one mound, rather than under one roof" (<i>op. cit.</i> pp.
+64-5). Of another such dwelling, now ruined, he says that it could have
+accommodated "from forty to fifty people."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This last, however (Plates XI. and XII.), represents another variety of
+earth-house, the chambered mound or beehive, with an underground gallery
+leading to it. Of this kind two examples are here shown. And in Plates
+I. and XIII. will be seen specimens of wholly subterranean structures.
+It is difficult, and indeed hardly necessary, to distinguish between one
+variety and another of what is practically the same kind of building;
+but to this last class the term "earth-house" is most frequently
+accorded in Scotland. In the broader dialect it is "yird-house" or
+"eirde-house," which at once recalls the form "jord-hus" in the saga
+which tells of Leif's adventure underground in Ireland. The term <i>weem</i>
+is also applied to these places in Scotland. This is merely a quickened
+pronunciation of the Gaelic <i>uam</i> (or <i>uamh</i>), a cave; and it reminds
+one that, both in Gaelic and in English, the word "cave" is by no means
+restricted to a <i>natural</i> cavity. Indeed, one of the two artificial
+structures under consideration is known as <i>Uamh Sgalabhad</i>, "the <i>cave</i>
+of Sgalabhad." Another old Gaelic name for those<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> underground galleries
+is "<i>tung</i> or <i>tunga</i>";<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> while another name, by which they are known
+in Lewis is <i>tigh fo thalaimh</i>,<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> or "house beneath the ground."</p>
+
+<p>"Martin, in his description of the Western Islands, printed in 1703,
+when their use would appear to have been still remembered, speaks of
+them [these underground structures] as 'little stone-houses, built under
+ground, called earth-houses, which served to hide a few people and their
+goods in time of war.'"<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> Dean Monro writes, "There is sundry coves
+and holes in the earth, coverit with hedder above, quhilk fosters many
+rebellis in the country of the North head of Ywst" [North Uist].<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a>
+"From O'Flaherty's description of West Connaught, written in 1684, it
+appears," observes Captain Thomas,<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> referring more strictly to
+the beehive-house, "that this style of dwelling had already become
+archaic." For, although that writer mentions certain "cloghans" as being
+still inhabited, holding forty men in some cases, yet he says they were
+"so ancient that nobody knows how long ago any of them were made." Of
+the underground galleries another writer says: "It has been doubted if
+these houses were ever really used as places of abode.... But as to this
+there can be no real doubt. The substances found in many of them have
+been the accumulated <i>d&eacute;bris</i> of food used by man.... Ornaments of
+bronze have been found in a few of them, and beads of streaked glass. In
+some cases the articles found would indicate that the occupation of
+these houses had come down to comparatively recent times."<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></p>
+
+<p>In conclusion, these remarks of Captain Thomas, who made so thorough a
+study of the subject, may be quoted:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Pict's house on the Holm of Papay [Orkney] would have held,
+besides the chiefs at each end, all the families in [the island of]
+Papay Westray when it was built. Maes howe<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> was for three
+families&mdash;grandees, no doubt; but the numbers it was intended to
+hold in the <i>beds</i> may be learned by comparing them with the
+Amazon's House, St. Kilda."<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p>
+
+<p>"I consider the relation between the <i>boths</i> [beehive houses] and
+the Picts' houses of the Orkneys (and elsewhere) to be evident&mdash;the
+same method of forming the arch, the low and narrow doors and
+passages, the enormous thickness of the walls, when compared with
+the interior accommodation&mdash;exist in both. When a <i>both</i> is covered
+with green turf it becomes a chambered tumulus, and when buried by
+drifting sand it is a subterranean Pict's house.... I regard the
+comparatively large Picts' houses of the Orkneys as the pastoral
+residence of the Pictish lord, fitted to contain his numerous
+family and dependents. Such an one exists on the Holm of Papa
+Westray, which, according to the Highland method of stowage, would
+certainly contain a whole clan. When writing the description of it,
+I had not made acquaintance with a people who would close the door
+to keep in the smoke, or that nested in holes in a wall like
+sand-martins....</p>
+
+<p>"But the <i>both</i> of the Long Island is only the lodging of the
+common man or 'Tuathanach,' and is consequently of small
+dimensions, and not remarkable for comfort. If the modern Highland
+proprietor or large farmer should ever be induced to lead a
+pastoral life, and adopt a Pictish architecture in his residence,
+we might again see a tumulus of twenty feet in height, with its
+long low passage leading into a large hall with beehive cells on
+both sides."<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>But the point of all this is that these dwellings, whether above ground
+or below, are known as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> <i>Picts' Houses, Fairy Halls, Elf Hillocks</i>, "the
+hidden places of <i>Fians and Fairies</i>." Thus, the three titles which I
+have shown to be associated in other ways are all given to the alleged
+builders and occupiers of those very archaic and peculiar structures.</p>
+
+<p>It is true that, in their most modern form, some of those dwellings are
+still inhabited for months at a time. And their inhabitants are neither
+Fians, Fairies nor Picts. But it is among those people that stories of
+Fians and Fairies are most rife, and many claim an actual descent from
+them. And although they are certainly not pigmies, yet they live in a
+district in which the <i>small</i> type of this heterogeneous nation of ours
+is still quite discernible; and that part of the island of Lewis (Uig),
+which has longest retained those places as dwellings, is inhabited by a
+caste whom other Hebrideans describe as small, and regard as different
+from themselves.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> Dr. Beddoe states that the tallest people in the
+United Kingdom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> are to be found in a certain village in Galloway, where
+a six-foot man is perfectly common, and many are above that height. It
+is quite certain that such men could not "nest like sand-martins" in the
+holes in the wall described by Captain Thomas. And, in proportion as
+such Galloway men are to the modern Hebridean mound-dwellers, so are
+these to the much more archaic race with whom the oldest structures are
+associated. For a study of the dimensions of these will show that they
+could not have been conceived, and would not have been built or
+inhabited by any but a race of actual dwarfs; as tradition says they
+were.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> "<i>La l&eacute;gende des Pygm&eacute;es et les nains de l'Afrique
+equatoriale</i>": <i>Rev. Hist.</i> t. 47, I. (Sept.-Oct. 1891), pp. 1-64.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> For some of these references see Dr. Hibbert's
+"Description of the Shetland Islands," Edinburgh, 1822, pp. 444-451. See
+also Mrs. J.E. Saxby's "Folk-Lore from Unst, Shetland" (in <i>Leisure
+Hour</i> of 1880); Mr. W.G. Black's "Heligoland", 1888, chap. iv.; and "The
+Fians," London, 1891, pp. 2-3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Gwynn the son of Nudd: for whom see Lady C. Guest's
+"Mabinogion," pp. 223, 263-5, and 501-2.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> "The War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill," edited by J.H.
+Todd, D.D., London, 1867, pp. 114-115.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> I. cc. 4-6 (this reference and the passage is quoted from
+Du Chaillu's "Viking Age," vol. ii. p. 516).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> "<i>Fianaibh ag Sithcuiraibh</i>"</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> "<i>Dan an Fhir Shicair"; Leabhar na Feinne</i>, pp. 94-95.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> <i>Folk-Lore Journal</i>, vol. vi. 1888, pp. 173-178.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> <i>The Fians</i>, 1891, p. 64.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 33.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> <i>The Fians</i>, p. 172. The Fairy Hill referred to is "a
+hillock, in which there is to be seen a small hollow called the armoury"
+(p. 174).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> pp. 12-13, 166, &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> pp. 3-4. Glenorchy is said to have teemed with
+Fenian traditions about the early part of this century (<i>Proceedings</i> of
+Soc. of Antiq. of Scotland, vol. vii. pp. 237-240).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> See my <i>Testimony of Tradition</i>, London, 1890, pp. 146-8;
+and Pennant's "Second Tour in Scotland" (Pinkerton's <i>Voyages,</i> London,
+1809, vol. iii. p. 368).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> <i>Proceedings</i> of Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vol.
+vii. p. 294, <i>note</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> See, for example, an article on "Scottish Customs and Folk
+lore," in <i>The Glasgow Herald</i> of August 1, 1891.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> <i>The Fians</i>, pp. 78-80.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> <i>Scottish Celtic Review</i>, 1885, pp. 184-90: <i>The Fians</i>,
+pp. 175-184.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> <i>The Heimskringla</i>: Dr. Rasmus B. Anderson's 2nd ed.
+(1889) of Mr. Samuel Laing's translation from Snorre Sturlason: chap.
+lxxxiii., <i>Of Little Fin</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> <i>Leabhar na Feinne</i>, p. 34.
+</p><p>
+[<span class="smcap">Subsequent Note.</span>&mdash;To be very accurate, one ought to say that,
+in the pedigree referred to, Fin's grandfather (Trenmor) is stated to
+have married a Finland woman.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Mr. W.G. Black's <i>Heligoland</i>, 1888, chap. iv.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> With this Fin of Frisian tradition may be compared Fin, a
+North-Frisian chief of the fifth century, mentioned in <i>Beowulf</i> and
+<i>The Gleeman's Tale</i>, and whose death is recorded in <i>The Fight at
+Finnsburk</i>.
+</p><p>
+[<span class="smcap">Subsequent Note.</span>&mdash;A suitable companion to the dwarf Fin of
+Frisian tradition is mentioned in Harald Hardradi's Saga:&mdash;"Tuta, a
+Frisian, was with King Harald; he was sent to him for show, for he was
+short and stout, in every respect shaped like a dwarf."&mdash;Quoted by Mr.
+Du Chaillu at p. 357 of vol. ii. of "The Viking Age."]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> In this connection it is worth noting that Sir Walter
+Scott, in referring to the aboriginal or servile clans in 1745, whom he
+describes as "half naked, <i>stinted in growth</i>, and miserable in aspect,"
+includes among them the McCouls, Fin's alleged descendants, who "were a
+sort of Gibeonites, or hereditary servants to the Stewarts of Appin."
+(Waverley, ch. xliv.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> For example, the late Rev. J.G. Campbell, Tiree, says of
+"the Great Tuairisgeul" that he was "a giant of the kind called
+<i>Samhanaich</i>&mdash;that is, one who lived in a cave by the sea-shore, the
+strongest and coarsest of any" (<i>Scottish Celtic Review</i>, p. 62). That
+this term was one of contempt, given by Gaelic-speaking people to those
+"giants" (and apparently based upon their malodorous characteristics),
+will be seen from Mr. Campbell's further observation (<i>op. cit.</i> pp.
+140-141):&mdash;"It is a common expression to say of any strong offensive
+smell, <i>mharbhadh e na Samhanaich</i>, it would kill the giants who dwell
+in caves by the sea. <i>Samk</i> is a strong oppressive smell." McAlpine
+defines <i>Samk</i> as a "bad smell arising from a sick person, or a dirty
+hot place"; and he further gives the definition "a savage" (quoting
+Mackenzie). The word <i>Samhanach</i> itself is defined by McAlpine as "a
+savage," and he cites the Islay saying:&mdash;"<i>chuireadh tu cagal air na
+samhanaich</i>," "you would frighten the very savages." From these
+definitions it will be seen that a word translated "giant" by one is
+rendered "savage" by another (though neither of these terms expresses
+the literal meaning). Mr. J.G. Campbell also practically regards it as
+signifying "cave-dweller," or perhaps a certain special caste of
+cave-dwellers. With this may be compared McAlpine's "<i>uamh</i>, <i>n.f.</i>, a
+cave, den; <i>n.m.</i>, a chief of savages, terrible fellow ... '<i>cha'n'eil
+ann ach uamh dhuine</i>,' 'he is only a savage of a fellow.'" Islay has
+also another word to denote a Hebridean savage. This is <i>ciuthach</i>, "pr.
+<i>kewach</i>, described in the Long Island as naked wild men living in
+caves" (J.F. Campbell, Tales, iii. 55, <i>n.</i>). One of these "kewachs"
+figures in the story of Diarmaid and Grainne, and one version says that
+he "came in from the western ocean in a coracle with two oars
+(<i>curachan</i>)" (<i>The Fians</i>, p. 54). (His name assumes various
+shapes&mdash;<i>e.g.</i>, Ciofach Mac a Ghoill, Ciuthach Mac an Doill, Ceudach Mac
+Righ nan Collach.) These three terms&mdash;<i>samhanach, uamh dhuine</i>, and
+<i>ciuthach</i>&mdash;all seem to indicate one and the same race of people. And
+these are probably the people referred to by Pennant when he says,
+speaking of the civilised races of the Hebrides in the beginning of the
+seventeenth century:&mdash;"Each chieftain had his armour-bearer, who
+preceded his master in time of war, and, by my author's (Timothy Pont's
+MS., Advocates' Library, Edinburgh) account in time of peace; for they
+went armed even to church, in the manner the North Americans do at
+present [1772] in the frontier settlement, and for the same reason, the
+dread of savages." (Pinkerton's <i>Voyages</i>, vol. iii. p. 322.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Hibbert's "Description of the Shetland Islands,"
+Edinburgh, 1822, pp. 444-451. With regard to the "Dwarfie Stone" of Hoy,
+the following references may be given:&mdash;"Jo. Ben," 1529, at p. 449 of
+Barry's "History of the Orkney Islands," 2nd ed., London, 1808; and
+other writers subsequent to 1529. These speak of this stone as the abode
+of a "giant." Sir Walter Scott (<i>The Pirate</i>, Note P.) and many others
+invariably say "a dwarf."
+</p><p>
+Note also J.F. Campbell (<i>W.H. Tales</i>, p. xcix): "The Highland giants
+were not so big, but that their conquerors wore their clothes." Also the
+dwarf in Ramsay's "Evergreen" who says that he was engendered "of
+giants' kind."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> <i>Dean of Lismore's Book</i>, p. lxxvi.; <i>Celt. Scot.</i>, vol.
+i. p. 131; vol. iii. chap. iii.; &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> <i>Celt. Scot.</i> iii. 106-7.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> In this tale, the phonetic spelling <i>ben-ce</i> shows the
+unusual aspirated form <i>bean-shithe</i>. She is elsewhere spoken of as the
+Lady of Innse Uaine, and her son is the hero of the tale <i>Gille nan
+Cochla-Craicinn</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> According to a clergyman of the seventeenth century, the
+Hebrides and a part of the Western Highlands constituted "the country of
+the Fians," (<i>Testimony of Tradition</i>, p. 45.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Miss Dempster: "The Folk-Lore of Sutherlandshire,"
+Folk-Lore Journal, vol. vi. 1888, p. 174.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> <i>Proc. of the Soc. of Antiq. of Scot.</i>, vol. vii. p. 294.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> <i>Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot.</i>, vol. vii. pp. 165 and 192.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> "They are plainly no other than the Peihts, Picts, or Piks
+... the Scandinavian writers generally call the Piks Peti, or Pets: one
+of them uses the term Petia, instead of Pictland (Saxo-Gram.); and,
+besides, the frith that divides Orkney from Caithness is usually
+denominated Petland Fiord in the Icelandic Sagas or histories." (Barry's
+<i>Orkney</i>, p. 115.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> <i>Proc. of the Soc. of Antiq. of Scot.</i>, vol. iii. p. 141:
+also vol. vii. p. 191. This quotation is made by the late Captain
+Thomas, R.N., a sound arch&aelig;ologist; but I have to add that in the
+document of 1443, as given in Barry's <i>Orkney</i> (2nd ed., London, 1808,
+pp. 401-419), while I find the statement as to the two native races, I
+find nothing about the stature or habits of the Picts. Captain Thomas
+twice quotes his statement, and as at one place he refers, not to the
+Bishop of 1443, but (vol. iii. p. 141) to "the Earl of Orkney's
+chaplain, writing about 1460," it is possible he had two manuscripts of
+the fifteenth century in view.
+</p><p>
+[<span class="smcap">Supplementary Note.</span>&mdash;The Bishop's words are as follows:&mdash;
+</p><p>
+"<i>Istas insulas primitus Peti et Pape inhabitabant. Horum alteri
+scilicet Peti parvo superantes pigmeos statura in structuris urbium
+vespere et mane mira operantes, meredie vero cunctis viribus prorsus
+destituti in subterraneis domunculis pre timore latuerunt.</i>"&mdash;From his
+treatise <i>De Orcadibus Insulis</i>, reprinted in the "Bannatyne
+Miscellany," 1855, p. 33.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> <i>Testimony of Tradition</i>, pp. 58-60, 65, 67-74, 79-80.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Pennant's Second Tour in Scotland; Pinkerton's <i>Voyages</i>,
+London, 1809, p. 368.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Lingu&aelig; Roman&aelig;, Dictionarium, Luculentum Novum.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Du Chaillu: <i>Land of the Midnight Sun</i>, vol. ii. pp.
+421-2. This also is one of the articles of belief in Shetland, with
+regard to the <i>trows</i>, as the trolls are there called.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> <i>Proc. of Soc. of Antiq. of Scot</i>. (First Series), vol.
+iii. pp. 127-144; vol. vii. pp. 153-195.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> <i>The Past in the Present</i>, Edinburgh, 1880, pp. 58-72.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> <i>The Past in the Present</i>, p. 59.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Reproduced by permission of the Society of Antiquaries of
+Scotland.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> <i>Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot.</i>, vol. iii. p. 137.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> <i>Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot.</i>, vol. vii. p. 168 <i>n.</i> This
+appears to me to be a phonetic spelling of the <i>diongna</i> mentioned in
+the passage relating to the plunderings of the Danes in the ninth
+century.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 171. On the same page, the form <i>Ugh talamkant</i>
+is given.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> <i>Chambers's Encyclop&aelig;dia</i>, new ed., s.v. Earth-house.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Quoted in <i>Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot.</i>, vii. 172. The
+reference is "Ag. Rep. Heb. p. 782."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> <i>Op. cit.</i> vol. iii. p. 140.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> John Stuart, LL.D., <i>Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot.</i>, viii. pp.
+23 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> Plates XIV.-XVI. Compare also Plates XVII.-XIX.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> <i>Op. cit.</i>, vii. 191.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> <i>Op. cit.</i>, iii. 133.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> <i>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</i>,
+vol. iii. (First Series), p. 129. The district of Barvas is specially
+referred to by Captain Thomas.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p>
+<h2>APPENDIX.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Most of the illustrations here given are reproductions of some of the
+plates accompanying Captain Thomas's papers in the <i>Proceedings of the
+Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</i>. In explanation of their details the
+following extracts may be made.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h4><a href="#image01"><span class="smcap">Plate I.</span> (Frontispiece).</a>&mdash;<i>Uamh Sgalabhad, South Uist.</i></h4>
+
+<h4>(From Plate XXXV. of Vol. VII. of <i>Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland</i>, First Series.)</h4>
+
+<p>Captain Thomas thus describes his descent into and exploration of this
+earth-house:&mdash;"An irregular hole was pointed out by the little lassie
+before alluded to, and some of my party quickly disappeared below
+ground. As they did not immediately return, I thought it was time to
+follow, and squeezing through the ruinated entrance (<i>a</i>), I entered the
+usual kind of gallery, which descended into the ground at a sharp angle.
+At the bottom, on the right-hand side, was the usual guard-cell (<i>b</i>);
+the sides of dry-stone masonry, but the end was the face of a rock <i>in
+situ</i>. Proceeding on, the roof rose and the gallery widened to what was
+the main chamber (<i>c</i>), which was 7 feet high under the apex of the
+dome, and 4 feet broad. Upon the west side of this chamber, and about 2
+feet from the ground, is a recess, about 2 feet square and 4 feet long.
+At the further end, and in the same right line,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> the gallery (<i>d</i>)
+became low (2&frac12; feet) and narrow (2 feet). Again the roof rose, and the
+gallery widened till stopt, in face, by a large transported rock (<i>f</i>);
+to the right of the rock a rectangular chamber (<i>e</i>), 2 feet broad,
+extended 4 feet, and ended against rock <i>in situ</i>. Round, and beyond the
+rock (<i>f</i>), the wall of the left side of the gallery was built, but the
+passage was so narrow (<i>g</i>) that I contented myself by looking through
+it. This incomprehensible narrowness is a feature in the buildings of
+this period. Some of Captain Otter's officers pushed through into the
+small chamber (<i>h</i>); beyond this the gallery was ruinated and
+impassable; the total length explored was 45 feet."<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> <i>Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot.</i>, vol. vii. (First Series), pp.
+167-8.</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<table summary="Plate II.">
+  <tr>
+    <td align="center"><a id="image02" name="image02"></a><a href="images/02alarge.jpg">
+       <img src="images/02a.jpg"
+      alt="Plate II.--Fig. 8."
+      title="Plate II.--Fig. 8." /></a></td>
+    <td align="center"><a href="images/02blarge.jpg">
+   <img src="images/02b.jpg"
+      alt="Plate II.--Fig. 9."
+      title="Plate II.--Fig. 9." /></a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="center" colspan="2"><b>PLATE II.</b></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="center"><b><span class="smcap">Fig. 8.</span></b></td>
+    <td align="center"><b><span class="smcap">Fig. 9.</span></b></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>"It is of a bee-hive form, about 18 feet in diameter, 9 feet high, and
+covered with green turf outside."</td>
+    <td>Dwelling and Dairy joined, "of the usual bee-hive shape, and green with
+the growing turf." Dairy "6 feet square on floor, but roundish
+externally."</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><i>a</i> <i>a</i>. doors; 3 feet high, "higher and better formed than is usual."<br />
+<i>b</i>. fireplace (having a chimney above, which is exceptional).<br />
+<i>c</i>. row of stones marking off <i>d.</i><br />
+<i>d</i>. bed on floor.<br />
+<i>e</i> <i>e</i> <i>e</i>. small recesses in wall.</td>
+    <td><i>a</i>. doorway; "easily closed with a creel, a bundle of heather, or a
+straw mat."<br />
+<i>b</i>. "a very low interior doorway."<br />
+<i>c</i>. doorway of dairy.<br />
+<i>d</i>. fireplace; "the smoke escaping through a hole in the apex of the
+dome.<br />
+<i>e</i>. "the usual row of stones."<br />
+<i>f</i>. "a litter of hay and rushes for a bed."<br />
+<i>g</i>. niches in wall.<br />
+<i>i</i> <i>j</i> <i>k</i> <i>l</i>. various utensils.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h4><a href="#image02"><span class="smcap">Plate II.</span></a>&mdash;<i>Bee-Hive Houses at Uig, Lewis.</i></h4>
+
+<h4>(From Plate XXXI. of Vol. VII. of <i>Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland</i>, First Series.)</h4>
+
+<p><i>Fig. 8.</i> Captain Thomas selects this as "the most modern, and at the
+same time the last, in all probability, that will be constructed in this
+manner"&mdash;viz., "roofed by the horizontal or cyclopean arch, <i>i.e.</i>, by a
+system of overlapping stones." "The woman who was living in it [about
+1869] told us it was built for his shieling by Dr. Macaulay's
+grandfather, who was tacksman [leaseholder] of Linshader ... and I
+conclude that it was made about ninety years back."<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Fig. 9.</i> Sir Arthur Mitchell says of this compound "bee-hive"
+house:&mdash;"The greatest height of the living room&mdash;in its centre, that
+is&mdash;was scarcely 6 feet. In no part of the dairy was it possible to
+stand erect. The door of communication between the two rooms was so
+small that we could get<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> through it only by creeping. The great
+thickness of the walls, 6 to 8 feet, gave this door, or passage of
+communication, the look of a tunnel, and made the creeping through it
+very real. The creeping was only a little less real in getting through
+the equally tunnel-like, though somewhat wider and loftier passage,
+which led from the open air into the first or dwelling room."<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> <i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 161.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> <i>The Past in the Present</i>, p. 60.</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+   <a id="image03" name="image03"></a><a href="images/03large.jpg">
+   <img src="images/03.jpg"
+      alt="PLATE III."
+      title="PLATE III." /></a><br />
+   <span class="caption">PLATE III.<br /><br />BEE-HIVE HOUSES, FIDIGIDH IOCHDRACH, UIG, LEWIS, HEBRIDES. Inhabited
+1859.</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h4><a href="#image03"><span class="smcap">Plate III.</span></a>&mdash;<i>Bee-Hive Houses at Uig, inhabited in 1859.</i></h4>
+
+<h4>(From Plate XII. of Vol. III. of <i>Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland</i>, First Series.)</h4>
+
+<p>See p. <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <i>ante</i>.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+   <a id="image04" name="image04"></a><a href="images/04large.jpg">
+   <img src="images/04.jpg"
+      alt="PLATE IV."
+      title="PLATE IV." /></a><br />
+   <span class="caption">PLATE IV.<br /><br />BEEHIVE-HOUSES (BOTHAN) MEABHAG, FOREST OF HARRIS.</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h4><a href="#image04"><span class="smcap">Plate IV.</span></a>&mdash;<i>Bee-Hive Houses at Meabhag, Forest of Harris.</i></h4>
+
+<h4>(From Plate X. of Vol. III. of <i>Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland</i>, First Series.)</h4>
+
+<p>At the date of Captain Thomas's visit (1861) a man was still living who
+had been born in one or other of these dwellings.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+   <a id="image05" name="image05"></a><a href="images/05large.jpg">
+   <img src="images/05.jpg"
+      alt="PLATE V."
+      title="PLATE V." /></a><br />
+   <span class="caption">PLATE V.<br /><br />GROUND PLAN OF RUINED <i>BOTH</i> AT BAILE FHLODAIDH, ON THE NORTH SIDE OF
+THE ISLAND OF BENBECULA.<br /><br /><i>a</i>. "scarcely 18 in. wide."</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h4><a href="#image05"><span class="smcap">Plate V.</span></a>&mdash;<i>Ground Plan of Bee-Hive House, Island of Benbecula.</i></h4>
+
+<h4>(From Plate XXXII. of Vol. VII. of <i>Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland</i>, First Series.)</h4>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+   <a id="image06" name="image06"></a><a href="images/06large.jpg">
+   <img src="images/06.jpg"
+      alt="PLATE VI."
+      title="PLATE VI." /></a><br />
+   <span class="caption">PLATE VI.<br /><br /><br /><br />
+SECTIONAL VIEW AND GROUND PLAN OF MOUND DWELLING, CALLED <i>BOTH
+STACSEAL</i>, SITUATED MIDWAY BETWEEN STORNOWAY AND CARLOWAY, LEWIS,
+HEBRIDES.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>"A hole (<i>e</i>), called the Farlos, is left in the apex of the roof for
+the escape of the smoke, and is closed with a turf or flat stone as
+requisite."</p>
+
+<p><i>Height of Dome, 7 feet.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>a, b. Doorways.</i><br />
+<i>c. Fireplace.</i><br />
+<i>d. Row of stones for seats.</i><br />
+<i>e. Centre. (Distance from e to end of cells, 7 feet.)</i><br />
+<i>f, g, h. Cells or bed-places.</i><br />
+<i>f is "2 feet wide and 15 inches high at the inner end; is 5 feet long
+and 3 feet high at the mouth. The opposite cell (g) is of the same
+dimensions. The third cell (h) is 4 feet wide at the mouth, 5 feet long,
+decreasing to 2&frac12; feet wide at the head, where it is 16 inches high."</i></p>
+
+<p>The above is given by Captain Thomas as an example of such dwellings
+"having oven-like bed-places around the internal area. This interesting
+summer house illustrates the most antique form of dormitory; but in the
+winter houses the floor of the bedroom was raised three or four feet
+above the ground." (Compare the side cells in Maes-How, Orkney.)</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h4><a href="#image06"><span class="smcap">Plate VI.</span></a>&mdash;<i>Chambered Mound (Both Stacseal), near Stornoway,
+Lewis.</i></h4>
+
+<h4>(From Plate XXXII. of Vol. VII. of <i>Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland</i>, First Series.)</h4>
+
+<p>With reference to the <i>farlos</i>, or smoke-hole (otherwise "sky-light"),
+which, in this instance, is at a height of 7 feet from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> the floor of the
+dwelling, Captain Thomas remarks:&mdash;"A man, on standing upright, can
+often put his head out of the hole and look around" (<i>op. cit.</i>, vol.
+iii., p. 130 <i>n.</i>). This suggests the following story, told by Mr. J.F.
+Campbell (<i>West Highland Tales</i>, vol. ii., pp. 39-40):</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"There was a woman in Baile Thangusdail, and she was out seeking a
+couple of calves; and the night and lateness caught her, and there
+came rain and tempest, and she was seeking shelter. She went to a
+knoll with the couple of calves, and she was striking the
+tether-peg into it. The knoll opened. She heard a gleegashing
+(<i>gliogadaich</i>) as if a pot-hook were clashing beside a pot. She
+took wonder, and she stopped striking the tether-peg. A woman put
+out her head and all above her middle, and she said, 'What business
+hast thou to be troubling this tulman [mound] in which I make my
+dwelling?' 'I am taking care of this couple of calves, and I am but
+weak. Where shall I go with them?' 'Thou shalt go with them to that
+breast down yonder. Thou wilt see a tuft of grass. If thy couple of
+calves eat that tuft of grass, thou wilt not be a day without a
+milk cow as long as thou art alive, because thou hast taken my
+counsel.'</p>
+
+<p>"As she said, she never was without a milk cow after that, and she
+was alive fourscore and fifteen years after the night that was
+there."</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+   <a id="image07" name="image07"></a><a href="images/07large.jpg">
+   <img src="images/07.jpg"
+      alt="PLATE VII."
+      title="PLATE VII." /></a><br />
+   <span class="caption">PLATE VII.<br /><br />GROUND PLAN OF <i>BOTHAN GEARRAIDH NA H'AIRDE MOIRE</i>, UIG LEWIS, HEBRIDES.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a. Dwelling apartments.</i><br />
+<i>b. Fosgarlan or Porch.</i><br />
+<i>c. Cuiltean or Milk cupboards.</i><br />
+<i>d. Stonebench or Bedplace.</i><br />
+<i>AB. Line of Section.</i><br />
+<i>CD. View as represented as restored.</i></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+   <a id="image08" name="image08"></a><a href="images/08large.jpg">
+   <img src="images/08.jpg"
+      alt="PLATE VIII."
+      title="PLATE VIII." /></a><br />
+   <span class="caption">PLATE VIII.<br /><br />SECTION AND ELEVATION OF <i>BOTHAN GEARRAIDH NA H'AIRDE MOIRE</i>, UIG,
+LEWIS, HEBRIDES, AND VIEW OF SAME IF RESTORED.</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plates <a href="#image07">VII.</a> and <a href="#image08">VIII.</a></span>&mdash;<i>"Agglomeration of Bee-Hives" at Uig,
+Lewis.</i></h4>
+
+<h4>(From Plates XV. and XVI. of Vol. III. of <i>Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland</i>, First Series.)</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"By far the most singular of all these structures, and probably
+unique in the Long Island, is at Gearraidh na h-Airde<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> Moire,
+on the shore of Loch Resort. I cannot describe it better than by
+bidding you suppose twelve individual bee-hive huts all built
+touching each other, with doors and passages from one to the other.
+The diameter of this gigantic booth is 46 feet, and [it] is nearly
+circular in plan. The height of the doors and passages about 2&frac12;
+feet; and under the smokehole (<i>farlos</i>), in two of the chambers,
+the height was 6&frac12; feet.... I am informed that, so late as 1823,
+this <i>both</i> was inhabited by four families." (Captain Thomas,
+<i>Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot.</i>, vol. iii., p. 139.)</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+   <a id="image09" name="image09"></a><a href="images/09large.jpg">
+   <img src="images/09.jpg"
+      alt="PLATE IX."
+      title="PLATE IX." /></a><br />
+   <span class="caption">PLATE IX.<br /><br />PLAN AND ELEVATION OF A BOTH <i>at Gearraidh Aird Mhor, Uig, Lewis.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a. dwellings.</i><br />
+<i>b. fosgarlan or porch.</i><br />
+<i>c. cuiltean or milk cupboards.</i><br />
+<i>d. doors.</i><br />
+<i>e. farlos or smokehole.</i></p>
+
+<p>"One of a group of three at the garry of Aird Mhor, close to the shore
+and near the mouth of Loch Resort, Uig, Lewis. This compound <i>both</i> has
+evidently been intended for two related families ... but there is no
+interior communication between the dwellings." (<i>Op. cit. p. 144.</i>)</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h4><a href="#image09"><span class="smcap">Plate IX.</span></a>&mdash;<i>Compound "Both" situated near the above.</i></h4>
+
+<h4>(From Plate XIV. of Vol. III. of <i>Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland</i>, First Series.)</h4>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+   <a id="image10" name="image10"></a><a href="images/10large.jpg">
+   <img src="images/10.jpg"
+      alt="PLATE X."
+      title="PLATE X." /></a><br />
+   <span class="caption">PLATE X.<br /><br />GROUND PLAN AND SECTIONAL VIEW OF SEMI-SUBTERRANEAN <i>BOTH</i> AND
+UNDERGROUND GALLERY, MEAL NA H-UAMH, MOL A DEAS, HUISHNISH, ISLAND OF
+SOUTH UIST.</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h4><a href="#image10"><span class="smcap">Plate X.</span></a>&mdash;<i>"Both" and Underground Gallery at Meall na h-Uamh,
+Huishnish, South Uist.</i></h4>
+
+<h4>(From Plate XXXIII. of Vol. VII. of <i>Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland</i>, First Series.)</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I have next to notice," says Captain Thomas (<i>op. cit.</i>, p. 164),
+"that form of bo'h, Pict's house, or clochan, whichever name may be
+adopted by arch&aelig;ologists, to which a hypogeum or subterranean
+gallery is attached.... [The present example] is in South Uist,
+about half a mile inland from Moll a Deas (South Beach); and the
+Moll is about one mile and a half to the south of Husinish
+(Husness, <i>i.e.</i>, Houseness). The site of the bo'h is called Meall
+na [h-] Uamh, or Cave Lump [more correctly, the Mound of the Cave,
+or 'Weem.'] It consists of a partly excavated oval dwelling chamber
+(<i>a</i>), 7 feet by 14 feet on the floor; the dome roof has fallen in;
+there are two <i>cuiltean</i>, or niches in the wall. A low curved
+subterranean passage (<i>b</i>), about 2&frac12; feet square and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> 20 feet in
+length, leads into an elongated bee-hive chamber (<i>c</i>), 13 feet by
+5 feet, and 6&frac34; feet high; from thence an entrance (<i>d</i>), 2 feet by
+2 feet, admits to a small circular chamber or cell (<i>e</i>), 5 feet in
+diameter and 5 feet high. The main passage inclines downwards, so
+that the floor of the second chamber (<i>c</i>) is nearly 3 feet lower
+than that of the first (<i>a</i>); and that of the inner one (<i>e</i>) a
+foot below the second (<i>c</i>)."</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+   <a id="image11" name="image11"></a><a href="images/11large.jpg">
+   <img src="images/11.jpg"
+      alt="PLATE XI."
+      title="PLATE XI." /></a><br />
+   <span class="caption">PLATE XI.<br /><br />GROUND PLAN OF <i>BOTH</i> AND UNDERGROUND GALLERY, OR <i>TIGH LAIR</i>, NEAR MOL
+A DEAS, HUISHNISH, ISLAND OF SOUTH UIST.</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+   <a id="image12" name="image12"></a><a href="images/12large.jpg">
+   <img src="images/12.jpg"
+      alt="PLATE XII."
+      title="PLATE XII." /></a><br />
+   <span class="caption">PLATE XII.<br /><br />RESTORED ELEVATION OF ANCIENT BOTH AND SECTION OF HYPOGEUM OR TIGH LAIR,
+ON THE LINE a, k, NEAR MOL A DEAS, HUISHNISH, SOUTH UIST.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>"These piers were about 4 feet high, 4 feet to 6 feet long, and 1&frac12; foot
+to 2 feet broad; and there was a passage of from 1 foot to 2 feet in
+width between the wall and them."</p>
+
+<p>"On a small, flattish terrace, where the hill sloped steeply, an area
+had been cleared by digging away the bank, so that the wall of the
+house, for nearly half its circumference, was the side of the hill,
+faced with stone.... The hypogeum or subterranean gallery is on a level
+with the floor, pierced towards the hill, and is entered by a very small
+doorway [marked <i>d</i> on Ground Plan, Plate XI.].... It is but 18 inches
+high and 2 feet broad, so that a very stout or large man could not get
+in." (<i>Op. cit.</i>, pp. 166, 167.)</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plates <a href="#image11">XI.</a> and <a href="#image12">XII.</a></span>&mdash;<i>"Both" and Underground Gallery at
+Huishnish, South Uist.</i></h4>
+
+<h4>(From Plates XXXIV. and XXXV. of Vol. VII. of <i>Proceedings of the
+Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</i>, First Series.)</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"An ancient dwelling, semi-subterranean, exists at Nisibost, Harris
+[and is described in vol. iii. of the <i>Proceedings</i>, p. 140].... A
+still finer example exists near to Meall na h-Uamh, in South
+Uist.... The bo'h, or Pict's house, as it would be called in the
+Orkneys&mdash;but the name is unknown in the Long Island&mdash;that I am
+about to describe lies less than half a mile above the shepherd's
+house; but so little curiosity had that individual that he was
+entirely unacquainted with it; and I believe it would never have
+been found by us but for a little terrier (in its etymological
+sense, of course) of a daughter. The child was only acquainted with
+the two here drawn [of which the other&mdash;viz., <i>Uamh Sgalabhad</i>, is
+here reproduced as Plate I., frontispiece]; but there may be many
+more waiting the researches of the zealous antiquary." (Captain
+Thomas, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 165.)</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+   <a id="image13" name="image13"></a><a href="images/13large.jpg">
+   <img src="images/13.jpg"
+      alt="PLATE XIII."
+      title="PLATE XIII." /></a><br />
+   <span class="caption">PLATE XIII.<br /><br />GROUND PLAN AND ENTRANCE OF UNDERGROUND GALLERY AT PAIBLE, TARANSAY,
+HARRIS.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>"The drawing is from a photograph of the entrance, which is 2 feet 10
+inches high and 1&frac12; foot broad. The sea flows up to it at high tides."</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h4><a href="#image13"><span class="smcap">Plate XIII.</span></a>&mdash;<i>Underground Gallery at Paible, Taransay, Harris.</i></h4>
+
+<h4>(From Plate XXIX. of Vol. VII. of <i>Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland</i>, First Series.)</h4>
+
+<p>Describing this earth-house, Captain Thomas says:&mdash;"The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>
+drawing is from a photograph of the entrance, which is 2 feet 10 inches
+high and 1&frac12; foot broad. The sea flows up to it at high tides. On
+crawling in, there is seen the usual guard-cell (<i>b</i>), close beside the
+entrance, but so small that we may be sure the sentinel, if there was
+one, must have been a light weight; in fact, we are almost driven to the
+conclusion that there were no Bantings in those days. This guard-cell is
+but 2 feet 5 inches high, and 3 feet in width. The gallery then turns at
+a right angle to the left hand. We excavated it for 22 feet.... When
+digging, we came upon two broken stone dishes (corn-crushers?) now in
+the Museum [Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]; and above the gallery
+were most of the bones of a small ox, placed orderly together.... Bones
+of the seal were common, and a few of the eagle." (<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 169.)</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+   <a id="image14" name="image14"></a><a href="images/14large.jpg">
+   <img src="images/14.jpg"
+      alt="PLATE XIV."
+      title="PLATE XIV." /></a><br />
+   <span class="caption">PLATE XIV.<br /><br />MAES-HOW, ORKNEY.</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+   <a id="image15" name="image15"></a><a href="images/15large.jpg">
+   <img src="images/15.jpg"
+      alt="PLATE XV."
+      title="PLATE XV." /></a><br />
+   <span class="caption">PLATE XV.<br /><br />INTERIOR OF MAES-HOW, ORKNEY<br />(<i>Facing inner doorway of gallery</i>).</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Cell or Bed in Wall.</i></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+   <a id="image16" name="image16"></a><a href="images/16large.jpg">
+   <img src="images/16.jpg"
+      alt="PLATE XVI."
+      title="PLATE XVI." /></a><br />
+   <span class="caption">PLATE XVI.<br /><br />SECTIONAL VIEW AND GROUND PLAN OF MAES-HOW.</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plates <a href="#image14">XIV.</a>, <a href="#image15">XV.</a>, and <a href="#image16">XVI.</a></span>&mdash;<i>Maes-How, Orkney.</i></h4>
+
+<p>These plates represent the "Pict's house" referred to by Captain Thomas
+(pp. <a href="#Page_50">50-51</a>, <i>ante</i>), with regard to which he says:&mdash;"Maes howe was for
+three families&mdash;grandees, no doubt; but the numbers it was intended to
+hold in the <i>beds</i> may be learned by comparing them with the Amazon's
+House, St. Kilda."</p>
+
+<p>The structure last named is described by Captain Thomas and Mr. T.S.
+Muir in vol. iii. of the <i>Proceedings</i> (pp. 225-228), where it is
+stated:&mdash;"The Amazon's House is of the same class with our earliest
+stone buildings&mdash;belonging to the era of cromlechs, stone-circles,
+Picts' castles, &amp;c.; but while in other parts of Britain the style and
+type have vanished for a thousand years, in the Outer Hebrides we find
+them (in the Bothan [<i>i.e.</i>, 'boths' or 'bee-hive houses'] of Uig)
+continued<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> to the present day." The following additional remarks by
+Captain Thomas are also of interest in this connection:&mdash;"It appears
+that besides the Tigh na Bhanna ghaisgach (Ty-na-Van-a-ghas-gec), or
+Amazon's House&mdash;and of whom all tradition, except her name, has
+gone&mdash;there are the remains of other submerged dwellings and hypogea.
+Miss Euphemia MacCrimmon, the oldest inhabitant of that far-off island,
+tells that a certain Donald Macdonald and John Macqueen, on passing a
+hillock, heard churning going on within. And about thirty years ago,
+when digging into the hillock to make the foundations of a new house,
+they discovered what seemed to be the fairies' residence, built of
+stones inside, and holes in the wall, or croops, as they call them, as
+in Airidh na Bhannaghaisgach."<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></p>
+
+<p>It will be noticed that the "beds" in Maes-How are on a higher level
+than the floor of the main chamber. "In the winter houses," observes
+Captain Thomas,<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> "the floor of the bed-place was raised 3 or 4 feet
+above the ground."</p>
+
+<p>The original use of Maes-How is a matter of opinion, and some have
+assumed it to belong to the class of sepulchral mounds, although there
+is no evidence in support of this belief. For many reasons, the opinions
+of Captain Thomas are endorsed by the present writer. It may be added
+that, prior to 1861, when the mound was opened, local tradition had
+declared that it was the residence of a "hog-boy," or mound-dweller.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> <i>Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot.</i> (First Series), vol. vii. p.
+172.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> <i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 164.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+   <a id="image17" name="image17"></a><a href="images/17large.jpg">
+   <img src="images/17.jpg"
+      alt="PLATE XVII."
+      title="PLATE XVII." /></a><br />
+   <span class="caption">PLATE XVII.<br /><br />THE BRUGH OF THE BOYNE, NEW GRANGE, COUNTY MEATH</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+   <a id="image18" name="image18"></a><a href="images/18large.jpg">
+   <img src="images/18.jpg"
+      alt="PLATE XVIII."
+      title="PLATE XVIII." /></a><br />
+   <span class="caption">PLATE XVIII.<br /><br />DOORWAY OF THE BRUGH OF THE BOYNE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+   <a id="image19" name="image19"></a><a href="images/19large.jpg">
+   <img src="images/19.jpg"
+      alt="PLATE XIX."
+      title="PLATE XIX." /></a><br />
+   <span class="caption">PLATE XIX.<br /><br />GROUND PLAN OF THE BRUGH OF THE BOYNE (as at present explored).</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Plates <a href="#image17">XVII.</a>, <a href="#image18">XVIII.</a>, and <a href="#image19">XIX.</a></span>&mdash;<i>Brugh of the Boyne, New
+Grange, County Meath.</i></h4>
+
+<p>The diagrams here shown are from drawings by Mr. W.F. Wakeman, the
+veteran Irish arch&aelig;ologist.<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> With reference to the spiral carvings at
+the doorway of the Brugh, it may be mentioned that "the same kind of
+ornament appears on a stone found amidst a heap which had once been a
+'Pict's-house' in the island of Eday, Orkney;"<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> and that in Orkney,
+also, there has been found, in an underground house, a large stone
+"saucer," or "tray," resembling the two shown in the ground plan of the
+Brugh. (There appears to be no settled opinion as to the uses of those
+"saucers.")</p>
+
+<p>In connection with the identification of this mound with the "Brugh of
+the Boyne" of ancient Irish history, the following remarks may be
+quoted. The Rev. Father O'Laverty, in the Journal of the Royal Society
+of Antiquaries of Ireland (December, 1892, p. 430) thus observes:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"In his very valuable work, <i>The Boyne and Blackwater</i>, Sir William
+Wilde appears to me to have used convincing arguments to prove that
+<i>Brugh-na-Boinne</i> ... was ... on the left bank of the Boyne,
+convenient to the ford of <i>Ros-na-righ</i> (Rossnaree) at Knowth,
+Dowth, and Newgrange. To Sir William's arguments one point only was
+wanting: the old name had disappeared.... It is now more than
+thirty years since I went to Newgrange for the special purpose of
+investigating that matter. I explained to Mr. Maguire, then of
+Newgrange, and to his son, that <i>Brugh-na-Boinne</i> signified 'the
+town, or dwelling-place, on the Boyne,' that the word <i>Brugh</i> would
+assume the modern form <i>Bro</i>, as in Brughshane (pronounced
+Broshane), and many other townland names, and that <i>na-Boinne</i>, 'of
+the Boyne,' would probably cease to be used as unnecessary at the
+site. I need not say that I was greatly pleased when they informed
+me that the field in which is the mound of Newgrange is called the
+<i>Bro-Park</i>, while in the immediate vicinity are the <i>Bro-Farm</i>, the
+<i>Bro-Mill</i>, and the <i>Bro-Cottage</i>." [And also, they might have
+added, the mansion of <i>Broe House</i>.]</p></div>
+
+<p>Any one, therefore, who duly considers the matter, in relation to the
+statements of both of these writers, will see that the mound at New
+Grange is the <i>Brugh-na-Boinne</i> of Irish history and tradition. And this
+name, says Father O'Laverty, "signified 'the town, or dwelling-place, on
+the Boyne.'" What, then, are the earliest associations with this "town
+or dwelling-place?"</p>
+
+<p>It is said<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> to have been built by a celebrated "king and oracle" of
+the people known as the Tuatha D&eacute;, Dea, or De Danann, and to have been
+the residence of himself and others of his race. This chief (Eochaid
+<i>Ollathair</i>) is usually referred to as "the Dagda," or "the Daghda M&ograve;r";
+and of his nation it is asserted that, after having invaded Ireland and
+conquered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> its native "Fir-Bolgs," they were themselves conquered in
+turn by a later race of immigrants, the Gaels. This "Brugh," therefore,
+is said to have been the residence of the Dagda, and, after him, of
+Angus, one of his sons. Consequently, it is very frequently styled "the
+Brugh of Angus, son of the Dagda," an appellation which assumes various
+forms.<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> Latterly, it seems to have been most generally known as "the
+Brugh" (<i>par excellence</i>), or, more simply still, as "Brugh." In the
+Book of Leinster it is specified as one of "Ireland's three undeniable
+eminences [<i>dindgna</i>]"<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a>; while "an ancient poem by Mac Nia, son of
+Oenna (in the Book of Ballymote, fol. 190 b.)," styles it "a king's
+mansion" and a "<i>s&iacute;dh</i>." The same MS. (32 <i>a b</i>) gives the variant <i>S&iacute;dh
+an Bhrogha</i>, rendered by Dr. Standish O'Grady "the fairy fort of the
+<i>Brugh</i> upon the Boyne."<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> This word "<i>s&iacute;dh</i>," which was
+applied&mdash;probably in the first place&mdash;to hollow mounds such as this, but
+which was also applied to the dwellers in them, gave the Tuatha De
+Danann their most popular name. Because it was on account of their
+residence in "the green mounds, known by the name of <i>S&iacute;dh</i>," that they
+were called "the <i>Fir S&iacute;dhe</i> [<i>i.e.</i>, men of the <i>s&iacute;dhs</i>], or Fairies,
+of Ireland."<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> The one word, indeed (<i>s&iacute;dh</i>), became indifferently
+applied to the dwellings and the dwellers. Whichever was the earliest
+meaning of that word, there is little dubiety as to the etymology of
+<i>Siabhra</i>. In one copy of the <i>Leabhar na h-Uidhre</i>,<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> it is stated
+that the Tuatha De Danann<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> "were called <i>Siabhras</i>." O'Reilly defines
+<i>siabhra</i> as "a fairy," and <i>siabhrach</i> as "fairy-like"; while "a fairy
+mansion" is <i>siabhrugh</i>. With Connellan, again, <i>siabhrog</i> is "a fairy."
+It seems quite evident that these are all corruptions of <i>s&iacute;dh-bhrugh</i>
+(otherwise <i>S&iacute;dh an Bhrogha</i>, as above), and that <i>Siabhra</i>, as applied
+to the <i>dwellers</i>, was simply a transference from the name denoting
+their <i>dwellings</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Numerous as are the references to this mound as a "dwelling-place," its
+name figures prominently in the list of the ancient cemeteries of
+Ireland. <i>Relec in Broga</i>, "the Cemetery of the Brugh," is referred to
+as one of "the three cemeteries of Idolaters," in an Irish manuscript of
+the twelfth century (or earlier), the <i>Leabhar na h-Uidhre</i> cited above.
+Of the two others, one is "the Cemetery of Cruachan"; and, by glancing
+at it, in the first place, we shall obtain a good idea of the Cemetery
+of the Brugh. "We find that the monuments within the cemetery at
+Rathcroghan,"<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> says Mr. Petrie, "are small circular mounds, which,
+when examined, are found to cover rude, sepulchral chambers formed of
+stone, without cement of any kind, and containing unburned bones."<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a>
+And the twelfth-century scribe whom Mr. Petrie largely quotes, says that
+there were fifty such mounds (<i>cnoc</i>) in the cemetery at Cruachan. This
+medi&aelig;val scholar has copied a poem on the subject, "ascribed to Dorban,
+a poet of West Connaught," wherein it is said that it is not in the
+power of poets or of sages to reckon the number of heroes under the
+Cruachan mounds, and that there is not a hillock (<i>cnoc</i>) in that
+cemetery "which is not the grave of a king or royal prince, or of a
+woman, or warlike poet."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> In another verse, he says that <i>each</i> of the
+fifty mounds had a warrior under it; and, altogether, it appears that,
+although their number could doubtless be "reckoned," yet the burial
+mounds of Cruachan, in or about the twelfth century, much exceeded fifty
+in number. "Fifty" is simply used by the poet and his commentator to
+show that, like the two other cemeteries of the triad (each of which is
+also said to have had fifty) the Cemetery of Cruachan contained about a
+third of the pagan notables of Ireland.</p>
+
+<p>From this we see that, about the twelfth century, the Cemetery of the
+Brugh contained at least fifty sepulchral mounds such as those described
+by Mr. Petrie at Cruachan. Mr. Petrie further quotes two passages from
+the <i>Dinnsenchus</i>, which specify in the following terms some of the most
+famous of those "monuments" at the Brugh:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Grave [or Stone Cairn, <i>Leacht</i>] of the Dagda; the Grave of
+Aedh Luirgnech, son of the Dagda; the Graves of Cirr and Cuirrell,
+wives of the Dagda&mdash;'these are two hillocks [<i>da cnoc</i>]'; the Grave
+of Esclam, the Dagda's Brehon, 'which is called <i>Fert-Patric</i> at
+this day'; the Cashel [or Stone Enclosure] of Angus, son of
+Crunmael; the Cave [<i>Derc</i>] of Buailcc Bec; the Stone Cairn
+[<i>Leacht</i>] of Cellach, son of Maelcobha; the Stone Cairn [<i>Leacht</i>]
+of the steed of Cinaedh, son of Irgalach; the Prison [<i>Carcar</i>] of
+Liath-Macha; the 'Glen' of the Mata; the Pillar Stone of Buidi, the
+son of Muiredh, where his head is interred; the Stone of Benn; the
+Grave of Boinn, the wife of Nechtan; the 'Bed' of the daughter of
+Forann; the <i>Barc</i> of Crimthann Nianar, in which he was interred;
+the Grave of Fedelmidh, the Lawgiver; the <i>Cumot</i> of Cairbre
+Lifeachair; the <i>Fulacht</i> of Fiachna Sraiphtine."</p></div>
+
+<p>These, of course, are only some of the most famous of the sepulchral
+monuments which existed in the Cemetery of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> Brugh eight or nine
+centuries ago. Since that time, most of them have disappeared, their
+stones having been presumably built into castles, mansions, cottages and
+walls, while the bones of the queens and heroes have fertilised the soil
+of the neighbouring farms. But there still remain a few
+"standing-stones" and "moats" in the vicinity of the Brugh, all of which
+may be included in the above list.</p>
+
+<p>I have cited that list for the reason that modern antiquaries, or many
+of them, have assumed that <i>S&iacute;d in Broga</i> and <i>Relec in Broga</i> are
+synonymous terms, and that when a king or hero is recorded to have been
+buried "at Brugh," that means that he was buried <i>in</i> the Brugh itself.
+In other words, that a place which was known as Fert-Patrick in or about
+the twelfth century, as also the "cashel" and the many hillocks, graves,
+and cairns mentioned in the list&mdash;not to speak of innumerable
+others&mdash;were all situated in the chamber which is shown in Plate XIX. It
+does not require a moment's reflection to convince one that this is an
+erroneous assumption. Nor is it warranted by the "History of the
+Cemeteries" itself, which always speaks of the burials having been "<i>at</i>
+Brugh."<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a></p>
+
+<p>One other statement, however, must be referred to. In another verse of
+Dorban's poem, mentioned above, it is said that "the host of Meath" are
+buried "<i>ar l&aacute;r in Broga tuathaig</i>." This is rendered by Petrie, "in the
+middle of the lordly Brugh." The translation is no doubt good; and it is
+open to any one to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> deduce therefrom that the chamber shown in the plan
+contained at one time the skeletons of the host of Meath. In that case,
+the "host" must have been very limited in number; and anyone who has
+crawled along the sixty-foot passage into the Brugh, and who adopts this
+view, must wonder a little as to how the corpses were conveyed along
+that passage, and as to the reasons which must have induced some people
+(prior to 1699, when the chamber was almost, if not altogether, void of
+such relics)<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> to drag all those bones out again, at much personal
+inconvenience. But "<i>ar l&aacute;r in Broga</i>" may also mean "in the [burying-]
+ground of the Brugh"; and the descriptions quoted above from the
+<i>Dinnsenchus</i> show quite clearly that the ground in which "the host of
+Meath" were buried embraced a considerable tract of land, dotted over
+with mounds and monuments, differing only in degree from those of a
+modern cemetery.<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a></p>
+
+<p>The twelfth-century commentator of Dorban's poem states:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The nobles of the Tuatha De Danann (with the exception of seven of
+them who were interred at Talten [which was the third 'Cemetery of
+the Idolaters']) were buried at Brugh, <i>i.e.</i>, Lugh, and Oe, son of
+Ollamh, and Ogma, and Carpre, son of Etan, and Etan (the poetess)
+herself, and the Dagda and his three sons (<i>i.e.</i>, Aedh, and
+Oengus, and Cermait), and a great<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> many others besides of the
+Tuatha De Dananns, and Firbolgs and others."<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>But, afterwards, "the race of Heremon, <i>i.e.</i>, the kings of Tara," who
+used to bury at Cruachan (because that was the chief seat in their
+special principality of Connaught) came to bury at Brugh. "The first
+king of them that was interred at Brugh" was a certain Crimthann,
+surnamed <i>Nianar</i>, the son of Lughaidh Riabh-n-derg;<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> and the reason
+why Crimthann decided to abandon the burying-place of his forefathers
+was "because his wife Nar was of the Tuatha Dea, and it was she
+solicited him that he should adopt Brugh as a burial-place for himself
+and his descendants, and this was the cause that they did not bury at
+Cruachan."<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> It would appear that the ruling dynasty of the Tuatha Dea
+had ended in a female, both on account of Nar's action in this matter,
+and because her husband became known by her name&mdash;as Nianar
+(<i>Niadk-N&aacute;ir</i>) or "Nar's Champion."</p>
+
+<p>This Nar is a very interesting personage in the present connection.
+Because, being one of the Tuatha Dea, she was a <i>siabhra</i>, or woman of
+the <i>s&iacute;dhs</i>; otherwise, a <i>bean-s&iacute;de</i> (modernised into "banshee"). This
+is plainly stated in two other Irish manuscripts, with an additional
+explanation which is very apposite. It is said that Crimthann was called
+Nar's Champion "because his wife Nar <i>thuathchaech</i> out of the <i>s&iacute;dhes</i>,
+or of the Pict-folk [<i>a s&iacute;daib no do Chruithentuaith</i>], she it was that
+took him off on an adventure." A companion statement is that made in
+another manuscript to the effect<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> that "Nar <i>thuathchaech</i>, the
+daughter of Lotan of the Pict-folk [<i>N&aacute;r thuathchaech ingen Lotain do
+Chruithentuaith</i>], was the mother of Feradach <i>finnfhechtnach</i>," or "the
+brightly prosperous"&mdash;a king of Ireland.<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a></p>
+
+<p>Incidentally, therefore, in considering the Brugh of the Boyne and the
+people most associated with it, we find very distinct confirmation of
+the main part of the contention in the foregoing treatise. From these
+extracts it is evident that those early writers regarded <i>siabhra,
+fear-s&iacute;dh, bean-s&iacute;dh</i>, and <i>daoine-s&iacute;dh</i> (words which may also be
+interpreted "mound-dweller") as ordinary folk-names for the Picts; just
+in the same way as any historian of the frontier wars in North America
+would understand by "Red-skin" and "Greaser" the more classic "Indian"
+and "Mexican."</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> Earlier illustrations, from drawings made in 1724 by Mr.
+Samuel Molyneux, a Dublin student, may be seen in Part II. of "A Natural
+History of Ireland," Dublin, 1726. Other eighteenth-century
+representations of the same place occur in a volume of old plates,
+belonging to the Society of Antiquaries (London). This volume is
+endorsed "Celtic Remains; I," and its contents form part of (says the
+fly-leaf) "a collection of plates from the Arch&aelig;ologia collected by Mr.
+Akerman when the Society's Stock was sold off and arranged more or less
+in Classes." The views of the Brugh will be found at pp. 239, 253, and
+254 (Plates XIX.-XXII.). Colonel Forbes Leslie has two excellent plates,
+from drawings of his own, in his <i>Early Races of Scotland</i> (Edin. 1866),
+vol. ii.; where he also refers to Wilde's <i>Boyne and Blackwater</i> and
+Wakeman's <i>Irish Antiquities</i>. A recent work, illustrating the same
+subject, but which I have not yet had an opportunity of seeing, is Mr.
+George Coffey's "Tumuli and Inscribed Stones at New Grange, Dowth, and
+Knowth," Dublin, 1893.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> Forbes Leslie's <i>Early Races of Scotland</i>, vol. ii. p.
+335, <i>note</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> O'Curry's <i>Lectures</i>, Dublin, 1861, p. 505.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> For most of which see Dr. Standish O'Grady's <i>Silva
+Gadelica</i>, pp. 102-3, 146, 233, 474, and 484.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> <i>Silva Gadelica</i> (English translation), pp. 474 and 520.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> <i>Op. cit.</i> (English translation), p. 522.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Skene's <i>Celtic Scotland</i>, vol. iii. pp. 106-7.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Class H. 3, 17, Trinity College, Dublin. [I quote from Mr.
+Petrie's "Round Towers," Trans, of Roy. Irish Acad., vol. xx. (Dublin,
+1845), p. 98.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> Rath Chruachain, Co. Roscommon: the cemetery was styled
+<i>Relig na Riogh</i>, or the Cemetery of Kings.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> <i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 106.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> "<i>Is in Brug, or Bruig</i>." Mr. Petrie invariably translates
+this as "at" Brugh. But I observe that Dr. Standish O'Grady (<i>Silva
+Gadelica</i>, p. 256; and p. 289 of English translation) renders the Gaelic
+particle by English "in." To decide between two Gaelic scholars is not
+within my province. But if Dr. O'Grady understands "the Brugh" to be
+synonymous with <i>S&iacute;dh an Bhrogha</i> (as perhaps he does not), the adoption
+of his reading would lead to an inference which is opposed to common
+sense.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Molyneux, writing in 1725, says that "when first the cave
+was opened, the bones of two dead bodies entire, not burnt, were found
+upon the floor." Colonel Forbes Leslie remarks: "Llhuyd, the antiquary,
+writing in 1699, makes no mention of any human remains being found in
+it."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Since the above was written, the quarterly number, June
+1893, of the <i>Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland</i>
+has been issued, and a note therein confirms the suspicion, indicated in
+Mr. Wakeman's drawing, that the whole mound is not yet explored. But the
+above remarks are applicable in any case.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> Petrie: <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 106.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> That is, Lughaidh of the Red Stripes; "meaning that on his
+person he had two such: one as girdle round his middle, another as
+necklace round his neck." (<i>Silva Gadelica</i>, English translation, p.
+544.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Petrie (<i>op. cit.</i>, p. 101), quoting from the "History of
+the Cemeteries" in the <i>Leabhar na h-Uidhre</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> These two extracts are from <i>Silva Gadelica</i>, Eng.
+transl., pp. 495 and 544; where the references are, respectively, "Book
+of Ballymote, 250 <i>a b</i>," and "Kilbride No. 3, Advocates' Library,
+Edinburgh, 5."</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+   <a id="image20" name="image20"></a><a href="images/20large.jpg">
+   <img src="images/20.jpg"
+      alt="PLATES XX. AND XXI."
+      title="PLATES XX. AND XXI." /></a><br />
+   <span class="caption">PLATES XX. AND XXI.<br /><br />SECTIONAL VIEW AND GROUND PLAN OF THE DENGHOOG, ISLAND OF SYLT.</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+   <a id="image21" name="image21"></a><a href="images/21large.jpg">
+   <img src="images/21.jpg"
+      alt="PLATE XXII."
+      title="PLATE XXII." /></a><br />
+   <span class="caption">PLATE XXII.<br /><br />INTERIOR OF THE DENGHOOG, ISLAND OF SYLT.</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h4><a href="#image20"><span class="smcap">Plates XX. and XXI.</span></a>&mdash;<i>The Denghoog, Island of Sylt, North
+Friesland.</i></h4>
+
+<p>In addition to my original collection, I am now able to show three views
+of the Denghoog, in Sylt, which is the mound referred to on p. <a href="#Page_34">34</a>
+(<i>ante</i>). Mr. W.G. Black speaks of it thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"There is some confusion as to King Finn's dwelling. As doctors
+differ, we may be allowed to claim that it was the Denghoog, close
+to Wenningstedt, if only because we descended into that remarkable
+dwelling. Externally merely a swelling green mound, like so many
+others in Sylt, entrance is gained by a trap-door in the roof, and
+decending a steep ladder, one finds himself in a subterranean
+chamber, some seventeen by ten feet in size, the walls of which are
+twelve huge blocks of Swedish granite;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> the height of the roof
+varies from five feet to six feet. The original entrance appears to
+have been a long narrow passage, seventeen feet long and about two
+feet wide and high. This mound was examined by a Hamburg professor
+in 1868, who found remains of a fireplace, bones of a small man,
+some clay urns, and stone weapons. Later, a Kiel professor is said
+to have carried off all he found therein to Kiel Museum, and so far
+we have not been able to trace the published accounts of his
+investigations."<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Christian Jensen, Oevenum, F&ouml;hr, to whom I am indebted for these
+three views, has favoured me with the following information:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The sketches of the Denhoog which I enclose [viz., the Ground Plan
+and Sectional View] are from the drawings of Professor Wibel, who
+conducted the excavation of it in 1868. From his and C.P. Hansen's
+observations I contribute the following statements: Originally, the
+mound was higher, but in 1868 it had the form of a truncated cone,
+4&frac12; <i>m&egrave;tres</i> [say 14 feet 9 inches] in height. As may be seen from
+the picture, it slopes away to the south above the original passage
+into the mound, which the dweller made use of as his entrance; so
+that the extent is very considerable. The present entrance, as may
+be seen from the view of the interior, was made from above, at the
+north side, directly opposite the original entrance.... Dr. Wibel
+says: 'At the south side of the chamber is the doorway for ingress
+and egress, with the passage itself leading from it. This passage,
+which was 6 <i>m&egrave;tres</i> [19 feet 8 inches] in length, was lined with
+upright blocks of granite and gneiss, with a roofing and floor made
+of flagstones of the same kinds of stone. It was opened up all the
+way to the mouth of the passage. This [the outer orifice] lay close
+to the extremity of the earth and near the floor of the mound, was
+closed with earth only, not with a stone, and measured about 1
+<i>m&egrave;tre</i> [3 feet 3.4 inches] in height, and 1&#8531; <i>m&egrave;tre</i> in breadth.
+On account of these dimensions ... one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> can only creep through
+with difficulty, and for that reason the plan does not show with
+accuracy the position of the wall-slabs, and their number is merely
+conjectured to be nine.'</p>
+
+<p>"Immediately after this excavation of 17-19 September, 1868, C.P.
+Hansen writes as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"'There are in the island of Sylt hillocks of ancient origin, for
+the most part pagan burying-places, but some of which may have
+served as the dwelling-places of a primitive people. One such
+hillock has just been opened at Wenningstedt. The interior was
+found to be a chamber, 17 feet long, 10 feet in breadth, and from 5
+to 6 feet in height, with a covered passage about 22 feet long,
+trending southward. The walls of this underground room were
+composed of twelve large granite blocks, regularly arranged; the
+roof consisted of three still larger slabs of the same kind of
+rock; the stones which formed the passage were smaller. At one
+corner of the floor of the cellar there was a well-defined
+fireplace, and near it were urns and flint implements; in the
+opposite corner there were many bones lying, apparently unburned,
+probably those of the last dweller in the cavern.'"</p></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Christian Jensen gives an account of "Der Denghoog bei Wenningstedt"
+in the "Beilage zu Nr. 146 der Flensburger Nachrichten" of 25th June
+1893, in which he says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"... On the floor of the chamber, three separate divisions were
+distinctly visible, of which one, situated on the east side, showed
+traces of having been a fireplace. Professor Wibel found several
+fragments of human bones, which evidently belonged only to <i>one</i>
+individual, as no portion was duplicated; also a few animals'
+bones. There was an extraordinary number of fragments of pottery,
+belonging to about 24 different urns, of which 11 could be put
+together. Their form and ornamentation were both fine and varied,
+an interesting witness to the ceramics of the grey past.... Among
+the stone implements found were a great many flint-knives; two
+stone hatchets, two chisels, and a gouge, all of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> flint, and a disc
+of porphyry were also obtained. Several mineral substances,
+quartzite, rubble-stones, gravel, ochre, a sinter-heap&mdash;these are
+less interesting than the seven amber beads which, with some
+charcoal, completes the list of objects found. Referring to former
+investigations of galleried mounds [<i>gangbauten</i>], which seem to
+have been used in some cases as burying-places, in others as
+dwellings, Dr. Wibel observes, in answer to the question resulting
+from his discovery, as to whether the Denghoog ought to be regarded
+as a sepulchre or as a dwelling, that, as Nilsson has already said,
+all gallery-mounds were originally dwellings, and occasionally
+became utilised as tombs. In the case of the Denghoog, this fact is
+demonstrated by the fireplace, the scattered potsherds, the amber
+beads, &amp;c."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> <i>Heligoland</i>, Edin. and Lond., 1888, pp. 84-85.</p></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Of the little woodcut which forms the <a href="#image22">Tailpiece</a> of this volume, it is
+hardly necessary to say that it represents some popular ideas regarding
+"the little people." The woodcut of which this is a facsimile is one of
+those contained in the eighteenth-century chap-book, "<i>Round about our
+Coal Fire</i>; or, Christmas Entertainments," and it heads the chapter "<i>Of
+Fairies, their Use and Dignity</i>." "They generally came out of a
+Mole-hill," it is said; "they had fine Musick always among themselves,
+and Danced in a Moonshiny Night around, or in a Ring as one may see at
+this Day upon every Common in <i>England</i>, where Mushroones [<i>sic</i>] grow,"
+The size of the mushroom, so elegantly depicted in the foreground, is
+quite on a scale suitable to the stature ultimately accorded to the
+little people in many districts; so also is the mole-hill. But the tree,
+and the Satanic head in the foliage, are curiously out of proportion.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>An examination of these various diagrams will show that the more
+primitive of those structures were obviously built by a small-sized
+race; some of the passages being quite impassable to large men of the
+present day. This peculiarity was noticed by Scott when visiting the
+"brochs" of Shetland, a kindred class of structures (none of which are
+here shown). "These Duns or Picts' Castles are so small," he says,
+writing in his Diary in August 1814, "it is impossible to conceive what
+effectual purpose they could serve excepting a temporary refuge for the
+chief." This reflection was suggested to him by the Broch of
+Cleik-him-in (now usually written Clickemin), near Lerwick; and in
+describing it he says: "The interior gallery, with its apertures, is so
+extremely low and narrow, being only about three feet square, that it is
+difficult to conceive how it could serve the purpose of communication.
+At any rate, the size fully justifies the tradition prevalent here, as
+well as in the south of Scotland, that the Picts were a diminutive
+race." Of the Broch of Mousa he says: "The uppermost gallery is so
+narrow and low that it was with great difficulty I crept through it,"&mdash;a
+feat which baffled the present writer.<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> In all those cases, of
+course, it is understood one has to crawl. As with the Lapps and the
+Eskimos, creeping was much more a matter of course with the builders of
+those places than it is with us. After getting through such passages it
+happens that, in several instances, the roof is higher than is required
+for the tallest living man.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> An admirable example of such a place is the
+underground "Picts' House" at Pitcur, in Forfarshire, which would be
+quite a palace to people of a small race, and very likely figures as
+such in some popular tale; its dimensions and appearance considerably
+magnified with every century.<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> But even this "fairy palace" was
+entered by narrow, downward-sloping passages, similar to that seen in
+the Frontispiece, down and up which the dwellers had to crawl. An
+underground gallery such as that of Ardtole (near Ardglass, County
+Down), is somewhat puzzling, because, while one chamber off it rises to
+a height of 5 feet 3 inches, another is only 3&frac12; feet high; and the main
+gallery, for 70 feet of its length, is 4&frac12; feet high, with a width of 3
+feet 4 inches. The inference from this seems to be that the occupants
+were under 4&frac12; feet in height. If they had intended to crawl along the 70
+feet, they did not require so high a roof; whereas, if they walked, and
+if they were more than 4&frac12; feet in height, they would need to walk the 70
+feet in a stooping posture, a constraint which they could easily have
+avoided by raising the roof a foot or two. The highest roof in all this
+souterrain being 5 feet 3, it does not seem likely that the builders
+were taller than that; and there seems more reason to believe that they
+were much smaller. Another such gallery in Sutherlandshire is "nowhere
+more than 4&frac12; feet in height, and for the greater part of its length only
+2 feet wide, expanding to 3&frac12;, for about 3 feet only from the inner end."
+Still more restricted is the "rath-cave" of Ballyknock, in the parish of
+Ballynoe, barony of Kinnatalloon, County Cork. "The cave is a mere
+cutting in the clayey subsoil, and is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> roofed with flags resting on the
+clayey banks of the cutting, of which the length is about 100 feet, and
+the height and width from 3 to 3&frac12; feet, except that the width to a
+height of 2 feet is hardly a foot at the N.W. turn, 23 feet from the
+N.E. end, and at a point 27 feet from the S.E. end.... Right below the
+aperture ... was a short pillar-stone, deeply scored with Oghams ...
+[and] many of the roofing slabs were seen ... to be inscribed with
+Oghams, some large and others minute."<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></p>
+
+<p>"This class of structures deserves a careful study," observes Captain
+Thomas, referring to the souterrains of the north-west of Scotland;<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a>
+"for the room or accommodation afforded by this mode of building is
+exceedingly small when compared with the labour expended in procuring
+it; besides, the doorway or entry is often so contracted that no bulky
+object, not even a very stout man, could get in ... But what are we to
+think when the single passage is so small that only a child could crawl
+through it?"</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> On the very topmost course of all, the gallery dwindles
+into such insignificant dimensions that not even a dwarf (as one would
+naturally understand that term) could creep along it. Scott cannot have
+meant this very extremity. With regard to it, I should be inclined to
+say that it was merely the necessary finish of the gallery, not intended
+to be used any more than the spaces beside the eaves of a house.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> The tendency to "idealisation on the part of the narrator"
+is referred to, in this connection, by Mr. Joseph Jacobs, at p. 242 of
+his "English Fairy Tales" (London, D. Nutt, 1890).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> <i>Jour. Roy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland</i>, 1891 (Third Quarter), p.
+517. It is not inappropriate to add that one of these inscriptions
+reads: "Branan, son of Ochal," and that the decipherer (the Rev. Edmond
+Barry, M.R.I.A.) identifies this latter name with "the name of a King of
+the Fairies of Connaught (<i>Ri S&iacute;de Connacht</i>)": <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 524-525.
+The Ardtole souterrain is described in the Journal of the same Society
+(July-October, 1889, p. 245), by Mr. Seaton F. Milligan, M.R.I.A.; and
+the one in Sutherlandshire is referred to by Dr. Joseph Anderson (at p.
+289 of "Scotland in Pagan Times: The Iron Age," Edinburgh, 1883).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> <i>Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot.</i> (First Series), vol. vii. pp.
+185-6.</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+   <a id="image22" name="image22"></a><a href="images/22large.jpg">
+   <img src="images/22.jpg"
+      alt="Tailpiece."
+      title="Tailpiece." /></a>
+</div>
+
+<h5><i>Printed by <span class="smcap">Ballantyne, Hanson &amp; Co.</span> London &amp; Edinburgh.</i></h5>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Fians, Fairies and Picts, by David MacRitchie
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+</body>
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@@ -0,0 +1,2557 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Fians, Fairies and Picts, by David MacRitchie
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Fians, Fairies and Picts
+
+Author: David MacRitchie
+
+Release Date: March 5, 2006 [EBook #17926]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIANS, FAIRIES AND PICTS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Ted Garvin, Taavi Kalju, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreaders Europe at http://dp.rastko.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE I.
+
+SELECTIONAL VIEW AND GROUND PLAN OF UNDERGROUND GALLERY, CALLED _UAMH
+SGALABHAD_, NEAR MOL A DEAS, HUISHNISH, ISLAND OF SOUTH UIST.
+
+_Frontispiece._]
+
+
+
+
+FIANS, FAIRIES
+AND
+PICTS
+
+
+BY
+
+DAVID MACRITCHIE
+
+AUTHOR OF
+"THE TESTIMONY OF TRADITION"
+
+
+     "Sometimes ... it seems that the stones are really
+     speaking--speaking of the old things, of the time when the strange
+     fishes and animals lived that are turned into stone now, and the
+     lakes were here; and then of the time when the little Bushmen lived
+     here, so small and so ugly, and used to sleep in the wild dog
+     holes, and in the 'sloots,' and eat snakes, and shoot the bucks
+     with their poisoned arrows ... Now the Boers have shot them all, so
+     that we never see a little yellow face peeping out among the stones
+     ... And the wild bucks have gone, and those days, and we are
+     here."--WALDO, in _The Story of an African Farm._
+
+
+_WITH ILLUSTRATIONS_
+
+
+LONDON
+KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUeBNER & CO., LTD.
+PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARING CROSS ROAD
+1893
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+The following treatise is to some extent a re-statement and partly an
+amplification of a theory I have elsewhere advanced.[1] But as that
+theory, although it has been advocated by several writers, especially
+during the past half-century, is not familiar to everybody, some remarks
+of an explanatory nature are necessary. And if this explanation assumes
+a narrative form, not without a tinge of autobiography, it is because
+this seems the most convenient way of stating the case.
+
+It is now a dozen years or thereabouts since I first read the "Popular
+Tales of the West Highlands," by Mr. J.F. Campbell, otherwise known by
+his courtesy-title of "Campbell of Islay." Mr. Campbell was, as many
+people know, a Highland gentleman of good family, who devoted much of
+his time to collecting and studying the oral traditions of his own
+district and of many lands. His equipment as a student of West Highland
+folklore was unique. He had the necessary knowledge of Gaelic, the
+hereditary connection with the district which made him at home with the
+poorest peasant, and the sympathetic nature which proved a master-key in
+opening the storehouse of inherited belief. It is not likely that
+another Campbell of Islay will arise, and, indeed, in these days of
+decaying tradition, he would be born too late.
+
+In reading his book, then, for the first time, what impressed me more
+than anything else in his pages were statements such as the following:--
+
+     "The ancient Gauls wore helmets which represented beasts. The
+     enchanted king's sons, when they come home to their dwellings, put
+     off _cochal_ [a Gaelic word signifying], the husk, and become men;
+     and when they go out they resume the _cochal_, and become animals
+     of various kinds. May this not mean that they put on their armour?
+     They marry a plurality of wives in many stories. In short, the
+     enchanted warriors are, as I verily believe, nothing but real men,
+     and their manners real manners, seen through a haze of
+     centuries.... I do not mean that the tales date from any particular
+     period, but that traces of all periods may be found in them--that
+     various actors have played the same parts time out of mind, and
+     that their manners and customs are all mixed together, and truly,
+     though confusedly, represented--that giants and fairies and
+     enchanted princes were men ... that tales are but garbled popular
+     history, of a long journey through forests and wilds, inhabited by
+     savages and wild beasts; of events that occurred on the way from
+     east to west, in the year of grace, once upon a time" (I.
+     cxv.-cxvi.). "The Highland giants were not so big but that their
+     conquerors wore their clothes; they were not so strong that men
+     could not beat them, even by wrestling. They were not quite
+     savages; for though some lived in caves, others had houses and
+     cattle and hoards of spoil" (I. xcix.). "And though I do not myself
+     believe that fairies _are_ ... I believe there once was a small
+     race of people in these islands, who are remembered as fairies, for
+     the fairy belief is not confined to the Highlanders of Scotland"
+     (I. c.) "This class of stories is so widely spread, so
+     matter-of-fact, hangs so well together, and is so implicitly
+     believed all over the United Kingdom, that I am persuaded of the
+     former existence of a race of men in these islands who were smaller
+     in stature than the Celts; who used stone arrows, lived in conical
+     mounds like the Lapps, knew some mechanical arts, pilfered goods
+     and stole children; and were perhaps contemporary with some species
+     of wild cattle and horses and great auks, which frequented marshy
+     ground, and are now remembered as water-bulls and water-horses, and
+     boobries, and such like impossible creatures" (IV. 344).
+
+And much more to the same effect,[2] with which it is unnecessary to
+trouble the reader. Now, all this was quite new to me. If I had ever
+given a second thought to the so-called "supernatural" beings of
+tradition, it was only to dismiss them, in the conventional manner as
+creatures of the imagination. But these ideas of Mr. Campbell's were
+decidedly interesting, and deserving of consideration. It was obvious
+that tradition, especially where there had been an intermixture of
+races, could not preserve one clear, unblemished record of the past; and
+this he fully recognised. But it seemed equally obvious that the
+"matter-of-fact" element to which he refers could not have owed its
+origin to myth or fancy. The question being fascinating, there was
+therefore no alternative but to make further inquiry. And the more it
+was considered, the more did his theory proclaim its reasonableness. He
+suggests, for example, that certain "fairy herds" in Sutherlandshire
+were probably reindeer, that the "fairies" who milked those reindeer
+were probably of the same race as Lapps, and that not unlikely they were
+the people historically known as Picts. The fact that Picts once
+occupied northern Scotland formed no obstacle to his theory. And when I
+learned that the reindeer was hunted in that part of Scotland as
+recently as the twelfth century, that remains of reindeer horns are
+still to be found in the counties of Sutherland, Ross, and Caithness,
+sometimes in the very structures ascribed to the Picts, then I perceived
+this to be a theory which, to quote his words, "hung well together."
+Further, the actual Lapps are a small-statured race, the fairies also
+were so described, and this, too, I found to be the traditional idea
+regarding the Picts. Here the identification was closer still. Then
+came the consideration: The fairies lived in hollow hillocks and under
+the ground: what kind of dwellings are the Picts supposed to have
+occupied? The answer to this question still further strengthened Mr.
+Campbell's conjecture. There yet exist numerous underground structures
+and artificial mounds whose interior shows them to have been
+dwelling-places; and these are in some places known as "fairy halls" and
+in others as "Picts' houses." (Illustrations of these are shown in the
+present volume, and are specially referred to in the annexed paper.)
+
+The examination, therefore, of this interesting theory not only helped
+greatly to bear out its probable correctness, but it further began to
+appear that by following this method of inquiry new lights might be
+thrown upon history--perhaps upon very remote history. It was clear that
+the question was not a simple one. All tradition is obscured by the
+darkness of time, and genuine fact is mixed up with ideas which belong
+to the world of religion and of myth. Even in Mr. Campbell's own
+statements there were seeming contradictions. These, however, it is not
+my present purpose to discuss; since they do not vitally affect his main
+contention.
+
+The Lapp-Dwarf parallel was gone into very fully by Professor Nilsson in
+his _Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia_, written twenty years before
+the "West Highland Tales." Not that he, either, was the originator of
+that theory, for it is frequently referred to by Sir Walter Scott, who
+accepted it himself.[3] "In fact," he says, "there seems reason to
+conclude that these _duergar_ [in English, _dwarfs_] were originally
+nothing else than the diminutive natives of the Lappish, Lettish and
+Finnish nations, who, flying before the conquering weapons of the Asae,
+sought the most retired regions of the north, and there endeavoured to
+hide themselves from their eastern invaders." Scott, again, refers us
+back to Einar Gudmund, an Icelandic writer of the second half of the
+sixteenth century, whom I would cite as the earliest "Euhemerus" of
+northern lands, were it not for the fact that he is obviously much more
+than a theorist, and is beyond all doubt speaking of an actual race, as
+may be seen from an incident which he relates.
+
+But, although the popular memory may retain for many centuries the
+impress of historical facts, these become inevitably blurred and
+modified by the lapse of time and the ignorance of the very people who
+preserve the tradition. As an illustration of this, I may cite the
+instance of the dwarfs of Yesso, referred to in the following pages.
+These people still survived as a separate community until the first
+half of the seventeenth century, if not later. They occupied
+semi-subterranean or "pit" dwellings, and are said to have been under
+four feet in height. But, although the modern inhabitants of that island
+still describe them, on the whole, in these terms, a new belief
+regarding them has recently sprouted up in one corner. The Aino word
+signifying "pit-dweller" is also not unlike the word for a burdock leaf.
+It was known that those dwarfs were little people. Obviously, then,
+their name must have meant "people living under burdock leaves" (instead
+of "in pits"). And so, to some of the modern natives of Yesso, those
+historical dwarfs of the seventeenth century "were so small that if
+caught in a shower of rain or attacked by an enemy, they would stand
+beneath a burdock leaf for shelter, or flee thither to hide."[4]
+
+In that instance, we see before our eyes the whole process by which a
+real race has been transformed into an unreal impossibility, within a
+period of two centuries or so. Had the extinction (or modification by
+inter-marriage or by the processes of evolution) of those Yesso dwarfs
+taken place a thousand years earlier, the difficulty of identifying them
+would have been greatly increased. After a race has once disappeared
+from sight, the popular terms describing it must become more vague and
+confused with every century. Thus, in a certain traditional Scotch story
+there is mention of a number of "little black creatures with spades."
+The description is delightfully comprehensive. It would be quite
+applicable to a gang of Andaman coolies. On the other hand, if we
+exclude the "spades," it might be applied to any "little black
+creatures"--say a colony of tadpoles or of black-beetles. So that, when
+a poet or an artist gets hold of a tradition which has reached this
+stage of uncertainty, he may give the reins to his fancy, so long as he
+portrays some kind--any kind--of "little black creatures."[5]
+
+Before parting altogether from the Yesso dwarfs, notice may be taken of
+a folk-tale containing an incident which obviously derives its
+existence from them, or from a branch of their race. In Mr. Andrew
+Lang's "Green Fairy Book" there is introduced a certain Chinese "Story
+of Hok Lee and the Dwarfs." It appears to be also current in Japan, to
+judge from a reviewer's remark, that "the clever artist who has
+illustrated the book must have known the Japanese story, for he gets
+some of his ideas from the Japanese picture-maker." In the story of Hok
+Lee the dwarfs are represented as living in subterranean dwellings, and
+in the picture they are portrayed as half-naked, with (for the most
+part) shaggy beards and eyebrows, and bald heads. It is wonderfully near
+the truth. The baldness is one of the most striking characteristics of
+those actual dwarfs, and is caused by a certain skin-disease, induced by
+their dirty habits, from which a great number of them suffer, or did
+suffer. The shaggy beards and eyebrows are equally characteristic of the
+race; and their custom of occupying half-underground dwellings has given
+them the name by which they are remembered in Japan at the present day.
+The exact scene of the story is a matter of minor importance. Those
+people appear to have been known to the Chinese for at least twelve
+centuries, and to the Japanese for a much longer period. Thus, it was
+quite unnecessary for any novelist in China or Japan to _invent_ such
+people, since they already existed. As for the details of that
+particular story, or of any other of the kind, it is not to be supposed
+that a belief in its historical basis necessarily implies an acceptance
+of every statement contained in it. On this principle, one would be
+bound to accept the truth of every "snake-story," for the simple reason
+that one believed in the existence of snakes. Still, it is possible, and
+perhaps not improbable, that tales which preserve the memory of those
+people, may also be fairly accurate in many of the statements made
+regarding them. The reason, however, of introducing this particular
+story is to show that the Chinese or Japanese romancer did not require
+to _create_ a race of bald-headed, shaggy, half-wild dwarfs, seeing that
+that had already been done for him by the Creator.
+
+Those to whom this question is a new one will now see what is the point
+of view of the realist or euhemerist with regard to such traditions. He
+sees here and there in the past, through much intervening mist,
+something that looks like a real object, and he tries to define its
+outlines. He has no intention of denying, as some have vainly imagined,
+that there _is_ an intervening mist. Nor, it seems necessary to explain,
+does he assume that wherever there is a mist there must be some tangible
+object behind it. For example, he does not believe that Boreas, or
+Zephyrus, or Jack Frost were ever anything but personifications of
+certain natural forces.
+
+Various other considerations have also to be borne in mind; not the
+least important of which is the fact that the very people who have
+preserved these traditional beliefs have done much to obscure them,
+owing to their want of education. Scott tells a story of a Scotch
+peasant who, discovering a company of gaily-dressed puppets standing in
+a thicket, where they had been concealed by a travelling showman, at
+once concluded that they were "fairies." He had inherited the belief
+that fairies were "little people" who frequented just such places as
+this; consequently, he decided these were fairies. This fact was
+elicited in court, where the countryman had to appear as a witness. From
+that time onward his mind ought to have been disabused of his hasty
+belief. But a man so stupid as to assume that a showman's marionettes
+were anything else than lifeless dolls, might continue for the rest of
+his life to recount his marvellous meeting with "the fairies."
+Similarly, to a tipsy man returning homeward from market, many common
+and every-day objects take on a weird and superhuman aspect, due to no
+other spirits than those he has consumed. From this cause, a large
+number of odd stories (such as one told by Mr. William Black of a tipsy
+Hebridean) has doubtless arisen. Further, the belief in the existence of
+"supernatural" beings has been much utilised by rustic humourists, and
+no doubt also by smugglers and other night-birds, in comparatively
+recent times. The prolonged absence of a husband, or it may be of a
+wife, could be explained by some wild legend of having been "stolen by
+the fairies," when a more frank avowal dared not be offered. And
+although "strange tales were told" regarding the paternity of "Brian,"
+in _The Lady of the Lake_, and although Scott adheres to those legends
+in his poem, he does not fail to point out in his appended _Note_ that
+the story could be explained in a much more rational manner. There have
+been many "Brians."
+
+To give this subject the special attention which it deserves would,
+however, swell these introductory notes to an intolerable size; and,
+indeed, their purpose is rather to show what the euhemeristic theory is
+than what it is not; that is to say, the euhemeristic theory as applied
+to the traditions relating to dwarf races.
+
+In the work to which I have referred, the opinions enunciated by
+Professor Nilsson and Mr. J.F. Campbell, together with other
+developments which suggested themselves to me, were duly set forth, and
+were received, as was to be expected, with every form of comment, from
+complete approval to entire dissent. Among the adverse criticisms, some
+arose from a misapprehension of the case, while others were due to the
+critic's imperfect acquaintance with the subject he professed to
+discuss. But besides these, there were of course the legitimate
+objections which can always be urged in matters of a debateable
+character, where there is no positive evidence on either side. With
+regard to such I can at least echo the words of one of the most eminent
+and most courteous of my opponents, M. Charles Ploix, and say for
+euhemerism what he says for naturalism:--"Tant que la theorie sur
+laquelle il s'appuie n'aura pas ete demontree fausse par des arguments
+decisifs, et surtout tant qu'elle n'aura pas ete remplacee par une
+hypothese plus certaine, il pourra continuer a s'affirmer."[6]
+
+It ought to be mentioned that the following paper was written for the
+Folk-Lore Society, at one of whose meetings (in February 1892) it was
+subsequently read. As, however, the Council of that Society ultimately
+decided that the paper was unsuited for publication in a journal devoted
+to the study of folk-lore, it now appears in a separate form. One
+advantage to be derived from this is that the illustrations which
+accompanied the lecture, and which are of much importance in enabling
+one to understand the argument, can also be reproduced at the same time.
+It may be added that, while the theme is capable of much
+amplification,[7] have preferred to print the paper as it was written
+for the occasion referred to. It states, concisely enough, the leading
+points of the argument.
+
+To those who are interested in the "realistic" interpretation of such
+traditions, I beg to recommend for reference the following works:--First
+and foremost, there is "The Anatomy of a Pygmie," by Dr. Edward Tyson
+(London, 1699), a book full of suggestive notices. This author has
+undoubtedly reached the "bed-rock" of the question; but, owing to his
+era and mental environment, he has not realised that his argument is
+useless without a consideration of the various stratifications above the
+"bed-rock." Belonging to the same century is the chapter "Of Pigmies" in
+Sir Thomas Browne's "Vulgar Errors," wherein he makes several very
+interesting statements, although he argues from the opposite side.
+Scattered throughout the writings of Sir Walter Scott, both poetry and
+prose, there are also many references bearing upon this question, from
+the realistic point of view. In addition to these, there is his
+well-known treatise "On the Fairies of Popular Superstition," prefaced
+to "The Tale of Tamlane," wherein he states that "the most distinct
+account of the duergar [_i.e._ dwergs, or dwarfs], or elves, and their
+attributes, is to be found in a preface of Torfaeus to the history of
+Hrolf Kraka [Copenhagen, 1715], who cites a dissertation by Einar
+Gudmund, a learned native of Iceland. 'I am firmly of opinion,' says the
+Icelander, 'that these beings are creatures of God, consisting, like
+human beings, of a body and rational soul; that they are of different
+sexes, and capable of producing children, and subject to all human
+affections, as sleeping and waking, laughing and crying, poverty and
+wealth; and that they possess cattle and other effects, and are
+obnoxious to death, like other mortals.' He proceeds to state that the
+females of this race are capable of procreating with mankind;[8] and
+gives an account of one who bore a child to an inhabitant of Iceland,
+for whom she claimed the privilege of baptism; depositing the infant for
+that purpose at the gate of the churchyard, together with a goblet of
+gold as an offering."[9] Scott further cites from Jessen's _De
+Lapponibus_ similar matter-of-fact details obtained on this subject from
+the Lapps; who, on their own showing, are inferentially the half-bred
+descendants of dwarfs.
+
+"That some of the myths of giants and dwarfs are connected with
+traditions of real indigenous or hostile tribes is settled beyond
+question by the evidence brought forward by Grimm, Nilsson, and
+Hanusch," observes Dr. E.B. Tylor.[10] And although that eminent
+anthropologist sees a different meaning in many kindred traditions, yet
+his observations, and the great mass of references which he gives in
+connection with this single detail, are of much interest to euhemerists
+pure and simple. The late Sir Daniel Wilson's "Caliban"[11] teems with
+the realistic doctrine, and so also does a work of (in my opinion) less
+equal merit, "The Pedigree of the Devil,"[12] by Mr. Frederic T. Hall.
+In Mr. R.G. Haliburton's "Dwarfs of Mount Atlas: with notes as to Dwarfs
+and Dwarf Worship,"[13] and also in his "Further Notes"[14] on that
+subject, the same idea is prominent. All of these writers, with the
+exception of Sir Thomas Browne (and excluding Dr. Tylor in so far as
+regards some of his deductions), refer practically, though in varying
+degrees, to the question discussed by Tyson; and in this respect I must
+also cite my recent work on "The Ainos" (pp. 51-66). Of other writers
+who have not probed quite so deeply, and who possibly may not recognise
+the necessity for so doing, but who are realists nevertheless, the
+following may be mentioned: M. Paul Monceaux, who, in the _Revue
+Historique_ of October 1891, deals with the African dwarfs of ancient
+and modern writers;[15] Professor Henri van Elven, the main theme of
+whose forthcoming work, _Les Nains prehistoriques de l'Europe
+Occidentale_, formed the subject of a paper recently read by him before
+the _Societe d'Archeologie de Bruxelles;_ and MM. Grandgagnage and De
+Reul, cited by Mr. C. Carter Blake, F.G.S., in connection with the
+_Nutons_ of the Belgian bone-caves;[16] as also another writer of the
+Low Countries, Van den Bergh ("xxx. and 313"), whom Mr. J. Dirks quotes
+at p. 15 of his _Heidens of Egyptiers_, Utrecht, 1850. In Mr. W.G.
+Black's charming book on Heligoland,[17] one passage (p. 72) recognises
+that a certain Sylt tradition "is evidently one of those valuable
+legends which illuminate dark pages of history. It clearly bears
+testimony to the same small race having inhabited Friesland in times
+which we trace in the caves of the Neolithic age, and of which the
+Esquimaux are the only survivors." For many of the kindred traditions in
+that locality, one cannot do better than refer to Mr. Christian Jensen's
+_Zwergsagen aus Nordfriesland_, contributed to the _Zeitschrift des
+Vereins fuer Volkskunde_ (Berlin, Heft 4, 1892).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[The foregoing pages were all in type before the appearance of Vol.
+VIII. of the _Bibliotheque de Carabas_, which contains several
+criticisms by Mr. Andrew Lang on my "Testimony of Tradition" and
+"Underground Life." The already excessive length of this Introduction
+prevents me from now referring more particularly to these observations,
+as I should otherwise have done. In the meantime, however, I beg to
+refer Mr. Lang to the present work, and to ask him whether he thinks the
+statements there quoted substantiate his conception of the _Fir Sidhe_
+as a deathless people, occupying some region "unknown of earth."
+
+An addition to the Bibliography of this subject is made in the
+above-named volume (p. 88). "In his _Scottish Scenery_ (1803), Dr.
+Cririe suggests that the germ of the Fairy myth is the existence of
+dispossessed aboriginals dwelling in subterranean houses, in some places
+called Picts' houses, covered with artificial mounds. The lights seen
+near the mounds are lights actually carried by the mound-dwellers." Mr.
+Lang adds: "Dr. Cririe works out in some detail 'this marvellously
+absurd supposition,' as the _Quarterly Review_ calls it (vol. lix. p.
+280)."]
+
+
+[Footnote 1: _The Testimony of Tradition_. Kegan Paul, Trench, Truebner &
+Co., London, 1890.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Such as at pp. ci.-cix. of Vol. I., and pp. 46, 101, and
+275 of Vol. II.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Scott, however, had only imperfectly grasped this idea. In
+numerous passages he inconsistently refers to "the little people" as
+purely the creatures of imagination.]
+
+[Footnote 4: A description of those dwarfs, obtained from Japanese
+records and pictures, may be seen in my monograph on "The Ainos"
+(Supplement to Vol. IV. of the _Internationales Archiv fuer
+Ethnographie_, Leiden, 1892). Kegan Paul, Trench, Truebner & Co.,
+London.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Similarly, the "little Bushmen" referred to by Miss Olive
+Schreiner's _Waldo_ (as quoted by me on the title-page) would be
+remembered with as much uncertainty a century hence if the modern
+population of South Africa had nothing but tradition to depend upon. (It
+may be explained, in case of misapprehension on the part of any
+too-literal reader, that that quotation is not supposed to prove that
+the earth-dwellers of the Hebrides were small and ugly, with "little
+yellow faces," any more than it proves the reindeer of Scotland to have
+been identical with the wild buck of South Africa. But the cases are
+analogous, and the quotation seems _a propos_.)]
+
+[Footnote 6: _Le Surnaturel dans les Contes Populaires_, Paris, 1891, p.
+iv.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Some portions of it I have already amplified: in a pamphlet
+entitled "The Underground Life," Edinburgh, 1892 (privately printed); in
+a paper on "Subterranean Dwellings," contributed to _The Antiquary_
+(London: Elliot Stock) of August 1892; and at pp. 52-58 of "The Ainos,"
+previously quoted.]
+
+[Footnote 8: By "mankind" need only be understood the race to which
+Einar Gudmund belonged. It is well known that many races apply the term
+"men" to themselves alone. At the same time, Gudmund's words may denote
+a very marked difference in the two types.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Scott again quotes this story, in fuller detail, in the
+Appendix to _The Lady of the Lake_, Note 3 C.]
+
+[Footnote 10: "Primitive Culture," vol. i. p. 385 (3rd edition).]
+
+[Footnote 11: London, Macmillan and Co., 1873.]
+
+[Footnote 12: London, Truebner and Co., 1883.]
+
+[Footnote 13: London, David Nutt, 1891.]
+
+[Footnote 14: _Asiatic Quarterly Review_, July 1892.]
+
+[Footnote 15: For an exhaustive account of "The Pygmy Tribes of Africa,"
+treated from the purely scientific and ethnological point of view see
+Dr. Henry Schlichter's articles in _The Scottish Geographical Magazine_
+of June and July 1892.]
+
+[Footnote 16: _Memoirs_ of the Anthropological Society of London, vol.
+iii. 1870, pp. 320, 321.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Blackwood and Sons, 1888.]
+
+
+
+
+FIANS, FAIRIES AND PICTS.
+
+
+The general belief at the present day is that, of the three designations
+here classed together, only that of the Picts is really historical. The
+Fians are regarded as merely legendary--perhaps altogether mythical
+beings; and the Fairies as absolutely unreal. On the other hand, there
+are those who believe that the three terms all relate to historical
+people, closely akin to each other, if not actually one people under
+three names.
+
+To those unacquainted with the views of the realists, or euhemerists, it
+is necessary to explain that the popular definition of Fairies as
+"little people" is one which that school is quite ready to accept. But
+the conception of such "little people" as tiny beings of aerial and
+ethereal nature, able to fly on a bat's back, or to sip honey from the
+flowers "where the bee sucks," is regarded by the realists as simply
+the outcome of the imagination, working upon a basis of fact. An
+illustration of this position may be seen in the Far East. There is a
+tradition among the Ainos of Northern Japan that they were preceded by a
+race of "little people," only a few inches in height, whose
+pit-dwellings they still point out. But the pottery and the skeletons
+associated with these habitations show that not only were their
+occupants of a stature to be measured by feet rather than by inches, but
+also that, by reason of a certain anatomical peculiarity common to both,
+the traditional dwarfs were very clearly the ancestors of the Ainos--a
+race which, though now blended, was once most distinctly a race of
+dwarfs, if one is to believe the earliest Japanese pictures of them.
+Similarly, the dwarfs of European tradition are believed to have had as
+real an origin as the little people of Aino legend, at any rate by those
+who hold the realistic theory.
+
+Any attempt to reconcile the pygmies of the classic writers with actual
+dwarfs of flesh and blood is outside my province. Moreover, this has
+been admirably, and, as it seems to me, successfully done quite recently
+by M. Paul Monceaux, in an article in the _Revue Historique,_[18]
+wherein he compares the traditional and historical descriptions with the
+statements of modern travellers, and draws the inference that the
+pygmies of the Greek and Roman writers, sculptors and painters, are all
+derived from actual dwarfs seen by their forefathers in Africa and
+India. (Still less doubt is there with regard to the dwarfs in Ancient
+Egyptian paintings.) And whereas Strabo is, says M. Monceaux, the only
+writer of antiquity who questions the existence of the dwarfs, all the
+others are on the side of Aristotle, who says--"This is no fable; there
+really exists in that region (the sources of the Nile), as people
+relate, a race of little men, who have small horses and who live in
+holes." And these little men were of course the ancestors of
+Schweinfurth's and Stanley's dwarfs.
+
+But although M. Monceaux confines his identification to equatorial
+Africa and to India, he does not omit to state that Pliny and other
+writers speak of dwarf tribes in other localities, and among these are
+"the vague regions of the north, designated by the name of Thule." This
+area, vague enough certainly, is the territory with which Fians and
+Picts are both associated; as, also, of course, the Fairies of North
+European tradition.
+
+The attributes with which the "little people" of North Europe are
+accredited cannot be given in detail here. It is enough to note that
+they were believed to live in houses wholly or partly underground, the
+latter kind being described as "hollow" mounds, or hills; that when
+people of taller race entered such subterranean dwellings (as
+occasionally they did) they found the domestic utensils of the dwarfs
+were of the kind labelled "pre-historic" in our antiquarian museums;
+that the copper vessels which dwarf women sometimes left behind them
+when discovered surreptitiously milking the cows of their neighbours,
+were likewise of an antique form; further, that they helped themselves
+to the beef and mutton of their neighbours, after having shot the
+animals with flint-headed arrows; that melodies peculiar to them are
+still sung by the peasants of certain localities; that words used by
+them are still employed by children in their games; and that many
+families in many districts are believed to have inherited some of their
+blood.[19] Of this intercourse between the taller races and the dwarfs,
+there are many records in old traditions. In the days of King Arthur,
+when, as Chaucer tells us, the land was "ful-filled of faerie," the
+knights errant had usually a dwarf as attendant. One of King Arthur's
+own knights was a Fairy.[20] According to Highland tradition, every
+high-caste family of pure Gaelic descent had an attendant dwarf. These
+examples show the "little people" in a not unfriendly light. But many
+other stories speak of them as "malignant" foes, and as dreaded
+oppressors. Of which the rational explanation is that these various
+tales relate to various localities and epochs.
+
+The connection visible between Fians and Fairies, between Fians and
+Picts, and between Picts and Fairies, may now briefly be stated.
+
+The earliest known association of the first two classes occurs in an
+Irish manuscript of the eleventh or twelfth century,[21] wherein it is
+stated that when the ninth-century Danes overran and plundered Ireland,
+there was nothing "in concealment under ground in Erinn, or in the
+various secret places belonging to Fians or to Fairies" that they did
+not discover and appropriate. This statement receives strong
+confirmation from a Scandinavian record, the _Landnama-bok_, which
+says[22] that, in or about the year 870, a well-known Norse chief named
+Leif
+
+     "went on warfare in the west. He made war in Ireland, and there
+     found a large underground house; he went down into it, and it was
+     dark until light shone from a sword in the hand of a man. Leif
+     killed the man, and took the sword and much property.... He made
+     war widely in Ireland, and got much property. He took ten thralls."
+
+Although the Scandinavian record does not speak of the owner of the
+earth-house as either a "Fian" or a "Fairy," it is quite evident that
+this is an example of the plundering referred to in the Irish chronicle,
+and that the Gaels of Ireland seven or eight centuries ago, if not a
+thousand years ago, regarded the underground people as indifferently
+Fians and Fairies.[23]
+
+Many other associations of Fians with Fairies are to be seen. In one of
+the old traditional ballads regarding the Fians, they are described as
+feasting with Fairies in one of their "hollow" mounds.[24] A
+Sutherlandshire story relates the adventures of the son of a Fairy
+woman, who took service with Ossian, the king of the Fians.[25] One of
+the Fians (Caoilte) had a Fairy sweet-heart.[26] Another of them (Oscar)
+has an interview with a washerwoman who is a Fairy.[27] A Fenian story
+recounts how one day the Fians were working in the harvest-field, in the
+Argyleshire island of Tiree, and on that occasion they had "left their
+weapons of war in the armoury of the Fairy Hill of Caolas";[28] from
+which one is to infer that the Fians made use of Fairy dwellings. In the
+same collection of tales we are told[29] that one time when the Fians
+were hunting in the Isle of Skye, they left their wives in a dwelling
+which bore a title "applied to dwellings of the Elfin race." It is
+further stated that one popular belief in the Scottish Highlands is that
+the Fians are still lying in the hill of Tomnahurich, near Inverness,
+and that "others say they are lying in Glenorchy, Argyleshire."[30] Now,
+both the Inverness-shire mound and the mounds in Glenorchy are also
+popularly regarded as the abodes of Fairies.[31] The vitrified fort on
+Knock-Farril, in Ross-shire, is said to have been one of Fin McCoul's
+castles;[32] and Knock-Farril, or rather "a knoll opposite Knock-Farril"
+is remembered as the abode of the Fairies of that district.[33]
+Glenshee, in Perthshire, is celebrated equally as a Fairy haunt and as a
+favourite hunting-ground of the Fians. The Fians, indeed, were said to
+have lived by deer-hunting, so much so that Campbell of Islay suggests
+that their name signifies "the deer men"; and the deer, it is believed,
+"were a fairy race."[34] The famous hound of the famous leader of the
+Fians was "a Fairy or Elfin dog." In short, the connection between Fians
+and Fairies, recognised in the Gaelic manuscript of eight or ten
+centuries ago, is apparent throughout the traditions of the
+Gaelic-speaking people.
+
+But if the Fians were either identical with, or closely akin to the
+Fairies, they must have been "little people." The belief that they were
+so is supported by one traditional Fenian story. This is the well-known
+tale of the visit of Fin, the famous chief of the Fians, to a country
+known to him and his people as "The Land of the Big Men." The story
+tells how Fin sailed from Dublin Bay in his skin-boat, crossed the sea
+to that country, and shortly after landing was captured and taken to the
+palace of the king, where he was appointed court dwarf,[35] and remained
+for a considerable time the attached and faithful adherent of the king.
+The collector of this story has assumed that it is purely imaginary. But
+let it be contrasted with the following extract from the _Heimskringla_.
+The period is the early part of the eleventh century, and the scene
+Norway: "There was a man from the Uplands called Fin the Little, and
+some said of him that he was of Finnish race. He was a remarkable [?
+remarkably] little man, but so swift of foot that no horse could
+overtake him.... He had long been in the service of King Hrorek, and
+often employed in errands of trust.... Now when King Hrorek was set
+under guards on the journey Fin would often slip in among the men of
+the guard, and followed, in general, with the lads and serving-men; but
+as often as he could he waited upon Hrorek, and entered into
+conversation with him."[36] And, like Fin the dwarf in the Gaelic story,
+this little Fin rendered great service to his king. Now, the
+_Heimskringla_ Fin is unquestionably a historical personage, and the
+account of him was written by a twelfth century historian. The Gaelic
+story was only obtained in the Hebrides, and reduced to writing
+twenty-three years ago. Although Fin of the Fians is stated in Irish
+records to be the grandson of a Finland woman,[37] and although the
+Scandinavian and the Hebridean tales look very much like two versions of
+one story, this cannot precisely be the case, as the Fenian Fin is
+placed in an earlier era than his namesake of Norway. A dwarf king named
+Fin is also remembered in Frisian tradition;[38] and that he and his
+race were small men is pretty clearly proved by the fact that when one
+of the earth-houses attributed to him was opened some years ago, it was
+found to contain the bones of a little man.[39] Both of these dwarf
+Fins, Little Fin of Norway and Little Fin of Denmark, are undoubtedly
+real; and there seems no good reason to suppose that the dwarf Fin of
+Hebridean tradition was not equally real. Whether they were three
+separate people is a problem. "Fin" appears to have been at one time a
+not uncommon name, whatever its etymology and that of "Fian" may be. At
+any rate, there is nothing in history (which speaks of a close
+intercourse between Scandinavia and the British Isles, in former times),
+and nothing in the ethnology of North-Western Europe, to make us regard
+as mythical the capture and enthralment of any one of these three
+"little Fins." If Fin of the Fians, therefore, was a typical Fian, they
+were little people.[40]
+
+In regarding the Fians as a race of dwarfs, I do not overlook the fact
+that they are also spoken of as "giants." But to assume them to have
+been of gigantic stature is both totally at variance with the bulk of
+the evidence regarding them, and at variance with the fact that the word
+"giant" has very frequently been used to denote a savage, or a
+cave-dweller.[41] No more appropriate illustration of this can be found
+than the local tradition that a certain artificially hollowed rock in
+the island of Hoy, Orkney, was the abode of "a giant and his wife." Now,
+this same "giant" is also remembered as a "dwarf," and the largest cell
+in his dwelling is only 5 feet 8 inches long. Similarly, there is in
+Iceland a certain _Troellakyrkia_ (literally "the dwarfs' church") which
+is translated "the _giants'_ church."[42] For these reasons, then, I do
+not regard any reference to the Fians as "giants" as indicating that
+they were of tall stature; although I see no objection to the assumption
+that they were savages and cave-dwellers.
+
+Fians, then, are closely connected with the "little people" called
+"Fairies." The connection between Fians and Picts is equally well
+marked.
+
+Regarding them historically, Dr. Skene identifies the Fians with one or
+other of two historical races believed to have occupied Ireland before
+the coming of the Gaels. These two races are known in Irish story as the
+Tuatha De and the Cruithne.[43] Now, the Tuatha De _are_ the Fairies of
+Ireland.[44] Therefore, according to Dr. Skene, the Fians were either
+Fairies or Cruithne. Now, Cruithne is simply a Gaelic name for the
+Picts. Consequently, the Fians were either Fairies or Picts--according
+to Dr. Skene. In one traditional story, already referred to, the Fians
+seem to be unhesitatingly regarded as Picts. This story, obtained in
+Sutherlandshire, tells how a certain king lived for a year with a
+_banshee_, or fairy woman,[45] by whom he had a son. When this son grew
+up he went to the country of the Fians,[46] and there he entered into
+the service of their king, who was no other than the celebrated Oisin.
+The Gaelic narrator calls him "Oisin, Righ na Feinne," that is, "Ossian,
+King of the Fians"; but the collector of the story,[47] who had no doubt
+obtained the translation on the spot, renders _Righ na Feinne_ as "King
+of the Picts." No explanation or comment is given, and one is therefore
+led to infer that in Sutherlandshire _Feinne_ is without question
+regarded as a Gaelic name for the Picts. This identity is, indeed, borne
+out otherwise. There is a Gaelic saying in Glenlyon, Perthshire, to the
+effect that "Fin had twelve castles" in that glen, and the remains of
+these "castles," all said to have been built by him and his Fians, and
+of which one in particular is styled "Castle Fin,"[48] are known to the
+English-speaking people of Scotland as "Picts'" houses. For they belong
+to a peculiar class of structures, all radically alike, and all known,
+in certain districts, as "Picts' houses." The term "Picts' house" is
+unknown in the Hebrides, says one writer. "In the Hebrides tradition is
+entirely silent concerning the Picts ... there the Fenian heroes are the
+builders of the duns."[49] Yet the self-same class of building is
+elsewhere assigned to the Picts. To these structures I shall presently
+refer more particularly; but it is enough to note in passing that, just
+as Oisin, King of the Fians, is translated into Ossian, King of the
+Picts, so the dwellings ascribed to the Fians in one locality, are in
+another said to have been made and inhabited by the Picts.
+
+Fians, then, are associated or identified with Fairies, and also with
+Picts. To complete my equilateral triangle, the Picts ought also to be
+regarded as Fairies, or as akin to them.
+
+This undoubtedly is a popular belief. The earliest alleged reference of
+this kind is placed by one writer in the middle of the fifteenth
+century, before the Orkney Islands had passed from the crown of Denmark
+to the crown of Scotland. A manuscript of the then Bishop of Orkney,
+dated Kirkwall 1443, states that when Harald Haarfagr conquered the
+Orkneys in the ninth century, the inhabitants were the two "nations" of
+the _Papae_ and the _Peti_, both of whom were exterminated. By the former
+name is understood the Irish missionaries: the _Peti_ were certainly the
+Picts, or Pehts.[50] Now, of these Picts of Orkney it is said, that they
+"were only a little exceeding pigmies in stature, and worked wonderfully
+in the construction of their cities, evening and morning, but in
+mid-day, being quite destitute of strength, they hid themselves through
+fear in little houses under ground."[51]
+
+The exact date of this statement is at present doubtful, but it is quite
+in accordance with the widespread ideas held throughout Scotland and
+Northumberland with regard to the Picts: that they were great as
+builders, but were of very low stature, and closely akin to Fairies.[52]
+Moreover, they are famous for doing their work during the night.
+Whatever be the explanation of the above curious statement that at
+mid-day they lost their strength and withdrew to their underground
+houses, it is at any rate interesting to compare with it the remark made
+by the traveller Pennant as he was passing along Glenorchy in 1772. This
+is the entry in his journal:--"See frequently on the road-sides small
+verdant hillocks, styled by the common people shi an (_sithean_), or the
+Fairy-haunt, because here, say they, the fairies, who love not the glare
+of day, make their retreat after the celebration of their nocturnal
+revels."[53] Now, as the "Picts' houses" are, to outward appearance,
+"small verdant hillocks," the parallel is very exact. With these two
+references compare also the mention, in a quaint old gazetteer printed
+at Cambridge in 1693,[54] of the tribe of the "Germara," defined as "a
+people of the Celtae, who in the day-time cannot see." Although the
+author usually gives the sources of his information, in this instance he
+gives none. But the statement agrees perfectly with the belief found
+everywhere throughout Northern Europe that "the dwarfs could not bear
+daylight, and during the day hid in their holes."[55] It really seems
+impossible to avoid the inference that all this was perfectly true. When
+Leif went down into the underground house in Ireland, he could not see
+at first, though at length he saw in the obscurity the glimmer of his
+opponent's sword. Consequently, the denizens and builders of these
+subterranean retreats must either have had something very like "cat's
+eyes," or else they must in general have had numerous lamps burning.
+This will be understood by an examination of one or two of the
+accompanying diagrams. It seems to me beyond question that a people
+living this underground life must have differed very distinctly from
+ourselves in the matter of vision; and to them the brightness of noonday
+must have been blinding. This physical fact--if it be a fact--would
+explain much that is otherwise strange and incredible in the traditions
+relating to the Picts--or Pechts, as they were formerly called in
+Scotland. However, it is sufficient for my present purpose to note that
+this peculiarity associates, and indeed identifies, the Picts with the
+dwarfs or fairies of tradition.
+
+Having thus shown that Fians, Fairies, and Picts are so closely
+associated as to be, in some aspects, almost indistinguishable from one
+another, I shall now refer to the structures which are popularly
+believed to have been their dwellings. Some of these are wholly
+underground, others partly so, and others quite above ground. In many
+other ways, also, they vary. But all of them are unquestionably links
+in one special style of structure; of which the most marked feature, or
+at any rate that which is common to all, is the use of what is called
+the "cyclopean" arch. This is formed by the overlapping of the stones in
+the wall until they almost meet at the dome or apex of the building,
+when a heavy "keystone" completes this rude arch. The principle of the
+arch proper was obviously quite unknown to the originators of such
+structures.
+
+Of the various Hebridean specimens of these buildings, very interesting
+and complete descriptions have been given by the late Captain Thomas,
+R.N.,[56] and Sir Arthur Mitchell,[57] who visited some of them together
+in 1866. Referring to the most modern examples of this kind of
+structure, the latter writer says:--"They are commonly spoken of as
+beehive houses, but their Gaelic name is _bo'h_ or _bothan_. They are
+now only used as temporary residences or shealings by those who herd
+the cattle at their summer pasturage; but at a time not very remote they
+are believed to have been the permanent dwellings of the people." And he
+thus describes his first sight of the beehive houses:--
+
+     "I do not think I ever came upon a scene which more surprised me,
+     and I scarcely know where or how to begin my description of it.
+
+     "By the side of a burn which flowed through a little grassy glen
+     ... we saw two small round hive-like hillocks, not much higher than
+     a man, joined together, and covered with grass and weeds. Out of
+     the top of one of them a column of smoke slowly rose, and at its
+     base there was a hole about three feet high and two feet wide,
+     which seemed to lead into the interior of the hillock--its
+     hollowness, and the possibility of its having a human creature
+     within it being thus suggested. There was no one, however, actually
+     within the _bo'h_, the three girls, when we came in sight, being
+     seated on a knoll by the burn-side, but it was really in the inside
+     of these two green hillocks that they slept, and cooked their food,
+     and carried on their work, and--dwelt, in short."[58]
+
+These two "green hillocks," and other structures of the same nature, are
+shown in the accompanying diagrams[59] (Plates I.-XVI.), which explain
+their formation better than any written description. It is enough here
+to state that they are built of rough stone, without any mortar. "Though
+the stone walls are very thick," says my authority (p. 62), "they are
+covered on the outside with turf, which soon becomes grassy like the
+land round about, and thus secures perfect wind and water tightness."
+Sometimes they occur in groups, as those shown in Plate III.; of which
+scene Captain Thomas justly remarks that "at first sight it may be taken
+for a picture of a Hottentot village rather than a hamlet in the British
+Isles."[60] Here there is little or no grassy covering outside, however;
+and consequently none of the hillock-like effect. But this is very well
+shown in Plates VI. and VIII. Of the "agglomeration of beehives"
+pictured in the latter, Sir Arthur Mitchell observes:--"It has several
+entrances, and would accommodate many families, who might be spoken of
+as living in one mound, rather than under one roof" (_op. cit._ pp.
+64-5). Of another such dwelling, now ruined, he says that it could have
+accommodated "from forty to fifty people."
+
+This last, however (Plates XI. and XII.), represents another variety of
+earth-house, the chambered mound or beehive, with an underground gallery
+leading to it. Of this kind two examples are here shown. And in Plates
+I. and XIII. will be seen specimens of wholly subterranean structures.
+It is difficult, and indeed hardly necessary, to distinguish between one
+variety and another of what is practically the same kind of building;
+but to this last class the term "earth-house" is most frequently
+accorded in Scotland. In the broader dialect it is "yird-house" or
+"eirde-house," which at once recalls the form "jord-hus" in the saga
+which tells of Leif's adventure underground in Ireland. The term _weem_
+is also applied to these places in Scotland. This is merely a quickened
+pronunciation of the Gaelic _uam_ (or _uamh_), a cave; and it reminds
+one that, both in Gaelic and in English, the word "cave" is by no means
+restricted to a _natural_ cavity. Indeed, one of the two artificial
+structures under consideration is known as _Uamh Sgalabhad_, "the _cave_
+of Sgalabhad." Another old Gaelic name for those underground galleries
+is "_tung_ or _tunga_";[61] while another name, by which they are known
+in Lewis is _tigh fo thalaimh_,[62] or "house beneath the ground."
+
+"Martin, in his description of the Western Islands, printed in 1703,
+when their use would appear to have been still remembered, speaks of
+them [these underground structures] as 'little stone-houses, built under
+ground, called earth-houses, which served to hide a few people and their
+goods in time of war.'"[63] Dean Monro writes, "There is sundry coves
+and holes in the earth, coverit with hedder above, quhilk fosters many
+rebellis in the country of the North head of Ywst" [North Uist].[64]
+"From O'Flaherty's description of West Connaught, written in 1684, it
+appears," observes Captain Thomas,[65] but referring more strictly to
+the beehive-house, "that this style of dwelling had already become
+archaic." For, although that writer mentions certain "cloghans" as being
+still inhabited, holding forty men in some cases, yet he says they were
+"so ancient that nobody knows how long ago any of them were made." Of
+the underground galleries another writer says: "It has been doubted if
+these houses were ever really used as places of abode.... But as to this
+there can be no real doubt. The substances found in many of them have
+been the accumulated _debris_ of food used by man.... Ornaments of
+bronze have been found in a few of them, and beads of streaked glass. In
+some cases the articles found would indicate that the occupation of
+these houses had come down to comparatively recent times."[66]
+
+In conclusion, these remarks of Captain Thomas, who made so thorough a
+study of the subject, may be quoted:--
+
+     "The Pict's house on the Holm of Papay [Orkney] would have held,
+     besides the chiefs at each end, all the families in [the island of]
+     Papay Westray when it was built. Maes howe[67] was for three
+     families--grandees, no doubt; but the numbers it was intended to
+     hold in the _beds_ may be learned by comparing them with the
+     Amazon's House, St. Kilda."[68]
+
+     "I consider the relation between the _boths_ [beehive houses] and
+     the Picts' houses of the Orkneys (and elsewhere) to be evident--the
+     same method of forming the arch, the low and narrow doors and
+     passages, the enormous thickness of the walls, when compared with
+     the interior accommodation--exist in both. When a _both_ is covered
+     with green turf it becomes a chambered tumulus, and when buried by
+     drifting sand it is a subterranean Pict's house.... I regard the
+     comparatively large Picts' houses of the Orkneys as the pastoral
+     residence of the Pictish lord, fitted to contain his numerous
+     family and dependents. Such an one exists on the Holm of Papa
+     Westray, which, according to the Highland method of stowage, would
+     certainly contain a whole clan. When writing the description of it,
+     I had not made acquaintance with a people who would close the door
+     to keep in the smoke, or that nested in holes in a wall like
+     sand-martins....
+
+     "But the _both_ of the Long Island is only the lodging of the
+     common man or 'Tuathanach,' and is consequently of small
+     dimensions, and not remarkable for comfort. If the modern Highland
+     proprietor or large farmer should ever be induced to lead a
+     pastoral life, and adopt a Pictish architecture in his residence,
+     we might again see a tumulus of twenty feet in height, with its
+     long low passage leading into a large hall with beehive cells on
+     both sides."[69]
+
+But the point of all this is that these dwellings, whether above ground
+or below, are known as _Picts' Houses, Fairy Halls, Elf Hillocks_, "the
+hidden places of _Fians and Fairies_." Thus, the three titles which I
+have shown to be associated in other ways are all given to the alleged
+builders and occupiers of those very archaic and peculiar structures.
+
+It is true that, in their most modern form, some of those dwellings are
+still inhabited for months at a time. And their inhabitants are neither
+Fians, Fairies nor Picts. But it is among those people that stories of
+Fians and Fairies are most rife, and many claim an actual descent from
+them. And although they are certainly not pigmies, yet they live in a
+district in which the _small_ type of this heterogeneous nation of ours
+is still quite discernible; and that part of the island of Lewis (Uig),
+which has longest retained those places as dwellings, is inhabited by a
+caste whom other Hebrideans describe as small, and regard as different
+from themselves.[70] Dr. Beddoe states that the tallest people in the
+United Kingdom are to be found in a certain village in Galloway, where
+a six-foot man is perfectly common, and many are above that height. It
+is quite certain that such men could not "nest like sand-martins" in the
+holes in the wall described by Captain Thomas. And, in proportion as
+such Galloway men are to the modern Hebridean mound-dwellers, so are
+these to the much more archaic race with whom the oldest structures are
+associated. For a study of the dimensions of these will show that they
+could not have been conceived, and would not have been built or
+inhabited by any but a race of actual dwarfs; as tradition says they
+were.
+
+[Footnote 18: "_La legende des Pygmees et les nains de l'Afrique
+equatoriale_": _Rev. Hist._ t. 47, I. (Sept.-Oct. 1891), pp. 1-64.]
+
+[Footnote 19: For some of these references see Dr. Hibbert's
+"Description of the Shetland Islands," Edinburgh, 1822, pp. 444-451. See
+also Mrs. J.E. Saxby's "Folk-Lore from Unst, Shetland" (in _Leisure
+Hour_ of 1880); Mr. W.G. Black's "Heligoland", 1888, chap. iv.; and "The
+Fians," London, 1891, pp. 2-3.]
+
+[Footnote 20: Gwynn the son of Nudd: for whom see Lady C. Guest's
+"Mabinogion," pp. 223, 263-5, and 501-2.]
+
+[Footnote 21: "The War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill," edited by J.H.
+Todd, D.D., London, 1867, pp. 114-115.]
+
+[Footnote 22: I. cc. 4-6 (this reference and the passage is quoted from
+Du Chaillu's "Viking Age," vol. ii. p. 516).]
+
+[Footnote 23: "_Fianaibh ag Sithcuiraibh_"]
+
+[Footnote 24: "_Dan an Fhir Shicair"; Leabhar na Feinne_, pp. 94-95.]
+
+[Footnote 25: _Folk-Lore Journal_, vol. vi. 1888, pp. 173-178.]
+
+[Footnote 26: _The Fians_, 1891, p. 64.]
+
+[Footnote 27: _Ibid._ p. 33.]
+
+[Footnote 28: _The Fians_, p. 172. The Fairy Hill referred to is "a
+hillock, in which there is to be seen a small hollow called the armoury"
+(p. 174).]
+
+[Footnote 29: _Ibid._ pp. 12-13, 166, &c.]
+
+[Footnote 30: _Ibid._ pp. 3-4. Glenorchy is said to have teemed with
+Fenian traditions about the early part of this century (_Proceedings_ of
+Soc. of Antiq. of Scotland, vol. vii. pp. 237-240).]
+
+[Footnote 31: See my _Testimony of Tradition_, London, 1890, pp. 146-8;
+and Pennant's "Second Tour in Scotland" (Pinkerton's _Voyages,_ London,
+1809, vol. iii. p. 368).]
+
+[Footnote 32: _Proceedings_ of Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vol.
+vii. p. 294, _note_.]
+
+[Footnote 33: See, for example, an article on "Scottish Customs and Folk
+lore," in _The Glasgow Herald_ of August 1, 1891.]
+
+[Footnote 34: _The Fians_, pp. 78-80.]
+
+[Footnote 35: _Scottish Celtic Review_, 1885, pp. 184-90: _The Fians_,
+pp. 175-184.]
+
+[Footnote 36: _The Heimskringla_: Dr. Rasmus B. Anderson's 2nd ed.
+(1889) of Mr. Samuel Laing's translation from Snorre Sturlason: chap.
+lxxxiii., _Of Little Fin_.]
+
+[Footnote 37: _Leabhar na Feinne_, p. 34.
+
+[SUBSEQUENT NOTE.--To be very accurate, one ought to say that,
+in the pedigree referred to, Fin's grandfather (Trenmor) is stated to
+have married a Finland woman.]]
+
+[Footnote 38: Mr. W.G. Black's _Heligoland_, 1888, chap. iv.]
+
+[Footnote 39: With this Fin of Frisian tradition may be compared Fin, a
+North-Frisian chief of the fifth century, mentioned in _Beowulf_ and
+_The Gleeman's Tale_, and whose death is recorded in _The Fight at
+Finnsburk_.
+
+[SUBSEQUENT NOTE.--A suitable companion to the dwarf Fin of
+Frisian tradition is mentioned in Harald Hardradi's Saga:--"Tuta, a
+Frisian, was with King Harald; he was sent to him for show, for he was
+short and stout, in every respect shaped like a dwarf."--Quoted by Mr.
+Du Chaillu at p. 357 of vol. ii. of "The Viking Age."]]
+
+[Footnote 40: In this connection it is worth noting that Sir Walter
+Scott, in referring to the aboriginal or servile clans in 1745, whom he
+describes as "half naked, _stinted in growth_, and miserable in aspect,"
+includes among them the McCouls, Fin's alleged descendants, who "were a
+sort of Gibeonites, or hereditary servants to the Stewarts of Appin."
+(Waverley, ch. xliv.)]
+
+[Footnote 41: For example, the late Rev. J.G. Campbell, Tiree, says of
+"the Great Tuairisgeul" that he was "a giant of the kind called
+_Samhanaich_--that is, one who lived in a cave by the sea-shore, the
+strongest and coarsest of any" (_Scottish Celtic Review_, p. 62). That
+this term was one of contempt, given by Gaelic-speaking people to those
+"giants" (and apparently based upon their malodorous characteristics),
+will be seen from Mr. Campbell's further observation (_op. cit._ pp.
+140-141):--"It is a common expression to say of any strong offensive
+smell, _mharbhadh e na Samhanaich_, it would kill the giants who dwell
+in caves by the sea. _Samk_ is a strong oppressive smell." McAlpine
+defines _Samk_ as a "bad smell arising from a sick person, or a dirty
+hot place"; and he further gives the definition "a savage" (quoting
+Mackenzie). The word _Samhanach_ itself is defined by McAlpine as "a
+savage," and he cites the Islay saying:--"_chuireadh tu cagal air na
+samhanaich_," "you would frighten the very savages." From these
+definitions it will be seen that a word translated "giant" by one is
+rendered "savage" by another (though neither of these terms expresses
+the literal meaning). Mr. J.G. Campbell also practically regards it as
+signifying "cave-dweller," or perhaps a certain special caste of
+cave-dwellers. With this may be compared McAlpine's "_uamh_, _n.f._, a
+cave, den; _n.m._, a chief of savages, terrible fellow ... '_cha'n'eil
+ann ach uamh dhuine_,' 'he is only a savage of a fellow.'" Islay has
+also another word to denote a Hebridean savage. This is _ciuthach_, "pr.
+_kewach_, described in the Long Island as naked wild men living in
+caves" (J.F. Campbell, Tales, iii. 55, _n._). One of these "kewachs"
+figures in the story of Diarmaid and Grainne, and one version says that
+he "came in from the western ocean in a coracle with two oars
+(_curachan_)" (_The Fians_, p. 54). (His name assumes various
+shapes--_e.g._, Ciofach Mac a Ghoill, Ciuthach Mac an Doill, Ceudach Mac
+Righ nan Collach.) These three terms--_samhanach, uamh dhuine_, and
+_ciuthach_--all seem to indicate one and the same race of people. And
+these are probably the people referred to by Pennant when he says,
+speaking of the civilised races of the Hebrides in the beginning of the
+seventeenth century:--"Each chieftain had his armour-bearer, who
+preceded his master in time of war, and, by my author's (Timothy Pont's
+MS., Advocates' Library, Edinburgh) account in time of peace; for they
+went armed even to church, in the manner the North Americans do at
+present [1772] in the frontier settlement, and for the same reason, the
+dread of savages." (Pinkerton's _Voyages_, vol. iii. p. 322.)]
+
+[Footnote 42: Hibbert's "Description of the Shetland Islands,"
+Edinburgh, 1822, pp. 444-451. With regard to the "Dwarfie Stone" of Hoy,
+the following references may be given:--"Jo. Ben," 1529, at p. 449 of
+Barry's "History of the Orkney Islands," 2nd ed., London, 1808; and
+other writers subsequent to 1529. These speak of this stone as the abode
+of a "giant." Sir Walter Scott (_The Pirate_, Note P.) and many others
+invariably say "a dwarf."
+
+Note also J.F. Campbell (_W.H. Tales_, p. xcix): "The Highland giants
+were not so big, but that their conquerors wore their clothes." Also the
+dwarf in Ramsay's "Evergreen" who says that he was engendered "of
+giants' kind."]
+
+[Footnote 43: _Dean of Lismore's Book_, p. lxxvi.; _Celt. Scot._, vol.
+i. p. 131; vol. iii. chap. iii.; &c.]
+
+[Footnote 44: _Celt. Scot._ iii. 106-7.]
+
+[Footnote 45: In this tale, the phonetic spelling _ben-ce_ shows the
+unusual aspirated form _bean-shithe_. She is elsewhere spoken of as the
+Lady of Innse Uaine, and her son is the hero of the tale _Gille nan
+Cochla-Craicinn_.]
+
+[Footnote 46: According to a clergyman of the seventeenth century, the
+Hebrides and a part of the Western Highlands constituted "the country of
+the Fians," (_Testimony of Tradition_, p. 45.)]
+
+[Footnote 47: Miss Dempster: "The Folk-Lore of Sutherlandshire,"
+Folk-Lore Journal, vol. vi. 1888, p. 174.]
+
+[Footnote 48: _Proc. of the Soc. of Antiq. of Scot._, vol. vii. p. 294.]
+
+[Footnote 49: _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vol. vii. pp. 165 and 192.]
+
+[Footnote 50: "They are plainly no other than the Peihts, Picts, or Piks
+... the Scandinavian writers generally call the Piks Peti, or Pets: one
+of them uses the term Petia, instead of Pictland (Saxo-Gram.); and,
+besides, the frith that divides Orkney from Caithness is usually
+denominated Petland Fiord in the Icelandic Sagas or histories." (Barry's
+_Orkney_, p. 115.)]
+
+[Footnote 51: _Proc. of the Soc. of Antiq. of Scot._, vol. iii. p. 141:
+also vol. vii. p. 191. This quotation is made by the late Captain
+Thomas, R.N., a sound archaeologist; but I have to add that in the
+document of 1443, as given in Barry's _Orkney_ (2nd ed., London, 1808,
+pp. 401-419), while I find the statement as to the two native races, I
+find nothing about the stature or habits of the Picts. Captain Thomas
+twice quotes his statement, and as at one place he refers, not to the
+Bishop of 1443, but (vol. iii. p. 141) to "the Earl of Orkney's
+chaplain, writing about 1460," it is possible he had two manuscripts of
+the fifteenth century in view.
+
+[SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE.--The Bishop's words are as follows:--
+
+"_Istas insulas primitus Peti et Pape inhabitabant. Horum alteri
+scilicet Peti parvo superantes pigmeos statura in structuris urbium
+vespere et mane mira operantes, meredie vero cunctis viribus prorsus
+destituti in subterraneis domunculis pre timore latuerunt._"--From his
+treatise _De Orcadibus Insulis_, reprinted in the "Bannatyne
+Miscellany," 1855, p. 33.]]
+
+[Footnote 52: _Testimony of Tradition_, pp. 58-60, 65, 67-74, 79-80.]
+
+[Footnote 53: Pennant's Second Tour in Scotland; Pinkerton's _Voyages_,
+London, 1809, p. 368.]
+
+[Footnote 54: Linguae Romanae, Dictionarium, Luculentum Novum.]
+
+[Footnote 55: Du Chaillu: _Land of the Midnight Sun_, vol. ii. pp.
+421-2. This also is one of the articles of belief in Shetland, with
+regard to the _trows_, as the trolls are there called.]
+
+[Footnote 56: _Proc. of Soc. of Antiq. of Scot_. (First Series), vol.
+iii. pp. 127-144; vol. vii. pp. 153-195.]
+
+[Footnote 57: _The Past in the Present_, Edinburgh, 1880, pp. 58-72.]
+
+[Footnote 58: _The Past in the Present_, p. 59.]
+
+[Footnote 59: Reproduced by permission of the Society of Antiquaries of
+Scotland.]
+
+[Footnote 60: _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vol. iii. p. 137.]
+
+[Footnote 61: _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 168 _n._ This
+appears to me to be a phonetic spelling of the _diongna_ mentioned in
+the passage relating to the plunderings of the Danes in the ninth
+century.]
+
+[Footnote 62: _Ibid._ p. 171. On the same page, the form _Ugh talamkant_
+is given.]
+
+[Footnote 63: _Chambers's Encyclopaedia_, new ed., s.v. Earth-house.]
+
+[Footnote 64: Quoted in _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vii. 172. The
+reference is "Ag. Rep. Heb. p. 782."]
+
+[Footnote 65: _Op. cit._ vol. iii. p. 140.]
+
+[Footnote 66: John Stuart, LL.D., _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, viii. pp.
+23 _et seq._]
+
+[Footnote 67: Plates XIV.-XVI. Compare also Plates XVII.-XIX.]
+
+[Footnote 68: _Op. cit._, vii. 191.]
+
+[Footnote 69: _Op. cit._, iii. 133.]
+
+[Footnote 70: _Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland_,
+vol. iii. (First Series), p. 129. The district of Barvas is specially
+referred to by Captain Thomas.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+Most of the illustrations here given are reproductions of some of the
+plates accompanying Captain Thomas's papers in the _Proceedings of the
+Society of Antiquaries of Scotland_. In explanation of their details the
+following extracts may be made.
+
+
+PLATE I. (Frontispiece).--_Uamh Sgalabhad, South Uist._
+
+(From Plate XXXV. of Vol. VII. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+Captain Thomas thus describes his descent into and exploration of this
+earth-house:--"An irregular hole was pointed out by the little lassie
+before alluded to, and some of my party quickly disappeared below
+ground. As they did not immediately return, I thought it was time to
+follow, and squeezing through the ruinated entrance (_a_), I entered the
+usual kind of gallery, which descended into the ground at a sharp angle.
+At the bottom, on the right-hand side, was the usual guard-cell (_b_);
+the sides of dry-stone masonry, but the end was the face of a rock _in
+situ_. Proceeding on, the roof rose and the gallery widened to what was
+the main chamber (_c_), which was 7 feet high under the apex of the
+dome, and 4 feet broad. Upon the west side of this chamber, and about 2
+feet from the ground, is a recess, about 2 feet square and 4 feet long.
+At the further end, and in the same right line, the gallery (_d_)
+became low (2-1/2 feet) and narrow (2 feet). Again the roof rose, and
+the gallery widened till stopt, in face, by a large transported rock
+(_f_); to the right of the rock a rectangular chamber (_e_), 2 feet
+broad, extended 4 feet, and ended against rock _in situ_. Round, and
+beyond the rock (_f_), the wall of the left side of the gallery was
+built, but the passage was so narrow (_g_) that I contented myself by
+looking through it. This incomprehensible narrowness is a feature in the
+buildings of this period. Some of Captain Otter's officers pushed
+through into the small chamber (_h_); beyond this the gallery was
+ruinated and impassable; the total length explored was 45 feet."[71]
+
+[Footnote 71: _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vol. vii. (First Series), pp.
+167-8.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE II.
+
+FIG. 8.
+
+
+"It is of a bee-hive form, about 18 feet in diameter, 9 feet high, and
+covered with green turf outside."
+
+_a_ _a_. doors; 3 feet high, "higher and better formed than is usual."
+
+_b_. fireplace (having a chimney above, which is exceptional).
+
+_c_. row of stones marking off _d._
+
+_d_. bed on floor.
+
+_e_ _e_ _e_. small recesses in wall.
+
+
+FIG. 9.
+
+Dwelling and Dairy joined, "of the usual bee-hive shape, and green with
+the growing turf." Dairy "6 feet square on floor, but roundish
+externally."
+
+_a_. doorway; "easily closed with a creel, a bundle of heather, or a
+straw mat."
+
+_b_. "a very low interior doorway."
+
+_c_. doorway of dairy.
+
+_d_. fireplace; "the smoke escaping through a hole in the apex of the
+dome."
+
+_e_. "the usual row of stones."
+
+_f_. "a litter of hay and rushes for a bed."
+
+_g_. niches in wall.
+
+_i_ _j_ _k_ _l_. various utensils.]
+
+PLATE II.--_Bee-Hive Houses at Uig, Lewis._
+
+(From Plate XXXI. of Vol. VII. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+_Fig. 8._ Captain Thomas selects this as "the most modern, and at the
+same time the last, in all probability, that will be constructed in this
+manner"--viz., "roofed by the horizontal or cyclopean arch, _i.e._, by a
+system of overlapping stones." "The woman who was living in it [about
+1869] told us it was built for his shieling by Dr. Macaulay's
+grandfather, who was tacksman [leaseholder] of Linshader ... and I
+conclude that it was made about ninety years back."[72]
+
+_Fig. 9._ Sir Arthur Mitchell says of this compound "bee-hive"
+house:--"The greatest height of the living room--in its centre, that
+is--was scarcely 6 feet. In no part of the dairy was it possible to
+stand erect. The door of communication between the two rooms was so
+small that we could get through it only by creeping. The great
+thickness of the walls, 6 to 8 feet, gave this door, or passage of
+communication, the look of a tunnel, and made the creeping through it
+very real. The creeping was only a little less real in getting through
+the equally tunnel-like, though somewhat wider and loftier passage,
+which led from the open air into the first or dwelling room."[73]
+
+[Footnote 72: _Op. cit._, p. 161.]
+
+[Footnote 73: _The Past in the Present_, p. 60.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE III.
+
+BEE-HIVE HOUSES, FIDIGIDH IOCHDRACH, UIG, LEWIS, HEBRIDES. Inhabited
+1859.]
+
+PLATE III.--_Bee-Hive Houses at Uig, inhabited in 1859._
+
+(From Plate XII. of Vol. III. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+See p. 47, _ante_.
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IV.
+
+BEEHIVE-HOUSES (BOTHAN) MEABHAG, FOREST OF HARRIS.]
+
+PLATE IV.--_Bee-Hive Houses at Meabhag, Forest of Harris._
+
+(From Plate X. of Vol. III. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+At the date of Captain Thomas's visit (1861) a man was still living who
+had been born in one or other of these dwellings.
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE V.
+
+GROUND PLAN OF RUINED _BOTH_ AT BAILE FHLODAIDH, ON THE NORTH SIDE OF
+THE ISLAND OF BENBECULA.
+
+_a_. "scarcely 18 in. wide."]
+
+PLATE V.--_Ground Plan of Bee-Hive House, Island of Benbecula._
+
+(From Plate XXXII. of Vol. VII. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VI.
+
+SECTIONAL VIEW AND GROUND PLAN OF MOUND DWELLING, CALLED _BOTH
+STACSEAL_, SITUATED MIDWAY BETWEEN STORNOWAY AND CARLOWAY, LEWIS,
+HEBRIDES.
+
+"A hole (_e_), called the Farlos, is left in the apex of the roof for
+the escape of the smoke, and is closed with a turf or flat stone as
+requisite."
+
+_Height of Dome, 7 feet._
+
+_a, b. Doorways._
+
+_c. Fireplace._
+
+_d. Row of stones for seats._
+
+_e. Centre. (Distance from e to end of cells, 7 feet.)_
+
+_f, g, h. Cells or bed-places._
+
+_f is "2 feet wide and 15 inches high at the inner end; is 5 feet long
+and 3 feet high at the mouth. The opposite cell (g) is of the same
+dimensions. The third cell (h) is 4 feet wide at the mouth, 5 feet long,
+decreasing to 2-1/2 feet wide at the head, where it is 16 inches high."_
+
+The above is given by Captain Thomas as an example of such dwellings
+"having oven-like bed-places around the internal area. This interesting
+summer house illustrates the most antique form of dormitory; but in the
+winter houses the floor of the bedroom was raised three or four feet
+above the ground." (Compare the side cells in Maes-How, Orkney.)]
+
+PLATE VI.--_Chambered Mound (Both Stacseal), near Stornoway,
+Lewis._
+
+(From Plate XXXII. of Vol. VII. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+With reference to the _farlos_, or smoke-hole (otherwise "sky-light"),
+which, in this instance, is at a height of 7 feet from the floor of the
+dwelling, Captain Thomas remarks:--"A man, on standing upright, can
+often put his head out of the hole and look around" (_op. cit._, vol.
+iii., p. 130 _n._). This suggests the following story, told by Mr. J.F.
+Campbell (_West Highland Tales_, vol. ii., pp. 39-40):
+
+     "There was a woman in Baile Thangusdail, and she was out seeking a
+     couple of calves; and the night and lateness caught her, and there
+     came rain and tempest, and she was seeking shelter. She went to a
+     knoll with the couple of calves, and she was striking the
+     tether-peg into it. The knoll opened. She heard a gleegashing
+     (_gliogadaich_) as if a pot-hook were clashing beside a pot. She
+     took wonder, and she stopped striking the tether-peg. A woman put
+     out her head and all above her middle, and she said, 'What business
+     hast thou to be troubling this tulman [mound] in which I make my
+     dwelling?' 'I am taking care of this couple of calves, and I am but
+     weak. Where shall I go with them?' 'Thou shalt go with them to that
+     breast down yonder. Thou wilt see a tuft of grass. If thy couple of
+     calves eat that tuft of grass, thou wilt not be a day without a
+     milk cow as long as thou art alive, because thou hast taken my
+     counsel.'
+
+     "As she said, she never was without a milk cow after that, and she
+     was alive fourscore and fifteen years after the night that was
+     there."
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VII.
+
+GROUND PLAN OF _BOTHAN GEARRAIDH NA H'AIRDE MOIRE_, UIG LEWIS, HEBRIDES.
+
+_a. Dwelling apartments._
+
+_b. Fosgarlan or Porch._
+
+_c. Cuiltean or Milk cupboards._
+
+_d. Stonebench or Bedplace._
+
+_AB. Line of Section._
+
+_CD. View as represented as restored._]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VIII.
+
+SECTION AND ELEVATION OF _BOTHAN GEARRAIDH NA H'AIRDE MOIRE_, UIG,
+LEWIS, HEBRIDES, AND VIEW OF SAME IF RESTORED.]
+
+PLATES VII. AND VIII.--_"Agglomeration of Bee-Hives" at Uig,
+Lewis._
+
+(From Plates XV. and XVI. of Vol. III. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+     "By far the most singular of all these structures, and probably
+     unique in the Long Island, is at Gearraidh na h-Airde Moire,
+     on the shore of Loch Resort. I cannot describe it better than by
+     bidding you suppose twelve individual bee-hive huts all built
+     touching each other, with doors and passages from one to the other.
+     The diameter of this gigantic booth is 46 feet, and [it] is nearly
+     circular in plan. The height of the doors and passages about 2-1/2
+     feet; and under the smokehole (_farlos_), in two of the chambers,
+     the height was 6-1/2 feet.... I am informed that, so late as 1823,
+     this _both_ was inhabited by four families." (Captain Thomas,
+     _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vol. iii., p. 139.)
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IX.
+
+PLAN AND ELEVATION OF A BOTH _at Gearraidh Aird Mhor, Uig, Lewis._
+
+_a. dwellings._
+
+_b. fosgarlan or porch._
+
+_c. cuiltean or milk cupboards._
+
+_d. doors._
+
+_e. farlos or smokehole._
+
+"One of a group of three at the garry of Aird Mhor, close to the shore
+and near the mouth of Loch Resort, Uig, Lewis. This compound _both_ has
+evidently been intended for two related families ... but there is no
+interior communication between the dwellings." (_Op. cit. p. 144._)]
+
+PLATE IX.--_Compound "Both" situated near the above._
+
+(From Plate XIV. of Vol. III. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE X.
+
+GROUND PLAN AND SECTIONAL VIEW OF SEMI-SUBTERRANEAN _BOTH_ AND
+UNDERGROUND GALLERY, MEAL NA H-UAMH, MOL A DEAS, HUISHNISH, ISLAND OF
+SOUTH UIST.]
+
+PLATE X.--_"Both" and Underground Gallery at Meall na h-Uamh,
+Huishnish, South Uist._
+
+(From Plate XXXIII. of Vol. VII. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+    "I have next to notice," says Captain Thomas (_op. cit._, p. 164),
+    "that form of bo'h, Pict's house, or clochan, whichever name may be
+    adopted by archaeologists, to which a hypogeum or subterranean
+    gallery is attached.... [The present example] is in South Uist,
+    about half a mile inland from Moll a Deas (South Beach); and the
+    Moll is about one mile and a half to the south of Husinish (Husness,
+    _i.e._, Houseness). The site of the bo'h is called Meall na [h-]
+    Uamh, or Cave Lump [more correctly, the Mound of the Cave, or
+    'Weem.'] It consists of a partly excavated oval dwelling chamber
+    (_a_), 7 feet by 14 feet on the floor; the dome roof has fallen in;
+    there are two _cuiltean_, or niches in the wall. A low curved
+    subterranean passage (_b_), about 2-1/2 feet square and 20 feet in
+    length, leads into an elongated bee-hive chamber (_c_), 13 feet by 5
+    feet, and 6-3/4 feet high; from thence an entrance (_d_), 2 feet by
+    2 feet, admits to a small circular chamber or cell (_e_), 5 feet in
+    diameter and 5 feet high. The main passage inclines downwards, so
+    that the floor of the second chamber (_c_) is nearly 3 feet lower
+    than that of the first (_a_); and that of the inner one (_e_) a foot
+    below the second (_c_)."
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XI.
+
+GROUND PLAN OF _BOTH_ AND UNDERGROUND GALLERY, OR _TIGH LAIR_, NEAR MOL
+A DEAS, HUISHNISH, ISLAND OF SOUTH UIST.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XII.
+
+RESTORED ELEVATION OF ANCIENT BOTH AND SECTION OF HYPOGEUM OR TIGH LAIR,
+ON THE LINE a, k, NEAR MOL A DEAS, HUISHNISH, SOUTH UIST.
+
+"These piers were about 4 feet high, 4 feet to 6 feet long, and 1-1/2
+foot to 2 feet broad; and there was a passage of from 1 foot to 2 feet
+in width between the wall and them."
+
+"On a small, flattish terrace, where the hill sloped steeply, an area
+had been cleared by digging away the bank, so that the wall of the
+house, for nearly half its circumference, was the side of the hill,
+faced with stone.... The hypogeum or subterranean gallery is on a level
+with the floor, pierced towards the hill, and is entered by a very small
+doorway [marked _d_ on Ground Plan, Plate XI.].... It is but 18 inches
+high and 2 feet broad, so that a very stout or large man could not get
+in." (_Op. cit._, pp. 166, 167.)]
+
+PLATES XI. AND XII.--_"Both" and Underground Gallery at
+Huishnish, South Uist._
+
+(From Plates XXXIV. and XXXV. of Vol. VII. of _Proceedings of the
+Society of Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+     "An ancient dwelling, semi-subterranean, exists at Nisibost, Harris
+     [and is described in vol. iii. of the _Proceedings_, p. 140].... A
+     still finer example exists near to Meall na h-Uamh, in South
+     Uist.... The bo'h, or Pict's house, as it would be called in the
+     Orkneys--but the name is unknown in the Long Island--that I am
+     about to describe lies less than half a mile above the shepherd's
+     house; but so little curiosity had that individual that he was
+     entirely unacquainted with it; and I believe it would never have
+     been found by us but for a little terrier (in its etymological
+     sense, of course) of a daughter. The child was only acquainted with
+     the two here drawn [of which the other--viz., _Uamh Sgalabhad_, is
+     here reproduced as Plate I., frontispiece]; but there may be many
+     more waiting the researches of the zealous antiquary." (Captain
+     Thomas, _op. cit._, p. 165.)
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIII.
+
+GROUND PLAN AND ENTRANCE OF UNDERGROUND GALLERY AT PAIBLE, TARANSAY,
+HARRIS.
+
+"The drawing is from a photograph of the entrance, which is 2 feet 10
+inches high and 1-1/2 foot broad. The sea flows up to it at high
+tides."]
+
+PLATE XIII.--_Underground Gallery at Paible, Taransay, Harris._
+
+(From Plate XXIX. of Vol. VII. of _Proceedings of the Society of
+Antiquaries of Scotland_, First Series.)
+
+Describing this earth-house, Captain Thomas says:--"The
+drawing is from a photograph of the entrance, which is 2 feet 10 inches
+high and 1-1/2 foot broad. The sea flows up to it at high tides. On
+crawling in, there is seen the usual guard-cell (_b_), close beside the
+entrance, but so small that we may be sure the sentinel, if there was
+one, must have been a light weight; in fact, we are almost driven to the
+conclusion that there were no Bantings in those days. This guard-cell is
+but 2 feet 5 inches high, and 3 feet in width. The gallery then turns at
+a right angle to the left hand. We excavated it for 22 feet.... When
+digging, we came upon two broken stone dishes (corn-crushers?) now in
+the Museum [Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]; and above the gallery
+were most of the bones of a small ox, placed orderly together.... Bones
+of the seal were common, and a few of the eagle." (_Op. cit._, p. 169.)
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIV.
+
+MAES-HOW, ORKNEY.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XV.
+
+INTERIOR OF MAES-HOW, ORKNEY
+
+(_Facing inner doorway of gallery_).
+
+_Cell or Bed in Wall._]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVI.
+
+SECTIONAL VIEW AND GROUND PLAN OF MAES-HOW.]
+
+PLATES XIV., XV., AND XVI.--_Maes-How, Orkney._
+
+These plates represent the "Pict's house" referred to by Captain Thomas
+(pp. 50-51, _ante_), with regard to which he says:--"Maes howe was for
+three families--grandees, no doubt; but the numbers it was intended to
+hold in the _beds_ may be learned by comparing them with the Amazon's
+House, St. Kilda."
+
+The structure last named is described by Captain Thomas and Mr. T.S.
+Muir in vol. iii. of the _Proceedings_ (pp. 225-228), where it is
+stated:--"The Amazon's House is of the same class with our earliest
+stone buildings--belonging to the era of cromlechs, stone-circles,
+Picts' castles, &c.; but while in other parts of Britain the style and
+type have vanished for a thousand years, in the Outer Hebrides we find
+them (in the Bothan [_i.e._, 'boths' or 'bee-hive houses'] of Uig)
+continued to the present day." The following additional remarks by
+Captain Thomas are also of interest in this connection:--"It appears
+that besides the Tigh na Bhanna ghaisgach (Ty-na-Van-a-ghas-gec), or
+Amazon's House--and of whom all tradition, except her name, has
+gone--there are the remains of other submerged dwellings and hypogea.
+Miss Euphemia MacCrimmon, the oldest inhabitant of that far-off island,
+tells that a certain Donald Macdonald and John Macqueen, on passing a
+hillock, heard churning going on within. And about thirty years ago,
+when digging into the hillock to make the foundations of a new house,
+they discovered what seemed to be the fairies' residence, built of
+stones inside, and holes in the wall, or croops, as they call them, as
+in Airidh na Bhannaghaisgach."[74]
+
+It will be noticed that the "beds" in Maes-How are on a higher level
+than the floor of the main chamber. "In the winter houses," observes
+Captain Thomas,[75] "the floor of the bed-place was raised 3 or 4 feet
+above the ground."
+
+The original use of Maes-How is a matter of opinion, and some have
+assumed it to belong to the class of sepulchral mounds, although there
+is no evidence in support of this belief. For many reasons, the opinions
+of Captain Thomas are endorsed by the present writer. It may be added
+that, prior to 1861, when the mound was opened, local tradition had
+declared that it was the residence of a "hog-boy," or mound-dweller.
+
+[Footnote 74: _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._ (First Series), vol. vii. p.
+172.]
+
+[Footnote 75: _Op. cit._, p. 164.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVII.
+
+THE BRUGH OF THE BOYNE, NEW GRANGE, COUNTY MEATH]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVIII.
+
+DOORWAY OF THE BRUGH OF THE BOYNE.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIX.
+
+GROUND PLAN OF THE BRUGH OF THE BOYNE (as at present explored).]
+
+PLATES XVII., XVIII., AND XIX.--_Brugh of the Boyne, New
+Grange, County Meath._
+
+The diagrams here shown are from drawings by Mr. W.F. Wakeman, the
+veteran Irish archaeologist.[76] With reference to the spiral carvings at
+the doorway of the Brugh, it may be mentioned that "the same kind of
+ornament appears on a stone found amidst a heap which had once been a
+'Pict's-house' in the island of Eday, Orkney;"[77] and that in Orkney,
+also, there has been found, in an underground house, a large stone
+"saucer," or "tray," resembling the two shown in the ground plan of the
+Brugh. (There appears to be no settled opinion as to the uses of those
+"saucers.")
+
+In connection with the identification of this mound with the "Brugh of
+the Boyne" of ancient Irish history, the following remarks may be
+quoted. The Rev. Father O'Laverty, in the Journal of the Royal Society
+of Antiquaries of Ireland (December, 1892, p. 430) thus observes:--
+
+     "In his very valuable work, _The Boyne and Blackwater_, Sir William
+     Wilde appears to me to have used convincing arguments to prove that
+     _Brugh-na-Boinne_ ... was ... on the left bank of the Boyne,
+     convenient to the ford of _Ros-na-righ_ (Rossnaree) at Knowth,
+     Dowth, and Newgrange. To Sir William's arguments one point only was
+     wanting: the old name had disappeared.... It is now more than
+     thirty years since I went to Newgrange for the special purpose of
+     investigating that matter. I explained to Mr. Maguire, then of
+     Newgrange, and to his son, that _Brugh-na-Boinne_ signified 'the
+     town, or dwelling-place, on the Boyne,' that the word _Brugh_ would
+     assume the modern form _Bro_, as in Brughshane (pronounced
+     Broshane), and many other townland names, and that _na-Boinne_, 'of
+     the Boyne,' would probably cease to be used as unnecessary at the
+     site. I need not say that I was greatly pleased when they informed
+     me that the field in which is the mound of Newgrange is called the
+     _Bro-Park_, while in the immediate vicinity are the _Bro-Farm_, the
+     _Bro-Mill_, and the _Bro-Cottage_." [And also, they might have
+     added, the mansion of _Broe House_.]
+
+Any one, therefore, who duly considers the matter, in relation to the
+statements of both of these writers, will see that the mound at New
+Grange is the _Brugh-na-Boinne_ of Irish history and tradition. And this
+name, says Father O'Laverty, "signified 'the town, or dwelling-place, on
+the Boyne.'" What, then, are the earliest associations with this "town
+or dwelling-place?"
+
+It is said[78] to have been built by a celebrated "king and oracle" of
+the people known as the Tuatha De, Dea, or De Danann, and to have been
+the residence of himself and others of his race. This chief (Eochaid
+_Ollathair_) is usually referred to as "the Dagda," or "the Daghda Mor";
+and of his nation it is asserted that, after having invaded Ireland and
+conquered its native "Fir-Bolgs," they were themselves conquered in
+turn by a later race of immigrants, the Gaels. This "Brugh," therefore,
+is said to have been the residence of the Dagda, and, after him, of
+Angus, one of his sons. Consequently, it is very frequently styled "the
+Brugh of Angus, son of the Dagda," an appellation which assumes various
+forms.[79] Latterly, it seems to have been most generally known as "the
+Brugh" (_par excellence_), or, more simply still, as "Brugh." In the
+Book of Leinster it is specified as one of "Ireland's three undeniable
+eminences [_dindgna_]"[80]; while "an ancient poem by Mac Nia, son of
+Oenna (in the Book of Ballymote, fol. 190 b.)," styles it "a king's
+mansion" and a "_sidh_." The same MS. (32 _a b_) gives the variant _Sidh
+an Bhrogha_, rendered by Dr. Standish O'Grady "the fairy fort of the
+_Brugh_ upon the Boyne."[81] This word "_sidh_," which was
+applied--probably in the first place--to hollow mounds such as this, but
+which was also applied to the dwellers in them, gave the Tuatha De
+Danann their most popular name. Because it was on account of their
+residence in "the green mounds, known by the name of _Sidh_," that they
+were called "the _Fir Sidhe_ [_i.e._, men of the _sidhs_], or Fairies,
+of Ireland."[82] The one word, indeed (_sidh_), became indifferently
+applied to the dwellings and the dwellers. Whichever was the earliest
+meaning of that word, there is little dubiety as to the etymology of
+_Siabhra_. In one copy of the _Leabhar na h-Uidhre_,[83] it is stated
+that the Tuatha De Danann "were called _Siabhras_." O'Reilly defines
+_siabhra_ as "a fairy," and _siabhrach_ as "fairy-like"; while "a fairy
+mansion" is _siabhrugh_. With Connellan, again, _siabhrog_ is "a fairy."
+It seems quite evident that these are all corruptions of _sidh-bhrugh_
+(otherwise _Sidh an Bhrogha_, as above), and that _Siabhra_, as applied
+to the _dwellers_, was simply a transference from the name denoting
+their _dwellings_.
+
+Numerous as are the references to this mound as a "dwelling-place," its
+name figures prominently in the list of the ancient cemeteries of
+Ireland. _Relec in Broga_, "the Cemetery of the Brugh," is referred to
+as one of "the three cemeteries of Idolaters," in an Irish manuscript of
+the twelfth century (or earlier), the _Leabhar na h-Uidhre_ cited above.
+Of the two others, one is "the Cemetery of Cruachan"; and, by glancing
+at it, in the first place, we shall obtain a good idea of the Cemetery
+of the Brugh. "We find that the monuments within the cemetery at
+Rathcroghan,"[84] says Mr. Petrie, "are small circular mounds, which,
+when examined, are found to cover rude, sepulchral chambers formed of
+stone, without cement of any kind, and containing unburned bones."[85]
+And the twelfth-century scribe whom Mr. Petrie largely quotes, says that
+there were fifty such mounds (_cnoc_) in the cemetery at Cruachan. This
+mediaeval scholar has copied a poem on the subject, "ascribed to Dorban,
+a poet of West Connaught," wherein it is said that it is not in the
+power of poets or of sages to reckon the number of heroes under the
+Cruachan mounds, and that there is not a hillock (_cnoc_) in that
+cemetery "which is not the grave of a king or royal prince, or of a
+woman, or warlike poet." In another verse, he says that _each_ of the
+fifty mounds had a warrior under it; and, altogether, it appears that,
+although their number could doubtless be "reckoned," yet the burial
+mounds of Cruachan, in or about the twelfth century, much exceeded fifty
+in number. "Fifty" is simply used by the poet and his commentator to
+show that, like the two other cemeteries of the triad (each of which is
+also said to have had fifty) the Cemetery of Cruachan contained about a
+third of the pagan notables of Ireland.
+
+From this we see that, about the twelfth century, the Cemetery of the
+Brugh contained at least fifty sepulchral mounds such as those described
+by Mr. Petrie at Cruachan. Mr. Petrie further quotes two passages from
+the _Dinnsenchus_, which specify in the following terms some of the most
+famous of those "monuments" at the Brugh:--
+
+     "The Grave [or Stone Cairn, _Leacht_] of the Dagda; the Grave of
+     Aedh Luirgnech, son of the Dagda; the Graves of Cirr and Cuirrell,
+     wives of the Dagda--'these are two hillocks [_da cnoc_]'; the Grave
+     of Esclam, the Dagda's Brehon, 'which is called _Fert-Patric_ at
+     this day'; the Cashel [or Stone Enclosure] of Angus, son of
+     Crunmael; the Cave [_Derc_] of Buailcc Bec; the Stone Cairn
+     [_Leacht_] of Cellach, son of Maelcobha; the Stone Cairn [_Leacht_]
+     of the steed of Cinaedh, son of Irgalach; the Prison [_Carcar_] of
+     Liath-Macha; the 'Glen' of the Mata; the Pillar Stone of Buidi, the
+     son of Muiredh, where his head is interred; the Stone of Benn; the
+     Grave of Boinn, the wife of Nechtan; the 'Bed' of the daughter of
+     Forann; the _Barc_ of Crimthann Nianar, in which he was interred;
+     the Grave of Fedelmidh, the Lawgiver; the _Cumot_ of Cairbre
+     Lifeachair; the _Fulacht_ of Fiachna Sraiphtine."
+
+These, of course, are only some of the most famous of the sepulchral
+monuments which existed in the Cemetery of the Brugh eight or nine
+centuries ago. Since that time, most of them have disappeared, their
+stones having been presumably built into castles, mansions, cottages and
+walls, while the bones of the queens and heroes have fertilised the soil
+of the neighbouring farms. But there still remain a few
+"standing-stones" and "moats" in the vicinity of the Brugh, all of which
+may be included in the above list.
+
+I have cited that list for the reason that modern antiquaries, or many
+of them, have assumed that _Sid in Broga_ and _Relec in Broga_ are
+synonymous terms, and that when a king or hero is recorded to have been
+buried "at Brugh," that means that he was buried _in_ the Brugh itself.
+In other words, that a place which was known as Fert-Patrick in or about
+the twelfth century, as also the "cashel" and the many hillocks, graves,
+and cairns mentioned in the list--not to speak of innumerable
+others--were all situated in the chamber which is shown in Plate XIX. It
+does not require a moment's reflection to convince one that this is an
+erroneous assumption. Nor is it warranted by the "History of the
+Cemeteries" itself, which always speaks of the burials having been "_at_
+Brugh."[86]
+
+One other statement, however, must be referred to. In another verse of
+Dorban's poem, mentioned above, it is said that "the host of Meath" are
+buried "_ar lar in Broga tuathaig_." This is rendered by Petrie, "in the
+middle of the lordly Brugh." The translation is no doubt good; and it is
+open to any one to deduce therefrom that the chamber shown in the plan
+contained at one time the skeletons of the host of Meath. In that case,
+the "host" must have been very limited in number; and anyone who has
+crawled along the sixty-foot passage into the Brugh, and who adopts this
+view, must wonder a little as to how the corpses were conveyed along
+that passage, and as to the reasons which must have induced some people
+(prior to 1699, when the chamber was almost, if not altogether, void of
+such relics)[87] to drag all those bones out again, at much personal
+inconvenience. But "_ar lar in Broga_" may also mean "in the [burying-]
+ground of the Brugh"; and the descriptions quoted above from the
+_Dinnsenchus_ show quite clearly that the ground in which "the host of
+Meath" were buried embraced a considerable tract of land, dotted over
+with mounds and monuments, differing only in degree from those of a
+modern cemetery.[88]
+
+The twelfth-century commentator of Dorban's poem states:
+
+     "The nobles of the Tuatha De Danann (with the exception of seven of
+     them who were interred at Talten [which was the third 'Cemetery of
+     the Idolaters']) were buried at Brugh, _i.e._, Lugh, and Oe, son of
+     Ollamh, and Ogma, and Carpre, son of Etan, and Etan (the poetess)
+     herself, and the Dagda and his three sons (_i.e._, Aedh, and
+     Oengus, and Cermait), and a great many others besides of the
+     Tuatha De Dananns, and Firbolgs and others."[89]
+
+But, afterwards, "the race of Heremon, _i.e._, the kings of Tara," who
+used to bury at Cruachan (because that was the chief seat in their
+special principality of Connaught) came to bury at Brugh. "The first
+king of them that was interred at Brugh" was a certain Crimthann,
+surnamed _Nianar_, the son of Lughaidh Riabh-n-derg;[90] and the reason
+why Crimthann decided to abandon the burying-place of his forefathers
+was "because his wife Nar was of the Tuatha Dea, and it was she
+solicited him that he should adopt Brugh as a burial-place for himself
+and his descendants, and this was the cause that they did not bury at
+Cruachan."[91] It would appear that the ruling dynasty of the Tuatha Dea
+had ended in a female, both on account of Nar's action in this matter,
+and because her husband became known by her name--as Nianar
+(_Niadk-Nair_) or "Nar's Champion."
+
+This Nar is a very interesting personage in the present connection.
+Because, being one of the Tuatha Dea, she was a _siabhra_, or woman of
+the _sidhs_; otherwise, a _bean-side_ (modernised into "banshee"). This
+is plainly stated in two other Irish manuscripts, with an additional
+explanation which is very apposite. It is said that Crimthann was called
+Nar's Champion "because his wife Nar _thuathchaech_ out of the _sidhes_,
+or of the Pict-folk [_a sidaib no do Chruithentuaith_], she it was that
+took him off on an adventure." A companion statement is that made in
+another manuscript to the effect that "Nar _thuathchaech_, the
+daughter of Lotan of the Pict-folk [_Nar thuathchaech ingen Lotain do
+Chruithentuaith_], was the mother of Feradach _finnfhechtnach_," or "the
+brightly prosperous"--a king of Ireland.[92]
+
+Incidentally, therefore, in considering the Brugh of the Boyne and the
+people most associated with it, we find very distinct confirmation of
+the main part of the contention in the foregoing treatise. From these
+extracts it is evident that those early writers regarded _siabhra,
+fear-sidh, bean-sidh_, and _daoine-sidh_ (words which may also be
+interpreted "mound-dweller") as ordinary folk-names for the Picts; just
+in the same way as any historian of the frontier wars in North America
+would understand by "Red-skin" and "Greaser" the more classic "Indian"
+and "Mexican."
+
+[Footnote 76: Earlier illustrations, from drawings made in 1724 by Mr.
+Samuel Molyneux, a Dublin student, may be seen in Part II. of "A Natural
+History of Ireland," Dublin, 1726. Other eighteenth-century
+representations of the same place occur in a volume of old plates,
+belonging to the Society of Antiquaries (London). This volume is
+endorsed "Celtic Remains; I," and its contents form part of (says the
+fly-leaf) "a collection of plates from the Archaeologia collected by Mr.
+Akerman when the Society's Stock was sold off and arranged more or less
+in Classes." The views of the Brugh will be found at pp. 239, 253, and
+254 (Plates XIX.-XXII.). Colonel Forbes Leslie has two excellent plates,
+from drawings of his own, in his _Early Races of Scotland_ (Edin. 1866),
+vol. ii.; where he also refers to Wilde's _Boyne and Blackwater_ and
+Wakeman's _Irish Antiquities_. A recent work, illustrating the same
+subject, but which I have not yet had an opportunity of seeing, is Mr.
+George Coffey's "Tumuli and Inscribed Stones at New Grange, Dowth, and
+Knowth," Dublin, 1893.]
+
+[Footnote 77: Forbes Leslie's _Early Races of Scotland_, vol. ii. p.
+335, _note_.]
+
+[Footnote 78: O'Curry's _Lectures_, Dublin, 1861, p. 505.]
+
+[Footnote 79: For most of which see Dr. Standish O'Grady's _Silva
+Gadelica_, pp. 102-3, 146, 233, 474, and 484.]
+
+[Footnote 80: _Silva Gadelica_ (English translation), pp. 474 and 520.]
+
+[Footnote 81: _Op. cit._ (English translation), p. 522.]
+
+[Footnote 82: Skene's _Celtic Scotland_, vol. iii. pp. 106-7.]
+
+[Footnote 83: Class H. 3, 17, Trinity College, Dublin. [I quote from Mr.
+Petrie's "Round Towers," Trans, of Roy. Irish Acad., vol. xx. (Dublin,
+1845), p. 98.]]
+
+[Footnote 84: Rath Chruachain, Co. Roscommon: the cemetery was styled
+_Relig na Riogh_, or the Cemetery of Kings.]
+
+[Footnote 85: _Op. cit._, p. 106.]
+
+[Footnote 86: "_Is in Brug, or Bruig_." Mr. Petrie invariably translates
+this as "at" Brugh. But I observe that Dr. Standish O'Grady (_Silva
+Gadelica_, p. 256; and p. 289 of English translation) renders the Gaelic
+particle by English "in." To decide between two Gaelic scholars is not
+within my province. But if Dr. O'Grady understands "the Brugh" to be
+synonymous with _Sidh an Bhrogha_ (as perhaps he does not), the adoption
+of his reading would lead to an inference which is opposed to common
+sense.]
+
+[Footnote 87: Molyneux, writing in 1725, says that "when first the cave
+was opened, the bones of two dead bodies entire, not burnt, were found
+upon the floor." Colonel Forbes Leslie remarks: "Llhuyd, the antiquary,
+writing in 1699, makes no mention of any human remains being found in
+it."]
+
+[Footnote 88: Since the above was written, the quarterly number, June
+1893, of the _Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland_
+has been issued, and a note therein confirms the suspicion, indicated in
+Mr. Wakeman's drawing, that the whole mound is not yet explored. But the
+above remarks are applicable in any case.]
+
+[Footnote 89: Petrie: _op. cit._, p. 106.]
+
+[Footnote 90: That is, Lughaidh of the Red Stripes; "meaning that on his
+person he had two such: one as girdle round his middle, another as
+necklace round his neck." (_Silva Gadelica_, English translation, p.
+544.)]
+
+[Footnote 91: Petrie (_op. cit._, p. 101), quoting from the "History of
+the Cemeteries" in the _Leabhar na h-Uidhre_.]
+
+[Footnote 92: These two extracts are from _Silva Gadelica_, Eng.
+transl., pp. 495 and 544; where the references are, respectively, "Book
+of Ballymote, 250 _a b_," and "Kilbride No. 3, Advocates' Library,
+Edinburgh, 5."]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATES XX. AND XXI.
+
+SECTIONAL VIEW AND GROUND PLAN OF THE DENGHOOG, ISLAND OF SYLT.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXII.
+
+INTERIOR OF THE DENGHOOG, ISLAND OF SYLT.]
+
+PLATES XX. AND XXI.--_The Denghoog, Island of Sylt, North
+Friesland._
+
+In addition to my original collection, I am now able to show three views
+of the Denghoog, in Sylt, which is the mound referred to on p. 34
+(_ante_). Mr. W.G. Black speaks of it thus:--
+
+     "There is some confusion as to King Finn's dwelling. As doctors
+     differ, we may be allowed to claim that it was the Denghoog, close
+     to Wenningstedt, if only because we descended into that remarkable
+     dwelling. Externally merely a swelling green mound, like so many
+     others in Sylt, entrance is gained by a trap-door in the roof, and
+     decending a steep ladder, one finds himself in a subterranean
+     chamber, some seventeen by ten feet in size, the walls of which are
+     twelve huge blocks of Swedish granite; the height of the roof
+     varies from five feet to six feet. The original entrance appears to
+     have been a long narrow passage, seventeen feet long and about two
+     feet wide and high. This mound was examined by a Hamburg professor
+     in 1868, who found remains of a fireplace, bones of a small man,
+     some clay urns, and stone weapons. Later, a Kiel professor is said
+     to have carried off all he found therein to Kiel Museum, and so far
+     we have not been able to trace the published accounts of his
+     investigations."[93]
+
+Mr. Christian Jensen, Oevenum, Foehr, to whom I am indebted for these
+three views, has favoured me with the following information:--
+
+    "The sketches of the Denhoog which I enclose [viz., the Ground Plan
+    and Sectional View] are from the drawings of Professor Wibel, who
+    conducted the excavation of it in 1868. From his and C.P. Hansen's
+    observations I contribute the following statements: Originally, the
+    mound was higher, but in 1868 it had the form of a truncated cone,
+    4-1/2 _metres_ [say 14 feet 9 inches] in height. As may be seen from
+    the picture, it slopes away to the south above the original passage
+    into the mound, which the dweller made use of as his entrance; so
+    that the extent is very considerable. The present entrance, as may
+    be seen from the view of the interior, was made from above, at the
+    north side, directly opposite the original entrance.... Dr. Wibel
+    says: 'At the south side of the chamber is the doorway for ingress
+    and egress, with the passage itself leading from it. This passage,
+    which was 6 _metres_ [19 feet 8 inches] in length, was lined with
+    upright blocks of granite and gneiss, with a roofing and floor made
+    of flagstones of the same kinds of stone. It was opened up all the
+    way to the mouth of the passage. This [the outer orifice] lay close
+    to the extremity of the earth and near the floor of the mound, was
+    closed with earth only, not with a stone, and measured about 1
+    _metre_ [3 feet 3.4 inches] in height, and 1-1/3 _metre_ in breadth.
+    On account of these dimensions ... one can only creep through
+    with difficulty, and for that reason the plan does not show with
+    accuracy the position of the wall-slabs, and their number is merely
+    conjectured to be nine.'
+
+     "Immediately after this excavation of 17-19 September, 1868, C.P.
+     Hansen writes as follows:--
+
+     "'There are in the island of Sylt hillocks of ancient origin, for
+     the most part pagan burying-places, but some of which may have
+     served as the dwelling-places of a primitive people. One such
+     hillock has just been opened at Wenningstedt. The interior was
+     found to be a chamber, 17 feet long, 10 feet in breadth, and from 5
+     to 6 feet in height, with a covered passage about 22 feet long,
+     trending southward. The walls of this underground room were
+     composed of twelve large granite blocks, regularly arranged; the
+     roof consisted of three still larger slabs of the same kind of
+     rock; the stones which formed the passage were smaller. At one
+     corner of the floor of the cellar there was a well-defined
+     fireplace, and near it were urns and flint implements; in the
+     opposite corner there were many bones lying, apparently unburned,
+     probably those of the last dweller in the cavern.'"
+
+Mr. Christian Jensen gives an account of "Der Denghoog bei Wenningstedt"
+in the "Beilage zu Nr. 146 der Flensburger Nachrichten" of 25th June
+1893, in which he says:
+
+     "... On the floor of the chamber, three separate divisions were
+     distinctly visible, of which one, situated on the east side, showed
+     traces of having been a fireplace. Professor Wibel found several
+     fragments of human bones, which evidently belonged only to _one_
+     individual, as no portion was duplicated; also a few animals'
+     bones. There was an extraordinary number of fragments of pottery,
+     belonging to about 24 different urns, of which 11 could be put
+     together. Their form and ornamentation were both fine and varied,
+     an interesting witness to the ceramics of the grey past.... Among
+     the stone implements found were a great many flint-knives; two
+     stone hatchets, two chisels, and a gouge, all of flint, and a disc
+     of porphyry were also obtained. Several mineral substances,
+     quartzite, rubble-stones, gravel, ochre, a sinter-heap--these are
+     less interesting than the seven amber beads which, with some
+     charcoal, completes the list of objects found. Referring to former
+     investigations of galleried mounds [_gangbauten_], which seem to
+     have been used in some cases as burying-places, in others as
+     dwellings, Dr. Wibel observes, in answer to the question resulting
+     from his discovery, as to whether the Denghoog ought to be regarded
+     as a sepulchre or as a dwelling, that, as Nilsson has already said,
+     all gallery-mounds were originally dwellings, and occasionally
+     became utilised as tombs. In the case of the Denghoog, this fact is
+     demonstrated by the fireplace, the scattered potsherds, the amber
+     beads, &c."
+
+[Footnote 93: _Heligoland_, Edin. and Lond., 1888, pp. 84-85.]
+
+
+Of the little woodcut which forms the Tailpiece of this volume, it is
+hardly necessary to say that it represents some popular ideas regarding
+"the little people." The woodcut of which this is a facsimile is one of
+those contained in the eighteenth-century chap-book, "_Round about our
+Coal Fire_; or, Christmas Entertainments," and it heads the chapter "_Of
+Fairies, their Use and Dignity_." "They generally came out of a
+Mole-hill," it is said; "they had fine Musick always among themselves,
+and Danced in a Moonshiny Night around, or in a Ring as one may see at
+this Day upon every Common in _England_, where Mushroones [_sic_] grow,"
+The size of the mushroom, so elegantly depicted in the foreground, is
+quite on a scale suitable to the stature ultimately accorded to the
+little people in many districts; so also is the mole-hill. But the tree,
+and the Satanic head in the foliage, are curiously out of proportion.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An examination of these various diagrams will show that the more
+primitive of those structures were obviously built by a small-sized
+race; some of the passages being quite impassable to large men of the
+present day. This peculiarity was noticed by Scott when visiting the
+"brochs" of Shetland, a kindred class of structures (none of which are
+here shown). "These Duns or Picts' Castles are so small," he says,
+writing in his Diary in August 1814, "it is impossible to conceive what
+effectual purpose they could serve excepting a temporary refuge for the
+chief." This reflection was suggested to him by the Broch of
+Cleik-him-in (now usually written Clickemin), near Lerwick; and in
+describing it he says: "The interior gallery, with its apertures, is so
+extremely low and narrow, being only about three feet square, that it is
+difficult to conceive how it could serve the purpose of communication.
+At any rate, the size fully justifies the tradition prevalent here, as
+well as in the south of Scotland, that the Picts were a diminutive
+race." Of the Broch of Mousa he says: "The uppermost gallery is so
+narrow and low that it was with great difficulty I crept through it,"--a
+feat which baffled the present writer.[94] In all those cases, of
+course, it is understood one has to crawl. As with the Lapps and the
+Eskimos, creeping was much more a matter of course with the builders of
+those places than it is with us. After getting through such passages it
+happens that, in several instances, the roof is higher than is required
+for the tallest living man. An admirable example of such a place is the
+underground "Picts' House" at Pitcur, in Forfarshire, which would be
+quite a palace to people of a small race, and very likely figures as
+such in some popular tale; its dimensions and appearance considerably
+magnified with every century.[95] But even this "fairy palace" was
+entered by narrow, downward-sloping passages, similar to that seen in
+the Frontispiece, down and up which the dwellers had to crawl. An
+underground gallery such as that of Ardtole (near Ardglass, County
+Down), is somewhat puzzling, because, while one chamber off it rises to
+a height of 5 feet 3 inches, another is only 3-1/2 feet high; and the
+main gallery, for 70 feet of its length, is 4-1/2 feet high, with a
+width of 3 feet 4 inches. The inference from this seems to be that the
+occupants were under 4-1/2 feet in height. If they had intended to crawl
+along the 70 feet, they did not require so high a roof; whereas, if they
+walked, and if they were more than 4-1/2 feet in height, they would need
+to walk the 70 feet in a stooping posture, a constraint which they could
+easily have avoided by raising the roof a foot or two. The highest roof
+in all this souterrain being 5 feet 3, it does not seem likely that the
+builders were taller than that; and there seems more reason to believe
+that they were much smaller. Another such gallery in Sutherlandshire is
+"nowhere more than 4-1/2 feet in height, and for the greater part of its
+length only 2 feet wide, expanding to 3-1/2, for about 3 feet only from
+the inner end." Still more restricted is the "rath-cave" of Ballyknock,
+in the parish of Ballynoe, barony of Kinnatalloon, County Cork. "The
+cave is a mere cutting in the clayey subsoil, and is roofed with flags
+resting on the clayey banks of the cutting, of which the length is about
+100 feet, and the height and width from 3 to 3-1/2 feet, except that the
+width to a height of 2 feet is hardly a foot at the N.W. turn, 23 feet
+from the N.E. end, and at a point 27 feet from the S.E. end.... Right
+below the aperture ... was a short pillar-stone, deeply scored with
+Oghams ... [and] many of the roofing slabs were seen ... to be inscribed
+with Oghams, some large and others minute."[96]
+
+"This class of structures deserves a careful study," observes Captain
+Thomas, referring to the souterrains of the north-west of Scotland;[97]
+"for the room or accommodation afforded by this mode of building is
+exceedingly small when compared with the labour expended in procuring
+it; besides, the doorway or entry is often so contracted that no bulky
+object, not even a very stout man, could get in ... But what are we to
+think when the single passage is so small that only a child could crawl
+through it?"
+
+[Footnote 94: On the very topmost course of all, the gallery dwindles
+into such insignificant dimensions that not even a dwarf (as one would
+naturally understand that term) could creep along it. Scott cannot have
+meant this very extremity. With regard to it, I should be inclined to
+say that it was merely the necessary finish of the gallery, not intended
+to be used any more than the spaces beside the eaves of a house.]
+
+[Footnote 95: The tendency to "idealisation on the part of the narrator"
+is referred to, in this connection, by Mr. Joseph Jacobs, at p. 242 of
+his "English Fairy Tales" (London, D. Nutt, 1890).]
+
+[Footnote 96: _Jour. Roy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland_, 1891 (Third Quarter), p.
+517. It is not inappropriate to add that one of these inscriptions
+reads: "Branan, son of Ochal," and that the decipherer (the Rev. Edmond
+Barry, M.R.I.A.) identifies this latter name with "the name of a King of
+the Fairies of Connaught (_Ri Side Connacht_)": _op. cit._, pp. 524-525.
+The Ardtole souterrain is described in the Journal of the same Society
+(July-October, 1889, p. 245), by Mr. Seaton F. Milligan, M.R.I.A.; and
+the one in Sutherlandshire is referred to by Dr. Joseph Anderson (at p.
+289 of "Scotland in Pagan Times: The Iron Age," Edinburgh, 1883).]
+
+[Footnote 97: _Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._ (First Series), vol. vii. pp.
+185-6.]
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+_Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO. London & Edinburgh._
+
+
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