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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Saratoga and How to See It, by R. F. Dearborn
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Saratoga and How to See It
+
+Author: R. F. Dearborn
+
+Release Date: January 29, 2006 [EBook #17633]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SARATOGA AND HOW TO SEE IT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Curtis Weyant, Karen Dalrymple, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by Cornell University Digital Collections)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: PRICE 25 CENTS.
+
+SARATOGA AND HOW TO SEE IT.
+
+ILLUSTRATED.]
+
+
+BY R.F. DEARBORN.
+
+
+1872.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    Drs. STRONGS,
+    REMEDIAL INSTITUTE,
+    ON CIRCULAR,
+    BETWEEN SPRING AND PHILA STREETS,
+
+Is unsurpassed for beauty of location and accessibility to the
+principal Springs. This Institution was established in 1855, for the
+special treatment of
+
+    Lung, Female and Various Chronic Diseases.
+
+During the Fall and Winter the Institute has been doubled in size to
+meet the necessities of its increased patronage. It is now the largest
+health institution in Saratoga, and is unsurpassed in the variety or
+its remedial appliances by any in this country. In the elegance and
+completeness of its appointments, it is unequaled. The building is
+heated by steam, so that in the coldest weather the air of the house
+is like that of Summer.
+
+The proprietors, Drs. S.S. and S.E. Strong, are graduates of the
+Medical Department of the New York University, and are largely
+patronized by the medical profession.
+
+In addition to the ordinary remedial agencies used in general practice
+they employ
+
+    THE EQUALIZER OR VACUUM TREATMENT,
+    ELECTRO THERMAL BATHS,
+    SULPHUR AIR BATHS, RUSSIAN BATHS, TURKISH BATHS,
+    HYDROPATHY, SWEDISH MOVEMENT CURE,
+    Oxygen Gas, Gymnastics, &c, &c.
+
+For particulars of the Institution, call or send for Circulars on
+Lung, Female and Chronic Diseases and on our Appliances. Address
+
+    Drs. S.S. & S.E. STRONG,
+    REMEDIAL INSTITUTE
+    SARATOGA SPRINGS, N.Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: MAP OF SARATOGA SPRINGS _by R.F. Dearborn_.]
+
+
+    SARATOGA,
+    AND
+    HOW TO SEE IT,
+
+    GIVING INFORMATION CONCERNING
+    The Attractions and Objects of Interest
+    OF THE
+    FASHIONABLE WATERING PLACE,
+    WITH THE
+    HISTORY, ANALYSIS AND PROPERTIES
+    OF THE
+    MINERAL SPRINGS.
+
+
+    BY R.F. DEARBORN.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+    SARATOGA, N.Y.:
+    C.D. SLOCUM, PUBLISHER.
+    1872.
+
+
+    Entered according to act of Congress in the year 1872, by
+    R.F. DEARBORN,
+    In the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+  Introduction
+
+  PART I--_The Saratoga Mineral Springs_
+
+    The Saratoga Valley
+    Geology
+    General Properties of the Springs
+    Discovery of the Springs
+    Are They Natural
+    Commercial Value
+    Medicinal Value
+    Analysis by Prof. Chandler
+    Individual Characteristics
+    History and Properties of each Spring
+    Congress Spring
+    Columbian Spring
+    Crystal Spring
+    Ellis Spring
+    Empire Spring
+    Eureka Spring
+    Excelsior Spring
+    Geyser Spring
+    Glacier Spring
+    Hamilton Spring
+    Hathorn Spring
+    High Rock Spring
+    Pavilion Spring
+    Putnam Spring
+    Red Spring
+    Saratoga "A" Spring
+    Seltzer Spring
+    Star Spring
+    Ten Springs
+    United States Spring
+    Washington Spring
+    White Sulphur Spring
+    Directions for Drinking the Water
+    Saratoga Abroad
+    Special Notice
+
+  PART II--_Saratoga as a Watering Place_
+
+    Places of Interest
+    History
+    Routes and Distances
+    Railway Station
+    The Village
+    Hotel Accommodations
+    Congress Hall
+    Grand Union
+    Grand Central Hotel
+    Clarendon
+    Everett House
+    Alphabetical List of hotels
+    Temple Grove
+    The Climate
+    Drs. Strong
+    Churches
+    YMCA Rooms
+    Real Estate
+    Hack Fares
+    Drives and Walks
+    Moon's Lake House
+    Saratoga Lake
+    Chapman's Hill
+    Wagman's Hill
+    Hagerty Hill
+    Wearing Hill
+    Lake Lovely
+    Stiles Hill
+    Corinth Falls
+    Luzerne
+    Lake George
+    Ballston
+    Glen Mitchell
+    Excelsior Grove
+    Walk to Excelsior Spring
+    Congress Park
+    Gridley's Trout Ponds
+    Saratoga Battle Ground
+    Surrender Ground
+    The Village Cemetery
+    Verd-Antique Marble Works
+    Amusements
+    Josh Billings
+    Routine for a Lady
+    Balls
+    Races
+    Indian Camp
+    Circular Railway
+    Shopping
+    Evenings
+    Saratoga in Winter
+    Romance
+    Saratoga Society
+
+  Conclusion
+
+  Appendix
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+The design of this work is not to give a history of the village of
+Saratoga. That, as well as a more elaborate description of the geology
+of the county, may be found in a very interesting book, published
+several years since, by R.L. ALLEN, M.D., entitled the "Hand
+Book of Saratoga and Stranger's Guide." We acknowledge our
+indebtedness to the work for several items in regard to the history of
+the Springs.
+
+Our thanks are due also to Prof. C.H. CHANDLER, Ph.D., of the
+Columbia School of Mines, for the Analyses of the Springs, and for
+electroplates and valuable suggestions from the _American Chemist_, of
+which he is the distinguished editor.
+
+We would acknowledge here also, the assistance and uniform courtesy
+which we have received from the Superintendents and officers of the
+various Springs. The failure of an engraving company to fulfill their
+agreement has delayed the issue of the work and prevented the
+insertion of several other engravings.
+
+R.F.D.
+
+SARATOGA. _June, 1872_
+
+
+
+
+PART I.
+
+  The Analysis, History and Properties
+  OF THE
+  MINERAL SPRINGS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE
+Mineral Springs of Saratoga.
+
+
+The region of Mineral Springs in Eastern New York consists of a long,
+shallow and crescent-shaped valley, extending northeast from Ballston,
+its western horn, to Quaker Springs, its eastern extremity. The entire
+valley abounds in mineral fountains of more or less merit, and in the
+central portion bubble up the Waters of Healing, which have given to
+SARATOGA its world-wide celebrity.
+
+Professor CHANDLER, of the Columbia School of Mines, thus
+describes the
+
+
+
+
+Geology of the County.
+
+
+     "Beginning with the uppermost, the rocks of Saratoga county
+     are:
+
+     1. The Hudson river and Utica shales and slates.
+
+     2. The Trenton limestone.
+
+     3. The calciferous sand rock, which is a silicious limestone.
+
+     4. The Potsdam sand stone; and
+
+     5. The Laurentian formation of gneiss and granite, of unknown
+     thickness.
+
+     "The northern half of the county is occupied by the elevated
+     ranges of Laurentian rocks; flanking these occur the Potsdam,
+     Calciferous and Trenton beds, which appear in succession in
+     parallel bands through the central part of the county. These
+     are covered in the southern half of the county by the Utica and
+     Hudson river slates and shales.
+
+     [Illustration: GEOLOGICAL SECTION AT SARATOGA SPRINGS.]
+
+     "The most remarkable feature is, however, the break, or
+     vertical fissure, which occurs in the Saratoga valley, which
+     you see indicated in the cut. Notice, especially, the fact that
+     the strata on one side of the fissure have been elevated above
+     their original position, so that the Potsdam sandstone on the
+     left meets the edges of the calciferous sand rock, and even the
+     Trenton limestone on the right. It is in the line of this
+     fissure, or _fault_, in the towns of Saratoga and Ballston that
+     the springs occur.
+
+     "The Laurentian rocks, consisting of highly crystalline gneiss,
+     granite and syenite, are almost impervious, while the overlying
+     Potsdam sandstone is very porous, and capable of holding large
+     quantities of water. In this rock the mineral springs of
+     Saratoga probably have their origin. The surface waters of the
+     Laurentian hills, flowing down over the exposed edges of the
+     Potsdam beds, penetrate the porous sandstones, become saturated
+     with mineral matter, partly derived, perhaps, from the
+     limestones above, and are forced to the surface at a lower
+     level, by hydrostatic pressure. The valley in which the springs
+     all occur indicates the line of a fault or fracture in the
+     rocky crust, the strata on the west side of which are hundreds
+     of feet above the corresponding strata on the east.
+
+     "The mineral waters probably underlie the southern half of the
+     entire county, many hundred feet below the surface; the
+     accident of the fault determining their appearance as springs
+     in the valley of Saratoga Springs, where, by virtue of the
+     greater elevation of their distant source, they reach the
+     surface through crevices in the rocks produced by the fracture.
+
+     "It is probable that water can be obtained anywhere in the
+     southern portion of the county by tapping the underlying
+     Potsdam sandstone. In these wells the water usually rises to
+     and above the surface. Down in the rocky reservoir the water
+     is charged with gases under great pressure. As the water is
+     forced to the surface, the pressure diminishes, and a portion
+     of gas escapes with effervescence. The spouting wells deliver,
+     therefore, enormous volumes of gas with the water, a perfect
+     suds of water, carbonic acid and carburetted hydrogen.
+
+     "The common origin of the springs is shown by the analysis: all
+     contain the same constituents in essentially the same order of
+     abundance; they differ in the degree of concentration merely.
+     Those from the deepest strata are the most concentrated. The
+     constituents to which the taste of the water and its most
+     immediate medicinal effects are due, are: Chloride of sodium,
+     bicarbonate of lime, bicarbonate of magnesia, bicarbonate of
+     soda and free carbonic acid. Other important, though less
+     speedily active, constituents are: Bicarbonate of iron,
+     bicarbonate of lithia, iodide of sodium and bromide of sodium."
+
+The solvent power which holds all these solid substances in solution,
+and which contributes to their agreeable taste, is the carbonic acid
+gas with which the water is so freely charged. This free carbonic acid
+gas is probably formed by the decomposition of the carbonates which
+compose the rock. The water, impregnated with it, becomes a powerful
+solvent, and, passing through different strata, absorbs the various
+mineral substances which compose its solid constituents.
+
+
+
+
+General Properties.
+
+
+Writers upon mineral springs generally divide them into the following
+classes: Carbonated or acidulous, saline, chalybeate or iron,
+alkaline, sulphur or hepatic, bitter and thermal springs.
+
+The Saratoga waters embrace nearly all of these except the last two;
+some of the springs being saline, some chalybeate, some sulphur, and
+nearly all carbonated; and in the list may be found cathartic,
+alterative, diuretic and tonic waters of varied shade and differing
+strength. The cathartic waters are the most numerous and the most
+extensively used. The curative agents prepared in the vast and
+mysterious laboratories of Nature are very complex in constitution and
+different in temperature, and on that account do not, like iron,
+opium, quinia, etc., exhibit single effects; they exercise rather,
+with rare exceptions, combined effects, and these are again modified
+by various modes of employment and the time and circumstances of their
+use.
+
+
+
+
+The Discovery of the Springs.
+
+
+All the older springs have been found in beds of blue marl, or clay
+rather, which cover the valley more or less throughout its whole
+extent. On digging into this clay to any considerable depth, we are
+pretty certain to find traces of mineral water. In some places, at the
+depth of six or eight feet, it has been discovered issuing from a
+fissure or seam in the underlying limestone, while at other places it
+seems to proceed from a thin stratum of quicksand which is found to
+alternate with the marl at distances of from ten to forty feet, below
+which bowlders of considerable size are found.
+
+The spouting springs have been found by experimental boring. As this
+is the cheapest and more certain method, it is "the popular thing" at
+present, and the day may not be far distant when all Saratoga will be
+punched through with artesian wells reaching hundreds of feet, if not
+through to China, and thus an open market made for the Saratoga waters
+among "the Heathen Chinee."
+
+Mr. Jessie Button, to whom we are indebted for both the Glacier and
+the Geyser springs, seems best to understand the process of
+successfully boring artesian wells, having made these his special
+study and profession. Like Moses of old, he strikes, or taps, the rock
+and behold streams of water gush forth.
+
+
+
+
+Are the Springs Natural?
+
+
+Is a question that will probably seem absurd to those who are at all
+familiar with mineral springs or Saratoga waters. Nevertheless, it is
+a not unfrequent and amusing occurrence to hear remarks from strangers
+and greenies who have a preconceived notion that the springs are
+doctored, and that a mixture of salts, etc., is tipped in every night
+or early in the morning! Strange that the art should be limited to the
+village of Saratoga! The _incredulity_ of some people is the most
+ridiculous credulity known. Such wonders as the spouting springs, the
+"strongest" in Saratoga, come from so small an orifice in the ground,
+as to preclude the least possibility of adulteration. Besides, the
+manufactured article would be too costly to allow such immense
+quantities to flow away unused.
+
+But to argue this question would be a _reductio ad absurdum_. _Nature
+is far better than the laboratory._ Artificial waters may simulate the
+natural in taste and appearance, but fall far short of their
+therapeutic effects.
+
+
+
+
+The Commercial Value
+
+
+Of the various springs differs as widely as does people's estimate of
+their individual merits. Spring water property is very expensive. It
+costs large sums of money to manage some of the springs. The old
+method of tubing, by sinking a curb, may cost several thousand
+dollars, and is uncertain then. Moreover, it is no small work to keep
+the springs in perfect repair, and in a clean and pure condition.
+
+The artesian wells cost not far from $6 per foot for the boring, and
+are much less expensive.
+
+Most of the springs are owned by stock companies, with a capital
+ranging from several hundred thousand to a million dollars. _On dit_
+that the proprietors of the Geyser Spring were offered $175,000 for
+their fountain, and probably the Congress could not be purchased for
+quadruple that amount. It would not be a _very_ profitable bargain if
+some of the springs could be bought for a song, even, and yet there is
+not enough mineral water in all the springs now discovered in the
+Saratoga valley to supply New York alone, if artificial waters were to
+be abandoned. The only profit of the springs is in the sale of the
+water in bottles and barrels; and as the method of bottling requires
+great care, and is expensive, the per cent. of profit is not enormous.
+The use of mineral water, both as a beverage and for medicinal
+purposes, is increasing, and there may be "a good time coming," when
+these springs will bring wealth to the owner as they give health to
+the drinker.
+
+
+
+
+The Medicinal Value of the Waters.
+
+
+There is no doubt of their power to promote evacuations of effete
+accumulations from the kidneys, skin and bowels.
+
+Dr. Draper, an eminent physician, in speaking of the springs, says:
+"They restore suppressed, and correct vitiated secretions, and so
+renovate health, and are also the means of introducing many medicines
+into the system in a state of minute subdivision, in which they exert
+a powerful alterative and curative action."
+
+The value of mineral water has been shown in the treatment of obscure
+and chronic diseases. In many instances persons have been restored to
+health, or greatly relieved, by the use of mineral waters when all
+other remedies had proved of no avail.
+
+The best known waters are now prescribed by the faculty in certain
+diseases with as much confidence as any preparation known to the
+apothecary. Indeed, no prescription is known equally beneficial to
+such differently made patients.
+
+A large majority of those who resort to the springs for their health
+have tried other means of cure without relief.
+
+It may also be considered a marked compliment to the medicinal
+properties of the waters, that the thousands who come here for
+pleasure merely, living fast and indulging in dissipation while here,
+return to their homes in better health--as they almost always do--than
+when they came.
+
+Unlike certain other springs, whose wonderful properties and vaunted
+cures are found in pompous advertisements, the Saratoga waters have
+not made their celebrity by printer's ink. Their reputation has
+depended upon their own intrinsic merits, and steadily and surely has
+their renown advanced.
+
+To repeat all the disorders which they have been known to benefit,
+would be very nearly to copy the sad list of ailments to which our
+creaky frames are subject.
+
+In short, spring water is good for the stomach, good for the skin,
+good for ladies of all possible ages, and for all sorts and conditions
+of men.
+
+
+
+
+Individual Characteristics.
+
+
+In stating the special properties of the individual springs, we have
+conscientiously endeavored to make this work as reliable and accurate
+as possible. Those who are familiar with the reputation and claims of
+some of the several springs in past years will notice many changes,
+but it is believed that the information herein given is on the best
+authority, and brought down to the latest date.
+
+
+
+
+  _The Analyses of the Saratoga Waters,
+  by C.F. Chandler, Ph.D., of the Columbia School of Mines._
+
+
+  ---------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Compounds as they exist    | Star    |  High   | Seltzer | Pavilion| United
+  in Solution in the Waters. | Spring. |  Rock   | Spring. |  Spring.| States
+                             |         | Spring. |         |         | Spring.
+  ---------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Chloride of sodium         | 398.361 | 390.127 | 134.291 | 459.903 | 141.872
+  Chloride of potassium      |   9.695 |   8.974 |   1.335 |   7.660 |   8.624
+  Bromide of sodium          |   0.571 |   0.731 |   0.630 |   0.987 |   0.844
+  Iodide of sodium           |   0.126 |   0.086 |   0.031 |   0.071 |   0.047
+  Fluoride of calcium        |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace.
+  Bicarbonate of lithia      |   1.586 |   1.967 |   0.899 |   9.486 |   4.847
+  Bicarbonate of soda        |  12.662 |  34.888 |  29.428 |   3.764 |   4.666
+  Bicarbonate of magnesia    |  61.912 |  54.924 |  40.339 |  76.267 |  72.883
+  Bicarbonate of lime        | 124.459 | 131.739 |  89.869 | 120.169 |  93.119
+  Bicarbonate of strontia    |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |   0.018
+  Bicarbonate of baryta      |   0.096 |   0.494 |  Trace. |   0.875 |   0.909
+  Bicarbonate of iron        |   1.213 |   1.478 |   1.703 |   2.570 |   0.714
+  Sulphate of potassa        |   5.400 |   1.608 |   0.557 |   2.032 |  Trace.
+  Phosphate of soda          |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |   0.007 |   0.016
+  Biborate of soda           |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace.
+  Alumina                    |  Trace. |   1.223 |   0.374 |   0.329 |   0.094
+  Silica                     |   1.283 |   2.260 |   2.561 |   3.155 |   3.184
+  Organic Matter             |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace.    Trace. |  Trace.
+  ---------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Total per                  |         |         |         |         |
+     U.S. gallon, 231 cu. in.| 617.367 | 630.500 | 302.017 | 687.275 | 331.837
+  ---------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Carbonate acid gas         | 407.650 | 409.458 | 324.080 | 332.458 | 245.734
+  Density                    |  1.0091 |  1.0092 |  1.0034 |  1.0095 |  1.0035
+  Temperature                |  52°F.  |  52°F.  |  50°F.  |   ...   |   ...
+
+  ---------------------------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Compounds as they exist    | Hathorn | Crystal |Congress | Geyser
+  in Solution in the Waters. | Spring. | Spring. | Spring. |spouting
+        (Continued)          |         |         |         | well.
+  ---------------------------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Chloride of sodium         | 509.968 | 328.468 | 400.444 | 562.080
+  Chloride of potassium      |   9.597 |   8.327 |   8.049 |  42.634
+  Bromide of sodium          |   1.534 |   0.414 |   8.559 |   2.212
+  Iodide of sodium           |   0.198 |   0.066 |   0.138 |   0.248
+  Fluoride of calcium        |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace.
+  Bicarbonate of lithia      |  11.447 |   4.326 |   4.761 |   7.004
+  Bicarbonate of soda        |   4.288 |  10.064 |  10.775 |  71.232
+  Bicarbonate of magnesia    | 176.463 |  75.161 | 121.757 | 149.343
+  Bicarbonate of lime        | 170.646 | 101.881 | 143.339 | 170.392
+  Bicarbonate of strontia    |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |   0.425
+  Bicarbonate of baryta      |   1.737 |   0.726 |   0.928 |   2.014
+  Bicarbonate of iron        |   1.128 |   2.038 |   0.340 |   0.979
+  Sulphate of potassa        |  Trace. |   2.158 |   0.889 |   0.318
+  Phosphate of soda          |   0.006 |   0.009 |   0.016 |  Trace.
+  Biborate of soda           |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace.
+  Alumina                    |   0.131 |   0.305 |  Trace. |  Trace.
+  Silica                     |   1.260 |   3.213 |   0.840 |   0.665
+  Organic Matter             |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace.
+  ---------------------------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Total per                  |         |         |         |
+     U.S. gallon, 231 cu. in.| 888.403 | 537.155 | 700.895 | 991.546
+  ---------------------------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Carbonate acid gas         | 375.747 | 317.452 | 392.289 | 454.082
+  Density                    |  1.0115 |  1.0060 |   1.096 |  1.0120
+  Temperature                |   ...   |  50°F.  |  52°F.  |  46°F.
+
+
+  -----------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+    Bases and Acids as   |  Star   |  High   | Seltzer | Pavilion| United
+   actually found in the | Spring. |  Rock   | Spring. | Spring. | States
+    Analysis uncombined  |         | Spring. |         |         | Spring.
+  -----------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Potassium              |   7.496 |   5.419 |   0.949 |   4.931 |   4.515
+  Sodium                 | 160.239 | 163.216 |  61.003 | 182.084 |  57.259
+  Lithium                |   0.163 |   0.202 |   0.093 |   0.976 |   0.499
+  Lime                   |  43.024 |  45.540 |  31.066 |  41.540 |  32.189
+  Strontia               |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |   0.009
+  Baryta                 |   0.056 |   0.292 |  Trace. |   0.517 |   0.537
+  Magnesia               |  16.992 |  15.048 |  11.051 |  20.895 |  19.968
+  Protoiyde of iron      |   0.491 |   0.598 |   0.689 |   1.040 |   0.289
+  Alumina                |  Trace. |   1.223 |   0.374 |   0.329 |   0.094
+  Chlorine               | 246.357 | 241.017 |  82.128 | 282.723 |  90.201
+  Bromine                |   0.443 |   0.568 |   0.489 |   0.767 |   0.656
+  Iodine                 |   0.106 |   0.072 |   0.026 |   0.060 |   0.039
+  Fluorine               |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace.
+  Sulphuric acid         |   2.483 |   0.739 |   0.256 |   0.934 |  Trace.
+  Phosphoric acid        |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |   0.004 |   0.008
+  Boracic acid           |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace.
+  Carbonic acid in       |         |         |         |         |
+            carbonates   |  56.606 |  62.555 |  44.984 |  60.461 |  50.380
+  Carbonic acid for      |         |         |         |         |
+            bicarbonates |  56.606 |  62.555 |  44.984 |  60.461 |  50.380
+  Silica                 |   1.283 |   2.260 |   2.561 |   3.155 |   3.184
+  Organic matter         |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace.
+  Water in bicarbonates  |  23.160 |  25.591 |  18.405 |  24.736 |  20.613
+  Oxygen in KO (SO_{3}). |   0.496 |   0.148 |   0.051 |   0.187 |    ...
+  Oxygen in LiO          |         |         |         |         |
+          (HO_{2} CO_{2})|   0.187 |   0.232 |   0.105 |   1.116 |   0.570
+  Oxygen in NaO          |         |         |         |         |
+         (HO_{2} CO_{2}) |   1.206 |   3.323 |   2.803 |   0.358 |   0.444
+  Oxygen in 2 NaO        |         |         |         |         |
+             (HO, PO_{5})|    ...  |    ...  |    ...  |   0.001 |   0.002
+                         +---------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Total per U.S. gallon, |         |         |         |         |
+              231 cu. in.| 617.367 | 630.500 | 302.007 | 687.275 | 331.837
+                         +---------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Total residue by       |         |         |         |         |
+              evaporation| 537.600 | 542.350 | 238.970 | 602.080 | 260.840
+
+  -----------------------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+    Bases and Acids as   | Hathorn | Crystal | Congress| Geyser
+   actually found in the | Spring. | Spring. | Spring. |spouting
+    Analysis uncombined  |         |         |         | well.
+       (Continued)       |         |         |         |
+  -----------------------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Potassium              |   5.024 |   5.326 |   4.611 |  13.039
+  Sodium                 | 102.058 | 132.006 | 162.324 | 251.031
+  Lithium                |   1.179 |   0.445 |   0.490 |   0.720
+  Lime                   |  58.989 |  35.218 |  49.569 |  58.901
+  Strontia               |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |   0.211
+  Baryta                 |   1.026 |   0.429 |   0.549 |   1.190
+  Magnesia               |  48.346 |  20.592 |  33.358 |  40.915
+  Protoiyde of iron      |   0.456 |   0.824 |   0.137 |   0.396
+  Alumina                |   0.131 |   0.305 |  Trace. |   Trace
+  Chlorine               | 214.037 | 203.292 | 246.834 | 352.825
+  Bromine                |   1.188 |   0.322 |   6.645 |   1.718
+  Iodine                 |   0.166 |   0.055 |   0.117 |   0.208
+  Fluorine               |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |   Trace
+  Sulphuric acid         |  Trace. |   0.992 |   0.409 |   0.146
+  Phosphoric acid        |   0.003 |   0.004 |   0.008 |   Trace
+  Boracic acid           |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |   Trace
+  Carbonic acid in       |         |         |         |
+            carbonates   |  04.928 |  54.984 |  80.249 | 112.880
+  Carbonic acid for      |         |         |         |
+            bicarbonates |  04.928 |  54.984 |  80.249 | 112.880
+  Silica                 |   1.260 |   3.213 |   0.840 |   0.665
+  Organic matter         |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |   Trace
+  Water in bicarbonates  |  42.929 |  22.496 |  33.828 |  46.183
+  Oxygen in KO (SO_{3})  |   ...   |   0.199 |   0.082 |   0.029
+  Oxygen in LiO          |         |         |         |
+          (HO_{2} CO_{2})|   1.347 |   0.509 |   0.560 |   0.824
+  Oxygen in NaO          |         |         |         |
+         (HO_{2} CO_{2}) |   0.408 |   0.959 |   1.024 |   6.785
+  Oxygen in 2 NaO        |         |         |         |
+             (HO, PO_{5})|   0.001 |    ...  |    .002 |    ...
+                         +---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Total per U.S. gallon, |         |         |         |
+              231 cu. in.| 688.403 | 537.155 | 700.895 | 991.546
+                         +---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Total residue by       |         |         |         |
+              evaporation| 540.550 | 439.670 | 588.818 | 832.483
+
+
+
+  WATERS OF SARATOGA COUNTY, N.Y.
+
+
+  _Table showing the total quantities of mineral matter left by
+  evaporation, and of some of the more important constituents._
+
+  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+                    | Total solids
+                    | as left by
+                    | evaporation.
+                    |        | Chlorides of
+                    |        | sodium and
+                    |        | potassium.
+                    |        |        | All other solids
+                    |        |        | left by evaporation;
+                    |        |        | carbonates of lime,
+                    |        |        | magnesia, etc.
+                    |        |        |        | Bicarbonate
+                    |        |        |        | of lime (CaO,
+                    |        |        |        | HO, 2CO_{2}).
+                    |        |        |        |        | Bicarbonate of
+                    |        |        |        |        | magnesia (MgO,
+                    |        |        |        |        | HO, 2CO_{2}).
+                    |        |        |        |        |      | Bicarbonate
+                    |        |        |        |        |      | of iron
+                    |        |        |        |        |      | (FeO, HO,
+  SPRING.           |        |        |        |        |       \ 2CO_{2}).
+  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  Geyser Spouting   |        |        |        |        |        |
+    well            | 832.48 | 586.71 | 245.77 | 170.39 | 149.34 | 0.98
+  Hathorn spring    | 740.55 | 519.55 | 221.00 | 170.65 | 176.46 | 1.13
+  Hamilton spring   | 611.71 | 411.00 | 200.71 | 144.84 | 104.80 | 1.80
+  Congress spring   | 588.82 | 408.49 | 180.33 | 143.40 | 121.76 | 0.34
+  High Rock spring  | 542.35 | 399.10 | 143.25 | 131.74 |  54.92 | 1.48
+  Washington spring | 353.23 | 215.00 | 138.23 | 110.23 |  40.56 | 2.40
+  Excelsior spring  | 611.05 | 473.00 | 138.05 |  90.38 |  72.27 | 2.84
+  Pavilion spring   | 602.08 | 467.56 | 134.51 | 120.17 |  76.73 | 2.57
+  Putnam spring     | 354.79 | 220.50 | 134.27 | 110.72 |  60.01 | 3.97
+  Columbian spring  | 353.08 | 219.00 | 134.08 | 104.89 |  78.05 | 3.26
+  Star spring       | 537.60 | 408.05 | 129.55 | 124.46 |  61.91 | 1.21
+  Crystal spring    | 459.67 | 336.79 | 122.88 | 101.88 |  75.16 | 2.04
+  Eureka spring     | 280.16 | 171.00 | 119.16 |  94.02 |  63.75 | 3.36
+  United States     |        |        |        |        |        |
+     spring         | 260.84 | 150.49 | 110.35 |  93.12 |  72.88 | 0.71
+  Empire spring     | 460.32 | 355.16 | 105.16 | 113.54 |  48.10 | 1.34
+  Seltzer spring    | 238.97 | 135.62 | 103.35 |  89.87 |  40.34 | 1.70
+  Red spring        | 155.53 |  73.50 |  82.03 |  79.80 |  27.84 | 2.51
+  Village spring,   |        |        |        |        |        |
+    Ballston        | 153.09 |  75.00 |  78.09 |  65.08 |  21.59 | 2.00
+  ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+Individuals have their preferences, and opinions may differ in regard
+to the relative value of the springs, particularly when parties are
+interested in them. We have no interest in one more than in all, and
+have brought to our task, we believe, no partiality. The manuscript
+has been submitted to leading physicians of Saratoga before
+publication, and is approved by them. The arrangement is alphabetical.
+
+
+
+
+CONGRESS SPRING.
+
+
+In Congress Park, opposite Grand Central Hotel. Congress and Empire
+Spring Company are the proprietors. The New York office is at 94
+Chambers street.
+
+
+History.
+
+Congress Spring was discovered in 1792, by a party of three gentlemen,
+who were out upon a hunting excursion. Among the party was John Taylor
+Gilman, an ex-member of Congress from New Hampshire. Probably in that
+day, office conferred more honor than at the present time, and as a
+compliment to so distinguished a person, the spring was then and there
+christened the Congress. The attention of the hunters was attracted to
+the spot by the foot-prints of large numbers of deer, the first
+patrons, it seems, of the sparkling water. Although more especially
+esteemed by pretty dears of a different character at the present day,
+the liquid-eyed fawn, who grace Congress Park, are among those who
+take their daily rations. At the time of discovery, the low ground
+about the spring was a mere swamp, and the country in the immediate
+vicinity a wilderness. The mineral water issued in a small stream from
+an aperture in the side of the rock, which formed the margin of a
+small brook, and was caught by pressing a glass to the side of the
+rock. The flow of water was only about one quart per minute.
+
+From the date of its discovery to the present time this celebrated
+spring has been the center of attraction at Saratoga. Its name has
+become a household word through out the land, and the whole civilized
+world are its customers.
+
+At one time Mr. Putnam had three large potash kettles evaporating the
+water. The salts thus precipitated were sold in small packages to the
+amount of several hundred dollars. It was not long, however, before it
+was discovered that _Congress water_ was not obtained by re-dissolving
+the salts, as might have been expected if the nature of the water had
+been considered.
+
+About the year 1820, Dr. John Clarke, the proprietor of the first soda
+fountain opened in this country, purchased the Congress Spring
+property. By him the water was first bottled for transportation and
+sale, and to him the village is indebted for much of its beauty and
+attractiveness.
+
+The simple and tasteful Doric colonnade over the Congress, and the
+pretty Grecian dome over the Columbian were erected by him. Dr. Clarke
+realized a handsome income from the sale of the water. He died in
+1846, but the property continued in the hands of his heirs, under the
+firm name of Clarke & White, until 1865, when it was purchased by an
+incorporated company, under the title of "Congress and Empire Spring
+Company." The capital is $1,000,000, and the company is composed of a
+large number of individual stockholders. The present proprietors of
+Congress Spring have contributed not a little to the beauty and
+attractiveness of this favorite watering place.
+
+[Illustration: CONGRESS SPRING.]
+
+
+Properties.
+
+When taken before breakfast the water is a very pleasant and effective
+cathartic. Drank in moderate quantities throughout the day, it is a
+delightful, wholesome beverage, its effects being alterative and
+slightly tonic. It is successfully used in affections of the liver
+and kidneys; and for chronic constipation, dyspepsia and gout it is
+highly valued. It has been employed in cases of renal calculi with
+decidedly beneficial results.
+
+Crowds gather round the fountain in the early summer morning to win
+appetite for breakfast and life for the pleasures of the day. Old and
+young, sick and well, everybody, drinks, for the Congress fountain is
+as much the morning exchange as the ball-room is the resort of the
+evening.
+
+Prof. G.F. Chandler, the leading chemist in America, says: "The
+peculiar excellence of the far-famed Congress spring is due to the
+fact that it contains very much less iron than any other spring, and
+that it contains, in the most desirable proportions, those substances
+which produce its agreeable flavor and satisfactory medicinal effects;
+neither holding them in excess, nor lacking in anything that is
+desirable in this class of waters."
+
+In submitting a new analysis (which appears elsewhere) Prof. Chandler
+writes,--"A comparison of this with the analysis made by Dr. John H.
+Steel in 1832, proves that Congress water still retains its original
+strength, and all the virtues which established its well merited
+reputation." Higher authority there is none.
+
+
+Bottling the Water.
+
+It should be remembered that the water of this spring is sold in
+_bottles only_. What purports to be Congress water for sale on draught
+in various places throughout the country is not genuine. The
+artificial preparations thus imposed upon the public may have a
+certain resemblance in taste and appearance, but are frequently worse
+than worthless for medicinal purposes.
+
+
+
+
+COLUMBIAN SPRING.
+
+
+In Congress Park, under the Grecian Dome, near the Congress spring,
+Congress and Empire Spring Co., proprietors.
+
+[Illustration: COLUMBIAN SPRING.]
+
+
+History and Peculiarities.
+
+This spring was opened in 1806 by Gideon Putnam. The water issues from
+the natural rock about seven feet below the surface of the ground, and
+is protected by heavy wooden tubing. It is the most popular spring
+among the residents of Saratoga. The escaping bubbles of free carbonic
+acid gas give to the fountain a boiling motion. Large quantities of
+the gas can easily be collected at the mouth of the spring at any
+time.
+
+
+Properties.
+
+It is a fine chalybeate or iron water, possessing strong tonic
+properties. It also has a diuretic action and is extensively used for
+that purpose. The water is recommended to be drank in small quantities
+frequently during the day, generally _preceded_ by the use of the
+cathartic waters taken before breakfast.
+
+Only from one-half to one glass should be taken at a time. When taken
+in large quantities or before breakfast its effects might remind one
+of that great race in northern and central Europe,--the Teutonic
+(_too_ tonic). A peculiar headache would certainly be experienced.
+
+The proper use of this water is found to strengthen the tone of the
+stomach and to increase the red particles of the blood which,
+according to Liebeg, perform an important part in respiration. It has
+been proved by actual experiments that the number of red particles of
+the blood may be _doubled_ by the use of preparations of iron.
+
+Though containing but 3.26 grains of iron in one gallon of
+water--Prof. Chandler's analysis--it is an evident and remarkable fact
+that the water thus weakly impregnated has a most perceptible iron
+taste in every drop. Is it much to be wondered at, then, that a
+mineral which has so extensive a power of affecting the palate, should
+possess equally extensive influence over the whole system? Many
+minerals in a dilute state of solution may pass easily through the
+absorbents, while in a more concentrated state they may be excluded.
+Carbonic acid gas, for instance, when diluted is readily inhaled, but
+when concentrated acts in a peculiar manner upon the wind-pipe so as
+to prevent its admission. So the happy medicinal effects of these iron
+waters seem to consist--to some extent--in the minute division of the
+mineral properties so that they are readily taken into the system.
+
+[Illustration: EMPIRE SPRING AND BOTTLING-HOUSE.]
+
+
+
+
+THE CRYSTAL SPRING
+
+
+Is under the southern extremity of the new hotel. The proprietors have
+named it the Crystal Spring from the crystalline appearance of the
+water, which does not rise to the surface, but is pumped up from a
+depth of several feet. It was discovered in 1870 by experimental
+excavation. The characteristic, and to many disagreeable odor of
+sulphuretted hydrogen, is readily perceived. Sulphur veins, or iron
+pyrites, are found in all sections of this valley; one of the most
+provoking problems of the owners of the springs being to keep their
+fountains from a sulphur taint, the quantity and quality of which is
+not considered beneficial, while it injures the sale of the bottled
+water.
+
+The Crystal Spring is somewhat alterative in its therapeutic effects.
+
+
+
+
+THE ELLIS SPRING
+
+
+Is near the railroad, between the Glacier and Geyser Springs. It has
+been known for a long time. The water flows through the _slate rock_,
+and, unlike any other spring at Saratoga, issues in a horizontal
+direction from the side of the hill. It is a very fine chalybeate, but
+is not bottled.
+
+
+
+
+EMPIRE SPRING,
+
+
+Situated on Spring avenue, at the head of Circular street, and near
+the base of a high limestone bluff, in the northerly part of the
+village, a few rods above the Star Spring, and about three-fourths of
+a mile from the Congress. Owned by the Congress and Empire Spring
+Company. O.H. Cromwell, Superintendent.
+
+
+History.
+
+Mineral water was known to trickle down the bank at this point ever
+since the land was cleared of its primitive shrubs. It was not till
+the year 1846 that the fountain was taken in charge. The tubing is
+eleven feet, and fits closely to the rock. Messrs. Weston and Co., the
+early proprietors, made extensive improvements in the grounds
+surrounding, planting shade trees, etc., and during the past year the
+opening of Spring avenue has rendered the place more attractive.
+
+
+Properties.
+
+The water of this spring has a general resemblance to that of the
+Congress. In the cathartic effects of the two waters the difference is
+scarcely appreciable, although from the presence of a larger quantity
+of magnesia in the Congress, its operation is perhaps somewhat more
+pungent. The Empire is highly esteemed for the treatment of obscure
+and chronic diseases requiring alterative and diuretic remedies. It is
+also recommended as a preventive or remedy for the diseases natural to
+warm climates, especially intermittent, gastric and bilious fevers,
+dysenteries and disorders of the liver. The directions for using are
+the same as for the Congress.
+
+
+
+
+EUREKA MINERAL SPRING
+
+
+Is situated on Lake avenue, and on Spring avenue, about a mile east of
+Broadway, and a few rods beyond the Excelsior Spring. Eureka Spring
+Company, proprietors. A.R. Dyett, Esq., President.
+
+The location of the spring is in the midst of very romantic and
+picturesque scenery, embracing a beautiful park of some twenty-five
+acres. Since the water was analyzed the fountain has been retubed, and
+its quality improved. It is serviceable in dyspepsia and all diseases
+and affections of the liver and kidneys, and is classed among saline
+and cathartic waters.
+
+It resembles in taste and appearance the other Saratoga waters. The
+New York office of the Eureka Spring Company, for the sale of their
+bottled water, is at No. 7 Hudson R.R.R. Depot, Varick street. Mr
+Benj. J. Levy is the agent.
+
+Within a few steps of the Eureka, and belonging to the same company,
+is the White Sulphur Spring and bathing-house. The water of the White
+Sulphur Spring is an hepatic water of an excellent character,
+possessing, as the company claim every essential element to render it
+equal for internal use to the best White Sulphur waters in this State,
+and far superior to most of them. The company have erected a
+commodious bath-house, containing fifty bath-rooms, with every
+convenience for warm and cold baths, at a moderate price.
+
+Frequent omnibuses convey passengers to and from these springs for 25
+cents, passing the principal hotels.
+
+
+
+
+THE EXCELSIOR SPRING
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Is found in a beautiful valley, and amid most romantic scenery, about
+a mile east of the town hall. The principal entrance to this spring is
+on Lake avenue, about half a mile east of Circular street. Another
+route is via Spring avenue, by which we pass a majority of the other
+springs, and also the Loughberry water-works which supply the village
+of Saratoga Springs with water from the Excelsior Lake by the
+celebrated Holly system. Just before us, as we reach a point where the
+avenue turns towards the Excelsior, is the fine summer hotel known as
+the Mansion House, and the pretty cottage residence of Mr. Henry
+Lawrence.
+
+[Illustration: BOTTLE MARK.]
+
+[Illustration: TRADE MARK.]
+
+
+History.
+
+The Excelsior Spring has been appreciated for its valuable qualities
+by some of the oldest visitors of Saratoga for more than half a
+century. The water, however, was not generally known to the public
+until in 1859, when Mr. H.H. Lawrence, the former owner, and father of
+the present proprietors, retubed the spring at a considerable expense,
+having excavated it to a depth of fifty-six feet, eleven of which are
+in the solid rock. By this improvement the water flows with all its
+properties undeteriorated, retaining from source to outlet its
+original purity and strength. Since then, the present proprietors,
+under the firm of A.R. Lawrence & Co., by a new and improved method of
+bottling and barreling the Excelsior water under its own hydrostatic
+pressure, have given it an increased reputation and it is rapidly
+attaining a wide-spread popularity.
+
+
+Properties.
+
+The water of this spring is a pleasant _cathartic_, and has also
+alterative and tonic properties, and is moreover a very delightful
+beverage. Two or three glasses in the morning is the dose as a
+cathartic. As an alterative and diuretic, it should be taken in small
+quantities during the day. We have seen stronger commendations of this
+water from the highest medical authority than of any other.
+
+
+Exportation of the Water.
+
+After a refreshing draught from this sparkling and delicious fountain,
+let us not fail to examine the proprietors' peculiar and very perfect
+method of bottling and barreling the Excelsior water by its own
+hydrostatic pressure. Since last season a handsome brick
+bottling-house has replaced the ancient wooden structure. Entering
+this bottling-house we find our way to a capacious and well-lighted
+cellar, in which we discover a perpendicular opening some ten feet in
+diameter; this proves to be a circular brick vault, in whose depths
+the process of filling is performed. Twelve feet below the surface of
+the spring a block tin tube conveys the water into reservoirs placed
+at the bottom of this vault. These reservoirs are strong oak barrels,
+lined with pure block tin in such a manner as to be perfectly
+gas-tight, and furnished with two tubes, one quite short and the other
+extending from the top to the bottom of the reservoir. Then, by
+filling the reservoirs through the long tube by hydrostatic pressure,
+the air is excluded, while the gas is not allowed to escape. When sold
+on draught, it is necessary simply to connect the long tube with the
+draught tube, and the short tube with an air pump, when the water can
+be forced out by the pressure of the air, and will flow forth
+sparkling and delicious as at the spring, without being re-charged
+with gas.
+
+[Illustration: GEYSER SPRING THE SPOUTING SPRING]
+
+Having concluded our investigation, and tarried to notice the
+MINNEHAHA, UNION, and other springs which bubble up in this
+immediate vicinity, we have now the choice of continuing along the
+banks of a winding stream to the Eureka and White Sulphur Springs, or
+of returning by the way of Lake avenue. But should we prefer the
+healthful exercise of walking, we may dismiss our carriage and stroll
+into those magnificent woods that border the hill and valley for half
+a mile between Excelsior Spring and the village. Through them there is
+a wide and shady path, well known to visitors who love the
+picturesque, and along its winding way is found the shortest walk to
+the center of the village.
+
+The beauty of this region would seem to indicate it as the proper site
+for the future Central Park of Saratoga.
+
+
+
+
+THE GEYSER SPOUTING SPRING
+
+
+Is about a mile and a half below the village, on the Ballston road,
+and near the railroad. Business address, "Geyser Spring."
+
+
+History.
+
+This wonderful mineral fountain was discovered in February. 1870.
+There had been indications of mineral water in this neighborhood,
+which had been noticed for a long time. The building which is now used
+as a bottling-house, and beneath which the spring was found, was used
+as a bolt factory. The proprietors, Messrs. Vail and Seavy, determined
+to bore for a spring. They were successful, and when they had reached
+a point 140 feet below the surface rock, they struck the mineral vein.
+The water immediately burst forth with vehemence, and the marvelous
+phenomenon of a spouting spring was established.
+
+The orifice bored in the rock is five and a half inches in diameter
+and 140 feet deep. The tubing is a block tin pipe, encased with iron,
+eighty-five feet in length and two inches in diameter. The diameter of
+the orifice of the tube is three-eighths of an inch. The tube is
+firmly secured at the bottom, and "seed bags" are filled in around it,
+so that all the water and gas is compelled to enter the tube, thereby
+preventing the possibility of adulteration. The fact that the spring
+is located 140 feet beneath the solid rock renders it free from all
+impurities of surface waters.
+
+
+Peculiarities.
+
+The water is thrown up by the action of its own carbonic acid gas,
+with great force, producing a fountain jet very attractive in
+appearance. The height of the fountain is twenty-five feet. A portion
+of the stream is allowed to flow through a hollow globe of glass, and
+large bubbles of gas of a bright pearl color rising in rapid
+succession through the water, form a beautiful addition to the
+attractiveness of the fountain. The curious will find an opportunity
+to obtain a sniff of pure gas at a wooden tube, near the bottling
+room, where water is drawn for bottling.
+
+It is noticeable that when a portion of the stream is allowed to flow
+through another tube to the bottling-room, the fountain spouts to an
+unusual height.
+
+
+Properties.
+
+The water, as shown by the analysis, is a powerful _cathartic_, and
+contains a larger amount of valuable medicinal properties than any
+other spring at Saratoga. The dose is from one to two glasses. The
+temperature of the spring is 46 deg. Fahr., being only 14 deg. from
+the freezing point. As the water is drawn from the fountain it foams
+like soda water, from the great abundance of carbonic acid gas, which
+gives to the water its agreeable taste.
+
+During the two years since its discovery the water has been
+introduced all over the Union, and is now to be obtained in the
+principal cities of America and Europe.
+
+A beautiful ravine, cascade and lake, and a sulphur spring also are in
+the immediate vicinity south of the spring. Seats are provided and the
+pleasure seeker will find a few hours in this locality a delightful
+recreation. The Geyser Spring is one of the chief attractions of
+Saratoga, and no visitor should fail to see it and taste its sparkling
+water.
+
+
+
+
+THE GLACIER SPOUTING SPRING,
+
+
+  "Sparkling, rippling, and dancing about,
+  Freighted with health and brilliant with light,
+  Soothing the ear and entrancing the sight."
+
+May be found in a little valley east of the railroad and directly
+opposite the Geyser Spring, about a mile south of the village. Button
+& Gibbs, proprietors.
+
+[Illustration: GLACIER SPRING]
+
+It was discovered in Sept. 1871, and is the most remarkable fountain
+in the world. It discharges from four to eight gallons per minute,
+spouting through a quarter inch nozzle to a height of fifty-two feet,
+or through a half inch nozzle forty feet, pouring forth a perfect suds
+of water and gas.
+
+
+History.
+
+In the spring of 1870, Mr. Jesse Button, having been employed to sink
+the Geyser well, was so successful that he was induced to bore for
+another spring on land owned by D. Gibbs, Esq., in this locality.
+Mineral water was found at no great depth, but in no considerable
+quantity. The well was sunk 220 feet in the slate rock, reaching the
+magnesian limestone. At this point the mineral water could be made to
+spout for a few moments, occasionally, by agitating it with a
+sand-pump. The stream, however, was quite small, and as Mr. Button was
+called elsewhere, the project was temporarily abandoned. In Sept.,
+1871, boring was resumed. The diameter of the well which had been sank
+was four and three-fourths inches. It was made an inch larger,
+tapering toward the bottom, and the well was continued through the
+magnesian limestone to the Trenton limestone, making a total depth of
+300 feet. Having reached this point the water spouted forth with great
+force. The well was at once carefully tubed.
+
+
+Properties.
+
+The water is very concentrated, and small doses are all that is
+required. It will bear dilution with fresh water much better then
+milk. It seems to have not only strong cathartic properties, but a
+special action upon the kidneys and liver. For medicinal purposes it
+promises to equal any in Saratoga.
+
+As an object of curiosity and interest, the Glacier Spring is
+unequaled in Saratoga, and it will doubtless speedily become a popular
+resort.
+
+
+
+
+HAMILTON SPRING.
+
+
+On Spring street, corner of Putnam, in the rear of Congress Hall, and
+a short distance from Hathorn Spring. Its principal action is
+_diuretic_ and, in large doses, cathartic. The mineral ingredients are
+the same as those of the other springs, but, owing to the peculiar
+combination, the medicinal effects are widely different. It has been
+found of great service in kidney complaints. From one to three glasses
+during the day is the usual dose. It should be used under the
+prescription of a physician, and warm drinks should not be taken
+immediately after. Persons suffering from "a cold" should not drink
+this water. It is not bottled.
+
+
+
+
+THE HATHORN SPRING
+
+
+Is situated immediately north of Congress Hall, on Spring street. H.H.
+Hathorn, proprietor.
+
+
+History.
+
+The spring was discovered in 1868 by workmen engaged in excavating for
+the foundations of a brick building for Congress Hall ball-room. At
+the time of discovery its waters contained more mineral substances
+than any other spring at Saratoga. During the past winter a defect in
+the tubing has led the proprietors to retube it very carefully and at
+great expense. At the recent retubing two streams were found and
+carefully tubed, one of which discharges sixty gallons per minute.
+
+
+Properties.
+
+It is a powerful _cathartic_. Since its discovery it has achieved a
+wonderful popularity and a high reputation in all sections of the
+country. In nearly all cases when a powerful cathartic is needed its
+effects are excellent, benefiting those on whom the milder waters
+produce little effect.
+
+Persons whose alimentary organs are very sensitive, or in an
+inflammatory condition, should not imbibe large quantities.
+
+There is an unusual amount of lithia in the water, which increases its
+medicinal value.
+
+
+
+
+THE HIGH ROCK SPRING
+
+
+Is located on Willow walk, between the Seltzer and the Star Springs.
+
+[Illustration: HIGH ROCK SPRING.]
+
+The High Rock is the oldest in point of discovery of the Saratoga
+springs. As early as 1767, Sir Wm. Johnson was brought to it on a
+litter by his Indian friends. It is noted for the most remarkable
+natural curiosity of the vicinity, certainly. The following
+interesting description of this rock is by Prof. Chandler: "The spring
+rises in a little mound of stone, three or four feet high, which
+appears like a miniature volcano, except that sparkling water instead
+of melted lava flows from its little crater. When Sir William Johnson
+visited the spring, and in fact until quite recently, the water did
+not overflow the mound, but came to within a few inches of the summit;
+some other hidden outlet permitting its escape. The Indians had a
+tradition, however, which was undoubtedly true, that the water
+formerly flowed over the rim of the opening. A few years ago (1866)
+the property changed hands, and the new owners, convinced that by
+stopping the lateral outlet they could cause the water to issue again
+from the mouth of the rock, employed a number of men to undermine the
+mound, and with a powerful hoisting derrick to lift it off and set it
+one side, that the spring might be explored.
+
+"If you will examine the cut which presents a vertical section of the
+spring, you will be able to follow me as I tell you what they found.
+
+"Just below the mound were found four logs, two of which rested upon
+the other, two at right angles, forming a curb. Under the logs were
+bundles of twigs resting upon the dark-brown or black soil of a
+previous swamp. Evidently some ancient seekers after health had found
+the spring in the swamp, and to make it more convenient to secure the
+water had piled brush around it, and then laid down the logs as a
+curb. But you inquire, how came the rock, which weighed several tons,
+above the logs? The rock was formed by the water. It is composed of
+tufa, carbonate of lime, and was formed in the same manner as
+stalactites and stalagmites are formed. As the water flowed over the
+logs, the evaporation of a portion of the carbonic acid gas caused the
+separation of an equivalent quantity of insoluble carbonate of lime,
+which, layer by layer, built up the mound. A fragment of the rock
+which I possess contains leaves, twigs, hazel nuts, and snail shells,
+which, falling from time to time upon it, were incrusted and finally
+imprisoned in the stony mass.
+
+[Illustration: SECTION OF HIGH ROCK]
+
+  Analysis of a Fragment of the Rock
+
+  Carbonate of lime                       95.17
+  Carbonate of magnesia                    2.49
+  Sesquioxide of iron                      0.07
+  Alumina                                  0.22
+  Sand and clay                            0.09
+  Organic matter                           1.11
+  Moisture                                 0.39
+  Undetermined                             0.46
+                                         ------
+                                         100.00
+
+"Below the rocks the workmen followed the spring through four feet of
+tufa and muck. Then they came to a layer of solid tufa two feet thick,
+then one foot of muck in which they found another log. Below this were
+three feet of tufa, and there seventeen feet below the apex of the
+mound they found the embers and charcoal of an ancient fire. By whom
+and when could the fire have been built? The Indian tradition went
+back only to the time when the water overflowed the rock. How many
+centuries may have elapsed since even the logs were placed in their
+position? A grave philosopher of the famous watering-place,
+remembering that botanists determine the age of trees by counting the
+rings on the section of the stems and noticing the layers in the tufa
+rock, polished a portion of the surface, and counted eighty-one layers
+to the inch. He forthwith made the following calculation:
+
+  High Rock, 4 feet 80 lines to the inch       3,840 years
+  Muck and tufa, 7 feet low estimate             400   "
+  Tufa, 2 feet 25 lines to the inch              600   "
+  Muck, 1 foot                                   130   "
+  Tufa, 3 feet                                   900   "
+                                               -----
+       Time since the fire was built           5,870   "
+
+"As I have seen half an inch of tufa formed in two years on a brick
+which received the overflow from a spout of water containing only
+twenty grams of carbonate of lime in a gallon, I am inclined to think
+our antiquarian's estimates are not entirely reliable."[A]
+
+[Illustration: PAVILION SPRING.]
+
+The rock has been replaced over the spring, and the water now flows
+over it. A very beautiful and expensive colonnade has been built over
+the rock by the "High Rock Congress Spring Company." This company was
+formed in 1866, and was inaugurated under favorable auspices and with
+brilliant prospects of success. But though _founded on a rock_, it was
+not successful in withstanding the storms. Whether the rock was too
+slippery, or the Spring rains too severe, or what was the slip-up, or
+rather slip-down, we do not presume to say, but the company failed,
+and the spring was sold at auction during the present month for
+$16,000.
+
+Those who invested their dollars in it sank them in a _well_, and
+unlike "bread cast upon the waters," they do not seem to return again.
+
+A new company has been organized, and under their direction the spring
+is being retubed. With honest and careful management it ought to be
+profitable to the owners and conducive to the health of the public.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[A] A lecture on Water by C.H. Chandler, Ph.D., delivered at the
+American Institute.
+
+
+
+
+PAVILION SPRING.
+
+
+A few steps from Broadway, in a somewhat secluded valley, though in
+the very centre of Saratoga and directly at the head of Spring avenue
+(now being completed), bubble up the clear and sparkling water of the
+Pavilion Spring.
+
+The pleasure seeker strolling up Broadway is directed by a modest sign
+down Lake avenue to "Pavilion Spring and Park." A few steps, less than
+half a block, brings him to the handsome arched gateway of this very
+pretty park in which one can pass the time as pleasantly as could be
+wished. The colonnade over the spring is one of the most elegant of
+its class. It was erected in 1869, at a cost of over $6,000, and is a
+fine ornament to the park. The United States Spring is under the same
+colonnade. Our cut is a very faithful likeness of the grounds.
+
+
+History.
+
+The spring was originally owned by the Walton family. Though long
+known, its situation was such, being in the midst of a deep morass,
+that the owners took no steps towards tubing it. In 1839 it passed
+into the hands of Mr. Daniel McLaren, who tubed it at a heavy expense
+and trouble by sinking a crib twenty-two feet square to a depth of
+forty feet. A tube was constructed in the form of a boot, and to
+render the ground dry and firm around it several tons of iron filings
+from Troy were packed around.
+
+When the work was finished, the water was bottled to some extent and
+was a favorite drink with many of the citizens. It was then esteemed
+as a tonic spring. In 1868 it was retubed and the tube extended down
+ten feet further to the sandstone rock. Clay was used for the packing,
+and the water has since been of a finer flavor and of cathartic
+properties. At this time the spring became the property of the
+Pavilion and United States Spring Co., composed of enterprising
+business men, under whose management the grounds have been rendered
+quite attractive and the water is becoming celebrated as one of the
+leading cathartic springs of far-famed Saratoga.
+
+
+Properties.
+
+There is a liveliness and pungency to this water which makes it a
+pleasant beverage. An abundance of gas, so much desired in a mineral
+spring, is so intimately associated with the water, and is so well
+"fixed" as to hold the medicinal constituents in a clear and permanent
+solution. The property of the water is cathartic, affecting more or
+less, however, all the secretions. It is of special service in
+dyspepsia, biliousness, rheumatism, etc. A half a glass to a glass,
+drank after hearty meals, will relieve at once the distress from which
+so many suffer. Medical men recommend the water also for kidney
+disease.
+
+While stronger than the milder waters which require so large potions
+to be effective, it is not characterized by the harshness and
+irritating power of some of the more recently discovered springs. It
+seems to us a sort of golden mean between the two extremes.
+
+The water bottles nicely, and is sent to every part of the Union. It
+is also sold on draught. Persons becoming attached to it while at
+Saratoga, can thus easily obtain it at any time in a manner only
+equaled by that dipped from the spring. The sale of this, as well as
+of nearly all mineral waters, is conducted almost exclusively by
+druggists.
+
+The business address of the proprietors is "Pavilion & U.S. Spring
+Company, 113 Chambers street, N.Y.," to whom orders should be
+addressed.
+
+
+
+
+PUTNAM SPRING,
+
+
+On Phila street, near Broadway. Used chiefly for bathing purposes. It
+is a tonic or chalybeate, and, as this goes to press, is being
+retubed. The proprietor, Mr. Lewis Putnam, is the oldest native
+resident of Saratoga.
+
+
+
+
+THE RED SPRING.
+
+
+This spring is located on Spring avenue, a short distance beyond the
+Empire, at the junction of Geneva and Warren streets. Red Spring Co.,
+proprietors.
+
+[Illustration: RED SPRING.]
+
+
+History.
+
+It was discovered soon after the Revolutionary war, by a Mr. Norton,
+who had been driven from the place from fear of hostile Indians
+during the war, and who returned about the year 1784 to re-occupy and
+improve some buildings erected by him for the accommodation of a few
+invalids who came to visit the High Rock, Flat Rock, President and Red
+Springs. No other springs were known at that time, or for many years
+after. Nearly a hundred years ago the first bath-house ever built at
+Saratoga was erected at the Red Spring, and was used for the cure of
+all kinds of eruptive and skin diseases for many years. Through the
+neglect of the owners, this spring, with others near, was allowed to
+fall into an impure condition; the tubes rotted out, and for a number
+of years the water of the Red Spring was only used for washing sore
+eyes, bad ulcers, and the cure of salt rheum, etc. The springs of
+Ballston, and the valuable qualities of Congress water, drew public
+attention away from these springs, and it was only a few years since
+that the present owners of the spring retubed and secured this
+valuable water for public use. The reputation it had long sustained as
+a powerful alterative for the cure of blood diseases was confirmed;
+and for several years this water has been used with growing confidence
+and wonderful results.
+
+
+Properties.
+
+In a general sense its therapeutic effects are alterative, and it
+possesses a particular adaptation to inflamed mucous surfaces;
+scrofula in all its forms, dyspepsia in its worst conditions, and
+kidney difficulties, with every kind of skin disease, including salt
+rheum, which it never fails to cure, are prominent among the diseases
+cured by the use of this water.
+
+Its general effect is to tone up the system, regulate the secretions
+and vitalize the blood, thereby creating a better appetite and better
+assimilation.
+
+The analysis of this water does not indicate any properties that can
+account for its astonishing effects on disease, but they are supposed
+to be owing to its _peculiar combination_. Scientific men, however,
+differ in regard to this point and in regard to the analysis.
+
+A greater number of _invalids_ are now using this water than from all
+the other springs in the place. This water is not used as a beverage.
+More than a hundred gallons per day are taken away by _real invalids_,
+besides that drank at the spring. To become acquainted with its
+wonderful cures one needs only to go there and spend an hour
+conversing with those who are using it for their various ailments. The
+water is used at all hours of the day and a short time is all that is
+needed to learn the high estimation in which it is held as a remedial
+agent.
+
+
+
+
+SARATOGA "A" SPRING.
+
+
+The "A" Spring is situated on Spring avenue, a little beyond the
+Empire Spring, on the eastern side of a steep bluff of calciferous
+sand rock, upon grounds which could be made quite attractive by a
+moderate outlay.
+
+
+History.
+
+The memory of that reverend being, the oldest inhabitant does not
+recall the time when the existence of mineral water in this immediate
+locality was not known. As the merits of spring waters were so little
+known and understood in the earlier days of their discovery, the
+demand was far below the supply, and no attempt was made to introduce
+this spring to public attention, nor any provision for the use of its
+waters. In 1865, Messrs. Western & Co. purchased the property, and at
+once instituted plans for securing the fountain; and a shaft twelve
+feet square was sunk to the depth of sixteen feet. The surface above
+the rock consists of bluish marl, similar to that found all along
+this mineral valley. A tube, in the usual form, was placed over the
+spring, and clay was used as packing around it. In the spring of the
+next year the fountain was more perfectly secured by a new tubing, and
+the water was bottled and shipped all over the country.
+
+An ill wind seemed to be blowing, and in 1867 the bottling-house was
+nearly destroyed by fire; and the spring was again retubed to the
+depth of _thirty-two_ feet, going down to the solid rock, where one of
+the most perfect veins of water was found flowing in all its original
+purity, which was secured with the greatest care, in order to prevent
+the mixture of sulphurous or other waters, and carried to the surface
+through a tube made of maple.
+
+At present the spring itself is protected by a temporary structure,
+while the water is bottled in a portion of the original building which
+was not destroyed by fire. The spring is at some little distance from
+the business part of Saratoga, and, since the bottling-house was
+destroyed no special efforts have been made to attract a crowd of
+visitors, though many who know the virtues of the water take the pains
+and trouble to go out of their way to obtain it, fresh from the spring
+in all its purity, as it is held in the highest estimation by all who
+have used it. We believe it is the intention of the present management
+to rebuild the houses and ornament the surroundings either this summer
+or next.
+
+Of the original company, Jay Gould was President, and John F. Henry,
+Secretary. The officers of the present company are, John F. Henry,
+President; B.S. Barrett, Secretary, and Edwin F. Stevens, Treasurer.
+Mr. Henry is well known as the leading druggist in America and the
+largest dealer in proprietary medicines in the world.
+
+
+Properties.
+
+The water possesses a very agreeable taste and flavor, resembling in
+many respects the favorite Congress. Its principal action is
+alterative and cathartic.
+
+
+
+
+SELTZER SPRING.
+
+
+"Saratoga Seltzer Spring Co.," proprietors. Perhaps no one of the
+springs gratifies the curious more than the Seltzer.
+
+It is situated about 150 feet from the High Rock Spring, but, although
+in such close proximity thereto, its water is entirely different, thus
+illustrating the wonderful extent and capacity of nature's
+subterranean laboratory.
+
+
+Peculiarities.
+
+The owners of the Seltzer Spring have an ingenious contrivance for
+exhibiting the flow of the water and its gas. It consists of a glass
+tube, three feet in height and fifteen inches in diameter, nicely
+adjusted to the mouth of the spring, through which the sweet, clear,
+sparkling water gushes in a steady volume, while, faster than the
+water, bubble up the glittering globules of pure carbonic acid gas.
+
+
+History.
+
+The spring was discovered several years ago, but only recently was it
+tubed so as to be available. The tube extends down thirty-four feet to
+the surface of the foundation rock. The crevice in the rock through
+which the water issues is about twelve inches by five. The column of
+water above the rock is thirty-seven feet high. The flow of gas is
+abundant and constant, but every few minutes, as the watchful visitor
+will observe, there is a momentary ebullition of an extraordinary
+quantity which causes the water in the tube to boil over the rim. When
+the sunshine falls upon the fountain it presents a beautiful
+appearance.
+
+This is a genuine Seltzer spring. The character of the water is almost
+identical with that of the celebrated Nassau Spring of Germany, which
+is justly esteemed so delicious by the natives of the "Fatherland."
+Our German citizens, with their usual sagacity, have discovered this
+fact, and the consumption of the water by them is daily on the
+increase.
+
+The importance of this American Seltzer Spring will be somewhat
+appreciated by the reader, when informed of the fact that nearly two
+millions of stone jugs, holding one quart each, of the Nassau Seltzer
+are annually exported from Germany.
+
+
+Properties.
+
+The water of this spring is very pleasant to the taste, being slightly
+acidulous and saline, but much milder than that of the other Saratoga
+springs. It is an agreeable and wholesome beverage. When mixed with
+still wines, etc., it adds the peculiar flavor only to be derived from
+a pure, natural Seltzer. It enlivens them and gives them the character
+of sparkling wines.
+
+Saratoga possesses numerous objects of interest for the German
+population, surpassing even the famous Spas of Europe, and the
+discovery of the Seltzer will doubtless attract large numbers of this
+intelligent and genial people.
+
+The analyses of the Saratoga and the German Seltzer springs are almost
+identical.
+
+No people in the world, perhaps, consider a summer's excursion to a
+watering place so absolutely essential to life, physically,
+dietetically, morally and politically considered, as the Germans, and
+we are happy to know that they are beginning to realize the
+attractions of Saratoga.
+
+[Illustration: STAR SPRING.]
+
+The United States Spring is also successfully used for mixing with
+the still wines, and is attaining a popularity among the Germans.
+
+
+
+
+THE STAR SPRING
+
+
+Is located on Spring avenue near the termination of Circular street.
+Star Spring Co., proprietors, Melvin Wright, Superintendent.
+
+
+History.
+
+Under the name of President Spring, and afterwards Iodine Spring, the
+fountain now called the Star has been known for nearly a century; long
+enough to test its merits and long enough to sink it in oblivion if it
+possessed no merits. Its lustre is undimmed, and it promises to be a
+star that shall never set. During these many years a goodly proportion
+of tottering humanity have found in this spring an amendment to their
+several crippled constitutions. It was first tubed in 1835. In 1865
+the Star Spring Co. was formed, and in the following year the spring
+was retubed under their direction. In 1870 they erected the finest
+bottling-house in Saratoga. Great care is taken to preserve the spring
+in a pure condition and perfect repair. The water has become immensely
+popular in New England, where it is "the spring," and throughout the
+United States and Canada.
+
+
+For Commercial Use.
+
+The water is sold in cases of quarts and pints, and besides, owing to
+the large amount of gas which is finely incorporated with the water,
+the company are enabled to supply families with it in kegs of fifteen
+gallons, in which the water keeps as well as in bottles, and at
+one-fourth to one-sixth the cost. This method seems to give entire
+satisfaction and is fast coming into general use. This is the only
+spring that supplies the water in bulk to families. The price to
+druggists in bulk is twenty cents per gallon, to families $4 per half
+barrel, to the trade in cases at $21 per gross for pints, and $30 per
+gross for quarts.
+
+
+Properties.
+
+The Star water is mildly cathartic, has a pleasant, slightly acid
+taste, gentle and healthy in its action, and yet powerful in its
+effects.
+
+It is far more desirable for general use as a cathartic than the
+preparations of the apothecary.
+
+Rev. Dr. Cuyler, in one of his peculiarly charming letters, gives the
+Star Water preference over all others as an active and efficient
+cathartic.
+
+
+
+
+THE TEN SPRINGS.
+
+
+This is the name which was formerly given to several springs in the
+immediate vicinity of the Excelsior, and embracing the Union and the
+Minnehaha, which have been recently tubed. The other springs have been
+neglected, and the name "Ten Springs" has been abandoned.
+
+
+
+
+THE UNITED STATES SPRING
+
+
+Is located under the same colonnade as the Pavilion, and less than ten
+feet distant from it. When the Pavilion was being retubed, in 1868, a
+new spring was discovered flowing from the east (the Pavilion and
+nearly all the other springs flowing from the west). It has been
+carefully tubed and christened the United States. It seems to be tonic
+in its properties, with only a very slight cathartic effect. It is now
+used for mixing with the still wines by our German citizens, who find
+in it the virtues of their own Nassau Spring. There are very few of
+the Saratoga waters that can be used successfully with the red and
+white wines, the presence of a very large proportion of chloride of
+sodium being considered an objection. The United States Spring seems
+to fully answer the purpose, giving to the wines a rich flavor and
+sparkling character.
+
+It is a matter of surprise to visitors that two springs, welling up
+their waters so near together, should yet be widely different. Where
+nature in her subterranean laboratory obtains all the elements, and
+how she can manage that from one crevice shall issue a water whose
+ingredients shall never materially differ, and whose temperature shall
+remain constant throughout the year, while within a few feet she sends
+up an equally unvarying, and yet widely different spring, is indeed a
+problem, and the oftener one reflects on subjects of this kind, the
+oftener is the old fashioned observation repeated, that "let a man go
+where he will, Omnipotence is never from his view."
+
+
+
+
+THE WASHINGTON SPRING
+
+
+Is situated in the grounds of the Clarendon Hotel, on South Broadway.
+
+
+History.
+
+This fountain was the first tubed in this mineral valley, being opened
+by Gideon Putnam, in 1806. It was used for bathing purposes chiefly.
+Dr. Steel writes of it in 1828, that it is "found of eminent service
+when applied to old, ill-conditioned ulcers, and obstinate eruptions
+of the skin." A cluster of bushes formed a shelter for the external
+use of the water.
+
+In 1858 a shaft eleven feet square was sunk round the spring to a
+depth of thirty feet. The stream seemed to come from a lateral
+direction, and a tunnel was excavated for a distance of thirty feet.
+At this point the earth gave way, and the water and gas flowed in so
+suddenly that the workmen hardly escaped with their lives, leaving
+their tools behind them. In fifteen minutes 12,000 gallons of water,
+and double that quantity of gas, filled the excavation. Rotary pumps,
+worked by a steam engine, were insufficient to remove the water.
+Another shaft, near the end of the tunnel, was sunk to a depth of
+twenty-eight feet, when the water burst into this also, and it had to
+be abandoned. A third shaft, twenty feet in diameter, and held by a
+strong coffer dam, was sunk southeast of the former. When the rock was
+reached two streams were found issuing from a fissure; one of them was
+tubed, and water rose to the surface.
+
+This brief sketch will give a little idea of the difficulties and
+dangers incident to the tubing of some of these springs.
+
+
+Properties.
+
+This is a chalybeate or iron spring, having _tonic_ and diuretic
+properties. It is not a saline water, and the peculiar inky taste of
+iron is perceptible. It should be drank in the afternoon or evening,
+before or after meals, or just before retiring. One glass is
+sufficient for tonic purposes. Many regard this as the most agreeable
+beverage in Saratoga. It is frequently called the "Champagne Spring"
+from its sparkling properties.
+
+The grounds in the immediate vicinity are very picturesque, and in the
+evening are lighted by gas. The Clarendon Band discourse their music
+on the neighboring piazza, and large numbers of fashionably attired
+people throng beneath the majestic pines, forming one of those
+peculiar group pictures which render Saratoga so charming.
+
+
+
+
+EUREKA WHITE SULPHUR SPRING
+
+
+Is about a mile east of Broadway and only a few rods distant from the
+Eureka Mineral and the Ten Springs. Lake avenue and Spring avenue lead
+directly to it. Stages run between the spring and the village every
+hour, passing the principal hotels. Eureka Spring Co. are the
+proprietors.
+
+This is _the_ Sulphur Spring of Saratoga. _It is said to be
+unsurpassed by any Sulphur spring in the State._ Sulphuretted or
+hepatic waters acquire their peculiar properties from beds of pyrites
+or by passing through strata of bituminous shale and foetic-oolitic
+beds. These we regard as organic sulphuretted waters, while the others
+are mineral.
+
+The mere presence of hydrosulphuric acid gas does not constitute an
+hepatic water: for the solid ingredients are essential; and these are
+found in that of the Eureka White Sulphur Spring, proving it to be a
+very valuable water. It is successfully used in the long list of
+diseases for which, sulphur water, both internally and externally, is
+so highly recommended by the medical faculty. Sulphur waters are very
+useful in the treatment of rheumatism, gout, neuralgia, and kindred
+diseases, and in glandular affections and certain chronic diseases of
+the stomach, liver, intestines, spleen, kidneys, bladder and uterus,
+and in dropsy, scrofula, chlorosis and mercurial diseases. It is
+beneficial, used both internally and externally in the form of baths
+at different degrees of temperature, best determined in each case by
+the physician under whose advice, as a general rule, they should be
+used. The water is highly beneficial in cutaneous diseases, inflamed
+eyes, etc. If the person is dyspeptic the non-gaseous water should be
+used in small doses. It may be as well to add that such waters should
+not be used if there is a tendency to cerebral disease, or in cases of
+consumption and cancer.
+
+[Illustration: CONGRESS SPRING BOTTLING-HOUSE.]
+
+The water of this sulphur spring is remarkably pellucid. The fountain
+discharges upwards of 20,000 gallons per day.
+
+A large and commodious bathing-house, containing fifty bath-rooms,
+with excellent and ample accommodations and superior facilities,
+affords _warm_ and _cold_ sulphur water baths. They are a real luxury.
+
+This completes our list of the important springs. Mineral water of
+considerable merit has been found in several other places in the
+village and its vicinage, which, if situated elsewhere, would
+doubtless excite marked attention and popularity, but in the midst of
+Saratoga's brilliant galaxy and in the absence of any distinguishing
+peculiarity, they possess at present "no name."
+
+
+
+
+DIRECTIONS FOR THE USE OF THE WATERS.[B]
+
+
+The CATHARTIC  waters, as a cathartic, should be taken only
+before breakfast in the morning, and possibly before retiring at
+night, because in the morning the body, refreshed by sleep, is best
+prepared for the water, and the stomach is empty. Two or three glasses
+are usually sufficient, if drank within a short interval and only a
+few minutes before breakfast. Many physicians attribute the cathartic
+effect to the "stimulus of distention" as well as to the absorption of
+the mineral properties, and for this purpose the water should not be
+sipped but _drank_. Before eating, the sipping of a little tea or
+coffee will make the waters more efficacious.
+
+None of the cathartic waters should be drank in _large quantities_
+immediately before, during or within two hours after meals, as they
+are then liable to disturb digestion and prevent nutrition.
+
+[Illustration: WASHING AND FILLING.]
+
+When suffering from a cold the cathartic waters should be avoided.
+Those affected with lung complaints should not drink these waters.
+
+As an ALTERATIVE, the waters should be drank in small
+quantities at various intervals during the day. As their alterative
+effect is from the absorption of the water, the quantity taken should
+be small.
+
+The chalybeate or TONIC  waters are liable to cause headache
+when taken before breakfast. They may be used with benefit before or
+after dinner and tea. Only from a half to one glass should be taken at
+a time.
+
+The DIURETIC  waters should be drank before meals, and at
+night, and should not be followed by warm drinks. Walking and other
+exercise increase the diuretic effect.
+
+Attention to system should characterize the use of these as of other
+remedies.
+
+It is impossible to give _complete and invariable_ directions for
+drinking any of the waters.
+
+The experience and necessities of each individual can alone determine
+many things in regard to their use.
+
+It is advisable to consult some experienced resident physician.
+
+A moderate use of the waters will be found most beneficial.
+
+The enormous quantities of water which some persons imbibe at the
+popular springs is perfectly shocking, and can only be injurious. It
+is no uncommon occurrence to see persons drink from five to ten
+glasses of Congress or Hathorn water with scarcely any interval, and
+the writer has heard of a lady who swallowed within a few minutes
+fourteen glasses of one of the springs. It is to be presumed that her
+thirst was satisfied, as no further account of her has been given.
+
+Those who are taking a course of mineral water will usually find their
+appetite increased thereby.
+
+[Illustration: PACKING-ROOM, CONGRESS SPRING.]
+
+An abundance of vegetables should be avoided, and only those which
+are perfectly fresh should be used.
+
+Frequent bathing in mineral water and otherwise will be found
+beneficial.
+
+Raising the temperature of the spring water, by placing a bottle of it
+in boiling water, makes it more efficacious as a cathartic, and is
+said to remove the iron. Heating the water makes it better for bathing
+purposes.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[B] This article is _copy righted_. Parties who wish to copy the
+entire article, or a portion of it, will please give credit.
+
+
+
+
+The Saratoga Waters at a Distance from the Springs.
+
+
+If the Saratoga waters are really what they have the reputation of
+being--and certainly no one who has witnessed their effects can deny
+their wonderful power--the purity of the water which is supplied to
+invalids, at a distance from the springs, becomes a matter of the
+utmost consequence.
+
+"The fashionable and the rich," writes an eminent divine, "who fill
+these splendid saloons, are not alone the people for whom the
+beneficent Creator opened these health-giving fountains; but they are
+also those who occupy the sick chambers in all parts of the earth, who
+have never seen Saratoga, but who are relieved and comforted by its
+waters."
+
+Personally the writer has found in several cities more or less
+difficulty in obtaining the genuine water. He therefore offers a few
+suggestions on the present mode of exportation.
+
+For many years the sale of spring water has been chiefly conducted by
+druggists. In the earlier days the business was conducted with
+fairness and profit to all concerned, but the small cost of
+manufacturing an artificial water imitating the natural in taste and
+appearance, and made even more sparkling and pungent by a heavy
+charging with gas, the enormous extent of the patent medicine business
+which has protruded itself in all directions, and to an overwhelming
+extent, and the large percentage of profit which druggists now realize
+on their goods, all these have interfered with the sale of pure
+natural spring water. We assert as an indisputable fact that the
+sale of artificial waters has been a serious and unjust detriment to
+the reputation of natural mineral water.
+
+[Illustration: STORE-ROOM, CONGRESS SPRING.]
+
+Very little of the water sold on draught by druggists is genuine.
+Several instances have fallen under the immediate notice of the
+writer, in which druggists have obtained the photographs and trade
+marks of a certain spring, by the purchase of a small quantity of
+water, and then manufactured that which they sold on draught; and
+instances are numerous in which druggists have overcharged consumers
+for the bottled water.
+
+We cannot too strongly urge those who wish to obtain Saratoga water
+pure and fresh, to send _direct to the spring_ whose waters they
+desire.
+
+To the Superintendents of springs we suggest the supplying of the
+waters through _grocers_, who can best handle both the barreled and
+the bottled water, and will be most likely to sell it in its purity.
+It should be made a _staple article_, and its merits as a beverage and
+a preventive of disease brought to public notice. The use of the water
+increases the appetite, and grocers would find its extended sale would
+be an advantage to their business.
+
+We believe our country would be better, and biliousness, dyspepsia,
+fevers, and a long range of diseases more rare, if the natural waters
+which God has provided were to become a standard article in our
+groceries.
+
+
+
+
+     Special Notice.--The subscriber is desirous of making a
+     special study of the mineral springs of Saratoga. He will
+     gladly receive any reliable information which may be
+     communicated to him in regard to the history, properties, etc.,
+     of the various springs, or their effects in particular cases.
+     Such information will be acknowledged in future editions of
+     this work.
+
+     _Invalids who have received benefit or injury_ from the use of
+     the waters are earnestly requested to give a statement of their
+     experience. Communications of this sort will be held
+     _confidential_.
+
+     Proprietors of springs in other places are also requested to
+     send circulars and other information in regard to their several
+     springs.
+
+     Address,
+     R.F. DEARBORN,
+     _Saratoga Springs, N.Y._
+
+
+
+
+PART II.
+
+SARATOGA AS A WATERING PLACE, ITS HISTORY AND PECULIARITIES.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PLACES OF INTEREST IN THE VICINITY OF SARATOGA.
+
+
+    Battlefield,
+    Ballston,
+    Bemis Heights,
+    Benedict's Sulphur Spring,
+    Chapman's Hill,
+    Circular Railway,
+    Columbian Spring,
+    Cohoes Falls,
+    Congress Park,
+    Congress Spring,
+    Corinth Falls,
+    Crystal Spring,
+    Diamond Spring,
+    Drs. Strongs Turkish Baths,
+    Ellis Spring,
+    Empire Spring,
+    Eureka Spring,
+    Excelsior Grove,
+    Excelsior Spring,
+    Excelsior Lake,
+    Geyser Spring,
+    Glass Factory,
+    Glacier Spring,
+    Glen Mitchel,
+    Hagerty Hill,
+    Hamilton Spring,
+    Hathorn Spring,
+    High Rock Spring,
+    Indian Encampment,
+    Indian Spring,
+    Lake Lovely,
+    Lake Saratoga,
+    Luzerne,
+    Marble Works,
+    Pavilion Spring,
+    Putnam's Spring,
+    Race Course,
+    Red Spring,
+    Saratoga "A" Spring,
+    Seltzer Spring,
+    Star Spring,
+    Stiles' Hill,
+    Surrender Ground,
+    Ten Springs,
+    Trout Ponds,
+    United States Spring,
+    Verd Antique Marble Works,
+    Washington Spring,
+    Wagman's Hill,
+    Water Works,
+    Wearing Hill,
+    White Sulphur Springs,
+    Y.M.C.A. Rooms,
+
+Photographs of the above can be had of Baker & Record.
+
+For the location of these places see map.
+
+No charge is made to visitors for the use of the waters, except a
+trifling fee to the "dipper boys," and even this is at the option of
+the visitor.
+
+
+
+
+Saratoga as a Watering Place.
+
+
+The question "where to spend the Summer?" is usually discussed by
+paterfamilias, anxious mammas and uneasy children long before the
+summer solstice drives them from the pent-up confines of the busy
+metropolis to the pure air and quite recreation of country life. Many
+will visit the seaside, some will climb the mountains or explore the
+forests. Fashion, in most instances, determines the place of resort,
+and has fixed on certain localities, or courts of its acknowledged
+leaders, where not to have been seen at least is to have been buried
+for the season.
+
+One place has held through the many years the highest rank, both from
+intrinsic merit, and from an unfluctuating devotion of the fashionable
+world, and has been aptly termed "The Queen of American Watering
+Places."
+
+The village of Saratoga, where dwells the benign goddess Hygeia, in
+the midst of her far-famed waters of life and health, is pleasantly
+situated within the heart of a broad stretch of varied table-land, in
+the upper part and near the eastern boundary of New York.
+
+
+The History
+
+Of this fashionable resort embraces a century. The muse of history has
+marked the spot with one of her red battleflags, and thus
+distinguished her from the herd of new places whose mushroom growth is
+like that of the gentility which they harbor.
+
+[Illustration: ROUTES TO LAKE GEORGE.]
+
+The first white visitor who is known to have drank from these "rivers
+of Pactolus" is no less a distinguished person than Sir Wm. Johnson,
+Bart., who was conducted hither, in 1767, by his Mohawk friends. At
+that early day America could boast of little in the way of
+aristocracy, and it was not till 1803 that the career of Saratoga, as
+a fashionable watering place, was inaugurated. In this year, when the
+village consisted of only three or four cabins, Gideon Putnam opened
+the Union Hotel, and displayed his primitive sign of "Old Put and the
+Wolf."
+
+It was Putnam's ambition, when a boy even, to build him a great house,
+and in his time the Union Hotel, then 70 feet long, seemed to him
+doubtless comparatively as large as the present Grand Union seems to
+us.
+
+It is not necessary for us to follow Saratoga through its misfortunes
+and its successes, its fires and its improvements, until it has
+reached its present reputation and attractiveness.
+
+Year after year the water wells up its sparkling currents; year after
+year a little paint and plaster new-decks the great caravansaries;
+year after year belles blush and sigh away the summer, or, linking
+their destinies, rejoice or repine at leisure; and year after year,
+for a short four months of sequence, the little town swarms and
+rejoices with merry glee.
+
+
+
+
+Routes to Saratoga.
+
+
+During the visiting season trains from the metropolis reach the place
+in five hours and thirty minutes--a distance of 186 miles. You can
+leave the city at nine o'clock in the morning, and upon the
+soft-cushioned seats, and amid the damask and velvet of Wagman's
+magnificent drawing-room cars, enjoy a pleasurable journey up the
+famous Hudson, till you arrive at Saratoga early in the afternoon. Or,
+by the four o'clock train, Saratoga is reached in the evening. If
+pleasure is the object, and enjoyment of the lordly Hudson's
+bewildering beauty is desired, one of the steam palaces that plough
+the river should be taken. The most luxurious and elegant, and the
+safest and surest of these are the boats of the Peoples' Line. The
+contrast between the accommodations of these boats and certain others
+nearly as large, is so great as to leave no question which route is
+preferable.
+
+From New England and Boston the shortest and most direct route is via
+Rutland and Fitchburgh. This is the only route that run Palace cars
+through between Boston and Saratoga.
+
+
+Distances.
+
+    Albany, 38 miles.
+    Boston via Rutland, 230 miles.
+    Philadelphia, 274 miles.
+    Washington, 412 miles.
+    Chicago, 841 miles.
+    White Mountains, 322 miles.
+    Boston via Albany, 250 miles.
+    Troy, 32 miles.
+    New York City, 186 miles.
+    Niagara, 311 miles.
+    Lake George, 45 miles.
+    Montreal, 202 miles.
+    Quebec, 392 miles.
+    Rutland, 62 miles.
+
+
+
+
+The Railway Station
+
+
+Is naturally a place of special interest in any watering place.
+Visitors are no sooner settled in their summer quarters than they
+become interested in the incomings and outgoings of their fellow men,
+watching eagerly if perchance any old acquaintance may turn up. The
+contrast between city and country life in this respect is noticable.
+Those who, amid the race for wealth in the cities, can scarcely afford
+a nod to intimate friends, here greet a slight acquaintance even with
+a friendliness and cordiality undreamed of in the busy town.
+
+The station at Saratoga is elegant and tasteful, facing an open
+square, adorned with fountain and shade trees. It is built of brick,
+with elaborate iron trimmings from the Corrugated Iron Company of
+Springfield, Mass.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF CONGRESS PARK.]
+
+The crowds are hastening away from it, and with them we will proceed
+towards
+
+
+
+
+The Village.
+
+
+Large enough to possess a fixed population of some 9,000, it has
+double, and perhaps treble, this number in the visiting season; with
+elegant and costly churches, mammoth hotels and metropolitan stores,
+affording everything desirable, from a paper of pins to the rarest
+diamonds and laces, it has been called "_rus in urbe_"--more properly,
+_urbs in rure_.
+
+The principal street is Broadway, miles in length, ample in breadth,
+and, for the most part, shaded with a double line of graceful elms.
+Its extremities are adorned with beautiful villas. The Fifth avenue of
+the place, where the handsomest residences are located, is Circular
+street, east of the Park. Beautiful dwellings may also be found on
+Lake avenue and Franklin street. The streets are thronged with a gay
+and brilliant multitude, engaged in riding, driving, walking, each
+enjoying to the utmost a facinating kind of busy idleness. But by the
+time the tourist has glanced at all this he will be thinking of clean
+napkins, and will be interested to know what may be afforded in the
+way of
+
+
+
+
+Accommodations for Man and Beast.
+
+
+About 15,000 visitors can at one time be quartered in the gay watering
+place, and consequently to pen up all the fashionable flock within the
+limits of so small a town, requires no little tact. During August,
+Saratoga is always full, crowded, squeezed.
+
+Saratoga has the largest and most extensive hotels in the world. There
+are in all from thirty to forty, and in addition to them numerous
+public and private boarding-houses accommodate large numbers of
+guests.
+
+Among the hotels, the gem of Saratoga, and one of the finest, if not
+_the finest_, hotel in this country is
+
+
+
+
+Congress Hall.
+
+
+[Illustration: CONGRESS HALL.]
+
+Extending from Spring to Congress street, with a front on Broadway of
+416 feet, and reaching with its two mammoth wings 300 feet back, it is
+architecturally a perfect beauty. The rooms are large and elegant. The
+halls are ten feet wide, and broad, commodious stairways, with the
+finest elevator in the country, render every portion readily
+accessible. A front piazza, 20 feet wide and 240 feet in length, with
+numerous others within the grounds, and a promenade on the top of the
+hotel affording a charming view, contribute to render the house
+attractive. The dining halls, parlors, etc., are superb and ample, and
+everything about the house is on a scale of unequaled magnificence and
+grandeur.
+
+The proprieters have endeavored to incorporate into this hotel
+everything that can afford comfort and pleasure, at whatever expense.
+
+The cut of Congress Hall will give some idea of its _outlines_, but
+fails to do it justice. It must be seen to be appreciated, and when
+seen commands the unqualified admiration of the beholder. It was
+erected in 1868, by H.H. Hathorn, Esq., the proprietor of the old
+Congress Hall, and one of the most influential citizens of Saratoga.
+
+
+
+
+The Grand Union Hotel.
+
+
+This mammoth establishment is located on the west side of Broadway,
+and with its magnificent grounds embraces a space seven acres in
+extent, covering nearly an entire square. It is a splendid brick
+structure, with a street frontage of 1,364 feet. The office, parlor,
+dining room and dancing hall are unequaled for size, graceful
+architecture and splendid equipments and finish--the former exhibiting
+a lavish display of white and colored marbles, while a series of
+colonnades rise from the center to the dome. Within the capacious
+grounds are several elegant cottages, which are greatly sought for by
+the _elite_. A vertical railway, comprising the latest improvements,
+renders the six stories so easy of access as to be equally desirable
+to guests.
+
+[Illustration: GRAND UNION HOTEL SARATOGA]
+
+The capacity of this house is greater than that of any other in the
+world. Some idea of its immensity may be formed from the following
+statistics: Length of piazzas, one mile; halls, two miles; carpeting,
+twelve acres; marble tiling, one acre; number of rooms, eight hundred
+and twenty-four; doors, one thousand four hundred and seventy-four;
+windows, one thousand eight hundred and ninety one; the dining room is
+two hundred and fifty feet by fifty-three feet and twenty feet high,
+and will accommodate at one time 1,200 people.
+
+Music on the lawn at nine in the morning and at three and a half in
+the afternoon. Hops every evening; balls on Tuesday evening.
+
+During the present year this hotel has fallen into the hands of
+Messrs. Breslin, Gardner & Co., of the Gilsey House, N.Y., gentlemen
+who are unsurpassed as hotel managers.
+
+
+
+
+Grand Central.
+
+
+"The new hotel," erected by Dr. R. Hamilton and Mr. C.R. Brown, is
+located on Broadway, directly opposite Congress Park, occupying the
+ground swept over by the immense conflagration which consumed the
+Crescent, Park Place and other hotels last September. Untiring energy
+has been manifested in its construction, and it is without doubt one
+of the most perfect summer hotels in the world. It is a tasteful and
+elegant structure, adding very much to the beauty and attractiveness
+of Saratoga. The citizens may well be proud of it.
+
+The exterior of the house is most imposing. It is five stories in
+height, with a French roof, and has a front of 340 feet on Broadway,
+and 200 feet on Congress street, and by a far-reaching wing in the
+rear incloses quite a little park.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL OFFICE.]
+
+The building contains 650 rooms, with bowling alleys and billiards,
+and twenty-two stores in the basement. It is built of brick, with iron
+trimmings. The dining room is 200 feet long. The other rooms are in
+suites with bath-room attached. All parts of the house communicate
+with the office through the medium of electricity. Everything is in
+the most modern and improved style, and with the latest improvements.
+Looking out upon the green vista of Congress Park and upon the
+interesting crowds of visitors who throng around the famous spring,
+affording from its windows and piazzas an ample view of the most
+fashionable part of Broadway, and embracing in its outlook the
+colonnades of the other large hotels, its location and surroundings
+are perfectly enchanting.
+
+Although at the present writing the hotel has not been opened to the
+public, we learn that it is the purpose of the proprietors, Messrs.
+Hamilton & Brown, gentlemen of experience and enviable reputation as
+hotel managers, to conduct it on a very liberal scale.
+
+The table will be made a special feature. Epicureans may rest assured
+that
+
+  "Whatever toothsome food or sprightly juice
+  On the green bosom of this earth are found,
+  Will be there displayed."
+
+That it will be a popular and well patronized resort is
+unquestionable. In its elegant furniture the house surpasses all
+others, and it has the further advantage that every room has a
+spacious clothes press, and is supplied with hot and cold water.
+
+
+
+
+The Clarendon.
+
+
+Is patronized by a very aristocratic and select class of guests. Its
+location is very picturesque; and within its inclosure, magnificently
+circled by elms and covered with a superb pagoda, is the celebrated
+Washington spring.
+
+[Illustration: CLARENDON HOTEL.]
+
+The Leland Spring, named in honor of the affable proprietor of the
+hotel, is also within the grounds.
+
+
+
+
+The Everett House,
+
+
+On South Broadway, a few steps beyond the Clarendon, is well
+patronized by a wealthy and cultivated class of guests. A very
+pleasant piazza surrounding the front of the house, and a pretty lawn
+and cottage in the grounds, are attractive features of this summer
+hotel. The house has a home-like appearance and a delightful location.
+Improvements and additions are now contemplated, to be completed
+before next season, which will render this one of the most beautiful
+summer hotels in America.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As our space is too limited to give each an individual notice, we
+present below an alphabetical list of all the hotels and their
+proprietors, good, bad and indifferent--several on the American plan,
+and some on no plan at all. "Pay your money and take your choice."
+
+Josh Billings says a good hotel is a good stepmother. It is is not
+often that one has the opportunity to select his stepmother, but
+certainly it ought not to be impossible to make a good selection from
+this long
+
+
+
+
+List of Hotels.
+
+
+    Addison Hotel, Matilda street, Samson & Porter.
+    Albemarle Hotel, Broadway, A.C. Levi.
+    Albion House, Front street, Walter Balfour.
+    American Hotel, Broadway, Bennett & McCaffrey.
+    Broadway Hall, Broadway, J. Howland.
+    Broadway House, Broadway, Wm. Wheelock.
+    Cedar Bluff Hotel, Saratoga Lake, H.V. Myers.
+    Circular Street House, Circular street, John Palmer.
+    Clarendon Hotel, Broadway, C.E. Leland.
+    Coleman House, Broadway, H.L. Murchin.
+    Commercial Hotel, Church street, S.W. Smith & Co.
+    Congress Hall, Broadway, Hathorn & Southgate.
+    Continental Hotel, Washington street, Adams & Mann.
+    Cottage Home, Broadway, Miss L. Burbanck.
+    Drs. Strongs Institute, Circular street, S.S. & S.E. Strong.
+    Elmwood Hall, Front street, O. Ford & Griswold.
+    Empire Hotel, Front street, Wm. H. Baker.
+    Exchange Hotel, Henry street.
+    Everett House, South Broadway, B.V. Fraser.
+    Franklin House, Church street, C.W. Salisbury.
+    Glen Mitchel, North Broadway, C. Weeks Mitchel.
+    Grand Central Hotel, Broadway, Hamilton & Brown.
+    Grand Union Hotel, Broadway, Breslin, Gardner & Co.
+    Holden House, Broadway, W.J. Riggs.
+    Hotel Germania, Broadway, G. Schmidt.
+    Green Mountain House, Washington St., Chaffee & Wooster.
+    Huestis House, Broadway, J.L. Huestis.
+    Lake House, Saratoga Lake, C.B. Moon.
+    Lake Side House, Saratoga Lake, C.B. Moon, Jr.
+    Manor House, South Broadway.
+    Mansion House, Spring avenue near Excelsior Spring, Mrs. E.G. Chipman.
+    Marvin House, Broadway, A. & D. Snyder.
+    Merchants Hotel, Caroline St., cor. Henry, G.H. Burrows.
+    Mount Pleasant House, Broadway, C.H. Tefft.
+    National Hotel, Congress street, C. Weil.
+    New Columbian Hotel, Broadway, Waugh & Co.
+    New York Hotel, Lake avenue, K. Davis.
+    Pitney House, Congress street, J. Pitney.
+    Pavilion Hotel, Division street.
+    St. James Hotel, Congress street, Van Vleck.
+    Summer Resort, Franklin street.
+    Spring Street House. Spring street, Wm. Carpenter.
+    Temple Grove, Circular street, H.M. Dowd.
+    Vermont House, Front street. B.V. Dyer.
+    Washington Hall, Broadway, A.J. Starr.
+    Wager House, South Broadway.
+    Waverly House, Broadway, E.A. Duel.
+    Western Hotel, Church street, cor. Lawrence, French & Co.
+    Wilbur House, Washington street.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE CONTINENTAL HOTEL.]
+
+[Illustration: THE WAVERLY HOUSE.]
+
+[Illustration: GRAND CENTRAL HOTEL,
+
+Opposite Congress Park, opened July 12th, 1872]
+
+
+
+
+Temple Grove Seminary
+
+
+Is beautifully situated in a grove in the eastern part of the village,
+on what was formerly called Temple Hill.
+
+Rev. Chas. F. Dowd, A.M., a graduate of Yale College, is the
+principal.
+
+The regular graduating course occupies a period of four years, and
+embraces many of the studies pursued in our colleges for young men,
+while every facility is afforded for the more modern and artistic
+accomplishments. The endowment is found in the fact that during the
+long summer vacation the building is opened as a summer resort.
+
+
+
+
+The Climate
+
+
+Of Saratoga is remarkably pleasant and salubrious. Mountain bulwarks
+protect it from wind and tempest. We doubt if there is any place in
+the world which can offer more attractions to the invalid. Those who
+visit Saratoga in the pursuit of health, will find a very pleasant
+home among cultivated people at the Institute of Drs. STRONG,
+on Circular street.
+
+We take pleasure in speaking of this house because it is unique in its
+character, and is one of the features of Saratoga. A guide book is not
+the place to discuss systems of medicine. Suffice it to say that the
+doctors, while regularly educated physicians, make use also of the
+varied resources of hydropathy, and of a wider range of remedial
+appliances than can be found in any similar institution on the globe.
+
+[Illustration: TEMPLE GROVE SEMINARY.]
+
+It is worth the while of every tourist in Saratoga to visit the
+elegant Institute, and examine its Vacuum Cure and Movement Cure, and
+its superb bath-rooms and enjoy the luxury of a Turkish or Russian
+bath. The doctors are very courteous, and visitors will find a
+pleasant reception.
+
+The Institute is open throughout the year. As a _summer home_ for
+people in health, it fully meets the wants of those desiring first
+class accommodations. There is no appearance of invalidism about the
+house, and its remedial character in no respect diminishes its
+attractions. Its table is superior, and its patrons are the religious
+aristocracy of the land.
+
+
+
+
+The Churches
+
+
+Are commodious and built with special reference to the visiting
+population. They are ministered to by resident pastors of culture and
+repute, and their pulpits are filled during the season by
+distinguished divines from all sections of the country.
+
+The Methodist Society have the most elegant and conveniently located
+edifice. It was dedicated the present year, and is situated on the
+north side of Washington street, just above the Grand Union. It is
+built of brick with sandstone trimmings, and cost $116,000. Rev. J.M.
+King is the pastor. Residence Phila street.
+
+The Episcopal church is nearly opposite the Methodist, a recent
+edifice of stone most pleasing in its architecture. Rev. Dr. Camp is
+the rector.
+
+The Presbyterian church is a large brick structure, some little
+distance up Broadway, and beyond the new Town Hall. Rev. Mr. Newman,
+pastor.
+
+The Baptist church is a brick edifice on Washington street, near the
+railroad. Rev. E.A. Wood, pastor.
+
+The Congregational church is directly over the Post Office, on Phila
+street. Rev. N.F. Rowland, pastor.
+
+[Illustration: TEMPLE GROVE SEMINARY--REAR VIEW.]
+
+The Catholic church occupies a commanding and agreeable location upon
+South Broadway, just beyond the Clarendon Hotel.
+
+The Second Presbyterian church meets in Newland Chapel on Spring
+street, near Temple Grove Seminary. Rev J.N. Crocker, pastor.
+
+The Free Methodist chapel is on Regent street.
+
+A list of the services, and the hours of holding them, is published
+every Saturday in the daily _Saratogian_. The _Saratogian_ is the "old
+established" paper, and seems to be as firm in its foundation as the
+rock from which the Saratoga waters issue. Eli Perkins informs us that
+Saratoga was named from the _Saratogian_. Col. Ritchie is one of the
+spiciest editors to be found.
+
+The hall and reading-room of
+
+
+
+
+The Y.M.C.A.
+
+
+Are located on Phila street, nearly opposite the Post-Office. Daily
+prayer meetings are held from 10 to 11 A.M.
+
+
+
+
+Real Estate,
+
+
+While not exorbitant, as at Newport and other watering places, the
+prices of real estate in Saratoga, as might be expected, are somewhat
+higher than usually reign in villages of its size. The value of real
+estate is enhanced very much yearly; the _average_ rise, for several
+years, has been about ten per cent per annum. The size of the village
+and the number of the resident population--now about 9,000--is
+constantly increasing. Numerous and costly dwellings are being erected
+on almost every street. The village _thrives_, and it may be
+confidently hoped that, with its numerous and peculiar attractions,
+this beautiful valley will ere long become the center of a vast
+population. Educational institutions and manufacturing interests
+should flourish here.
+
+[Illustration: M.E. CHURCH, SARATOGA.]
+
+There is a great demand for tasteful cottages for summer residents.
+
+As a permanent home, Saratoga is delightful and attractive. The
+climate is excellent. The home society is very pleasant, and
+uncorrupted by the flash and glitter of the summer carnival.
+
+At one portion of the year the most distinguished, cultivated and
+wealthy of our own country are gathered here--and sight-seeing can be
+done at home and on our own door-steps. The many blessings which
+follow in the train of wealth and culture are found here. Travelers
+from other climes who visit our country seldom return until they have
+drank from these celebrated fountains. An opportunity is afforded in
+the various pulpits of the village to listen to the most eloquent
+preachers of the day. The schools are good, and presided over by
+persons of skill and experience.
+
+Those of our readers who desire more particular information in regard
+to real estate and permanent or transient homes in Saratoga, are
+referred to Messrs. Wm. M. Searing & Son, of Ainsworth's block.
+
+
+
+
+Hack Fares.
+
+
+Saratoga cannot be called extortionate. Unlike Niagara, its prices are
+not exorbitant. Most people like to drive a fast horse, and they can
+do so very reasonably here. A nice single team can be obtained a whole
+afternoon for only $3, and a nobby carriage and coachman will carry a
+party to the Lake and back for from $3 to $6, at any time during the
+season. Hack fare, in the village, is 50 cents for each passenger;
+baggage, 25 cents each piece. An elegant turnout, including coachman,
+can be leased by the month for $75, and this includes the exclusive
+use. Excellent accommodations for those who bring their own teams can
+be obtained for from $8 to $10 per week for each horse. Over three
+thousand private carriages are here every summer.
+
+[Illustration: DRS. STRONG'S INSTITUTE, SARATOGA.]
+
+
+
+
+Drives and Walks.
+
+
+The most fashionable drive is the new Boulevard to the Lake. Until
+recently there have been few attractions beside the gay and brilliant
+procession of carriages with their fair occupants and superb horses.
+
+The drive is four miles in length, with a row of trees on each side
+and one in the middle. Carriages pass down on one side and return on
+the other.
+
+No sooner have we turned by the Congress Spring than we are in a long
+level reach of plains, dotted here and there with trees of pine and
+fir, with a few distant hills of the Green Mountains rolling along the
+horizon. It is a city gala at the hotel, but the five minutes were
+magical, and, among the trees and rural scenes upon the road, we
+remember the city and its life as a winter's dream. The vivid and
+sudden contrast of this little drive with the hotel is one of the
+pleasantest points of Saratoga life. In the excitement of the day it
+is like stepping out, on a summer's evening, from the glaring
+ball-room upon the cool and still piazza.
+
+Near the outlet of the lake, on a bluff fifty feet above the surface
+of the water, is
+
+
+
+
+Moon's Lake House,
+
+
+One of the features of Saratoga. There is a row of carriages at the
+sheds--a select party is dining upon those choice trout, black bass
+and young woodcock. The game dinners are good, the prices are high,
+and the fried potatoes are noted all over the world. They have never
+been successfully imitated. Are done up in papers and sold like
+confectionery. The gayly dressed ladies indulge in beatific
+expressives as they feast upon them.
+
+[Illustration: DINING ROOM GRAND UNION.]
+
+A capital story is told of Moon, the proprietor--indeed, he tells it
+"himself." A few months after one of his "seasons" had closed he
+chanced to be in Boston, where he hired a horse and buggy to drive out
+to Chelsea. When he returned and called for his bill, the livery
+stable keeper charged him about six times the usual price; and when an
+explanation of such an extraordinary charge was demanded, replied,
+"Mr. Moon. I presume you do not recognize me, but _last summer I took
+dinner at your Lake House_." "Say not another word about it, my good
+fellow," responded Moon in his turn, "here is your money."
+
+Mr. Moon always has something nice _expressly for you_. When his
+liability to loss in so doing is considered, his prices will not
+appear so exorbitant.
+
+Those who with Prior,
+
+            "Charmed with rural beauty
+  Chase fleeting pleasure through the maze of life,"
+
+will be pleased with
+
+
+
+
+Saratoga Lake.
+
+
+It has nine miles of length and two miles and a half of breadth. Many
+and varied scenes of interest and grandeur occur within this broad
+range of water and shore. The whole lake is replete with quiet and
+gentle beauty, striking the beholder rather with admiration than
+astonishment.
+
+Boating and sailing may be enjoyed upon its waters, and a small
+steamer, plying from point to point, is at the command of pleasure
+parties.
+
+Formerly an abundance of trout was found here, and shad and herring
+were among the annual visitors; but the lake is now filled with the
+black or Oswego bass, pickerel, muscalonge and perch.
+
+[Illustration: SARATOGA LAKE.]
+
+But Saratoga Lake is not wholly devoted to the sportsman, or to the
+frivolities of fashionable butterflies. The beautiful and familiar
+hymn commencing--
+
+  "From whence doth this union arise,
+    That hatred is conquer'd by love?
+  It fastens our souls in such ties,
+    That nature and time can't remove,"
+
+was composed and sang first, upon the placid waters of this lake, by
+Dr. Baldwin, of Boston, and a party of clerical friends.
+
+That charming author, N.P. Willis, relates in his own charming style
+the following tradition of Saratoga Lake:
+
+"There is," he says, "an Indian superstition attached to this lake,
+which probably has its source in its remarkable loneliness and
+tranquility. The Mohawks believed that its stillness was sacred to the
+Great Spirit, and that if a human voice uttered a sound upon its
+waters, the canoe of the offender would instantly sink. A story is
+told of an Englishwoman, in the early days of the first settlers, who
+had occasion to cross this lake with a party of Indians, who, before
+embarking, warned her most impressively of the spell. It was a silent,
+breathless day, and the canoe shot over the smooth surface of the lake
+like an arrow. About a mile from the shore, near the center of the
+lake, the woman, willing to convince the savages of the weakness of
+their superstition, uttered a loud cry. The countenances of the
+Indians fell instantly to the deepest gloom. After a moment's pause,
+however, they redoubled their exertions, and in frowning silence drove
+the light bark like an arrow over the waters. They reached the shore
+in safety, and drew up the canoe, and the woman rallied the chief on
+his credulity. 'The Great Spirit is merciful,' answered the scornful
+Mohawk, 'He knows that a white woman cannot hold her tongue.'"
+
+[Illustration: BALL ROOM GRAND UNION.]
+
+
+
+
+Chapman's Hill
+
+
+Is a mile beyond the Lake House, and one hundred and eighty feet above
+the level of the lake. A charming view is afforded. Immediately below,
+the lake presents a mirrored surface of several square miles, while
+the meadows and table lands on its western shore may be traced with
+all their simple beauty until they merge into the Kayaderosseras range
+of mountains.
+
+
+
+
+Wagman's Hill,
+
+
+Which is about three miles beyond, affords a still more extended view.
+This hill is two hundred and forty feet above the lake.
+
+
+
+
+Hagerty Hill,
+
+
+Six miles north of the village, toward Luzerne, brings to view a fine
+landscape.
+
+But the most extended view and the boldest landscape may be seen from
+
+
+
+
+Wearing Hill,
+
+
+On the Mount Pleasant road, and about fifteen miles from Saratoga
+Springs. Saratoga, Ballston, Schenectady, Waterford, Mechanicville,
+Schuylerville, Saratoga Lake, Round Lake, etc., by the aid of a glass,
+can all be discerned from this hill.
+
+
+
+
+Lake Lovely
+
+
+Is the euphonious name of an interesting little sheet of water not far
+from the village on the Boulevard to Saratoga Lake. Though not of very
+great extent, it has many points of considerable attraction, one of
+which is a glen on the eastern bank of the lake, which forms an echo,
+said to be almost as distinct and powerful as the celebrated one in
+the ruined bastion of the old French fortress at Crown Point.
+
+
+
+
+Stiles' Hill,
+
+
+An interesting locality, revealing a varied landscape, along the
+Hudson and Mohawk rivers, may be reached in a drive of a few miles
+along the base of the Palmerton Mountain.
+
+
+
+
+Corinth Falls,
+
+
+A bold cataract in the Upper Hudson, is some fifteen miles from
+Saratoga, and a mile from Jessup's Landing, on the Adirondack Railway.
+
+
+
+
+Luzerne,
+
+
+A charming hamlet at the confluence of the Hudson and Sacandaga, is
+twenty miles from Saratoga. It may be reached by a carriage road or
+the Adirondack Railway. Lake Luzerne, a beautiful sheet of water, on
+the shore of which the village is situated, affords excellent
+opportunities for fishing and boating. There are two excellent
+hotels--Rockwell's and the Wayside. The latter has numerous cottages
+attached for summer residents. It is owned by B.C. Butler, Esq., well
+known as the author of an interesting History of Lake George and Lake
+Champlain, and other works.
+
+
+
+
+Lake George
+
+
+Is about thirty miles from Saratoga by carriage road. The Adirondack
+Railway, and a stage ride of nine miles, is the pleasantest and most
+convenient route. Travelers can return the same day, if necessary.
+
+There are other and shorter drives in Saratoga, which are very
+attractive. SPRING AVENUE, leading to the Excelsior and
+Sulphur springs and returning by Lake Avenue, is being laid out and
+will make a beautiful drive.
+
+The road to BALLSTON  and the SPOUTING SPRINGS  has
+been recently improved, and is a popular resort.
+
+[Illustration: CONGRESS PARK.]
+
+[Illustration: DRAWING ROOM GRAND UNION.]
+
+The entire length of BROADWAY  is a magnificent drive and
+affords an interesting and picturesque ride of some five minutes.
+About a mile north of Congress Hall the half-mile track and handsome
+grounds of Glen Mitchel are located. The Saratoga County Agricultural
+Society have their buildings here. The track is open to all who wish,
+both pedestrians and carriages. At the base of a steep bluff, shaded
+with numerous trees, and directly facing the race-track, is the Glen
+Mitchel hotel. The grounds are maintained at great expense by the
+proprietors of the hotel, and when this and the short season of
+patronage is regarded, the prices for ordinary refreshments will not
+be considered as extraordinary as they might otherwise seem. The drive
+may be extended by turning to the east and driving round a small
+lake--Excelsior--and past the water-works, returning by Spring Avenue.
+
+THE WALK THROUGH THE WOODS TO EXCELSIOR SPRING  is by far the
+most beautiful in Saratoga. To reach the grove, pedestrians and
+carriages will pass along Lake Avenue a little past Circular street,
+when a small sign will be found pointing the way to the "Walk to
+Excelsior Spring." No tourist should fail to visit this place. A
+pleasant hour may be spent in the woods, after a stroll through which,
+the delicious water of the Excelsior will be refreshing indeed.
+
+
+
+
+Congress Park
+
+
+Is the gem of Saratoga. It consists of a small hill in the shape of a
+horseshoe, covered with handsome trees, and laid out in smooth walks
+encircling the low ground which surrounds the spring. The park is the
+property of the Congress and Empire Spring Co., who generously keep it
+in perfect repair, and open to the public.
+
+[Illustration: UNION HOTEL AND GROUNDS.]
+
+
+
+
+Gridley's Trout Ponds.
+
+
+Those who are fond of "speckled beauties," and would like to obtain a
+fine mess without encountering the swarms of mosquitoes, gnats and
+sand flies that usually infest the region where the trout may be
+taken, should visit Gridley's. "Old Gridley," as he is familiarly
+called, formerly kept the Pavilion, near the depot. Some three or four
+years since he conceived the idea of starting a fish propagating
+establishment. His place is located in a beautiful little ravine,
+about one mile and a half from Congress Spring and just beyond the
+race-course. There may be seen myriads of speckled trout in a
+succession of small ponds situated along down the ravine, one below
+the other, supplied with water of the brilliancy of a crystal, gushing
+from the banks. It is a well known fact that the chief reason for this
+species of fish being so scarce, is because of their devouring each
+other, or, in other words, "big fish eating up little fish." Hence,
+Mr. Gridley, as well as other propagators, is obliged to separate them
+as to age and size--one-year olds in one pond, two-year olds in
+another, and so on down.
+
+Visitors are very cordially received by Mr. G., and provided with
+fishing tackle, etc--and sometimes a bottle of Rhine wine gratis--and
+are duly informed that his prices are $1 per pound--that is, for every
+pound of fish caught, visitors can pay $1. The fish may be seen
+tantalizingly sporting and jumping out of the water two or three
+thousand at a time. For any one who contemplates indulging in the
+sport, and is willing to pay for it, this is the place to come.
+
+
+
+
+The Saratoga Battle Ground.
+
+
+A visit to the scene of the great battle of Saratoga, in October,
+1777, which ended in the surrender of the British Army, under
+Burgoyne, to the Americans, under Gates, will occupy a pleasant
+though somewhat long day's excursion. The battle was fought upon the
+elevated lands at Bemis Heights two miles from the Hudson, in the town
+of Stillwater, about 15 miles from Saratoga Springs.
+
+[Illustration: "SET UP A CENT"--INDIAN CAMP.]
+
+Visitors may obtain all desired information respecting the precise
+localities of the struggle from Cicerones on the spot.
+
+
+
+
+The Surrender Ground,
+
+
+The scene of the capitulation a few weeks subsequent to the battle, is
+a few miles further up the river.
+
+
+
+
+The Village Cemetery,
+
+
+In places that can boast but few objects of interest, is usually one
+of the chief places of resort. In Saratoga there are so many "show
+places" and peculiar attractions, that the cemetery visitors are
+limited principally to the resident population, and those who arm in
+arm, or hand in hand, stroll through its meandering paths, or while
+away their hours in its shady seats nurturing the tender passion.
+
+The old cemetery is near the Empire Spring. The village cemetery
+proper is found east and south of Congress Park. In both may be found
+some curious inscriptions, and from the latter we transcribe the
+following additions to cemetery literature, with all respect for those
+whose memories are thus enshrined:
+
+  "My Engine is now cold and still,
+  No water doth her boiler fill,
+  The wood affords its flames no more,
+  My days of usefulness are o'er."
+
+  "Rest here thou early call'd, in peace,
+  'Till Jesus grant a sweet release."
+
+                "There's not an hour
+  Of day or dreaming nights but I am with thee,
+  And not a flower that sleeps beneath the moon
+  But in its hues or fragrance tells a tale of thee."
+
+What seemed to us perhaps the most touching inscription, we found upon
+a stone bearing the date of 1792:
+
+  "This stone is raised by a daughter and only child, as a token of respect
+  For a mother whom she was too young to know, but whose virtues
+  She humbly desires to imitate."
+
+
+
+
+The Verd-Antique Marble Works.
+
+
+Among the outside diversions which every tourist, and especially every
+scientist, should visit is the steam mills of the Adirondack
+Verd-Antique Marble Co. The mills are situated in this village near
+the freight depot, though the quarries are in Thurman, on the
+Adirondack railroad. A very interesting peculiarity of this
+marble--which is quite beautiful--is, that it contains minute fossils
+of the earliest forms of existence known to scientific men--the
+_Eozoön Canadense_. The marble is capable of a high polish, and makes
+beautiful ornaments.
+
+
+
+
+Amusements.
+
+
+Some one has said that the amusements of Saratoga life are dancing and
+drinking, the one exercise being the Omega as the other is the Alpha
+of its butterfly life. Saratoga, however, _abounds_ in amusements.
+There are the races at the race-course and on the lake; there are
+balls and hops every night; there are the Indians and the Circular
+railway, and drives in all directions; there are select parties and
+music by the bands, and shopping, and concerts, and, at the religious
+houses, charades and tableaux, and prayer meetings; and what more
+could be asked?
+
+Besides all these,
+
+
+
+
+Josh Billings
+
+
+says that, "after going to Long Branch and frolicking in the water, he
+relishes going to Saratoga and letting the water frolic in him."
+
+A correspondent gives the following
+
+
+
+
+Routine for a Lady.
+
+
+Rise and dress; go down to the spring; drink to the music of the band;
+walk around the park--bow to gentlemen; chat a little; drink again;
+breakfast; see who comes in on the train; take a siesta; walk in the
+parlor; bow to gentlemen; have a little small talk with gentlemen;
+have some gossip with ladies; dress for dinner; take dinner an hour
+and a half; sit in the grounds and hear the music of the band; ride to
+the lake; see who comes by the evening train; dress for tea; get tea;
+dress for the hop; attend the hop; chat awhile in the parlors, and
+listen to a song from some guest; go to bed. Varied by croquet,
+ladies' bowling alley, Indian camp, the mineral springs, grand balls
+twice a week, concerts, etc., and the races.
+
+
+
+
+Balls.
+
+
+The three largest hotels have elegant ball-rooms, where hops take
+place every evening. Balls are held every week at each of the houses.
+Upon the latter occasion, the dressing becomes a matter of life and
+death, and explains why such numbers of those traveling arks known as
+"Saratoga trunks" are docked at the station every summer.
+
+Balls are reported in the papers far and near, and the anxiety of some
+to secure a good report of their costume is amusing. Brown's dismay
+at the bills is somewhat appeased as he reads in the morning paper,
+"Miss Brown, of ----, a charming graceful blonde, was attired in a
+rich white corded silk, long train, with ruffles of the same,
+overdress of pink gros grain, looped _en panier_, corsage low,
+_decollette_, with satin bows and point lace; hair _a la Pompadour_,
+with curls on white feathers, pearls and diamonds. _She was much
+admired._ Miss Brown is the accomplished daughter of Mr. Brown, one of
+the leading citizens of the Metropolis."
+
+The hops are free to all the guests. An admission of $1 is customary
+at the balls, and choice refreshments are served. Upon ball nights,
+the tasteful iron bridge which connects Congress Hall with its
+ball-room, and the grounds of the Grand Union, are illuminated by
+colored lights, presenting a fairy-like scene of bewildering beauty.
+Upon these occasions a large proportion of the population, both exotic
+and native, come forth as upon a festal day.
+
+
+
+
+The Races
+
+
+Occur the middle of July, and the second week in August, and are under
+the charge of the Saratoga Racing Association.
+
+The race-course is about a mile from Congress Spring. It was laid out
+in 1866, by C.H. Ballard, an accomplished surveyor, and is
+unsurpassed, if equaled, by any race-course in America, not excepting
+the famous Fashion course on Long Island. The swiftest and most noted
+racers in the Union are brought here, and many of the most remarkable
+races known to sportsmen have occurred on these grounds.
+
+
+
+
+Indian Camp.
+
+
+A few steps from Congress Spring, directly past the Saratoga
+Club-House, leads you to a wicket gate marked "Circular, Railway and,
+Indian, Camp."
+
+The Indians are not such as figure conspicuously in the early annals
+of our country and in our favorite romances--as Eli Perkins says--"far
+different!" They are simply a Canadian Gypsy band, part low French and
+part low Indian blood. They come here annually with an eye to
+business, and open their weird camp to the public simply as a
+speculation, offering for sale the various trinkets to which their
+labor is directed.
+
+The white tents glistening among the green hemlocks, and the rustic
+lodges displaying the gayly decorated bow and quiver, make a picture
+somewhat attractive; but the Indians themselves are dirty and homely,
+and far from inviting in their appearance. The slim, blackeyed,
+barefooted boys, who pester you with petitions to "set up a cent," as
+a mark for their arrows, have a sort of Gypsy picturesqueness,
+however; and as one walks down the little street between the
+huts--half tent and half house--he may get an occasional glimpse of a
+pappoose swinging in a hammock, and thank his stars for even such a
+fractional view of the pristine life.
+
+
+
+
+The Circular Railway
+
+
+Is connected with the Indian Camp. An opportunity is here afforded for
+enthusiasts and very gallant gentlemen to test their strength and
+patience, by propelling themselves and friends round the circle in one
+of the cars. The recreation requires the expenditure of no little
+strength, and is only accomplished by the sweat of some one's brow,
+but it is preferable, doubtless, to "swinging round the circle."
+
+Within a few feet of the Circular Railway is a spring of pure soft
+water. The water is quite drinkable, and is esteemed unusually pure
+and wholesome. The well water of the town is good, and the water from
+Excelsior Lake, which has lately been introduced throughout the
+village by the Holly system, is considered superior.
+
+
+
+
+Shopping.
+
+
+Abundant opportunity is afforded those who have occasion to visit
+emporiums of art and fashion on shopping designs intent. The flashing
+establishments under the large hotels, as well as several others in
+the village, cater entirely to the fashionable visitor. Everything
+desirable in the way of laces, feathers, diamonds and ornaments, and
+elegant dress goods are obtainable. It is the custom of many of the
+fashionable merchants and _modistes_ of New York to open here during
+the summer, branch establishments for the sale of their specialities.
+There are numerous resident stores also, which would not disgrace New
+York or Boston; among these the house of H. Van Deusen, on Broadway
+and Phila street, near the Post-Office, takes the lead. During the
+warm season, the Saratoga Broadway glitters with the brilliant display
+in shop windows, and the gorgeous exhibition of goods upon the
+sidewalks.
+
+
+
+
+Evening.
+
+
+It is only in the evening that Saratoga is in full bloom. When--
+
+  "---- night throughout the gelid air,
+  Veils with her sable wings the solar glare;
+  When modest Cynthia clad in silver light
+  Expands her beauty on the brow of night,
+  Sheds her soft beams upon the mountain side,
+  Peeps through the wood and quivers on the tide,"
+
+then faces light up with the gas lamps. The parlors begin to fill with
+elegantly attired ladies, the piazzas are thronged with chatty and
+sociable gentlemen, and the streets are crowded, far more than they
+are in the daytime, by pleasure strollers of either sex in elegant
+array. The ball-room becomes radiant with costly chandeliers whose
+effulgence is reflected by diamonds of the first water.
+
+One dark evening, at the height of last season, in the midst of the
+preparations for a brilliant ball, the gas which supplies the whole
+village became suddenly exhausted. Candles were the only resource, and
+there was by some mischance a limited supply of these. Bottles were
+improvised for candlesticks, and stationed in the corners and on the
+pianos of the massive parlors, rendering the scene grotesque and
+ludicrous in the extreme, while the closer nestling of lovers and the
+solemn stillness reigning on every hand gave sublimity to the picture.
+The poet Saxe happened to be among the guests at Congress Hall, and
+borrowed a candle from a pretty young lady. The next morning she found
+under her door the following beautiful lines:
+
+    "You gave me a candle; I give you my thanks,
+      And add, as a compliment justly your due,
+    There is not a girl in these feminine ranks
+      Who could, if she would, hold a candle to you."
+
+Verily "darkness brings the stars to view." On this occasion there was
+no little "sparking," and though the flames of the gas lamps gave no
+light, love's flame burned brighter than ever.
+
+
+
+
+Saratoga in Winter.
+
+
+Saratoga is not a "Country where the leaves never fall, and the
+eternal day is summer-time." As the gorgeous autumnal sunsets of
+October crown the golden-capped, or no longer verdant forests, the
+summer beauties prepare to return to their winter homes. The falling
+leaves in this vicinity are wondrously beautiful, and the cool sunsets
+will richly reward those who tarry to behold them; but "the season" is
+over, and the little town becomes almost a deserted village.
+
+    "Brightly, sweet Summer, brightly,
+    Thine hours have floated by."
+
+A shade of melancholy cannot but possess those who remain after the
+last polka is polked, the last light in the last ball-room is
+extinguished, and the summer ended. At length the railway engine
+whistles at long intervals; the mail-bags lose their plethora; the
+parish preachers, shorn of occasional help, knuckle to new sermons;
+the servants disperse; the head waiter retires to private life, and
+the dipper-boy disappears in the shades of the pine forests; the
+Indians pack up their duds, and, like the Arab, silently steal away;
+while the landlords retire within their sanctums to count over their
+hard-earned dollars.
+
+After a time the village seems to become accustomed to the "new
+departure," and local politics, Tammany rings and frauds, and
+committees of forty agitate the public breast, until Spring returns
+and Saratoga blossoms again with new beauty.
+
+
+
+
+Romance.
+
+
+Although Saratoga is preëminently a fashionable resort, and the city
+of vanity fair, it is nevertheless Cupid's summer-home; and lovers
+here acknowledge the first throbbings of that passion of bright hopes,
+and too many sad realities--love. The complaint is always heard that
+"fish don't bite this season;" but autumn comes, the butterflies
+return home, and then it is found that a goodly number have been
+_caught_. Those not matrimonially inclined should know that a sojourn
+at a Spa is attended with considerable danger.
+
+
+
+
+Saratoga Society.
+
+
+The poet says of Saratoga life:
+
+    "Saratoga society,
+    What endless variety!
+    What pinks of propriety!
+    What gems of sobriety!
+    What garrulous old folks,
+    What shy folks and bold folks,
+    And warm folks and cold folks!
+    Such curious dressing,
+    And tender caressing,
+    (Of course that is guessing.)
+    Such sharp Yankee Doodles,
+    And dandified noodles,
+    And other pet poodles!
+    Such very loud patterns,
+    (Worn often by slatterns!)
+    Such strait necks, and bow necks,
+    Such dark necks and snow necks,
+    And high necks and low necks!
+    With this sort and that sort,
+    The lean sort and fat sort,
+    The bright and the flat sort--
+    Saratoga is crammed full,
+    And rammed full, and jammed full," etc.
+
+
+
+
+Conclusion.
+
+
+But while we laugh at Saratoga, its dancing, dressing and flirtation,
+it is yet not without its lessons for an observing eye.
+
+            "Here the heart
+    May give a useful lesson to the head,
+    And Learning wiser grow without his books."
+
+It is not all frivolity. Like every aspect of life, and like most
+persons, it is a hint and suggestion of something high and poetic. It
+is an oasis of repose in the desert of our American hurry. It is a
+perpetual festival.
+
+Here we step out of the worn and weary ruts of city society, and
+mingle in a broad field of varied acquaintance. Here we may scent the
+fairest flowers of the South, and behold the beauty of our Northern
+climes. Here party distinctions and local rivalries are forgotten.
+Here, too, men mingle and learn from contact and sympathy, a sweeter
+temper and a more catholic consideration, so that the summer flower we
+went to wreath may prove not the garland of an hour, but a firmly
+linked chain in our American Union.
+
+[Illustration: GOODBYE.
+
+CLOSE OF THE SEASON AT SARATOGA]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX TO PART I.
+
+
+When the previous forms went to press, we were unable to give any
+satisfactory and reliable statement of the Spouting Springs recently
+discovered in the vicinity of the Geyser. We present, below, such
+information as we are able to give in regard to them at this time,
+hoping to render our description more complete in future editions of
+this work.
+
+
+THE TRITON SPRING.
+
+This recently discovered Spouting Spring is located on the north side
+of the road near the Geyser. The vein was struck in January of the
+present year. The depth of the well is about 150 feet. The water
+spouts about fifteen feet above the surface. Present appearances seem
+to indicate that the spring is chalybeate, though the mineral
+ingredients are not large. We are unadvised in reference to the plans
+regarding it. Messrs. Verbeck and Gilbert are the proprietors.
+
+
+THE ESMOND AND WRIGHT SPRING
+
+Is located in the ramble between the railroad and the Geyser Spring,
+and near the Ellis Spring.
+
+On the 17th of June of the present year, at almost the identical hour
+in which Mr. Gilmore opened his Peace Jubilee, a new mineral
+fountain--a spouting spring--gushed forth from its deep origin in
+mother earth to rejuvenate and bless mankind. The gas is so abundant
+that if the orifice of the tube is closed for a few moments sufficient
+force will accumulate to blow a steam whistle. It has not been
+christened at present. We suggest that it be called the "Gilmore
+Spring." The well is over a hundred feet deep, and the water rises
+about thirty feet above the surface. The water is strongly saline, and
+will probably be classed among the cathartic waters. It bears a strong
+resemblance to the celebrated Geyser. The proprietors inform me that
+several of their acquaintances have already experienced benefit from
+this water. The spring promises to be valuable. The public will look
+with interest to know into whose management the spring passes, as the
+proprietors are plain farmers and intend to commit the spring to more
+experienced hands, who will introduce it to the public favor. A neat
+bottling house and a tasteful colonnade are already being constructed.
+Prof. Chandler will probably make the analysis at an early date.
+
+
+THE DUELL SPRING.
+
+The spring owned by Mr. Duell, of the Waverly House, is beyond the
+Geyser, and on the margin of the pond. We are unable to present
+reliable information in regard to this spring, as it has just been
+discovered by Mr. Jesse Button.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The mother of all these spouting wells--the Geyser Spring--is rearing
+quite a family of interesting children. We have heard it predicted
+that the time is not very distant when every citizen of Saratoga will
+have a mineral fountain in his door-yard. At present no successful
+efforts have been made to obtain a spouting spring in the village. We
+know of no reason to render success impossible or improbable.
+Certainly, "'tis a consummation devoutly to be wished," and we should
+be glad to see a fair trial of the experiment.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ADVERTISING DEPARTMENT.
+
+
+H. VAN DEUSEN,
+
+RESIDENT STORE,
+
+(ESTABLISHED 15 YEARS,)
+
+124 & 126 BROADWAY, SARATOGA,
+
+Would call the attention of strangers, as well as citizens, to his
+large and elegant assortment of
+
+STAPLE AND FANCY DRY GOODS.
+
+He keeps constantly on hand all the NOVELTIES OF THE SEASONS,
+
+Rich Silks, Fine Dress Goods, Kid Gloves, Hosiery, Jewelry, Parasols,
+Umbrellas, Real Laces, Cashmeres, Cloths, and everything to be found
+in a First Class Dry Goods House.
+
+I have only one price, sell exclusively for cash, and the only one
+price cash house in Saratoga.
+
+NO TROUBLE TO SHOW GOODS.
+
+Remember the Store, Next to the Bank, 124 & 126 Broadway,
+
+H. VAN DEUSEN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PEOPLE'S LINE STEAMERS
+
+FOR NEW YORK.
+
+St. John, Drew, Dean Richmond.
+
+One of these STEAM PALACES will leave Albany every evening (Sundays
+excepted), on arrival of the evening trains on the Rensselaer and
+Saratoga, New York Central and Albany & Susquehanna Railroads.
+
+[Symbol: Hand pointing right] Hudson River Railroad Tickets good for
+State Room Passage,
+
+BAGGAGE CHECKED THROUGH.
+
+SARATOGA OFFICE, 1st DOOR NORTH OF CONGRESS HALL,
+
+Where State Rooms can be secured Daily.
+
+    F.D. WHEELER, Jr., Agent.      J.W. HARCOURT, Agent,
+            SARATOGA SPRINGS.                      ALBANY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+B.F. JUDSON, Publisher, D.F. RITCHIE, Editor.
+
+
+"The SARATOGIAN,"
+
+DAILY AND WEEKLY,
+
+Office in St. Nicholas Building,
+
+Corner Broadway and Phila Street,
+
+SARATOGA SPRINGS, N.Y.
+
+The SARATOGIAN  is one of the best Advertising Mediums in this
+section, as it has a circulation more than double that of all the
+Republican press of Saratoga County combined.
+
+The facilities of the SARATOGIAN  Office for the prompt
+execution of
+
+First Class Job Work,
+
+are equal to those of any in the city, and all work is done at
+reasonable figures.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+EVERETT HOUSE,
+
+On Broadway,
+
+A Few Doors Below the Clarendon.
+
+B.V. FRASER,--Proprietor.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Will be Published June, 1872,
+
+SARATOGA ILLUSTRATED,
+
+A SOUVENIR.
+
+Containing 50 Illustrations, including
+
+Steel Plates and Photo-Plates.
+
+ELEGANTLY BOUND IN CLOTH AND GILT.
+
+
+TAKE IT HOME WITH YOU!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Grand Union Hotel
+
+OPENS JUNE 1st,
+
+The Largest Summer Hotel in the World,
+
+BRESLIN, GARDNER & CO.,
+
+PROPRIETORS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Eureka Mineral & White Sulphur Spring Water
+
+AND
+
+WHITE SULPHUR BATHS
+
+Lake Avenue, Saratoga Springs
+
+The EUREKA SPRING COMPANY'S pure WHITE SULPHUR
+SPRING, discovered last Summer is now open for visitors. The
+Water is
+
+  Equal in Quality and Strength to the best White Sulphur Springs
+
+in this State, and FAR SUPERIOR to most of them.
+
+The Company has erected a pleasant
+
+BATHING HOUSE,
+
+CONTAINING FIFTY BATH ROOMS,
+
+And replete with every Convenience for WARM and COLD SULPHUR BATHS,
+
+    Single Bath Tickets,               Fifty Cents.
+    Coupon Tickets, good for 12 Baths, Five Dollars.
+
+EUREKA SPRING CO.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE SHORTEST ROUTE
+
+BETWEEN
+
+BOSTON AND SARATOGA SPRINGS
+
+IS VIA THE
+
+FITCHBURG AND CHESHIRE RAILROADS,
+
+Passing through FITCHBURG, KEENE, BELLOWS FALLS and RUTLAND,
+
+TO
+
+Whitehall, Fort Edward, SARATOGA SPRINGS, Albany, Troy, Schenectady
+and all points West.
+
+Trains connect at Fort Edward for
+
+GLENS FALLS and LAKE GEORGE.
+
+
+The trip between Boston and Saratoga is made in one of the
+
+  FAMOUS PULLMAN PALACE CARS,
+
+provided by this Line--a luxury which cannot be enjoyed on any other
+route, this being the only Line running through Day and Drawing
+Room Cars between these points.
+
+At the office of the Line in Boston (82 Washington St.,) during the
+Excursion Season,
+
+  ROUND TRIP TICKETS
+
+Will be on sale at
+
+  GREATLY REDUCED RATES,
+
+To all of the principal points in New England, New York and Canada.
+
+
+_Summer tourists or invalids, traveling for health or pleasure, will
+find it for their interest to send or call for circulars and
+information before purchasing elsewhere._
+
+ALL COMMUNICATIONS PROMPTLY ANSWERED.
+
+    Boston Office,
+        82 WASHINGTON STREET,
+            _C.A. FAXON, Gen. Agent._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ALL KINDS OF INSURANCES EFFECTED AT THE LOWEST RATES.
+
+    WILLIAM M. SEARING,       BEEKMAN H. SEARING,
+         Attorney at Law.         Notary Public.
+
+WM. M. SEARING & SON,
+
+REAL ESTATE BROKERS,
+
+INSURANCE AND COLLECTING AGENTS,
+
+178 & 180, BROADWAY, AINSWORTH PLACE,
+
+(ROOMS 12 and 13,)
+
+SARATOGA SPRINGS,
+
+BUY, SELL, RENT AND EXCHANGE
+
+Furnished Cottages, Stores, Dwelling Houses,
+
+OFFICES, COUNTRY RESIDENCES,
+
+CITY AND SUBURBAN LOTS, FARMS,
+
+SHOPS, MILLS, FACTORIES,
+
+STEAM AND WATER POWERS,
+
+Bonds, Mortgages and other Securities, Bought and Sold.
+
+_LOANS NEGOTIATED._
+
+Collect Rents, Notes, Accounts and Evidences of Debt.
+
+_Conveyancing, Searching and Examining Titles made a specialty._
+
+PARTICULAR ATTENTION PAID TO MAKING COLLECTIONS.
+
+Perfect satisfaction guaranteed to all parties.
+
+By promptness, industry and fair dealing, we aim to merit the
+confidence and give satisfaction to those who may entrust their
+business to our charge.
+
+    Respectfully,
+        WM. M. SEARING & SON.
+
+[Symbol: Hand pointing right] Only First Class Companies Represented.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: "CONGRESS HALL." HATHORN & SOUTHGATE, Proprietors.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Saratoga and How to See It, by R. F. Dearborn
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SARATOGA AND HOW TO SEE IT ***
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Saratoga and How to See It, by R.F. Dearborn
+    </title>
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Saratoga and How to See It, by R. F. Dearborn
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Saratoga and How to See It
+
+Author: R. F. Dearborn
+
+Release Date: January 29, 2006 [EBook #17633]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SARATOGA AND HOW TO SEE IT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Curtis Weyant, Karen Dalrymple, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by Cornell University Digital Collections)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<h4><a name="Page_-2" id="Page_-2"></a>PRICE 25 CENTS.</h4>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/frontis.jpg" width="500" height="467" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h3>BY R.F. DEARBORN.</h3>
+
+<h1>1872.</h1>
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' />
+
+<h2>Drs. STRONGS,<a name="Page_-1" id="Page_-1"></a></h2>
+<h1>REMEDIAL INSTITUTE,</h1>
+<h3>ON CIRCULAR,<br />
+BETWEEN SPRING AND PHILA STREETS,</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot">Is unsurpassed for beauty of location and accessibility to the
+principal Springs. This Institution was established in 1855, for the
+special treatment of</div>
+
+<h3>Lung, Female and Various Chronic Diseases.</h3>
+
+<blockquote><p>During the Fall and Winter the Institute has been doubled in size to
+meet the necessities of its increased patronage. It is now the largest
+health institution in Saratoga, and is unsurpassed in the variety or
+its remedial appliances by any in this country. In the elegance and
+completeness of its appointments, it is unequaled. The building is
+heated by steam, so that in the coldest weather the air of the house
+is like that of Summer.</p>
+
+<p>The proprietors, Drs. S.S. and S.E. Strong, are graduates of the
+Medical Department of the New York University, and are largely
+patronized by the medical profession.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the ordinary remedial agencies used in general practice
+they employ</p></blockquote>
+
+<h3>
+THE EQUALIZER OR VACUUM TREATMENT,<br />
+ELECTRO THERMAL BATHS,<br />
+SULPHUR AIR BATHS, RUSSIAN BATHS, TURKISH BATHS,<br />
+HYDROPATHY, SWEDISH MOVEMENT CURE,<br />
+Oxygen Gas, Gymnastics, &amp;c, &amp;c.<br />
+</h3>
+
+<blockquote><p>For particulars of the Institution, call or send for Circulars on
+Lung, Female and Chronic Diseases and on our Appliances. Address</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3>
+Drs. S.S. &amp; S.E. STRONG,<br />
+REMEDIAL INSTITUTE<br />
+SARATOGA SPRINGS, N.Y.
+</h3>
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 292px;"><a name="Page_0" id="Page_0"></a>
+<a href="images/map.jpg"><img src="images/map_thumb.jpg" width="292" height="232" alt="MAP OF SARATOGA SPRINGS by R.F. Dearborn." title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">MAP OF SARATOGA SPRINGS<br /> by R.F. Dearborn.</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<h1>SARATOGA,<a name="Page_1" id="Page_1"></a></h1>
+<h3>AND</h3>
+<h2>HOW TO SEE IT,</h2>
+
+<h4>GIVING INFORMATION CONCERNING</h4>
+<h2>The Attractions and Objects of Interest</h2>
+<h4>OF THE</h4>
+<h3>FASHIONABLE WATERING PLACE,</h3>
+<h4>WITH THE</h4>
+<h3>HISTORY, ANALYSIS AND PROPERTIES</h3>
+<h4>OF THE</h4>
+<h3>MINERAL SPRINGS.<br /><br /></h3>
+
+<h2>BY R.F. DEARBORN.</h2>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<h4>SARATOGA, N.Y.:<br />
+C.D. SLOCUM, PUBLISHER.<br />
+1872.</h4>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<div class="center">Entered according to act of Congress in the year 1872, by<br /><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2"></a>
+R.F. DEARBORN,<br />
+In the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3"></a>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#INTRODUCTION">Introduction</a></li>
+<li><a href="#PART_I"><span class="smcap">Part I</span>&mdash;<i>The Saratoga Mineral Springs</i></a></li>
+<li>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#THE_Mineral_Springs_of_Saratoga">The Saratoga Valley</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Geology_of_the_County">Geology</a></li>
+<li><a href="#General_Properties">General Properties of the Springs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#The_Discovery_of_the_Springs">Discovery of the Springs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Are_the_Springs_Natural">Are They Natural</a></li>
+<li><a href="#The_Commercial_Value">Commercial Value</a></li>
+<li><a href="#The_Medicinal_Value_of_the_Waters">Medicinal Value</a></li>
+<li><a href="#The_Analyses_of_the_Saratoga_Waters">Analysis by Prof. Chandler</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Individual_Characteristics">Individual Characteristics</a></li>
+<li><a href="#History_and_Properties">History and Properties of each Spring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#CONGRESS_SPRING">Congress Spring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#COLUMBIAN_SPRING">Columbian Spring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#THE_CRYSTAL_SPRING">Crystal Spring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#THE_ELLIS_SPRING">Ellis Spring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#EMPIRE_SPRING">Empire Spring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#EUREKA_MINERAL_SPRING">Eureka Spring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#THE_EXCELSIOR_SPRING">Excelsior Spring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#THE_GEYSER_SPOUTING_SPRING">Geyser Spring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#THE_GLACIER_SPOUTING_SPRING">Glacier Spring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#HAMILTON_SPRING">Hamilton Spring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#THE_HATHORN_SPRING">Hathorn Spring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#THE_HIGH_ROCK_SPRING">High Rock Spring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#PAVILION_SPRING">Pavilion Spring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#PUTNAM_SPRING">Putnam Spring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#THE_RED_SPRING">Red Spring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#SARATOGA_A_SPRING">Saratoga "A" Spring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#SELTZER_SPRING">Seltzer Spring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#THE_STAR_SPRING">Star Spring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#THE_TEN_SPRINGS">Ten Springs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#THE_UNITED_STATES_SPRING">United States Spring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#THE_WASHINGTON_SPRING">Washington Spring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#EUREKA_WHITE_SULPHUR_SPRING">White Sulphur Spring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#DIRECTIONS_FOR_THE_USE_OF_THE_WATERSB">Directions for Drinking the Water</a></li>
+<li><a href="#The_Saratoga_Waters_at_a_Distance_from_the_Springs">Saratoga Abroad</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Special_Notice">Special Notice</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li><a href="#PART_II"><span class="smcap">Part II</span>&mdash;<i>Saratoga as a Watering Place</i></a></li>
+<li><ul>
+<li><a href="#PLACES_OF_INTEREST_IN_THE_VICINITY_OF_SARATOGA">Places of Interest</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Saratoga_as_a_Watering_Place">History</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Routes_to_Saratoga">Routes and Distances</a></li>
+<li><a href="#The_Railway_Station">Railway Station</a></li>
+<li><a href="#The_Village">The Village</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Accommodations_for_Man_and_Beast">Hotel Accommodations</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Congress_Hall">Congress Hall</a></li>
+<li><a href="#The_Grand_Union_Hotel">Grand Union</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Grand_Central">Grand Central Hotel</a></li>
+<li><a href="#The_Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li>
+<li><a href="#The_Everett_House">Everett House</a></li>
+<li><a href="#List_of_Hotels">Alphabetical List of hotels</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Temple_Grove_Seminary">Temple Grove</a></li>
+<li><a href="#The_Climate">The Climate</a></li>
+<li><a href="#the_Institute_of_Drs">Drs. Strong</a></li>
+<li><a href="#The_Churches">Churches</a></li>
+<li><a href="#The_YMCA">YMCA Rooms</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Real_Estate">Real Estate</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Hack_Fares">Hack Fares</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Drives_and_Walks">Drives and Walks</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Moons_Lake_House">Moon's Lake House</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Saratoga_Lake">Saratoga Lake</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Chapmans_Hill">Chapman's Hill</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Wagmans_Hill">Wagman's Hill</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Hagerty_Hill">Hagerty Hill</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Wearing_Hill">Wearing Hill</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Lake_Lovely">Lake Lovely</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Stiles_Hill">Stiles Hill</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Corinth_Falls">Corinth Falls</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Luzerne">Luzerne</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Lake_George">Lake George</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Ballston">Ballston</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Glen_Mitchel">Glen Mitchell</a></li>
+<li><a href="#the_grove">Excelsior Grove</a></li>
+<li><a href="#walk_through_the_woods">Walk to Excelsior Spring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Congress_Park">Congress Park</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Gridleys_Trout_Ponds">Gridley's Trout Ponds</a></li>
+<li><a href="#The_Saratoga_Battle_Ground">Saratoga Battle Ground</a></li>
+<li><a href="#The_Surrender_Ground">Surrender Ground</a></li>
+<li><a href="#The_Village_Cemetery">The Village Cemetery</a></li>
+<li><a href="#The_Verd-Antique_Marble_Works">Verd Antique Marble Works</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Amusements">Amusements</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Josh_Billings">Josh Billings</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Routine_for_a_Lady">Routine for a Lady</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Balls">Balls</a></li>
+<li><a href="#The_Races">Races</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Indian_Camp">Indian Camp</a></li>
+<li><a href="#The_Circular_Railway">Circular Railway</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Shopping">Shopping</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Evening">Evenings</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Saratoga_in_Winter">Saratoga in Winter</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Romance">Romance</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Saratoga_Society">Saratoga Society</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li><a href="#Conclusion">Conclusion</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#APPENDIX_TO_PART_I">Appendix</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4"></a>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The design of this work is not to give a history of the village of
+Saratoga. That, as well as a more elaborate description of the geology
+of the county, may be found in a very interesting book, published
+several years since, by R.L. <span class="smcap">Allen</span>, M.D., entitled the "Hand
+Book of Saratoga and Stranger's Guide." We acknowledge our
+indebtedness to the work for several items in regard to the history of
+the Springs.</p>
+
+<p>Our thanks are due also to Prof. C.H. <span class="smcap">Chandler</span>, Ph.D., of the
+Columbia School of Mines, for the Analyses of the Springs, and for
+electroplates and valuable suggestions from the <i>American Chemist</i>, of
+which he is the distinguished editor.</p>
+
+<p>We would acknowledge here also, the assistance and uniform courtesy
+which we have received from the Superintendents and officers of the
+various Springs. The failure of an engraving company to fulfill their
+agreement has delayed the issue of the work and prevented the
+insertion of several other engravings.</p>
+
+<div class="right">R.F.D.</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Saratoga</span>. <i>June, 1872</i></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PART_I" id="PART_I"></a><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5"></a>PART I.</h2>
+
+<h2>The Analysis, History and Properties</h2>
+<h4>OF THE</h4>
+<h2>MINERAL SPRINGS.</h2>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_Mineral_Springs_of_Saratoga" id="THE_Mineral_Springs_of_Saratoga"></a><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6"></a>
+THE<br />
+Mineral Springs of Saratoga.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The region of Mineral Springs in Eastern New York consists of a long,
+shallow and crescent-shaped valley, extending northeast from Ballston,
+its western horn, to Quaker Springs, its eastern extremity. The entire
+valley abounds in mineral fountains of more or less merit, and in the
+central portion bubble up the Waters of Healing, which have given to
+<span class="smcap">Saratoga</span> its world-wide celebrity.</p>
+
+<p>Professor <span class="smcap">Chandler</span>, of the Columbia School of Mines, thus
+describes the</p>
+
+<h2><a name="Geology_of_the_County" id="Geology_of_the_County"></a>Geology of the County.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Beginning with the uppermost, the rocks of Saratoga county
+     are:</p>
+
+<p>     1. The Hudson river and Utica shales and slates.</p>
+
+<p>     2. The Trenton limestone.</p>
+
+<p>     3. The calciferous sand rock, which is a silicious limestone.</p>
+
+<p>     4. The Potsdam sand stone; and</p>
+
+<p>     5. The Laurentian formation of gneiss and granite, of unknown
+     thickness.</p>
+
+<p>     "The northern half of the county is occupied by the elevated
+     ranges of Laurentian rocks; flanking these occur the Potsdam,
+     Calciferous and Trenton beds, which appear in succession in
+     parallel bands through the central part of the county. These
+     are covered in the southern half of the county by the Utica and
+     Hudson river slates and shales.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7"></a>
+<img src="images/img011.jpg" width="650" height="357" alt="GEOLOGICAL SECTION AT SARATOGA SPRINGS." title="" />
+<span class="caption">GEOLOGICAL SECTION AT SARATOGA SPRINGS.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>     <a name="Page_8" id="Page_8"></a>"The most remarkable feature is, however, the break, or
+     vertical fissure, which occurs in the Saratoga valley, which
+     you see indicated in the cut. Notice, especially, the fact that
+     the strata on one side of the fissure have been elevated above
+     their original position, so that the Potsdam sandstone on the
+     left meets the edges of the calciferous sand rock, and even the
+     Trenton limestone on the right. It is in the line of this
+     fissure, or <i>fault</i>, in the towns of Saratoga and Ballston that
+     the springs occur.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Laurentian rocks, consisting of highly crystalline gneiss,
+     granite and syenite, are almost impervious, while the overlying
+     Potsdam sandstone is very porous, and capable of holding large
+     quantities of water. In this rock the mineral springs of
+     Saratoga probably have their origin. The surface waters of the
+     Laurentian hills, flowing down over the exposed edges of the
+     Potsdam beds, penetrate the porous sandstones, become saturated
+     with mineral matter, partly derived, perhaps, from the
+     limestones above, and are forced to the surface at a lower
+     level, by hydrostatic pressure. The valley in which the springs
+     all occur indicates the line of a fault or fracture in the
+     rocky crust, the strata on the west side of which are hundreds
+     of feet above the corresponding strata on the east.</p>
+
+<p>     "The mineral waters probably underlie the southern half of the
+     entire county, many hundred feet below the surface; the
+     accident of the fault determining their appearance as springs
+     in the valley of Saratoga Springs, where, by virtue of the
+     greater elevation of their distant source, they reach the
+     surface through crevices in the rocks produced by the fracture.</p>
+
+<p>     "It is probable that water can be obtained anywhere in the
+     southern portion of the county by tapping the underlying
+     Potsdam sandstone. In these wells the water usually rises to
+     and above the surface. Down in the rocky reservoir <a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"></a>the water
+     is charged with gases under great pressure. As the water is
+     forced to the surface, the pressure diminishes, and a portion
+     of gas escapes with effervescence. The spouting wells deliver,
+     therefore, enormous volumes of gas with the water, a perfect
+     suds of water, carbonic acid and carburetted hydrogen.</p>
+
+<p>     "The common origin of the springs is shown by the analysis: all
+     contain the same constituents in essentially the same order of
+     abundance; they differ in the degree of concentration merely.
+     Those from the deepest strata are the most concentrated. The
+     constituents to which the taste of the water and its most
+     immediate medicinal effects are due, are: Chloride of sodium,
+     bicarbonate of lime, bicarbonate of magnesia, bicarbonate of
+     soda and free carbonic acid. Other important, though less
+     speedily active, constituents are: Bicarbonate of iron,
+     bicarbonate of lithia, iodide of sodium and bromide of sodium."</p></div>
+
+<p>The solvent power which holds all these solid substances in solution,
+and which contributes to their agreeable taste, is the carbonic acid
+gas with which the water is so freely charged. This free carbonic acid
+gas is probably formed by the decomposition of the carbonates which
+compose the rock. The water, impregnated with it, becomes a powerful
+solvent, and, passing through different strata, absorbs the various
+mineral substances which compose its solid constituents.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="General_Properties" id="General_Properties"></a>General Properties.</h2>
+
+<p>Writers upon mineral springs generally divide them into the following
+classes: Carbonated or acidulous, saline, chalybeate or iron,
+alkaline, sulphur or hepatic, bitter and thermal springs.</p>
+
+<p>The Saratoga waters embrace nearly all of these except the last two;
+some of the springs being saline, some chalybeate, <a name="Page_10" id="Page_10"></a>some sulphur, and
+nearly all carbonated; and in the list may be found cathartic,
+alterative, diuretic and tonic waters of varied shade and differing
+strength. The cathartic waters are the most numerous and the most
+extensively used. The curative agents prepared in the vast and
+mysterious laboratories of Nature are very complex in constitution and
+different in temperature, and on that account do not, like iron,
+opium, quinia, etc., exhibit single effects; they exercise rather,
+with rare exceptions, combined effects, and these are again modified
+by various modes of employment and the time and circumstances of their
+use.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="The_Discovery_of_the_Springs" id="The_Discovery_of_the_Springs"></a>The Discovery of the Springs.</h2>
+
+<p>All the older springs have been found in beds of blue marl, or clay
+rather, which cover the valley more or less throughout its whole
+extent. On digging into this clay to any considerable depth, we are
+pretty certain to find traces of mineral water. In some places, at the
+depth of six or eight feet, it has been discovered issuing from a
+fissure or seam in the underlying limestone, while at other places it
+seems to proceed from a thin stratum of quicksand which is found to
+alternate with the marl at distances of from ten to forty feet, below
+which bowlders of considerable size are found.</p>
+
+<p>The spouting springs have been found by experimental boring. As this
+is the cheapest and more certain method, it is "the popular thing" at
+present, and the day may not be far distant when all Saratoga will be
+punched through with artesian wells reaching hundreds of feet, if not
+through to China, and thus an open market made for the Saratoga waters
+among "the Heathen Chinee."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jessie Button, to whom we are indebted for both the Glacier and
+the Geyser springs, seems best to understand <a name="Page_11" id="Page_11"></a>the process of
+successfully boring artesian wells, having made these his special
+study and profession. Like Moses of old, he strikes, or taps, the rock
+and behold streams of water gush forth.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Are_the_Springs_Natural" id="Are_the_Springs_Natural"></a><b>Are the Springs Natural?</b></h2>
+
+<p>Is a question that will probably seem absurd to those who are at all
+familiar with mineral springs or Saratoga waters. Nevertheless, it is
+a not unfrequent and amusing occurrence to hear remarks from strangers
+and greenies who have a preconceived notion that the springs are
+doctored, and that a mixture of salts, etc., is tipped in every night
+or early in the morning! Strange that the art should be limited to the
+village of Saratoga! The <i>incredulity</i> of some people is the most
+ridiculous credulity known. Such wonders as the spouting springs, the
+"strongest" in Saratoga, come from so small an orifice in the ground,
+as to preclude the least possibility of adulteration. Besides, the
+manufactured article would be too costly to allow such immense
+quantities to flow away unused.</p>
+
+<p>But to argue this question would be a <i>reductio ad absurdum</i>. <i>Nature
+is far better than the laboratory.</i> Artificial waters may simulate the
+natural in taste and appearance, but fall far short of their
+therapeutic effects.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="The_Commercial_Value" id="The_Commercial_Value"></a>The Commercial Value</h2>
+
+
+<p>Of the various springs differs as widely as does people's estimate of
+their individual merits. Spring water property is very expensive. It
+costs large sums of money to manage some of the springs. The old
+method of tubing, by sinking a curb, may cost several thousand
+dollars, and is uncertain then. Moreover, it is no small work to keep
+the springs in perfect repair, and in a clean and pure condition.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12"></a>The artesian wells cost not far from $6 per foot for the boring, and
+are much less expensive.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the springs are owned by stock companies, with a capital
+ranging from several hundred thousand to a million dollars. <i>On dit</i>
+that the proprietors of the Geyser Spring were offered $175,000 for
+their fountain, and probably the Congress could not be purchased for
+quadruple that amount. It would not be a <i>very</i> profitable bargain if
+some of the springs could be bought for a song, even, and yet there is
+not enough mineral water in all the springs now discovered in the
+Saratoga valley to supply New York alone, if artificial waters were to
+be abandoned. The only profit of the springs is in the sale of the
+water in bottles and barrels; and as the method of bottling requires
+great care, and is expensive, the per cent. of profit is not enormous.
+The use of mineral water, both as a beverage and for medicinal
+purposes, is increasing, and there may be "a good time coming," when
+these springs will bring wealth to the owner as they give health to
+the drinker.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="The_Medicinal_Value_of_the_Waters" id="The_Medicinal_Value_of_the_Waters"></a><b>The Medicinal Value of the Waters.</b></h2>
+
+
+<p>There is no doubt of their power to promote evacuations of effete
+accumulations from the kidneys, skin and bowels.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Draper, an eminent physician, in speaking of the springs, says:
+"They restore suppressed, and correct vitiated secretions, and so
+renovate health, and are also the means of introducing many medicines
+into the system in a state of minute subdivision, in which they exert
+a powerful alterative and curative action."</p>
+
+<p>The value of mineral water has been shown in the treatment of obscure
+and chronic diseases. In many instances persons have been restored to
+health, or greatly relieved, by the use of mineral waters when all
+other remedies had proved of no avail.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13"></a>The best known waters are now prescribed by the faculty in certain
+diseases with as much confidence as any preparation known to the
+apothecary. Indeed, no prescription is known equally beneficial to
+such differently made patients.</p>
+
+<p>A large majority of those who resort to the springs for their health
+have tried other means of cure without relief.</p>
+
+<p>It may also be considered a marked compliment to the medicinal
+properties of the waters, that the thousands who come here for
+pleasure merely, living fast and indulging in dissipation while here,
+return to their homes in better health&mdash;as they almost always do&mdash;than
+when they came.</p>
+
+<p>Unlike certain other springs, whose wonderful properties and vaunted
+cures are found in pompous advertisements, the Saratoga waters have
+not made their celebrity by printer's ink. Their reputation has
+depended upon their own intrinsic merits, and steadily and surely has
+their renown advanced.</p>
+
+<p>To repeat all the disorders which they have been known to benefit,
+would be very nearly to copy the sad list of ailments to which our
+creaky frames are subject.</p>
+
+<p>In short, spring water is good for the stomach, good for the skin,
+good for ladies of all possible ages, and for all sorts and conditions
+of men.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Individual_Characteristics" id="Individual_Characteristics"></a>Individual Characteristics.</h2>
+
+<p>In stating the special properties of the individual springs, we have
+conscientiously endeavored to make this work as reliable and accurate
+as possible. Those who are familiar with the reputation and claims of
+some of the several springs in past years will notice many changes,
+but it is believed that the information herein given is on the best
+authority, and brought down to the latest date.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14"></a><i><a name="The_Analyses_of_the_Saratoga_Waters" id="The_Analyses_of_the_Saratoga_Waters"></a>The Analyses of the Saratoga Waters,<br />
+by C.F. Chandler, Ph.D., of the Columbia School of Mines.</i></h2>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Compounds in Solution in the Waters of Saratoga">
+<tr>
+<td align='center' style="border:solid 2px">Compounds as they exist in<br />Solution in the Waters.</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-top:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Star<br/>Spring.</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-top:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">High<br />Rock<br/>Spring.</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-top:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Seltzer<br/>Spring.</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-top:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Pavilion<br/>Spring.</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-top:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">United<br/>States<br />Spring.</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-top:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Hathorn<br/>Spring.</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-top:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Crystal<br/>Spring.</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-top:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Congress<br/>Spring.</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-top:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Geyser<br/>spouting<br />well.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Chloride of sodium</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">398.361</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">390.127</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">134.291</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">459.903</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">141.872</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">509.968</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">328.468</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">400.444</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">562.080</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Chloride of potassium</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">9.695</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">8.974</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.335</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">7.660</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">8.624</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">9.597</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">8.327</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">8.049</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">42.634</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Bromide of sodium</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.571</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.731</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.630</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.987</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.844</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.534</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.414</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">8.559</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">2.212</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Iodide of sodium</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.126</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.086</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.031</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.071</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.047</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.198</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.066</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.138</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.248</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Fluoride of calcium</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Bicarbonate of lithia</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.586</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.967</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.899</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">9.486</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">4.847</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">11.447</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">4.326</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">4.761</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">7.004</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Bicarbonate of soda</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">12.662</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">34.888</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">29.428</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">3.764</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">4.666</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">4.288</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">10.064</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">10.775</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">71.232</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Bicarbonate of magnesia</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">61.912</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">54.924</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">40.339</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">76.267</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">72.883</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">176.463</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">75.161</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">121.757</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">149.343</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Bicarbonate of lime</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">124.459</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">131.739</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">89.869</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">120.169</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">93.119</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">170.646</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">101.881</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">143.339</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">170.392</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Bicarbonate of strontia</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.018</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.425</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Bicarbonate of baryta</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.096</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.494</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.875</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.909</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.737</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.726</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.928</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">2.014</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Bicarbonate of iron</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.213</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.478</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.703</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">2.570</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.714</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.128</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">2.038</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.340</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.979</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Sulphate of potassa</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">5.400</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.608</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.557</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">2.032</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">2.158</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.889</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.318</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Phosphate of soda</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.007</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.016</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.006</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.009</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.016</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Biborate of soda</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Alumina</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.223</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.374</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.329</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.094</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.131</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.305</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Silica</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.283</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">2.260</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">2.561</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">3.155</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">3.184</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.260</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">3.213</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.840</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.665</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Organic Matter</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='right' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">&nbsp;&nbsp;Total per U.S. gallon, 231 cu. in.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">617.367</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">630.500</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">302.017</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">687.275</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">331.837</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">888.403</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">537.155</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">700.895</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">991.546</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Carbonate acid gas</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">407.650</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">409.458</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">324.080</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">332.458</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">245.734</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">375.747</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">317.452</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">392.289</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">454.082</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Density</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.0091</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.0092</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.0034</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.0095</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.0035</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.0115</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.0060</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.096</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.0120</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">Temperature</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">52&deg;F.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">52&deg;F.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">50&deg;F.</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">&nbsp;<b>...</b></td>
+<td align='center' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">&nbsp;<b>...</b></td>
+<td align='center' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">&nbsp;<b>...</b></td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">50&deg;F.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">52&deg;F.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">46&deg;F.</td>
+</tr>
+</table><br /><br /></div>
+
+<div class='center'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15"></a>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Bases and Acids found in the Analysis">
+<tr>
+<td align='center' style="border:solid 2px">Bases and Acids as actually found<br />in the Analysis uncombined</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-top:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Star<br/>Spring.</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-top:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">High<br />Rock<br/>Spring.</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-top:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Seltzer<br/>Spring.</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-top:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Pavilion<br/>Spring.</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-top:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">United<br/>States<br />Spring.</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-top:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Hathorn<br/>Spring.</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-top:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Crystal<br/>Spring.</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-top:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Congress<br/>Spring.</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-top:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Geyser<br/>spouting<br />well.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Potassium</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">7.496</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">5.419</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.949</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">4.931</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">4.515</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">5.024</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">5.326</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">4.611</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">13.039</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Sodium</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">160.239</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">163.216</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">61.003</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">182.084</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">57.259</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">202.058</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">132.006</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">162.324</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">251.031</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Lithium</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.163</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.202</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.093</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.976</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.499</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.179</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.445</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.490</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.720</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Lime</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">43.024</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">45.540</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">31.066</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">41.540</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">32.189</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">58.989</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">35.218</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">49.569</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">58.901</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Strontia</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.009</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.211</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Baryta</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.056</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.292</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.517</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.537</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.026</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.429</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.549</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.190</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Magnesia</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">16.992</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">15.048</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">11.051</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">20.895</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">19.968</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">48.346</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">20.592</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">33.358</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">40.915</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Protoiyde of iron</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.491</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.598</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.689</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.040</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.289</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.456</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.824</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.137</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.396</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Alumina</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.223</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.374</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.329</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.094</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.131</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.305</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Chlorine</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">246.357</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">241.017</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">82.128</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">282.723</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">90.201</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">314.037</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">203.292</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">246.834</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">352.825</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Bromine</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.443</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.568</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.489</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.767</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.656</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.188</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.322</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">6.645</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.718</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Iodine</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.106</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.072</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.026</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.060</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.039</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.166</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.055</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.117</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.208</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Fluorine</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Sulphuric acid</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">2.483</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.739</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.256</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.934</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.992</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.409</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.146</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Phosphoric acid</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.004</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.008</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.003</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.004</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.008</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Boracic acid</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Carbonic acid in carbonates&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">56.606</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">62.555</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">44.984</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">60.461</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">50.380</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">104.928</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">54.984</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">80.249</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">112.880</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Carbonic acid for bicarbonates</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">56.606</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">62.555</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">44.984</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">60.461</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">50.380</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">104.928</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">54.984</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">80.249</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">112.880</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Silica</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.283</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">2.260</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">2.561</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">3.155</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">3.184</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.260</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">3.213</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.840</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.665</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Organic matter</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">Trace.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Water in bicarbonates</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">23.160</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">25.591</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">18.405</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">24.736</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">20.613</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">42.929</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">22.496</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">33.828</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">46.183</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Oxygen in KO (SO<span class="chemsub">3</span>).</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.496</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.148</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.051</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.187</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-right:solid 2px">&nbsp;<b>...</b></td>
+<td align='center' style="border-right:solid 2px">&nbsp;<b>...</b></td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.199</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.082</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.029</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Oxygen in LiO (HO<span class="chemsub">2</span> CO<span class="chemsub">2</span>)</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.187</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.232</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.105</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.116</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.570</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.347</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.509</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.560</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.824</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Oxygen in NaO (HO<span class="chemsub">2</span> CO<span class="chemsub">2</span>)</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.206</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">3.323</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">2.803</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.358</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.444</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.408</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.959</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.024</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">6.785</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Oxygen in 2 NaO (HO, PO<span class="chemsub">5</span>)</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">&nbsp;<b>...</b></td>
+<td align='center' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">&nbsp;<b>...</b></td>
+<td align='center' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">&nbsp;<b>...</b></td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">0.001</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">0.002</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">0.001</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">&nbsp;<b>...</b></td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">0.002</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">&nbsp;<b>...</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Total per U.S. gallon, 231 cu. in.</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">617.367</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">630.500</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">302.007</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">687.275</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">331.837</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">888.403</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">537.155</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">700.895</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">991.546</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">Total residue by evaporation</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">537.600</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">542.350</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">238.970</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">602.080</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">260.840</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">740.550</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">439.670</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">588.818</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">832.483</td>
+</tr>
+</table><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<div class="center"><span class="smcap"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16"></a>Waters of Saratoga County, N.Y.</span></div>
+
+<div class="center"><i>Table showing the total quantities of mineral matter left by
+evaporation, and of some of the more important constituents.</i></div>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Quantities of mineral matter left by evaporation">
+<tr>
+<td align='center' style="border:solid 2px">SPRING.</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-top:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">
+  Total solids<br />
+  as left by<br />
+  evaporation.
+</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-top:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">
+  Chlorides of<br />
+  sodium and<br />
+  potassium.
+</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-top:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">
+ All other solids<br />
+ left by evaporation;<br />
+ carbonates of lime,<br />
+ magnesia, etc.
+</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-top:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">
+  Bicarbonate<br />
+  of lime (CaO,<br />
+  HO, 2CO<span class="chemsub">2</span>).
+</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-top:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">
+  Bicarbonate of<br />
+  magnesia (MgO,<br />
+  HO, 2CO<span class="chemsub">2</span>).
+</td>
+<td align='center' style="border-top:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">
+  Bicarbonate<br />
+  of iron (FeO,<br />
+  HO, 2CO<span class="chemsub">2</span>).
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Geyser Spouting well</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">832.48&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">586.71&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">245.77&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">170.39&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">149.34&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.98&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Hathorn spring</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">740.55&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">519.55&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">221.00&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">170.65&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">176.46&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.13&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Hamilton spring</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">611.71&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">411.00&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">200.71&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">144.84&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">104.80&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.80&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Congress spring</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">588.82&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">408.49&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">180.33&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">143.40&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">121.76&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.34&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">High Rock spring</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">542.35&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">399.10&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">143.25&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">131.74&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">54.92&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.48&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Washington spring</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">353.23&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">215.00&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">138.23&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">110.23&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">40.56&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">2.40&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Excelsior spring</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">611.05&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">473.00&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">138.05&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">90.38&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">72.27&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">2.84&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Pavilion spring</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">602.08&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">467.56&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">134.51&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">120.17&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">76.73&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">2.57&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Putnam spring</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">354.79&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">220.50&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">134.27&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">110.72&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">60.01&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">3.97&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Columbian spring</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">353.08&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">219.00&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">134.08&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">104.89&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">78.05&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">3.26&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Star spring</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">537.60&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">408.05&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">129.55&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">124.46&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">61.91&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.21&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Crystal spring</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">459.67&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">336.79&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">122.88&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">101.88&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">75.16&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">2.04&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Eureka spring</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">280.16&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">171.00&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">119.16&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">94.02&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">63.75&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">3.36&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">United States spring</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">260.84&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">150.49&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">110.35&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">93.12&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">72.88&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">0.71&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Empire spring</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">460.32&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">355.16&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">105.16&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">113.54&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">48.10&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.34&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Seltzer spring</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">238.97&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">135.62&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">103.35&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">89.87&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">40.34&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">1.70&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px">Red spring</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">155.53&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">73.50&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">82.03&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">79.80&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">27.84&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px">2.51&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left' style="border-left:solid 2px;border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">Village spring, Ballston</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">153.09&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">75.00&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">78.09&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">65.08&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">21.59&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align='right' style="border-right:solid 2px;border-bottom:solid 2px">2.00&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+</table><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p><a name="History_and_Properties" id="History_and_Properties">Individuals</a> have their preferences, and opinions may differ in regard
+to the relative value of the springs, <a name="Page_17" id="Page_17"></a>particularly when parties are
+interested in them. We have no interest in one more than in all, and
+have brought to our task, we believe, no partiality. The manuscript
+has been submitted to leading physicians of Saratoga before
+publication, and is approved by them. The arrangement is alphabetical.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="CONGRESS_SPRING" id="CONGRESS_SPRING"></a>CONGRESS SPRING.</h2>
+
+<p>In Congress Park, opposite Grand Central Hotel. Congress and Empire
+Spring Company are the proprietors. The New York office is at 94
+Chambers street.</p>
+
+
+<h3>History.</h3>
+
+<p>Congress Spring was discovered in 1792, by a party of three gentlemen,
+who were out upon a hunting excursion. Among the party was John Taylor
+Gilman, an ex-member of Congress from New Hampshire. Probably in that
+day, office conferred more honor than at the present time, and as a
+compliment to so distinguished a person, the spring was then and there
+christened the Congress. The attention of the hunters was attracted to
+the spot by the foot-prints of large numbers of deer, the first
+patrons, it seems, of the sparkling water. Although more especially
+esteemed by pretty dears of a different character at the present day,
+the liquid-eyed fawn, who grace Congress Park, are among those who
+take their daily rations. At the time of discovery, the low ground
+about the spring was a mere swamp, and the country in the immediate
+vicinity a wilderness. The mineral water issued in a small stream from
+an aperture in the side of the rock, which formed the margin of a
+small brook, and was caught by pressing a glass to the side of the
+rock. The flow of water was only about one quart per minute.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></a>From the date of its discovery to the present time this celebrated
+spring has been the center of attraction at Saratoga. Its name has
+become a household word through out the land, and the whole civilized
+world are its customers.</p>
+
+<p>At one time Mr. Putnam had three large potash kettles evaporating the
+water. The salts thus precipitated were sold in small packages to the
+amount of several hundred dollars. It was not long, however, before it
+was discovered that <i>Congress water</i> was not obtained by re-dissolving
+the salts, as might have been expected if the nature of the water had
+been considered.</p>
+
+<p>About the year 1820, Dr. John Clarke, the proprietor of the first soda
+fountain opened in this country, purchased the Congress Spring
+property. By him the water was first bottled for transportation and
+sale, and to him the village is indebted for much of its beauty and
+attractiveness.</p>
+
+<p>The simple and tasteful Doric colonnade over the Congress, and the
+pretty Grecian dome over the Columbian were erected by him. Dr. Clarke
+realized a handsome income from the sale of the water. He died in
+1846, but the property continued in the hands of his heirs, under the
+firm name of Clarke &amp; White, until 1865, when it was purchased by an
+incorporated company, under the title of "Congress and Empire Spring
+Company." The capital is $1,000,000, and the company is composed of a
+large number of individual stockholders. The present proprietors of
+Congress Spring have contributed not a little to the beauty and
+attractiveness of this favorite watering place.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></a>
+<img src="images/img023.jpg" width="650" height="430" alt="CONGRESS SPRING." title="" />
+<span class="caption">CONGRESS SPRING.</span>
+
+<h3>Properties.</h3>
+
+<p>When taken before breakfast the water is a very pleasant and effective
+cathartic. Drank in moderate quantities throughout the day, it is a
+delightful, wholesome beverage, its effects being alterative and
+slightly tonic. It is successfully <a name="Page_20" id="Page_20"></a>used in affections of the liver
+and kidneys; and for chronic constipation, dyspepsia and gout it is
+highly valued. It has been employed in cases of renal calculi with
+decidedly beneficial results.</p>
+
+<p>Crowds gather round the fountain in the early summer morning to win
+appetite for breakfast and life for the pleasures of the day. Old and
+young, sick and well, everybody, drinks, for the Congress fountain is
+as much the morning exchange as the ball-room is the resort of the
+evening.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. G.F. Chandler, the leading chemist in America, says: "The
+peculiar excellence of the far-famed Congress spring is due to the
+fact that it contains very much less iron than any other spring, and
+that it contains, in the most desirable proportions, those substances
+which produce its agreeable flavor and satisfactory medicinal effects;
+neither holding them in excess, nor lacking in anything that is
+desirable in this class of waters."</p>
+
+<p>In submitting a new analysis (which appears elsewhere) Prof. Chandler
+writes,&mdash;"A comparison of this with the analysis made by Dr. John H.
+Steel in 1832, proves that Congress water still retains its original
+strength, and all the virtues which established its well merited
+reputation." Higher authority there is none.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Bottling the Water.</h3>
+
+<p>It should be remembered that the water of this spring is sold in
+<i>bottles only</i>. What purports to be Congress water for sale on draught
+in various places throughout the country is not genuine. The
+artificial preparations thus imposed upon the public may have a
+certain resemblance in taste and appearance, but are frequently worse
+than worthless for medicinal purposes.</p>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="COLUMBIAN_SPRING" id="COLUMBIAN_SPRING"></a><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21"></a><b>COLUMBIAN SPRING.</b></h2>
+
+<p>In Congress Park, under the Grecian Dome, near the Congress spring,
+Congress and Empire Spring Co., proprietors.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/img025.jpg" width="400" height="448" alt="COLUMBIAN SPRING." title="" />
+<span class="caption">COLUMBIAN SPRING.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>History and Peculiarities.</h3>
+
+<p>This spring was opened in 1806 by Gideon Putnam. The water issues from
+the natural rock about seven feet below the surface of the ground, and
+is protected by heavy wooden tubing. It is the most popular spring
+among the residents of Saratoga. The escaping bubbles of free carbonic
+acid gas give to the fountain a boiling motion. Large quantities of
+the gas can easily be collected at the mouth of the spring at any
+time.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22"></a>Properties.</h3>
+
+<p>It is a fine chalybeate or iron water, possessing strong tonic
+properties. It also has a diuretic action and is extensively used for
+that purpose. The water is recommended to be drank in small quantities
+frequently during the day, generally <i>preceded</i> by the use of the
+cathartic waters taken before breakfast.</p>
+
+<p>Only from one-half to one glass should be taken at a time. When taken
+in large quantities or before breakfast its effects might remind one
+of that great race in northern and central Europe,&mdash;the Teutonic
+(<i>too</i> tonic). A peculiar headache would certainly be experienced.</p>
+
+<p>The proper use of this water is found to strengthen the tone of the
+stomach and to increase the red particles of the blood which,
+according to Liebeg, perform an important part in respiration. It has
+been proved by actual experiments that the number of red particles of
+the blood may be <i>doubled</i> by the use of preparations of iron.</p>
+
+<p>Though containing but 3.26 grains of iron in one gallon of
+water&mdash;Prof. Chandler's analysis&mdash;it is an evident and remarkable fact
+that the water thus weakly impregnated has a most perceptible iron
+taste in every drop. Is it much to be wondered at, then, that a
+mineral which has so extensive a power of affecting the palate, should
+possess equally extensive influence over the whole system? Many
+minerals in a dilute state of solution may pass easily through the
+absorbents, while in a more concentrated state they may be excluded.
+Carbonic acid gas, for instance, when diluted is readily inhaled, but
+when concentrated acts in a peculiar manner upon the wind-pipe so as
+to prevent its admission. So the happy medicinal effects of these iron
+waters seem to consist&mdash;to some extent&mdash;in the minute division of the
+mineral properties so that they are readily taken into the system.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23"></a>
+<img src="images/img027.jpg" width="650" height="449" alt="EMPIRE SPRING AND BOTTLING-HOUSE." title="" />
+<span class="caption">EMPIRE SPRING AND BOTTLING-HOUSE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="THE_CRYSTAL_SPRING" id="THE_CRYSTAL_SPRING"></a><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24"></a>THE CRYSTAL SPRING</h2>
+
+<p>Is under the southern extremity of the new hotel. The proprietors have
+named it the Crystal Spring from the crystalline appearance of the
+water, which does not rise to the surface, but is pumped up from a
+depth of several feet. It was discovered in 1870 by experimental
+excavation. The characteristic, and to many disagreeable odor of
+sulphuretted hydrogen, is readily perceived. Sulphur veins, or iron
+pyrites, are found in all sections of this valley; one of the most
+provoking problems of the owners of the springs being to keep their
+fountains from a sulphur taint, the quantity and quality of which is
+not considered beneficial, while it injures the sale of the bottled
+water.</p>
+
+<p>The Crystal Spring is somewhat alterative in its therapeutic effects.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="THE_ELLIS_SPRING" id="THE_ELLIS_SPRING"></a>THE ELLIS SPRING</h2>
+
+<p>Is near the railroad, between the Glacier and Geyser Springs. It has
+been known for a long time. The water flows through the <i>slate rock</i>,
+and, unlike any other spring at Saratoga, issues in a horizontal
+direction from the side of the hill. It is a very fine chalybeate, but
+is not bottled.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="EMPIRE_SPRING" id="EMPIRE_SPRING"></a>EMPIRE SPRING,</h2>
+
+<p>Situated on Spring avenue, at the head of Circular street, and near
+the base of a high limestone bluff, in the northerly part of the
+village, a few rods above the Star Spring, and about three-fourths of
+a mile from the Congress. Owned by the Congress and Empire Spring
+Company. O.H. Cromwell, Superintendent.</p>
+
+
+<h3>History.</h3>
+
+<p>Mineral water was known to trickle down the bank at this point ever
+since the land was cleared of its primitive shrubs. It was not till
+the year 1846 that the fountain was taken in <a name="Page_25" id="Page_25"></a>charge. The tubing is
+eleven feet, and fits closely to the rock. Messrs. Weston and Co., the
+early proprietors, made extensive improvements in the grounds
+surrounding, planting shade trees, etc., and during the past year the
+opening of Spring avenue has rendered the place more attractive.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Properties.</h3>
+
+<p>The water of this spring has a general resemblance to that of the
+Congress. In the cathartic effects of the two waters the difference is
+scarcely appreciable, although from the presence of a larger quantity
+of magnesia in the Congress, its operation is perhaps somewhat more
+pungent. The Empire is highly esteemed for the treatment of obscure
+and chronic diseases requiring alterative and diuretic remedies. It is
+also recommended as a preventive or remedy for the diseases natural to
+warm climates, especially intermittent, gastric and bilious fevers,
+dysenteries and disorders of the liver. The directions for using are
+the same as for the Congress.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="EUREKA_MINERAL_SPRING" id="EUREKA_MINERAL_SPRING"></a>EUREKA MINERAL SPRING</h2>
+
+<p>Is situated on Lake avenue, and on Spring avenue, about a mile east of
+Broadway, and a few rods beyond the Excelsior Spring. Eureka Spring
+Company, proprietors. A.R. Dyett, Esq., President.</p>
+
+<p>The location of the spring is in the midst of very romantic and
+picturesque scenery, embracing a beautiful park of some twenty-five
+acres. Since the water was analyzed the fountain has been retubed, and
+its quality improved. It is serviceable in dyspepsia and all diseases
+and affections of the liver and kidneys, and is classed among saline
+and cathartic waters.</p>
+
+<p>It resembles in taste and appearance the other Saratoga waters. The
+New York office of the Eureka Spring Company, for the sale of their
+bottled water, is at No. 7 <a name="Page_26" id="Page_26"></a>Hudson R.R.R. Depot, Varick street. Mr
+Benj. J. Levy is the agent.</p>
+
+<p>Within a few steps of the Eureka, and belonging to the same company,
+is the White Sulphur Spring and bathing-house. The water of the White
+Sulphur Spring is an hepatic water of an excellent character,
+possessing, as the company claim every essential element to render it
+equal for internal use to the best White Sulphur waters in this State,
+and far superior to most of them. The company have erected a
+commodious bath-house, containing fifty bath-rooms, with every
+convenience for warm and cold baths, at a moderate price.</p>
+
+<p>Frequent omnibuses convey passengers to and from these springs for 25
+cents, passing the principal hotels.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="THE_EXCELSIOR_SPRING" id="THE_EXCELSIOR_SPRING"></a>THE EXCELSIOR SPRING</h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/img030.jpg" width="400" height="273" alt="THE EXCELSIOR SPRING" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Is found in a beautiful valley, and amid most romantic scenery, about
+a mile east of the town hall. The principal entrance to this spring is
+on Lake avenue, about half a mile east of Circular street. Another
+route is via Spring <a name="Page_27" id="Page_27"></a>avenue, by which we pass a majority of the other
+springs, and also the Loughberry water-works which supply the village
+of Saratoga Springs with water from the Excelsior Lake by the
+celebrated Holly system. Just before us, as we reach a point where the
+avenue turns towards the Excelsior, is the fine summer hotel known as
+the Mansion House, and the pretty cottage residence of Mr. Henry
+Lawrence.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/img031.jpg" width="400" height="222" alt="BOTTLE MARK. TRADE MARK." title="" />
+<span class="caption">BOTTLE MARK.
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+TRADE MARK.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>History.</h3>
+
+<p>The Excelsior Spring has been appreciated for its valuable qualities
+by some of the oldest visitors of Saratoga for more than half a
+century. The water, however, was not generally known to the public
+until in 1859, when Mr. H.H. Lawrence, the former owner, and father of
+the present proprietors, retubed the spring at a considerable expense,
+having excavated it to a depth of fifty-six feet, eleven of which are
+in the solid rock. By this improvement the water flows with all its
+properties undeteriorated, retaining from source to outlet its
+original purity and strength. Since then, the present proprietors,
+under the firm of A.R. Lawrence &amp; Co., by a new and improved method of
+bottling and barreling the Excelsior water under its own hydrostatic
+<a name="Page_28" id="Page_28"></a>pressure, have given it an increased reputation and it is rapidly
+attaining a wide-spread popularity.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Properties.</h3>
+
+<p>The water of this spring is a pleasant <i>cathartic</i>, and has also
+alterative and tonic properties, and is moreover a very delightful
+beverage. Two or three glasses in the morning is the dose as a
+cathartic. As an alterative and diuretic, it should be taken in small
+quantities during the day. We have seen stronger commendations of this
+water from the highest medical authority than of any other.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Exportation of the Water.</h3>
+
+<p>After a refreshing draught from this sparkling and delicious fountain,
+let us not fail to examine the proprietors' peculiar and very perfect
+method of bottling and barreling the Excelsior water by its own
+hydrostatic pressure. Since last season a handsome brick
+bottling-house has replaced the ancient wooden structure. Entering
+this bottling-house we find our way to a capacious and well-lighted
+cellar, in which we discover a perpendicular opening some ten feet in
+diameter; this proves to be a circular brick vault, in whose depths
+the process of filling is performed. Twelve feet below the surface of
+the spring a block tin tube conveys the water into reservoirs placed
+at the bottom of this vault. These reservoirs are strong oak barrels,
+lined with pure block tin in such a manner as to be perfectly
+gas-tight, and furnished with two tubes, one quite short and the other
+extending from the top to the bottom of the reservoir. Then, by
+filling the reservoirs through the long tube by hydrostatic pressure,
+the air is excluded, while the gas is not allowed to escape. When sold
+on draught, it is necessary simply to connect the long tube with the
+draught tube, and the short tube with an air pump, when the water can
+be forced out by the pressure <a name="Page_29" id="Page_29"></a>of the air, and will flow forth
+sparkling and delicious as at the spring, without being re-charged
+with gas.</p>
+
+<a name="Page_30" id="Page_30"></a><div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/img033.jpg" width="650" height="431" alt="GEYSER SPRING THE SPOUTING SPRING" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Having concluded our investigation, and tarried to notice the
+<span class="smcap">Minnehaha, Union</span>, and other springs which bubble up in this
+immediate vicinity, we have now the choice of continuing along the
+banks of a winding stream to the Eureka and White Sulphur Springs, or
+of returning by the way of Lake avenue. But should we prefer the
+healthful exercise of walking, we may dismiss our carriage and stroll
+into those magnificent woods that border the hill and valley for half
+a mile between Excelsior Spring and the village. Through them there is
+a wide and shady path, well known to visitors who love the
+picturesque, and along its winding way is found the shortest walk to
+the center of the village.</p>
+
+<p>The beauty of this region would seem to indicate it as the proper site
+for the future Central Park of Saratoga.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="THE_GEYSER_SPOUTING_SPRING" id="THE_GEYSER_SPOUTING_SPRING"></a>THE GEYSER SPOUTING SPRING</h2>
+
+<p>Is about a mile and a half below the village, on the Ballston road,
+and near the railroad. Business address, "Geyser Spring."</p>
+
+
+<h3>History.</h3>
+
+<p>This wonderful mineral fountain was discovered in February. 1870.
+There had been indications of mineral water in this neighborhood,
+which had been noticed for a long time. The building which is now used
+as a bottling-house, and beneath which the spring was found, was used
+as a bolt factory. The proprietors, Messrs. Vail and Seavy, determined
+to bore for a spring. They were successful, and when they had reached
+a point 140 feet below the surface rock, they struck the mineral vein.
+The water immediately burst forth with vehemence, and the marvelous
+phenomenon of a spouting spring was established.</p>
+
+<p>The orifice bored in the rock is five and a half inches in <a name="Page_31" id="Page_31"></a>diameter
+and 140 feet deep. The tubing is a block tin pipe, encased with iron,
+eighty-five feet in length and two inches in diameter. The diameter of
+the orifice of the tube is three-eighths of an inch. The tube is
+firmly secured at the bottom, and "seed bags" are filled in around it,
+so that all the water and gas is compelled to enter the tube, thereby
+preventing the possibility of adulteration. The fact that the spring
+is located 140 feet beneath the solid rock renders it free from all
+impurities of surface waters.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Peculiarities.</h3>
+
+<p>The water is thrown up by the action of its own carbonic acid gas,
+with great force, producing a fountain jet very attractive in
+appearance. The height of the fountain is twenty-five feet. A portion
+of the stream is allowed to flow through a hollow globe of glass, and
+large bubbles of gas of a bright pearl color rising in rapid
+succession through the water, form a beautiful addition to the
+attractiveness of the fountain. The curious will find an opportunity
+to obtain a sniff of pure gas at a wooden tube, near the bottling
+room, where water is drawn for bottling.</p>
+
+<p>It is noticeable that when a portion of the stream is allowed to flow
+through another tube to the bottling-room, the fountain spouts to an
+unusual height.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Properties.</h3>
+
+<p>The water, as shown by the analysis, is a powerful <i>cathartic</i>, and
+contains a larger amount of valuable medicinal properties than any
+other spring at Saratoga. The dose is from one to two glasses. The
+temperature of the spring is 46 deg. Fahr., being only 14 deg. from
+the freezing point. As the water is drawn from the fountain it foams
+like soda water, from the great abundance of carbonic acid gas, which
+gives to the water its agreeable taste.</p>
+
+<p>During the two years since its discovery the water has been
+<a name="Page_32" id="Page_32"></a>introduced all over the Union, and is now to be obtained in the
+principal cities of America and Europe.</p>
+
+<p>A beautiful ravine, cascade and lake, and a sulphur spring also are in
+the immediate vicinity south of the spring. Seats are provided and the
+pleasure seeker will find a few hours in this locality a delightful
+recreation. The Geyser Spring is one of the chief attractions of
+Saratoga, and no visitor should fail to see it and taste its sparkling
+water.</p>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="THE_GLACIER_SPOUTING_SPRING" id="THE_GLACIER_SPOUTING_SPRING"></a><b>THE GLACIER SPOUTING SPRING,</b></h2>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"Sparkling, rippling, and dancing about,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Freighted with health and brilliant with light,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Soothing the ear and entrancing the sight."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>May be found in a little valley east of the railroad and directly
+opposite the Geyser Spring, about a mile south of the village. Button
+&amp; Gibbs, proprietors.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/img036.jpg" width="450" height="293" alt="GLACIER SPRING" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>It was discovered in Sept. 1871, and is the most remarkable fountain
+in the world. It discharges from four to eight gallons per minute,
+spouting through a quarter inch nozzle to a height of fifty-two feet,
+or through a half inch nozzle forty feet, pouring forth a perfect suds
+of water and gas.</p>
+
+
+<h3>History.</h3>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1870, Mr. Jesse Button, having been employed to sink
+the Geyser well, was so successful that he was <a name="Page_33" id="Page_33"></a>induced to bore for
+another spring on land owned by D. Gibbs, Esq., in this locality.
+Mineral water was found at no great depth, but in no considerable
+quantity. The well was sunk 220 feet in the slate rock, reaching the
+magnesian limestone. At this point the mineral water could be made to
+spout for a few moments, occasionally, by agitating it with a
+sand-pump. The stream, however, was quite small, and as Mr. Button was
+called elsewhere, the project was temporarily abandoned. In Sept.,
+1871, boring was resumed. The diameter of the well which had been sank
+was four and three-fourths inches. It was made an inch larger,
+tapering toward the bottom, and the well was continued through the
+magnesian limestone to the Trenton limestone, making a total depth of
+300 feet. Having reached this point the water spouted forth with great
+force. The well was at once carefully tubed.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Properties.</h3>
+
+<p>The water is very concentrated, and small doses are all that is
+required. It will bear dilution with fresh water much better then
+milk. It seems to have not only strong cathartic properties, but a
+special action upon the kidneys and liver. For medicinal purposes it
+promises to equal any in Saratoga.</p>
+
+<p>As an object of curiosity and interest, the Glacier Spring is
+unequaled in Saratoga, and it will doubtless speedily become a popular
+resort.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="HAMILTON_SPRING" id="HAMILTON_SPRING"></a>HAMILTON SPRING.</h2>
+
+<p>On Spring street, corner of Putnam, in the rear of Congress Hall, and
+a short distance from Hathorn Spring. Its principal action is
+<i>diuretic</i> and, in large doses, cathartic. The mineral ingredients are
+the same as those of the other springs, but, owing to the peculiar
+combination, the <a name="Page_34" id="Page_34"></a>medicinal effects are widely different. It has been
+found of great service in kidney complaints. From one to three glasses
+during the day is the usual dose. It should be used under the
+prescription of a physician, and warm drinks should not be taken
+immediately after. Persons suffering from "a cold" should not drink
+this water. It is not bottled.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="THE_HATHORN_SPRING" id="THE_HATHORN_SPRING"></a>THE HATHORN SPRING</h2>
+
+<p>Is situated immediately north of Congress Hall, on Spring street. H.H.
+Hathorn, proprietor.</p>
+
+
+<h3>History.</h3>
+
+<p>The spring was discovered in 1868 by workmen engaged in excavating for
+the foundations of a brick building for Congress Hall ball-room. At
+the time of discovery its waters contained more mineral substances
+than any other spring at Saratoga. During the past winter a defect in
+the tubing has led the proprietors to retube it very carefully and at
+great expense. At the recent retubing two streams were found and
+carefully tubed, one of which discharges sixty gallons per minute.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Properties.</h3>
+
+<p>It is a powerful <i>cathartic</i>. Since its discovery it has achieved a
+wonderful popularity and a high reputation in all sections of the
+country. In nearly all cases when a powerful cathartic is needed its
+effects are excellent, benefiting those on whom the milder waters
+produce little effect.</p>
+
+<p>Persons whose alimentary organs are very sensitive, or in an
+inflammatory condition, should not imbibe large quantities.</p>
+
+<p>There is an unusual amount of lithia in the water, which increases its
+medicinal value.</p>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="THE_HIGH_ROCK_SPRING" id="THE_HIGH_ROCK_SPRING"></a><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35"></a><b>THE HIGH ROCK SPRING</b></h2>
+
+<p>Is located on Willow walk, between the Seltzer and the Star Springs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/img039.jpg" width="450" height="488" alt="HIGH ROCK SPRING." title="" />
+<span class="caption">HIGH ROCK SPRING.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The High Rock is the oldest in point of discovery of the Saratoga
+springs. As early as 1767, Sir Wm. Johnson was brought to it on a
+litter by his Indian friends. It is noted for the most remarkable
+natural curiosity of the vicinity, certainly. The following
+interesting description of this rock is by Prof. Chandler: "The spring
+rises in a little mound of stone, three or four feet high, which
+appears like a <a name="Page_36" id="Page_36"></a>miniature volcano, except that sparkling water instead
+of melted lava flows from its little crater. When Sir William Johnson
+visited the spring, and in fact until quite recently, the water did
+not overflow the mound, but came to within a few inches of the summit;
+some other hidden outlet permitting its escape. The Indians had a
+tradition, however, which was undoubtedly true, that the water
+formerly flowed over the rim of the opening. A few years ago (1866)
+the property changed hands, and the new owners, convinced that by
+stopping the lateral outlet they could cause the water to issue again
+from the mouth of the rock, employed a number of men to undermine the
+mound, and with a powerful hoisting derrick to lift it off and set it
+one side, that the spring might be explored.</p>
+
+<p>"If you will examine the cut which presents a vertical section of the
+spring, you will be able to follow me as I tell you what they found.</p>
+
+<p>"Just below the mound were found four logs, two of which rested upon
+the other, two at right angles, forming a curb. Under the logs were
+bundles of twigs resting upon the dark-brown or black soil of a
+previous swamp. Evidently some ancient seekers after health had found
+the spring in the swamp, and to make it more convenient to secure the
+water had piled brush around it, and then laid down the logs as a
+curb. But you inquire, how came the rock, which weighed several tons,
+above the logs? The rock was formed by the water. It is composed of
+tufa, carbonate of lime, and was formed in the same manner as
+stalactites and stalagmites are formed. As the water flowed over the
+logs, the evaporation of a portion of the carbonic acid gas caused the
+separation of an equivalent quantity of insoluble carbonate of lime,
+which, layer by layer, built up the mound. A fragment of the rock
+which I possess contains leaves, twigs, hazel nuts, and snail shells,
+which, falling from time to time upon it, were incrusted and finally
+imprisoned in the stony mass.</p>
+
+<a name="Page_37" id="Page_37"></a><div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/img041.jpg" width="650" height="530" alt="SECTION OF HIGH ROCK" title="" />
+<span class="caption">SECTION OF HIGH ROCK</span>
+</div>
+
+<h4>
+<a name="Page_38" id="Page_38"></a>Analysis of a Fragment of the Rock</h4>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Analysis of a Fragment of the Rock">
+<tr><td align='left'>Carbonate of lime</td><td align='right'>95.17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Carbonate of magnesia&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>2.49</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sesquioxide of iron</td><td align='right'>0.07</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Alumina</td><td align='right'>0.22</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sand and clay</td><td align='right'>0.09</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Organic matter</td><td align='right'>1.11</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Moisture</td><td align='right'>0.39</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Undetermined</td><td align='right'>0.46</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align='right'>100.00</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>"Below the rocks the workmen followed the spring through four feet of
+tufa and muck. Then they came to a layer of solid tufa two feet thick,
+then one foot of muck in which they found another log. Below this were
+three feet of tufa, and there seventeen feet below the apex of the
+mound they found the embers and charcoal of an ancient fire. By whom
+and when could the fire have been built? The Indian tradition went
+back only to the time when the water overflowed the rock. How many
+centuries may have elapsed since even the logs were placed in their
+position? A grave philosopher of the famous watering-place,
+remembering that botanists determine the age of trees by counting the
+rings on the section of the stems and noticing the layers in the tufa
+rock, polished a portion of the surface, and counted eighty-one layers
+to the inch. He forthwith made the following calculation:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Calculations">
+<tr><td align='left'>High Rock, 4 feet 80 lines to the inch</td><td align='right'>3,840</td><td>years</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Muck and tufa, 7 feet low estimate</td><td align='right'>400</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tufa, 2 feet 25 lines to the inch</td><td align='right'> 600</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Muck, 1 foot</td><td align='right'>130&nbsp;</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tufa, 3 feet</td><td align='right'>900&nbsp;</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Time since the fire was built</td><td align='right'>5,870&nbsp;</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>"As I have seen half an inch of tufa formed in two years on a brick
+which received the overflow from a spout of water containing only
+twenty grams of carbonate of lime in a gallon, I am inclined to think
+our antiquarian's estimates are not entirely reliable."<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></p>
+
+<a name="Page_39" id="Page_39"></a><div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/img043.jpg" width="650" height="524" alt="PAVILION SPRING." title="" />
+<span class="caption">PAVILION SPRING.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40"></a>The rock has been replaced over the spring, and the water now flows
+over it. A very beautiful and expensive colonnade has been built over
+the rock by the "High Rock Congress Spring Company." This company was
+formed in 1866, and was inaugurated under favorable auspices and with
+brilliant prospects of success. But though <i>founded on a rock</i>, it was
+not successful in withstanding the storms. Whether the rock was too
+slippery, or the Spring rains too severe, or what was the slip-up, or
+rather slip-down, we do not presume to say, but the company failed,
+and the spring was sold at auction during the present month for
+$16,000.</p>
+
+<p>Those who invested their dollars in it sank them in a <i>well</i>, and
+unlike "bread cast upon the waters," they do not seem to return again.</p>
+
+<p>A new company has been organized, and under their direction the spring
+is being retubed. With honest and careful management it ought to be
+profitable to the owners and conducive to the health of the public.
+</p>
+<p>FOOTNOTE:</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1">[A]</a> A lecture on Water by C.H. Chandler, Ph.D., delivered at
+the American Institute.</div>
+
+
+<h2><a name="PAVILION_SPRING" id="PAVILION_SPRING"></a><b>PAVILION SPRING.</b></h2>
+
+
+<p>A few steps from Broadway, in a somewhat secluded valley, though in
+the very centre of Saratoga and directly at the head of Spring avenue
+(now being completed), bubble up the clear and sparkling water of the
+Pavilion Spring.</p>
+
+<p>The pleasure seeker strolling up Broadway is directed by a modest sign
+down Lake avenue to "Pavilion Spring and Park." A few steps, less than
+half a block, brings him to the handsome arched gateway of this very
+pretty park in which one can pass the time as pleasantly as could be
+wished. The colonnade over the spring is one of the most elegant of
+its class. It was erected in 1869, at a <a name="Page_41" id="Page_41"></a>cost of over $6,000, and is a
+fine ornament to the park. The United States Spring is under the same
+colonnade. Our cut is a very faithful likeness of the grounds.</p>
+
+
+<h3>History.</h3>
+
+<p>The spring was originally owned by the Walton family. Though long
+known, its situation was such, being in the midst of a deep morass,
+that the owners took no steps towards tubing it. In 1839 it passed
+into the hands of Mr. Daniel McLaren, who tubed it at a heavy expense
+and trouble by sinking a crib twenty-two feet square to a depth of
+forty feet. A tube was constructed in the form of a boot, and to
+render the ground dry and firm around it several tons of iron filings
+from Troy were packed around.</p>
+
+<p>When the work was finished, the water was bottled to some extent and
+was a favorite drink with many of the citizens. It was then esteemed
+as a tonic spring. In 1868 it was retubed and the tube extended down
+ten feet further to the sandstone rock. Clay was used for the packing,
+and the water has since been of a finer flavor and of cathartic
+properties. At this time the spring became the property of the
+Pavilion and United States Spring Co., composed of enterprising
+business men, under whose management the grounds have been rendered
+quite attractive and the water is becoming celebrated as one of the
+leading cathartic springs of far-famed Saratoga.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Properties.</h3>
+
+<p>There is a liveliness and pungency to this water which makes it a
+pleasant beverage. An abundance of gas, so much desired in a mineral
+spring, is so intimately associated with the water, and is so well
+"fixed" as to hold the medicinal constituents in a clear and permanent
+solution. The property of the water is cathartic, affecting more or
+less, however, all the secretions. It is of special service in
+<a name="Page_42" id="Page_42"></a>dyspepsia, biliousness, rheumatism, etc. A half a glass to a glass,
+drank after hearty meals, will relieve at once the distress from which
+so many suffer. Medical men recommend the water also for kidney
+disease.</p>
+
+<p>While stronger than the milder waters which require so large potions
+to be effective, it is not characterized by the harshness and
+irritating power of some of the more recently discovered springs. It
+seems to us a sort of golden mean between the two extremes.</p>
+
+<p>The water bottles nicely, and is sent to every part of the Union. It
+is also sold on draught. Persons becoming attached to it while at
+Saratoga, can thus easily obtain it at any time in a manner only
+equaled by that dipped from the spring. The sale of this, as well as
+of nearly all mineral waters, is conducted almost exclusively by
+druggists.</p>
+
+<p>The business address of the proprietors is "Pavilion &amp; U.S. Spring
+Company, 113 Chambers street, N.Y.," to whom orders should be
+addressed.</p>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="PUTNAM_SPRING" id="PUTNAM_SPRING"></a><b>PUTNAM SPRING,</b></h2>
+
+
+<p>On Phila street, near Broadway. Used chiefly for bathing purposes. It
+is a tonic or chalybeate, and, as this goes to press, is being
+retubed. The proprietor, Mr. Lewis Putnam, is the oldest native
+resident of Saratoga.</p>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="THE_RED_SPRING" id="THE_RED_SPRING"></a><b>THE RED SPRING.</b></h2>
+
+
+<p>This spring is located on Spring avenue, a short distance beyond the
+Empire, at the junction of Geneva and Warren streets. Red Spring Co.,
+proprietors.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43"></a>
+<img src="images/img047.jpg" width="650" height="355" alt="RED SPRING." title="" />
+<span class="caption">RED SPRING.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>History.</h3>
+
+<p>It was discovered soon after the Revolutionary war, by a Mr. Norton,
+who had been driven from the place from <a name="Page_44" id="Page_44"></a>fear of hostile Indians
+during the war, and who returned about the year 1784 to re-occupy and
+improve some buildings erected by him for the accommodation of a few
+invalids who came to visit the High Rock, Flat Rock, President and Red
+Springs. No other springs were known at that time, or for many years
+after. Nearly a hundred years ago the first bath-house ever built at
+Saratoga was erected at the Red Spring, and was used for the cure of
+all kinds of eruptive and skin diseases for many years. Through the
+neglect of the owners, this spring, with others near, was allowed to
+fall into an impure condition; the tubes rotted out, and for a number
+of years the water of the Red Spring was only used for washing sore
+eyes, bad ulcers, and the cure of salt rheum, etc. The springs of
+Ballston, and the valuable qualities of Congress water, drew public
+attention away from these springs, and it was only a few years since
+that the present owners of the spring retubed and secured this
+valuable water for public use. The reputation it had long sustained as
+a powerful alterative for the cure of blood diseases was confirmed;
+and for several years this water has been used with growing confidence
+and wonderful results.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Properties.</h3>
+
+<p>In a general sense its therapeutic effects are alterative, and it
+possesses a particular adaptation to inflamed mucous surfaces;
+scrofula in all its forms, dyspepsia in its worst conditions, and
+kidney difficulties, with every kind of skin disease, including salt
+rheum, which it never fails to cure, are prominent among the diseases
+cured by the use of this water.</p>
+
+<p>Its general effect is to tone up the system, regulate the secretions
+and vitalize the blood, thereby creating a better appetite and better
+assimilation.</p>
+
+<p>The analysis of this water does not indicate any properties <a name="Page_45" id="Page_45"></a>that can
+account for its astonishing effects on disease, but they are supposed
+to be owing to its <i>peculiar combination</i>. Scientific men, however,
+differ in regard to this point and in regard to the analysis.</p>
+
+<p>A greater number of <i>invalids</i> are now using this water than from all
+the other springs in the place. This water is not used as a beverage.
+More than a hundred gallons per day are taken away by <i>real invalids</i>,
+besides that drank at the spring. To become acquainted with its
+wonderful cures one needs only to go there and spend an hour
+conversing with those who are using it for their various ailments. The
+water is used at all hours of the day and a short time is all that is
+needed to learn the high estimation in which it is held as a remedial
+agent.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="SARATOGA_A_SPRING" id="SARATOGA_A_SPRING"></a>SARATOGA "A" SPRING.</h2>
+
+<p>The "A" Spring is situated on Spring avenue, a little beyond the
+Empire Spring, on the eastern side of a steep bluff of calciferous
+sand rock, upon grounds which could be made quite attractive by a
+moderate outlay.</p>
+
+
+<h3>History.</h3>
+
+<p>The memory of that reverend being, the oldest inhabitant does not
+recall the time when the existence of mineral water in this immediate
+locality was not known. As the merits of spring waters were so little
+known and understood in the earlier days of their discovery, the
+demand was far below the supply, and no attempt was made to introduce
+this spring to public attention, nor any provision for the use of its
+waters. In 1865, Messrs. Western &amp; Co. purchased the property, and at
+once instituted plans for securing the fountain; and a shaft twelve
+feet square was sunk to the depth of sixteen feet. The surface above
+the rock consists of bluish marl, similar to that found all along
+<a name="Page_46" id="Page_46"></a>this mineral valley. A tube, in the usual form, was placed over the
+spring, and clay was used as packing around it. In the spring of the
+next year the fountain was more perfectly secured by a new tubing, and
+the water was bottled and shipped all over the country.</p>
+
+<p>An ill wind seemed to be blowing, and in 1867 the bottling-house was
+nearly destroyed by fire; and the spring was again retubed to the
+depth of <i>thirty-two</i> feet, going down to the solid rock, where one of
+the most perfect veins of water was found flowing in all its original
+purity, which was secured with the greatest care, in order to prevent
+the mixture of sulphurous or other waters, and carried to the surface
+through a tube made of maple.</p>
+
+<p>At present the spring itself is protected by a temporary structure,
+while the water is bottled in a portion of the original building which
+was not destroyed by fire. The spring is at some little distance from
+the business part of Saratoga, and, since the bottling-house was
+destroyed no special efforts have been made to attract a crowd of
+visitors, though many who know the virtues of the water take the pains
+and trouble to go out of their way to obtain it, fresh from the spring
+in all its purity, as it is held in the highest estimation by all who
+have used it. We believe it is the intention of the present management
+to rebuild the houses and ornament the surroundings either this summer
+or next.</p>
+
+<p>Of the original company, Jay Gould was President, and John F. Henry,
+Secretary. The officers of the present company are, John F. Henry,
+President; B.S. Barrett, Secretary, and Edwin F. Stevens, Treasurer.
+Mr. Henry is well known as the leading druggist in America and the
+largest dealer in proprietary medicines in the world.</p>
+
+<h3><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47"></a>Properties</h3>
+
+<p>The water possesses a very agreeable taste and flavor, resembling in
+many respects the favorite Congress. Its principal action is
+alterative and cathartic.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="SELTZER_SPRING" id="SELTZER_SPRING"></a>SELTZER SPRING.</h2>
+
+<p>"Saratoga Seltzer Spring Co.," proprietors. Perhaps no one of the
+springs gratifies the curious more than the Seltzer.</p>
+
+<p>It is situated about 150 feet from the High Rock Spring, but, although
+in such close proximity thereto, its water is entirely different, thus
+illustrating the wonderful extent and capacity of nature's
+subterranean laboratory.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Peculiarities.</h3>
+
+<p>The owners of the Seltzer Spring have an ingenious contrivance for
+exhibiting the flow of the water and its gas. It consists of a glass
+tube, three feet in height and fifteen inches in diameter, nicely
+adjusted to the mouth of the spring, through which the sweet, clear,
+sparkling water gushes in a steady volume, while, faster than the
+water, bubble up the glittering globules of pure carbonic acid gas.</p>
+
+<h3>History.</h3>
+
+<p>The spring was discovered several years ago, but only recently was it
+tubed so as to be available. The tube extends down thirty-four feet to
+the surface of the foundation rock. The crevice in the rock through
+which the water issues is about twelve inches by five. The column of
+water above the rock is thirty-seven feet high. The flow of gas is
+abundant and constant, but every few minutes, as the watchful visitor
+will observe, there is a momentary ebullition of an extraordinary
+quantity which causes the water in the tube to boil over the rim. When
+<a name="Page_48" id="Page_48"></a>the sunshine falls upon the fountain it presents a beautiful
+appearance.</p>
+
+<p>This is a genuine Seltzer spring. The character of the water is almost
+identical with that of the celebrated Nassau Spring of Germany, which
+is justly esteemed so delicious by the natives of the "Fatherland."
+Our German citizens, with their usual sagacity, have discovered this
+fact, and the consumption of the water by them is daily on the
+increase.</p>
+
+<p>The importance of this American Seltzer Spring will be somewhat
+appreciated by the reader, when informed of the fact that nearly two
+millions of stone jugs, holding one quart each, of the Nassau Seltzer
+are annually exported from Germany.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Properties.</h3>
+
+<p>The water of this spring is very pleasant to the taste, being slightly
+acidulous and saline, but much milder than that of the other Saratoga
+springs. It is an agreeable and wholesome beverage. When mixed with
+still wines, etc., it adds the peculiar flavor only to be derived from
+a pure, natural Seltzer. It enlivens them and gives them the character
+of sparkling wines.</p>
+
+<p>Saratoga possesses numerous objects of interest for the German
+population, surpassing even the famous Spas of Europe, and the
+discovery of the Seltzer will doubtless attract large numbers of this
+intelligent and genial people.</p>
+
+<p>The analyses of the Saratoga and the German Seltzer springs are almost
+identical.</p>
+
+<p>No people in the world, perhaps, consider a summer's excursion to a
+watering place so absolutely essential to life, physically,
+dietetically, morally and politically considered, as the Germans, and
+we are happy to know that they are beginning to realize the
+attractions of Saratoga.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49"></a>
+<img src="images/img053.jpg" width="650" height="447" alt="STAR SPRING." title="" />
+<span class="caption">STAR SPRING.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50"></a>The United States Spring is also successfully used for mixing with
+the still wines, and is attaining a popularity among the Germans.</p>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="THE_STAR_SPRING" id="THE_STAR_SPRING"></a><b>THE STAR SPRING</b></h2>
+
+
+<p>Is located on Spring avenue near the termination of Circular street.
+Star Spring Co., proprietors, Melvin Wright, Superintendent.</p>
+
+
+<h3>History.</h3>
+
+<p>Under the name of President Spring, and afterwards Iodine Spring, the
+fountain now called the Star has been known for nearly a century; long
+enough to test its merits and long enough to sink it in oblivion if it
+possessed no merits. Its lustre is undimmed, and it promises to be a
+star that shall never set. During these many years a goodly proportion
+of tottering humanity have found in this spring an amendment to their
+several crippled constitutions. It was first tubed in 1835. In 1865
+the Star Spring Co. was formed, and in the following year the spring
+was retubed under their direction. In 1870 they erected the finest
+bottling-house in Saratoga. Great care is taken to preserve the spring
+in a pure condition and perfect repair. The water has become immensely
+popular in New England, where it is "the spring," and throughout the
+United States and Canada.</p>
+
+
+<h3>For Commercial Use.</h3>
+
+<p>The water is sold in cases of quarts and pints, and besides, owing to
+the large amount of gas which is finely incorporated with the water,
+the company are enabled to supply families with it in kegs of fifteen
+gallons, in which the water keeps as well as in bottles, and at
+one-fourth to <a name="Page_51" id="Page_51"></a>one-sixth the cost. This method seems to give entire
+satisfaction and is fast coming into general use. This is the only
+spring that supplies the water in bulk to families. The price to
+druggists in bulk is twenty cents per gallon, to families $4 per half
+barrel, to the trade in cases at $21 per gross for pints, and $30 per
+gross for quarts.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Properties.</h3>
+
+<p>The Star water is mildly cathartic, has a pleasant, slightly acid
+taste, gentle and healthy in its action, and yet powerful in its
+effects.</p>
+
+<p>It is far more desirable for general use as a cathartic than the
+preparations of the apothecary.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Dr. Cuyler, in one of his peculiarly charming letters, gives the
+Star Water preference over all others as an active and efficient
+cathartic.</p>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="THE_TEN_SPRINGS" id="THE_TEN_SPRINGS"></a><b>THE TEN SPRINGS.</b></h2>
+
+
+<p>This is the name which was formerly given to several springs in the
+immediate vicinity of the Excelsior, and embracing the Union and the
+Minnehaha, which have been recently tubed. The other springs have been
+neglected, and the name "Ten Springs" has been abandoned.</p>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="THE_UNITED_STATES_SPRING" id="THE_UNITED_STATES_SPRING"></a><b>THE UNITED STATES SPRING</b></h2>
+
+
+<p>Is located under the same colonnade as the Pavilion, and less than ten
+feet distant from it. When the Pavilion was being retubed, in 1868, a
+new spring was discovered flowing from the east (the Pavilion and
+nearly all the other springs flowing from the west). It has been
+carefully tubed and christened the United States. It seems to be tonic
+in its properties, with only a very slight cathartic effect. It is now
+used for mixing with the still wines by <a name="Page_52" id="Page_52"></a>our German citizens, who find
+in it the virtues of their own Nassau Spring. There are very few of
+the Saratoga waters that can be used successfully with the red and
+white wines, the presence of a very large proportion of chloride of
+sodium being considered an objection. The United States Spring seems
+to fully answer the purpose, giving to the wines a rich flavor and
+sparkling character.</p>
+
+<p>It is a matter of surprise to visitors that two springs, welling up
+their waters so near together, should yet be widely different. Where
+nature in her subterranean laboratory obtains all the elements, and
+how she can manage that from one crevice shall issue a water whose
+ingredients shall never materially differ, and whose temperature shall
+remain constant throughout the year, while within a few feet she sends
+up an equally unvarying, and yet widely different spring, is indeed a
+problem, and the oftener one reflects on subjects of this kind, the
+oftener is the old fashioned observation repeated, that "let a man go
+where he will, Omnipotence is never from his view."</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="THE_WASHINGTON_SPRING" id="THE_WASHINGTON_SPRING"></a><b>THE WASHINGTON SPRING</b></h2>
+
+
+<p>Is situated in the grounds of the Clarendon Hotel, on South Broadway.</p>
+
+
+<h3>History.</h3>
+
+<p>This fountain was the first tubed in this mineral valley, being opened
+by Gideon Putnam, in 1806. It was used for bathing purposes chiefly.
+Dr. Steel writes of it in 1828, that it is "found of eminent service
+when applied to old, ill-conditioned ulcers, and obstinate eruptions
+of the skin." A cluster of bushes formed a shelter for the external
+use of the water.</p>
+
+<p>In 1858 a shaft eleven feet square was sunk round the spring to a
+depth of thirty feet. The stream seemed to <a name="Page_53" id="Page_53"></a>come from a lateral
+direction, and a tunnel was excavated for a distance of thirty feet.
+At this point the earth gave way, and the water and gas flowed in so
+suddenly that the workmen hardly escaped with their lives, leaving
+their tools behind them. In fifteen minutes 12,000 gallons of water,
+and double that quantity of gas, filled the excavation. Rotary pumps,
+worked by a steam engine, were insufficient to remove the water.
+Another shaft, near the end of the tunnel, was sunk to a depth of
+twenty-eight feet, when the water burst into this also, and it had to
+be abandoned. A third shaft, twenty feet in diameter, and held by a
+strong coffer dam, was sunk southeast of the former. When the rock was
+reached two streams were found issuing from a fissure; one of them was
+tubed, and water rose to the surface.</p>
+
+<p>This brief sketch will give a little idea of the difficulties and
+dangers incident to the tubing of some of these springs.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Properties.</h3>
+
+<p>This is a chalybeate or iron spring, having <i>tonic</i> and diuretic
+properties. It is not a saline water, and the peculiar inky taste of
+iron is perceptible. It should be drank in the afternoon or evening,
+before or after meals, or just before retiring. One glass is
+sufficient for tonic purposes. Many regard this as the most agreeable
+beverage in Saratoga. It is frequently called the "Champagne Spring"
+from its sparkling properties.</p>
+
+<p>The grounds in the immediate vicinity are very picturesque, and in the
+evening are lighted by gas. The Clarendon Band discourse their music
+on the neighboring piazza, and large numbers of fashionably attired
+people throng beneath the majestic pines, forming one of those
+peculiar group pictures which render Saratoga so charming.</p>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="EUREKA_WHITE_SULPHUR_SPRING" id="EUREKA_WHITE_SULPHUR_SPRING"></a><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54"></a><b>EUREKA WHITE SULPHUR SPRING</b></h2>
+
+
+<p>Is about a mile east of Broadway and only a few rods distant from the
+Eureka Mineral and the Ten Springs. Lake avenue and Spring avenue lead
+directly to it. Stages run between the spring and the village every
+hour, passing the principal hotels. Eureka Spring Co. are the
+proprietors.</p>
+
+<p>This is <i>the</i> Sulphur Spring of Saratoga. <i>It is said to be
+unsurpassed by any Sulphur spring in the State.</i> Sulphuretted or
+hepatic waters acquire their peculiar properties from beds of pyrites
+or by passing through strata of bituminous shale and f&oelig;tic-oolitic
+beds. These we regard as organic sulphuretted waters, while the others
+are mineral.</p>
+
+<p>The mere presence of hydrosulphuric acid gas does not constitute an
+hepatic water: for the solid ingredients are essential; and these are
+found in that of the Eureka White Sulphur Spring, proving it to be a
+very valuable water. It is successfully used in the long list of
+diseases for which, sulphur water, both internally and externally, is
+so highly recommended by the medical faculty. Sulphur waters are very
+useful in the treatment of rheumatism, gout, neuralgia, and kindred
+diseases, and in glandular affections and certain chronic diseases of
+the stomach, liver, intestines, spleen, kidneys, bladder and uterus,
+and in dropsy, scrofula, chlorosis and mercurial diseases. It is
+beneficial, used both internally and externally in the form of baths
+at different degrees of temperature, best determined in each case by
+the physician under whose advice, as a general rule, they should be
+used. The water is highly beneficial in cutaneous diseases, inflamed
+eyes, etc. If the person is dyspeptic the non-gaseous water should be
+used in small doses. It may be as well to add that such waters should
+not be used if there is a tendency to cerebral disease, or in cases of
+consumption and cancer.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55"></a>
+<img src="images/img059.jpg" width="650" height="445" alt="CONGRESS SPRING BOTTLING-HOUSE." title="" />
+<span class="caption">CONGRESS SPRING BOTTLING-HOUSE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56"></a>The water of this sulphur spring is remarkably pellucid. The fountain
+discharges upwards of 20,000 gallons per day.</p>
+
+<p>A large and commodious bathing-house, containing fifty bath-rooms,
+with excellent and ample accommodations and superior facilities,
+affords <i>warm</i> and <i>cold</i> sulphur water baths. They are a real luxury.</p>
+
+<p>This completes our list of the important springs. Mineral water of
+considerable merit has been found in several other places in the
+village and its vicinage, which, if situated elsewhere, would
+doubtless excite marked attention and popularity, but in the midst of
+Saratoga's brilliant galaxy and in the absence of any distinguishing
+peculiarity, they possess at present "no name."</p>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="DIRECTIONS_FOR_THE_USE_OF_THE_WATERSB" id="DIRECTIONS_FOR_THE_USE_OF_THE_WATERSB"></a><b>DIRECTIONS FOR THE USE OF THE WATERS.</b><a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">cathartic</span> waters, as a cathartic, should be taken only
+before breakfast in the morning, and possibly before retiring at
+night, because in the morning the body, refreshed by sleep, is best
+prepared for the water, and the stomach is empty. Two or three glasses
+are usually sufficient, if drank within a short interval and only a
+few minutes before breakfast. Many physicians attribute the cathartic
+effect to the "stimulus of distention" as well as to the absorption of
+the mineral properties, and for this purpose the water should not be
+sipped but <i>drank</i>. Before eating, the sipping of a little tea or
+coffee will make the waters more efficacious.</p>
+
+<p>None of the cathartic waters should be drank in <i>large quantities</i>
+immediately before, during or within two hours after meals, as they
+are then liable to disturb digestion and prevent nutrition.</p>
+
+<a name="Page_57" id="Page_57"></a><div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/img061.jpg" width="650" height="442" alt="WASHING AND FILLING." title="" />
+<span class="caption">WASHING AND FILLING.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>When suffering from a cold the cathartic waters should <a name="Page_58" id="Page_58"></a>be avoided.
+Those affected with lung complaints should not drink these waters.</p>
+
+<p>As an <span class="smcap">alterative</span>, the waters should be drank in small
+quantities at various intervals during the day. As their alterative
+effect is from the absorption of the water, the quantity taken should
+be small.</p>
+
+<p>The chalybeate or <span class="smcap">tonic</span> waters are liable to cause headache
+when taken before breakfast. They may be used with benefit before or
+after dinner and tea. Only from a half to one glass should be taken at
+a time.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">diuretic</span> waters should be drank before meals, and at
+night, and should not be followed by warm drinks. Walking and other
+exercise increase the diuretic effect.</p>
+
+<p>Attention to system should characterize the use of these as of other
+remedies.</p>
+
+<p>It is impossible to give <i>complete and invariable</i> directions for
+drinking any of the waters.</p>
+
+<p>The experience and necessities of each individual can alone determine
+many things in regard to their use.</p>
+
+<p>It is advisable to consult some experienced resident physician.</p>
+
+<p>A moderate use of the waters will be found most beneficial.</p>
+
+<p>The enormous quantities of water which some persons imbibe at the
+popular springs is perfectly shocking, and can only be injurious. It
+is no uncommon occurrence to see persons drink from five to ten
+glasses of Congress or Hathorn water with scarcely any interval, and
+the writer has heard of a lady who swallowed within a few minutes
+fourteen glasses of one of the springs. It is to be presumed that her
+thirst was satisfied, as no further account of her has been given.</p>
+
+<p>Those who are taking a course of mineral water will usually find their
+appetite increased thereby.</p>
+
+<a name="Page_59" id="Page_59"></a><div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/img063.jpg" width="650" height="448" alt="PACKING-ROOM, CONGRESS SPRING." title="" />
+<span class="caption">PACKING-ROOM, CONGRESS SPRING.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60"></a>An abundance of vegetables should be avoided, and only those which
+are perfectly fresh should be used.</p>
+
+<p>Frequent bathing in mineral water and otherwise will be found
+beneficial.</p>
+
+<p>Raising the temperature of the spring water, by placing a bottle of it
+in boiling water, makes it more efficacious as a cathartic, and is
+said to remove the iron. Heating the water makes it better for bathing
+purposes.</p>
+
+<p>FOOTNOTE:</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2">[B]</a> This article is <i>copy righted</i>. Parties who wish to copy
+the entire article, or a portion of it, will please give credit.</div>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="The_Saratoga_Waters_at_a_Distance_from_the_Springs" id="The_Saratoga_Waters_at_a_Distance_from_the_Springs"></a>The Saratoga Waters at a Distance from the Springs.</h2>
+
+<p>If the Saratoga waters are really what they have the reputation of
+being&mdash;and certainly no one who has witnessed their effects can deny
+their wonderful power&mdash;the purity of the water which is supplied to
+invalids, at a distance from the springs, becomes a matter of the
+utmost consequence.</p>
+
+<p>"The fashionable and the rich," writes an eminent divine, "who fill
+these splendid saloons, are not alone the people for whom the
+beneficent Creator opened these health-giving fountains; but they are
+also those who occupy the sick chambers in all parts of the earth, who
+have never seen Saratoga, but who are relieved and comforted by its
+waters."</p>
+
+<p>Personally the writer has found in several cities more or less
+difficulty in obtaining the genuine water. He therefore offers a few
+suggestions on the present mode of exportation.</p>
+
+<p>For many years the sale of spring water has been chiefly conducted by
+druggists. In the earlier days the business was conducted with
+fairness and profit to all concerned, but the small cost of
+manufacturing an artificial water imitating the natural in taste and
+appearance, and made even more sparkling and pungent by a heavy
+charging with gas, the enormous extent of the patent medicine business
+which has protruded itself in all directions, and to an overwhelming
+extent, and the large percentage of profit which druggists now realize
+on their goods, all these have interfered with the sale of pure
+natural spring water. We assert as an indisputable <a name="Page_61" id="Page_61"></a>fact that the
+sale of artificial waters has been a serious and unjust detriment to
+the reputation of natural mineral water.</p>
+
+<a name="Page_62" id="Page_62"></a><div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/img065.jpg" width="650" height="447" alt="STORE-ROOM, CONGRESS SPRING." title="" />
+<span class="caption">STORE-ROOM, CONGRESS SPRING.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Very little of the water sold on draught by druggists is genuine.
+Several instances have fallen under the immediate notice of the
+writer, in which druggists have obtained the photographs and trade
+marks of a certain spring, by the purchase of a small quantity of
+water, and then manufactured that which they sold on draught; and
+instances are numerous in which druggists have overcharged consumers
+for the bottled water.</p>
+
+<p>We cannot too strongly urge those who wish to obtain Saratoga water
+pure and fresh, to send <i>direct to the spring</i> whose waters they
+desire.</p>
+
+<p>To the Superintendents of springs we suggest the supplying of the
+waters through <i>grocers</i>, who can best handle both the barreled and
+the bottled water, and will be most likely to sell it in its purity.
+It should be made a <i>staple article</i>, and its merits as a beverage and
+a preventive of disease brought to public notice. The use of the water
+increases the appetite, and grocers would find its extended sale would
+be an advantage to their business.</p>
+
+<p>We believe our country would be better, and biliousness, dyspepsia,
+fevers, and a long range of diseases more rare, if the natural waters
+which God has provided were to become a standard article in our
+groceries.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><b><a name="Special_Notice" id="Special_Notice"></a>Special Notice.</b>&mdash;The subscriber is desirous of making a
+     special study of the mineral springs of Saratoga. He will
+     gladly receive any reliable information which may be
+     communicated to him in regard to the history, properties, etc.,
+     of the various springs, or their effects in particular cases.
+     Such information will be acknowledged in future editions of
+     this work.</p>
+
+<p>     <i>Invalids who have received benefit or injury</i> from the use of
+     the waters are earnestly requested to give a statement of their
+     experience. Communications of this sort will be held
+     <i>confidential</i>.</p>
+
+<p>     Proprietors of springs in other places are also requested to
+     send circulars and other information in regard to their several
+     springs.</p>
+
+<p>Address,<br />
+R.F. DEARBORN,<br />
+    <i>Saratoga Springs, N.Y.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PART_II" id="PART_II"></a><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63"></a>PART II.</h2>
+
+<h2>SARATOGA AS A WATERING PLACE, ITS HISTORY AND PECULIARITIES.</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PLACES_OF_INTEREST_IN_THE_VICINITY_OF_SARATOGA" id="PLACES_OF_INTEREST_IN_THE_VICINITY_OF_SARATOGA"></a><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64"></a>PLACES OF INTEREST IN THE VICINITY OF SARATOGA.</h2>
+
+
+<ul>
+<li>Battlefield,</li>
+<li>Ballston,</li>
+<li>Bemis Heights,</li>
+<li>Benedict's Sulphur Spring,</li>
+<li>Chapman's Hill,</li>
+<li>Circular Railway,</li>
+<li>Columbian Spring,</li>
+<li>Cohoes Falls,</li>
+<li>Congress Park,</li>
+<li>Congress Spring,</li>
+<li>Corinth Falls,</li>
+<li>Crystal Spring,</li>
+<li>Diamond Spring,</li>
+<li>Drs. Strongs Turkish Baths,</li>
+<li>Ellis Spring,</li>
+<li>Empire Spring,</li>
+<li>Eureka Spring,</li>
+<li>Excelsior Grove,</li>
+<li>Excelsior Spring,</li>
+<li>Excelsior Lake,</li>
+<li>Geyser Spring,</li>
+<li>Glass Factory,</li>
+<li>Glacier Spring,</li>
+<li>Glen Mitchel,</li>
+<li>Hagerty Hill,</li>
+<li>Hamilton Spring,</li>
+<li>Hathorn Spring,</li>
+<li>High Rock Spring,</li>
+<li>Indian Encampment,</li>
+<li>Indian Spring,</li>
+<li>Lake Lovely,</li>
+<li>Lake Saratoga,</li>
+<li>Luzerne,</li>
+<li>Marble Works,</li>
+<li>Pavilion Spring,</li>
+<li>Putnam's Spring,</li>
+<li>Race Course,</li>
+<li>Red Spring,</li>
+<li>Saratoga "A" Spring,</li>
+<li>Seltzer Spring,</li>
+<li>Star Spring,</li>
+<li>Stiles' Hill,</li>
+<li>Surrender Ground,</li>
+<li>Ten Springs,</li>
+<li>Trout Ponds,</li>
+<li>United States Spring,</li>
+<li>Verd Antique Marble Works,</li>
+<li>Washington Spring,</li>
+<li>Wagman's Hill,</li>
+<li>Water Works,</li>
+<li>Wearing Hill,</li>
+<li>White Sulphur Springs,</li>
+<li>Y.M.C.A. Rooms,</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Photographs of the above can be had of Baker &amp; Record.</p>
+
+<p>For the location of these places see map.</p>
+
+<p>No charge is made to visitors for the use of the waters, except a
+trifling fee to the "dipper boys," and even this is at the option of
+the visitor.</p>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Saratoga_as_a_Watering_Place" id="Saratoga_as_a_Watering_Place"></a><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65"></a><b>Saratoga as a Watering Place.</b></h2>
+
+
+<p>The question "where to spend the Summer?" is usually discussed by
+paterfamilias, anxious mammas and uneasy children long before the
+summer solstice drives them from the pent-up confines of the busy
+metropolis to the pure air and quite recreation of country life. Many
+will visit the seaside, some will climb the mountains or explore the
+forests. Fashion, in most instances, determines the place of resort,
+and has fixed on certain localities, or courts of its acknowledged
+leaders, where not to have been seen at least is to have been buried
+for the season.</p>
+
+<p>One place has held through the many years the highest rank, both from
+intrinsic merit, and from an unfluctuating devotion of the fashionable
+world, and has been aptly termed "The Queen of American Watering
+Places."</p>
+
+<p>The village of Saratoga, where dwells the benign goddess Hygeia, in
+the midst of her far-famed waters of life and health, is pleasantly
+situated within the heart of a broad stretch of varied table-land, in
+the upper part and near the eastern boundary of New York.</p>
+
+
+<h3>The History</h3>
+
+<p>Of this fashionable resort embraces a century. The muse of history has
+marked the spot with one of her red battleflags,<a name="Page_66" id="Page_66"></a> and thus
+distinguished her from the herd of new places whose mushroom growth is
+like that of the gentility which they harbor.</p>
+
+<a name="Page_67" id="Page_67"></a><div class="figcenter" style="width: 630px;">
+<img src="images/img070.jpg" width="630" height="392" alt="ROUTES TO LAKE GEORGE." title="" />
+<span class="caption">ROUTES TO LAKE GEORGE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The first white visitor who is known to have drank from these "rivers
+of Pactolus" is no less a distinguished person than Sir Wm. Johnson,
+Bart., who was conducted hither, in 1767, by his Mohawk friends. At
+that early day America could boast of little in the way of
+aristocracy, and it was not till 1803 that the career of Saratoga, as
+a fashionable watering place, was inaugurated. In this year, when the
+village consisted of only three or four cabins, Gideon Putnam opened
+the Union Hotel, and displayed his primitive sign of "Old Put and the
+Wolf."</p>
+
+<p>It was Putnam's ambition, when a boy even, to build him a great house,
+and in his time the Union Hotel, then 70 feet long, seemed to him
+doubtless comparatively as large as the present Grand Union seems to
+us.</p>
+
+<p>It is not necessary for us to follow Saratoga through its misfortunes
+and its successes, its fires and its improvements, until it has
+reached its present reputation and attractiveness.</p>
+
+<p>Year after year the water wells up its sparkling currents; year after
+year a little paint and plaster new-decks the great caravansaries;
+year after year belles blush and sigh away the summer, or, linking
+their destinies, rejoice or repine at leisure; and year after year,
+for a short four months of sequence, the little town swarms and
+rejoices with merry glee.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Routes_to_Saratoga" id="Routes_to_Saratoga"></a>Routes to Saratoga.</h2>
+
+<p>During the visiting season trains from the metropolis reach the place
+in five hours and thirty minutes&mdash;a distance of 186 miles. You can
+leave the city at nine o'clock in the morning, and upon the
+soft-cushioned seats, and amid the damask and velvet of Wagman's
+magnificent drawing-room <a name="Page_68" id="Page_68"></a>cars, enjoy a pleasurable journey up the
+famous Hudson, till you arrive at Saratoga early in the afternoon. Or,
+by the four o'clock train, Saratoga is reached in the evening. If
+pleasure is the object, and enjoyment of the lordly Hudson's
+bewildering beauty is desired, one of the steam palaces that plough
+the river should be taken. The most luxurious and elegant, and the
+safest and surest of these are the boats of the Peoples' Line. The
+contrast between the accommodations of these boats and certain others
+nearly as large, is so great as to leave no question which route is
+preferable.</p>
+
+<p>From New England and Boston the shortest and most direct route is via
+Rutland and Fitchburgh. This is the only route that run Palace cars
+through between Boston and Saratoga.</p>
+
+
+<h2>Distances.</h2>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Albany, 38 miles.</li>
+<li>Boston via Rutland, 230 miles.</li>
+<li>Philadelphia, 274 miles.</li>
+<li>Washington, 412 miles.</li>
+<li>Chicago, 841 miles.</li>
+<li>White Mountains, 322 miles.</li>
+<li>Boston via Albany, 250 miles.</li>
+<li>Troy, 32 miles.</li>
+<li>New York City, 186 miles.</li>
+<li>Niagara, 311 miles.</li>
+<li>Lake George, 45 miles.</li>
+<li>Montreal, 202 miles.</li>
+<li>Quebec, 392 miles.</li>
+<li>Rutland, 62 miles.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="The_Railway_Station" id="The_Railway_Station"></a>The Railway Station</h2>
+
+<p>Is naturally a place of special interest in any watering place.
+Visitors are no sooner settled in their summer quarters than they
+become interested in the incomings and outgoings of their fellow men,
+watching eagerly if perchance any old acquaintance may turn up. The
+contrast between city and country life in this respect is noticable.
+Those who, amid the race for wealth in the cities, can scarcely afford
+a nod to intimate friends, here greet a slight acquaintance even with
+a friendliness and cordiality undreamed of in the busy town.</p>
+
+<p>The station at Saratoga is elegant and tasteful, facing an open
+square, adorned with fountain and shade trees. It is built of brick,
+with elaborate iron trimmings from the Corrugated Iron Company of
+Springfield, Mass.</p>
+
+<a name="Page_69" id="Page_69"></a><div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/img073.jpg" width="650" height="434" alt="VIEW OF CONGRESS PARK." title="" />
+<span class="caption">VIEW OF CONGRESS PARK.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70"></a>The crowds are hastening away from it, and with them we will proceed
+towards</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="The_Village" id="The_Village"></a>The Village.</h2>
+
+<p>Large enough to possess a fixed population of some 9,000, it has
+double, and perhaps treble, this number in the visiting season; with
+elegant and costly churches, mammoth hotels and metropolitan stores,
+affording everything desirable, from a paper of pins to the rarest
+diamonds and laces, it has been called "<i>rus in urbe</i>"&mdash;more properly,
+<i>urbs in rure</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The principal street is Broadway, miles in length, ample in breadth,
+and, for the most part, shaded with a double line of graceful elms.
+Its extremities are adorned with beautiful villas. The Fifth avenue of
+the place, where the handsomest residences are located, is Circular
+street, east of the Park. Beautiful dwellings may also be found on
+Lake avenue and Franklin street. The streets are thronged with a gay
+and brilliant multitude, engaged in riding, driving, walking, each
+enjoying to the utmost a facinating kind of busy idleness. But by the
+time the tourist has glanced at all this he will be thinking of clean
+napkins, and will be interested to know what may be afforded in the
+way of</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Accommodations_for_Man_and_Beast" id="Accommodations_for_Man_and_Beast"></a>Accommodations for Man and Beast.</h2>
+
+<p>About 15,000 visitors can at one time be quartered in the gay watering
+place, and consequently to pen up all the fashionable flock within the
+limits of so small a town, requires no little tact. During August,
+Saratoga is always full, crowded, squeezed.</p>
+
+<p>Saratoga has the largest and most extensive hotels in the world. There
+are in all from thirty to forty, and in addition to them numerous
+public and private boarding-houses accommodate large numbers of
+guests.</p>
+
+<p>Among the hotels, the gem of Saratoga, and one of the finest, if not
+<i>the finest</i>, hotel in this country is<a name="Page_71" id="Page_71"></a></p>
+
+<h2><a name="Congress_Hall" id="Congress_Hall"></a>Congress Hall.</h2>
+
+<a name="Page_72" id="Page_72"></a><div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/img075.jpg" width="650" height="458" alt="CONGRESS HALL." title="" />
+<span class="caption">CONGRESS HALL.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Extending from Spring to Congress street, with a front on Broadway of
+416 feet, and reaching with its two mammoth wings 300 feet back, it is
+architecturally a perfect beauty. The rooms are large and elegant. The
+halls are ten feet wide, and broad, commodious stairways, with the
+finest elevator in the country, render every portion readily
+accessible. A front piazza, 20 feet wide and 240 feet in length, with
+numerous others within the grounds, and a promenade on the top of the
+hotel affording a charming view, contribute to render the house
+attractive. The dining halls, parlors, etc., are superb and ample, and
+everything about the house is on a scale of unequaled magnificence and
+grandeur.</p>
+
+<p>The proprieters have endeavored to incorporate into this hotel
+everything that can afford comfort and pleasure, at whatever expense.</p>
+
+<p>The cut of Congress Hall will give some idea of its <i>outlines</i>, but
+fails to do it justice. It must be seen to be appreciated, and when
+seen commands the unqualified admiration of the beholder. It was
+erected in 1868, by H.H. Hathorn, Esq., the proprietor of the old
+Congress Hall, and one of the most influential citizens of Saratoga.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="The_Grand_Union_Hotel" id="The_Grand_Union_Hotel"></a>The Grand Union Hotel.</h2>
+
+<p>This mammoth establishment is located on the west side of Broadway,
+and with its magnificent grounds embraces a space seven acres in
+extent, covering nearly an entire square. It is a splendid brick
+structure, with a street frontage of 1,364 feet. The office, parlor,
+dining room and dancing hall are unequaled for size, graceful
+architecture and splendid equipments and finish&mdash;the former exhibiting
+a lavish display of white and colored marbles, while a series of
+colonnades rise from the center to the dome. Within the capacious
+grounds are several elegant cottages, which are greatly sought for by
+the <i>elite</i>. A vertical railway, comprising the <a name="Page_73" id="Page_73"></a>latest improvements,
+renders the six stories so easy of access as to be equally desirable
+to guests.</p>
+
+<a name="Page_74" id="Page_74"></a><div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/img077.jpg" width="650" height="425" alt="GRAND UNION HOTEL SARATOGA" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The capacity of this house is greater than that of any other in the
+world. Some idea of its immensity may be formed from the following
+statistics: Length of piazzas, one mile; halls, two miles; carpeting,
+twelve acres; marble tiling, one acre; number of rooms, eight hundred
+and twenty-four; doors, one thousand four hundred and seventy-four;
+windows, one thousand eight hundred and ninety one; the dining room is
+two hundred and fifty feet by fifty-three feet and twenty feet high,
+and will accommodate at one time 1,200 people.</p>
+
+<p>Music on the lawn at nine in the morning and at three and a half in
+the afternoon. Hops every evening; balls on Tuesday evening.</p>
+
+<p>During the present year this hotel has fallen into the hands of
+Messrs. Breslin, Gardner &amp; Co., of the Gilsey House, N.Y., gentlemen
+who are unsurpassed as hotel managers.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Grand_Central" id="Grand_Central"></a>Grand Central.</h2>
+
+<p>"The new hotel," erected by Dr. R. Hamilton and Mr. C.R. Brown, is
+located on Broadway, directly opposite Congress Park, occupying the
+ground swept over by the immense conflagration which consumed the
+Crescent, Park Place and other hotels last September. Untiring energy
+has been manifested in its construction, and it is without doubt one
+of the most perfect summer hotels in the world. It is a tasteful and
+elegant structure, adding very much to the beauty and attractiveness
+of Saratoga. The citizens may well be proud of it.</p>
+
+<p>The exterior of the house is most imposing. It is five stories in
+height, with a French roof, and has a front of 340 feet on Broadway,
+and 200 feet on Congress street, and by a far-reaching wing in the
+rear incloses quite a little park.</p>
+
+<a name="Page_75" id="Page_75"></a><div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/img079.jpg" width="650" height="452" alt="GENERAL OFFICE." title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The building contains 650 rooms, with bowling alleys and <a name="Page_76" id="Page_76"></a>billiards,
+and twenty-two stores in the basement. It is built of brick, with iron
+trimmings. The dining room is 200 feet long. The other rooms are in
+suites with bath-room attached. All parts of the house communicate
+with the office through the medium of electricity. Everything is in
+the most modern and improved style, and with the latest improvements.
+Looking out upon the green vista of Congress Park and upon the
+interesting crowds of visitors who throng around the famous spring,
+affording from its windows and piazzas an ample view of the most
+fashionable part of Broadway, and embracing in its outlook the
+colonnades of the other large hotels, its location and surroundings
+are perfectly enchanting.</p>
+
+<p>Although at the present writing the hotel has not been opened to the
+public, we learn that it is the purpose of the proprietors, Messrs.
+Hamilton &amp; Brown, gentlemen of experience and enviable reputation as
+hotel managers, to conduct it on a very liberal scale.</p>
+
+<p>The table will be made a special feature. Epicureans may rest assured
+that</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"Whatever toothsome food or sprightly juice</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">On the green bosom of this earth are found,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Will be there displayed."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>That it will be a popular and well patronized resort is
+unquestionable. In its elegant furniture the house surpasses all
+others, and it has the further advantage that every room has a
+spacious clothes press, and is supplied with hot and cold water.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="The_Clarendon" id="The_Clarendon"></a>The Clarendon.</h2>
+
+<p>Is patronized by a very aristocratic and select class of guests. Its
+location is very picturesque; and within its inclosure, magnificently
+circled by elms and covered with a superb pagoda, is the celebrated
+Washington spring.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77"></a>
+<img src="images/img081.jpg" width="650" height="429" alt="CLARENDON HOTEL." title="" />
+<span class="caption">CLARENDON HOTEL.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78"></a>The Leland Spring, named in honor of the affable proprietor of the
+hotel, is also within the grounds.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="The_Everett_House" id="The_Everett_House"></a>The Everett House,</h2>
+
+<p>On South Broadway, a few steps beyond the Clarendon, is well
+patronized by a wealthy and cultivated class of guests. A very
+pleasant piazza surrounding the front of the house, and a pretty lawn
+and cottage in the grounds, are attractive features of this summer
+hotel. The house has a home-like appearance and a delightful location.
+Improvements and additions are now contemplated, to be completed
+before next season, which will render this one of the most beautiful
+summer hotels in America.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>As our space is too limited to give each an individual notice, we
+present below an alphabetical list of all the hotels and their
+proprietors, good, bad and indifferent&mdash;several on the American plan,
+and some on no plan at all. "Pay your money and take your choice."</p>
+
+<p>Josh Billings says a good hotel is a good stepmother. It is is not
+often that one has the opportunity to select his stepmother, but
+certainly it ought not to be impossible to make a good selection from
+this long</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="List_of_Hotels" id="List_of_Hotels"></a>List of Hotels.</h2>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Addison Hotel, Matilda street, Samson &amp; Porter.</li>
+<li>Albemarle Hotel, Broadway, A.C. Levi.</li>
+<li>Albion House, Front street, Walter Balfour.</li>
+<li>American Hotel, Broadway, Bennett &amp; McCaffrey.</li>
+<li>Broadway Hall, Broadway, J. Howland.</li>
+<li>Broadway House, Broadway, Wm. Wheelock.</li>
+<li>Cedar Bluff Hotel, Saratoga Lake, H.V. Myers.</li>
+<li>Circular Street House, Circular street, John Palmer.</li>
+<li>Clarendon Hotel, Broadway, C.E. Leland.</li>
+<li>Coleman House, Broadway, H.L. Murchin.<a name="Page_79" id="Page_79"></a></li>
+<li>Commercial Hotel, Church street, S.W. Smith &amp; Co.</li>
+<li>Congress Hall, Broadway, Hathorn &amp; Southgate.</li>
+<li>Continental Hotel, Washington street, Adams &amp; Mann.</li>
+<li>Cottage Home, Broadway, Miss L. Burbanck.</li>
+<li>Drs. Strongs Institute, Circular street, S.S. &amp; S.E. Strong.</li>
+<li>Elmwood Hall, Front street, O. Ford &amp; Griswold.</li>
+<li>Empire Hotel, Front street, Wm. H. Baker.</li>
+<li>Exchange Hotel, Henry street.</li>
+<li>Everett House, South Broadway, B.V. Fraser.</li>
+<li>Franklin House, Church street, C.W. Salisbury.</li>
+<li>Glen Mitchel, North Broadway, C. Weeks Mitchel.</li>
+<li>Grand Central Hotel, Broadway, Hamilton &amp; Brown.</li>
+<li>Grand Union Hotel, Broadway, Breslin, Gardner &amp; Co.</li>
+<li>Holden House, Broadway, W.J. Riggs.</li>
+<li>Hotel Germania, Broadway, G. Schmidt.</li>
+<li>Green Mountain House, Washington St., Chaffee &amp; Wooster.</li>
+<li>Huestis House, Broadway, J.L. Huestis.</li>
+<li>Lake House, Saratoga Lake, C.B. Moon.</li>
+<li>Lake Side House, Saratoga Lake, C.B. Moon, Jr.</li>
+<li>Manor House, South Broadway.</li>
+<li>Mansion House, Spring avenue near Excelsior Spring, Mrs. E.G. Chipman.</li>
+<li>Marvin House, Broadway, A. &amp; D. Snyder.</li>
+<li>Merchants Hotel, Caroline St., cor. Henry, G.H. Burrows.</li>
+<li>Mount Pleasant House, Broadway, C.H. Tefft.</li>
+<li>National Hotel, Congress street, C. Weil.</li>
+<li>New Columbian Hotel, Broadway, Waugh &amp; Co.</li>
+<li>New York Hotel, Lake avenue, K. Davis.</li>
+<li>Pitney House, Congress street, J. Pitney.</li>
+<li>Pavilion Hotel, Division street.</li>
+<li>St. James Hotel, Congress street, Van Vleck.</li>
+<li>Summer Resort, Franklin street.</li>
+<li>Spring Street House. Spring street, Wm. Carpenter.</li>
+<li>Temple Grove, Circular street, H.M. Dowd.</li>
+<li>Vermont House, Front street. B.V. Dyer.</li>
+<li>Washington Hall, Broadway, A.J. Starr.</li>
+<li>Wager House, South Broadway.</li>
+<li>Waverly House, Broadway, E.A. Duel.</li>
+<li>Western Hotel, Church street, cor. Lawrence, French &amp; Co.</li>
+<li>Wilbur House, Washington street.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80"></a>
+<img src="images/img083a.jpg" width="650" height="430" alt="THE CONTINENTAL HOTEL." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE CONTINENTAL HOTEL.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81"></a>
+<img src="images/img083b.jpg" width="650" height="411" alt="THE WAVERLY HOUSE." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE WAVERLY HOUSE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82"></a>
+<img src="images/img085.jpg" width="650" height="680" alt="GRAND CENTRAL HOTEL" title="" />
+<span class="caption">GRAND CENTRAL HOTEL,<br />
+Opposite Congress Park, opened July 12th, 1872</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Temple_Grove_Seminary" id="Temple_Grove_Seminary"></a>Temple Grove Seminary</h2>
+
+<p>Is beautifully situated in a grove in the eastern part of the village,
+on what was formerly called Temple Hill.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Chas. F. Dowd, A.M., a graduate of Yale College, is the
+principal.</p>
+
+<p>The regular graduating course occupies a period of four years, and
+embraces many of the studies pursued in our colleges for young men,
+while every facility is afforded for the more modern and artistic
+accomplishments. The endowment is found in the fact that during the
+long summer vacation the building is opened as a summer resort.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="The_Climate" id="The_Climate"></a>The Climate</h2>
+
+<p>Of Saratoga is remarkably pleasant and salubrious. Mountain bulwarks
+protect it from wind and tempest. We doubt if there is any place in
+the world which can offer more attractions to the invalid. Those who
+visit Saratoga in the pursuit of health, will find a very pleasant
+home among cultivated people at <a name="the_Institute_of_Drs" id="the_Institute_of_Drs"></a>the Institute of Drs. <span class="smcap">Strong</span>,
+on Circular street.</p>
+
+<p>We take pleasure in speaking of this house because it is unique in its
+character, and is one of the features of Saratoga. A guide book is not
+the place to discuss systems of medicine. Suffice it to say that the
+doctors, while regularly educated physicians, make use also of the
+varied resources of hydropathy, and of a wider range of remedial
+appliances than can be found in any similar institution on the globe.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83"></a>
+<img src="images/img087.jpg" width="650" height="425" alt="TEMPLE GROVE SEMINARY." title="" />
+<span class="caption">TEMPLE GROVE SEMINARY.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84"></a>It is worth the while of every tourist in Saratoga to visit the
+elegant Institute, and examine its Vacuum Cure and Movement Cure, and
+its superb bath-rooms and enjoy the luxury of a Turkish or Russian
+bath. The doctors are very courteous, and visitors will find a
+pleasant reception.</p>
+
+<p>The Institute is open throughout the year. As a <i>summer home</i> for
+people in health, it fully meets the wants of those desiring first
+class accommodations. There is no appearance of invalidism about the
+house, and its remedial character in no respect diminishes its
+attractions. Its table is superior, and its patrons are the religious
+aristocracy of the land.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="The_Churches" id="The_Churches"></a>The Churches</h2>
+
+<p>Are commodious and built with special reference to the visiting
+population. They are ministered to by resident pastors of culture and
+repute, and their pulpits are filled during the season by
+distinguished divines from all sections of the country.</p>
+
+<p>The Methodist Society have the most elegant and conveniently located
+edifice. It was dedicated the present year, and is situated on the
+north side of Washington street, just above the Grand Union. It is
+built of brick with sandstone trimmings, and cost $116,000. Rev. J.M.
+King is the pastor. Residence Phila street.</p>
+
+<p>The Episcopal church is nearly opposite the Methodist, a recent
+edifice of stone most pleasing in its architecture. Rev. Dr. Camp is
+the rector.</p>
+
+<p>The Presbyterian church is a large brick structure, some little
+distance up Broadway, and beyond the new Town Hall. Rev. Mr. Newman,
+pastor.</p>
+
+<p>The Baptist church is a brick edifice on Washington street, near the
+railroad. Rev. E.A. Wood, pastor.</p>
+
+<p>The Congregational church is directly over the Post Office, on Phila
+street. Rev. N.F. Rowland, pastor.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85"></a>
+<img src="images/img089.jpg" width="650" height="445" alt="TEMPLE GROVE SEMINARY&mdash;REAR VIEW." title="" />
+<span class="caption">TEMPLE GROVE SEMINARY&mdash;REAR VIEW.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86"></a>The Catholic church occupies a commanding and agreeable location upon
+South Broadway, just beyond the Clarendon Hotel.</p>
+
+<p>The Second Presbyterian church meets in Newland Chapel on Spring
+street, near Temple Grove Seminary. Rev J.N. Crocker, pastor.</p>
+
+<p>The Free Methodist chapel is on Regent street.</p>
+
+<p>A list of the services, and the hours of holding them, is published
+every Saturday in the daily <i>Saratogian</i>. The <i>Saratogian</i> is the "old
+established" paper, and seems to be as firm in its foundation as the
+rock from which the Saratoga waters issue. Eli Perkins informs us that
+Saratoga was named from the <i>Saratogian</i>. Col. Ritchie is one of the
+spiciest editors to be found.</p>
+
+<p>The hall and reading-room of</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="The_YMCA" id="The_YMCA"></a>The Y.M.C.A.</h2>
+
+<p>Are located on Phila street, nearly opposite the Post-Office. Daily
+prayer meetings are held from 10 to 11 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span></p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Real_Estate" id="Real_Estate"></a>Real Estate,</h2>
+
+<p>While not exorbitant, as at Newport and other watering places, the
+prices of real estate in Saratoga, as might be expected, are somewhat
+higher than usually reign in villages of its size. The value of real
+estate is enhanced very much yearly; the <i>average</i> rise, for several
+years, has been about ten per cent per annum. The size of the village
+and the number of the resident population&mdash;now about 9,000&mdash;is
+constantly increasing. Numerous and costly dwellings are being erected
+on almost every street. The village <i>thrives</i>, and it may be
+confidently hoped that, with its numerous and peculiar attractions,
+this beautiful valley will ere long become the center of a vast
+population. Educational institutions and manufacturing interests
+should flourish here.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87"></a>
+<img src="images/img091.jpg" width="400" height="685" alt="M.E. CHURCH, SARATOGA." title="" />
+<span class="caption">M.E. CHURCH, SARATOGA.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88"></a>There is a great demand for tasteful cottages for summer residents.</p>
+
+<p>As a permanent home, Saratoga is delightful and attractive. The
+climate is excellent. The home society is very pleasant, and
+uncorrupted by the flash and glitter of the summer carnival.</p>
+
+<p>At one portion of the year the most distinguished, cultivated and
+wealthy of our own country are gathered here&mdash;and sight-seeing can be
+done at home and on our own door-steps. The many blessings which
+follow in the train of wealth and culture are found here. Travelers
+from other climes who visit our country seldom return until they have
+drank from these celebrated fountains. An opportunity is afforded in
+the various pulpits of the village to listen to the most eloquent
+preachers of the day. The schools are good, and presided over by
+persons of skill and experience.</p>
+
+<p>Those of our readers who desire more particular information in regard
+to real estate and permanent or transient homes in Saratoga, are
+referred to Messrs. Wm. M. Searing &amp; Son, of Ainsworth's block.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Hack_Fares" id="Hack_Fares"></a>Hack Fares.</h2>
+
+<p>Saratoga cannot be called extortionate. Unlike Niagara, its prices are
+not exorbitant. Most people like to drive a fast horse, and they can
+do so very reasonably here. A nice single team can be obtained a whole
+afternoon for only $3, and a nobby carriage and coachman will carry a
+party to the Lake and back for from $3 to $6, at any time during the
+season. Hack fare, in the village, is 50 cents for each passenger;
+baggage, 25 cents each piece. An elegant turnout, including coachman,
+can be leased by the month for $75, and this includes the exclusive
+use. Excellent accommodations for those who bring their own teams can
+be obtained <a name="Page_89" id="Page_89"></a>for from $8 to $10 per week for each horse. Over three
+thousand private carriages are here every summer.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90"></a>
+<img src="images/img093.jpg" width="650" height="503" alt="DRS. STRONG&#39;S INSTITUTE, SARATOGA." title="" />
+<span class="caption">DRS. STRONG&#39;S INSTITUTE, SARATOGA.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Drives_and_Walks" id="Drives_and_Walks"></a>Drives and Walks.</h2>
+
+<p>The most fashionable drive is the new Boulevard to the Lake. Until
+recently there have been few attractions beside the gay and brilliant
+procession of carriages with their fair occupants and superb horses.</p>
+
+<p>The drive is four miles in length, with a row of trees on each side
+and one in the middle. Carriages pass down on one side and return on
+the other.</p>
+
+<p>No sooner have we turned by the Congress Spring than we are in a long
+level reach of plains, dotted here and there with trees of pine and
+fir, with a few distant hills of the Green Mountains rolling along the
+horizon. It is a city gala at the hotel, but the five minutes were
+magical, and, among the trees and rural scenes upon the road, we
+remember the city and its life as a winter's dream. The vivid and
+sudden contrast of this little drive with the hotel is one of the
+pleasantest points of Saratoga life. In the excitement of the day it
+is like stepping out, on a summer's evening, from the glaring
+ball-room upon the cool and still piazza.</p>
+
+<p>Near the outlet of the lake, on a bluff fifty feet above the surface
+of the water, is</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Moons_Lake_House" id="Moons_Lake_House"></a>Moon's Lake House,</h2>
+
+<p>One of the features of Saratoga. There is a row of carriages at the
+sheds&mdash;a select party is dining upon those choice trout, black bass
+and young woodcock. The game dinners are good, the prices are high,
+and the fried potatoes are noted all over the world. They have never
+been successfully imitated. Are done up in papers and sold like
+confectionery. The gayly dressed ladies indulge in beatific
+expressives as they feast upon them.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91"></a>
+<img src="images/img095.jpg" width="400" height="490" alt="DINING ROOM GRAND UNION." title="" />
+<span class="caption">DINING ROOM GRAND UNION.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92"></a>A capital story is told of Moon, the proprietor&mdash;indeed, he tells it
+"himself." A few months after one of his "seasons" had closed he
+chanced to be in Boston, where he hired a horse and buggy to drive out
+to Chelsea. When he returned and called for his bill, the livery
+stable keeper charged him about six times the usual price; and when an
+explanation of such an extraordinary charge was demanded, replied,
+"Mr. Moon. I presume you do not recognize me, but <i>last summer I took
+dinner at your Lake House</i>." "Say not another word about it, my good
+fellow," responded Moon in his turn, "here is your money."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Moon always has something nice <i>expressly for you</i>. When his
+liability to loss in so doing is considered, his prices will not
+appear so exorbitant.</p>
+
+<p>Those who with Prior,</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 7em;">"Charmed with rural beauty</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Chase fleeting pleasure through the maze of life,"</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>will be pleased with</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Saratoga_Lake" id="Saratoga_Lake"></a>Saratoga Lake.</h2>
+
+<p>It has nine miles of length and two miles and a half of breadth. Many
+and varied scenes of interest and grandeur occur within this broad
+range of water and shore. The whole lake is replete with quiet and
+gentle beauty, striking the beholder rather with admiration than
+astonishment.</p>
+
+<p>Boating and sailing may be enjoyed upon its waters, and a small
+steamer, plying from point to point, is at the command of pleasure
+parties.</p>
+
+<p>Formerly an abundance of trout was found here, and shad and herring
+were among the annual visitors; but the lake is now filled with the
+black or Oswego bass, pickerel, muscalonge and perch.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93"></a>
+<img src="images/img097.jpg" width="650" height="421" alt="SARATOGA LAKE." title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>But Saratoga Lake is not wholly devoted to the sportsman, <a name="Page_94" id="Page_94"></a>or to the
+frivolities of fashionable butterflies. The beautiful and familiar
+hymn commencing&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"From whence doth this union arise,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">That hatred is conquer'd by love?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">It fastens our souls in such ties,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">That nature and time can't remove,"</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>was composed and sang first, upon the placid waters of this lake, by
+Dr. Baldwin, of Boston, and a party of clerical friends.</p>
+
+<p>That charming author, N.P. Willis, relates in his own charming style
+the following tradition of Saratoga Lake:</p>
+
+<p>"There is," he says, "an Indian superstition attached to this lake,
+which probably has its source in its remarkable loneliness and
+tranquility. The Mohawks believed that its stillness was sacred to the
+Great Spirit, and that if a human voice uttered a sound upon its
+waters, the canoe of the offender would instantly sink. A story is
+told of an Englishwoman, in the early days of the first settlers, who
+had occasion to cross this lake with a party of Indians, who, before
+embarking, warned her most impressively of the spell. It was a silent,
+breathless day, and the canoe shot over the smooth surface of the lake
+like an arrow. About a mile from the shore, near the center of the
+lake, the woman, willing to convince the savages of the weakness of
+their superstition, uttered a loud cry. The countenances of the
+Indians fell instantly to the deepest gloom. After a moment's pause,
+however, they redoubled their exertions, and in frowning silence drove
+the light bark like an arrow over the waters. They reached the shore
+in safety, and drew up the canoe, and the woman rallied the chief on
+his credulity. 'The Great Spirit is merciful,' answered the scornful
+Mohawk, 'He knows that a white woman cannot hold her tongue.'"</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95"></a>
+<img src="images/img099.jpg" width="450" height="520" alt="BALL ROOM GRAND UNION." title="" />
+<span class="caption">BALL ROOM GRAND UNION.</span>
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96"></a><a name="Chapmans_Hill" id="Chapmans_Hill"></a>Chapman's Hill</h2>
+
+<p>Is a mile beyond the Lake House, and one hundred and eighty feet above
+the level of the lake. A charming view is afforded. Immediately below,
+the lake presents a mirrored surface of several square miles, while
+the meadows and table lands on its western shore may be traced with
+all their simple beauty until they merge into the Kayaderosseras range
+of mountains.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Wagmans_Hill" id="Wagmans_Hill"></a>Wagman's Hill,</h2>
+
+<p>Which is about three miles beyond, affords a still more extended view.
+This hill is two hundred and forty feet above the lake.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Hagerty_Hill" id="Hagerty_Hill"></a>Hagerty Hill,</h2>
+
+<p>Six miles north of the village, toward Luzerne, brings to view a fine
+landscape.</p>
+
+<p>But the most extended view and the boldest landscape may be seen from</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Wearing_Hill" id="Wearing_Hill"></a>Wearing Hill,</h2>
+
+<p>On the Mount Pleasant road, and about fifteen miles from Saratoga
+Springs. Saratoga, Ballston, Schenectady, Waterford, Mechanicville,
+Schuylerville, Saratoga Lake, Round Lake, etc., by the aid of a glass,
+can all be discerned from this hill.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Lake_Lovely" id="Lake_Lovely"></a>Lake Lovely</h2>
+
+<p>Is the euphonious name of an interesting little sheet of water not far
+from the village on the Boulevard to Saratoga Lake. Though not of very
+great extent, it has many points of considerable attraction, one of
+which is a glen on the eastern bank of the lake, which forms an echo,
+said to be almost as distinct and powerful as the celebrated one in
+the ruined bastion of the old French fortress at Crown Point.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97"></a><a name="Stiles_Hill" id="Stiles_Hill"></a>Stiles' Hill,</h2>
+
+<p>An interesting locality, revealing a varied landscape, along the
+Hudson and Mohawk rivers, may be reached in a drive of a few miles
+along the base of the Palmerton Mountain.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Corinth_Falls" id="Corinth_Falls"></a>Corinth Falls,</h2>
+
+<p>A bold cataract in the Upper Hudson, is some fifteen miles from
+Saratoga, and a mile from Jessup's Landing, on the Adirondack Railway.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Luzerne" id="Luzerne"></a>Luzerne,</h2>
+
+<p>A charming hamlet at the confluence of the Hudson and Sacandaga, is
+twenty miles from Saratoga. It may be reached by a carriage road or
+the Adirondack Railway. Lake Luzerne, a beautiful sheet of water, on
+the shore of which the village is situated, affords excellent
+opportunities for fishing and boating. There are two excellent
+hotels&mdash;Rockwell's and the Wayside. The latter has numerous cottages
+attached for summer residents. It is owned by B.C. Butler, Esq., well
+known as the author of an interesting History of Lake George and Lake
+Champlain, and other works.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Lake_George" id="Lake_George"></a>Lake George</h2>
+
+<p>Is about thirty miles from Saratoga by carriage road. The Adirondack
+Railway, and a stage ride of nine miles, is the pleasantest and most
+convenient route. Travelers can return the same day, if necessary.</p>
+
+<p>There are other and shorter drives in Saratoga, which are very
+attractive. <span class="smcap">Spring Avenue</span>, leading to the Excelsior and
+Sulphur springs and returning by Lake Avenue, is being laid out and
+will make a beautiful drive.</p>
+
+<p>The road to <span class="smcap"><a name="Ballston" id="Ballston"></a>Ballston</span> and the <span class="smcap">Spouting Springs</span> has
+been recently improved, and is a popular resort.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 462px;"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98"></a>
+<img src="images/img102.jpg" width="462" height="684" alt="CONGRESS PARK." title="" />
+<span class="caption">CONGRESS PARK.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 474px;"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99"></a>
+<img src="images/img103.jpg" width="474" height="561" alt="DRAWING ROOM GRAND UNION." title="" />
+<span class="caption">DRAWING ROOM GRAND UNION.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The entire length of <span class="smcap">Broadway</span> is a magnificent drive and
+<a name="Page_100" id="Page_100"></a>affords an interesting and picturesque ride of some five minutes.
+About a mile north of Congress Hall the half-mile track and handsome
+grounds of <a name="Glen_Mitchel" id="Glen_Mitchel"></a>Glen Mitchel are located. The Saratoga County Agricultural
+Society have their buildings here. The track is open to all who wish,
+both pedestrians and carriages. At the base of a steep bluff, shaded
+with numerous trees, and directly facing the race-track, is the Glen
+Mitchel hotel. The grounds are maintained at great expense by the
+proprietors of the hotel, and when this and the short season of
+patronage is regarded, the prices for ordinary refreshments will not
+be considered as extraordinary as they might otherwise seem. The drive
+may be extended by turning to the east and driving round a small
+lake&mdash;Excelsior&mdash;and past the water-works, returning by Spring Avenue.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The <a name="walk_through_the_woods" id="walk_through_the_woods"></a>walk through the woods to Excelsior Spring</span> is by far the
+most beautiful in Saratoga. To reach <a name="the_grove" id="the_grove"></a>the grove, pedestrians and
+carriages will pass along Lake Avenue a little past Circular street,
+when a small sign will be found pointing the way to the "Walk to
+Excelsior Spring." No tourist should fail to visit this place. A
+pleasant hour may be spent in the woods, after a stroll through which,
+the delicious water of the Excelsior will be refreshing indeed.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Congress_Park" id="Congress_Park"></a>Congress Park</h2>
+
+<p>Is the gem of Saratoga. It consists of a small hill in the shape of a
+horseshoe, covered with handsome trees, and laid out in smooth walks
+encircling the low ground which surrounds the spring. The park is the
+property of the Congress and Empire Spring Co., who generously keep it
+in perfect repair, and open to the public.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 654px;"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101"></a>
+<img src="images/img105.jpg" width="654" height="433" alt="UNION HOTEL AND GROUNDS." title="" />
+<span class="caption">UNION HOTEL AND GROUNDS.</span>
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102"></a><a name="Gridleys_Trout_Ponds" id="Gridleys_Trout_Ponds"></a>Gridley's Trout Ponds.</h2>
+
+<p>Those who are fond of "speckled beauties," and would like to obtain a
+fine mess without encountering the swarms of mosquitoes, gnats and
+sand flies that usually infest the region where the trout may be
+taken, should visit Gridley's. "Old Gridley," as he is familiarly
+called, formerly kept the Pavilion, near the depot. Some three or four
+years since he conceived the idea of starting a fish propagating
+establishment. His place is located in a beautiful little ravine,
+about one mile and a half from Congress Spring and just beyond the
+race-course. There may be seen myriads of speckled trout in a
+succession of small ponds situated along down the ravine, one below
+the other, supplied with water of the brilliancy of a crystal, gushing
+from the banks. It is a well known fact that the chief reason for this
+species of fish being so scarce, is because of their devouring each
+other, or, in other words, "big fish eating up little fish." Hence,
+Mr. Gridley, as well as other propagators, is obliged to separate them
+as to age and size&mdash;one-year olds in one pond, two-year olds in
+another, and so on down.</p>
+
+<p>Visitors are very cordially received by Mr. G., and provided with
+fishing tackle, etc&mdash;and sometimes a bottle of Rhine wine gratis&mdash;and
+are duly informed that his prices are $1 per pound&mdash;that is, for every
+pound of fish caught, visitors can pay $1. The fish may be seen
+tantalizingly sporting and jumping out of the water two or three
+thousand at a time. For any one who contemplates indulging in the
+sport, and is willing to pay for it, this is the place to come.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="The_Saratoga_Battle_Ground" id="The_Saratoga_Battle_Ground"></a>The Saratoga Battle Ground.</h2>
+
+<p>A visit to the scene of the great battle of Saratoga, in October,
+1777, which ended in the surrender of the British Army, under
+Burgoyne, to the Americans, under Gates, will <a name="Page_103" id="Page_103"></a>occupy a pleasant
+though somewhat long day's excursion. The battle was fought upon the
+elevated lands at Bemis Heights two miles from the Hudson, in the town
+of Stillwater, about 15 miles from Saratoga Springs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 408px;"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104"></a>
+<img src="images/img107.jpg" width="408" height="442" alt="INDIAN CAMP." title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;SET UP A CENT&quot;&mdash;INDIAN CAMP.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Visitors may obtain all desired information respecting the precise
+localities of the struggle from Cicerones on the spot.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="The_Surrender_Ground" id="The_Surrender_Ground"></a>The Surrender Ground,</h2>
+
+<p>The scene of the capitulation a few weeks subsequent to the battle, is
+a few miles further up the river.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="The_Village_Cemetery" id="The_Village_Cemetery"></a>The Village Cemetery,</h2>
+
+<p>In places that can boast but few objects of interest, is usually one
+of the chief places of resort. In Saratoga there are so many "show
+places" and peculiar attractions, that the cemetery visitors are
+limited principally to the resident population, and those who arm in
+arm, or hand in hand, stroll through its meandering paths, or while
+away their hours in its shady seats nurturing the tender passion.</p>
+
+<p>The old cemetery is near the Empire Spring. The village cemetery
+proper is found east and south of Congress Park. In both may be found
+some curious inscriptions, and from the latter we transcribe the
+following additions to cemetery literature, with all respect for those
+whose memories are thus enshrined:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"My Engine is now cold and still,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">No water doth her boiler fill,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The wood affords its flames no more,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">My days of usefulness are o'er."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"Rest here thou early call'd, in peace,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'Till Jesus grant a sweet release."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105"></a>
+<span style="margin-left: 9em;">"There's not an hour</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of day or dreaming nights but I am with thee,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And not a flower that sleeps beneath the moon</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">But in its hues or fragrance tells a tale of thee."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>What seemed to us perhaps the most touching inscription, we found upon
+a stone bearing the date of 1792:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"This stone is raised by a daughter and only child, as a token of respect</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">For a mother whom she was too young to know, but whose virtues</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">She humbly desires to imitate."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="The_Verd-Antique_Marble_Works" id="The_Verd-Antique_Marble_Works"></a>The Verd-Antique Marble Works.</h2>
+
+<p>Among the outside diversions which every tourist, and especially every
+scientist, should visit is the steam mills of the Adirondack
+Verd-Antique Marble Co. The mills are situated in this village near
+the freight depot, though the quarries are in Thurman, on the
+Adirondack railroad. A very interesting peculiarity of this
+marble&mdash;which is quite beautiful&mdash;is, that it contains minute fossils
+of the earliest forms of existence known to scientific men&mdash;the
+<i>Eozo&ouml;n Canadense</i>. The marble is capable of a high polish, and makes
+beautiful ornaments.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Amusements" id="Amusements"></a>Amusements.</h2>
+
+<p>Some one has said that the amusements of Saratoga life are dancing and
+drinking, the one exercise being the Omega as the other is the Alpha
+of its butterfly life. Saratoga, however, <i>abounds</i> in amusements.
+There are the races at the race-course and on the lake; there are
+balls and hops every night; there are the Indians and the Circular
+railway, and drives in all directions; there are select parties and
+music by the bands, and shopping, and concerts, and, at the <a name="Page_106" id="Page_106"></a>religious
+houses, charades and tableaux, and prayer meetings; and what more
+could be asked?</p>
+
+<p>Besides all these,</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Josh_Billings" id="Josh_Billings"></a>Josh Billings</h2>
+
+<p>says that, "after going to Long Branch and frolicking in the water, he
+relishes going to Saratoga and letting the water frolic in him."</p>
+
+<p>A correspondent gives the following</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Routine_for_a_Lady" id="Routine_for_a_Lady"></a>Routine for a Lady.</h2>
+
+<p>Rise and dress; go down to the spring; drink to the music of the band;
+walk around the park&mdash;bow to gentlemen; chat a little; drink again;
+breakfast; see who comes in on the train; take a siesta; walk in the
+parlor; bow to gentlemen; have a little small talk with gentlemen;
+have some gossip with ladies; dress for dinner; take dinner an hour
+and a half; sit in the grounds and hear the music of the band; ride to
+the lake; see who comes by the evening train; dress for tea; get tea;
+dress for the hop; attend the hop; chat awhile in the parlors, and
+listen to a song from some guest; go to bed. Varied by croquet,
+ladies' bowling alley, Indian camp, the mineral springs, grand balls
+twice a week, concerts, etc., and the races.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Balls" id="Balls"></a>Balls.</h2>
+
+<p>The three largest hotels have elegant ball-rooms, where hops take
+place every evening. Balls are held every week at each of the houses.
+Upon the latter occasion, the dressing becomes a matter of life and
+death, and explains why such numbers of those traveling arks known as
+"Saratoga trunks" are docked at the station every summer.</p>
+
+<p>Balls are reported in the papers far and near, and the anxiety of some
+to secure a good report of their costume is <a name="Page_107" id="Page_107"></a>amusing. Brown's dismay
+at the bills is somewhat appeased as he reads in the morning paper,
+"Miss Brown, of &mdash;&mdash;, a charming graceful blonde, was attired in a
+rich white corded silk, long train, with ruffles of the same,
+overdress of pink gros grain, looped <i>en panier</i>, corsage low,
+<i>decollette</i>, with satin bows and point lace; hair <i>a la Pompadour</i>,
+with curls on white feathers, pearls and diamonds. <i>She was much
+admired.</i> Miss Brown is the accomplished daughter of Mr. Brown, one of
+the leading citizens of the Metropolis."</p>
+
+<p>The hops are free to all the guests. An admission of $1 is customary
+at the balls, and choice refreshments are served. Upon ball nights,
+the tasteful iron bridge which connects Congress Hall with its
+ball-room, and the grounds of the Grand Union, are illuminated by
+colored lights, presenting a fairy-like scene of bewildering beauty.
+Upon these occasions a large proportion of the population, both exotic
+and native, come forth as upon a festal day.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="The_Races" id="The_Races"></a>The Races</h2>
+
+<p>Occur the middle of July, and the second week in August, and are under
+the charge of the Saratoga Racing Association.</p>
+
+<p>The race-course is about a mile from Congress Spring. It was laid out
+in 1866, by C.H. Ballard, an accomplished surveyor, and is
+unsurpassed, if equaled, by any race-course in America, not excepting
+the famous Fashion course on Long Island. The swiftest and most noted
+racers in the Union are brought here, and many of the most remarkable
+races known to sportsmen have occurred on these grounds.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Indian_Camp" id="Indian_Camp"></a>Indian Camp.</h2>
+
+<p>A few steps from Congress Spring, directly past the Saratoga
+Club-House, leads you to a wicket gate marked "Circular, Railway and,
+Indian, Camp."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108"></a>The Indians are not such as figure conspicuously in the early annals
+of our country and in our favorite romances&mdash;as Eli Perkins says&mdash;"far
+different!" They are simply a Canadian Gypsy band, part low French and
+part low Indian blood. They come here annually with an eye to
+business, and open their weird camp to the public simply as a
+speculation, offering for sale the various trinkets to which their
+labor is directed.</p>
+
+<p>The white tents glistening among the green hemlocks, and the rustic
+lodges displaying the gayly decorated bow and quiver, make a picture
+somewhat attractive; but the Indians themselves are dirty and homely,
+and far from inviting in their appearance. The slim, blackeyed,
+barefooted boys, who pester you with petitions to "set up a cent," as
+a mark for their arrows, have a sort of Gypsy picturesqueness,
+however; and as one walks down the little street between the
+huts&mdash;half tent and half house&mdash;he may get an occasional glimpse of a
+pappoose swinging in a hammock, and thank his stars for even such a
+fractional view of the pristine life.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="The_Circular_Railway" id="The_Circular_Railway"></a>The Circular Railway</h2>
+
+<p>Is connected with the Indian Camp. An opportunity is here afforded for
+enthusiasts and very gallant gentlemen to test their strength and
+patience, by propelling themselves and friends round the circle in one
+of the cars. The recreation requires the expenditure of no little
+strength, and is only accomplished by the sweat of some one's brow,
+but it is preferable, doubtless, to "swinging round the circle."</p>
+
+<p>Within a few feet of the Circular Railway is a spring of pure soft
+water. The water is quite drinkable, and is esteemed unusually pure
+and wholesome. The well water of the town is good, and the water from
+Excelsior Lake, which has lately been introduced throughout the
+village by the Holly system, is considered superior.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109"></a><a name="Shopping" id="Shopping"></a>Shopping.</h2>
+
+<p>Abundant opportunity is afforded those who have occasion to visit
+emporiums of art and fashion on shopping designs intent. The flashing
+establishments under the large hotels, as well as several others in
+the village, cater entirely to the fashionable visitor. Everything
+desirable in the way of laces, feathers, diamonds and ornaments, and
+elegant dress goods are obtainable. It is the custom of many of the
+fashionable merchants and <i>modistes</i> of New York to open here during
+the summer, branch establishments for the sale of their specialities.
+There are numerous resident stores also, which would not disgrace New
+York or Boston; among these the house of H. Van Deusen, on Broadway
+and Phila street, near the Post-Office, takes the lead. During the
+warm season, the Saratoga Broadway glitters with the brilliant display
+in shop windows, and the gorgeous exhibition of goods upon the
+sidewalks.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Evening" id="Evening"></a>Evening.</h2>
+
+<p>It is only in the evening that Saratoga is in full bloom. When&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"&mdash;&mdash; night throughout the gelid air,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Veils with her sable wings the solar glare;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">When modest Cynthia clad in silver light</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Expands her beauty on the brow of night,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sheds her soft beams upon the mountain side,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Peeps through the wood and quivers on the tide,"</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>then faces light up with the gas lamps. The parlors begin to fill with
+elegantly attired ladies, the piazzas are thronged with chatty and
+sociable gentlemen, and the streets are crowded, far more than they
+are in the daytime, by pleasure strollers of either sex in elegant
+array. The ball-room becomes radiant with costly chandeliers whose
+effulgence is reflected by diamonds of the first water.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110"></a>One dark evening, at the height of last season, in the midst of the
+preparations for a brilliant ball, the gas which supplies the whole
+village became suddenly exhausted. Candles were the only resource, and
+there was by some mischance a limited supply of these. Bottles were
+improvised for candlesticks, and stationed in the corners and on the
+pianos of the massive parlors, rendering the scene grotesque and
+ludicrous in the extreme, while the closer nestling of lovers and the
+solemn stillness reigning on every hand gave sublimity to the picture.
+The poet Saxe happened to be among the guests at Congress Hall, and
+borrowed a candle from a pretty young lady. The next morning she found
+under her door the following beautiful lines:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"You gave me a candle; I give you my thanks,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">And add, as a compliment justly your due,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">There is not a girl in these feminine ranks</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Who could, if she would, hold a candle to you."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Verily "darkness brings the stars to view." On this occasion there was
+no little "sparking," and though the flames of the gas lamps gave no
+light, love's flame burned brighter than ever.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Saratoga_in_Winter" id="Saratoga_in_Winter"></a>Saratoga in Winter.</h2>
+
+<p>Saratoga is not a "Country where the leaves never fall, and the
+eternal day is summer-time." As the gorgeous autumnal sunsets of
+October crown the golden-capped, or no longer verdant forests, the
+summer beauties prepare to return to their winter homes. The falling
+leaves in this vicinity are wondrously beautiful, and the cool sunsets
+will richly reward those who tarry to behold them; but "the season" is
+over, and the little town becomes almost a deserted village.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"Brightly, sweet Summer, brightly,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thine hours have floated by."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111"></a>A shade of melancholy cannot but possess those who remain after the
+last polka is polked, the last light in the last ball-room is
+extinguished, and the summer ended. At length the railway engine
+whistles at long intervals; the mail-bags lose their plethora; the
+parish preachers, shorn of occasional help, knuckle to new sermons;
+the servants disperse; the head waiter retires to private life, and
+the dipper-boy disappears in the shades of the pine forests; the
+Indians pack up their duds, and, like the Arab, silently steal away;
+while the landlords retire within their sanctums to count over their
+hard-earned dollars.</p>
+
+<p>After a time the village seems to become accustomed to the "new
+departure," and local politics, Tammany rings and frauds, and
+committees of forty agitate the public breast, until Spring returns
+and Saratoga blossoms again with new beauty.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Romance" id="Romance"></a>Romance.</h2>
+
+<p>Although Saratoga is pre&euml;minently a fashionable resort, and the city
+of vanity fair, it is nevertheless Cupid's summer-home; and lovers
+here acknowledge the first throbbings of that passion of bright hopes,
+and too many sad realities&mdash;love. The complaint is always heard that
+"fish don't bite this season;" but autumn comes, the butterflies
+return home, and then it is found that a goodly number have been
+<i>caught</i>. Those not matrimonially inclined should know that a sojourn
+at a Spa is attended with considerable danger.</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Saratoga_Society" id="Saratoga_Society"></a>Saratoga Society.</h2>
+
+<p>The poet says of Saratoga life:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"Saratoga society,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">What endless variety!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">What pinks of propriety!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">What gems of sobriety!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">What garrulous old folks,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">What shy folks and bold folks,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And warm folks and cold folks!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Such curious dressing,</span><br /><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112"></a>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And tender caressing,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Of course that is guessing.)</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Such sharp Yankee Doodles,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And dandified noodles,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And other pet poodles!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Such very loud patterns,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Worn often by slatterns!)</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Such strait necks, and bow necks,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Such dark necks and snow necks,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And high necks and low necks!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">With this sort and that sort,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The lean sort and fat sort,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The bright and the flat sort&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Saratoga is crammed full,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And rammed full, and jammed full," etc.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Conclusion" id="Conclusion"></a><b>Conclusion.</b></h2>
+
+<p>But while we laugh at Saratoga, its dancing, dressing and flirtation,
+it is yet not without its lessons for an observing eye.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;">"Here the heart</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">May give a useful lesson to the head,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And Learning wiser grow without his books."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>It is not all frivolity. Like every aspect of life, and like most
+persons, it is a hint and suggestion of something high and poetic. It
+is an oasis of repose in the desert of our American hurry. It is a
+perpetual festival.</p>
+
+<p>Here we step out of the worn and weary ruts of city society, and
+mingle in a broad field of varied acquaintance. Here we may scent the
+fairest flowers of the South, and behold the beauty of our Northern
+climes. Here party distinctions and local rivalries are forgotten.
+Here, too, men mingle and learn from contact and sympathy, a sweeter
+temper and a more catholic consideration, so that the summer flower we
+went to wreath may prove not the garland of an hour, but a firmly
+linked chain in our American Union.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 658px;"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113"></a>
+<img src="images/img117.jpg" width="658" height="544" alt="CLOSE OF THE SEASON AT SARATOGA" title="" />
+<span class="caption">CLOSE OF THE SEASON AT SARATOGA</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX_TO_PART_I" id="APPENDIX_TO_PART_I"></a><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114"></a><b>APPENDIX TO PART I.</b></h2>
+
+
+<p>When the previous forms went to press, we were unable to give any
+satisfactory and reliable statement of the Spouting Springs recently
+discovered in the vicinity of the Geyser. We present, below, such
+information as we are able to give in regard to them at this time,
+hoping to render our description more complete in future editions of
+this work.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE TRITON SPRING.</h3>
+
+<p>This recently discovered Spouting Spring is located on the north side
+of the road near the Geyser. The vein was struck in January of the
+present year. The depth of the well is about 150 feet. The water
+spouts about fifteen feet above the surface. Present appearances seem
+to indicate that the spring is chalybeate, though the mineral
+ingredients are not large. We are unadvised in reference to the plans
+regarding it. Messrs. Verbeck and Gilbert are the proprietors.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE ESMOND AND WRIGHT SPRING</h3>
+
+<p>Is located in the ramble between the railroad and the Geyser Spring,
+and near the Ellis Spring.</p>
+
+<p>On the 17th of June of the present year, at almost the identical hour
+in which Mr. Gilmore opened his Peace Jubilee, a new mineral
+fountain&mdash;a spouting spring&mdash;gushed forth from its deep origin in
+mother earth to rejuvenate and bless mankind. The gas is so abundant
+that if the orifice of the tube is closed for a few moments sufficient
+force will accumulate to blow a steam whistle. It has not been
+christened at present. We suggest that it be called the "Gilmore
+Spring." <a name="Page_115" id="Page_115"></a>The well is over a hundred feet deep, and the water rises
+about thirty feet above the surface. The water is strongly saline, and
+will probably be classed among the cathartic waters. It bears a strong
+resemblance to the celebrated Geyser. The proprietors inform me that
+several of their acquaintances have already experienced benefit from
+this water. The spring promises to be valuable. The public will look
+with interest to know into whose management the spring passes, as the
+proprietors are plain farmers and intend to commit the spring to more
+experienced hands, who will introduce it to the public favor. A neat
+bottling house and a tasteful colonnade are already being constructed.
+Prof. Chandler will probably make the analysis at an early date.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE DUELL SPRING.</h3>
+
+<p>The spring owned by Mr. Duell, of the Waverly House, is beyond the
+Geyser, and on the margin of the pond. We are unable to present
+reliable information in regard to this spring, as it has just been
+discovered by Mr. Jesse Button.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The mother of all these spouting wells&mdash;the Geyser Spring&mdash;is rearing
+quite a family of interesting children. We have heard it predicted
+that the time is not very distant when every citizen of Saratoga will
+have a mineral fountain in his door-yard. At present no successful
+efforts have been made to obtain a spouting spring in the village. We
+know of no reason to render success impossible or improbable.
+Certainly, "'tis a consummation devoutly to be wished," and we should
+be glad to see a fair trial of the experiment.</p>
+
+<a name="Page_116" id="Page_116"></a>
+<hr style='width: 65%;' />
+<h4>ADVERTISING DEPARTMENT.</h4>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+<div class="center">
+<h3>H. VAN DEUSEN,</h3>
+
+<h2>RESIDENT STORE,</h2>
+
+(ESTABLISHED 15 YEARS,)<br />
+
+<b>124 &amp; 126 BROADWAY, SARATOGA,</b><br /><br />
+
+Would call the attention of strangers, as well as citizens, to his
+large and elegant assortment of<br />
+
+<h3>STAPLE AND FANCY DRY GOODS.</h3>
+
+He keeps constantly on hand all the <span class="smcap">Novelties of the Seasons</span>,<br />
+
+Rich Silks, Fine Dress Goods, Kid Gloves, Hosiery, Jewelry, Parasols,
+Umbrellas, Real Laces, Cashmeres, Cloths, and everything to be found
+in a First Class Dry Goods House.<br />
+
+I have only one price, sell exclusively for cash, and the only one
+price cash house in Saratoga.<br />
+
+NO TROUBLE TO SHOW GOODS.<br />
+
+<b>Remember the Store, Next to the Bank, 124 &amp; 126 Broadway,</b><br />
+</div>
+
+<div class="right"><b>H. VAN DEUSEN.</b></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<div class="center"><h2>PEOPLE'S LINE STEAMERS</h2>
+
+<h3>FOR NEW YORK.</h3>
+
+<b>St. John, Drew, Dean Richmond.</b><br />
+
+<p>One of these STEAM PALACES will leave Albany every evening (Sundays
+excepted), on arrival of the evening trains on the Rensselaer and
+Saratoga, New York Central and Albany &amp; Susquehanna Railroads.</p>
+
+<img src="images/hand.jpg" width="60" height="33" alt="Hand pointing right" title="" />
+Hudson River Railroad Tickets good for
+State Room Passage,<br />
+
+BAGGAGE CHECKED THROUGH.<br />
+
+<b>SARATOGA OFFICE, 1st DOOR NORTH OF CONGRESS HALL,</b><br />
+
+Where State Rooms can be secured Daily.<br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><b>F.D. WHEELER, Jr., Agent.</b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <b>J.W. HARCOURT, Agent,</b></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;"><span class="smcap">Saratoga Springs.</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  <span class="smcap">Albany.</span></span><br />
+</div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<div class="center"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117"></a><b>B.F. JUDSON,</b> Publisher, <b>D.F. RITCHIE,</b> Editor.<br />
+
+<h1>"The SARATOGIAN,"</h1>
+
+DAILY AND WEEKLY,<br />
+
+<b>Office in St. Nicholas Building,</b><br />
+
+Corner Broadway and Phila Street,<br />
+
+<b>SARATOGA SPRINGS, N.Y.</b><br />
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Saratogian</span> is one of the best Advertising Mediums in this
+section, as it has a circulation more than double that of all the
+Republican press of Saratoga County combined.</p>
+
+The facilities of the <span class="smcap">Saratogian</span> Office for the prompt
+execution of<br />
+
+<b>First Class Job Work,</b><br />
+
+are equal to those of any in the city, and all work is done at
+reasonable figures.<br />
+</div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<h1><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118"></a>EVERETT HOUSE,</h1>
+
+<h2>On Broadway,</h2>
+
+A Few Doors Below the Clarendon.<br />
+
+<b>B.V. FRASER,&mdash;Proprietor.</b><br />
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+Will be Published June, 1872,<br />
+
+<h1>SARATOGA ILLUSTRATED,</h1>
+
+<h3>A SOUVENIR.</h3>
+
+Containing 50 Illustrations, including<br />
+
+Steel Plates and Photo-Plates.<br />
+
+ELEGANTLY BOUND IN CLOTH AND GILT.<br />
+
+
+<h3>TAKE IT HOME WITH YOU!</h3>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<h2><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119"></a>Grand Union Hotel</h2>
+
+OPENS JUNE 1st,<br />
+
+<b>The Largest Summer Hotel in the World,</b><br />
+
+<b>BRESLIN, GARDNER &amp; CO.,</b><br />
+
+PROPRIETORS.<br />
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+Eureka Mineral &amp; White Sulphur Spring Water<br />
+
+AND<br />
+
+<h2>WHITE SULPHUR BATHS</h2>
+
+<b>Lake Avenue, Saratoga Springs</b><br />
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Eureka Spring Company's</span> pure <span class="smcap">White Sulphur
+Spring</span>, discovered last Summer is now open for visitors. The
+Water is</p>
+
+Equal in Quality and Strength to the best White Sulphur Springs<br />
+
+<p>in this State, and FAR SUPERIOR to most of them.</p>
+
+<p>The Company has erected a pleasant</p>
+
+<h2>BATHING HOUSE,</h2>
+
+<b>CONTAINING FIFTY BATH ROOMS,</b><br />
+
+And replete with every Convenience for WARM and COLD SULPHUR BATHS,<br />
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Bath ticket prices">
+<tr><td align='left'>Single Bath Tickets,</td><td>Fifty Cents.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coupon Tickets, good for 12 Baths,</td><td>Five Dollars.</td></tr>
+</table></div><br />
+
+<div class="right"><b>EUREKA SPRING CO.</b></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<a name="Page_120" id="Page_120"></a><b>THE SHORTEST ROUTE</b><br />
+
+BETWEEN<br />
+
+<h2>BOSTON AND SARATOGA SPRINGS</h2>
+
+<b>IS VIA THE</b><br />
+
+<b>FITCHBURG AND CHESHIRE RAILROADS,</b><br />
+
+Passing through FITCHBURG, KEENE, BELLOWS FALLS and RUTLAND,<br />
+
+TO<br />
+
+Whitehall, Fort Edward, SARATOGA SPRINGS, Albany, Troy, Schenectady
+and all points West.<br />
+
+Trains connect at Fort Edward for<br />
+
+GLENS FALLS and LAKE GEORGE.<br />
+
+<p>The trip between <b>Boston and Saratoga</b> is made in one of the</p>
+
+<b>FAMOUS PULLMAN PALACE CARS,</b><br />
+
+<p>provided by this Line&mdash;a luxury which cannot be enjoyed on any other
+route, this being the <b>only Line</b> running <b>through Day</b> and <b>Drawing
+Room Cars</b> between these points.</p>
+
+At the office of the Line in Boston (82 Washington St.,) during the
+Excursion Season,<br />
+
+ROUND TRIP TICKETS<br />
+
+Will be on sale at<br />
+
+<b>GREATLY REDUCED RATES,</b><br />
+
+To all of the principal points in New England, New York and Canada.<br />
+
+<i>Summer tourists or invalids, traveling for health or pleasure, will
+find it for their interest to send or call for circulars and
+information before purchasing elsewhere.</i><br />
+
+<b>ALL COMMUNICATIONS PROMPTLY ANSWERED.</b><br />
+
+
+<p>Boston Office,</p>
+<b>82 WASHINGTON STREET,</b><br />
+<div class="right"><i>C.A. FAXON, Gen. Agent.</i></div>
+<br />
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<a name="Page_121" id="Page_121"></a><b>ALL KINDS OF INSURANCES EFFECTED AT THE LOWEST RATES.</b><br />
+
+
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">WILLIAM M. SEARING,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  BEEKMAN H. SEARING,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">Attorney at Law.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  Notary Public.</span><br />
+<br />
+
+<b>WM. M. SEARING &amp; SON,</b><br />
+
+<b>REAL ESTATE BROKERS,</b><br />
+
+INSURANCE AND COLLECTING AGENTS,<br />
+
+178 &amp; 180, BROADWAY, AINSWORTH PLACE,<br />
+
+(ROOMS 12 and 13,)<br />
+
+SARATOGA SPRINGS,<br />
+
+BUY, SELL, RENT AND EXCHANGE<br />
+
+Furnished Cottages, Stores, Dwelling Houses,<br />
+
+OFFICES, COUNTRY RESIDENCES,<br />
+
+<b>CITY AND SUBURBAN LOTS, FARMS,</b><br />
+
+<b>SHOPS, MILLS, FACTORIES,</b><br />
+
+STEAM AND WATER POWERS,<br />
+
+Bonds, Mortgages and other Securities, Bought and Sold.<br />
+
+<i>LOANS NEGOTIATED.</i><br />
+
+Collect Rents, Notes, Accounts and Evidences of Debt.<br />
+
+<i>Conveyancing, Searching and Examining Titles made a specialty.</i><br />
+
+PARTICULAR ATTENTION PAID TO MAKING COLLECTIONS.<br />
+
+Perfect satisfaction guaranteed to all parties.<br />
+
+<p>By promptness, industry and fair dealing, we aim to merit the
+confidence and give satisfaction to those who may entrust their
+business to our charge.</p>
+
+Respectfully,<br />
+<div class="right"><b>WM. M. SEARING &amp; SON.</b></div>
+<br />
+
+<img src="images/hand2.jpg" width="73" height="41" alt="" title="" />
+Only First Class Companies Represented.<br />
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' />
+
+<a name="Page_122" id="Page_122"></a><div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/img126.jpg" width="650" height="451" alt="CONGRESS HALL." title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;CONGRESS HALL.&quot;' HATHORN &amp; SOUTHGATE, Proprietors.</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Saratoga and How to See It, by R. F. Dearborn
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SARATOGA AND HOW TO SEE IT ***
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@@ -0,0 +1,4129 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Saratoga and How to See It, by R. F. Dearborn
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Saratoga and How to See It
+
+Author: R. F. Dearborn
+
+Release Date: January 29, 2006 [EBook #17633]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SARATOGA AND HOW TO SEE IT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Curtis Weyant, Karen Dalrymple, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by Cornell University Digital Collections)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: PRICE 25 CENTS.
+
+SARATOGA AND HOW TO SEE IT.
+
+ILLUSTRATED.]
+
+
+BY R.F. DEARBORN.
+
+
+1872.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    Drs. STRONGS,
+    REMEDIAL INSTITUTE,
+    ON CIRCULAR,
+    BETWEEN SPRING AND PHILA STREETS,
+
+Is unsurpassed for beauty of location and accessibility to the
+principal Springs. This Institution was established in 1855, for the
+special treatment of
+
+    Lung, Female and Various Chronic Diseases.
+
+During the Fall and Winter the Institute has been doubled in size to
+meet the necessities of its increased patronage. It is now the largest
+health institution in Saratoga, and is unsurpassed in the variety or
+its remedial appliances by any in this country. In the elegance and
+completeness of its appointments, it is unequaled. The building is
+heated by steam, so that in the coldest weather the air of the house
+is like that of Summer.
+
+The proprietors, Drs. S.S. and S.E. Strong, are graduates of the
+Medical Department of the New York University, and are largely
+patronized by the medical profession.
+
+In addition to the ordinary remedial agencies used in general practice
+they employ
+
+    THE EQUALIZER OR VACUUM TREATMENT,
+    ELECTRO THERMAL BATHS,
+    SULPHUR AIR BATHS, RUSSIAN BATHS, TURKISH BATHS,
+    HYDROPATHY, SWEDISH MOVEMENT CURE,
+    Oxygen Gas, Gymnastics, &c, &c.
+
+For particulars of the Institution, call or send for Circulars on
+Lung, Female and Chronic Diseases and on our Appliances. Address
+
+    Drs. S.S. & S.E. STRONG,
+    REMEDIAL INSTITUTE
+    SARATOGA SPRINGS, N.Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: MAP OF SARATOGA SPRINGS _by R.F. Dearborn_.]
+
+
+    SARATOGA,
+    AND
+    HOW TO SEE IT,
+
+    GIVING INFORMATION CONCERNING
+    The Attractions and Objects of Interest
+    OF THE
+    FASHIONABLE WATERING PLACE,
+    WITH THE
+    HISTORY, ANALYSIS AND PROPERTIES
+    OF THE
+    MINERAL SPRINGS.
+
+
+    BY R.F. DEARBORN.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+    SARATOGA, N.Y.:
+    C.D. SLOCUM, PUBLISHER.
+    1872.
+
+
+    Entered according to act of Congress in the year 1872, by
+    R.F. DEARBORN,
+    In the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+  Introduction
+
+  PART I--_The Saratoga Mineral Springs_
+
+    The Saratoga Valley
+    Geology
+    General Properties of the Springs
+    Discovery of the Springs
+    Are They Natural
+    Commercial Value
+    Medicinal Value
+    Analysis by Prof. Chandler
+    Individual Characteristics
+    History and Properties of each Spring
+    Congress Spring
+    Columbian Spring
+    Crystal Spring
+    Ellis Spring
+    Empire Spring
+    Eureka Spring
+    Excelsior Spring
+    Geyser Spring
+    Glacier Spring
+    Hamilton Spring
+    Hathorn Spring
+    High Rock Spring
+    Pavilion Spring
+    Putnam Spring
+    Red Spring
+    Saratoga "A" Spring
+    Seltzer Spring
+    Star Spring
+    Ten Springs
+    United States Spring
+    Washington Spring
+    White Sulphur Spring
+    Directions for Drinking the Water
+    Saratoga Abroad
+    Special Notice
+
+  PART II--_Saratoga as a Watering Place_
+
+    Places of Interest
+    History
+    Routes and Distances
+    Railway Station
+    The Village
+    Hotel Accommodations
+    Congress Hall
+    Grand Union
+    Grand Central Hotel
+    Clarendon
+    Everett House
+    Alphabetical List of hotels
+    Temple Grove
+    The Climate
+    Drs. Strong
+    Churches
+    YMCA Rooms
+    Real Estate
+    Hack Fares
+    Drives and Walks
+    Moon's Lake House
+    Saratoga Lake
+    Chapman's Hill
+    Wagman's Hill
+    Hagerty Hill
+    Wearing Hill
+    Lake Lovely
+    Stiles Hill
+    Corinth Falls
+    Luzerne
+    Lake George
+    Ballston
+    Glen Mitchell
+    Excelsior Grove
+    Walk to Excelsior Spring
+    Congress Park
+    Gridley's Trout Ponds
+    Saratoga Battle Ground
+    Surrender Ground
+    The Village Cemetery
+    Verd-Antique Marble Works
+    Amusements
+    Josh Billings
+    Routine for a Lady
+    Balls
+    Races
+    Indian Camp
+    Circular Railway
+    Shopping
+    Evenings
+    Saratoga in Winter
+    Romance
+    Saratoga Society
+
+  Conclusion
+
+  Appendix
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+The design of this work is not to give a history of the village of
+Saratoga. That, as well as a more elaborate description of the geology
+of the county, may be found in a very interesting book, published
+several years since, by R.L. ALLEN, M.D., entitled the "Hand
+Book of Saratoga and Stranger's Guide." We acknowledge our
+indebtedness to the work for several items in regard to the history of
+the Springs.
+
+Our thanks are due also to Prof. C.H. CHANDLER, Ph.D., of the
+Columbia School of Mines, for the Analyses of the Springs, and for
+electroplates and valuable suggestions from the _American Chemist_, of
+which he is the distinguished editor.
+
+We would acknowledge here also, the assistance and uniform courtesy
+which we have received from the Superintendents and officers of the
+various Springs. The failure of an engraving company to fulfill their
+agreement has delayed the issue of the work and prevented the
+insertion of several other engravings.
+
+R.F.D.
+
+SARATOGA. _June, 1872_
+
+
+
+
+PART I.
+
+  The Analysis, History and Properties
+  OF THE
+  MINERAL SPRINGS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE
+Mineral Springs of Saratoga.
+
+
+The region of Mineral Springs in Eastern New York consists of a long,
+shallow and crescent-shaped valley, extending northeast from Ballston,
+its western horn, to Quaker Springs, its eastern extremity. The entire
+valley abounds in mineral fountains of more or less merit, and in the
+central portion bubble up the Waters of Healing, which have given to
+SARATOGA its world-wide celebrity.
+
+Professor CHANDLER, of the Columbia School of Mines, thus
+describes the
+
+
+
+
+Geology of the County.
+
+
+     "Beginning with the uppermost, the rocks of Saratoga county
+     are:
+
+     1. The Hudson river and Utica shales and slates.
+
+     2. The Trenton limestone.
+
+     3. The calciferous sand rock, which is a silicious limestone.
+
+     4. The Potsdam sand stone; and
+
+     5. The Laurentian formation of gneiss and granite, of unknown
+     thickness.
+
+     "The northern half of the county is occupied by the elevated
+     ranges of Laurentian rocks; flanking these occur the Potsdam,
+     Calciferous and Trenton beds, which appear in succession in
+     parallel bands through the central part of the county. These
+     are covered in the southern half of the county by the Utica and
+     Hudson river slates and shales.
+
+     [Illustration: GEOLOGICAL SECTION AT SARATOGA SPRINGS.]
+
+     "The most remarkable feature is, however, the break, or
+     vertical fissure, which occurs in the Saratoga valley, which
+     you see indicated in the cut. Notice, especially, the fact that
+     the strata on one side of the fissure have been elevated above
+     their original position, so that the Potsdam sandstone on the
+     left meets the edges of the calciferous sand rock, and even the
+     Trenton limestone on the right. It is in the line of this
+     fissure, or _fault_, in the towns of Saratoga and Ballston that
+     the springs occur.
+
+     "The Laurentian rocks, consisting of highly crystalline gneiss,
+     granite and syenite, are almost impervious, while the overlying
+     Potsdam sandstone is very porous, and capable of holding large
+     quantities of water. In this rock the mineral springs of
+     Saratoga probably have their origin. The surface waters of the
+     Laurentian hills, flowing down over the exposed edges of the
+     Potsdam beds, penetrate the porous sandstones, become saturated
+     with mineral matter, partly derived, perhaps, from the
+     limestones above, and are forced to the surface at a lower
+     level, by hydrostatic pressure. The valley in which the springs
+     all occur indicates the line of a fault or fracture in the
+     rocky crust, the strata on the west side of which are hundreds
+     of feet above the corresponding strata on the east.
+
+     "The mineral waters probably underlie the southern half of the
+     entire county, many hundred feet below the surface; the
+     accident of the fault determining their appearance as springs
+     in the valley of Saratoga Springs, where, by virtue of the
+     greater elevation of their distant source, they reach the
+     surface through crevices in the rocks produced by the fracture.
+
+     "It is probable that water can be obtained anywhere in the
+     southern portion of the county by tapping the underlying
+     Potsdam sandstone. In these wells the water usually rises to
+     and above the surface. Down in the rocky reservoir the water
+     is charged with gases under great pressure. As the water is
+     forced to the surface, the pressure diminishes, and a portion
+     of gas escapes with effervescence. The spouting wells deliver,
+     therefore, enormous volumes of gas with the water, a perfect
+     suds of water, carbonic acid and carburetted hydrogen.
+
+     "The common origin of the springs is shown by the analysis: all
+     contain the same constituents in essentially the same order of
+     abundance; they differ in the degree of concentration merely.
+     Those from the deepest strata are the most concentrated. The
+     constituents to which the taste of the water and its most
+     immediate medicinal effects are due, are: Chloride of sodium,
+     bicarbonate of lime, bicarbonate of magnesia, bicarbonate of
+     soda and free carbonic acid. Other important, though less
+     speedily active, constituents are: Bicarbonate of iron,
+     bicarbonate of lithia, iodide of sodium and bromide of sodium."
+
+The solvent power which holds all these solid substances in solution,
+and which contributes to their agreeable taste, is the carbonic acid
+gas with which the water is so freely charged. This free carbonic acid
+gas is probably formed by the decomposition of the carbonates which
+compose the rock. The water, impregnated with it, becomes a powerful
+solvent, and, passing through different strata, absorbs the various
+mineral substances which compose its solid constituents.
+
+
+
+
+General Properties.
+
+
+Writers upon mineral springs generally divide them into the following
+classes: Carbonated or acidulous, saline, chalybeate or iron,
+alkaline, sulphur or hepatic, bitter and thermal springs.
+
+The Saratoga waters embrace nearly all of these except the last two;
+some of the springs being saline, some chalybeate, some sulphur, and
+nearly all carbonated; and in the list may be found cathartic,
+alterative, diuretic and tonic waters of varied shade and differing
+strength. The cathartic waters are the most numerous and the most
+extensively used. The curative agents prepared in the vast and
+mysterious laboratories of Nature are very complex in constitution and
+different in temperature, and on that account do not, like iron,
+opium, quinia, etc., exhibit single effects; they exercise rather,
+with rare exceptions, combined effects, and these are again modified
+by various modes of employment and the time and circumstances of their
+use.
+
+
+
+
+The Discovery of the Springs.
+
+
+All the older springs have been found in beds of blue marl, or clay
+rather, which cover the valley more or less throughout its whole
+extent. On digging into this clay to any considerable depth, we are
+pretty certain to find traces of mineral water. In some places, at the
+depth of six or eight feet, it has been discovered issuing from a
+fissure or seam in the underlying limestone, while at other places it
+seems to proceed from a thin stratum of quicksand which is found to
+alternate with the marl at distances of from ten to forty feet, below
+which bowlders of considerable size are found.
+
+The spouting springs have been found by experimental boring. As this
+is the cheapest and more certain method, it is "the popular thing" at
+present, and the day may not be far distant when all Saratoga will be
+punched through with artesian wells reaching hundreds of feet, if not
+through to China, and thus an open market made for the Saratoga waters
+among "the Heathen Chinee."
+
+Mr. Jessie Button, to whom we are indebted for both the Glacier and
+the Geyser springs, seems best to understand the process of
+successfully boring artesian wells, having made these his special
+study and profession. Like Moses of old, he strikes, or taps, the rock
+and behold streams of water gush forth.
+
+
+
+
+Are the Springs Natural?
+
+
+Is a question that will probably seem absurd to those who are at all
+familiar with mineral springs or Saratoga waters. Nevertheless, it is
+a not unfrequent and amusing occurrence to hear remarks from strangers
+and greenies who have a preconceived notion that the springs are
+doctored, and that a mixture of salts, etc., is tipped in every night
+or early in the morning! Strange that the art should be limited to the
+village of Saratoga! The _incredulity_ of some people is the most
+ridiculous credulity known. Such wonders as the spouting springs, the
+"strongest" in Saratoga, come from so small an orifice in the ground,
+as to preclude the least possibility of adulteration. Besides, the
+manufactured article would be too costly to allow such immense
+quantities to flow away unused.
+
+But to argue this question would be a _reductio ad absurdum_. _Nature
+is far better than the laboratory._ Artificial waters may simulate the
+natural in taste and appearance, but fall far short of their
+therapeutic effects.
+
+
+
+
+The Commercial Value
+
+
+Of the various springs differs as widely as does people's estimate of
+their individual merits. Spring water property is very expensive. It
+costs large sums of money to manage some of the springs. The old
+method of tubing, by sinking a curb, may cost several thousand
+dollars, and is uncertain then. Moreover, it is no small work to keep
+the springs in perfect repair, and in a clean and pure condition.
+
+The artesian wells cost not far from $6 per foot for the boring, and
+are much less expensive.
+
+Most of the springs are owned by stock companies, with a capital
+ranging from several hundred thousand to a million dollars. _On dit_
+that the proprietors of the Geyser Spring were offered $175,000 for
+their fountain, and probably the Congress could not be purchased for
+quadruple that amount. It would not be a _very_ profitable bargain if
+some of the springs could be bought for a song, even, and yet there is
+not enough mineral water in all the springs now discovered in the
+Saratoga valley to supply New York alone, if artificial waters were to
+be abandoned. The only profit of the springs is in the sale of the
+water in bottles and barrels; and as the method of bottling requires
+great care, and is expensive, the per cent. of profit is not enormous.
+The use of mineral water, both as a beverage and for medicinal
+purposes, is increasing, and there may be "a good time coming," when
+these springs will bring wealth to the owner as they give health to
+the drinker.
+
+
+
+
+The Medicinal Value of the Waters.
+
+
+There is no doubt of their power to promote evacuations of effete
+accumulations from the kidneys, skin and bowels.
+
+Dr. Draper, an eminent physician, in speaking of the springs, says:
+"They restore suppressed, and correct vitiated secretions, and so
+renovate health, and are also the means of introducing many medicines
+into the system in a state of minute subdivision, in which they exert
+a powerful alterative and curative action."
+
+The value of mineral water has been shown in the treatment of obscure
+and chronic diseases. In many instances persons have been restored to
+health, or greatly relieved, by the use of mineral waters when all
+other remedies had proved of no avail.
+
+The best known waters are now prescribed by the faculty in certain
+diseases with as much confidence as any preparation known to the
+apothecary. Indeed, no prescription is known equally beneficial to
+such differently made patients.
+
+A large majority of those who resort to the springs for their health
+have tried other means of cure without relief.
+
+It may also be considered a marked compliment to the medicinal
+properties of the waters, that the thousands who come here for
+pleasure merely, living fast and indulging in dissipation while here,
+return to their homes in better health--as they almost always do--than
+when they came.
+
+Unlike certain other springs, whose wonderful properties and vaunted
+cures are found in pompous advertisements, the Saratoga waters have
+not made their celebrity by printer's ink. Their reputation has
+depended upon their own intrinsic merits, and steadily and surely has
+their renown advanced.
+
+To repeat all the disorders which they have been known to benefit,
+would be very nearly to copy the sad list of ailments to which our
+creaky frames are subject.
+
+In short, spring water is good for the stomach, good for the skin,
+good for ladies of all possible ages, and for all sorts and conditions
+of men.
+
+
+
+
+Individual Characteristics.
+
+
+In stating the special properties of the individual springs, we have
+conscientiously endeavored to make this work as reliable and accurate
+as possible. Those who are familiar with the reputation and claims of
+some of the several springs in past years will notice many changes,
+but it is believed that the information herein given is on the best
+authority, and brought down to the latest date.
+
+
+
+
+  _The Analyses of the Saratoga Waters,
+  by C.F. Chandler, Ph.D., of the Columbia School of Mines._
+
+
+  ---------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Compounds as they exist    | Star    |  High   | Seltzer | Pavilion| United
+  in Solution in the Waters. | Spring. |  Rock   | Spring. |  Spring.| States
+                             |         | Spring. |         |         | Spring.
+  ---------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Chloride of sodium         | 398.361 | 390.127 | 134.291 | 459.903 | 141.872
+  Chloride of potassium      |   9.695 |   8.974 |   1.335 |   7.660 |   8.624
+  Bromide of sodium          |   0.571 |   0.731 |   0.630 |   0.987 |   0.844
+  Iodide of sodium           |   0.126 |   0.086 |   0.031 |   0.071 |   0.047
+  Fluoride of calcium        |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace.
+  Bicarbonate of lithia      |   1.586 |   1.967 |   0.899 |   9.486 |   4.847
+  Bicarbonate of soda        |  12.662 |  34.888 |  29.428 |   3.764 |   4.666
+  Bicarbonate of magnesia    |  61.912 |  54.924 |  40.339 |  76.267 |  72.883
+  Bicarbonate of lime        | 124.459 | 131.739 |  89.869 | 120.169 |  93.119
+  Bicarbonate of strontia    |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |   0.018
+  Bicarbonate of baryta      |   0.096 |   0.494 |  Trace. |   0.875 |   0.909
+  Bicarbonate of iron        |   1.213 |   1.478 |   1.703 |   2.570 |   0.714
+  Sulphate of potassa        |   5.400 |   1.608 |   0.557 |   2.032 |  Trace.
+  Phosphate of soda          |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |   0.007 |   0.016
+  Biborate of soda           |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace.
+  Alumina                    |  Trace. |   1.223 |   0.374 |   0.329 |   0.094
+  Silica                     |   1.283 |   2.260 |   2.561 |   3.155 |   3.184
+  Organic Matter             |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace.    Trace. |  Trace.
+  ---------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Total per                  |         |         |         |         |
+     U.S. gallon, 231 cu. in.| 617.367 | 630.500 | 302.017 | 687.275 | 331.837
+  ---------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Carbonate acid gas         | 407.650 | 409.458 | 324.080 | 332.458 | 245.734
+  Density                    |  1.0091 |  1.0092 |  1.0034 |  1.0095 |  1.0035
+  Temperature                |  52 deg.F.  |  52 deg.F.  |  50 deg.F.  |   ...   |   ...
+
+  ---------------------------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Compounds as they exist    | Hathorn | Crystal |Congress | Geyser
+  in Solution in the Waters. | Spring. | Spring. | Spring. |spouting
+        (Continued)          |         |         |         | well.
+  ---------------------------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Chloride of sodium         | 509.968 | 328.468 | 400.444 | 562.080
+  Chloride of potassium      |   9.597 |   8.327 |   8.049 |  42.634
+  Bromide of sodium          |   1.534 |   0.414 |   8.559 |   2.212
+  Iodide of sodium           |   0.198 |   0.066 |   0.138 |   0.248
+  Fluoride of calcium        |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace.
+  Bicarbonate of lithia      |  11.447 |   4.326 |   4.761 |   7.004
+  Bicarbonate of soda        |   4.288 |  10.064 |  10.775 |  71.232
+  Bicarbonate of magnesia    | 176.463 |  75.161 | 121.757 | 149.343
+  Bicarbonate of lime        | 170.646 | 101.881 | 143.339 | 170.392
+  Bicarbonate of strontia    |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |   0.425
+  Bicarbonate of baryta      |   1.737 |   0.726 |   0.928 |   2.014
+  Bicarbonate of iron        |   1.128 |   2.038 |   0.340 |   0.979
+  Sulphate of potassa        |  Trace. |   2.158 |   0.889 |   0.318
+  Phosphate of soda          |   0.006 |   0.009 |   0.016 |  Trace.
+  Biborate of soda           |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace.
+  Alumina                    |   0.131 |   0.305 |  Trace. |  Trace.
+  Silica                     |   1.260 |   3.213 |   0.840 |   0.665
+  Organic Matter             |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace.
+  ---------------------------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Total per                  |         |         |         |
+     U.S. gallon, 231 cu. in.| 888.403 | 537.155 | 700.895 | 991.546
+  ---------------------------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Carbonate acid gas         | 375.747 | 317.452 | 392.289 | 454.082
+  Density                    |  1.0115 |  1.0060 |   1.096 |  1.0120
+  Temperature                |   ...   |  50 deg.F.  |  52 deg.F.  |  46 deg.F.
+
+
+  -----------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+    Bases and Acids as   |  Star   |  High   | Seltzer | Pavilion| United
+   actually found in the | Spring. |  Rock   | Spring. | Spring. | States
+    Analysis uncombined  |         | Spring. |         |         | Spring.
+  -----------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Potassium              |   7.496 |   5.419 |   0.949 |   4.931 |   4.515
+  Sodium                 | 160.239 | 163.216 |  61.003 | 182.084 |  57.259
+  Lithium                |   0.163 |   0.202 |   0.093 |   0.976 |   0.499
+  Lime                   |  43.024 |  45.540 |  31.066 |  41.540 |  32.189
+  Strontia               |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |   0.009
+  Baryta                 |   0.056 |   0.292 |  Trace. |   0.517 |   0.537
+  Magnesia               |  16.992 |  15.048 |  11.051 |  20.895 |  19.968
+  Protoiyde of iron      |   0.491 |   0.598 |   0.689 |   1.040 |   0.289
+  Alumina                |  Trace. |   1.223 |   0.374 |   0.329 |   0.094
+  Chlorine               | 246.357 | 241.017 |  82.128 | 282.723 |  90.201
+  Bromine                |   0.443 |   0.568 |   0.489 |   0.767 |   0.656
+  Iodine                 |   0.106 |   0.072 |   0.026 |   0.060 |   0.039
+  Fluorine               |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace.
+  Sulphuric acid         |   2.483 |   0.739 |   0.256 |   0.934 |  Trace.
+  Phosphoric acid        |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |   0.004 |   0.008
+  Boracic acid           |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace.
+  Carbonic acid in       |         |         |         |         |
+            carbonates   |  56.606 |  62.555 |  44.984 |  60.461 |  50.380
+  Carbonic acid for      |         |         |         |         |
+            bicarbonates |  56.606 |  62.555 |  44.984 |  60.461 |  50.380
+  Silica                 |   1.283 |   2.260 |   2.561 |   3.155 |   3.184
+  Organic matter         |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace.
+  Water in bicarbonates  |  23.160 |  25.591 |  18.405 |  24.736 |  20.613
+  Oxygen in KO (SO_{3}). |   0.496 |   0.148 |   0.051 |   0.187 |    ...
+  Oxygen in LiO          |         |         |         |         |
+          (HO_{2} CO_{2})|   0.187 |   0.232 |   0.105 |   1.116 |   0.570
+  Oxygen in NaO          |         |         |         |         |
+         (HO_{2} CO_{2}) |   1.206 |   3.323 |   2.803 |   0.358 |   0.444
+  Oxygen in 2 NaO        |         |         |         |         |
+             (HO, PO_{5})|    ...  |    ...  |    ...  |   0.001 |   0.002
+                         +---------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Total per U.S. gallon, |         |         |         |         |
+              231 cu. in.| 617.367 | 630.500 | 302.007 | 687.275 | 331.837
+                         +---------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Total residue by       |         |         |         |         |
+              evaporation| 537.600 | 542.350 | 238.970 | 602.080 | 260.840
+
+  -----------------------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+    Bases and Acids as   | Hathorn | Crystal | Congress| Geyser
+   actually found in the | Spring. | Spring. | Spring. |spouting
+    Analysis uncombined  |         |         |         | well.
+       (Continued)       |         |         |         |
+  -----------------------+---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Potassium              |   5.024 |   5.326 |   4.611 |  13.039
+  Sodium                 | 102.058 | 132.006 | 162.324 | 251.031
+  Lithium                |   1.179 |   0.445 |   0.490 |   0.720
+  Lime                   |  58.989 |  35.218 |  49.569 |  58.901
+  Strontia               |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |   0.211
+  Baryta                 |   1.026 |   0.429 |   0.549 |   1.190
+  Magnesia               |  48.346 |  20.592 |  33.358 |  40.915
+  Protoiyde of iron      |   0.456 |   0.824 |   0.137 |   0.396
+  Alumina                |   0.131 |   0.305 |  Trace. |   Trace
+  Chlorine               | 214.037 | 203.292 | 246.834 | 352.825
+  Bromine                |   1.188 |   0.322 |   6.645 |   1.718
+  Iodine                 |   0.166 |   0.055 |   0.117 |   0.208
+  Fluorine               |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |   Trace
+  Sulphuric acid         |  Trace. |   0.992 |   0.409 |   0.146
+  Phosphoric acid        |   0.003 |   0.004 |   0.008 |   Trace
+  Boracic acid           |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |   Trace
+  Carbonic acid in       |         |         |         |
+            carbonates   |  04.928 |  54.984 |  80.249 | 112.880
+  Carbonic acid for      |         |         |         |
+            bicarbonates |  04.928 |  54.984 |  80.249 | 112.880
+  Silica                 |   1.260 |   3.213 |   0.840 |   0.665
+  Organic matter         |  Trace. |  Trace. |  Trace. |   Trace
+  Water in bicarbonates  |  42.929 |  22.496 |  33.828 |  46.183
+  Oxygen in KO (SO_{3})  |   ...   |   0.199 |   0.082 |   0.029
+  Oxygen in LiO          |         |         |         |
+          (HO_{2} CO_{2})|   1.347 |   0.509 |   0.560 |   0.824
+  Oxygen in NaO          |         |         |         |
+         (HO_{2} CO_{2}) |   0.408 |   0.959 |   1.024 |   6.785
+  Oxygen in 2 NaO        |         |         |         |
+             (HO, PO_{5})|   0.001 |    ...  |    .002 |    ...
+                         +---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Total per U.S. gallon, |         |         |         |
+              231 cu. in.| 688.403 | 537.155 | 700.895 | 991.546
+                         +---------+---------+---------+--------
+  Total residue by       |         |         |         |
+              evaporation| 540.550 | 439.670 | 588.818 | 832.483
+
+
+
+  WATERS OF SARATOGA COUNTY, N.Y.
+
+
+  _Table showing the total quantities of mineral matter left by
+  evaporation, and of some of the more important constituents._
+
+  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+                    | Total solids
+                    | as left by
+                    | evaporation.
+                    |        | Chlorides of
+                    |        | sodium and
+                    |        | potassium.
+                    |        |        | All other solids
+                    |        |        | left by evaporation;
+                    |        |        | carbonates of lime,
+                    |        |        | magnesia, etc.
+                    |        |        |        | Bicarbonate
+                    |        |        |        | of lime (CaO,
+                    |        |        |        | HO, 2CO_{2}).
+                    |        |        |        |        | Bicarbonate of
+                    |        |        |        |        | magnesia (MgO,
+                    |        |        |        |        | HO, 2CO_{2}).
+                    |        |        |        |        |      | Bicarbonate
+                    |        |        |        |        |      | of iron
+                    |        |        |        |        |      | (FeO, HO,
+  SPRING.           |        |        |        |        |       \ 2CO_{2}).
+  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  Geyser Spouting   |        |        |        |        |        |
+    well            | 832.48 | 586.71 | 245.77 | 170.39 | 149.34 | 0.98
+  Hathorn spring    | 740.55 | 519.55 | 221.00 | 170.65 | 176.46 | 1.13
+  Hamilton spring   | 611.71 | 411.00 | 200.71 | 144.84 | 104.80 | 1.80
+  Congress spring   | 588.82 | 408.49 | 180.33 | 143.40 | 121.76 | 0.34
+  High Rock spring  | 542.35 | 399.10 | 143.25 | 131.74 |  54.92 | 1.48
+  Washington spring | 353.23 | 215.00 | 138.23 | 110.23 |  40.56 | 2.40
+  Excelsior spring  | 611.05 | 473.00 | 138.05 |  90.38 |  72.27 | 2.84
+  Pavilion spring   | 602.08 | 467.56 | 134.51 | 120.17 |  76.73 | 2.57
+  Putnam spring     | 354.79 | 220.50 | 134.27 | 110.72 |  60.01 | 3.97
+  Columbian spring  | 353.08 | 219.00 | 134.08 | 104.89 |  78.05 | 3.26
+  Star spring       | 537.60 | 408.05 | 129.55 | 124.46 |  61.91 | 1.21
+  Crystal spring    | 459.67 | 336.79 | 122.88 | 101.88 |  75.16 | 2.04
+  Eureka spring     | 280.16 | 171.00 | 119.16 |  94.02 |  63.75 | 3.36
+  United States     |        |        |        |        |        |
+     spring         | 260.84 | 150.49 | 110.35 |  93.12 |  72.88 | 0.71
+  Empire spring     | 460.32 | 355.16 | 105.16 | 113.54 |  48.10 | 1.34
+  Seltzer spring    | 238.97 | 135.62 | 103.35 |  89.87 |  40.34 | 1.70
+  Red spring        | 155.53 |  73.50 |  82.03 |  79.80 |  27.84 | 2.51
+  Village spring,   |        |        |        |        |        |
+    Ballston        | 153.09 |  75.00 |  78.09 |  65.08 |  21.59 | 2.00
+  ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+Individuals have their preferences, and opinions may differ in regard
+to the relative value of the springs, particularly when parties are
+interested in them. We have no interest in one more than in all, and
+have brought to our task, we believe, no partiality. The manuscript
+has been submitted to leading physicians of Saratoga before
+publication, and is approved by them. The arrangement is alphabetical.
+
+
+
+
+CONGRESS SPRING.
+
+
+In Congress Park, opposite Grand Central Hotel. Congress and Empire
+Spring Company are the proprietors. The New York office is at 94
+Chambers street.
+
+
+History.
+
+Congress Spring was discovered in 1792, by a party of three gentlemen,
+who were out upon a hunting excursion. Among the party was John Taylor
+Gilman, an ex-member of Congress from New Hampshire. Probably in that
+day, office conferred more honor than at the present time, and as a
+compliment to so distinguished a person, the spring was then and there
+christened the Congress. The attention of the hunters was attracted to
+the spot by the foot-prints of large numbers of deer, the first
+patrons, it seems, of the sparkling water. Although more especially
+esteemed by pretty dears of a different character at the present day,
+the liquid-eyed fawn, who grace Congress Park, are among those who
+take their daily rations. At the time of discovery, the low ground
+about the spring was a mere swamp, and the country in the immediate
+vicinity a wilderness. The mineral water issued in a small stream from
+an aperture in the side of the rock, which formed the margin of a
+small brook, and was caught by pressing a glass to the side of the
+rock. The flow of water was only about one quart per minute.
+
+From the date of its discovery to the present time this celebrated
+spring has been the center of attraction at Saratoga. Its name has
+become a household word through out the land, and the whole civilized
+world are its customers.
+
+At one time Mr. Putnam had three large potash kettles evaporating the
+water. The salts thus precipitated were sold in small packages to the
+amount of several hundred dollars. It was not long, however, before it
+was discovered that _Congress water_ was not obtained by re-dissolving
+the salts, as might have been expected if the nature of the water had
+been considered.
+
+About the year 1820, Dr. John Clarke, the proprietor of the first soda
+fountain opened in this country, purchased the Congress Spring
+property. By him the water was first bottled for transportation and
+sale, and to him the village is indebted for much of its beauty and
+attractiveness.
+
+The simple and tasteful Doric colonnade over the Congress, and the
+pretty Grecian dome over the Columbian were erected by him. Dr. Clarke
+realized a handsome income from the sale of the water. He died in
+1846, but the property continued in the hands of his heirs, under the
+firm name of Clarke & White, until 1865, when it was purchased by an
+incorporated company, under the title of "Congress and Empire Spring
+Company." The capital is $1,000,000, and the company is composed of a
+large number of individual stockholders. The present proprietors of
+Congress Spring have contributed not a little to the beauty and
+attractiveness of this favorite watering place.
+
+[Illustration: CONGRESS SPRING.]
+
+
+Properties.
+
+When taken before breakfast the water is a very pleasant and effective
+cathartic. Drank in moderate quantities throughout the day, it is a
+delightful, wholesome beverage, its effects being alterative and
+slightly tonic. It is successfully used in affections of the liver
+and kidneys; and for chronic constipation, dyspepsia and gout it is
+highly valued. It has been employed in cases of renal calculi with
+decidedly beneficial results.
+
+Crowds gather round the fountain in the early summer morning to win
+appetite for breakfast and life for the pleasures of the day. Old and
+young, sick and well, everybody, drinks, for the Congress fountain is
+as much the morning exchange as the ball-room is the resort of the
+evening.
+
+Prof. G.F. Chandler, the leading chemist in America, says: "The
+peculiar excellence of the far-famed Congress spring is due to the
+fact that it contains very much less iron than any other spring, and
+that it contains, in the most desirable proportions, those substances
+which produce its agreeable flavor and satisfactory medicinal effects;
+neither holding them in excess, nor lacking in anything that is
+desirable in this class of waters."
+
+In submitting a new analysis (which appears elsewhere) Prof. Chandler
+writes,--"A comparison of this with the analysis made by Dr. John H.
+Steel in 1832, proves that Congress water still retains its original
+strength, and all the virtues which established its well merited
+reputation." Higher authority there is none.
+
+
+Bottling the Water.
+
+It should be remembered that the water of this spring is sold in
+_bottles only_. What purports to be Congress water for sale on draught
+in various places throughout the country is not genuine. The
+artificial preparations thus imposed upon the public may have a
+certain resemblance in taste and appearance, but are frequently worse
+than worthless for medicinal purposes.
+
+
+
+
+COLUMBIAN SPRING.
+
+
+In Congress Park, under the Grecian Dome, near the Congress spring,
+Congress and Empire Spring Co., proprietors.
+
+[Illustration: COLUMBIAN SPRING.]
+
+
+History and Peculiarities.
+
+This spring was opened in 1806 by Gideon Putnam. The water issues from
+the natural rock about seven feet below the surface of the ground, and
+is protected by heavy wooden tubing. It is the most popular spring
+among the residents of Saratoga. The escaping bubbles of free carbonic
+acid gas give to the fountain a boiling motion. Large quantities of
+the gas can easily be collected at the mouth of the spring at any
+time.
+
+
+Properties.
+
+It is a fine chalybeate or iron water, possessing strong tonic
+properties. It also has a diuretic action and is extensively used for
+that purpose. The water is recommended to be drank in small quantities
+frequently during the day, generally _preceded_ by the use of the
+cathartic waters taken before breakfast.
+
+Only from one-half to one glass should be taken at a time. When taken
+in large quantities or before breakfast its effects might remind one
+of that great race in northern and central Europe,--the Teutonic
+(_too_ tonic). A peculiar headache would certainly be experienced.
+
+The proper use of this water is found to strengthen the tone of the
+stomach and to increase the red particles of the blood which,
+according to Liebeg, perform an important part in respiration. It has
+been proved by actual experiments that the number of red particles of
+the blood may be _doubled_ by the use of preparations of iron.
+
+Though containing but 3.26 grains of iron in one gallon of
+water--Prof. Chandler's analysis--it is an evident and remarkable fact
+that the water thus weakly impregnated has a most perceptible iron
+taste in every drop. Is it much to be wondered at, then, that a
+mineral which has so extensive a power of affecting the palate, should
+possess equally extensive influence over the whole system? Many
+minerals in a dilute state of solution may pass easily through the
+absorbents, while in a more concentrated state they may be excluded.
+Carbonic acid gas, for instance, when diluted is readily inhaled, but
+when concentrated acts in a peculiar manner upon the wind-pipe so as
+to prevent its admission. So the happy medicinal effects of these iron
+waters seem to consist--to some extent--in the minute division of the
+mineral properties so that they are readily taken into the system.
+
+[Illustration: EMPIRE SPRING AND BOTTLING-HOUSE.]
+
+
+
+
+THE CRYSTAL SPRING
+
+
+Is under the southern extremity of the new hotel. The proprietors have
+named it the Crystal Spring from the crystalline appearance of the
+water, which does not rise to the surface, but is pumped up from a
+depth of several feet. It was discovered in 1870 by experimental
+excavation. The characteristic, and to many disagreeable odor of
+sulphuretted hydrogen, is readily perceived. Sulphur veins, or iron
+pyrites, are found in all sections of this valley; one of the most
+provoking problems of the owners of the springs being to keep their
+fountains from a sulphur taint, the quantity and quality of which is
+not considered beneficial, while it injures the sale of the bottled
+water.
+
+The Crystal Spring is somewhat alterative in its therapeutic effects.
+
+
+
+
+THE ELLIS SPRING
+
+
+Is near the railroad, between the Glacier and Geyser Springs. It has
+been known for a long time. The water flows through the _slate rock_,
+and, unlike any other spring at Saratoga, issues in a horizontal
+direction from the side of the hill. It is a very fine chalybeate, but
+is not bottled.
+
+
+
+
+EMPIRE SPRING,
+
+
+Situated on Spring avenue, at the head of Circular street, and near
+the base of a high limestone bluff, in the northerly part of the
+village, a few rods above the Star Spring, and about three-fourths of
+a mile from the Congress. Owned by the Congress and Empire Spring
+Company. O.H. Cromwell, Superintendent.
+
+
+History.
+
+Mineral water was known to trickle down the bank at this point ever
+since the land was cleared of its primitive shrubs. It was not till
+the year 1846 that the fountain was taken in charge. The tubing is
+eleven feet, and fits closely to the rock. Messrs. Weston and Co., the
+early proprietors, made extensive improvements in the grounds
+surrounding, planting shade trees, etc., and during the past year the
+opening of Spring avenue has rendered the place more attractive.
+
+
+Properties.
+
+The water of this spring has a general resemblance to that of the
+Congress. In the cathartic effects of the two waters the difference is
+scarcely appreciable, although from the presence of a larger quantity
+of magnesia in the Congress, its operation is perhaps somewhat more
+pungent. The Empire is highly esteemed for the treatment of obscure
+and chronic diseases requiring alterative and diuretic remedies. It is
+also recommended as a preventive or remedy for the diseases natural to
+warm climates, especially intermittent, gastric and bilious fevers,
+dysenteries and disorders of the liver. The directions for using are
+the same as for the Congress.
+
+
+
+
+EUREKA MINERAL SPRING
+
+
+Is situated on Lake avenue, and on Spring avenue, about a mile east of
+Broadway, and a few rods beyond the Excelsior Spring. Eureka Spring
+Company, proprietors. A.R. Dyett, Esq., President.
+
+The location of the spring is in the midst of very romantic and
+picturesque scenery, embracing a beautiful park of some twenty-five
+acres. Since the water was analyzed the fountain has been retubed, and
+its quality improved. It is serviceable in dyspepsia and all diseases
+and affections of the liver and kidneys, and is classed among saline
+and cathartic waters.
+
+It resembles in taste and appearance the other Saratoga waters. The
+New York office of the Eureka Spring Company, for the sale of their
+bottled water, is at No. 7 Hudson R.R.R. Depot, Varick street. Mr
+Benj. J. Levy is the agent.
+
+Within a few steps of the Eureka, and belonging to the same company,
+is the White Sulphur Spring and bathing-house. The water of the White
+Sulphur Spring is an hepatic water of an excellent character,
+possessing, as the company claim every essential element to render it
+equal for internal use to the best White Sulphur waters in this State,
+and far superior to most of them. The company have erected a
+commodious bath-house, containing fifty bath-rooms, with every
+convenience for warm and cold baths, at a moderate price.
+
+Frequent omnibuses convey passengers to and from these springs for 25
+cents, passing the principal hotels.
+
+
+
+
+THE EXCELSIOR SPRING
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Is found in a beautiful valley, and amid most romantic scenery, about
+a mile east of the town hall. The principal entrance to this spring is
+on Lake avenue, about half a mile east of Circular street. Another
+route is via Spring avenue, by which we pass a majority of the other
+springs, and also the Loughberry water-works which supply the village
+of Saratoga Springs with water from the Excelsior Lake by the
+celebrated Holly system. Just before us, as we reach a point where the
+avenue turns towards the Excelsior, is the fine summer hotel known as
+the Mansion House, and the pretty cottage residence of Mr. Henry
+Lawrence.
+
+[Illustration: BOTTLE MARK.]
+
+[Illustration: TRADE MARK.]
+
+
+History.
+
+The Excelsior Spring has been appreciated for its valuable qualities
+by some of the oldest visitors of Saratoga for more than half a
+century. The water, however, was not generally known to the public
+until in 1859, when Mr. H.H. Lawrence, the former owner, and father of
+the present proprietors, retubed the spring at a considerable expense,
+having excavated it to a depth of fifty-six feet, eleven of which are
+in the solid rock. By this improvement the water flows with all its
+properties undeteriorated, retaining from source to outlet its
+original purity and strength. Since then, the present proprietors,
+under the firm of A.R. Lawrence & Co., by a new and improved method of
+bottling and barreling the Excelsior water under its own hydrostatic
+pressure, have given it an increased reputation and it is rapidly
+attaining a wide-spread popularity.
+
+
+Properties.
+
+The water of this spring is a pleasant _cathartic_, and has also
+alterative and tonic properties, and is moreover a very delightful
+beverage. Two or three glasses in the morning is the dose as a
+cathartic. As an alterative and diuretic, it should be taken in small
+quantities during the day. We have seen stronger commendations of this
+water from the highest medical authority than of any other.
+
+
+Exportation of the Water.
+
+After a refreshing draught from this sparkling and delicious fountain,
+let us not fail to examine the proprietors' peculiar and very perfect
+method of bottling and barreling the Excelsior water by its own
+hydrostatic pressure. Since last season a handsome brick
+bottling-house has replaced the ancient wooden structure. Entering
+this bottling-house we find our way to a capacious and well-lighted
+cellar, in which we discover a perpendicular opening some ten feet in
+diameter; this proves to be a circular brick vault, in whose depths
+the process of filling is performed. Twelve feet below the surface of
+the spring a block tin tube conveys the water into reservoirs placed
+at the bottom of this vault. These reservoirs are strong oak barrels,
+lined with pure block tin in such a manner as to be perfectly
+gas-tight, and furnished with two tubes, one quite short and the other
+extending from the top to the bottom of the reservoir. Then, by
+filling the reservoirs through the long tube by hydrostatic pressure,
+the air is excluded, while the gas is not allowed to escape. When sold
+on draught, it is necessary simply to connect the long tube with the
+draught tube, and the short tube with an air pump, when the water can
+be forced out by the pressure of the air, and will flow forth
+sparkling and delicious as at the spring, without being re-charged
+with gas.
+
+[Illustration: GEYSER SPRING THE SPOUTING SPRING]
+
+Having concluded our investigation, and tarried to notice the
+MINNEHAHA, UNION, and other springs which bubble up in this
+immediate vicinity, we have now the choice of continuing along the
+banks of a winding stream to the Eureka and White Sulphur Springs, or
+of returning by the way of Lake avenue. But should we prefer the
+healthful exercise of walking, we may dismiss our carriage and stroll
+into those magnificent woods that border the hill and valley for half
+a mile between Excelsior Spring and the village. Through them there is
+a wide and shady path, well known to visitors who love the
+picturesque, and along its winding way is found the shortest walk to
+the center of the village.
+
+The beauty of this region would seem to indicate it as the proper site
+for the future Central Park of Saratoga.
+
+
+
+
+THE GEYSER SPOUTING SPRING
+
+
+Is about a mile and a half below the village, on the Ballston road,
+and near the railroad. Business address, "Geyser Spring."
+
+
+History.
+
+This wonderful mineral fountain was discovered in February. 1870.
+There had been indications of mineral water in this neighborhood,
+which had been noticed for a long time. The building which is now used
+as a bottling-house, and beneath which the spring was found, was used
+as a bolt factory. The proprietors, Messrs. Vail and Seavy, determined
+to bore for a spring. They were successful, and when they had reached
+a point 140 feet below the surface rock, they struck the mineral vein.
+The water immediately burst forth with vehemence, and the marvelous
+phenomenon of a spouting spring was established.
+
+The orifice bored in the rock is five and a half inches in diameter
+and 140 feet deep. The tubing is a block tin pipe, encased with iron,
+eighty-five feet in length and two inches in diameter. The diameter of
+the orifice of the tube is three-eighths of an inch. The tube is
+firmly secured at the bottom, and "seed bags" are filled in around it,
+so that all the water and gas is compelled to enter the tube, thereby
+preventing the possibility of adulteration. The fact that the spring
+is located 140 feet beneath the solid rock renders it free from all
+impurities of surface waters.
+
+
+Peculiarities.
+
+The water is thrown up by the action of its own carbonic acid gas,
+with great force, producing a fountain jet very attractive in
+appearance. The height of the fountain is twenty-five feet. A portion
+of the stream is allowed to flow through a hollow globe of glass, and
+large bubbles of gas of a bright pearl color rising in rapid
+succession through the water, form a beautiful addition to the
+attractiveness of the fountain. The curious will find an opportunity
+to obtain a sniff of pure gas at a wooden tube, near the bottling
+room, where water is drawn for bottling.
+
+It is noticeable that when a portion of the stream is allowed to flow
+through another tube to the bottling-room, the fountain spouts to an
+unusual height.
+
+
+Properties.
+
+The water, as shown by the analysis, is a powerful _cathartic_, and
+contains a larger amount of valuable medicinal properties than any
+other spring at Saratoga. The dose is from one to two glasses. The
+temperature of the spring is 46 deg. Fahr., being only 14 deg. from
+the freezing point. As the water is drawn from the fountain it foams
+like soda water, from the great abundance of carbonic acid gas, which
+gives to the water its agreeable taste.
+
+During the two years since its discovery the water has been
+introduced all over the Union, and is now to be obtained in the
+principal cities of America and Europe.
+
+A beautiful ravine, cascade and lake, and a sulphur spring also are in
+the immediate vicinity south of the spring. Seats are provided and the
+pleasure seeker will find a few hours in this locality a delightful
+recreation. The Geyser Spring is one of the chief attractions of
+Saratoga, and no visitor should fail to see it and taste its sparkling
+water.
+
+
+
+
+THE GLACIER SPOUTING SPRING,
+
+
+  "Sparkling, rippling, and dancing about,
+  Freighted with health and brilliant with light,
+  Soothing the ear and entrancing the sight."
+
+May be found in a little valley east of the railroad and directly
+opposite the Geyser Spring, about a mile south of the village. Button
+& Gibbs, proprietors.
+
+[Illustration: GLACIER SPRING]
+
+It was discovered in Sept. 1871, and is the most remarkable fountain
+in the world. It discharges from four to eight gallons per minute,
+spouting through a quarter inch nozzle to a height of fifty-two feet,
+or through a half inch nozzle forty feet, pouring forth a perfect suds
+of water and gas.
+
+
+History.
+
+In the spring of 1870, Mr. Jesse Button, having been employed to sink
+the Geyser well, was so successful that he was induced to bore for
+another spring on land owned by D. Gibbs, Esq., in this locality.
+Mineral water was found at no great depth, but in no considerable
+quantity. The well was sunk 220 feet in the slate rock, reaching the
+magnesian limestone. At this point the mineral water could be made to
+spout for a few moments, occasionally, by agitating it with a
+sand-pump. The stream, however, was quite small, and as Mr. Button was
+called elsewhere, the project was temporarily abandoned. In Sept.,
+1871, boring was resumed. The diameter of the well which had been sank
+was four and three-fourths inches. It was made an inch larger,
+tapering toward the bottom, and the well was continued through the
+magnesian limestone to the Trenton limestone, making a total depth of
+300 feet. Having reached this point the water spouted forth with great
+force. The well was at once carefully tubed.
+
+
+Properties.
+
+The water is very concentrated, and small doses are all that is
+required. It will bear dilution with fresh water much better then
+milk. It seems to have not only strong cathartic properties, but a
+special action upon the kidneys and liver. For medicinal purposes it
+promises to equal any in Saratoga.
+
+As an object of curiosity and interest, the Glacier Spring is
+unequaled in Saratoga, and it will doubtless speedily become a popular
+resort.
+
+
+
+
+HAMILTON SPRING.
+
+
+On Spring street, corner of Putnam, in the rear of Congress Hall, and
+a short distance from Hathorn Spring. Its principal action is
+_diuretic_ and, in large doses, cathartic. The mineral ingredients are
+the same as those of the other springs, but, owing to the peculiar
+combination, the medicinal effects are widely different. It has been
+found of great service in kidney complaints. From one to three glasses
+during the day is the usual dose. It should be used under the
+prescription of a physician, and warm drinks should not be taken
+immediately after. Persons suffering from "a cold" should not drink
+this water. It is not bottled.
+
+
+
+
+THE HATHORN SPRING
+
+
+Is situated immediately north of Congress Hall, on Spring street. H.H.
+Hathorn, proprietor.
+
+
+History.
+
+The spring was discovered in 1868 by workmen engaged in excavating for
+the foundations of a brick building for Congress Hall ball-room. At
+the time of discovery its waters contained more mineral substances
+than any other spring at Saratoga. During the past winter a defect in
+the tubing has led the proprietors to retube it very carefully and at
+great expense. At the recent retubing two streams were found and
+carefully tubed, one of which discharges sixty gallons per minute.
+
+
+Properties.
+
+It is a powerful _cathartic_. Since its discovery it has achieved a
+wonderful popularity and a high reputation in all sections of the
+country. In nearly all cases when a powerful cathartic is needed its
+effects are excellent, benefiting those on whom the milder waters
+produce little effect.
+
+Persons whose alimentary organs are very sensitive, or in an
+inflammatory condition, should not imbibe large quantities.
+
+There is an unusual amount of lithia in the water, which increases its
+medicinal value.
+
+
+
+
+THE HIGH ROCK SPRING
+
+
+Is located on Willow walk, between the Seltzer and the Star Springs.
+
+[Illustration: HIGH ROCK SPRING.]
+
+The High Rock is the oldest in point of discovery of the Saratoga
+springs. As early as 1767, Sir Wm. Johnson was brought to it on a
+litter by his Indian friends. It is noted for the most remarkable
+natural curiosity of the vicinity, certainly. The following
+interesting description of this rock is by Prof. Chandler: "The spring
+rises in a little mound of stone, three or four feet high, which
+appears like a miniature volcano, except that sparkling water instead
+of melted lava flows from its little crater. When Sir William Johnson
+visited the spring, and in fact until quite recently, the water did
+not overflow the mound, but came to within a few inches of the summit;
+some other hidden outlet permitting its escape. The Indians had a
+tradition, however, which was undoubtedly true, that the water
+formerly flowed over the rim of the opening. A few years ago (1866)
+the property changed hands, and the new owners, convinced that by
+stopping the lateral outlet they could cause the water to issue again
+from the mouth of the rock, employed a number of men to undermine the
+mound, and with a powerful hoisting derrick to lift it off and set it
+one side, that the spring might be explored.
+
+"If you will examine the cut which presents a vertical section of the
+spring, you will be able to follow me as I tell you what they found.
+
+"Just below the mound were found four logs, two of which rested upon
+the other, two at right angles, forming a curb. Under the logs were
+bundles of twigs resting upon the dark-brown or black soil of a
+previous swamp. Evidently some ancient seekers after health had found
+the spring in the swamp, and to make it more convenient to secure the
+water had piled brush around it, and then laid down the logs as a
+curb. But you inquire, how came the rock, which weighed several tons,
+above the logs? The rock was formed by the water. It is composed of
+tufa, carbonate of lime, and was formed in the same manner as
+stalactites and stalagmites are formed. As the water flowed over the
+logs, the evaporation of a portion of the carbonic acid gas caused the
+separation of an equivalent quantity of insoluble carbonate of lime,
+which, layer by layer, built up the mound. A fragment of the rock
+which I possess contains leaves, twigs, hazel nuts, and snail shells,
+which, falling from time to time upon it, were incrusted and finally
+imprisoned in the stony mass.
+
+[Illustration: SECTION OF HIGH ROCK]
+
+  Analysis of a Fragment of the Rock
+
+  Carbonate of lime                       95.17
+  Carbonate of magnesia                    2.49
+  Sesquioxide of iron                      0.07
+  Alumina                                  0.22
+  Sand and clay                            0.09
+  Organic matter                           1.11
+  Moisture                                 0.39
+  Undetermined                             0.46
+                                         ------
+                                         100.00
+
+"Below the rocks the workmen followed the spring through four feet of
+tufa and muck. Then they came to a layer of solid tufa two feet thick,
+then one foot of muck in which they found another log. Below this were
+three feet of tufa, and there seventeen feet below the apex of the
+mound they found the embers and charcoal of an ancient fire. By whom
+and when could the fire have been built? The Indian tradition went
+back only to the time when the water overflowed the rock. How many
+centuries may have elapsed since even the logs were placed in their
+position? A grave philosopher of the famous watering-place,
+remembering that botanists determine the age of trees by counting the
+rings on the section of the stems and noticing the layers in the tufa
+rock, polished a portion of the surface, and counted eighty-one layers
+to the inch. He forthwith made the following calculation:
+
+  High Rock, 4 feet 80 lines to the inch       3,840 years
+  Muck and tufa, 7 feet low estimate             400   "
+  Tufa, 2 feet 25 lines to the inch              600   "
+  Muck, 1 foot                                   130   "
+  Tufa, 3 feet                                   900   "
+                                               -----
+       Time since the fire was built           5,870   "
+
+"As I have seen half an inch of tufa formed in two years on a brick
+which received the overflow from a spout of water containing only
+twenty grams of carbonate of lime in a gallon, I am inclined to think
+our antiquarian's estimates are not entirely reliable."[A]
+
+[Illustration: PAVILION SPRING.]
+
+The rock has been replaced over the spring, and the water now flows
+over it. A very beautiful and expensive colonnade has been built over
+the rock by the "High Rock Congress Spring Company." This company was
+formed in 1866, and was inaugurated under favorable auspices and with
+brilliant prospects of success. But though _founded on a rock_, it was
+not successful in withstanding the storms. Whether the rock was too
+slippery, or the Spring rains too severe, or what was the slip-up, or
+rather slip-down, we do not presume to say, but the company failed,
+and the spring was sold at auction during the present month for
+$16,000.
+
+Those who invested their dollars in it sank them in a _well_, and
+unlike "bread cast upon the waters," they do not seem to return again.
+
+A new company has been organized, and under their direction the spring
+is being retubed. With honest and careful management it ought to be
+profitable to the owners and conducive to the health of the public.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[A] A lecture on Water by C.H. Chandler, Ph.D., delivered at the
+American Institute.
+
+
+
+
+PAVILION SPRING.
+
+
+A few steps from Broadway, in a somewhat secluded valley, though in
+the very centre of Saratoga and directly at the head of Spring avenue
+(now being completed), bubble up the clear and sparkling water of the
+Pavilion Spring.
+
+The pleasure seeker strolling up Broadway is directed by a modest sign
+down Lake avenue to "Pavilion Spring and Park." A few steps, less than
+half a block, brings him to the handsome arched gateway of this very
+pretty park in which one can pass the time as pleasantly as could be
+wished. The colonnade over the spring is one of the most elegant of
+its class. It was erected in 1869, at a cost of over $6,000, and is a
+fine ornament to the park. The United States Spring is under the same
+colonnade. Our cut is a very faithful likeness of the grounds.
+
+
+History.
+
+The spring was originally owned by the Walton family. Though long
+known, its situation was such, being in the midst of a deep morass,
+that the owners took no steps towards tubing it. In 1839 it passed
+into the hands of Mr. Daniel McLaren, who tubed it at a heavy expense
+and trouble by sinking a crib twenty-two feet square to a depth of
+forty feet. A tube was constructed in the form of a boot, and to
+render the ground dry and firm around it several tons of iron filings
+from Troy were packed around.
+
+When the work was finished, the water was bottled to some extent and
+was a favorite drink with many of the citizens. It was then esteemed
+as a tonic spring. In 1868 it was retubed and the tube extended down
+ten feet further to the sandstone rock. Clay was used for the packing,
+and the water has since been of a finer flavor and of cathartic
+properties. At this time the spring became the property of the
+Pavilion and United States Spring Co., composed of enterprising
+business men, under whose management the grounds have been rendered
+quite attractive and the water is becoming celebrated as one of the
+leading cathartic springs of far-famed Saratoga.
+
+
+Properties.
+
+There is a liveliness and pungency to this water which makes it a
+pleasant beverage. An abundance of gas, so much desired in a mineral
+spring, is so intimately associated with the water, and is so well
+"fixed" as to hold the medicinal constituents in a clear and permanent
+solution. The property of the water is cathartic, affecting more or
+less, however, all the secretions. It is of special service in
+dyspepsia, biliousness, rheumatism, etc. A half a glass to a glass,
+drank after hearty meals, will relieve at once the distress from which
+so many suffer. Medical men recommend the water also for kidney
+disease.
+
+While stronger than the milder waters which require so large potions
+to be effective, it is not characterized by the harshness and
+irritating power of some of the more recently discovered springs. It
+seems to us a sort of golden mean between the two extremes.
+
+The water bottles nicely, and is sent to every part of the Union. It
+is also sold on draught. Persons becoming attached to it while at
+Saratoga, can thus easily obtain it at any time in a manner only
+equaled by that dipped from the spring. The sale of this, as well as
+of nearly all mineral waters, is conducted almost exclusively by
+druggists.
+
+The business address of the proprietors is "Pavilion & U.S. Spring
+Company, 113 Chambers street, N.Y.," to whom orders should be
+addressed.
+
+
+
+
+PUTNAM SPRING,
+
+
+On Phila street, near Broadway. Used chiefly for bathing purposes. It
+is a tonic or chalybeate, and, as this goes to press, is being
+retubed. The proprietor, Mr. Lewis Putnam, is the oldest native
+resident of Saratoga.
+
+
+
+
+THE RED SPRING.
+
+
+This spring is located on Spring avenue, a short distance beyond the
+Empire, at the junction of Geneva and Warren streets. Red Spring Co.,
+proprietors.
+
+[Illustration: RED SPRING.]
+
+
+History.
+
+It was discovered soon after the Revolutionary war, by a Mr. Norton,
+who had been driven from the place from fear of hostile Indians
+during the war, and who returned about the year 1784 to re-occupy and
+improve some buildings erected by him for the accommodation of a few
+invalids who came to visit the High Rock, Flat Rock, President and Red
+Springs. No other springs were known at that time, or for many years
+after. Nearly a hundred years ago the first bath-house ever built at
+Saratoga was erected at the Red Spring, and was used for the cure of
+all kinds of eruptive and skin diseases for many years. Through the
+neglect of the owners, this spring, with others near, was allowed to
+fall into an impure condition; the tubes rotted out, and for a number
+of years the water of the Red Spring was only used for washing sore
+eyes, bad ulcers, and the cure of salt rheum, etc. The springs of
+Ballston, and the valuable qualities of Congress water, drew public
+attention away from these springs, and it was only a few years since
+that the present owners of the spring retubed and secured this
+valuable water for public use. The reputation it had long sustained as
+a powerful alterative for the cure of blood diseases was confirmed;
+and for several years this water has been used with growing confidence
+and wonderful results.
+
+
+Properties.
+
+In a general sense its therapeutic effects are alterative, and it
+possesses a particular adaptation to inflamed mucous surfaces;
+scrofula in all its forms, dyspepsia in its worst conditions, and
+kidney difficulties, with every kind of skin disease, including salt
+rheum, which it never fails to cure, are prominent among the diseases
+cured by the use of this water.
+
+Its general effect is to tone up the system, regulate the secretions
+and vitalize the blood, thereby creating a better appetite and better
+assimilation.
+
+The analysis of this water does not indicate any properties that can
+account for its astonishing effects on disease, but they are supposed
+to be owing to its _peculiar combination_. Scientific men, however,
+differ in regard to this point and in regard to the analysis.
+
+A greater number of _invalids_ are now using this water than from all
+the other springs in the place. This water is not used as a beverage.
+More than a hundred gallons per day are taken away by _real invalids_,
+besides that drank at the spring. To become acquainted with its
+wonderful cures one needs only to go there and spend an hour
+conversing with those who are using it for their various ailments. The
+water is used at all hours of the day and a short time is all that is
+needed to learn the high estimation in which it is held as a remedial
+agent.
+
+
+
+
+SARATOGA "A" SPRING.
+
+
+The "A" Spring is situated on Spring avenue, a little beyond the
+Empire Spring, on the eastern side of a steep bluff of calciferous
+sand rock, upon grounds which could be made quite attractive by a
+moderate outlay.
+
+
+History.
+
+The memory of that reverend being, the oldest inhabitant does not
+recall the time when the existence of mineral water in this immediate
+locality was not known. As the merits of spring waters were so little
+known and understood in the earlier days of their discovery, the
+demand was far below the supply, and no attempt was made to introduce
+this spring to public attention, nor any provision for the use of its
+waters. In 1865, Messrs. Western & Co. purchased the property, and at
+once instituted plans for securing the fountain; and a shaft twelve
+feet square was sunk to the depth of sixteen feet. The surface above
+the rock consists of bluish marl, similar to that found all along
+this mineral valley. A tube, in the usual form, was placed over the
+spring, and clay was used as packing around it. In the spring of the
+next year the fountain was more perfectly secured by a new tubing, and
+the water was bottled and shipped all over the country.
+
+An ill wind seemed to be blowing, and in 1867 the bottling-house was
+nearly destroyed by fire; and the spring was again retubed to the
+depth of _thirty-two_ feet, going down to the solid rock, where one of
+the most perfect veins of water was found flowing in all its original
+purity, which was secured with the greatest care, in order to prevent
+the mixture of sulphurous or other waters, and carried to the surface
+through a tube made of maple.
+
+At present the spring itself is protected by a temporary structure,
+while the water is bottled in a portion of the original building which
+was not destroyed by fire. The spring is at some little distance from
+the business part of Saratoga, and, since the bottling-house was
+destroyed no special efforts have been made to attract a crowd of
+visitors, though many who know the virtues of the water take the pains
+and trouble to go out of their way to obtain it, fresh from the spring
+in all its purity, as it is held in the highest estimation by all who
+have used it. We believe it is the intention of the present management
+to rebuild the houses and ornament the surroundings either this summer
+or next.
+
+Of the original company, Jay Gould was President, and John F. Henry,
+Secretary. The officers of the present company are, John F. Henry,
+President; B.S. Barrett, Secretary, and Edwin F. Stevens, Treasurer.
+Mr. Henry is well known as the leading druggist in America and the
+largest dealer in proprietary medicines in the world.
+
+
+Properties.
+
+The water possesses a very agreeable taste and flavor, resembling in
+many respects the favorite Congress. Its principal action is
+alterative and cathartic.
+
+
+
+
+SELTZER SPRING.
+
+
+"Saratoga Seltzer Spring Co.," proprietors. Perhaps no one of the
+springs gratifies the curious more than the Seltzer.
+
+It is situated about 150 feet from the High Rock Spring, but, although
+in such close proximity thereto, its water is entirely different, thus
+illustrating the wonderful extent and capacity of nature's
+subterranean laboratory.
+
+
+Peculiarities.
+
+The owners of the Seltzer Spring have an ingenious contrivance for
+exhibiting the flow of the water and its gas. It consists of a glass
+tube, three feet in height and fifteen inches in diameter, nicely
+adjusted to the mouth of the spring, through which the sweet, clear,
+sparkling water gushes in a steady volume, while, faster than the
+water, bubble up the glittering globules of pure carbonic acid gas.
+
+
+History.
+
+The spring was discovered several years ago, but only recently was it
+tubed so as to be available. The tube extends down thirty-four feet to
+the surface of the foundation rock. The crevice in the rock through
+which the water issues is about twelve inches by five. The column of
+water above the rock is thirty-seven feet high. The flow of gas is
+abundant and constant, but every few minutes, as the watchful visitor
+will observe, there is a momentary ebullition of an extraordinary
+quantity which causes the water in the tube to boil over the rim. When
+the sunshine falls upon the fountain it presents a beautiful
+appearance.
+
+This is a genuine Seltzer spring. The character of the water is almost
+identical with that of the celebrated Nassau Spring of Germany, which
+is justly esteemed so delicious by the natives of the "Fatherland."
+Our German citizens, with their usual sagacity, have discovered this
+fact, and the consumption of the water by them is daily on the
+increase.
+
+The importance of this American Seltzer Spring will be somewhat
+appreciated by the reader, when informed of the fact that nearly two
+millions of stone jugs, holding one quart each, of the Nassau Seltzer
+are annually exported from Germany.
+
+
+Properties.
+
+The water of this spring is very pleasant to the taste, being slightly
+acidulous and saline, but much milder than that of the other Saratoga
+springs. It is an agreeable and wholesome beverage. When mixed with
+still wines, etc., it adds the peculiar flavor only to be derived from
+a pure, natural Seltzer. It enlivens them and gives them the character
+of sparkling wines.
+
+Saratoga possesses numerous objects of interest for the German
+population, surpassing even the famous Spas of Europe, and the
+discovery of the Seltzer will doubtless attract large numbers of this
+intelligent and genial people.
+
+The analyses of the Saratoga and the German Seltzer springs are almost
+identical.
+
+No people in the world, perhaps, consider a summer's excursion to a
+watering place so absolutely essential to life, physically,
+dietetically, morally and politically considered, as the Germans, and
+we are happy to know that they are beginning to realize the
+attractions of Saratoga.
+
+[Illustration: STAR SPRING.]
+
+The United States Spring is also successfully used for mixing with
+the still wines, and is attaining a popularity among the Germans.
+
+
+
+
+THE STAR SPRING
+
+
+Is located on Spring avenue near the termination of Circular street.
+Star Spring Co., proprietors, Melvin Wright, Superintendent.
+
+
+History.
+
+Under the name of President Spring, and afterwards Iodine Spring, the
+fountain now called the Star has been known for nearly a century; long
+enough to test its merits and long enough to sink it in oblivion if it
+possessed no merits. Its lustre is undimmed, and it promises to be a
+star that shall never set. During these many years a goodly proportion
+of tottering humanity have found in this spring an amendment to their
+several crippled constitutions. It was first tubed in 1835. In 1865
+the Star Spring Co. was formed, and in the following year the spring
+was retubed under their direction. In 1870 they erected the finest
+bottling-house in Saratoga. Great care is taken to preserve the spring
+in a pure condition and perfect repair. The water has become immensely
+popular in New England, where it is "the spring," and throughout the
+United States and Canada.
+
+
+For Commercial Use.
+
+The water is sold in cases of quarts and pints, and besides, owing to
+the large amount of gas which is finely incorporated with the water,
+the company are enabled to supply families with it in kegs of fifteen
+gallons, in which the water keeps as well as in bottles, and at
+one-fourth to one-sixth the cost. This method seems to give entire
+satisfaction and is fast coming into general use. This is the only
+spring that supplies the water in bulk to families. The price to
+druggists in bulk is twenty cents per gallon, to families $4 per half
+barrel, to the trade in cases at $21 per gross for pints, and $30 per
+gross for quarts.
+
+
+Properties.
+
+The Star water is mildly cathartic, has a pleasant, slightly acid
+taste, gentle and healthy in its action, and yet powerful in its
+effects.
+
+It is far more desirable for general use as a cathartic than the
+preparations of the apothecary.
+
+Rev. Dr. Cuyler, in one of his peculiarly charming letters, gives the
+Star Water preference over all others as an active and efficient
+cathartic.
+
+
+
+
+THE TEN SPRINGS.
+
+
+This is the name which was formerly given to several springs in the
+immediate vicinity of the Excelsior, and embracing the Union and the
+Minnehaha, which have been recently tubed. The other springs have been
+neglected, and the name "Ten Springs" has been abandoned.
+
+
+
+
+THE UNITED STATES SPRING
+
+
+Is located under the same colonnade as the Pavilion, and less than ten
+feet distant from it. When the Pavilion was being retubed, in 1868, a
+new spring was discovered flowing from the east (the Pavilion and
+nearly all the other springs flowing from the west). It has been
+carefully tubed and christened the United States. It seems to be tonic
+in its properties, with only a very slight cathartic effect. It is now
+used for mixing with the still wines by our German citizens, who find
+in it the virtues of their own Nassau Spring. There are very few of
+the Saratoga waters that can be used successfully with the red and
+white wines, the presence of a very large proportion of chloride of
+sodium being considered an objection. The United States Spring seems
+to fully answer the purpose, giving to the wines a rich flavor and
+sparkling character.
+
+It is a matter of surprise to visitors that two springs, welling up
+their waters so near together, should yet be widely different. Where
+nature in her subterranean laboratory obtains all the elements, and
+how she can manage that from one crevice shall issue a water whose
+ingredients shall never materially differ, and whose temperature shall
+remain constant throughout the year, while within a few feet she sends
+up an equally unvarying, and yet widely different spring, is indeed a
+problem, and the oftener one reflects on subjects of this kind, the
+oftener is the old fashioned observation repeated, that "let a man go
+where he will, Omnipotence is never from his view."
+
+
+
+
+THE WASHINGTON SPRING
+
+
+Is situated in the grounds of the Clarendon Hotel, on South Broadway.
+
+
+History.
+
+This fountain was the first tubed in this mineral valley, being opened
+by Gideon Putnam, in 1806. It was used for bathing purposes chiefly.
+Dr. Steel writes of it in 1828, that it is "found of eminent service
+when applied to old, ill-conditioned ulcers, and obstinate eruptions
+of the skin." A cluster of bushes formed a shelter for the external
+use of the water.
+
+In 1858 a shaft eleven feet square was sunk round the spring to a
+depth of thirty feet. The stream seemed to come from a lateral
+direction, and a tunnel was excavated for a distance of thirty feet.
+At this point the earth gave way, and the water and gas flowed in so
+suddenly that the workmen hardly escaped with their lives, leaving
+their tools behind them. In fifteen minutes 12,000 gallons of water,
+and double that quantity of gas, filled the excavation. Rotary pumps,
+worked by a steam engine, were insufficient to remove the water.
+Another shaft, near the end of the tunnel, was sunk to a depth of
+twenty-eight feet, when the water burst into this also, and it had to
+be abandoned. A third shaft, twenty feet in diameter, and held by a
+strong coffer dam, was sunk southeast of the former. When the rock was
+reached two streams were found issuing from a fissure; one of them was
+tubed, and water rose to the surface.
+
+This brief sketch will give a little idea of the difficulties and
+dangers incident to the tubing of some of these springs.
+
+
+Properties.
+
+This is a chalybeate or iron spring, having _tonic_ and diuretic
+properties. It is not a saline water, and the peculiar inky taste of
+iron is perceptible. It should be drank in the afternoon or evening,
+before or after meals, or just before retiring. One glass is
+sufficient for tonic purposes. Many regard this as the most agreeable
+beverage in Saratoga. It is frequently called the "Champagne Spring"
+from its sparkling properties.
+
+The grounds in the immediate vicinity are very picturesque, and in the
+evening are lighted by gas. The Clarendon Band discourse their music
+on the neighboring piazza, and large numbers of fashionably attired
+people throng beneath the majestic pines, forming one of those
+peculiar group pictures which render Saratoga so charming.
+
+
+
+
+EUREKA WHITE SULPHUR SPRING
+
+
+Is about a mile east of Broadway and only a few rods distant from the
+Eureka Mineral and the Ten Springs. Lake avenue and Spring avenue lead
+directly to it. Stages run between the spring and the village every
+hour, passing the principal hotels. Eureka Spring Co. are the
+proprietors.
+
+This is _the_ Sulphur Spring of Saratoga. _It is said to be
+unsurpassed by any Sulphur spring in the State._ Sulphuretted or
+hepatic waters acquire their peculiar properties from beds of pyrites
+or by passing through strata of bituminous shale and foetic-oolitic
+beds. These we regard as organic sulphuretted waters, while the others
+are mineral.
+
+The mere presence of hydrosulphuric acid gas does not constitute an
+hepatic water: for the solid ingredients are essential; and these are
+found in that of the Eureka White Sulphur Spring, proving it to be a
+very valuable water. It is successfully used in the long list of
+diseases for which, sulphur water, both internally and externally, is
+so highly recommended by the medical faculty. Sulphur waters are very
+useful in the treatment of rheumatism, gout, neuralgia, and kindred
+diseases, and in glandular affections and certain chronic diseases of
+the stomach, liver, intestines, spleen, kidneys, bladder and uterus,
+and in dropsy, scrofula, chlorosis and mercurial diseases. It is
+beneficial, used both internally and externally in the form of baths
+at different degrees of temperature, best determined in each case by
+the physician under whose advice, as a general rule, they should be
+used. The water is highly beneficial in cutaneous diseases, inflamed
+eyes, etc. If the person is dyspeptic the non-gaseous water should be
+used in small doses. It may be as well to add that such waters should
+not be used if there is a tendency to cerebral disease, or in cases of
+consumption and cancer.
+
+[Illustration: CONGRESS SPRING BOTTLING-HOUSE.]
+
+The water of this sulphur spring is remarkably pellucid. The fountain
+discharges upwards of 20,000 gallons per day.
+
+A large and commodious bathing-house, containing fifty bath-rooms,
+with excellent and ample accommodations and superior facilities,
+affords _warm_ and _cold_ sulphur water baths. They are a real luxury.
+
+This completes our list of the important springs. Mineral water of
+considerable merit has been found in several other places in the
+village and its vicinage, which, if situated elsewhere, would
+doubtless excite marked attention and popularity, but in the midst of
+Saratoga's brilliant galaxy and in the absence of any distinguishing
+peculiarity, they possess at present "no name."
+
+
+
+
+DIRECTIONS FOR THE USE OF THE WATERS.[B]
+
+
+The CATHARTIC  waters, as a cathartic, should be taken only
+before breakfast in the morning, and possibly before retiring at
+night, because in the morning the body, refreshed by sleep, is best
+prepared for the water, and the stomach is empty. Two or three glasses
+are usually sufficient, if drank within a short interval and only a
+few minutes before breakfast. Many physicians attribute the cathartic
+effect to the "stimulus of distention" as well as to the absorption of
+the mineral properties, and for this purpose the water should not be
+sipped but _drank_. Before eating, the sipping of a little tea or
+coffee will make the waters more efficacious.
+
+None of the cathartic waters should be drank in _large quantities_
+immediately before, during or within two hours after meals, as they
+are then liable to disturb digestion and prevent nutrition.
+
+[Illustration: WASHING AND FILLING.]
+
+When suffering from a cold the cathartic waters should be avoided.
+Those affected with lung complaints should not drink these waters.
+
+As an ALTERATIVE, the waters should be drank in small
+quantities at various intervals during the day. As their alterative
+effect is from the absorption of the water, the quantity taken should
+be small.
+
+The chalybeate or TONIC  waters are liable to cause headache
+when taken before breakfast. They may be used with benefit before or
+after dinner and tea. Only from a half to one glass should be taken at
+a time.
+
+The DIURETIC  waters should be drank before meals, and at
+night, and should not be followed by warm drinks. Walking and other
+exercise increase the diuretic effect.
+
+Attention to system should characterize the use of these as of other
+remedies.
+
+It is impossible to give _complete and invariable_ directions for
+drinking any of the waters.
+
+The experience and necessities of each individual can alone determine
+many things in regard to their use.
+
+It is advisable to consult some experienced resident physician.
+
+A moderate use of the waters will be found most beneficial.
+
+The enormous quantities of water which some persons imbibe at the
+popular springs is perfectly shocking, and can only be injurious. It
+is no uncommon occurrence to see persons drink from five to ten
+glasses of Congress or Hathorn water with scarcely any interval, and
+the writer has heard of a lady who swallowed within a few minutes
+fourteen glasses of one of the springs. It is to be presumed that her
+thirst was satisfied, as no further account of her has been given.
+
+Those who are taking a course of mineral water will usually find their
+appetite increased thereby.
+
+[Illustration: PACKING-ROOM, CONGRESS SPRING.]
+
+An abundance of vegetables should be avoided, and only those which
+are perfectly fresh should be used.
+
+Frequent bathing in mineral water and otherwise will be found
+beneficial.
+
+Raising the temperature of the spring water, by placing a bottle of it
+in boiling water, makes it more efficacious as a cathartic, and is
+said to remove the iron. Heating the water makes it better for bathing
+purposes.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[B] This article is _copy righted_. Parties who wish to copy the
+entire article, or a portion of it, will please give credit.
+
+
+
+
+The Saratoga Waters at a Distance from the Springs.
+
+
+If the Saratoga waters are really what they have the reputation of
+being--and certainly no one who has witnessed their effects can deny
+their wonderful power--the purity of the water which is supplied to
+invalids, at a distance from the springs, becomes a matter of the
+utmost consequence.
+
+"The fashionable and the rich," writes an eminent divine, "who fill
+these splendid saloons, are not alone the people for whom the
+beneficent Creator opened these health-giving fountains; but they are
+also those who occupy the sick chambers in all parts of the earth, who
+have never seen Saratoga, but who are relieved and comforted by its
+waters."
+
+Personally the writer has found in several cities more or less
+difficulty in obtaining the genuine water. He therefore offers a few
+suggestions on the present mode of exportation.
+
+For many years the sale of spring water has been chiefly conducted by
+druggists. In the earlier days the business was conducted with
+fairness and profit to all concerned, but the small cost of
+manufacturing an artificial water imitating the natural in taste and
+appearance, and made even more sparkling and pungent by a heavy
+charging with gas, the enormous extent of the patent medicine business
+which has protruded itself in all directions, and to an overwhelming
+extent, and the large percentage of profit which druggists now realize
+on their goods, all these have interfered with the sale of pure
+natural spring water. We assert as an indisputable fact that the
+sale of artificial waters has been a serious and unjust detriment to
+the reputation of natural mineral water.
+
+[Illustration: STORE-ROOM, CONGRESS SPRING.]
+
+Very little of the water sold on draught by druggists is genuine.
+Several instances have fallen under the immediate notice of the
+writer, in which druggists have obtained the photographs and trade
+marks of a certain spring, by the purchase of a small quantity of
+water, and then manufactured that which they sold on draught; and
+instances are numerous in which druggists have overcharged consumers
+for the bottled water.
+
+We cannot too strongly urge those who wish to obtain Saratoga water
+pure and fresh, to send _direct to the spring_ whose waters they
+desire.
+
+To the Superintendents of springs we suggest the supplying of the
+waters through _grocers_, who can best handle both the barreled and
+the bottled water, and will be most likely to sell it in its purity.
+It should be made a _staple article_, and its merits as a beverage and
+a preventive of disease brought to public notice. The use of the water
+increases the appetite, and grocers would find its extended sale would
+be an advantage to their business.
+
+We believe our country would be better, and biliousness, dyspepsia,
+fevers, and a long range of diseases more rare, if the natural waters
+which God has provided were to become a standard article in our
+groceries.
+
+
+
+
+     Special Notice.--The subscriber is desirous of making a
+     special study of the mineral springs of Saratoga. He will
+     gladly receive any reliable information which may be
+     communicated to him in regard to the history, properties, etc.,
+     of the various springs, or their effects in particular cases.
+     Such information will be acknowledged in future editions of
+     this work.
+
+     _Invalids who have received benefit or injury_ from the use of
+     the waters are earnestly requested to give a statement of their
+     experience. Communications of this sort will be held
+     _confidential_.
+
+     Proprietors of springs in other places are also requested to
+     send circulars and other information in regard to their several
+     springs.
+
+     Address,
+     R.F. DEARBORN,
+     _Saratoga Springs, N.Y._
+
+
+
+
+PART II.
+
+SARATOGA AS A WATERING PLACE, ITS HISTORY AND PECULIARITIES.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PLACES OF INTEREST IN THE VICINITY OF SARATOGA.
+
+
+    Battlefield,
+    Ballston,
+    Bemis Heights,
+    Benedict's Sulphur Spring,
+    Chapman's Hill,
+    Circular Railway,
+    Columbian Spring,
+    Cohoes Falls,
+    Congress Park,
+    Congress Spring,
+    Corinth Falls,
+    Crystal Spring,
+    Diamond Spring,
+    Drs. Strongs Turkish Baths,
+    Ellis Spring,
+    Empire Spring,
+    Eureka Spring,
+    Excelsior Grove,
+    Excelsior Spring,
+    Excelsior Lake,
+    Geyser Spring,
+    Glass Factory,
+    Glacier Spring,
+    Glen Mitchel,
+    Hagerty Hill,
+    Hamilton Spring,
+    Hathorn Spring,
+    High Rock Spring,
+    Indian Encampment,
+    Indian Spring,
+    Lake Lovely,
+    Lake Saratoga,
+    Luzerne,
+    Marble Works,
+    Pavilion Spring,
+    Putnam's Spring,
+    Race Course,
+    Red Spring,
+    Saratoga "A" Spring,
+    Seltzer Spring,
+    Star Spring,
+    Stiles' Hill,
+    Surrender Ground,
+    Ten Springs,
+    Trout Ponds,
+    United States Spring,
+    Verd Antique Marble Works,
+    Washington Spring,
+    Wagman's Hill,
+    Water Works,
+    Wearing Hill,
+    White Sulphur Springs,
+    Y.M.C.A. Rooms,
+
+Photographs of the above can be had of Baker & Record.
+
+For the location of these places see map.
+
+No charge is made to visitors for the use of the waters, except a
+trifling fee to the "dipper boys," and even this is at the option of
+the visitor.
+
+
+
+
+Saratoga as a Watering Place.
+
+
+The question "where to spend the Summer?" is usually discussed by
+paterfamilias, anxious mammas and uneasy children long before the
+summer solstice drives them from the pent-up confines of the busy
+metropolis to the pure air and quite recreation of country life. Many
+will visit the seaside, some will climb the mountains or explore the
+forests. Fashion, in most instances, determines the place of resort,
+and has fixed on certain localities, or courts of its acknowledged
+leaders, where not to have been seen at least is to have been buried
+for the season.
+
+One place has held through the many years the highest rank, both from
+intrinsic merit, and from an unfluctuating devotion of the fashionable
+world, and has been aptly termed "The Queen of American Watering
+Places."
+
+The village of Saratoga, where dwells the benign goddess Hygeia, in
+the midst of her far-famed waters of life and health, is pleasantly
+situated within the heart of a broad stretch of varied table-land, in
+the upper part and near the eastern boundary of New York.
+
+
+The History
+
+Of this fashionable resort embraces a century. The muse of history has
+marked the spot with one of her red battleflags, and thus
+distinguished her from the herd of new places whose mushroom growth is
+like that of the gentility which they harbor.
+
+[Illustration: ROUTES TO LAKE GEORGE.]
+
+The first white visitor who is known to have drank from these "rivers
+of Pactolus" is no less a distinguished person than Sir Wm. Johnson,
+Bart., who was conducted hither, in 1767, by his Mohawk friends. At
+that early day America could boast of little in the way of
+aristocracy, and it was not till 1803 that the career of Saratoga, as
+a fashionable watering place, was inaugurated. In this year, when the
+village consisted of only three or four cabins, Gideon Putnam opened
+the Union Hotel, and displayed his primitive sign of "Old Put and the
+Wolf."
+
+It was Putnam's ambition, when a boy even, to build him a great house,
+and in his time the Union Hotel, then 70 feet long, seemed to him
+doubtless comparatively as large as the present Grand Union seems to
+us.
+
+It is not necessary for us to follow Saratoga through its misfortunes
+and its successes, its fires and its improvements, until it has
+reached its present reputation and attractiveness.
+
+Year after year the water wells up its sparkling currents; year after
+year a little paint and plaster new-decks the great caravansaries;
+year after year belles blush and sigh away the summer, or, linking
+their destinies, rejoice or repine at leisure; and year after year,
+for a short four months of sequence, the little town swarms and
+rejoices with merry glee.
+
+
+
+
+Routes to Saratoga.
+
+
+During the visiting season trains from the metropolis reach the place
+in five hours and thirty minutes--a distance of 186 miles. You can
+leave the city at nine o'clock in the morning, and upon the
+soft-cushioned seats, and amid the damask and velvet of Wagman's
+magnificent drawing-room cars, enjoy a pleasurable journey up the
+famous Hudson, till you arrive at Saratoga early in the afternoon. Or,
+by the four o'clock train, Saratoga is reached in the evening. If
+pleasure is the object, and enjoyment of the lordly Hudson's
+bewildering beauty is desired, one of the steam palaces that plough
+the river should be taken. The most luxurious and elegant, and the
+safest and surest of these are the boats of the Peoples' Line. The
+contrast between the accommodations of these boats and certain others
+nearly as large, is so great as to leave no question which route is
+preferable.
+
+From New England and Boston the shortest and most direct route is via
+Rutland and Fitchburgh. This is the only route that run Palace cars
+through between Boston and Saratoga.
+
+
+Distances.
+
+    Albany, 38 miles.
+    Boston via Rutland, 230 miles.
+    Philadelphia, 274 miles.
+    Washington, 412 miles.
+    Chicago, 841 miles.
+    White Mountains, 322 miles.
+    Boston via Albany, 250 miles.
+    Troy, 32 miles.
+    New York City, 186 miles.
+    Niagara, 311 miles.
+    Lake George, 45 miles.
+    Montreal, 202 miles.
+    Quebec, 392 miles.
+    Rutland, 62 miles.
+
+
+
+
+The Railway Station
+
+
+Is naturally a place of special interest in any watering place.
+Visitors are no sooner settled in their summer quarters than they
+become interested in the incomings and outgoings of their fellow men,
+watching eagerly if perchance any old acquaintance may turn up. The
+contrast between city and country life in this respect is noticable.
+Those who, amid the race for wealth in the cities, can scarcely afford
+a nod to intimate friends, here greet a slight acquaintance even with
+a friendliness and cordiality undreamed of in the busy town.
+
+The station at Saratoga is elegant and tasteful, facing an open
+square, adorned with fountain and shade trees. It is built of brick,
+with elaborate iron trimmings from the Corrugated Iron Company of
+Springfield, Mass.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF CONGRESS PARK.]
+
+The crowds are hastening away from it, and with them we will proceed
+towards
+
+
+
+
+The Village.
+
+
+Large enough to possess a fixed population of some 9,000, it has
+double, and perhaps treble, this number in the visiting season; with
+elegant and costly churches, mammoth hotels and metropolitan stores,
+affording everything desirable, from a paper of pins to the rarest
+diamonds and laces, it has been called "_rus in urbe_"--more properly,
+_urbs in rure_.
+
+The principal street is Broadway, miles in length, ample in breadth,
+and, for the most part, shaded with a double line of graceful elms.
+Its extremities are adorned with beautiful villas. The Fifth avenue of
+the place, where the handsomest residences are located, is Circular
+street, east of the Park. Beautiful dwellings may also be found on
+Lake avenue and Franklin street. The streets are thronged with a gay
+and brilliant multitude, engaged in riding, driving, walking, each
+enjoying to the utmost a facinating kind of busy idleness. But by the
+time the tourist has glanced at all this he will be thinking of clean
+napkins, and will be interested to know what may be afforded in the
+way of
+
+
+
+
+Accommodations for Man and Beast.
+
+
+About 15,000 visitors can at one time be quartered in the gay watering
+place, and consequently to pen up all the fashionable flock within the
+limits of so small a town, requires no little tact. During August,
+Saratoga is always full, crowded, squeezed.
+
+Saratoga has the largest and most extensive hotels in the world. There
+are in all from thirty to forty, and in addition to them numerous
+public and private boarding-houses accommodate large numbers of
+guests.
+
+Among the hotels, the gem of Saratoga, and one of the finest, if not
+_the finest_, hotel in this country is
+
+
+
+
+Congress Hall.
+
+
+[Illustration: CONGRESS HALL.]
+
+Extending from Spring to Congress street, with a front on Broadway of
+416 feet, and reaching with its two mammoth wings 300 feet back, it is
+architecturally a perfect beauty. The rooms are large and elegant. The
+halls are ten feet wide, and broad, commodious stairways, with the
+finest elevator in the country, render every portion readily
+accessible. A front piazza, 20 feet wide and 240 feet in length, with
+numerous others within the grounds, and a promenade on the top of the
+hotel affording a charming view, contribute to render the house
+attractive. The dining halls, parlors, etc., are superb and ample, and
+everything about the house is on a scale of unequaled magnificence and
+grandeur.
+
+The proprieters have endeavored to incorporate into this hotel
+everything that can afford comfort and pleasure, at whatever expense.
+
+The cut of Congress Hall will give some idea of its _outlines_, but
+fails to do it justice. It must be seen to be appreciated, and when
+seen commands the unqualified admiration of the beholder. It was
+erected in 1868, by H.H. Hathorn, Esq., the proprietor of the old
+Congress Hall, and one of the most influential citizens of Saratoga.
+
+
+
+
+The Grand Union Hotel.
+
+
+This mammoth establishment is located on the west side of Broadway,
+and with its magnificent grounds embraces a space seven acres in
+extent, covering nearly an entire square. It is a splendid brick
+structure, with a street frontage of 1,364 feet. The office, parlor,
+dining room and dancing hall are unequaled for size, graceful
+architecture and splendid equipments and finish--the former exhibiting
+a lavish display of white and colored marbles, while a series of
+colonnades rise from the center to the dome. Within the capacious
+grounds are several elegant cottages, which are greatly sought for by
+the _elite_. A vertical railway, comprising the latest improvements,
+renders the six stories so easy of access as to be equally desirable
+to guests.
+
+[Illustration: GRAND UNION HOTEL SARATOGA]
+
+The capacity of this house is greater than that of any other in the
+world. Some idea of its immensity may be formed from the following
+statistics: Length of piazzas, one mile; halls, two miles; carpeting,
+twelve acres; marble tiling, one acre; number of rooms, eight hundred
+and twenty-four; doors, one thousand four hundred and seventy-four;
+windows, one thousand eight hundred and ninety one; the dining room is
+two hundred and fifty feet by fifty-three feet and twenty feet high,
+and will accommodate at one time 1,200 people.
+
+Music on the lawn at nine in the morning and at three and a half in
+the afternoon. Hops every evening; balls on Tuesday evening.
+
+During the present year this hotel has fallen into the hands of
+Messrs. Breslin, Gardner & Co., of the Gilsey House, N.Y., gentlemen
+who are unsurpassed as hotel managers.
+
+
+
+
+Grand Central.
+
+
+"The new hotel," erected by Dr. R. Hamilton and Mr. C.R. Brown, is
+located on Broadway, directly opposite Congress Park, occupying the
+ground swept over by the immense conflagration which consumed the
+Crescent, Park Place and other hotels last September. Untiring energy
+has been manifested in its construction, and it is without doubt one
+of the most perfect summer hotels in the world. It is a tasteful and
+elegant structure, adding very much to the beauty and attractiveness
+of Saratoga. The citizens may well be proud of it.
+
+The exterior of the house is most imposing. It is five stories in
+height, with a French roof, and has a front of 340 feet on Broadway,
+and 200 feet on Congress street, and by a far-reaching wing in the
+rear incloses quite a little park.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL OFFICE.]
+
+The building contains 650 rooms, with bowling alleys and billiards,
+and twenty-two stores in the basement. It is built of brick, with iron
+trimmings. The dining room is 200 feet long. The other rooms are in
+suites with bath-room attached. All parts of the house communicate
+with the office through the medium of electricity. Everything is in
+the most modern and improved style, and with the latest improvements.
+Looking out upon the green vista of Congress Park and upon the
+interesting crowds of visitors who throng around the famous spring,
+affording from its windows and piazzas an ample view of the most
+fashionable part of Broadway, and embracing in its outlook the
+colonnades of the other large hotels, its location and surroundings
+are perfectly enchanting.
+
+Although at the present writing the hotel has not been opened to the
+public, we learn that it is the purpose of the proprietors, Messrs.
+Hamilton & Brown, gentlemen of experience and enviable reputation as
+hotel managers, to conduct it on a very liberal scale.
+
+The table will be made a special feature. Epicureans may rest assured
+that
+
+  "Whatever toothsome food or sprightly juice
+  On the green bosom of this earth are found,
+  Will be there displayed."
+
+That it will be a popular and well patronized resort is
+unquestionable. In its elegant furniture the house surpasses all
+others, and it has the further advantage that every room has a
+spacious clothes press, and is supplied with hot and cold water.
+
+
+
+
+The Clarendon.
+
+
+Is patronized by a very aristocratic and select class of guests. Its
+location is very picturesque; and within its inclosure, magnificently
+circled by elms and covered with a superb pagoda, is the celebrated
+Washington spring.
+
+[Illustration: CLARENDON HOTEL.]
+
+The Leland Spring, named in honor of the affable proprietor of the
+hotel, is also within the grounds.
+
+
+
+
+The Everett House,
+
+
+On South Broadway, a few steps beyond the Clarendon, is well
+patronized by a wealthy and cultivated class of guests. A very
+pleasant piazza surrounding the front of the house, and a pretty lawn
+and cottage in the grounds, are attractive features of this summer
+hotel. The house has a home-like appearance and a delightful location.
+Improvements and additions are now contemplated, to be completed
+before next season, which will render this one of the most beautiful
+summer hotels in America.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As our space is too limited to give each an individual notice, we
+present below an alphabetical list of all the hotels and their
+proprietors, good, bad and indifferent--several on the American plan,
+and some on no plan at all. "Pay your money and take your choice."
+
+Josh Billings says a good hotel is a good stepmother. It is is not
+often that one has the opportunity to select his stepmother, but
+certainly it ought not to be impossible to make a good selection from
+this long
+
+
+
+
+List of Hotels.
+
+
+    Addison Hotel, Matilda street, Samson & Porter.
+    Albemarle Hotel, Broadway, A.C. Levi.
+    Albion House, Front street, Walter Balfour.
+    American Hotel, Broadway, Bennett & McCaffrey.
+    Broadway Hall, Broadway, J. Howland.
+    Broadway House, Broadway, Wm. Wheelock.
+    Cedar Bluff Hotel, Saratoga Lake, H.V. Myers.
+    Circular Street House, Circular street, John Palmer.
+    Clarendon Hotel, Broadway, C.E. Leland.
+    Coleman House, Broadway, H.L. Murchin.
+    Commercial Hotel, Church street, S.W. Smith & Co.
+    Congress Hall, Broadway, Hathorn & Southgate.
+    Continental Hotel, Washington street, Adams & Mann.
+    Cottage Home, Broadway, Miss L. Burbanck.
+    Drs. Strongs Institute, Circular street, S.S. & S.E. Strong.
+    Elmwood Hall, Front street, O. Ford & Griswold.
+    Empire Hotel, Front street, Wm. H. Baker.
+    Exchange Hotel, Henry street.
+    Everett House, South Broadway, B.V. Fraser.
+    Franklin House, Church street, C.W. Salisbury.
+    Glen Mitchel, North Broadway, C. Weeks Mitchel.
+    Grand Central Hotel, Broadway, Hamilton & Brown.
+    Grand Union Hotel, Broadway, Breslin, Gardner & Co.
+    Holden House, Broadway, W.J. Riggs.
+    Hotel Germania, Broadway, G. Schmidt.
+    Green Mountain House, Washington St., Chaffee & Wooster.
+    Huestis House, Broadway, J.L. Huestis.
+    Lake House, Saratoga Lake, C.B. Moon.
+    Lake Side House, Saratoga Lake, C.B. Moon, Jr.
+    Manor House, South Broadway.
+    Mansion House, Spring avenue near Excelsior Spring, Mrs. E.G. Chipman.
+    Marvin House, Broadway, A. & D. Snyder.
+    Merchants Hotel, Caroline St., cor. Henry, G.H. Burrows.
+    Mount Pleasant House, Broadway, C.H. Tefft.
+    National Hotel, Congress street, C. Weil.
+    New Columbian Hotel, Broadway, Waugh & Co.
+    New York Hotel, Lake avenue, K. Davis.
+    Pitney House, Congress street, J. Pitney.
+    Pavilion Hotel, Division street.
+    St. James Hotel, Congress street, Van Vleck.
+    Summer Resort, Franklin street.
+    Spring Street House. Spring street, Wm. Carpenter.
+    Temple Grove, Circular street, H.M. Dowd.
+    Vermont House, Front street. B.V. Dyer.
+    Washington Hall, Broadway, A.J. Starr.
+    Wager House, South Broadway.
+    Waverly House, Broadway, E.A. Duel.
+    Western Hotel, Church street, cor. Lawrence, French & Co.
+    Wilbur House, Washington street.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE CONTINENTAL HOTEL.]
+
+[Illustration: THE WAVERLY HOUSE.]
+
+[Illustration: GRAND CENTRAL HOTEL,
+
+Opposite Congress Park, opened July 12th, 1872]
+
+
+
+
+Temple Grove Seminary
+
+
+Is beautifully situated in a grove in the eastern part of the village,
+on what was formerly called Temple Hill.
+
+Rev. Chas. F. Dowd, A.M., a graduate of Yale College, is the
+principal.
+
+The regular graduating course occupies a period of four years, and
+embraces many of the studies pursued in our colleges for young men,
+while every facility is afforded for the more modern and artistic
+accomplishments. The endowment is found in the fact that during the
+long summer vacation the building is opened as a summer resort.
+
+
+
+
+The Climate
+
+
+Of Saratoga is remarkably pleasant and salubrious. Mountain bulwarks
+protect it from wind and tempest. We doubt if there is any place in
+the world which can offer more attractions to the invalid. Those who
+visit Saratoga in the pursuit of health, will find a very pleasant
+home among cultivated people at the Institute of Drs. STRONG,
+on Circular street.
+
+We take pleasure in speaking of this house because it is unique in its
+character, and is one of the features of Saratoga. A guide book is not
+the place to discuss systems of medicine. Suffice it to say that the
+doctors, while regularly educated physicians, make use also of the
+varied resources of hydropathy, and of a wider range of remedial
+appliances than can be found in any similar institution on the globe.
+
+[Illustration: TEMPLE GROVE SEMINARY.]
+
+It is worth the while of every tourist in Saratoga to visit the
+elegant Institute, and examine its Vacuum Cure and Movement Cure, and
+its superb bath-rooms and enjoy the luxury of a Turkish or Russian
+bath. The doctors are very courteous, and visitors will find a
+pleasant reception.
+
+The Institute is open throughout the year. As a _summer home_ for
+people in health, it fully meets the wants of those desiring first
+class accommodations. There is no appearance of invalidism about the
+house, and its remedial character in no respect diminishes its
+attractions. Its table is superior, and its patrons are the religious
+aristocracy of the land.
+
+
+
+
+The Churches
+
+
+Are commodious and built with special reference to the visiting
+population. They are ministered to by resident pastors of culture and
+repute, and their pulpits are filled during the season by
+distinguished divines from all sections of the country.
+
+The Methodist Society have the most elegant and conveniently located
+edifice. It was dedicated the present year, and is situated on the
+north side of Washington street, just above the Grand Union. It is
+built of brick with sandstone trimmings, and cost $116,000. Rev. J.M.
+King is the pastor. Residence Phila street.
+
+The Episcopal church is nearly opposite the Methodist, a recent
+edifice of stone most pleasing in its architecture. Rev. Dr. Camp is
+the rector.
+
+The Presbyterian church is a large brick structure, some little
+distance up Broadway, and beyond the new Town Hall. Rev. Mr. Newman,
+pastor.
+
+The Baptist church is a brick edifice on Washington street, near the
+railroad. Rev. E.A. Wood, pastor.
+
+The Congregational church is directly over the Post Office, on Phila
+street. Rev. N.F. Rowland, pastor.
+
+[Illustration: TEMPLE GROVE SEMINARY--REAR VIEW.]
+
+The Catholic church occupies a commanding and agreeable location upon
+South Broadway, just beyond the Clarendon Hotel.
+
+The Second Presbyterian church meets in Newland Chapel on Spring
+street, near Temple Grove Seminary. Rev J.N. Crocker, pastor.
+
+The Free Methodist chapel is on Regent street.
+
+A list of the services, and the hours of holding them, is published
+every Saturday in the daily _Saratogian_. The _Saratogian_ is the "old
+established" paper, and seems to be as firm in its foundation as the
+rock from which the Saratoga waters issue. Eli Perkins informs us that
+Saratoga was named from the _Saratogian_. Col. Ritchie is one of the
+spiciest editors to be found.
+
+The hall and reading-room of
+
+
+
+
+The Y.M.C.A.
+
+
+Are located on Phila street, nearly opposite the Post-Office. Daily
+prayer meetings are held from 10 to 11 A.M.
+
+
+
+
+Real Estate,
+
+
+While not exorbitant, as at Newport and other watering places, the
+prices of real estate in Saratoga, as might be expected, are somewhat
+higher than usually reign in villages of its size. The value of real
+estate is enhanced very much yearly; the _average_ rise, for several
+years, has been about ten per cent per annum. The size of the village
+and the number of the resident population--now about 9,000--is
+constantly increasing. Numerous and costly dwellings are being erected
+on almost every street. The village _thrives_, and it may be
+confidently hoped that, with its numerous and peculiar attractions,
+this beautiful valley will ere long become the center of a vast
+population. Educational institutions and manufacturing interests
+should flourish here.
+
+[Illustration: M.E. CHURCH, SARATOGA.]
+
+There is a great demand for tasteful cottages for summer residents.
+
+As a permanent home, Saratoga is delightful and attractive. The
+climate is excellent. The home society is very pleasant, and
+uncorrupted by the flash and glitter of the summer carnival.
+
+At one portion of the year the most distinguished, cultivated and
+wealthy of our own country are gathered here--and sight-seeing can be
+done at home and on our own door-steps. The many blessings which
+follow in the train of wealth and culture are found here. Travelers
+from other climes who visit our country seldom return until they have
+drank from these celebrated fountains. An opportunity is afforded in
+the various pulpits of the village to listen to the most eloquent
+preachers of the day. The schools are good, and presided over by
+persons of skill and experience.
+
+Those of our readers who desire more particular information in regard
+to real estate and permanent or transient homes in Saratoga, are
+referred to Messrs. Wm. M. Searing & Son, of Ainsworth's block.
+
+
+
+
+Hack Fares.
+
+
+Saratoga cannot be called extortionate. Unlike Niagara, its prices are
+not exorbitant. Most people like to drive a fast horse, and they can
+do so very reasonably here. A nice single team can be obtained a whole
+afternoon for only $3, and a nobby carriage and coachman will carry a
+party to the Lake and back for from $3 to $6, at any time during the
+season. Hack fare, in the village, is 50 cents for each passenger;
+baggage, 25 cents each piece. An elegant turnout, including coachman,
+can be leased by the month for $75, and this includes the exclusive
+use. Excellent accommodations for those who bring their own teams can
+be obtained for from $8 to $10 per week for each horse. Over three
+thousand private carriages are here every summer.
+
+[Illustration: DRS. STRONG'S INSTITUTE, SARATOGA.]
+
+
+
+
+Drives and Walks.
+
+
+The most fashionable drive is the new Boulevard to the Lake. Until
+recently there have been few attractions beside the gay and brilliant
+procession of carriages with their fair occupants and superb horses.
+
+The drive is four miles in length, with a row of trees on each side
+and one in the middle. Carriages pass down on one side and return on
+the other.
+
+No sooner have we turned by the Congress Spring than we are in a long
+level reach of plains, dotted here and there with trees of pine and
+fir, with a few distant hills of the Green Mountains rolling along the
+horizon. It is a city gala at the hotel, but the five minutes were
+magical, and, among the trees and rural scenes upon the road, we
+remember the city and its life as a winter's dream. The vivid and
+sudden contrast of this little drive with the hotel is one of the
+pleasantest points of Saratoga life. In the excitement of the day it
+is like stepping out, on a summer's evening, from the glaring
+ball-room upon the cool and still piazza.
+
+Near the outlet of the lake, on a bluff fifty feet above the surface
+of the water, is
+
+
+
+
+Moon's Lake House,
+
+
+One of the features of Saratoga. There is a row of carriages at the
+sheds--a select party is dining upon those choice trout, black bass
+and young woodcock. The game dinners are good, the prices are high,
+and the fried potatoes are noted all over the world. They have never
+been successfully imitated. Are done up in papers and sold like
+confectionery. The gayly dressed ladies indulge in beatific
+expressives as they feast upon them.
+
+[Illustration: DINING ROOM GRAND UNION.]
+
+A capital story is told of Moon, the proprietor--indeed, he tells it
+"himself." A few months after one of his "seasons" had closed he
+chanced to be in Boston, where he hired a horse and buggy to drive out
+to Chelsea. When he returned and called for his bill, the livery
+stable keeper charged him about six times the usual price; and when an
+explanation of such an extraordinary charge was demanded, replied,
+"Mr. Moon. I presume you do not recognize me, but _last summer I took
+dinner at your Lake House_." "Say not another word about it, my good
+fellow," responded Moon in his turn, "here is your money."
+
+Mr. Moon always has something nice _expressly for you_. When his
+liability to loss in so doing is considered, his prices will not
+appear so exorbitant.
+
+Those who with Prior,
+
+            "Charmed with rural beauty
+  Chase fleeting pleasure through the maze of life,"
+
+will be pleased with
+
+
+
+
+Saratoga Lake.
+
+
+It has nine miles of length and two miles and a half of breadth. Many
+and varied scenes of interest and grandeur occur within this broad
+range of water and shore. The whole lake is replete with quiet and
+gentle beauty, striking the beholder rather with admiration than
+astonishment.
+
+Boating and sailing may be enjoyed upon its waters, and a small
+steamer, plying from point to point, is at the command of pleasure
+parties.
+
+Formerly an abundance of trout was found here, and shad and herring
+were among the annual visitors; but the lake is now filled with the
+black or Oswego bass, pickerel, muscalonge and perch.
+
+[Illustration: SARATOGA LAKE.]
+
+But Saratoga Lake is not wholly devoted to the sportsman, or to the
+frivolities of fashionable butterflies. The beautiful and familiar
+hymn commencing--
+
+  "From whence doth this union arise,
+    That hatred is conquer'd by love?
+  It fastens our souls in such ties,
+    That nature and time can't remove,"
+
+was composed and sang first, upon the placid waters of this lake, by
+Dr. Baldwin, of Boston, and a party of clerical friends.
+
+That charming author, N.P. Willis, relates in his own charming style
+the following tradition of Saratoga Lake:
+
+"There is," he says, "an Indian superstition attached to this lake,
+which probably has its source in its remarkable loneliness and
+tranquility. The Mohawks believed that its stillness was sacred to the
+Great Spirit, and that if a human voice uttered a sound upon its
+waters, the canoe of the offender would instantly sink. A story is
+told of an Englishwoman, in the early days of the first settlers, who
+had occasion to cross this lake with a party of Indians, who, before
+embarking, warned her most impressively of the spell. It was a silent,
+breathless day, and the canoe shot over the smooth surface of the lake
+like an arrow. About a mile from the shore, near the center of the
+lake, the woman, willing to convince the savages of the weakness of
+their superstition, uttered a loud cry. The countenances of the
+Indians fell instantly to the deepest gloom. After a moment's pause,
+however, they redoubled their exertions, and in frowning silence drove
+the light bark like an arrow over the waters. They reached the shore
+in safety, and drew up the canoe, and the woman rallied the chief on
+his credulity. 'The Great Spirit is merciful,' answered the scornful
+Mohawk, 'He knows that a white woman cannot hold her tongue.'"
+
+[Illustration: BALL ROOM GRAND UNION.]
+
+
+
+
+Chapman's Hill
+
+
+Is a mile beyond the Lake House, and one hundred and eighty feet above
+the level of the lake. A charming view is afforded. Immediately below,
+the lake presents a mirrored surface of several square miles, while
+the meadows and table lands on its western shore may be traced with
+all their simple beauty until they merge into the Kayaderosseras range
+of mountains.
+
+
+
+
+Wagman's Hill,
+
+
+Which is about three miles beyond, affords a still more extended view.
+This hill is two hundred and forty feet above the lake.
+
+
+
+
+Hagerty Hill,
+
+
+Six miles north of the village, toward Luzerne, brings to view a fine
+landscape.
+
+But the most extended view and the boldest landscape may be seen from
+
+
+
+
+Wearing Hill,
+
+
+On the Mount Pleasant road, and about fifteen miles from Saratoga
+Springs. Saratoga, Ballston, Schenectady, Waterford, Mechanicville,
+Schuylerville, Saratoga Lake, Round Lake, etc., by the aid of a glass,
+can all be discerned from this hill.
+
+
+
+
+Lake Lovely
+
+
+Is the euphonious name of an interesting little sheet of water not far
+from the village on the Boulevard to Saratoga Lake. Though not of very
+great extent, it has many points of considerable attraction, one of
+which is a glen on the eastern bank of the lake, which forms an echo,
+said to be almost as distinct and powerful as the celebrated one in
+the ruined bastion of the old French fortress at Crown Point.
+
+
+
+
+Stiles' Hill,
+
+
+An interesting locality, revealing a varied landscape, along the
+Hudson and Mohawk rivers, may be reached in a drive of a few miles
+along the base of the Palmerton Mountain.
+
+
+
+
+Corinth Falls,
+
+
+A bold cataract in the Upper Hudson, is some fifteen miles from
+Saratoga, and a mile from Jessup's Landing, on the Adirondack Railway.
+
+
+
+
+Luzerne,
+
+
+A charming hamlet at the confluence of the Hudson and Sacandaga, is
+twenty miles from Saratoga. It may be reached by a carriage road or
+the Adirondack Railway. Lake Luzerne, a beautiful sheet of water, on
+the shore of which the village is situated, affords excellent
+opportunities for fishing and boating. There are two excellent
+hotels--Rockwell's and the Wayside. The latter has numerous cottages
+attached for summer residents. It is owned by B.C. Butler, Esq., well
+known as the author of an interesting History of Lake George and Lake
+Champlain, and other works.
+
+
+
+
+Lake George
+
+
+Is about thirty miles from Saratoga by carriage road. The Adirondack
+Railway, and a stage ride of nine miles, is the pleasantest and most
+convenient route. Travelers can return the same day, if necessary.
+
+There are other and shorter drives in Saratoga, which are very
+attractive. SPRING AVENUE, leading to the Excelsior and
+Sulphur springs and returning by Lake Avenue, is being laid out and
+will make a beautiful drive.
+
+The road to BALLSTON  and the SPOUTING SPRINGS  has
+been recently improved, and is a popular resort.
+
+[Illustration: CONGRESS PARK.]
+
+[Illustration: DRAWING ROOM GRAND UNION.]
+
+The entire length of BROADWAY  is a magnificent drive and
+affords an interesting and picturesque ride of some five minutes.
+About a mile north of Congress Hall the half-mile track and handsome
+grounds of Glen Mitchel are located. The Saratoga County Agricultural
+Society have their buildings here. The track is open to all who wish,
+both pedestrians and carriages. At the base of a steep bluff, shaded
+with numerous trees, and directly facing the race-track, is the Glen
+Mitchel hotel. The grounds are maintained at great expense by the
+proprietors of the hotel, and when this and the short season of
+patronage is regarded, the prices for ordinary refreshments will not
+be considered as extraordinary as they might otherwise seem. The drive
+may be extended by turning to the east and driving round a small
+lake--Excelsior--and past the water-works, returning by Spring Avenue.
+
+THE WALK THROUGH THE WOODS TO EXCELSIOR SPRING  is by far the
+most beautiful in Saratoga. To reach the grove, pedestrians and
+carriages will pass along Lake Avenue a little past Circular street,
+when a small sign will be found pointing the way to the "Walk to
+Excelsior Spring." No tourist should fail to visit this place. A
+pleasant hour may be spent in the woods, after a stroll through which,
+the delicious water of the Excelsior will be refreshing indeed.
+
+
+
+
+Congress Park
+
+
+Is the gem of Saratoga. It consists of a small hill in the shape of a
+horseshoe, covered with handsome trees, and laid out in smooth walks
+encircling the low ground which surrounds the spring. The park is the
+property of the Congress and Empire Spring Co., who generously keep it
+in perfect repair, and open to the public.
+
+[Illustration: UNION HOTEL AND GROUNDS.]
+
+
+
+
+Gridley's Trout Ponds.
+
+
+Those who are fond of "speckled beauties," and would like to obtain a
+fine mess without encountering the swarms of mosquitoes, gnats and
+sand flies that usually infest the region where the trout may be
+taken, should visit Gridley's. "Old Gridley," as he is familiarly
+called, formerly kept the Pavilion, near the depot. Some three or four
+years since he conceived the idea of starting a fish propagating
+establishment. His place is located in a beautiful little ravine,
+about one mile and a half from Congress Spring and just beyond the
+race-course. There may be seen myriads of speckled trout in a
+succession of small ponds situated along down the ravine, one below
+the other, supplied with water of the brilliancy of a crystal, gushing
+from the banks. It is a well known fact that the chief reason for this
+species of fish being so scarce, is because of their devouring each
+other, or, in other words, "big fish eating up little fish." Hence,
+Mr. Gridley, as well as other propagators, is obliged to separate them
+as to age and size--one-year olds in one pond, two-year olds in
+another, and so on down.
+
+Visitors are very cordially received by Mr. G., and provided with
+fishing tackle, etc--and sometimes a bottle of Rhine wine gratis--and
+are duly informed that his prices are $1 per pound--that is, for every
+pound of fish caught, visitors can pay $1. The fish may be seen
+tantalizingly sporting and jumping out of the water two or three
+thousand at a time. For any one who contemplates indulging in the
+sport, and is willing to pay for it, this is the place to come.
+
+
+
+
+The Saratoga Battle Ground.
+
+
+A visit to the scene of the great battle of Saratoga, in October,
+1777, which ended in the surrender of the British Army, under
+Burgoyne, to the Americans, under Gates, will occupy a pleasant
+though somewhat long day's excursion. The battle was fought upon the
+elevated lands at Bemis Heights two miles from the Hudson, in the town
+of Stillwater, about 15 miles from Saratoga Springs.
+
+[Illustration: "SET UP A CENT"--INDIAN CAMP.]
+
+Visitors may obtain all desired information respecting the precise
+localities of the struggle from Cicerones on the spot.
+
+
+
+
+The Surrender Ground,
+
+
+The scene of the capitulation a few weeks subsequent to the battle, is
+a few miles further up the river.
+
+
+
+
+The Village Cemetery,
+
+
+In places that can boast but few objects of interest, is usually one
+of the chief places of resort. In Saratoga there are so many "show
+places" and peculiar attractions, that the cemetery visitors are
+limited principally to the resident population, and those who arm in
+arm, or hand in hand, stroll through its meandering paths, or while
+away their hours in its shady seats nurturing the tender passion.
+
+The old cemetery is near the Empire Spring. The village cemetery
+proper is found east and south of Congress Park. In both may be found
+some curious inscriptions, and from the latter we transcribe the
+following additions to cemetery literature, with all respect for those
+whose memories are thus enshrined:
+
+  "My Engine is now cold and still,
+  No water doth her boiler fill,
+  The wood affords its flames no more,
+  My days of usefulness are o'er."
+
+  "Rest here thou early call'd, in peace,
+  'Till Jesus grant a sweet release."
+
+                "There's not an hour
+  Of day or dreaming nights but I am with thee,
+  And not a flower that sleeps beneath the moon
+  But in its hues or fragrance tells a tale of thee."
+
+What seemed to us perhaps the most touching inscription, we found upon
+a stone bearing the date of 1792:
+
+  "This stone is raised by a daughter and only child, as a token of respect
+  For a mother whom she was too young to know, but whose virtues
+  She humbly desires to imitate."
+
+
+
+
+The Verd-Antique Marble Works.
+
+
+Among the outside diversions which every tourist, and especially every
+scientist, should visit is the steam mills of the Adirondack
+Verd-Antique Marble Co. The mills are situated in this village near
+the freight depot, though the quarries are in Thurman, on the
+Adirondack railroad. A very interesting peculiarity of this
+marble--which is quite beautiful--is, that it contains minute fossils
+of the earliest forms of existence known to scientific men--the
+_Eozooen Canadense_. The marble is capable of a high polish, and makes
+beautiful ornaments.
+
+
+
+
+Amusements.
+
+
+Some one has said that the amusements of Saratoga life are dancing and
+drinking, the one exercise being the Omega as the other is the Alpha
+of its butterfly life. Saratoga, however, _abounds_ in amusements.
+There are the races at the race-course and on the lake; there are
+balls and hops every night; there are the Indians and the Circular
+railway, and drives in all directions; there are select parties and
+music by the bands, and shopping, and concerts, and, at the religious
+houses, charades and tableaux, and prayer meetings; and what more
+could be asked?
+
+Besides all these,
+
+
+
+
+Josh Billings
+
+
+says that, "after going to Long Branch and frolicking in the water, he
+relishes going to Saratoga and letting the water frolic in him."
+
+A correspondent gives the following
+
+
+
+
+Routine for a Lady.
+
+
+Rise and dress; go down to the spring; drink to the music of the band;
+walk around the park--bow to gentlemen; chat a little; drink again;
+breakfast; see who comes in on the train; take a siesta; walk in the
+parlor; bow to gentlemen; have a little small talk with gentlemen;
+have some gossip with ladies; dress for dinner; take dinner an hour
+and a half; sit in the grounds and hear the music of the band; ride to
+the lake; see who comes by the evening train; dress for tea; get tea;
+dress for the hop; attend the hop; chat awhile in the parlors, and
+listen to a song from some guest; go to bed. Varied by croquet,
+ladies' bowling alley, Indian camp, the mineral springs, grand balls
+twice a week, concerts, etc., and the races.
+
+
+
+
+Balls.
+
+
+The three largest hotels have elegant ball-rooms, where hops take
+place every evening. Balls are held every week at each of the houses.
+Upon the latter occasion, the dressing becomes a matter of life and
+death, and explains why such numbers of those traveling arks known as
+"Saratoga trunks" are docked at the station every summer.
+
+Balls are reported in the papers far and near, and the anxiety of some
+to secure a good report of their costume is amusing. Brown's dismay
+at the bills is somewhat appeased as he reads in the morning paper,
+"Miss Brown, of ----, a charming graceful blonde, was attired in a
+rich white corded silk, long train, with ruffles of the same,
+overdress of pink gros grain, looped _en panier_, corsage low,
+_decollette_, with satin bows and point lace; hair _a la Pompadour_,
+with curls on white feathers, pearls and diamonds. _She was much
+admired._ Miss Brown is the accomplished daughter of Mr. Brown, one of
+the leading citizens of the Metropolis."
+
+The hops are free to all the guests. An admission of $1 is customary
+at the balls, and choice refreshments are served. Upon ball nights,
+the tasteful iron bridge which connects Congress Hall with its
+ball-room, and the grounds of the Grand Union, are illuminated by
+colored lights, presenting a fairy-like scene of bewildering beauty.
+Upon these occasions a large proportion of the population, both exotic
+and native, come forth as upon a festal day.
+
+
+
+
+The Races
+
+
+Occur the middle of July, and the second week in August, and are under
+the charge of the Saratoga Racing Association.
+
+The race-course is about a mile from Congress Spring. It was laid out
+in 1866, by C.H. Ballard, an accomplished surveyor, and is
+unsurpassed, if equaled, by any race-course in America, not excepting
+the famous Fashion course on Long Island. The swiftest and most noted
+racers in the Union are brought here, and many of the most remarkable
+races known to sportsmen have occurred on these grounds.
+
+
+
+
+Indian Camp.
+
+
+A few steps from Congress Spring, directly past the Saratoga
+Club-House, leads you to a wicket gate marked "Circular, Railway and,
+Indian, Camp."
+
+The Indians are not such as figure conspicuously in the early annals
+of our country and in our favorite romances--as Eli Perkins says--"far
+different!" They are simply a Canadian Gypsy band, part low French and
+part low Indian blood. They come here annually with an eye to
+business, and open their weird camp to the public simply as a
+speculation, offering for sale the various trinkets to which their
+labor is directed.
+
+The white tents glistening among the green hemlocks, and the rustic
+lodges displaying the gayly decorated bow and quiver, make a picture
+somewhat attractive; but the Indians themselves are dirty and homely,
+and far from inviting in their appearance. The slim, blackeyed,
+barefooted boys, who pester you with petitions to "set up a cent," as
+a mark for their arrows, have a sort of Gypsy picturesqueness,
+however; and as one walks down the little street between the
+huts--half tent and half house--he may get an occasional glimpse of a
+pappoose swinging in a hammock, and thank his stars for even such a
+fractional view of the pristine life.
+
+
+
+
+The Circular Railway
+
+
+Is connected with the Indian Camp. An opportunity is here afforded for
+enthusiasts and very gallant gentlemen to test their strength and
+patience, by propelling themselves and friends round the circle in one
+of the cars. The recreation requires the expenditure of no little
+strength, and is only accomplished by the sweat of some one's brow,
+but it is preferable, doubtless, to "swinging round the circle."
+
+Within a few feet of the Circular Railway is a spring of pure soft
+water. The water is quite drinkable, and is esteemed unusually pure
+and wholesome. The well water of the town is good, and the water from
+Excelsior Lake, which has lately been introduced throughout the
+village by the Holly system, is considered superior.
+
+
+
+
+Shopping.
+
+
+Abundant opportunity is afforded those who have occasion to visit
+emporiums of art and fashion on shopping designs intent. The flashing
+establishments under the large hotels, as well as several others in
+the village, cater entirely to the fashionable visitor. Everything
+desirable in the way of laces, feathers, diamonds and ornaments, and
+elegant dress goods are obtainable. It is the custom of many of the
+fashionable merchants and _modistes_ of New York to open here during
+the summer, branch establishments for the sale of their specialities.
+There are numerous resident stores also, which would not disgrace New
+York or Boston; among these the house of H. Van Deusen, on Broadway
+and Phila street, near the Post-Office, takes the lead. During the
+warm season, the Saratoga Broadway glitters with the brilliant display
+in shop windows, and the gorgeous exhibition of goods upon the
+sidewalks.
+
+
+
+
+Evening.
+
+
+It is only in the evening that Saratoga is in full bloom. When--
+
+  "---- night throughout the gelid air,
+  Veils with her sable wings the solar glare;
+  When modest Cynthia clad in silver light
+  Expands her beauty on the brow of night,
+  Sheds her soft beams upon the mountain side,
+  Peeps through the wood and quivers on the tide,"
+
+then faces light up with the gas lamps. The parlors begin to fill with
+elegantly attired ladies, the piazzas are thronged with chatty and
+sociable gentlemen, and the streets are crowded, far more than they
+are in the daytime, by pleasure strollers of either sex in elegant
+array. The ball-room becomes radiant with costly chandeliers whose
+effulgence is reflected by diamonds of the first water.
+
+One dark evening, at the height of last season, in the midst of the
+preparations for a brilliant ball, the gas which supplies the whole
+village became suddenly exhausted. Candles were the only resource, and
+there was by some mischance a limited supply of these. Bottles were
+improvised for candlesticks, and stationed in the corners and on the
+pianos of the massive parlors, rendering the scene grotesque and
+ludicrous in the extreme, while the closer nestling of lovers and the
+solemn stillness reigning on every hand gave sublimity to the picture.
+The poet Saxe happened to be among the guests at Congress Hall, and
+borrowed a candle from a pretty young lady. The next morning she found
+under her door the following beautiful lines:
+
+    "You gave me a candle; I give you my thanks,
+      And add, as a compliment justly your due,
+    There is not a girl in these feminine ranks
+      Who could, if she would, hold a candle to you."
+
+Verily "darkness brings the stars to view." On this occasion there was
+no little "sparking," and though the flames of the gas lamps gave no
+light, love's flame burned brighter than ever.
+
+
+
+
+Saratoga in Winter.
+
+
+Saratoga is not a "Country where the leaves never fall, and the
+eternal day is summer-time." As the gorgeous autumnal sunsets of
+October crown the golden-capped, or no longer verdant forests, the
+summer beauties prepare to return to their winter homes. The falling
+leaves in this vicinity are wondrously beautiful, and the cool sunsets
+will richly reward those who tarry to behold them; but "the season" is
+over, and the little town becomes almost a deserted village.
+
+    "Brightly, sweet Summer, brightly,
+    Thine hours have floated by."
+
+A shade of melancholy cannot but possess those who remain after the
+last polka is polked, the last light in the last ball-room is
+extinguished, and the summer ended. At length the railway engine
+whistles at long intervals; the mail-bags lose their plethora; the
+parish preachers, shorn of occasional help, knuckle to new sermons;
+the servants disperse; the head waiter retires to private life, and
+the dipper-boy disappears in the shades of the pine forests; the
+Indians pack up their duds, and, like the Arab, silently steal away;
+while the landlords retire within their sanctums to count over their
+hard-earned dollars.
+
+After a time the village seems to become accustomed to the "new
+departure," and local politics, Tammany rings and frauds, and
+committees of forty agitate the public breast, until Spring returns
+and Saratoga blossoms again with new beauty.
+
+
+
+
+Romance.
+
+
+Although Saratoga is preeminently a fashionable resort, and the city
+of vanity fair, it is nevertheless Cupid's summer-home; and lovers
+here acknowledge the first throbbings of that passion of bright hopes,
+and too many sad realities--love. The complaint is always heard that
+"fish don't bite this season;" but autumn comes, the butterflies
+return home, and then it is found that a goodly number have been
+_caught_. Those not matrimonially inclined should know that a sojourn
+at a Spa is attended with considerable danger.
+
+
+
+
+Saratoga Society.
+
+
+The poet says of Saratoga life:
+
+    "Saratoga society,
+    What endless variety!
+    What pinks of propriety!
+    What gems of sobriety!
+    What garrulous old folks,
+    What shy folks and bold folks,
+    And warm folks and cold folks!
+    Such curious dressing,
+    And tender caressing,
+    (Of course that is guessing.)
+    Such sharp Yankee Doodles,
+    And dandified noodles,
+    And other pet poodles!
+    Such very loud patterns,
+    (Worn often by slatterns!)
+    Such strait necks, and bow necks,
+    Such dark necks and snow necks,
+    And high necks and low necks!
+    With this sort and that sort,
+    The lean sort and fat sort,
+    The bright and the flat sort--
+    Saratoga is crammed full,
+    And rammed full, and jammed full," etc.
+
+
+
+
+Conclusion.
+
+
+But while we laugh at Saratoga, its dancing, dressing and flirtation,
+it is yet not without its lessons for an observing eye.
+
+            "Here the heart
+    May give a useful lesson to the head,
+    And Learning wiser grow without his books."
+
+It is not all frivolity. Like every aspect of life, and like most
+persons, it is a hint and suggestion of something high and poetic. It
+is an oasis of repose in the desert of our American hurry. It is a
+perpetual festival.
+
+Here we step out of the worn and weary ruts of city society, and
+mingle in a broad field of varied acquaintance. Here we may scent the
+fairest flowers of the South, and behold the beauty of our Northern
+climes. Here party distinctions and local rivalries are forgotten.
+Here, too, men mingle and learn from contact and sympathy, a sweeter
+temper and a more catholic consideration, so that the summer flower we
+went to wreath may prove not the garland of an hour, but a firmly
+linked chain in our American Union.
+
+[Illustration: GOODBYE.
+
+CLOSE OF THE SEASON AT SARATOGA]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX TO PART I.
+
+
+When the previous forms went to press, we were unable to give any
+satisfactory and reliable statement of the Spouting Springs recently
+discovered in the vicinity of the Geyser. We present, below, such
+information as we are able to give in regard to them at this time,
+hoping to render our description more complete in future editions of
+this work.
+
+
+THE TRITON SPRING.
+
+This recently discovered Spouting Spring is located on the north side
+of the road near the Geyser. The vein was struck in January of the
+present year. The depth of the well is about 150 feet. The water
+spouts about fifteen feet above the surface. Present appearances seem
+to indicate that the spring is chalybeate, though the mineral
+ingredients are not large. We are unadvised in reference to the plans
+regarding it. Messrs. Verbeck and Gilbert are the proprietors.
+
+
+THE ESMOND AND WRIGHT SPRING
+
+Is located in the ramble between the railroad and the Geyser Spring,
+and near the Ellis Spring.
+
+On the 17th of June of the present year, at almost the identical hour
+in which Mr. Gilmore opened his Peace Jubilee, a new mineral
+fountain--a spouting spring--gushed forth from its deep origin in
+mother earth to rejuvenate and bless mankind. The gas is so abundant
+that if the orifice of the tube is closed for a few moments sufficient
+force will accumulate to blow a steam whistle. It has not been
+christened at present. We suggest that it be called the "Gilmore
+Spring." The well is over a hundred feet deep, and the water rises
+about thirty feet above the surface. The water is strongly saline, and
+will probably be classed among the cathartic waters. It bears a strong
+resemblance to the celebrated Geyser. The proprietors inform me that
+several of their acquaintances have already experienced benefit from
+this water. The spring promises to be valuable. The public will look
+with interest to know into whose management the spring passes, as the
+proprietors are plain farmers and intend to commit the spring to more
+experienced hands, who will introduce it to the public favor. A neat
+bottling house and a tasteful colonnade are already being constructed.
+Prof. Chandler will probably make the analysis at an early date.
+
+
+THE DUELL SPRING.
+
+The spring owned by Mr. Duell, of the Waverly House, is beyond the
+Geyser, and on the margin of the pond. We are unable to present
+reliable information in regard to this spring, as it has just been
+discovered by Mr. Jesse Button.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The mother of all these spouting wells--the Geyser Spring--is rearing
+quite a family of interesting children. We have heard it predicted
+that the time is not very distant when every citizen of Saratoga will
+have a mineral fountain in his door-yard. At present no successful
+efforts have been made to obtain a spouting spring in the village. We
+know of no reason to render success impossible or improbable.
+Certainly, "'tis a consummation devoutly to be wished," and we should
+be glad to see a fair trial of the experiment.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ADVERTISING DEPARTMENT.
+
+
+H. VAN DEUSEN,
+
+RESIDENT STORE,
+
+(ESTABLISHED 15 YEARS,)
+
+124 & 126 BROADWAY, SARATOGA,
+
+Would call the attention of strangers, as well as citizens, to his
+large and elegant assortment of
+
+STAPLE AND FANCY DRY GOODS.
+
+He keeps constantly on hand all the NOVELTIES OF THE SEASONS,
+
+Rich Silks, Fine Dress Goods, Kid Gloves, Hosiery, Jewelry, Parasols,
+Umbrellas, Real Laces, Cashmeres, Cloths, and everything to be found
+in a First Class Dry Goods House.
+
+I have only one price, sell exclusively for cash, and the only one
+price cash house in Saratoga.
+
+NO TROUBLE TO SHOW GOODS.
+
+Remember the Store, Next to the Bank, 124 & 126 Broadway,
+
+H. VAN DEUSEN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PEOPLE'S LINE STEAMERS
+
+FOR NEW YORK.
+
+St. John, Drew, Dean Richmond.
+
+One of these STEAM PALACES will leave Albany every evening (Sundays
+excepted), on arrival of the evening trains on the Rensselaer and
+Saratoga, New York Central and Albany & Susquehanna Railroads.
+
+[Symbol: Hand pointing right] Hudson River Railroad Tickets good for
+State Room Passage,
+
+BAGGAGE CHECKED THROUGH.
+
+SARATOGA OFFICE, 1st DOOR NORTH OF CONGRESS HALL,
+
+Where State Rooms can be secured Daily.
+
+    F.D. WHEELER, Jr., Agent.      J.W. HARCOURT, Agent,
+            SARATOGA SPRINGS.                      ALBANY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+B.F. JUDSON, Publisher, D.F. RITCHIE, Editor.
+
+
+"The SARATOGIAN,"
+
+DAILY AND WEEKLY,
+
+Office in St. Nicholas Building,
+
+Corner Broadway and Phila Street,
+
+SARATOGA SPRINGS, N.Y.
+
+The SARATOGIAN  is one of the best Advertising Mediums in this
+section, as it has a circulation more than double that of all the
+Republican press of Saratoga County combined.
+
+The facilities of the SARATOGIAN  Office for the prompt
+execution of
+
+First Class Job Work,
+
+are equal to those of any in the city, and all work is done at
+reasonable figures.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+EVERETT HOUSE,
+
+On Broadway,
+
+A Few Doors Below the Clarendon.
+
+B.V. FRASER,--Proprietor.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Will be Published June, 1872,
+
+SARATOGA ILLUSTRATED,
+
+A SOUVENIR.
+
+Containing 50 Illustrations, including
+
+Steel Plates and Photo-Plates.
+
+ELEGANTLY BOUND IN CLOTH AND GILT.
+
+
+TAKE IT HOME WITH YOU!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Grand Union Hotel
+
+OPENS JUNE 1st,
+
+The Largest Summer Hotel in the World,
+
+BRESLIN, GARDNER & CO.,
+
+PROPRIETORS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Eureka Mineral & White Sulphur Spring Water
+
+AND
+
+WHITE SULPHUR BATHS
+
+Lake Avenue, Saratoga Springs
+
+The EUREKA SPRING COMPANY'S pure WHITE SULPHUR
+SPRING, discovered last Summer is now open for visitors. The
+Water is
+
+  Equal in Quality and Strength to the best White Sulphur Springs
+
+in this State, and FAR SUPERIOR to most of them.
+
+The Company has erected a pleasant
+
+BATHING HOUSE,
+
+CONTAINING FIFTY BATH ROOMS,
+
+And replete with every Convenience for WARM and COLD SULPHUR BATHS,
+
+    Single Bath Tickets,               Fifty Cents.
+    Coupon Tickets, good for 12 Baths, Five Dollars.
+
+EUREKA SPRING CO.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE SHORTEST ROUTE
+
+BETWEEN
+
+BOSTON AND SARATOGA SPRINGS
+
+IS VIA THE
+
+FITCHBURG AND CHESHIRE RAILROADS,
+
+Passing through FITCHBURG, KEENE, BELLOWS FALLS and RUTLAND,
+
+TO
+
+Whitehall, Fort Edward, SARATOGA SPRINGS, Albany, Troy, Schenectady
+and all points West.
+
+Trains connect at Fort Edward for
+
+GLENS FALLS and LAKE GEORGE.
+
+
+The trip between Boston and Saratoga is made in one of the
+
+  FAMOUS PULLMAN PALACE CARS,
+
+provided by this Line--a luxury which cannot be enjoyed on any other
+route, this being the only Line running through Day and Drawing
+Room Cars between these points.
+
+At the office of the Line in Boston (82 Washington St.,) during the
+Excursion Season,
+
+  ROUND TRIP TICKETS
+
+Will be on sale at
+
+  GREATLY REDUCED RATES,
+
+To all of the principal points in New England, New York and Canada.
+
+
+_Summer tourists or invalids, traveling for health or pleasure, will
+find it for their interest to send or call for circulars and
+information before purchasing elsewhere._
+
+ALL COMMUNICATIONS PROMPTLY ANSWERED.
+
+    Boston Office,
+        82 WASHINGTON STREET,
+            _C.A. FAXON, Gen. Agent._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ALL KINDS OF INSURANCES EFFECTED AT THE LOWEST RATES.
+
+    WILLIAM M. SEARING,       BEEKMAN H. SEARING,
+         Attorney at Law.         Notary Public.
+
+WM. M. SEARING & SON,
+
+REAL ESTATE BROKERS,
+
+INSURANCE AND COLLECTING AGENTS,
+
+178 & 180, BROADWAY, AINSWORTH PLACE,
+
+(ROOMS 12 and 13,)
+
+SARATOGA SPRINGS,
+
+BUY, SELL, RENT AND EXCHANGE
+
+Furnished Cottages, Stores, Dwelling Houses,
+
+OFFICES, COUNTRY RESIDENCES,
+
+CITY AND SUBURBAN LOTS, FARMS,
+
+SHOPS, MILLS, FACTORIES,
+
+STEAM AND WATER POWERS,
+
+Bonds, Mortgages and other Securities, Bought and Sold.
+
+_LOANS NEGOTIATED._
+
+Collect Rents, Notes, Accounts and Evidences of Debt.
+
+_Conveyancing, Searching and Examining Titles made a specialty._
+
+PARTICULAR ATTENTION PAID TO MAKING COLLECTIONS.
+
+Perfect satisfaction guaranteed to all parties.
+
+By promptness, industry and fair dealing, we aim to merit the
+confidence and give satisfaction to those who may entrust their
+business to our charge.
+
+    Respectfully,
+        WM. M. SEARING & SON.
+
+[Symbol: Hand pointing right] Only First Class Companies Represented.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: "CONGRESS HALL." HATHORN & SOUTHGATE, Proprietors.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Saratoga and How to See It, by R. F. Dearborn
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SARATOGA AND HOW TO SEE IT ***
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #17633 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17633)