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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/17181-8.txt b/17181-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ad83100 --- /dev/null +++ b/17181-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6026 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Rosalynde, by Thomas Lodge + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Rosalynde + or, Euphues' Golden Legacy + +Author: Thomas Lodge + +Editor: Edward Chauncey Baldwin + +Release Date: November 29, 2005 [EBook #17181] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROSALYNDE *** + + + + +Produced by Malcolm Farmer, Linda Cantoni, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + +ROSALYNDE OR, EUPHUES' GOLDEN LEGACY + +BY + +THOMAS LODGE + +EDITED + +WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES + +BY + +EDWARD CHAUNCEY BALDWIN, Ph.D. + +PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH LITERATURE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS + + +STANDARD +ENGLISH +CLASSICS + +GINN AND COMPANY + +BOSTON * NEW YORK * CHICAGO * LONDON +ATLANTA * DALLAS * COLUMBUS * SAN FRANCISCO + + +COPYRIGHT, 1910, BY + +EDWARD CHAUNCEY BALDWIN + +ALL RIGHTS RESERVED + +PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA + + +The Athenæum Press + +GINN AND COMPANY * PROPRIETORS * BOSTON * U.S.A. + + + + +PREFACE + + +This edition of Lodge's "Rosalynde" has grown out of a need felt by +the editor for an example of Elizabethan prose suitable for use in a +general survey course in English, designed for college freshmen. +"Rosalynde," of all the books that were considered, seemed on the +whole best to fulfill the desired conditions. As a pastoral romance it +belongs to a class of books which, if not peculiar to the Elizabethan +age, is at least thoroughly representative of it. Moreover, the story +is entirely unobjectionable, nothing being found in it that could +offend any reader. The "Rosalynde," being one of the shortest of the +prose romances, is not open to the objections that might be urged +against the more famous, but also more discursive, "Arcadia" of +Sidney. Its close relations with Shakespeare's "As You Like It," which +is also read in the course, and its added interest as one of the +precursors of the modern novel, additionally recommend it. Finally, +its coherent plot, its freedom from digressions, and its happy ending, +make it seem likely to interest students, in spite of the +conventionality of the pastoral form. + +The annotation has been confined to giving the meanings of obsolete or +unusual words. There are many mythological allusions that call for +explanation; but this, it is thought, any good dictionary of mythology +will supply. The list of questions is not of course exhaustive, and is +intended to be merely suggestive of the kind of study the college +student in an introductory course in English might well be fitted to +undertake. The text is that of the Hunterian Club edition of Lodge's +"Works." This reprint is of the first edition, that of 1590, except +that (since the only known copy of the first edition of "Rosalynde" is +imperfect) a few pages (121-127 of this edition) were reprinted from +the second edition of 1592. The spelling and punctuation have to some +extent been modernized--the latter having been altered only where +changes serve to make the author's meaning more obvious. + +The editor acknowledges his indebtedness to the scholarly edition of +Lodge's "Rosalynde" by W.W. Greg (London and New York, 1907), +particularly to the glossarial index, which has supplied the meanings +of some words about which the editor was in considerable doubt. Thanks +are due, also, to my colleague Mr. Arthur Tietje for his helpful +suggestions in preparing the list of questions. + +E.C.B. + +URBANA, ILLINOIS + + + + +CONTENTS + + Page + +INTRODUCTION vii + + Birth and Education; Early Work; Later Work and Death; + Source of "Rosalynde": "The Tale of Gamelyn"; Form: A + Pastoral Romance; Spanish Influence; Style: Euphuistic; One + of the Last Examples of Euphuism; The Charm of the Book; + Lodge's Skill as a Story-teller; The Lyrical Interludes; + Historical Significance; Shakespeare's Dramatization of + "Rosalynde." + +BIBLIOGRAPHY xxi + +THE PUBLISHED WORKS OF THOMAS LODGE xxii + +AUTHOR'S PREFACE xxv + +AUTHOR'S DEDICATION xxvii + +TEXT 1 + +QUESTIONS 131 + +[Transcriber's Note: The Questions section has been omitted +from this e-book.] + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +_Birth and Education._ Of the life of Thomas Lodge comparatively +little is definitely known. Yet, though even the year of his birth is +uncertain, we are able from the meager facts that have come down to us +to see that his life was typically Elizabethan. Like Sidney and like +Raleigh, Lodge lived a varied and active life. He was born in either +1557 or 1558 of a rather prominent middle-class London family, both +his father and his mother's father having been lord mayors of the +city. He was sent to Merchant Taylors' School and afterwards to +Trinity College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1577. Of his career at +the university we know almost nothing except that among his fellow +students were John Lyly, destined to exert a powerful influence upon +his style, and George Peele, later to become a dramatist of note, to +whom Lodge may to some extent have owed his subsequent interest in the +drama. + +_Early Work._ After leaving Oxford, Lodge returned to London and +entered the Society of Lincoln's Inn, in other words took up the study +of the law. Legal studies seem not to have absorbed his attention to +the total exclusion of literary work. The occasion of his first +publication was the death of his mother in 1579. In that year appeared +the "Epitaph of the Lady Anne Lodge." This is not extant, but his +reply to Stephen Gosson's "School of Abuse" has survived. Gosson's +book had been a furious attack upon the contemporary drama. Lodge's +reply was a fair sample of the literary billingsgate of that +controversial age and deserves the oblivion into which it promptly +sank. His next publication was his "Alarum against Usurers" (1584), a +book belonging to a class of tracts popular in that day in which the +characters and customs of the underworld of London were exposed to +popular execration. The impulse to engage in this journalistic kind of +work Lodge may have owed to Robert Greene, the dramatist, with whom he +at this time became intimate, and whose popular books on cony-catching +the "Alarum," in its spirit and purpose, closely resembles. Greene +certainly furnished some of the inspiration for the dramatic attempts +that followed. Lodge's play, "The Wounds of Civil War," though not +printed till 1594, may have been acted in 1587. We know that he +collaborated with Greene in "A Looking Glass for London and England," +produced in 1592. + +_Later Work and Death._ It is not, however, as a dramatist that Lodge +is remembered, but as a writer of pastoral romance. Here the +discursive and idyllic quality of his genius, both in verse and prose, +was to find complete and unhampered expression. Of the pastoral +romances that Lodge produced during the next decade "Rosalynde" is by +far the most important. The author wrote it, he tells us, while he was +on a freebooting expedition to the Azores and the Canaries, "when +every line was wet with a surge, and every humorous passion +counterchecked with a storm." The immediate success of "Rosalynde" +encouraged Lodge to continue the writing of romances. The best known +of those that followed, and one of the prettiest of his stories, is "A +Margarite [i.e. pearl] of America." This was written while Lodge was +engaged in another patriotic raid under Captain Cavendish against the +Spanish colonies of South America. The romance is in no sense +American, and owes its title solely to the fact that it was written, +or, as Lodge claims, translated from the Spanish, while Lodge's ship +was cruising off the coast of Patagonia. Lodge certainly knew Spanish; +and during the month that the expedition lingered at Santos in Brazil, +he spent much of his time in the library of the Jesuit College. +Possibly this was the beginning of his leaning toward Catholicism. At +all events, he later became a Roman Catholic and wrote in support of +that faith at a time when to be other than a Protestant in England was +extremely dangerous. Sometime previous to 1600 he took a degree of +doctor of medicine at Avignon and wrote among other medical treatises +one on the plague. Of this disease, it is said, he died in 1625. + +_Source of "Rosalynde": "The Tale of Gamelyn."_ Lodge did not invent +the plot of "Rosalynde." The story is based upon "The Tale of +Gamelyn." This is a narrative in rough ballad form, written in the +fourteenth century and formerly attributed to Chaucer. Indeed all the +copies of it that have been preserved occur in the manuscripts of the +"Canterbury Tales" under the title "The Coke's Tale of Gamelyn." From +the "Tale" Lodge borrowed and adapted the account of the death of old +Sir John of Bordeaux, the subsequent quarrel of his sons, the plot of +the elder against the younger by which the latter was to be killed in +a wrestling bout, the wrestling itself, the flight of the younger +accompanied by the faithful Adam to the Forest of Arden, and their +falling in with a band of outlaws feasting. Yet from the "Tale" Lodge +took hardly more than a suggestion. All the love story was his own. +Original also, so far as we know,[1] was the story of the two kings, +and the pastoral element--for "Rosalynde" is a pastoral romance. + +[Footnote 1: It has been conjectured that Lodge drew upon some Italian +novel for the material that he did not find in "The Tale of Gamelyn." +There seems, however, no ground for denying to Lodge credit for some +originality; for the novel, if it ever existed, has been lost.] + +_Form: A Pastoral Romance._ As a pastoral romance it belongs to the +class of books of which Sidney's' "Arcadia" is the most famous +representative in English. The "Arcadia" was published in 1590--the +same year as "Rosalynde"--though it had been written some ten years +earlier. The literary genus to which they belong is a very old one. +The prose pastoral romance, that kind of prose romance which +professes to delineate the scenery, sentiments, and incidents of +shepherd life,[1] is, like most other literary forms, Greek in origin. +It goes back at least to the "Daphnis and Chloe" of Longus, the +Byzantine romancer of the fifth century A.D. Longus represents the +romantic spirit in expiring classicism, the longing of a highly +artificial society for primitive simplicity, and the endeavor to +create a corresponding ideal. Indeed the pastoral has always been a +product of a highly artificial age. Naturally, therefore, it has +always been written by men of the city rather than by men of the +country. It is distinctly an urban product. That it was so accounts in +part for the idealized view of life that it presents. Speaking of the +pastoral, Doctor Johnson says in his ponderous way:[2] + + Our inclination to stillness and tranquillity is seldom much + lessened by long knowledge of the busy and tumultuary part + of the world. In childhood we turn our thoughts to the + country, as to the region of pleasure; we recur to it in old + age as a port of rest, and perhaps with that secondary and + adventitious gladness, which every man feels on reviewing + those places, or recollecting those occurrences, that + contributed to his youthful enjoyments, and bring him back + to the prime of life, when the world was gay with the bloom + of novelty, when mirth wantoned at his side, and hope + sparkled before him. + +[Footnote 1: Dr. Johnson defines a pastoral as "the representation of +an action or passion by its effects upon a country life." See _The +Rambler_, Nos. 36 and 37.] + +[Footnote 2: _The Rambler_, No. 36. See also Steele's essays on the +pastoral in _The Guardian_, Nos. 22, 23, 28, 30, 32. No. 22 is +particularly interesting, because in it Steele assigns three causes +for the popularity of the pastoral form,--man's love of ease, his love +of simplicity, and his love of the country. Pope's remarks on the +pastoral, which may be found in _The Guardian_, No. 40, are also worth +referring to in this connection.] + +Probably Doctor Johnson was entirely right about the perennial charm +of the pastoral and in his theory that its charm is potent in the +direct ratio to the square of the distance that separates the writer +and reader from rural life itself. It is not strange, therefore, that +in the newly awakened interest in the classics that characterized the +Renaissance, when literature was so largely a product of city +culture, the revival of the pastoral should have been one of the first +manifestations of the earlier Renaissance humanism. + +_Spanish Influence._ Even when all due credit has been given to the +charm of the pastoral romance, it still remains doubtful whether the +influence of the Greek and Latin classics alone is sufficient to +explain its vogue in the Elizabethan age. Their influence, though +undoubtedly great, was scarcely sufficient to account for the +naturalization in England of so exotic a form as the pastoral. Indeed +the pastoral never was thoroughly naturalized, remaining to the end +somewhat alien to its English surroundings. Shepherds with their oaten +pipes were never quite at home in the English climate, which is ill +suited to life in the open, to loose tunics, and bare limbs.[1] It is +doubtful whether the pastoral would have become popular in England +without the stimulus furnished by contemporary European literature. +Most influential of these contemporary influences was the "Diana +Enamorada," published about 1558, a Spanish pastoral romance written +by Jorge de Montemayor, a Portuguese by birth, a Spaniard by adoption. +Although the English translation of the "Diana" did not appear until +1598[2] it was well known to Sidney, who translated parts of it, and +imitated it in his "Arcadia" (1590), and to Greene, whose "Menaphon," +also an imitation of the "Diana," had appeared in 1589, the year +before "Rosalynde." Though it is entirely possible that Lodge may have +imitated Greene, it is probable that he, like Greene, had read the +"Diana," for it is certain that he knew Spanish,[3] as well as French +and Italian, and the "Diana" was already, it is said,[4] the most +popular book in Europe. + +[Footnote 1: Steele, speaking of the pastoral (_The Guardian_, No. +30), says, "The difference of the climate is also to be considered, +for what is proper in Arcadia, or even in Italy, might be quite absurd +in a colder country."] + +[Footnote 2: Though not published till 1598, Bartholomew Young's +translation of the "Diana" was made in 1583.] + +[Footnote 3: In the epistle To the Gentlemen Readers, prefixed to "A +Margarite of America," he tells us that he read the original of that +story "in the Library of the Jesuits in Sanctum ... in the Spanish +tongue."] + +[Footnote 4: Jusserand, "The English Novel in the Time of +Shakespeare," p. 236.] + +_Style: Euphuistic._ Nor was Lodge more original in his manner than in +his matter. His style is that of the euphuists. John Lyly's "Euphues, +or the Anatomy of Wit" (1579), and its sequel "Euphues and His +England" (1580), had set a fashion that was destined for the next two +decades to enjoy a tremendous vogue. Lyly's was the first conspicuous +example in English of the attempt to achieve an ornate and rather +fantastic style. The result became known as euphuism, and those who +employed it as euphuists. In its essential features it consists of +three distinct mannerisms: a balance of phrases, an elaborate system +of alliteration, and a profusion of similes taken from fabulous +natural history. Regarding the euphuistic use of balance, Dr. Landmann +says of Lyly's prose:[1] "We have here the most elaborate antithesis +not only of well balanced clauses, but also of words, often even of +sentences.... Even when he uses a single sentence he opposes the words +within the clause to each other." + +[Footnote 1: In "Shakspere and Euphuism," _Transactions of the New +Shakspere Society_, 1880-1882.] + +Of this balance Lodge's "Rosalynde" affords abundant illustration. +Such a succession of sentences as that on page 7, where each sentence +is composed of balanced clauses, is a striking but by no means unique +example. Usually the contrasted words begin with the same letter or +sound, as in the sentences just cited, where the alliteration appears +to be employed to emphasize the contrast. Often the alliteration +serves merely for ornament, as in the sentence: "It is she, O gentle +swain, it is she, that saint it is whom I serve, that goddess at whose +shrine I do bend all my devotions; the most fairest of all fairs, the +phoenix of all that sex, and the purity of all earthly perfection." + +The euphuistic similes were of three kinds. First, there were those +drawn from familiar natural objects, such as, "Happily she resembleth +the rose, that is sweet but full of prickles." Secondly, there are +those taken from classical history and mythology, like these: "Is she +some nymph that waits upon Diana's train, ... or is she some +shepherdess ... whose name thou shadowest in covert under the figure +of Rosalynde, as Ovid did Julia under the name of Corinna?" Thirdly, +there are those similes most characteristic of euphuism, though less +commonly found than the two kinds just mentioned, namely, those drawn +from "unnatural natural history." Such are the comparisons to "the +serpent Regius that hath scales as glorious as the sun and a breath as +infectious as aconitum is deadly," to "the hyena, most guileful when +she mourns," to "the colors of a polype which changes at the sight of +every object," and to "the Sethin leaf that never wags but with a +southeast wind." + +_One of the Last Examples of Euphuism._ When Lodge wrote "Rosalynde," +euphuism was already on the wane. Even among Lodge's contemporaries +the fashion was becoming an object of frequent ridicule. Thus Warner, +in his "Albion's England" (1589), complains in the preface, which, by +the way, is written wholly in the euphuistic manner: "Onely this error +may be thought hatching in our English, that to runne on the letter we +often runne from the matter: and being over prodigall in similes we +become less profitable in sentences and more prolixious to sense." + +By 1627 euphuism had become an obsolete fashion. In that year Drayton +wrote of Sidney that he + + did first reduce + Our tongue from Lillies writing then in use: + Talking of Stones, Stars, Plants, of Fishes, Flyes, + Playing with words and idle Similies + As th' English Apes and very Zanies be + Of everything that they doe heare and see, + So imitating his ridiculous tricks, + They spake and writ like meere lunatiques. + +"Rosalynde" marks the end of the unquestioned supremacy of euphuism as +a literary mode. It was the last book of any importance to employ the +style that Lyly had made so popular. + +_The Charm of the Book._ In spite of the conventionality inseparable +from the pastoral form, and the obvious artificiality of the style in +which it is written, "Rosalynde" is really charming. Its charm is much +like that of Watteau's landscapes. Like them, it is an idyll in court +dress, a _fête élégante_, a kind of elegant picnic. Yet, like +Watteau's pictures it is of more than merely historic interest, for it +is far more than simply a reminder of the fopperies of a vanished +time. There is in it, as in the paintings, a lightness and daintiness +of coloring, and an indescribable air of freshness that have made the +romance appeal to poets as the work of Watteau has appealed to +painters. Shakespeare felt its charm so much that he made it the basis +of the plot of "As You Like It." That it became one of his "sources" +has injured it incalculably in the popular estimation. It has become a +commonplace of criticism to declare that "Rosalynde's" chief title to +be remembered is its having furnished a hint to Shakespeare. As a +matter of fact, however, it had, to use Johnson's phrase, "enough wit +to keep it sweet," even without Shakespeare's play "to preserve it +from putrefaction." Lodge really had a pretty story to tell, and he +tells it, if not with gusto, at least with grace and with some degree +of skill. Exquisitely graceful are some of the narrative passages, +where the very words seem to possess a clear and pellucid quality like +the water of the spring that Rosalynde and Aliena found in Arden, "so +crystalline and clear, that it seemed Diana and her Dryades and +Hamadryades had that spring, as the secret of all their bathings."[1] +Such, for instance, is the account of the night and morning succeeding +the first meeting of Rosalynde and Rosader in the Forest of Arden.[2] +Graceful, too, are the descriptions of the landscapes in Arden, such +as that of the "fair valley" where Rosalynde and Aliena found Montanus +and Corydon "seeing their sheep feed, playing on their pipes many +pleasant tunes, and from music and melody falling into much amorous +chat." So charmingly graceful are these descriptions that, together +with Shakespeare, Lodge has made the Forest of Arden almost as much +the accepted home of the pastoral as Sicily and Arcadia[3] had been +hitherto. + +[Footnote 1: P. 31.] + +[Footnote 2: Pp. 58 and 60.] + +[Footnote 3: Theocritus (283-263 B.C.) localized his "Idyls" in +Sicily; Vergil (70-19 B.C.), his "Eclogues" in Arcadia.] + +_Lodge's Skill as a Story-teller._ To say that Lodge is a skillful as +well as a graceful story-teller is, of course, to make an indefensible +assertion. In the sixteenth century English fiction was still in its +infancy, and English prose was still undeveloped. Yet we do find in +Lodge certain qualities of style that show clearly an advance over the +formlessness of some of the stories that had preceded. Though the +sentence and paragraph structure is loose and amorphous, the +transitions from one subject to another are almost invariably well +made, or at least are clearly marked. Phrases such as, "But leaving +him so desirous of the journey, to Torismond"[1]; "Leaving her to her +new entertained fancies, again to Rosader"[2]; "where we leave them, +and return again to Torismond"[3]; show clearly a growing regard for +the value of clear arrangement, to which the earlier romancers had +been indifferent. In the avoidance of digressions, too, Lodge's style +is an improvement upon that of his predecessors, and even upon that of +most of his contemporaries.[4] The story moves along, if not rapidly, +at least continuously from start to finish. There is a gratifying lack +of such preposterous complications and tortuous windings as we meet +with in the plot of Greene's "Menaphon," for example, where it +sometimes seems doubtful whether the characters ever will emerge from +so mazy a labyrinth of plot, and where the reader is bewildered by the +almost complete lack of unity in the story. + +[Footnote 1: P. 12.] + +[Footnote 2: P. 17.] + +[Footnote 3: P. 50. See, also, pp. 19, 41, 51, 59, 73, 97, 104.] + +[Footnote 4: On page 72 Lodge accuses himself of digressing; but the +four lines in which he here anticipates the conclusion of the story +seem not to warrant the charge.] + +_The Lyrical Interludes._ Lodge's spirit is essentially poetical. One +feels that his way of looking at things is that of a true poet; of +one, that is, who sees beneath the shows of things. Lodge saw as +clearly as Shakespeare did that only love can untie the knot that +selfishness has tied. And not only is Lodge a poet in his outlook on +life, but also in the narrower sense of the word, for he is one of the +sweetest singers of all that band of choristers that filled the +spacious times of great Elizabeth with sounds that echo still. The +voices of some were more resonant or more impassioned; few, if any, +were sweeter. Such a song as _Rosalynde's Madrigal_, beginning, + + Love in my bosom, like a bee + Doth suck his sweet: + +is as fluent, as graceful, and as mellifluous as anything that +appeared in that marvelously productive time. Lodge's poetic +interludes impress one not only by their easy grace and sweetness, but +by their melody as well. They possess that truly lyric quality that +Burns's songs exhibit to such a marked degree. They seem to sing +themselves. It is almost impossible to read aloud the best of them, +such as, + + Like to the clear in highest sphere + Where all imperial glory shines, + Of selfsame color is her hair, + Whether unfolded or in twines: + Heigh ho, fair Rosalynde! + +without setting them unconsciously to a kind of tune, so essentially +musical are the lines. In their wonderful harmony these lyrics remind +one of Burns, but in the radiant and ethereal quality of their +phrasing they inevitably recall Shelley. Furthermore, these songs +illustrate the fact that the Elizabethan lyric had its origin in +culture, not among the people, and that the chief sources of its +inspiration were Italian and French. In a series of lyrics inserted +into the text of "A Margarite of America,"[1] Lodge avowedly imitates +the Italian poets Dolce, Pascale, and Mantelli, while in another +passage in the same book[2] he expresses his unbounded admiration for +the French poet Desportes, and his belief "that few men are able to +second the sweet conceits of Philippe Desportes." His "sweet conceits" +are imitated, we are told, in Montanus's song on page 29, and again in +_Rosader's Sonnet_, on page 62. In his borrowings Lodge merely +followed a prevalent fashion. The early English Elizabethan lyric was +wholly experimental and imitative--the product of foreign influences, +predominantly Italian and French; and in this respect Lodge's are +entirely typical. + +[Footnote 1: Hunterian Club reprint, pp. 76 ff.] + +[Footnote 2: Hunterian Club reprint, p. 79.] + +_Historical Significance._ Historically the book is interesting as one +of the predecessors of the modern novel. But we need to keep in mind +that it is really a precursor of the novel and not the thing itself. +We have no right, therefore, to demand a well-constructed plot or +skill in characterization, because these did not appear in English +fiction till a much later time. It was two centuries before the novel, +in the time of Richardson, came into being; and it would be manifestly +absurd to expect to find in "Rosalynde" an anticipation either of +Scott's dramatic skill in plot construction or of George Eliot's +clairvoyance that divines the interior play of passion. All that we +can reasonably ask is that there be a coherent story told with +imaginative skill. In this we are not disappointed. The narrative +moves rapidly, at least in the earlier part of the story; and, though +in the latter part the setting seems from a modern point of view +over-emphasized, it is so charmingly idyllic as almost, if not quite, +to justify the over-emphasis. But Lodge really gives us more than we +have a right to expect, for, as Mr. Gosse has pointed out,[1] we may +trace in the book "certain qualities which have always been +characteristic of English fiction, a vigorous ideal of conduct, a love +of strength and adventure, an almost quixotic reverence for +womanhood." + +[Footnote 1: "Seventeenth-Century Studies," p. 18.] + +_Shakespeare's Dramatization of "Rosalynde."_ When Shakespeare wrote +"As You Like It" he did precisely what so many dramatists of to-day +are blamed for doing, that is, he dramatized a well-known novel. +Lodge's "Rosalynde" was at this time (about 1598) in its third +edition, and the fact that the story was so familiar to the reading +public imposed upon Shakespeare certain restrictions which he +evidently did not feel in dealing with material that he took from +sources less well known. In the case of material drawn from foreign +sources he freely altered, omitted, or combined different stories as +suited the immediate purpose of his art. In the dramatization of +Lodge's "Rosalynde" he changed the plot comparatively little, altering +it only so far as was absolutely necessary to fit it for stage +presentation, contenting himself with shortening the time of the +action, omitting such incidents as were essentially nondramatic, and +adding only such characters as would, while making the play more +interesting, not materially change the already familiar story. + +By condensation and omission Shakespeare shortened the time of the +action, which is several months in the romance, to about ten days in +the play. This he accomplished by omitting all the preliminary +narrative of the death of Sir John of Bordeaux, and the old knight's +will; and by shortening the time that elapses in the romance between +the brother's quarrel and the wrestling, which he makes occur on +successive days. A similar shortening occurs in the matter of +Rosader's flight from home. In the play the hero, being warned by +Adam, leaves immediately after the wrestling, instead of staying to +play his part in the rowdyism at Oliver's (Saladyne's) castle. The +effect of this compression is to make the love plot more prominent. +The meeting of the two brothers in Arden is also managed somewhat +differently. Orlando is hurt in rescuing his brother from wild beasts, +instead of being wounded, as in the romance, by rescuing Aliena from a +band of robbers. The play ends differently from the romance, as befits +a comedy, the usurping duke being converted instead of being killed in +battle. + +It was, however, in the characterization that Shakespeare departed +most widely from the romance. The most obvious change was in the names +of the characters. Rosader appears as Orlando, Saladyne as Oliver, +Torismond as Duke Frederick, Gerismond as the banished Duke, Alinda as +Celia, Montanus as Silvius, and Corydon is shortened to Corin. Of much +greater significance than the changes in the names of the characters +are the additions and changes in the list of _dramatis personae_. Nine +characters are added outright--Dennis, Le Beau, Amiens, the First +Lord, Sir Oliver Martext, William, Audrey, Touchstone, and Jaques. The +latter is most noteworthy. Hazlitt calls him the only purely +contemplative character Shakespeare ever drew. From the beginning to +the end of the play he does absolutely nothing except to think and +moralize. Another critic has said, "Shakespeare designed Jaques to be +a maker of fine sentiments, a dresser forth in sweet language of the +ordinary commonplaces...." It has been suggested,[1] not without some +show of reason, that Shakespeare in adapting Lodge's romance for the +stage purposely included in the list of _dramatis personae_ a +character bearing a strong resemblance to Euphues, the pretended +author of the romance. "Like Euphues, Jaques has made false steps in +youth, which have somewhat darkened his views of life; like Euphues, +he conceals under a veil of sententious satire a real goodness of +heart, shown in his action toward Audrey and Touchstone. A traveler, +like Euphues, he has a melancholy of his own, compounded of many +simples, extracted from many objects, and is prepared, like his +prototype, to lecture his contemporaries on every theme." + +[Footnote 1: Seccombe and Allen, "The Age of Shakespeare," Vol. I, p. +119.] + +Scarcely less significant are the changes that Shakespeare made in the +characteristics of the _dramatis personae_. The motive of the elder +brother in mistreating the younger he makes envy, not avarice as in +the romance, a substitution due to his desire to unify the action by +drawing a parallel between the brothers and the dukes. The superiority +of Shakespeare's Rosalind to Lodge's delineation of the character has, +perhaps, been slightly overestimated. To describe Lodge's Rosalynde as +"a colorless being, incapable of entering into the spirit of her +part"[1] is really too severe a condemnation. Of course Lodge's +heroine does lack the exquisite charm of saucy playfulness coupled +with gentle womanliness that makes Shakespeare's Rosalind perhaps the +most popular heroine of English comedy. Yet Lodge furnished to +Shakespeare far more than a name for his heroine. In the dialogue +between Ganymede (Rosalynde) and Aliena there is a good deal of lively +banter that must have furnished more than a suggestion for the teasing +playfulness of Rosalind in the play. Such, for example, is the +conversation between the two girls upon finding a love poem "carved on +a pine tree."[2] As in the drama, Rosalynde's wit is always sharpened +by the presence of her lover. Often her tone of raillery is noticeably +similar to that of Shakespeare's heroine.[3] + +[Footnote 1: W.G. Stone, _Transactions of the New Shakspere Society_, +1880-1886, pp. 277-293.] + +[Footnote 2: P. 29. Compare the speech of Ganymede (Rosalynde) with +Rosalind's speech in "As You Like It," III, ii, 367-381.] + +[Footnote 3: Compare "Rosalynde," pp. 63-64, with "As You Like It," +IV, i, 80-93.] + +Upon a careful study of "Rosalynde" one cannot avoid the conviction +that in selecting it as the basis for "As You Like It" Shakespeare +displayed a sound judgment. Not only is it a good story of its kind, +but it lends itself readily to dramatic adaptation. In adapting it +Shakespeare made of it something quite different and incalculably more +valuable than the romance. Yet "Rosalynde" is still in its way +charming, and an appreciation of its charm may, instead of lessening +our reverence for Shakespeare's genius, really increase it by leading +us to see as he did the freshness and beauty as well as the dramatic +possibilities of the story. + + + + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + + +ANGLIA. Vol. X, pp. 235-289. + +BULLEN. Lyrics from the Dramatists of the Elizabethan Age, London, +1901. + +CHAMBERS. English Pastorals, London, 1906. + +DUNLOP. History of Prose Fiction (revised edition), London and New +York, 1888. + +GOSSE. "Seventeenth-Century Studies" (new edition), London, 1895. + +GREG. Lodge's "Rosalynde," being the Original of Shakespeare's "As You +Like It," London, 1907. + +JUSSERAND. The English Novel in the Time of Shakespeare, London and +New York, 1890. + +LANG. Idylls of Theocritus, Bion, and Moschus (Golden Treasury +Series), London, 1901. + +LODGE. Reprint of Complete Works (excepting the translations of +Seneca, Josephus, and Du Bartas), Glasgow, 1875-1882. + +MARKS. English Pastoral Drama, London, 1908. + +SAINTSBURY. Elizabethan Literature, London and New York, 1902. + +WARREN. A History of the Novel, previous to the Seventeenth Century, +New York, 1895. + + + + +THE PUBLISHED WORKS OF THOMAS LODGE ARRANGED IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER[1] + +[Footnote 1: The titles are given in abbreviated form.] + + +1580 (?) Defence of Plays + +1584 An Alarum against Usurers + +1589 Scillaes Metamorphysis (reprinted with a new title-page in 1610 + as A most pleasant Historie of Glaucus and Scilla) + +1590 Rosalynde + +1591 Robert, Second Duke of Normandy + +1591 Catharos + +1592 Euphues Shadow + +1593 Phillis + +1593 William Longbeard + +1594 The Wounds of Civill War + +1594 A Looking Glass for London (in collaboration with Greene) + +1595 A Fig for Momus + +1596 The Divel coniured + +1596 A Margarite of America + +1596 Wits miserie + +1596 Prosopopeia + +1602 Paradoxes + +1602 Works of Josephus + +1603 A Treatise of the Plague + +1614 The Workes of Seneca + +1625 A Learned Summary of Du Bartas + + + + +Rosalynde. + +Euphues golden legacie: +found after his death _in his Cell at Si_lexedra. + +_Bequeathed to Philautus sonnes_ +noursed vp with their +_father in_ England. + +Fetcht from the Canaries. + +_By T.L. Gent._ + +LONDON, + +Imprinted by _Thomas Orwin_ for T.G. and _John Busbie_. + +1590. + + + To the Right Honorable and his most esteemed Lord the Lord + of Hunsdon, Lord Chamberlain to her Majesty's Household, and + Governor of her Town of Berwick: T.L.G. wisheth increase of + all honorable virtues. + +Such Romans, right honorable, as delighted in martial exploits, +attempted their actions in the honor of Augustus, because he was a +patron of soldiers: and Vergil dignified him with his poems, as a +Maecenas of scholars; both jointly advancing his royalty, as a prince +warlike and learned. Such as sacrifice to Pallas, present her with +bays as she is wise, and with armor as she is valiant; observing +herein that excellent [Greek: to prepon], which dedicateth honors +according to the perfection of the person. When I entered, right +honorable, with a deep insight into the consideration of these +premises, seeing your Lordship to be a patron of all martial men, and +a Maecenas of such as apply themselves to study, wearing with Pallas +both the lance and the bay, and aiming with Augustus at the favor of +all, by the honorable virtues of your mind, being myself first a +student, and after falling from books to arms, even vowed in all my +thoughts dutifully to affect your Lordship. Having with Captain Clarke +made a voyage to the island of Terceras and the Canaries, to beguile +the time with labor I writ this book; rough, as hatched in the storms +of the ocean, and feathered in the surges of many perilous seas. But +as it is the work of a soldier and a scholar, I presumed to shroud it +under your Honor's patronage, as one that is the fautor and favorer of +all virtuous actions; and whose honorable loves, grown from the +general applause of the whole commonwealth for your higher deserts, +may keep it from the malice of every bitter tongue. Other reasons more +particular, right honorable, challenge in me a special affection to +your Lordship, as being a scholar with your two noble sons, Master +Edmund Carew, and Master Robert Carew, two scions worthy of so +honorable a tree, and a tree glorious in such honorable fruit, as also +being scholar in the university under that learned and virtuous +knight Sir Edward Hoby, when he was Bachelor in Arts, a man as well +lettered as well born, and, after the etymology of his name, soaring +as high as the wings of knowledge can mount him, happy every way, and +the more fortunate, as blessed in the honor of so virtuous a lady. +Thus, right honorable, the duty that I owe to the sons, chargeth me +that all my affection be placed on the father; for where the branches +are so precious, the tree of force must be most excellent. Commanded +and emboldened thus with the consideration of these forepassed +reasons, to present my book to your Lordship, I humbly entreat your +Honor will vouch of my labors, and favor a soldier's and a scholar's +pen with your gracious acceptance, who answers in affection what he +wants in eloquence; so devoted to your honor, as his only desire is, +to end his life under the favor of so martial and learned a patron. + +Resting thus in hope of your Lordship's courtesy in deigning the +patronage of my work, I cease, wishing you as many honorable fortunes +as your Lordship can desire or I imagine. + +Your Honor's soldier + humbly affectionate: + Thomas Lodge + + + + +TO THE GENTLEMEN READERS + + +Gentlemen, look not here to find any sprigs of Pallas' bay tree, nor +to hear the humor of any amorous laureate, nor the pleasing vein of +any eloquent orator: _Nolo altum sapere_, they be matters above my +capacity: the cobbler's check shall never light on my head, _Ne sutor +ultra crepidam_; I will go no further than the latchet, and then all +is well. Here you may perhaps find some leaves of Venus' myrtle, but +hewn down by a soldier with his curtal-axe, not bought with the +allurement of a filed tongue. To be brief, gentlemen, room for a +soldier and a sailor, that gives you the fruits of his labors that he +wrote in the ocean, when every line was wet with a surge, and every +humorous passion counterchecked with a storm. If you like it, so; and +yet I will be yours in duty, if you be mine in favor. But if Momus or +any squint-eyed ass, that hath mighty ears to conceive with Midas, and +yet little reason to judge; if he come aboard our bark to find fault +with the tackling, when he knows not the shrouds, I'll down into the +hold, and fetch out a rusty pole-axe, that saw no sun this seven year, +and either well baste him, or heave the coxcomb overboard to feed +cods. But courteous gentlemen, that favor most, backbite none, and +pardon what is overslipped, let such come and welcome; I'll into the +steward's room, and fetch them a can of our best beverage. Well, +gentlemen, you have Euphues' Legacy. I fetched it as far as the island +of Terceras, and therefore read it; censure with favor, and farewell + +Yours, T.L. + + + + +ROSALYNDE + + +There dwelled adjoining to the city of Bordeaux a knight of most +honorable parentage, whom fortune had graced with many favors, and +nature honored with sundry exquisite qualities, so beautified with the +excellence of both, as it was a question whether fortune or nature +were more prodigal in deciphering the riches of their bounties. Wise +he was, as holding in his head a supreme conceit of policy, reaching +with Nestor into the depth of all civil government; and to make his +wisdom more gracious, he had that _salem ingenii_ and pleasant +eloquence that was so highly commended in Ulysses: his valor was no +less than his wit, nor the stroke of his lance no less forcible than +the sweetness of his tongue was persuasive; for he was for his courage +chosen the principal of all the Knights of Malta. This hardy knight, +thus enriched with virtue and honor, surnamed Sir John of Bordeaux, +having passed the prime of his youth in sundry battles against the +Turks, at last (as the date of time hath his course) grew aged. His +hairs were silver-hued, and the map of age was figured on his +forehead: honor sat in the furrows of his face, and many years were +portrayed in his wrinkled lineaments, that all men might perceive his +glass was run, and that nature of necessity challenged her due. Sir +John, that with the Phoenix knew the term of his life was now expired, +and could, with the swan, discover his end by her songs, having three +sons by his wife Lynida, the very pride of all his forepassed years, +thought now, seeing death by constraint would compel him to leave +them, to bestow upon them such a legacy as might bewray his love, and +increase their ensuing amity. Calling, therefore, these young +gentlemen before him, in the presence of all his fellow Knights of +Malta, he resolved to leave them a memorial of all his fatherly care +in setting down a method of their brotherly duties. Having, therefore, +death in his looks to move them to pity, and tears in his eyes to +paint out the depth of his passions, taking his eldest son by the +hand, he began thus: + +SIR JOHN OF BORDEAUX' LEGACY HE GAVE TO HIS SONS + +"O my sons, you see that fate hath set a period of my years, and +destinies have determined the final end of my days: the palm tree +waxeth away-ward, for he stoopeth in his height, and my plumes are +full of sick feathers touched with age. I must to my grave that +dischargeth all cares, and leave you to the world that increaseth many +sorrows: my silver hairs containeth great experience, and in the +number of my years are penned down the subtleties of fortune. +Therefore, as I leave you some fading pelf to countercheck poverty, so +I will bequeath you infallible precepts that shall lead you unto +virtue. First, therefore, unto thee Saladyne, the eldest, and +therefore the chiefest pillar of my house, wherein should be engraven +as well the excellence of thy father's qualities, as the essential +form of his proportion, to thee I give fourteen ploughlands, with all +my manor houses and richest plate. Next, unto Fernandyne I bequeath +twelve ploughlands. But, unto Rosader, the youngest, I give my horse, +my armor, and my lance, with sixteen ploughlands; for if the inward +thoughts be discovered by outward shadows, Rosader will exceed you all +in bounty and honor. Thus, my sons, have I parted in your portions the +substance of my wealth, wherein if you be as prodigal to spend as I +have been careful to get, your friends will grieve to see you more +wasteful than I was bountiful, and your foes smile that my fall did +begin in your excess. Let mine honor be the glass of your actions, and +the fame of my virtues the lodestar to direct the course of your +pilgrimage. Aim your deeds by my honorable endeavors, and show +yourselves scions worthy of so flourishing a tree, lest, as the birds +Halcyones, which exceed in whiteness, I hatch young ones that surpass +in blackness. Climb not, my sons: aspiring pride is a vapor that +ascendeth high, but soon turneth to smoke; they which stare at the +stars stumble upon stones, and such as gaze at the sun (unless they be +eagle-eyed) fall blind. Soar not with the hobby,[1] lest you fall with +the lark, nor attempt not with Phaeton, lest you drown with Icarus. +Fortune, when she wills you to fly, tempers your plumes with wax; and +therefore either sit still and make no wing, or else beware the sun, +and hold Daedalus' axiom authentical, _medium tenere tutissimum_. Low +shrubs have deep roots, and poor cottages great patience. Fortune +looks ever upward, and envy aspireth to nestle with dignity. Take +heed, my sons, the mean is sweetest melody; where strings high +stretched, either soon crack, or quickly grow out of tune. Let your +country's care be your heart's content, and think that you are not +born for yourselves, but to level your thoughts to be loyal to your +prince, careful for the common weal, and faithful to your friends; so +shall France say, 'These men are as excellent in virtues as they be +exquisite in features.' O my sons, a friend is a precious jewel, +within whose bosom you may unload your sorrows and unfold your +secrets, and he either will relieve with counsel, or persuade with +reason: but take heed in the choice: the outward show makes not the +inward man, nor are the dimples in the face the calendars of truth. +When the liquorice leaf looketh most dry, then it is most wet: when +the shores of Lepanthus are most quiet, then they forepoint a storm. +The Baaran leaf the more fair it looks, the more infectious it is, and +in the sweetest words is oft hid the most treachery. Therefore, my +sons, choose a friend as the Hyperborei do the metals, sever them from +the ore with fire, and let them not bide the stamp before they be +current: so try and then trust, let time be touchstone of friendship, +and then friends faithful lay them up for jewels. Be valiant, my sons, +for cowardice is the enemy to honor; but not too rash, for that is an +extreme. Fortitude is the mean, and that is limited within bonds, and +prescribed with circumstance. But above all," and with that he fetched +a deep sigh, "beware of love, for it is far more perilous than +pleasant, and yet, I tell you, it allureth as ill as the Sirens. O my +sons, fancy is a fickle thing, and beauty's paintings are tricked up +with time's colors, which, being set to dry in the sun, perish with +the same. Venus is a wanton, and though her laws pretend liberty, yet +there is nothing but loss and glistering misery. Cupid's wings are +plumed with the feathers of vanity, and his arrows, where they pierce, +enforce nothing but deadly desires: a woman's eye, as it is precious +to behold, so is it prejudicial to gaze upon; for as it affordeth +delight, so it snareth unto death. Trust not their fawning favors, for +their loves are like the breath of a man upon steel, which no sooner +lighteth on but it leapeth off, and their passions are as momentary as +the colors of a polype, which changeth at the sight of every object. +My breath waxeth short, and mine eyes dim: the hour is come, and I +must away: therefore let this suffice, women are wantons, and yet men +cannot want one: and therefore, if you love, choose her that hath eyes +of adamant, that will turn only to one point; her heart of a diamond, +that will receive but one form; her tongue of a Sethin leaf, that +never wags but with a south-east wind: and yet, my sons, if she have +all these qualities, to be chaste, obedient, and silent, yet for that +she is a woman, shalt thou find in her sufficient vanities to +countervail her virtues. Oh now, my sons, even now take these my last +words as my latest legacy, for my thread is spun, and my foot is in +the grave. Keep my precepts as memorials of your father's counsels, +and let them be lodged in the secret of your hearts; for wisdom is +better than wealth, and a golden sentence worth a world of treasure. +In my fall see and mark, my sons, the folly of man, that being dust +climbeth with Biares to reach at the heavens, and ready every minute +to die, yet hopeth for an age of pleasures. Oh, man's life is like +lightning that is but a flash, and the longest date of his years but +as a bavin's[2] blaze. Seeing then man is so mortal, be careful that +thy life be virtuous, that thy death may be full of admirable honors: +so shalt thou challenge fame to be thy fautor,[3] and put oblivion to +exile with thine honorable actions. But, my sons, lest you should +forget your father's axioms, take this scroll, wherein read what your +father dying wills you to execute living." At this he shrunk down in +his bed, and gave up the ghost. + +[Footnote 1: falcon.] + +[Footnote 2: faggot's.] + +[Footnote 3: patron.] + +John of Bordeaux being thus dead was greatly lamented of his sons, and +bewailed of his friends, especially of his fellow Knights of Malta, +who attended on his funerals, which were performed with great +solemnity. His obsequies done, Saladyne caused, next his epitaph, the +contents of the scroll to be portrayed out, which were to this effect: + +_The Contents of the Schedule which Sir John of Bordeaux gave to his +Sons_ + + My sons, behold what portion I do give: + I leave you goods, but they are quickly lost; + I leave advice, to school you how to live; + I leave you wit, but won with little cost; + But keep it well, for counsel still is one, + When father, friends, and worldly goods are gone. + + In choice of thrift let honor be thy gain, + Win it by virtue and by manly might; + In doing good esteem thy toil no pain; + Protect the fatherless and widow's right: + Fight for thy faith, thy country, and thy king, + For why? this thrift will prove a blessèd thing. + + In choice of wife, prefer the modest-chaste; + Lilies are fair in show, but foul in smell: + The sweetest looks by age are soon defaced; + Then choose thy wife by wit and living well. + Who brings thee wealth and many faults withal, + Presents thee honey mixed with bitter gall. + + In choice of friends, beware of light belief; + A painted tongue may shroud a subtle heart; + The Siren's tears do threaten mickle grief; + Foresee, my son, for fear of sudden smart: + Choose in thy wants, and he that friends thee then, + When richer grown, befriend thou him agen. + + Learn with the ant in summer to provide; + Drive with the bee the drone from out thy hive: + Build like the swallow in the summer tide; + Spare not too much, my son, but sparing thrive: + Be poor in folly, rich in all but sin: + So by thy death thy glory shall begin. + +Saladyne having thus set up the schedule, and hanged about his +father's hearse many passionate poems, that France might suppose him +to be passing sorrowful, he clad himself and his brothers all in +black, and in such sable suits discoursed his grief: but as the hyena +when she mourns is then most guileful, so Saladyne under this show of +grief shadowed a heart full of contented thoughts: the tiger, though +he hide his claws, will at last discover his rapine: the lion's looks +are not the maps of his meaning, nor a man's physnomy is not the +display of his secrets. Fire cannot be hid in the straw, nor the +nature of man so concealed, but at last it will have his course: +nurture and art may do much, but that _natura naturans_, which by +propagation is ingrafted in the heart, will be at last perforce +predominant according to the old verse: + + Naturam expellas furca, tamen usque recurret. + +So fared it with Saladyne, for after a month's mourning was passed, he +fell to consideration of his father's testament; how he had +bequeathed more to his younger brothers than himself, that Rosader was +his father's darling, but now under his tuition, that as yet they were +not come to years, and he being their guardian, might, if not defraud +them of their due, yet make such havoc of their legacies and lands, as +they should be a great deal the lighter: whereupon he began thus to +meditate with himself: + +SALADYNE'S MEDITATION WITH HIMSELF + +"Saladyne, how art thou disquieted in thy thoughts, and perplexed with +a world of restless passions, having thy mind troubled with the tenor +of thy father's testament, and thy heart fired with the hope of +present preferment! By the one thou art counselled to content thee +with thy fortunes, by the other persuaded to aspire to higher wealth. +Riches, Saladyne, is a great royalty, and there is no sweeter physic +than store. Avicen, like a fool, forgot in his Aphorisms to say that +gold was the most precious restorative, and that treasure was the most +excellent medicine of the mind. O Saladyne, what, were thy father's +precepts breathed into the wind? hast thou so soon forgotten his +principles? did he not warn thee from coveting without honor, and +climbing without virtue? did he not forbid thee to aim at any action +that should not be honorable? and what will be more prejudicial to thy +credit, than the careless ruin of thy brothers' welfare? why, shouldst +not thou be the pillar of thy brothers' prosperity? and wilt thou +become the subversion of their fortunes? is there any sweeter thing +than concord, or a more precious jewel than amity? are you not sons of +one father, scions of one tree, birds of one nest, and wilt thou +become so unnatural as to rob them, whom thou shouldst relieve? No, +Saladyne, entreat them with favors, and entertain them with love, so +shalt thou have thy conscience clear and thy renown excellent. Tush, +what words are these, base fool, far unfit (if thou be wise) for thy +humor? What though thy father at his death talked of many frivolous +matters, as one that doated for age and raved in his sickness; shall +his words be axioms, and his talk be so authentical, that thou wilt, +to observe them, prejudice thyself? No no, Saladyne, sick men's wills +that are parole[1] and have neither hand nor seal, are like the laws +of a city written in dust, which are broken with the blast of every +wind. What, man, thy father is dead, and he can neither help thy +fortunes, nor measure thy actions; therefore bury his words with his +carcase, and be wise for thyself. What, 'tis not so old as true, + + Non sapit, qui sibi non sapit. + +[Footnote 1: oral.] + +Thy brother is young, keep him now in awe; make him not checkmate[1] +with thyself, for + + Nimia familiaritas contemptum parit. + +[Footnote 1: equal.] + +Let him know little, so shall he not be able to execute much: suppress +his wits with a base estate, and though he be a gentleman by nature, +yet form him anew, and make him a peasant by nurture: so shalt thou +keep him as a slave, and reign thyself sole lord over all thy father's +possessions. As for Fernandyne, thy middle brother, he is a scholar +and hath no mind but on Aristotle: let him read on Galen while thou +riflest[1] with gold, and pore on his book till thou dost purchase +lands: wit is great wealth; if he have learning it is enough: and so +let all rest." + +[Footnote 1: gamble, cf. modern "raffle."] + +In this humor was Saladyne, making his brother Rosader his foot-boy, +for the space of two or three years, keeping him in such servile +subjection, as if he had been the son of any country vassal. The young +gentleman bore all with patience, till on a day, walking in the garden +by himself, he began to consider how he was the son of John of +Bordeaux, a knight renowned for many victories, and a gentleman +famosed for his virtues; how, contrary to the testament of his father, +he was not only kept from his land and entreated as a servant, but +smothered in such secret slavery, as he might not attain to any +honorable actions. + +"Ah," quoth he to himself, nature working these effectual passions, +"why should I, that am a gentleman born, pass my time in such +unnatural drudgery? were it not better either in Paris to become a +scholar, or in the court a courtier, or in the field a soldier, than +to live a foot-boy to my own brother? Nature hath lent me wit to +conceive, but my brother denied me art to contemplate: I have strength +to perform any honorable exploit, but no liberty to accomplish my +virtuous endeavors: those good parts that God hath bestowed upon me, +the envy of my brother doth smother in obscurity; the harder is my +fortune, and the more his frowardness." + +With that casting up his hand he felt hair on his face, and perceiving +his beard to bud, for choler he began to blush, and swore to himself +he would be no more subject to such slavery. As thus he was ruminating +of his melancholy passions, in came Saladyne with his men, and seeing +his brother in a brown study, and to forget his wonted reverence, +thought to shake him out of his dumps[1] thus: + +[Footnote 1: revery.] + +"Sirrah," quoth he, "what is your heart on your halfpenny,[1] or are +you saying a dirge for your father's soul? What, is my dinner ready?" + +[Footnote 1: "You have a particular object in view."--_Greg._] + +At this question Rosader, turning his head askance, and bending his +brows as if anger there had ploughed the furrows of her wrath, with +his eyes full of fire, he made this reply: + +"Dost thou ask me, Saladyne, for thy cates?[1] ask some of thy churls +who are fit for such an office: I am thine equal by nature, though not +by birth, and though thou hast more cards in the bunch,[2] I have as +many trumps in my hands as thyself. Let me question with thee, why +thou hast felled my woods, spoiled my manor houses, and made havoc of +such utensils as my father bequeathed unto me? I tell thee, Saladyne, +either answer me as a brother, or I will trouble thee as an enemy." + +[Footnote 1: food.] + +[Footnote 2: pack.] + +At this reply of Rosader's Saladyne smiled as laughing at his +presumption, and frowned as checking his folly: he therefore took him +up thus shortly: + +"What, sirrah! well I see early pricks the tree that will prove a +thorn: hath my familiar conversing with you made you coy,[1] or my +good looks drawn you to be thus contemptuous? I can quickly remedy +such a fault, and I will bend the tree while it is a wand. In faith, +sir boy, I have a snaffle for such a headstrong colt. You, sirs, lay +hold on him and bind him, and then I will give him a cooling card for +his choler." + +[Footnote 1: conceited.] + +This made Rosader half mad, that stepping to a great rake that stood +in the garden, he laid such load upon[1] his brother's men that he +hurt some of them, and made the rest of them run away. Saladyne, +seeing Rosader so resolute and with his resolution so valiant, thought +his heels his best safety, and took him to a loft adjoining to the +garden, whither Rosader pursued him hotly. Saladyne, afraid of his +brother's fury, cried out to him thus: + +[Footnote 1: beat.] + +"Rosader, be not so rash: I am thy brother and thine elder, and if I +have done thee wrong I'll make thee amends: revenge not anger in +blood, for so shalt thou stain the virtue of old Sir John of Bordeaux: +say wherein thou art discontent and thou shalt be satisfied. Brothers' +frowns ought not to be periods of wrath: what, man, look not so +sourly; I know we shall be friends, and better friends than we have +been, for, _Amantium ira amoris redintegratio est_." + +These words appeased the choler of Rosader, for he was of a mild and +courteous nature, so that he laid down his weapons, and upon the faith +of a gentleman assured his brother he would offer him no prejudice: +whereupon Saladyne came down, and after a little parley they embraced +each other and became friends; and Saladyne promising Rosader the +restitution of all his lands, "and what favor else," quoth he, "any +ways my ability or the nature of a brother may perform." Upon these +sugared reconciliations they went into the house arm in arm together, +to the great content of all the old servants of Sir John of Bordeaux. + +Thus continued the pad[1] hidden in the straw, till it chanced that +Torismond, king of France, had appointed for his pleasure a day of +wrastling and of tournament to busy his commons' heads, lest, being +idle, their thoughts should run upon more serious matters, and call to +remembrance their old banished king; a champion there was to stand +against all comers, a Norman, a man of tall stature and of great +strength; so valiant, that in many such conflicts he always bare away +the victory, not only overthrowing them which he encountered, but +often with the weight of his body killing them outright. Saladyne +hearing of this, thinking now not to let the ball fall to the ground, +but to take opportunity by the forehead, first by secret means +convented[2] with the Norman, and procured him with rich rewards to +swear that if Rosader came within his claws he should never more +return to quarrel with Saladyne for his possessions. The Norman +desirous of pelf--as _Quis nisi mentis inops oblatum respuit +aurum?_--taking great gifts for little gods, took the crowns of +Saladyne to perform the stratagem. + +[Footnote 1: toad.] + +[Footnote 2: met.] + +Having thus the champion tied to his villainous determination by oath, +he prosecuted the intent of his purpose thus. He went to young +Rosader, who in all his thoughts reached at honor, and gazed no lower +than virtue commanded him, and began to tell him of this tournament +and wrastling, how the king should be there, and all the chief peers +of France, with all the beautiful damosels of the country. + +"Now, brother," quoth he, "for the honor of Sir John of Bordeaux, our +renowmed father, to famous that house that never hath been found +without men approved in chivalry, show thy resolution to be +peremptory.[1] For myself thou knowest, though I am eldest by birth, +yet never having attempted any deeds of arms, I am youngest to perform +any martial exploits, knowing better how to survey my lands than to +charge my lance: my brother Fernandyne he is at Paris poring on a few +papers, having more insight into sophistry and principles of +philosophy, than any warlike endeavors; but thou, Rosader, the +youngest in years but the eldest in valor, art a man of strength, and +darest do what honor allows thee. Take thou my father's lance, his +sword, and his horse, and hie thee to the tournament, and either there +valiantly crack a spear, or try with the Norman for the palm of +activity." + +[Footnote 1: stedfast.] + +The words of Saladyne were but spurs to a free horse, for he had +scarce uttered them, ere Rosader took him in his arms, taking his +proffer so kindly, that he promised in what he might to requite his +courtesy. The next morrow was the day of the tournament, and Rosader +was so desirous to show his heroical thoughts that he passed the night +with little sleep; but as soon as Phoebus had vailed the curtain of +the night, and made Aurora blush with giving her the _bezo les +labres_[1] in her silver couch, he gat him up, and taking his leave of +his brother, mounted himself towards the place appointed, thinking +every mile ten leagues till he came there. + +[Footnote 1: kiss.] + +But leaving him so desirous of the journey, to Torismond, the king of +France, who having by force banished Gerismond, their lawful king, +that lived as an outlaw in the forest of Arden, sought now by all +means to keep the French busied with all sports that might breed their +content. Amongst the rest he had appointed this solemn tournament, +whereunto he in most solemn manner resorted, accompanied with the +twelve peers of France, who, rather for fear than love, graced him +with the show of their dutiful favors. To feed their eyes, and to make +the beholders pleased with the sight of most rare and glistering +objects, he had appointed his own daughter Alinda to be there, and the +fair Rosalynde, daughter unto Gerismond, with all the beautiful +damosels that were famous for their features in all France. Thus in +that place did love and war triumph in a sympathy; for such as were +martial might use their lance to be renowmed for the excellence of +their chivalry, and such as were amorous might glut themselves with +gazing on the beauties of most heavenly creatures. As every man's eye +had his several survey, and fancy was partial in their looks, yet all +in general applauded the admirable riches that nature bestowed on the +face of Rosalynde; for upon her cheeks there seemed a battle between +the Graces, who should bestow most favors to make her excellent. The +blush that gloried Luna, when she kissed the shepherd on the hills of +Latmos, was not tainted with such a pleasant dye as the vermilion +flourished on the silver hue of Rosalynde's countenance: her eyes were +like those lamps that make the wealthy covert of the heavens more +gorgeous, sparkling favor and disdain, courteous and yet coy, as if in +them Venus had placed all her amorets, and Diana all her chastity. The +trammels of her hair, folded in a caul[1] of gold, so far surpassed +the burnished glister of the metal, as the sun doth the meanest star +in brightness: the tresses that folds in the brows of Apollo were not +half so rich to the sight, for in her hairs it seemed love had laid +herself in ambush, to entrap the proudest eye that durst gaze upon +their excellence: what should I need to decipher her particular +beauties, when by the censure of all she was the paragon of all +earthly perfection? This Rosalynde sat, I say, with Alinda as a +beholder of these sports, and made the cavaliers crack their lances +with more courage: many deeds of knighthood that day were performed, +and many prizes were given according to their several deserts. + +[Footnote 1: cap of open work.] + +At last, when the tournament ceased, the wrastling began, and the +Norman presented himself as a challenger against all comers, but he +looked like Hercules when he advanced himself against Achelous, so +that the fury of his countenance amazed all that durst attempt to +encounter with him in any deed of activity: till at last a lusty +franklin of the country came with two tall men that were his sons, of +good lineaments and comely personage. The eldest of these doing his +obeisance to the king entered the list, and presented himself to the +Norman, who straight coped with him, and as a man that would triumph +in the glory of his strength, roused himself with such fury, that not +only he gave him the fall, but killed him with the weight of his +corpulent personage: which the younger brother seeing, leaped +presently into the place, and thirsty after the revenge, assailed the +Norman with such valor, that at the first encounter he brought him to +his knees; which repulsed so the Norman, that, recovering himself, +fear of disgrace doubling his strength, he stepped so sternly to the +young franklin, that taking him up in his arms he threw him against +the ground so violently, that he broke his neck, and so ended his days +with his brother. At this unlooked for massacre the people murmured, +and were all in a deep passion of pity; but the franklin, father unto +these, never changed his countenance, but as a man of a courageous +resolution took up the bodies of his sons without show of outward +discontent. + +All this while stood Rosader and saw this tragedy; who, noting the +undoubted virtue[1] of the franklin's mind, alighted off from his +horse, and presently sate down on the grass, and commanded his boy to +pull off his boots, making him ready to try the strength of this +champion. Being furnished as he would, he clapped the franklin on the +shoulder and said thus: + +"Bold yeoman, whose sons have ended the term of their years with +honor, for that I see thou scornest fortune with patience, and +thwartest the injury of fate with content in brooking the death of thy +sons, stand awhile, and either see me make a third in their tragedy, +or else revenge their fall with an honorable triumph." + +[Footnote 1: courage.] + +The franklin, seeing so goodly a gentleman to give him such courteous +comfort, gave him hearty thanks, with promise to pray for his happy +success. With that Rosader vailed bonnet to the king, and lightly +leaped within the lists, where noting more the company than the +combatant, he cast his eye upon the troop of ladies that glistered +there like the stars of heaven; but at last, Love, willing to make him +as amorous as he was valiant, presented him with the sight of +Rosalynde, whose admirable beauty so inveigled the eye of Rosader, +that forgetting himself, he stood and fed his looks on the favor of +Rosalynde's face; which she perceiving blushed, which was such a +doubling of her beauteous excellence, that the bashful red of Aurora +at the sight of unacquainted Phaeton, was not half so glorious. + +The Norman seeing this young gentleman fettered in the looks of the +ladies drave him out of his _memento_[1] with a shake by the shoulder. +Rosader looking back with an angry frown, as if he had been wakened +from some pleasant dream, discovered to all by the fury of his +countenance that he was a man of some high thoughts: but when they all +noted his youth and the sweetness of his visage, with a general +applause of favors, they grieved that so goodly a young man should +venture in so base an action; but seeing it were to his dishonor to +hinder him from his enterprise, they wished him to be graced with the +palm of victory. After Rosader was thus called out of his _memento_ by +the Norman, he roughly clapped to him with so fierce an encounter, +that they both fell to the ground, and with the violence of the fall +were forced to breathe; in which space the Norman called to mind by +all tokens, that this was he whom Saladyne had appointed him to kill; +which conjecture made him stretch every limb, and try every sinew, +that working his death he might recover the gold which so bountifully +was promised him. On the contrary part, Rosader while he breathed was +not idle, but still cast his eye upon Rosalynde, who to encourage him +with a favor, lent him such an amorous look, as might have made the +most coward desperate: which glance of Rosalynde so fired the +passionate desires of Rosader, that turning to the Norman he ran upon +him and braved him with a strong encounter. The Norman received him as +valiantly, that there was a sore combat, hard to judge on whose side +fortune would be prodigal. At last Rosader, calling to mind the beauty +of his new mistress, the fame of his father's honors, and the disgrace +that should fall to his house by his misfortune, roused himself and +threw the Norman against the ground, falling upon his chest with so +willing a weight, that the Norman yielded nature her due, and Rosader +the victory. + +[Footnote 1: musing.] + +The death of this champion, as it highly contented the franklin, as a +man satisfied with revenge, so it drew the king and all the peers into +a great admiration,[1] that so young years and so beautiful a +personage should contain such martial excellence; but when they knew +him to be the youngest son of Sir John of Bordeaux, the king rose from +his seat and embraced him, and the peers entreated him with all +favorable courtesy, commending both his valor and his virtues, wishing +him to go forward in such haughty deeds, that he might attain to the +glory of his father's honorable fortunes. + +[Footnote 1: wonder.] + +As the king and lords graced him with embracing, so the ladies favored +him with their looks, especially Rosalynde, whom the beauty and valor +of Rosader had already touched: but she accounted love a toy, and +fancy a momentary passion, that as it was taken in with a gaze, might +be shaken off with a wink, and therefore feared not to dally in the +flame; and to make Rosader know she affected him, took from her neck a +jewel, and sent it by a page to the young gentleman. The prize that +Venus gave to Paris was not half so pleasing to the Troyan as this gem +was to Rosader; for if fortune had sworn to make him sole monarch of +the world, he would rather have refused such dignity, than have lost +the jewel sent him by Rosalynde. To return her with the like he was +unfurnished, and yet that he might more than in his looks discover his +affection, he stepped into a tent, and taking pen and paper writ this +fancy: + + Two suns at once from one fair heaven there shined, + Ten branches from two boughs, tipped all with roses, + Pure locks more golden than is gold refined, + Two pearled rows that nature's pride encloses; + Two mounts fair marble-white, down-soft and dainty, + A snow-dyed orb, where love increased by pleasure + Full woeful makes my heart, and body fainty: + Her fair (my woe) exceeds all thought and measure. + In lines confused my luckless harm appeareth, + Whom sorrow clouds, whom pleasant smiling cleareth. + +This sonnet he sent to Rosalynde, which when she read she blushed, but +with a sweet content in that she perceived love had allotted her so +amorous a servant. + +Leaving her to her new entertained fancies, again to Rosader, who +triumphing in the glory of this conquest, accompanied with a troop of +young gentlemen that were desirous to be his familiars, went home to +his brother Saladyne's, who was walking before the gates, to hear what +success his brother Rosader should have, assuring himself of his +death, and devising how with dissimuled sorrow to celebrate his +funerals. As he was in his thought, he cast up his eye, and saw where +Rosader returned with the garland on his head, as having won the +prize, accompanied with a crew of boon companions. Grieved at this, he +stepped in and shut the gate. Rosader seeing this, and not looking for +such unkind entertainment, blushed at the disgrace, and yet smothering +his grief with a smile, he turned to the gentlemen, and desired them +to hold his brother excused, for he did not this upon any malicious +intent or niggardize, but being brought up in the country, he absented +himself as not finding his nature fit for such youthful company. Thus +he sought to shadow abuses proffered him by his brother, but in vain, +for he could by no means be suffered to enter: whereupon he ran his +foot against the door, and broke it open, drawing his sword, and +entering boldly into the hall, where he found none, for all were fled, +but one Adam Spencer, an Englishman, who had been an old and trusty +servant to Sir John of Bordeaux. He for the love he bare to his +deceased master, favored the part of Rosader, and gave him and his +such entertainment as he could. Rosader gave him thanks, and looking +about, seeing the hall empty, said: + +"Gentlemen, you are welcome; frolic and be merry: you shall be sure to +have wine enough, whatsoever your fare be. I tell you, cavaliers, my +brother hath in his house five tun of wine, and as long as that +lasteth, I beshrew him that spares his liquor." + +With that he burst open the buttery door, and with the help of Adam +Spencer covered the tables, and set down whatsoever he could find in +the house; but what they wanted in meat, Rosader supplied with drink, +yet had they royal cheer, and withal such hearty welcome as would have +made the coarsest meats seem delicates.[1] After they had feasted and +frolicked it twice or thrice with an upsee freeze,[2] they all took +their leaves of Rosader and departed. As soon as they were gone, +Rosader growing impatient of the abuse, drew his sword, and swore to +be revenged on the discourteous Saladyne; yet by the means of Adam +Spencer, who sought to continue friendship and amity betwixt the +brethren, and through the flattering submission of Saladyne, they were +once again reconciled, and put up all forepassed injuries with a +peaceable agreement, living together for a good space in such +brotherly love, as did not only rejoice the servants, but made all the +gentlemen and bordering neighbors glad of such friendly concord. +Saladyne, hiding fire in the straw, and concealing a poisoned hate in +a peaceable countenance, yet deferring the intent of his wrath till +fitter opportunity, he showed himself a great favorer of his brother's +virtuous endeavors: where leaving them in this happy league, let us +return to Rosalynde. + +[Footnote 1: dainties.] + +[Footnote 2: "a toast."--_Greg._] + +Rosalynde returning home from the triumph, after she waxed solitary, +love presented her with the idea of Rosader's perfection, and taking +her at discovert struck her so deep, as she felt herself grow passing +passionate. She began to call to mind the comeliness of his person, +the honor of his parents, and the virtues that, excelling both, made +him so gracious in the eyes of every one. Sucking in thus the honey of +love by imprinting in her thoughts his rare qualities, she began to +surfeit with the contemplation of his virtuous conditions; but when +she called to remembrance her present estate, and the hardness of her +fortunes, desire began to shrink, and fancy to vail bonnet, that +between a Chaos of confused thoughts she began to debate with herself +in this manner: + +ROSALYNDE'S PASSION + +"Infortunate Rosalynde, whose misfortunes are more than thy years, and +whose passions are greater than thy patience! The blossoms of thy +youth are mixed with the frosts of envy, and the hope of thy ensuing +fruits perish in the bud. Thy father is by Torismond banished from the +crown, and thou, the unhappy daughter of a king, detained captive, +living as disquieted in thy thoughts as thy father discontented in +his exile. Ah Rosalynde, what cares wait upon a crown! what griefs are +incident to dignity! what sorrows haunt royal palaces! The greatest +seas have the sorest storms, the highest birth subject to the most +bale, and of all trees the cedars soonest shake with the wind: small +currents are ever calm, low valleys not scorched in any lightnings, +nor base men tied to any baleful prejudice. Fortune flies, and if she +touch poverty it is with her heel, rather disdaining their want with a +frown, than envying their wealth with disparagement. O Rosalynde, +hadst thou been born low, thou hadst not fallen so high, and yet being +great of blood thine honor is more, if thou brookest misfortune with +patience. Suppose I contrary fortune with content, yet fates unwilling +to have me anyway happy, have forced love to set my thoughts on fire +with fancy. Love, Rosalynde? becometh it women in distress to think of +love? Tush, desire hath no respect of persons: Cupid is blind and +shooteth at random, as soon hitting a rag as a robe, and piercing as +soon the bosom of a captive as the breast of a libertine. Thou +speakest it, poor Rosalynde, by experience; for being every way +distressed, surcharged with cares, and overgrown with sorrows, yet +amidst the heap of all these mishaps, love hath lodged in thy heart +the perfection of young Rosader, a man every way absolute as well for +his inward life, as for his outward lineaments, able to content the +eye with beauty, and the ear with the report of his virtue. But +consider, Rosalynde, his fortunes, and thy present estate: thou art +poor and without patrimony, and yet the daughter of a prince; he a +younger brother, and void of such possessions as either might maintain +thy dignities or revenge thy father's injuries. And hast thou not +learned this of other ladies, that lovers cannot live by looks, that +women's ears are sooner content with a dram of _give me_ than a pound +of _hear me_, that gold is sweeter than eloquence, that love is a fire +and wealth is the fuel, that Venus' coffers should be ever full? +Then, Rosalynde, seeing Rosader is poor, think him less beautiful +because he is in want, and account his virtues but qualities of course +for that he is not endued with wealth. Doth not Horace tell thee what +method is to be used in love? + + Quaerenda pecunia primum, post nummos virtus. + +Tush, Rosalynde, be not over rash: leap not before thou look: either +love such a one as may with his lands purchase thy liberty, or else +love not at all. Choose not a fair face with an empty purse, but say +as most women use to say: + + Si nihil attuleris, ibis Homere foras. + +Why, Rosalynde! can such base thoughts harbor in such high beauties? +can the degree of a princess, the daughter of Gerismond harbor such +servile conceits, as to prize gold more than honor, or to measure a +gentleman by his wealth, not by his virtues? No, Rosalynde, blush at +thy base resolution, and say, if thou lovest, 'either Rosader or +none!' And why? because Rosader is both beautiful and virtuous." +Smiling to herself to think of her new-entertained passions, taking up +her lute that lay by her, she warbled out this ditty: + +_Rosalynde's Madrigal_ + + Love in my bosom like a bee + Doth suck his sweet: + Now with his wings he plays with me, + Now with his feet. + Within mine eyes he makes his nest, + His bed amidst my tender breast; + My kisses are his daily feast, + And yet he robs me of my rest. + Ah, wanton, will ye? + + And if I sleep, then percheth he + With pretty flight, + And makes his pillow of my knee + The livelong night. + Strike I my lute, he tunes the string, + He music plays if so I sing; + He lends me every lovely thing, + Yet cruel he my heart doth sting. + Whist, wanton, still ye! + + Else I with roses every day + Will whip you hence, + And bind you, when you long to play, + For your offence; + I'll shut mine eyes to keep you in, + I'll make you fast it for your sin, + I'll count your power not worth a pin. + Alas, what hereby shall I win, + If he gainsay me? + + What if I beat the wanton boy + With many a rod? + He will repay me with annoy, + Because a God. + Then sit thou safely on my knee, + And let thy bower my bosom be; + Lurk in mine eyes, I like of thee. + O Cupid, so thou pity me, + Spare not but play thee. + +Scarce had Rosalynde ended her madrigal, before Torismond came in with +his daughter Alinda and many of the peers of France, who were enamored +of her beauty; which Torismond perceiving, fearing lest her perfection +might be the beginning of his prejudice, and the hope of his fruit end +in the beginning of her blossoms, he thought to banish her from the +court: "for," quoth he to himself, "her face is so full of favor, that +it pleads pity in the eye of every man; her beauty is so heavenly and +divine, that she will prove to me as Helen did to Priam; some one of +the peers will aim at her love, end the marriage, and then in his +wife's right attempt the kingdom. To prevent therefore _had I wist_ in +all these actions, she tarries not about the court, but shall (as an +exile) either wander to her father, or else seek other fortunes." In +this humor, with a stern countenance full of wrath, he breathed out +this censure unto her before the peers, that charged her that that +night she were not seen about the court: "for," quoth he, "I have +heard of thy aspiring speeches, and intended treasons." This doom was +strange unto Rosalynde, and presently, covered with the shield of her +innocence, she boldly brake out in reverent terms to have cleared +herself; but Torismond would admit of no reason, nor durst his lords +plead for Rosalynde, although her beauty had made some of them +passionate, seeing the figure of wrath portrayed in his brow. Standing +thus all mute, and Rosalynde amazed, Alinda, who loved her more than +herself, with grief in her heart and tears in her eyes, falling down +on her knees, began to entreat her father thus: + +ALINDA'S ORATION TO HER FATHER IN DEFENCE OF FAIR ROSALYNDE + +"If, mighty Torismond, I offend in pleading for my friend, let the law +of amity crave pardon for my boldness; for where there is depth of +affection, there friendship alloweth a privilege. Rosalynde and I have +been fostered up from our infancies, and nursed under the harbor of +our conversing together with such private familiarities, that custom +had wrought a union of our nature, and the sympathy of our affections +such a secret love, that we have two bodies and one soul. Then marvel +not, great Torismond, if, seeing my friend distressed, I find myself +perplexed with a thousand sorrows; for her virtuous and honorable +thoughts, which are the glories that maketh women excellent, they be +such as may challenge love, and rase out suspicion. Her obedience to +your majesty I refer to the censure of your own eye, that since her +father's exile hath smothered all griefs with patience, and in the +absence of nature, hath honored you with all duty, as her own father +by nouriture, not in word uttering any discontent, nor in thought, as +far as conjecture may reach, hammering on revenge; only in all her +actions seeking to please you, and to win my favor. Her wisdom, +silence, chastity, and other such rich qualities, I need not decipher; +only it rests for me to conclude in one word, that she is innocent. If +then, fortune, who triumphs in a variety of miseries, hath presented +some envious person (as minister of her intended stratagem) to taint +Rosalynde with any surmise of treason, let him be brought to her face, +and confirm his accusation by witnesses; which proved, let her die, +and Alinda will execute the massacre. If none can avouch any confirmed +relation of her intent, use justice, my lord, it is the glory of a +king, and let her live in your wonted favor; for if you banish her, +myself, as copartner of her hard fortunes, will participate in exile +some part of her extremities." + +Torismond, at this speech of Alinda, covered his face with such a +frown, as tyranny seemed to sit triumphant in his forehead, and +checked her up[1] with such taunts, as made the lords, that only were +hearers, to tremble. + +[Footnote 1: stopped.] + +"Proud girl," quoth he, "hath my looks made thee so light of tongue, +or my favors encouraged thee to be so forward, that thou darest +presume to preach after thy father? Hath not my years more experience +than thy youth, and the winter of mine age deeper insight into civil +policy, than the prime[1] of thy flourishing days? The old lion avoids +the toils, where the young one leaps into the net: the care of age is +provident and foresees much: suspicion is a virtue, where a man holds +his enemy in his bosom. Thou, fond girl, measurest all by present +affection, and as thy heart loves, thy thoughts censure[2]; but if +thou knowest that in liking Rosalynde thou hatchest up a bird to peck +out thine own eyes, thou wouldst entreat as much for her absence as +now thou delightest in her presence. But why do I allege policy to +thee? Sit you down, housewife, and fall to your needle: if idleness +make you so wanton, or liberty so malapert, I can quickly tie you to a +sharper task. And you, maid, this night be packing, either into Arden +to your father, or whither best it shall content your humor, but in +the court you shall not abide." + +[Footnote 1: spring.] + +[Footnote 2: decide.] + +This rigorous reply of Torismond nothing amazed Alinda, for still she +prosecuted her plea in the defence of Rosalynde, wishing her father, +if his censure might not be reversed, that he would appoint her +partner of her exile; which if he refused to do, either she would by +some secret means steal out and follow her, or else end her days with +some desperate kind of death. When Torismond heard his daughter so +resolute, his heart was so hardened against her, that he set down a +definite and peremptory sentence, that they should both be banished, +which presently was done, the tyrant rather choosing to hazard the +loss of his only child than anyways to put in question the state of +his kingdom; so suspicious and fearful is the conscience of an +usurper. Well, although his lords persuaded him to retain his own +daughter, yet his resolution might not be reversed, but both of them +must away from the court without either more company or delay. In he +went with great melancholy, and left these two ladies alone. Rosalynde +waxed very sad, and sate down and wept. Alinda she smiled, and sitting +by her friend began thus to comfort her: + +ALINDA'S COMFORT TO PERPLEXED ROSALYNDE + +"Why, how now, Rosalynde, dismayed with a frown of contrary fortune? +Have I not oft heard thee say, that high minds were discovered in +fortune's contempt, and heroical scene in the depth of extremities? +Thou wert wont to tell others that complained of distress, that the +sweetest salve for misery was patience, and the only medicine for +want that precious implaister of content. Being such a good physician +to others, wilt thou not minister receipts to thyself? But perchance +thou wilt say: + + Consulenti nunquam caput doluit. + +Why then, if the patients that are sick of this disease can find in +themselves neither reason to persuade, nor art to cure, yet, +Rosalynde, admit of the counsel of a friend, and apply the salves that +may appease thy passions. If thou grievest that being the daughter of +a prince, and envy thwarteth thee with such hard exigents,[1] think +that royalty is a fair mark, that crowns have crosses when mirth is in +cottages; that the fairer the rose is, the sooner it is bitten with +caterpillars; the more orient[2] the pearl is, the more apt to take a +blemish; and the greatest birth, as it hath most honor, so it hath +much envy. If then fortune aimeth at the fairest, be patient +Rosalynde, for first by thine exile thou goest to thy father: nature +is higher prize than wealth, and the love of one's parents ought to be +more precious than all dignities. Why then doth my Rosalynde grieve at +the frown of Torismond, who by offering her a prejudice proffers her a +greater pleasure? and more, mad lass, to be melancholy, when thou hast +with thee Alinda, a friend who will be a faithful copartner of all thy +misfortunes, who hath left her father to follow thee, and chooseth +rather to brook all extremities than to forsake thy presence. What, +Rosalynde, + + Solamen miseris socios habuisse doloris. + +Cheerly, woman: as we have been bed-fellows in royalty, we will be +fellow-mates in poverty: I will ever be thy Alinda, and thou shalt +ever rest to me Rosalynde; so shall the world canonize our friendship, +and speak of Rosalynde and Alinda, as they did of Pylades and Orestes. +And if ever fortune smile, and we return to our former honor, then +folding ourselves in the sweet of our friendship, we shall merrily +say, calling to mind our forepassed miseries: + + Olim haec meminisse juvabit." + +[Footnote 1: necessities.] + +[Footnote 2: precious; because the most valued gems came from the +Orient.] + +At this Rosalynde began to comfort her, and after she had wept a few +kind tears in the bosom of her Alinda, she gave her hearty thanks, and +then they sat them down to consult how they should travel. Alinda +grieved at nothing but that they might have no man in their company, +saying it would be their greatest prejudice in that two women went +wandering without either guide or attendant. + +"Tush," quoth Rosalynde, "art thou a woman, and hast not a sudden +shift to prevent a misfortune? I, thou seest, am of a tall stature, +and would very well become the person and apparel of a page; thou +shalt be my mistress, and I will play the man so properly, that, trust +me, in what company soever I come I will not be discovered. I will buy +me a suit, and have my rapier very handsomely at my side, and if any +knave offer wrong, your page will show him the point of his weapon." + +At this Alinda smiled, and upon this they agreed, and presently +gathered up all their jewels, which they trussed up[1] in a casket, +and Rosalynde in all haste provided her of robes, and Alinda, from her +royal weeds, put herself in more homelike attire. Thus fitted to the +purpose, away go these two friends, having now changed their names, +Alinda being called Aliena, and Rosalynde Ganymede. They travelled +along the vineyards, and by many by-ways at last got to the forest +side, where they travelled by the space of two or three days without +seeing any creature, being often in danger of wild beasts, and pained +with many passionate sorrows. Now the black ox[2] began to tread on +their feet, and Alinda thought of her wonted royalty; but when she +cast her eyes on her Rosalynde, she thought every danger a step to +honor. Passing thus on along, about midday they came to a fountain, +compassed with a grove of cypress trees, so cunningly and curiously +planted, as if some goddess had entreated nature in that place to make +her an arbor. By this fountain sat Aliena and her Ganymede, and forth +they pulled such victuals as they had, and fed as merrily as if they +had been in Paris with all the king's delicates, Aliena only grieving +that they could not so much as meet with a shepherd to discourse them +the way to some place where they might make their abode. At last +Ganymede casting up his eye espied where on a tree was engraven +certain verses; which as soon as he espied, he cried out: + +"Be of good cheer, mistress, I spy the figures of men; for here in +these trees be engraven certain verses of shepherds, or some other +swains that inhabit hereabout." + +[Footnote 1: packed.] + +[Footnote 2: ill-luck.] + +With that Aliena start up joyful to hear these news, and looked, where +they found carved in the bark of a pine tree this passion: + +_Montanus's Passion_ + + Hadst thou been born whereas perpetual cold + Makes Tanais hard, and mountains silver old; + Had I complained unto a marble stone, + Or to the floods bewrayed my bitter moan, + I then could bear the burthen of my grief. + But even the pride of countries at thy birth, + Whilst heavens did smile, did new array the earth + With flowers chief. + Yet thou, the flower of beauty blessèd born, + Hast pretty looks, but all attired in scorn. + Had I the power to weep sweet Mirrha's tears, + Or by my plaints to pierce repining ears; + Hadst thou the heart to smile at my complaint, + To scorn the woes that doth my heart attaint, + I then could bear the burthen of my grief: + But not my tears, but truth with thee prevails, + And seeming sour my sorrows thee assails: + Yet small relief; + For if thou wilt thou art of marble hard, + And if thou please my suit shall soon be heard. + + +"No doubt," quoth Aliena, "this poesy is the passion of some perplexed +shepherd, that being enamored of some fair and beautiful shepherdess, +suffered some sharp repulse, and therefore complained of the cruelty +of his mistress." + +"You may see," quoth Ganymede, "what mad cattle you women be, whose +hearts sometimes are made of adamant that will touch with no +impression, and sometime of wax that is fit for every form: they +delight to be courted, and then they glory to seem coy, and when they +are most desired then they freeze with disdain: and this fault is so +common to the sex, that you see it painted out in the shepherd's +passions, who found his mistress as froward as he was enamored." + +"And I pray you," quoth Aliena, "if your robes were off, what mettle +are you made of that you are so satirical against women? Is it not a +foul bird defiles the own nest? Beware, Ganymede, that Rosader hear +you not, if he do, perchance you will make him leap so far from love, +that he will anger every vein in your heart." + +"Thus," quoth Ganymede, "I keep decorum: I speak now as I am Aliena's +page, not as I am Gerismond's daughter; for put me but into a +petticoat, and I will stand in defiance to the uttermost, that women +are courteous, constant, virtuous, and what not." + +"Stay there," quoth Aliena, "and no more words, for yonder be +characters graven upon the bark of the tall beech tree." + +"Let us see," quoth Ganymede; and with that they read a fancy written +to this effect: + + First shall the heavens want starry light, + The seas be robbèd of their waves, + The day want sun, and sun want bright, + The night want shade, the dead men graves, + The April flowers and leaf and tree, + Before I false my faith to thee. + + First shall the tops of highest hills + By humble plains be overpried, + And poets scorn the Muses' quills, + And fish forsake the water glide, + And Iris loose her colored weed,[1] + Before I fail thee at thy need. + + First direful hate shall turn to peace, + And love relent in deep disdain, + And death his fatal stroke shall cease, + And envy pity every pain, + And pleasure mourn and sorrow smile, + Before I talk of any guile. + + First time shall stay his stayless race, + And winter bless his brows with corn, + And snow bemoisten July's face, + And winter spring, and summer mourn, + Before my pen, by help of fame, + Cease to recite thy sacred name. + + MONTANUS + +[Footnote 1: garment. In what modern expression is this meaning of the +word retained?] + +"No doubt," quoth Ganymede, "this protestation grew from one full of +passions." + +"I am of that mind too," quoth Aliena, "but see, I pray, when poor +women seek to keep themselves chaste, how men woo them with many +feigned promises; alluring with sweet words as the Sirens, and after +proving as trothless as Aeneas. Thus promised Demophoon to his +Phyllis, but who at last grew more false?" + +"The reason was," quoth Ganymede, "that they were women's sons, and +took that fault of their mother, for if man had grown from man, as +Adam did from the earth, men had never been troubled with +inconstancy." + +"Leave off," quoth Aliena, "to taunt thus bitterly, or else I'll pull +off your page's apparel, and whip you, as Venus doth her wantons, with +nettles." + +"So you will," quoth Ganymede, "persuade me to flattery, and that +needs not: but come, seeing we have found here by this fount the tract +of shepherds by their madrigals and roundelays, let us forward; for +either we shall find some folds, sheepcotes, or else some cottages +wherein for a day or two to rest." + +"Content," quoth Aliena, and with that they rose up, and marched +forward till towards the even, and then coming into a fair valley, +compassed with mountains, whereon grew many pleasant shrubs, they +might descry where two flocks of sheep did feed. Then, looking about, +they might perceive where an old shepherd sat, and with him a young +swaine, under a covert most pleasantly situated. The ground where they +sat was diapered with Flora's riches, as if she meant to wrap Tellus +in the glory of her vestments: round about in the form of an +amphitheatre were most curiously planted pine trees, interseamed with +limons and citrons, which with the thickness of their boughs so +shadowed the place, that Phoebus could not pry into the secret of that +arbor; so united were the tops with so thick a closure, that Venus +might there in her jollity have dallied unseen with her dearest +paramour. Fast by, to make the place more gorgeous, was there a fount +so crystalline and clear, that it seemed Diana with her Dryades and +Hamadryades had that spring, as the secret of all their bathings. In +this glorious arbor sat these two shepherds, seeing their sheep feed, +playing on their pipes many pleasant tunes, and from music and melody +falling into much amorous chat. Drawing more nigh we might descry the +countenance of the one to be full of sorrow, his face to be the very +portraiture of discontent, and his eyes full of woes, that living he +seemed to die: we, to hear what these were, stole privily behind the +thicket, where we overheard this discourse: + +_A Pleasant Eclogue between Montanus and Corydon_ + + CORYDON + + Say, shepherd's boy, what makes thee greet[1] so sore? + Why leaves thy pipe his pleasure and delight? + Young are thy years, thy cheeks with roses dight: + Then sing for joy, sweet swain, and sigh no more. + + This milk-white poppy, and this climbing pine + Both promise shade; then sit thee down and sing, + And make these woods with pleasant notes to ring, + Till Phoebus deign all westward to decline. + +[Footnote 1: weep.] + + MONTANUS + + Ah, Corydon, unmeet is melody + To him whom proud contempt hath overborne: + Slain are my joys by Phoebe's bitter scorn; + Far hence my weal, and near my jeopardy. + + Love's burning brand is couchèd in my breast, + Making a Phoenix of my faintful heart: + And though his fury do enforce my smart, + Ay blithe am I to honor his behest. + + Prepared to woes, since so my Phoebe wills, + My looks dismayed, since Phoebe will disdain; + I banish bliss and welcome home my pain: + So stream my tears as showers from Alpine hills. + + In error's mask I blindfold judgment's eye, + I fetter reason in the snares of lust, + I seem secure, yet know not how to trust; + I live by that which makes me living die. + + Devoid of rest, companion of distress, + Plague to myself, consumèd by my thought, + How may my voice or pipe in tune be brought, + Since I am reft of solace and delight? + + CORYDON + + Ah, lorrel lad, what makes thee hery[1] love? + A sugared harm, a poison full of pleasure, + A painted shrine full filled with rotten treasure; + A heaven in show, a hell to them that prove.[2] + + A gain in seeming, shadowed still with want, + A broken staff which folly doth uphold, + A flower that fades with every frosty cold, + An orient rose sprung from a withered plant. + + A minute's joy to gain a world of grief, + A subtle net to snare the idle mind, + A seeing scorpion, yet in seeming blind, + A poor rejoice, a plague without relief. + + Forthy,[3] Montanus, follow mine arede,[4] + (Whom age hath taught the trains[5] that fancy useth) + Leave foolish love, for beauty wit abuseth, + And drowns, by folly, virtue's springing seed. + +[Footnote 1: praise.] + +[Footnote 2: try, test.] + +[Footnote 3: hence.] + +[Footnote 4: advice.] + +[Footnote 5: stratagems.] + + MONTANUS + + So blames the child the flame because it burns, + And bird the snare because it doth entrap, + And fools true love because of sorry hap, + And sailors curse the ship that overturns. + + But would the child forbear to play with flame, + And birds beware to trust the fowler's gin, + And fools foresee before they fall and sin, + And masters guide their ships in better frame; + + The child would praise the fire because it warms, + And birds rejoice to see the fowler fail, + And fools prevent before their plagues prevail, + And sailors bless the barque that saves from harms. + + Ah, Corydon, though many be thy years, + And crooked elde[1] hath some experience left, + Yet is thy mind of judgment quite bereft, + In view of love, whose power in me appears. + + The ploughman little wots to turn the pen, + Or bookman skills to guide the ploughman's cart; + Nor can the cobbler count the terms of art, + Nor base men judge the thoughts of mighty men. + + Nor withered age, unmeet for beauty's guide, + Uncapable of love's impression, + Discourse of that whose choice possession + May never to so base a man be tied. + + But I, whom nature makes of tender mould, + And youth most pliant yields to fancy's fire, + Do build my haven and heaven on sweet desire, + On sweet desire, more dear to me than gold. + + Think I of love, oh, how my lines aspire! + How haste the Muses to embrace my brows, + And hem my temples in with laurel boughs, + And fill my brains with chaste and holy fire! + + Then leave my lines their homely equipage, + Mounted beyond the circle of the sun: + Amazed I read the stile when I have done, + And hery[2] love that sent that heavenly rage. + + Of Phoebe then, of Phoebe then I sing, + Drawing the purity of all the spheres, + The pride of earth, or what in heaven appears, + Her honored face and fame to light to bring. + + In fluent numbers, and in pleasant veins, + I rob both sea and earth of all their state, + To praise her parts: I charm both time and fate, + To bless the nymph that yields me lovesick pains. + + My sheep are turned to thoughts, whom froward will + Guides in the restless labyrinth of love; + Fear lends them pasture wheresoe'er they move, + And by their death their life reneweth still. + + My sheephook is my pen, mine oaten reed + My paper, where my many woes are written. + Thus silly swain, with love and fancy bitten, + I trace the plains[3] of pain in woeful weed. + + Vet are my cares, my broken sleeps, my tears, + My dreams, my doubts, for Phoebe sweet to me: + Who waiteth heaven in sorrow's vale must be, + And glory shines where danger most appears. + + Then, Corydon, although I blithe me not, + Blame me not, man, since sorrow is my sweet: + So willeth love, and Phoebe thinks it meet, + And kind Montanus liketh well his lot. + +[Footnote 1: old age.] + +[Footnote 2: praise.] + +[Footnote 3: complaints.] + + CORYDON + + O stayless youth, by error so misguided, + Where will proscribeth laws to perfect wits, + Where reason mourns, and blame in triumph sits, + And folly poisoneth all that time provided! + + With wilful blindness bleared, prepared to shame, + Prone to neglect Occasion when she smiles: + Alas, that love, by fond and froward guiles, + Should make thee tract[1] the path to endless blame! + + Ah, my Montanus, cursèd is the charm, + That hath bewitchèd so thy youthful eyes. + Leave off in time to like these vanities, + Be forward to thy good, and fly thy harm. + + As many bees as Hybla daily shields, + As many fry as fleet on ocean's face, + As many herds as on the earth do trace, + As many flowers as deck the fragrant fields, + + As many stars as glorious heaven contains, + As many storms as wayward winter weeps, + As many plagues as hell enclosèd keeps, + So many griefs in love, so many pains. + + Suspicions, thoughts, desires, opinions, prayers, + Mislikes, misdeeds, fond joys, and feignèd peace, + Illusions, dreams, great pains, and small increase, + Vows, hopes, acceptance, scorns, and deep despairs, + + Truce, war, and woe do wait at beauty's gate; + Time lost, laments, reports, and privy grudge, + And last, fierce love is but a partial judge, + Who yields for service shame, for friendship hate. + +[Footnote 1: trace, walk.] + + MONTANUS + + All adder-like I stop mine ears, fond swain, + So charm no more, for I will never change. + Call home thy flocks in time that straggling range, + For lo, the sun declineth hence amain. + + TERENTIUS + + In amore haec omnia insunt vitia: induciae, inimicitiae, + bellum, pax rursum: incerta haec si tu postules ratione + certa fieri, nihilo plus agas, quam si des operam, ut cum + ratione insanias. + +The shepherds having thus ended their eclogue, Aliena stepped with +Ganymede from behind the thicket; at whose sudden sight the shepherds +arose, and Aliena saluted them thus: + +"Shepherds, all hail, for such we deem you by your flocks, and lovers, +good luck, for such you seem by your passions, our eyes being witness +of the one, and our ears of the other. Although not by love, yet by +fortune, I am a distressed gentlewoman, as sorrowful as you are +passionate, and as full of woes as you of perplexed thoughts. +Wandering this way in a forest unknown, only I and my page, wearied +with travel, would fain have some place of rest. May you appoint us +any place of quiet harbor, be it never so mean, I shall be thankful to +you, contented in myself, and grateful to whosoever shall be mine +host." + +Corydon, hearing the gentlewoman speak so courteously, returned her +mildly and reverently this answer: + +"Fair mistress, we return you as hearty a welcome as you gave us a +courteous salute. A shepherd I am, and this a lover, as watchful to +please his wench as to feed his sheep: full of fancies, and therefore, +say I, full of follies. Exhort him I may, but persuade him I cannot; +for love admits neither of counsel nor reason. But leaving him to his +passions, if you be distressed, I am sorrowful such a fair creature is +crossed with calamity; pray for you I may, but relieve you I cannot. +Marry, if you want lodging, if you vouch to shroud yourselves in a +shepherd's cottage, my house for this night shall be your harbor." + +Aliena thanked Corydon greatly, and presently sate her down and +Ganymede by her. Corydon looking earnestly upon her, and with a +curious survey viewing all her perfections, applauded (in his +thought) her excellence, and pitying her distress was desirous to hear +the cause of her misfortunes, began to question her thus: + +"If I should not, fair damosel, occasion offence, or renew your griefs +by rubbing the scar, I would fain crave so much favor as to know the +cause of your misfortunes, and why, and whither you wander with your +page in so dangerous a forest?" + +Aliena, that was as courteous as she was fair, made this reply: + +"Shepherd, a friendly demand ought never to be offensive, and +questions of courtesy carry privileged pardons in their foreheads. +Know, therefore, to discover my fortunes were to renew my sorrows, and +I should, by discoursing my mishaps, but rake fire out of the cinders. +Therefore let this suffice, gentle shepherd: my distress is as great +as my travel is dangerous, and I wander in this forest to light on +some cottage where I and my page may dwell: for I mean to buy some +farm, and a flock of sheep, and so become a shepherdess, meaning to +live low, and content me with a country life; for I have heard the +swains say, that they drunk without suspicion, and slept without +care." + +"Marry, mistress," quoth Corydon, "if you mean so, you came in good +time, for my landslord intends to sell both the farm I till, and the +flock I keep, and cheap you may have them for ready money: and for a +shepherd's life, O mistress, did you but live awhile in their content, +you would say the court were rather a place of sorrow than of solace. +Here, mistress, shall not fortune thwart you, but in mean misfortunes, +as the loss of a few sheep, which, as it breeds no beggary, so it can +be no extreme prejudice: the next year may mend all with a fresh +increase. Envy stirs not us, we covet not to climb, our desires mount +not above our degrees, nor our thoughts above our fortunes. Care +cannot harbor in our cottages, nor do our homely couches know broken +slumbers: as we exceed not in diet, so we have enough to satisfy: and, +mistress, I have so much Latin, _Satis est quod sufficit_." + +"By my troth, shepherd," quoth Aliena, "thou makest me in love with +your country life, and therefore send for thy landslord, and I will +buy thy farm and thy flocks, and thou shalt still under me be overseer +of them both: only for pleasure sake I and my page will serve you, +lead the flocks to the field, and fold them. Thus will I live quiet, +unknown, and contented." + +This news so gladded the heart of Corydon, that he should not be put +out of his farm, that putting off his shepherd's bonnet, he did her +all the reverence that he might. But all this while sate Montanus in a +muse, thinking of the cruelty of his Phoebe, whom he wooed long, but +was in no hope to win. Ganymede, who still had the remembrance of +Rosader in his thoughts, took delight to see the poor shepherd +passionate, laughing at Love, that in all his actions was so +imperious. At last, when she had noted his tears that stole down his +cheeks, and his sighs that broke from the centre of his heart, pitying +his lament, she demanded of Corydon why the young shepherd looked so +sorrowful. + +"O sir," quoth he, "the boy is in love." + +"Why," quoth Ganymede, "can shepherds love?" + +"Aye," quoth Montanus, "and overlove, else shouldst not thou see me so +pensive. Love, I tell thee, is as precious in a shepherd's eye, as in +the looks of a king, and we country swains entertain fancy with as +great delight as the proudest courtier doth affection. Opportunity, +that is the sweetest friend to Venus, harboreth in our cottages, and +loyalty, the chiefest fealty that Cupid requires, is found more among +shepherds than higher degrees. Then, ask not if such silly swains can +love." + +"What is the cause then," quoth Ganymede, "that love being so sweet to +thee, thou lookest so sorrowful?" + +"Because," quoth Montanus, "the party beloved is froward, and having +courtesy in her looks, holdeth disdain in her tongue's end." + +"What hath she, then," quoth Aliena, "in her heart?" + +"Desire, I hope madam," quoth he, "or else, my hope lost, despair in +love were death." + +As thus they chatted, the sun being ready to set, and they not having +folded their sheep, Corydon requested she would sit there with her +page, till Montanus and he lodged their sheep for that night. + +"You shall go," quoth Aliena, "but first I will entreat Montanus to +sing some amorous sonnet, that he made when he hath been deeply +passionate." + +"That I will," quoth Montanus, and with that he began thus: + +_Montanus's Sonnet_ + + Phoebe sate, + Sweet she sate, + Sweet sate Phoebe when I saw her; + White her brow, + Coy her eye: + Brow and eye how much you please me! + Words I spent, + Sighs I sent: + Sighs and words could never draw her. + O my love, + Thou art lost, + Since no sight could ever ease thee. + + Phoebe sat + By a fount; + Sitting by a fount I spied her: + Sweet her touch, + Rare her voice: + Touch and voice what may distain you? + As she sung + I did sigh, + And by sighs whilst that I tried her, + O mine eyes! + You did lose + Her first sight whose want did pain you. + + Phoebe's flocks, + White as wool: + Yet were Phoebe's locks more whiter. + Phoebe's eyes + Dovelike mild: + Dovelike eyes, both mild and cruel. + Montan swears, + In your lamps + He will die for to delight her. + Phoebe yield, + Or I die: + Shall true hearts be fancy's fuel?[1] + +[Footnote 1: This poem was parodied by one of Lodge's contemporaries +under the title "Ronsard's Description of his Mistress" in allusion to +Lodge's habit of imitating foreign poets.] + +Montanus had no sooner ended his sonnet, but Corydon with a low +courtesy rose up and went with his fellow, and shut their sheep in the +folds; and after returning to Aliena and Ganymede, conducted them home +weary to his poor cottage. By the way there was much good chat with +Montanus about his loves, he resolving Aliena that Phoebe was the +fairest shepherdess in all France, and that in his eye her beauty was +equal with the nymphs. + +"But," quoth he, "as of all stones the diamond is most clearest, and +yet most hard for the lapidary to cut: as of all flowers the rose is +the fairest, and yet guarded with the sharpest prickles: so of all our +country lasses Phoebe is the brightest, but the most coy of all to +stoop unto desire. But let her take heed," quoth he, "I have heard of +Narcissus, who for his high disdain against Love, perished in the +folly of his own love." + +With this they were at Corydon's cottage, where Montanus parted from +them, and they went in to rest. Aliena and Ganymede glad of so +contented a shelter, made merry with the poor swain; and though they +had but country fare and coarse lodging, yet their welcome was so +great, and their cares so little, that they counted their diet +delicate, and slept as soundly as if they had been in the court of +Torismond. The next morn they lay long in bed, as wearied with the +toil of unaccustomed travel; but as soon as they got up, Aliena +resolved there to set up her rest,[1] and by the help of Corydon +swept[2] a bargain with his landslord, and so became mistress of the +farm and the flock, herself putting on the attire of a shepherdess, +and Ganymede of a young swain: every day leading forth her flocks, +with such delight, that she held her exile happy, and thought no +content to the bliss of a country cottage. Leaving her thus famous +amongst the shepherds of Arden, again to Saladyne. + +[Footnote 1: choose her dwelling.] + +[Footnote 2: concluded.] + +When Saladyne had a long while concealed a secret resolution of +revenge, and could no longer hide fire in the flax, nor oil in the +flame, for envy is like lightning, that will appear in the darkest +fog, it chanced on a morning very early he called up certain of his +servants, and went with them to the chamber of Rosader, which being +open, he entered with his crew, and surprised his brother being +asleep, and bound him in fetters, and in the midst of his hall chained +him to a post. Rosader, amazed at this strange chance, began to reason +with his brother about the cause of this sudden extremity, wherein he +had wronged, and what fault he had committed worthy so sharp a +penance. Saladyne answered him only with a look of disdain, and went +his way, leaving poor Rosader in a deep perplexity; who, thus abused, +fell into sundry passions, but no means of relief could be had: +whereupon for anger he grew into a discontented melancholy. In which +humor he continued two or three days without meat, insomuch that +seeing his brother would give him no food, he fell into despair of his +life. Which Adam Spencer, the old servant of Sir John of Bordeaux, +seeing, touched with the duty and love he ought[1] to his old master, +felt a remorse in his conscience of his son's mishap; and therefore, +although Saladyne had given a general charge to his servants that none +of them upon pain of death should give either meat or drink to +Rosader, yet Adam Spencer in the night rose secretly, and brought him +such victuals as he could provide, and unlocked him, and set him at +liberty. After Rosader had well feasted himself, and felt he was +loose, straight his thoughts aimed at revenge, and now, all being +asleep, he would have quit Saladyne with the method of his own +mischief. But Adam Spencer did persuade him to the contrary with these +reasons: + +[Footnote 1: owed.] + +"Sir," quoth he, "be content, for this night go again into your old +fetters, so shall you try the faith of friends, and save the life of +an old servant. To-morrow hath your brother invited all your kindred +and allies to a solemn breakfast, only to see you, telling them all +that you are mad, and fain to be tied to a post. As soon as they come, +complain to them of the abuse proffered you by Saladyne. If they +redress you, why so: but if they pass over your plaints _sicco +pede_,[1] and hold with the violence of your brother before your +innocence, then thus: I will leave you unlocked that you may break out +at your pleasure, and at the end of the hall shall you see stand a +couple of good poleaxes, one for you and another for me. When I give +you a wink, shake off your chains, and let us play the men, and make +havoc amongst them, drive them out of the house and maintain +possession by force of arms, till the king hath made a redress of your +abuses." + +[Footnote 1: with dry foot = carelessly.] + +These words of Adam Spencer so persuaded Rosader, that he went to the +place of his punishment, and stood there while[1] the next morning. +About the time appointed, came all the guests bidden by Saladyne, whom +he entreated with courteous and curious entertainment, as they all +perceived their welcome to be great. The tables in the hall, where +Rosader was tied, were covered, and Saladyne bringing in his guests +together, showed them where his brother was bound, and was enchained +as a man lunatic. Rosader made reply, and with some invectives made +complaints of the wrongs proffered him by Saladyne, desiring they +would in pity seek some means for his relief. But in vain, they had +stopped their ears with Ulysses, that were his words never so +forceable, he breathed only his passions into the wind. They, +careless, sat down with Saladyne to dinner, being very frolic and +pleasant, washing their heads well with wine. At last, when the fume +of the grape had entered pell-mell into their brains, they began in +satirical speeches to rail against Rosader: which Adam Spencer no +longer brooking, gave the sign, and Rosader shaking off his chains got +a poleaxe in his hand, and flew amongst them with such violence and +fury, that he hurt many, slew some, and drave his brother and the rest +quite out of the house. Seeing the coast clear, he shut the doors, and +being sore anhungered, and seeing such good victuals, he sat him down +with Adam Spencer, and such good fellows as he knew were honest men, +and there feasted themselves with such provision as Saladyne had +prepared for his friends. After they had taken their repast, Rosader +rampired up[2] the house, lest upon a sudden his brother should raise +some crew of his tenants, and surprise them unawares. But Saladyne +took a contrary course, and went to the sheriff of the shire and made +complaint of Rosader, who giving credit to Saladyne, in a determined +resolution to revenge the gentleman's wrongs, took with him +five-and-twenty tall[3] men, and made a vow, either to break into the +house and take Rosader, or else to coop him in till he made him yield +by famine. In this determination, gathering a crew together, he went +forward to set Saladyne in his former estate. News of this was brought +unto Rosader, who smiling at the cowardice of his brother, brooked all +the injuries of fortune with patience, expecting the coming of the +sheriff. As he walked upon the battlements of the house, he descried +where Saladyne and he drew near, with a troop of lusty gallants. At +this he smiled, and called Adam Spencer, and showed him the envious +treachery of his brother, and the folly of the sheriff to be so +credulous. + +[Footnote 1: until.] + +[Footnote 2: barricaded.] + +[Footnote 3: brave.] + +"Now, Adam," quoth he, "what shall I do? It rests for me either to +yield up the house to my brother and seek a reconcilement, or else +issue out, and break through the company with courage, for cooped in +like a coward I will not be. If I submit (ah Adam) I dishonor myself, +and that is worse than death, for by such open disgraces, the fame of +men grows odious. If I issue out amongst them, fortune may favor me, +and I may escape with life. But suppose the worst; if I be slain, then +my death shall be honorable to me, and so inequal a revenge infamous +to Saladyne." + +"Why then, master, forward and fear not! Out amongst them; they be but +faint-hearted losels,[1] and for Adam Spencer, if he die not at your +foot, say he is a dastard." + +[Footnote 1: lazy, worthless fellows.] + +These words cheered up so the heart of young Rosader, that he thought +himself sufficient for them all, and therefore prepared weapons for +him and Adam Spencer, and were ready to entertain the sheriff; for no +sooner came Saladyne and he to the gates, but Rosader, unlooked for, +leaped out and assailed them, wounded many of them, and caused the +rest to give back, so that Adam and he broke through the prease[1] in +despite of them all, and took their way towards the forest of Arden. +This repulse so set the sheriff's heart on fire to revenge, that he +straight raised all the country, and made hue and cry after them. But +Rosader and Adam, knowing full well the secret ways that led through +the vineyards, stole away privily through the province of Bordeaux, +and escaped safe to the forest of Arden. Being come thither, they were +glad they had so good a harbor: but fortune, who is like the +chameleon, variable with every object, and constant in nothing but +inconstancy, thought to make them mirrors of her mutability, and +therefore still crossed them thus contrarily. Thinking still to pass +on by the by-ways to get to Lyons, they chanced on a path that led +into the thick of the forest, where they wandered five or six days +without meat, that they were almost famished finding neither shepherd +nor cottage to relieve them; and hunger growing on so extreme, Adam +Spencer, being old, began first to faint, and sitting him down on a +hill, and looking about him, espied where Rosader lay as feeble and as +ill perplexed: which sight made him shed tears, and to fall into these +bitter terms: + +[Footnote 1: crowd.] + +ADAM SPENCER'S SPEECH + +"Oh, how the life of man may well be compared to the state of the +ocean seas, that for every calm hath a thousand storms, resembling the +rose tree, that for a few fair flowers hath a multitude of sharp +prickles! All our pleasures end in pain, and our highest delights are +crossed with deepest discontents. The joys of man, as they are few, so +are they momentary, scarce ripe before they are rotten, and withering +in the blossom, either parched with the heat of envy or fortune. +Fortune, O inconstant friend, that in all thy deeds art froward and +fickle, delighting, in the poverty of the lowest and the overthrow of +the highest, to decipher thy inconstancy. Thou standest upon a globe, +and thy wings are plumed with Time's feathers, that thou mayest ever +be restless: thou art double-faced like Janus, carrying frowns in the +one to threaten, and smiles in the other to betray: thou profferest an +eel, and performest a scorpion, and where thy greatest favors be, +there is the fear of the extremest misfortunes, so variable are all +thy actions. But why, Adam, dost thou exclaim against Fortune? She +laughs at the plaints of the distressed, and there is nothing more +pleasing unto her, than to hear fools boast in her fading allurements, +or sorrowful men to discover the sour of their passions. Glut her not, +Adam, then with content, but thwart her with brooking all mishaps with +patience. For there is no greater check to the pride of Fortune, than +with a resolute courage to pass over her crosses without care. Thou +art old, Adam, and thy hairs wax white: the palm tree is already full +of blooms, and in the furrows of thy face appears the calendars of +death. Wert thou blessed by Fortune thy years could not be many, nor +the date of thy life long: then sith nature must have her due, what is +it for thee to resign her debt a little before the day. Ah, it is not +this which grieveth me, nor do I care what mishaps Fortune can wage +against me, but the sight of Rosader that galleth unto the quick. When +I remember the worships of his house, the honor of his fathers, and +the virtues of himself, then do I say, that fortune and the fates are +most injurious, to censure so hard extremes, against a youth of so +great hope. O Rosader, thou art in the flower of thine age, and in the +pride of thy years, buxom and full of May. Nature hath prodigally +enriched thee with her favors, and virtue made thee the mirror of her +excellence; and now, through the decree of the unjust stars, to have +all these good parts nipped in the blade, and blemished by the +inconstancy of fortune! Ah, Rosader, could I help thee, my grief were +the less, and happy should my death be, if it might be the beginning +of thy relief: but seeing we perish both in one extreme, it is a +double sorrow. What shall I do? prevent the sight of his further +misfortune with a present dispatch of mine own life? Ah, despair is a +merciless sin!" + +As he was ready to go forward in his passion, he looked earnestly on +Rosader, and seeing him change color, he rise up and went to him, and +holding his temples, said: + +"What cheer, master? though all fail, let not the heart faint: the +courage of a man is showed in the resolution of his death." + +At these words Rosader lifted up his eye, and looking on Adam Spencer, +began to weep. + +"Ah, Adam," quoth he, "I sorrow not to die, but I grieve at the manner +of my death. Might I with my lance encounter the enemy, and so die in +the field, it were honor and content: might I, Adam, combate with some +wild beast and perish as his prey, I were satisfied; but to die with +hunger, O Adam, it is the extremest of all extremes!" + +"Master," quoth he, "you see we are both in one predicament, and long +I cannot live without meat; seeing therefore we can find no food, let +the death of the one preserve the life of the other. I am old, and +overworn with age, you are young, and are the hope of many honors: let +me then die, I will presently cut my veins, and, master, with the warm +blood relieve your fainting spirits: suck on that till I end, and you +be comforted." + +With that Adam Spencer was ready to pull out his knife, when Rosader +full of courage (though very faint) rose up, and wished Adam Spencer +to sit there till his return; "for my mind gives me," quoth he, "I +shall bring thee meat." With that, like a madman, he rose up, and +ranged up and down the woods, seeking to encounter some wild beast +with his rapier, that either he might carry his friend Adam food, or +else pledge his life in pawn for his loyalty. + +It chanced that day, that Gerismond, the lawful king of France +banished by Torismond, who with a lusty crew of outlaws lived in that +forest, that day in honor of his birth made a feast to all his bold +yeomen, and frolicked it with store of wine and venison, sitting all +at a long table under the shadow of limon trees. To that place by +chance fortune conducted Rosader, who seeing such a crew of brave men, +having store of that for want of which he and Adam perished, he +stepped boldly to the board's end, and saluted the company thus: + +"Whatsoever thou be that art master of these lusty squires, I salute +thee as graciously as a man in extreme distress may: know that I and a +fellow-friend of mine are here famished in the forest for want of +food: perish we must, unless relieved by thy favors. Therefore, if +thou be a gentleman, give meat to men, and to such men as are every +way worthy of life. Let the proudest squire that sits at thy table +rise and encounter with me in any honorable point of activity +whatsoever, and if he and thou prove me not a man, send me away +comfortless. If thou refuse this, as a niggard of thy cates, I will +have amongst you with my sword; for rather will I die valiantly, than +perish with so cowardly an extreme." + +Gerismond, looking him earnestly in the face, and seeing so proper a +gentleman in so bitter a passion, was moved with so great pity, that +rising from the table, he took him by the hand and bad him welcome, +willing him to sit down in his place, and in his room not only to eat +his fill, but be lord of the feast. + +"Gramercy, sir," quoth Rosader, "but I have a feeble friend that lies +hereby famished almost for food, aged and therefore less able to abide +the extremity of hunger than myself, and dishonor it were for me to +taste one crumb, before I made him partner of my fortunes: therefore I +will run and fetch him, and then I will gratefully accept of your +proffer." + +Away hies Rosader to Adam Spencer, and tells him the news, who was +glad of so happy fortune, but so feeble he was that he could not go; +whereupon Rosader got him up on his back, and brought him to the +place. Which when Gerismond and his men saw, they greatly applauded +their league of friendship; and Rosader, having Gerismond's place +assigned him, would not sit there himself, but set down Adam Spencer. +Well, to be short, those hungry squires fell to their victuals, and +feasted themselves with good delicates, and great store of wine. As +soon as they had taken their repast, Gerismond, desirous to hear what +hard fortune drave them into those bitter extremes, requested Rosader +to discourse, if it were not any way prejudicial unto him, the cause +of his travel. Rosader, desirous any way to satisfy the courtesy of +his favorable host, first beginning his exordium with a volley of +sighs, and a few lukewarm tears, prosecuted his discourse, and told +him from point to point all his fortunes: how he was the youngest son +of Sir John of Bordeaux, his name Rosader, how his brother sundry +times had wronged him, and lastly how, for beating the sheriff and +hurting his men, he fled. + +"And this old man," quoth he, "whom I so much love and honor, is +surnamed Adam Spencer, an old servant of my father's, and one, that +for his love, never failed me in all my misfortunes." + +When Gerismond heard this, he fell on the neck of Rosader, and next +discoursing unto him how he was Gerismond their lawful king exiled by +Torismond, what familiarity had ever been betwixt his father, Sir John +of Bordeaux, and him, how faithful a subject he lived, and how +honorable he died, promising, for his sake, to give both him and his +friend such courteous entertainment as his present estate could +minister, and upon this made him one of his foresters. Rosader seeing +it was the king, craved pardon for his boldness, in that he did not do +him due reverence, and humbly gave him thanks for his favorable +courtesy. Gerismond, not satisfied yet with news, began to inquire if +he had been lately in the court of Torismond, and whether he had seen +his daughter Rosalynde or no? At this Rosader fetched a deep sigh, and +shedding many tears, could not answer: yet at last, gathering his +spirits together, he revealed unto the king, how Rosalynde was +banished, and how there was such a sympathy of affections between +Alinda and her, that she chose rather to be partaker of her exile, +than to part fellowship; whereupon the unnatural king banished them +both: "and now they are wandered none knows whither, neither could any +learn since their departure, the place of their abode." This news +drave the king into a great melancholy, that presently he arose from +all the company, and went into his privy chamber, so secret as the +harbor of the woods would allow him. The company was all dashed at +these tidings, and Rosader and Adam Spencer, having such opportunity, +went to take their rest. Where we leave them, and return again to +Torismond. + +The flight of Rosader came to the ears of Torismond, who hearing that +Saladyne was sole heir of the lands of Sir John of Bordeaux, desirous +to possess such fair revenues, found just occasion to quarrel with +Saladyne about the wrongs he proffered to his brother: and therefore, +dispatching a herehault,[1] he sent for Saladyne in all post-haste. +Who marvelling what the matter should be, began to examine his own +conscience, wherein he had offended his highness; but emboldened with +his innocence, he boldly went with the herehault unto the court; +where, as soon as he came, he was not admitted into the presence of +the king, but presently sent to prison. This greatly amazed Saladyne, +chiefly in that the jailer had a straight charge over him, to see that +he should be close prisoner. Many passionate thoughts came in his +head, till at last he began to fall into consideration of his former +follies, and to meditate with himself. Leaning his head on his hand, +and his elbow on his knee, full of sorrow, grief and disquieted +passions, he resolved into these terms: + +[Footnote 1: herald.] + +SALADYNE'S COMPLAINT + +"Unhappy Saladyne! whom folly hath led to these misfortunes, and +wanton desires wrapped within the labyrinth of these calamities! Are +not the heavens doomers of men's deeds; and holds not God a balance in +his fist, to reward with favor, and revenge with justice? O Saladyne, +the faults of thy youth, as they were fond, so were they foul, and not +only discovering little nurture, but blemishing the excellence of +nature. Whelps of one litter are ever most loving, and brothers that +are sons of one father should live in friendship without jar. O +Saladyne, so it should be; but thou hast with the deer fed against the +wind, with the crab strove against the stream, and sought to pervert +nature by unkindness. Rosader's wrongs, the wrongs of Rosader, +Saladyne, cries for revenge; his youth pleads to God to inflict some +penance upon thee; his virtues are pleas that enforce writs of +displeasure to cross thee: thou hast highly abused thy kind and +natural brother, and the heavens cannot spare to quite thee with +punishment. There is no sting to the worm of conscience, no hell to a +mind touched with guilt. Every wrong I offered him, called now to +remembrance, wringeth a drop of blood from my heart, every bad look, +every frown pincheth me at the quick, and says, 'Saladyne thou hast +sinned against Rosader.' Be penitent, and assign thyself some penance +to discover thy sorrow, and pacify his wrath." + +In the depth of his passion, he was sent for to the king, who with a +look that threatened death entertained him, and demanded of him where +his brother was. Saladyne made answer, that upon some riot made +against the sheriff of the shire, he was fled from Bordeaux, but he +knew not whither. + +"Nay, villain," quoth he, "I have heard of the wrongs thou hast +proffered thy brother since the death of thy father, and by thy means +have I lost a most brave and resolute chevalier. Therefore, in justice +to punish thee, I spare thy life for thy father's sake, but banish +thee for ever from the court and country of France; and see thy +departure be within ten days, else trust me thou shalt lose thy head." + +And with that the king flew away in a rage, and left poor Saladyne +greatly perplexed; who grieving at his exile, yet determined to bear +it with patience, and in penance of his former follies to travel +abroad in every coast till he had found out his brother Rosader. With +whom now I begin. + +Rosader, being thus preferred to the place of a forester by Gerismond, +rooted out the remembrance of his brother's unkindness by continual +exercise, traversing the groves and wild forests, partly to hear the +melody of the sweet birds which recorded,[1] and partly to show his +diligent endeavor in his master's behalf. Yet whatsoever he did, or +howsoever he walked, the lively image of Rosalynde remained in memory: +on her sweet perfections he fed his thoughts, proving himself like the +eagle a true-born bird, since as the one is known by beholding the +sun, so was he by regarding excellent beauty. One day among the rest, +finding a fit opportunity and place convenient, desirous to discover +his woes to the woods, he engraved with his knife on the bark of a +myrtle tree, this pretty estimate of his mistress' perfection: + +[Footnote 1: sang.] + +_Sonetto_ + + Of all chaste birds the Phoenix doth excell, + Of all strong beasts the lion bears the bell, + Of all sweet flowers the rose doth sweetest smell, + Of all fair maids my Rosalynde is fairest. + + Of all pure metals gold is only purest, + Of all high trees the pine hath highest crest, + Of all soft sweets I like my mistress' breast, + Of all chaste thoughts my mistress' thoughts are rarest. + + Of all proud birds the eagle pleaseth Jove, + Of pretty fowls kind Venus likes the dove, + Of trees Minerva doth the olive love, + Of all sweet nymphs I honor Rosalynde. + + Of all her gifts her wisdom pleaseth most, + Of all her graces virtue she doth boast: + For all these gifts my life and joy is lost, + If Rosalynde prove cruel and unkind. + +In these and such like passions Rosader did every day eternize the +name of his Rosalynde; and this day especially when Aliena and +Ganymede, enforced by the heat of the sun to seek for shelter, by good +fortune arrived in that place, where this amorous forester registered +his melancholy passions. They saw the sudden change of his looks, his +folded arms, his passionate sighs: they heard him often abruptly call +on Rosalynde, who, poor soul, was as hotly burned as himself, but that +she shrouded her pains in the cinders of honorable modesty. Whereupon, +guessing him to be in love, and according to the nature of their sex +being pitiful in that behalf, they suddenly brake off his melancholy +by their approach, and Ganymede shook him out of his dumps thus: + +"What news, forester? hast thou wounded some deer, and lost him in the +fall? Care not man for so small a loss: thy fees was but the skin, the +shoulder, and the horns: 'tis hunter's luck to aim fair and miss; and +a woodman's fortune to strike and yet go without the game." + +"Thou art beyond the mark, Ganymede," quoth Aliena: "his passions are +greater, and his sighs discovers more loss: perhaps in traversing +these thickets, he hath seen some beautiful nymph, and is grown +amorous." + +"It may be so," quoth Ganymede, "for here he hath newly engraven some +sonnet: come, and see the discourse of the forester's poems." + +Reading the sonnet over, and hearing him name Rosalynde, Aliena looked +on Ganymede and laughed, and Ganymede looking back on the forester, +and seeing it was Rosader, blushed; yet thinking to shroud all under +her page's apparel, she boldly returned to Rosader, and began thus: + +"I pray thee tell me, forester, what is this Rosalynde for whom thou +pinest away in such passions? Is she some nymph that waits upon +Diana's train, whose chastity thou hast deciphered in such epithets? +Or is she some shepherdess that haunts these plains whose beauty hath +so bewitched thy fancy, whose name thou shadowest in covert under the +figure of Rosalynde, as Ovid did Julia under the name of Corinna? Or +say me forsooth, is it that Rosalynde, of whom we shepherds have heard +talk, she, forester, that is the daughter of Gerismond, that once was +king, and now an outlaw in the forest of Arden?" + +At this Rosader fetched a deep sigh, and said: + +"It is she, O gentle swain, it is she; that saint it is whom I serve, +that goddess at whose shrine I do bend all my devotions; the most +fairest of all fairs, the phoenix of all that sex, and the purity of +all earthly perfection." + +"And why, gentle forester, if she be so beautiful, and thou so +amorous, is there such a disagreement in thy thoughts? Happily she +resembleth the rose, that is sweet but full of prickles? or the +serpent Regius that hath scales as glorious as the sun and a breath as +infectious as the Aconitum is deadly? So thy Rosalynde may be most +amiable and yet unkind; full of favor and yet froward, coy without +wit, and disdainful without reason." + +"O Shepherd," quoth Rosader, "knewest thou her personage, graced with +the excellence of all perfection, being a harbor wherein the graces +shroud their virtues, thou wouldest not breathe out such blasphemy +against the beauteous Rosalynde. She is a diamond, bright but not +hard, yet of most chaste operation; a pearl so orient,[1] that it can +be stained with no blemish; a rose without prickles, and a princess +absolute as well in beauty as in virtue. But I, unhappy I, have let +mine eye soar with the eagle against so bright a sun that I am quite +blind: I have with Apollo enamored myself of a Daphne, not, as she, +disdainful, but far more chaste than Daphne: I have with Ixion laid my +love on Juno, and shall, I fear, embrace nought but a cloud. Ah, +Shepherd, I have reached at a star: my desires have mounted above my +degree, and my thoughts above my fortunes. I being a peasant, have +ventured to gaze on a princess, whose honors are too high to vouchsafe +such base loves." + +[Footnote 1: precious.] + +"Why, forester," quoth Ganymede, "comfort thyself; be blithe and +frolic man. Love souseth[1] as low as she soareth high: Cupid shoots +at a rag as soon as at a robe; and Venus' eye that was so curious, +sparkled favor on pole-footed[2] Vulcan. Fear not, man, women's looks +are not tied to dignity's feathers, nor make they curious esteem where +the stone is found, but what is the virtue. Fear not, forester; faint +heart never won fair lady. But where lives Rosalynde now? at the +court?" + +[Footnote 1: swoops, a term used in falconry.] + +[Footnote 2: club-footed.] + +"Oh no," quoth Rosader, "she lives I know not where, and that is my +sorrow; banished by Torismond, and that is my hell: for might I but +find her sacred personage, and plead before the bar of her pity the +plaint of my passions, hope tells me she would grace me with some +favor, and that would suffice as a recompense of all my former +miseries." + +"Much have I heard of thy mistress' excellence, and I know, forester, +thou canst describe her at the full, as one that hast surveyed all her +parts with a curious eye; then do me that favor, to tell me what her +perfections be." + +"That I will," quoth Rosader, "for I glory to make all ears wonder at +my mistress' excellence." + +And with that he pulled a paper forth his bosom, wherein he read this: + +_Rosalynde's Description_ + + Like to the clear[1] in highest sphere + Where all imperial glory shines, + Of selfsame color is her hair, + Whether unfolded or in twines: + Heigh ho, fair Rosalynde! + Her eyes are sapphires set in snow, + Refining heaven by every wink: + The gods do fear whenas they glow, + And I do tremble when I think: + Heigh ho, would she were mine. + + Her cheeks are like the blushing cloud + That beautifies Aurora's face, + Or like the silver crimson shroud + That Phoebus' smiling looks doth grace: + Heigh ho, fair Rosalynde. + + Her lips are like two budded roses, + Whom ranks of lilies neighbor nigh, + Within which bounds she balm encloses, + Apt to entice a deity: + Heigh ho, would she were mine. + + Her neck, like to a stately tower + Where love himself imprisoned lies, + To watch for glances every hour + From her divine and sacred eyes: + Heigh ho, fair Rosalynde. + Her paps are centres of delight, + Her paps are orbs of heavenly frame, + Where nature moulds the dew of light, + To feed perfection with the same: + Heigh ho, would she were mine. + + With orient pearl, with ruby red, + With marble white, with sapphire blue, + Her body every way is fed, + Yet soft in touch, and sweet in view: + Heigh ho, fair Rosalynde. + Nature herself her shape admires, + The gods are wounded in her sight, + And Love forsakes his heavenly fires + And at her eyes his brand doth light: + Heigh ho, would she were mine. + + Then muse not, nymphs, though I bemoan + The absence of fair Rosalynde, + Since for her fair[2] there is fairer none, + Nor for her virtues so divine: + Heigh ho, fair Rosalynde. + Heigh ho, my heart, would God that she were mine! + + _Periit, quia deperibat._ + +[Footnote 1: brightness.] + +[Footnote 2: fairness.] + +"Believe me," quoth Ganymede, "either the forester is an exquisite +painter, or Rosalynde far above wonder; so it makes me blush to hear +how women should be so excellent, and pages so unperfect." + +Rosader beholding her earnestly, answered thus: + +"Truly, gentle page, thou hast cause to complain thee wert thou the +substance, but resembling the shadow content thyself; for it is +excellence enough to be like the excellence of nature." + +"He hath answered you, Ganymede," quoth Aliena, "it is enough for +pages to wait on beautiful ladies, and not to be beautiful +themselves." + +"O mistress," quoth Ganymede, "hold you your peace, for you are +partial. Who knows not, but that all women have desire to tie +sovereignty to their petticoats, and ascribe beauty to themselves, +where, if boys might put on their garments, perhaps they would prove +as comely; if not as comely, it may be more courteous. But tell me, +forester," and with that she turned to Rosader, "under whom +maintainest thou thy walk?" + +"Gentle swain, under the king of outlaws," said he, "the unfortunate +Gerismond, who having lost his kingdom, crowneth his thoughts with +content, accounting it better to govern among poor men in peace, than +great men in danger." + +"But hast thou not," said she, "having so melancholy opportunities as +this forest affordeth thee, written more sonnets in commendations of +thy mistress?" + +"I have, gentle swain," quoth he, "but they be not about me. To-morrow +by dawn of day, if your flocks feed in these pastures, I will bring +them you, wherein you shall read my passions whilst I feel them, judge +my patience when you read it: till when I bid farewell." So giving +both Ganymede and Aliena a gentle good-night, he resorted to his +lodge, leaving Aliena and Ganymede to their prittle-prattle. + +"So Ganymede," said Aliena, the forester being gone, "you are mightily +beloved; men make ditties in your praise, spend sighs for your sake, +make an idol of your beauty. Believe me, it grieves me not a little to +see the poor man so pensive, and you so pitiless." + +"Ah, Aliena," quoth she, "be not peremptory in your judgments. I hear +Rosalynde praised as I am Ganymede, but were I Rosalynde, I could +answer the forester: if he mourn for love, there are medicines for +love: Rosalynde cannot be fair and unkind. And so, madam, you see it +is time to fold our flocks, or else Corydon will frown and say you +will never prove good housewife." + +With that they put their sheep into the cotes, and went home to her +friend Corydon's cottage, Aliena as merry as might be that she was +thus in the company of her Rosalynde; but she, poor soul, that had +love her lodestar, and her thoughts set on fire with the flame of +fancy, could take no rest, but being alone began to consider what +passionate penance poor Rosader was enjoined to by love and fortune, +that at last she fell into this humor with herself: + +ROSALYNDE PASSIONATE ALONE + +"Ah, Rosalynde, how the Fates have set down in their synod to make +thee unhappy: for when Fortune hath done her worst, then Love comes in +to begin a new tragedy: she seeks to lodge her son in thine eyes, and +to kindle her fires in thy bosom. Beware, fond girl, he is an unruly +guest to harbor; for cutting in by entreats, he will not be thrust out +by force, and her fires are fed with such fuel, as no water is able to +quench. Seest thou not how Venus seeks to wrap thee in her labyrinth, +wherein is pleasure at the entrance, but within, sorrows, cares, and +discontent? She is a Siren, stop thine ears to her melody; she is a +basilisk, shut thy eyes and gaze not at her lest thou perish. Thou art +now placed in the country content, where are heavenly thoughts and +mean desires: in those lawns where thy flocks feed, Diana haunts: be +as her nymphs chaste, and enemy to love, for there is no greater honor +to a maid, than to account of fancy as a mortal foe to their sex. +Daphne, that bonny wench, was not turned into a bay tree, as the +poets feign: but for her chastity her fame was immortal, resembling +the laurel that is ever green. Follow thou her steps, Rosalynde, and +the rather, for that thou art an exile, and banished from the court; +whose distress, and it is appeased with patience, so it would be +renewed with amorous passions. Have mind on thy forepassed fortunes; +fear the worst, and entangle not thyself with present fancies, lest +loving in haste, thou repent thee at leisure. Ah, but yet, Rosalynde, +it is Rosader that courts thee; one who as he is beautiful, so he is +virtuous, and harboreth in his mind as many good qualities as his face +is shadowed with gracious favors; and therefore, Rosalynde, stoop to +love, lest, being either too coy or too cruel, Venus wax wroth, and +plague thee with the reward of disdain." + +Rosalynde, thus passionate, was wakened from her dumps[1] by Aliena, +who said it was time to go to bed. Corydon swore that was true, for +Charles' Wain was risen in the north. Whereupon each taking leave of +other, went to their rest, all but the poor Rosalynde, who was so full +of passions, that she could not possess any content. Well, leaving her +to her broken slumbers, expect what was performed by them the next +morning. + +[Footnote 1: meditation.] + +The sun was no sooner stepped from the bed of Aurora, but Aliena was +wakened by Ganymede, who, restless all night, had tossed in her +passions, saying it was then time to go to the field to unfold their +sheep. Aliena, that spied where the hare was by the hounds, and could +see day at a little hole, thought to be pleasant with her Ganymede, +and therefore replied thus: + +"What, wanton! the sun is but new up, and as yet Iris' riches lie +folded in the bosom of Flora: Phoebus hath not dried up the pearled +dew, and so long Corydon hath taught me, it is not fit to lead the +sheep abroad, lest, the dew being unwholesome, they get the rot: but +now see I the old proverb true, he is in haste whom the devil drives, +and where love pricks forward, there is no worse death than delay. Ah, +my good page, is there fancy in thine eye, and passions in thy heart? +What, hast thou wrapt love in thy looks, and set all thy thoughts on +fire by affection? I tell thee, it is a flame as hard to be quenched +as that of Aetna. But nature must have her course: women's eyes have +faculty attractive like the jet, and retentive like the diamond: they +dally in the delight of fair objects, till gazing on the panther's +beautiful skin, repenting experience tell them he hath a devouring +paunch." + +"Come on," quoth Ganymede, "this sermon of yours is but a subtlety to +lie still a-bed, because either you think the morning cold, or else I +being gone, you would steal a nap: this shift carries no palm, and +therefore up and away. And for Love, let me alone; I'll whip him away +with nettles, and set disdain as a charm to withstand his forces: and +therefore look you to yourself; be not too bold, for Venus can make +you bend, nor too coy, for Cupid hath a piercing dart, that will make +you cry _Peccavi_." + +"And that is it," quoth Aliena, "that hath raised you so early this +morning." And with that she slipped on her petticoat, and start up; +and as soon as she had made her ready, and taken her breakfast, away +go these two with their bag and bottles to the field, in more pleasant +content of mind than ever they were in the court of Torismond. + +They came no sooner nigh the folds, but they might see where their +discontented forester was walking in his melancholy. As soon as Aliena +saw him, she smiled and said to Ganymede: + +"Wipe your eyes, sweeting, for yonder is your sweetheart this morning +in deep prayers, no doubt, to Venus, that she may make you as pitiful +as he is passionate. Come on, Ganymede, I pray thee, let's have a +little sport with him." + +"Content," quoth Ganymede, and with that, to waken him out of his deep +_memento_,[1] he began thus: + +[Footnote 1: revery.] + +"Forester, good fortune to thy thoughts, and ease to thy passions. +What makes you so early abroad this morn? in contemplation, no doubt, +of your Rosalynde. Take heed, forester; step not too far, the ford may +be deep, and you slip over the shoes: I tell thee, flies have their +spleen, the ants choler, the least hairs shadows, and the smallest +loves great desires. 'Tis good, forester, to love, but not to +overlove, lest in loving her that likes not thee, thou fold thyself in +an endless labyrinth." + +Rosader, seeing the fair shepherdess and her pretty swain in whose +company he felt the greatest ease of his care, he returned them a +salute on this manner: + +"Gentle shepherds, all hail, and as healthful be your flocks as you +happy in content. Love is restless, and my bed is but the cell of my +bane, in that there I find busy thoughts and broken slumbers: here +(although everywhere passionate) yet I brook love with more patience, +in that every object feeds mine eye with variety of fancies. When I +look on Flora's beauteous tapestry, checked with the pride of all her +treasure, I call to mind the fair face of Rosalynde, whose heavenly +hue exceeds the rose and the lily in their highest excellence: the +brightness of Phoebus' shine puts me in mind to think of the sparkling +flames that flew from her eyes, and set my heart first on fire: the +sweet harmony of the birds, puts me in remembrance of the rare melody +of her voice, which like the Siren enchanteth the ears of the hearer. +Thus in contemplation I salve my sorrows, with applying the perfection +of every object to the excellence of her qualities." + +"She is much beholding unto you," quoth Aliena, "and so much, that I +have oft wished with myself, that if I should ever prove as amorous +as Oenone, I might find as faithful a Paris as yourself." + +"How say you by this item, forester?" quoth Ganymede, "the fair +shepherdess favors you, who is mistress of so many flocks. Leave off, +man, the supposition of Rosalynde's love, whenas watching at her you +rove beyond the moon, and cast your looks upon my mistress, who no +doubt is as fair though not so royal; one bird in the hand is worth +two in the wood: better possess the love of Aliena than catch +furiously at the shadow of Rosalynde." + +"I'll tell thee boy," quoth Rosader, "so is my fancy fixed on my +Rosalynde, that were thy mistress as fair as Leda or Danaë, whom Jove +courted in transformed shapes, mine eyes would not vouch to entertain +their beauties; and so hath love locked me in her perfections, that I +had rather only contemplate in her beauties, than absolutely possess +the excellence of any other." + +"Venus is to blame, forester, if having so true a servant of you, she +reward you not with Rosalynde, if Rosalynde were more fairer than +herself. But leaving this prattle, now I'll put you in mind of your +promise about those sonnets, which you said were at home in your +lodge." + +"I have them about me," quoth Rosader, "let us sit down, and then you +shall hear what a poetical fury love will infuse into a man." With +that they sate down upon a green bank, shadowed with fig trees, and +Rosader, fetching a deep sigh, read them this sonnet: + +_Rosader's Sonnet_ + + In sorrow's cell I laid me down to sleep, + But waking woes were jealous of mine eyes, + They made them watch, and bend themselves to weep, + But weeping tears their want could not suffice: + Yet since for her they wept who guides my heart, + They weeping smile, and triumph in their smart. + + Of these my tears a fountain fiercely springs, + Where Venus bains[1] herself incensed with love, + Where Cupid bowseth[2] his fair feathered wings; + But I behold what pains I must approve. + Care drinks it dry; but when on her I think, + Love makes me weep it full unto the brink. + + Meanwhile my sighs yield truce unto my tears, + By them the winds increased and fiercely blow: + Yet when I sigh the flame more plain appears, + And by their force with greater power doth glow: + Amid these pains, all phoenix-like I thrive + Since love, that yields me death, may life revive.[3] + + _Rosader en esperance._ + +[Footnote 1: bathes.] + +[Footnote 2: dips.] + +[Footnote 3: This song is said to be an imitation of Desportes's +sonnet beginning, + + Si je me siez à l'ombre aussi soudainement.] + +"Now, surely, forester," quoth Aliena, "when thou madest this sonnet, +thou wert in some amorous quandary, neither too fearful as despairing +of thy mistress' favors, nor too gleesome as hoping in thy fortunes." + +"I can smile," quoth Ganymede, "at the sonettos, canzones, madrigals, +rounds and roundelays, that these pensive patients pour out when their +eyes are more full of wantonness, than their hearts of passions. Then, +as the fishers put the sweetest bait to the fairest fish, so these +Ovidians, holding _amo_ in their tongues, when their thoughts come at +haphazard, write that they be rapt in an endless labyrinth of sorrow, +when walking in the large lease of liberty, they only have their +humors in their inkpot. If they find women so fond, that they will +with such painted lures come to their lust, then they triumph till +they be full-gorged with pleasures; and then fly they away, like +ramage[1] kites, to their own content, leaving the tame fool, their +mistress, full of fancy, yet without even a feather. If they miss, as +dealing with some wary wanton, that wants not such a one as +themselves, but spies their subtlety, they end their amours with a few +feigned sighs; and so their excuse is, their mistress is cruel, and +they smother passions with patience. Such, gentle forester, we may +deem you to be, that rather pass away the time here in these woods +with writing amorets, than to be deeply enamored (as you say) of your +Rosalynde. If you be such a one, then I pray God, when you think your +fortunes at the highest, and your desires to be most excellent, then +that you may with Ixion embrace Juno in a cloud, and have nothing but +a marble mistress to release your martyrdom; but if you be true and +trusty, eye-pained and heart-sick, then accursed be Rosalynde if she +prove cruel: for, forester (I flatter not) thou art worthy of as fair +as she." Aliena, spying the storm by the wind, smiled to see how +Ganymede flew to the fist without any call; but Rosader, who took him +flat for a shepherd's swain, made him this answer: + +[Footnote 1: wild.] + +"Trust me, swain," quoth Rosader, "but my canzon was written in no +such humor; for mine eye and my heart are relatives, the one drawing +fancy by sight, the other entertaining her by sorrow. If thou sawest +my Rosalynde, with what beauties nature hath favored her, with what +perfection the heavens hath graced her, with what qualities the gods +have endued her, then wouldst thou say, there is none so fickle that +could be fleeting unto her. If she had been Aeneas' Dido, had Venus +and Juno both scolded him from Carthage, yet her excellence, despite +of them, would have detained him at Tyre. If Phyllis had been as +beauteous, or Ariadne as virtuous, or both as honorable and excellent +as she, neither had the filbert tree sorrowed in the death of +despairing Phyllis, nor the stars been graced with Ariadne, but +Demophoon and Theseus had been trusty to their paragons. I will tell +thee, swain, if with a deep insight thou couldst pierce into the +secret of my loves, and see what deep impressions of her idea +affection hath made in my heart, then wouldst thou confess I were +passing passionate, and no less endued with admirable patience." + +"Why," quoth Aliena, "needs there patience in love?" + +"Or else in nothing," quoth Rosader; "for it is a restless sore that +hath no ease, a canker that still frets, a disease that taketh away +all hope of sleep. If then so many sorrows, sudden joys, momentary +pleasures, continual fears, daily griefs, and nightly woes be found in +love, then is not he to be accounted patient that smothers all these +passions with silence?" + +"Thou speakest by experience," quoth Ganymede, "and therefore we hold +all thy words for axioms. But is love such a lingering malady?" + +"It is," quoth he, "either extreme or mean, according to the mind of +the party that entertains it; for, as the weeds grow longer untouched +than the pretty flowers, and the flint lies safe in the quarry when +the emerald is suffering the lapidary's tool, so mean men are freed +from Venus' injuries, when kings are environed with a labyrinth of her +cares. The whiter the lawn is, the deeper is the mole[1]; the more +purer the chrysolite, the sooner stained; and such as have their +hearts full of honor, have their loves full of the greatest sorrows. +But in whomsoever," quoth Rosader, "he fixeth his dart, he never +leaveth to assault him, till either he hath won him to folly or fancy; +for as the moon never goes without the star Lunisequa, so a lover +never goeth without the unrest of his thoughts. For proof you shall +hear another fancy of my making." + +[Footnote 1: stain.] + +"Now do, gentle forester," quoth Ganymede; and with that he read over +this sonetto: + +_Rosader's second Sonetto_ + + Turn I my looks unto the skies, + Love with his arrows wounds mine eyes; + If so I gaze upon the ground, + Love then in every flower is found. + Search I the shade to fly my pain, + He meets me in the shade again; + Wend I to walk in secret grove, + Even there I meet with sacred Love. + If so I bain[1] me in the spring, + Even on the brink I hear him sing: + If so I meditate alone, + He will be partner of my moan. + If so I mourn, he weeps with me, + And where I am there will he be. + Whenas I talk of Rosalynde + The god from coyness waxeth kind, + And seems in selfsame flames to fry + Because he loves as well as I. + Sweet Rosalynde, for pity rue; + For why, than Love I am more true: + He, if he speed, will quickly fly, + But in thy love I live and die. + +[Footnote 1: bathe.] + +"How like you this sonnet?" quoth Rosader. + +"Marry," quoth Ganymede, "for the pen well, for the passion ill; for +as I praise the one, I pity the other, in that thou shouldst hunt +after a cloud, and love either without reward or regard." + +"'Tis not her frowardness," quoth Rosader, "but my hard fortunes, +whose destinies have crossed me with her absence; for did she feel my +loves, she would not let me linger in these sorrows. Women, as they +are fair, so they respect faith, and estimate more, if they be +honorable, the will than the wealth, having loyalty the object whereat +they aim their fancies. But leaving off these interparleys,[1] you +shall hear my last sonetto, and then you have heard all my poetry." +And with that he sighed out this: + +[Footnote 1: discussions.] + +_Rosader's third Sonnet_ + + Of virtuous love myself may boast alone, + Since no suspect my service may attaint: + For perfect fair she is the only one, + Whom I esteem for my belovèd saint. + Thus, for my faith I only bear the bell, + And for her fair she only doth excel. + + Then let fond Petrarch shroud his Laura's praise, + And Tasso cease to publish his affect, + Since mine the faith confirmed at all assays, + And hers the fair, which all men do respect. + My lines her fair, her fair my faith assures; + Thus I by love, and love by me endures. + +"Thus," quoth Rosader, "here is an end of my poems, but for all this +no release of my passions; so that I resemble him that in the depth of +his distress hath none but the echo to answer him." + +Ganymede, pitying her Rosader, thinking to drive him out of this +amorous melancholy, said that now the sun was in his meridional heat +and that it was high noon, "therefore we shepherds say, 'tis time to +go to dinner; for the sun and our stomachs are shepherds' dials. +Therefore, forester, if thou wilt take such fare as comes out of our +homely scrips, welcome shall answer whatsoever thou wantest in +delicates." + +Aliena took the entertainment by the end, and told Rosader he should +be her guest. He thanked them heartily, and sate with them down to +dinner, where they had such cates as country state did allow them, +sauced with such content, and such sweet prattle, as it seemed far +more sweet than all their courtly junkets. + +As soon as they had taken their repast, Rosader, giving them thanks +for his good cheer, would have been gone; but Ganymede, that was loath +to let him pass out of her presence, began thus: + +"Nay, forester," quoth he, "if thy business be not the greater, seeing +thou sayest thou art so deeply in love, let me see how thou canst woo: +I will represent Rosalynde, and thou shalt be as thou art, Rosader. +See in some amorous eclogue, how if Rosalynde were present, how thou +couldst court her; and while we sing of love, Aliena shall tune her +pipe and play us melody." + +"Content," quoth Rosader, and Aliena, she, to show her willingness, +drew forth a recorder,[1] and began to wind it. Then the loving +forester began thus: + +[Footnote 1: an old instrument, resembling the flageolet.] + +_The wooing Eclogue betwixt Rosalynde and Rosader_ + + ROSADER + + I pray thee, nymph, by all the working words, + By all the tears and sighs that lovers know, + Or what or thoughts or faltering tongue affords, + I crave for mine in ripping up my woe. + Sweet Rosalynde, my love (would God, my love) + My life (would God, my life) aye, pity me! + Thy lips are kind, and humble like the dove, + And but with beauty, pity will not be. + Look on mine eyes, made red with rueful tears, + From whence the rain of true remorse descendeth, + All pale in looks am I though young in years, + And nought but love or death my days befriendeth. + Oh let no stormy rigor knit thy brows, + Which love appointed for his mercy seat: + The tallest tree by Boreas' breath it bows; + The iron yields with hammer, and to heat. + O Rosalynde, then be thou pitiful, + For Rosalynde is only beautiful. + + ROSALYNDE + + Love's wantons arm their trait'rous suits with tears, + With vows, with oaths, with looks, with showers of gold; + But when the fruit of their affects appears, + The simple heart by subtle sleights is sold. + Thus sucks the yielding ear the poisoned bait, + Thus feeds the heart upon his endless harms, + Thus glut the thoughts themselves on self-deceit, + Thus blind the eyes their sight by subtle charms. + The lovely looks, the sighs that storm so sore, + The dew of deep-dissembled doubleness, + These may attempt, but are of power no more + Where beauty leans to wit and soothfastness. + O Rosader, then be thou wittiful, + For Rosalynde scorns foolish pitiful. + + ROSADER + + I pray thee, Rosalynde, by those sweet eyes + That stain the sun in shine, the morn in clear, + By those sweet cheeks where Love encampèd lies + To kiss the roses of the springing year. + I tempt thee, Rosalynde, by ruthful plaints, + Not seasoned with deceit or fraudful guile, + But firm in pain, far more than tongue depaints, + Sweet nymph, be kind, and grace me with a smile. + So may the heavens preserve from hurtful food + Thy harmless flocks; so may the summer yield + The pride of all her riches and her good, + To fat thy sheep, the citizens of field. + Oh, leave to arm thy lovely brows with scorn: + The birds their beak, the lion hath his tail, + And lovers nought but sighs and bitter mourn, + The spotless fort of fancy to assail. + O Rosalynde, then be thou pitiful, + For Rosalynde is only beautiful. + + ROSALYNDE + + The hardened steel by fire is brought in frame: + + ROSADER + + And Rosalynde, my love, than any wool more softer; + And shall not sighs her tender heart inflame? + + ROSALYNDE + + Were lovers true, maids would believe them ofter. + + ROSADER + + Truth, and regard, and honor, guide my love. + + ROSALYNDE + + Fain would I trust, but yet I dare not try. + + ROSADER + + O pity me, sweet nymph, and do but prove. + + ROSALYNDE + + I would resist, but yet I know not why. + + ROSADER + + O Rosalynde, be kind, for times will change, + Thy looks ay nill be fair as now they be; + Thine age from beauty may thy looks estrange: + Ah, yield in time, sweet nymph, and pity me. + + ROSALYNDE + + O Rosalynde, thou must be pitiful, + For Rosader is young and beautiful. + + ROSADER + + Oh, gain more great than kingdoms or a crown! + + ROSALYNDE + + Oh, trust betrayed if Rosader abuse me. + + ROSADER + + First let the heavens conspire to pull me down + And heaven and earth as abject quite refuse me. + Let sorrows stream about my hateful bower, + And restless horror hatch within my breast: + Let beauty's eye afflict me with a lour, + Let deep despair pursue me without rest, + Ere Rosalynde my loyalty disprove, + Ere Rosalynde accuse me for unkind. + + ROSALYNDE + + Then Rosalynde will grace thee with her love + Then Rosalynde will have thee still in mind. + + ROSADER + + Then let me triumph more than Tithon's dear, + Since Rosalynde will Rosader respect: + Then let my face exile his sorry cheer, + And frolic in the comfort of affect; + And say that Rosalynde is only pitiful, + Since Rosalynde is only beautiful. + +When thus they had finished their courting eclogue in such a familiar +clause, Ganymede, as augur of some good fortunes to light upon their +affections, began to be thus pleasant: + +"How now, forester, have I not fitted your turn? have I not played the +woman handsomely, and showed myself as coy in grants as courteous in +desires, and been as full of suspicion as men of flattery? and yet to +salve all, jumped[1] I not all up with the sweet union of love? Did +not Rosalynde content her Rosader?" + +[Footnote 1: ended.] + +The forester at this smiling, shook his head, and folding his arms +made this merry reply: + +"Truth, gentle swain, Rosader hath his Rosalynde; but as Ixion had +Juno, who, thinking to possess a goddess, only embraced a cloud: in +these imaginary fruitions of fancy I resemble the birds that fed +themselves with Zeuxis' painted grapes; but they grew so lean with +pecking at shadows, that they were glad, with Aesop's cock, to scrape +for a barley cornel.[1] So fareth it with me, who to feed myself with +the hope of my mistress's favors, sooth myself in thy suits, and only +in conceit reap a wished-for content; but if my food be no better than +such amorous dreams, Venus at the year's end shall find me but a lean +lover. Yet do I take these follies for high fortunes, and hope these +feigned affections do divine some unfeigned end of ensuing fancies." + +[Footnote 1: kernel.] + +"And thereupon," quoth Aliena, "I'll play the priest: from this day +forth Ganymede shall call thee husband, and thou shall call Ganymede +wife, and so we'll have a marriage." + +"Content," quoth Rosader, and laughed. + +"Content," quoth Ganymede, and changed as red as a rose: and so with a +smile and a blush, they made up this jesting match, that after proved +to a marriage in earnest, Rosader full little thinking he had wooed +and won his Rosalynde. + +But all was well; hope is a sweet string to harp on, and therefore +let the forester awhile shape himself to his shadow, and tarry +fortune's leisure, till she may make a metamorphosis fit for his +purpose. I digress; and therefore to Aliena, who said, the wedding was +not worth a pin, unless there were some cheer, nor that bargain well +made that was not stricken up with a cup of wine: and therefore she +willed Ganymede to set out such cates as they had, and to draw out her +bottle, charging the forester, as he had imagined his loves, so to +conceit these cates to be a most sumptuous banquet, and to take a +mazer[1] of wine and to drink to his Rosalynde; which Rosader did, and +so they passed away the day in many pleasant devices. Till at last +Aliena perceived time would tarry no man, and that the sun waxed very +low, ready to set, which made her shorten their amorous prattle, and +end the banquet with a fresh carouse: which done, they all three +arose, and Aliena broke off thus: + +[Footnote 1: mug.] + +"Now, forester, Phoebus that all this while hath been partaker of our +sports, seeing every woodman more fortunate in his loves than he in +his fancies, seeing thou hast won Rosalynde when he could not woo +Daphne, hides his head for shame and bids us adieu in a cloud. Our +sheep, they poor wantons, wander towards their folds, as taught by +nature their due times of rest, which tells us, forester, we must +depart. Marry, though there were a marriage, yet I must carry this +night the bride with me, and to-morrow morning if you meet us here, +I'll promise to deliver you her as good a maid as I find her." + +"Content," quoth Rosader, "'tis enough for me in the night to dream on +love, that in the day am so fond to doat on love: and so till +to-morrow you to your folds, and I will to my lodge." And thus the +forester and they parted. + +He was no sooner gone, but Aliena and Ganymede went and folded their +flocks, and taking up their hooks, their bags, and their bottles, +hied homeward. By the way Aliena, to make the time seem short, began +to prattle with Ganymede thus: + +"I have heard them say, that what the fates forepoint, that fortune +pricketh down with a period; that the stars are sticklers in Venus' +court, and desire hangs at the heel of destiny: if it be so, then by +all probable conjectures, this match will be a marriage: for if +augurism be authentical, or the divines' dooms principles, it cannot +be but such a shadow portends the issue of a substance, for to that +end did the gods force the conceit of this eclogue, that they might +discover the ensuing consent of your affections: so that ere it be +long, I hope, in earnest, to dance at your wedding." + +"Tush," quoth Ganymede, "all is not malt that is cast on the kiln: +there goes more words to a bargain than one: Love feels no footing in +the air, and fancy holds it slippery harbor to nestle in the tongue: +the match is not yet so surely made, but he may miss of his market; +but if fortune be his friend, I will not be his foe: and so I pray +you, gentle mistress Aliena, take it." + +"I take all things well," quoth she, "that is your content, and am +glad Rosader is yours; for now I hope your thoughts will be at quiet; +your eye that ever looked at love, will now lend a glance on your +lambs, and then they will prove more buxom and you more blithe, for +the eyes of the master feeds the cattle." + +As thus they were in chat, they spied old Corydon where he came +plodding to meet them, who told them supper was ready, which news made +them speed them home. Where we will leave them to the next morrow, and +return to Saladyne. + +All this while did poor Saladyne, banished from Bordeaux and the court +of France by Torismond, wander up and down in the forest of Arden, +thinking to get to Lyons, and so travel through Germany into Italy: +but the forest being full of by-paths, and he unskilful of the country +coast, slipped out of the way, and chanced up into the desert, not far +from the place where Gerismond was, and his brother Rosader. +Saladyne, weary with wandering up and down and hungry with long +fasting, finding a little cave by the side of a thicket, eating such +fruit as the forest did afford and contenting himself with such drink +as nature had provided and thirst made delicate, after his repast he +fell in a dead sleep. As thus he lay, a hungry lion came hunting down +the edge of the grove for prey, and espying Saladyne began to seize +upon him: but seeing he lay still without any motion, he left to touch +him, for that lions hate to prey on dead carcases; and yet desirous to +have some food, the lion lay down and watched to see if he would stir. +While thus Saladyne slept secure, fortune that was careful of her +champion began to smile, and brought it so to pass, that Rosader, +having stricken a deer that but lightly hurt fled through the thicket, +came pacing down by the grove with a boar-spear in his hand in great +haste. He spied where a man lay asleep, and a lion fast by him: amazed +at this sight, as he stood gazing, his nose on the sudden bled, which +made him conjecture it was some friend of his. Whereupon drawing more +nigh, he might easily discern his visage, perceived by his physnomy +that it was his brother Saladyne, which drave Rosader into a deep +passion, as a man perplexed at the sight of so unexpected a chance, +marvelling what should drive his brother to traverse those secret +deserts, without any company, in such distress and forlorn sort. But +the present time craved no such doubting ambages,[1] for either he +must resolve to hazard his life for his relief, or else steal away, +and leave him to the cruelty of the lion. In which doubt he thus +briefly debated with himself: + +[Footnote 1: windings.] + +ROSADER'S MEDITATION + +"Now, Rosader, fortune that long hath whipped thee with nettles, means +to salve thee with roses, and having crossed thee with many frowns, +now she presents thee with the brightness of her favors. Thou that +didst count thyself the most distressed of all men, mayest account +thyself the most fortunate amongst men, if Fortune can make men happy, +or sweet revenge be wrapped in a pleasing content. Thou seest Saladyne +thine enemy, the worker of thy misfortunes, and the efficient cause of +thine exile, subject to the cruelty of a merciless lion, brought into +this misery by the gods, that they might seem just in revenging his +rigor, and thy injuries. Seest thou not how the stars are in a +favorable aspect, the planets in some pleasing conjunction, the fates +agreeable to thy thoughts, and the destinies performers of thy +desires, in that Saladyne shall die, and thou be free of his blood: he +receive meed for his amiss, and thou erect his tomb with innocent +hands. Now, Rosader, shalt thou return unto Bordeaux and enjoy thy +possessions by birth, and his revenues by inheritance: now mayest thou +triumph in love, and hang fortune's altars with garlands. For when +Rosalynde hears of thy wealth, it will make her love thee the more +willingly: for women's eyes are made of Chrysocoll, that is ever +unperfect unless tempered with gold, and Jupiter soonest enjoyed +Danaë, because he came to her in so rich a shower. Thus shall this +lion, Rosader, end the life of a miserable man, and from distress +raise thee to be most fortunate." And with that, casting his +boar-spear on his neck, away he began to trudge. + +But he had not stepped back two or three paces, but a new motion +stroke him to the very heart, that resting his boar-spear against his +breast, he fell into this passionate humor: + +"Ah, Rosader, wert thou the son of Sir John of Bordeaux, whose virtues +exceeded his valor, and yet the most hardiest knight in all Europe? +Should the honor of the father shine in the actions of the son, and +wilt thou dishonor thy parentage, in forgetting the nature of a +gentleman? Did not thy father at his last gasp breathe out this golden +principle, 'Brothers' amity is like the drops of balsamum, that +salveth the most dangerous sores?' Did he make a large exhort unto +concord, and wilt thou show thyself careless? O Rosader, what though +Saladyne hath wronged thee, and made thee live an exile in the forest, +shall thy nature be so cruel, or thy nurture so crooked, or thy +thoughts so savage, as to suffer so dismal a revenge? What, to let him +be devoured by wild beasts! _Non sapit qui non sibi sapit_ is +fondly[1] spoken in such bitter extremes. Lose not his life, Rosader, +to win a world of treasure; for in having him thou hast a brother, and +by hazarding for his life, thou gettest a friend, and reconcilest an +enemy: and more honor shalt thou purchase by pleasuring a foe, than +revenging a thousand injuries." + +[Footnote 1: foolishly.] + +With that his brother began to stir, and the lion to rouse himself, +whereupon Rosader suddenly charged him with the boar-spear, and +wounded the lion very sore at the first stroke. The beast feeling +himself to have a mortal hurt, leapt at Rosader, and with his paws +gave him a sore pinch on the breast, that he had almost fallen; yet as +a man most valiant, in whom the sparks of Sir John of Bordeaux +remained, he recovered himself, and in short combat slew the lion, who +at his death roared so loud that Saladyne awaked, and starting up, was +amazed at the sudden sight of so monstrous a beast lying slain by him, +and so sweet a gentleman wounded. He presently, as he was of a ripe +conceit, began to conjecture that the gentleman had slain him in his +defence. Whereupon, as a man in a trance, he stood staring on them +both a good while, not knowing his brother, being in that disguise: at +last he burst into these terms: + +"Sir, whatsoever thou be, as full of honor thou must needs be by the +view of thy present valor, I perceive thou hast redressed my fortunes +by thy courage, and saved my life with thine own loss, which ties me +to be thine in all humble service. Thanks thou shalt have as thy due, +and more thou canst not have, for my ability denies me to perform a +deeper debt. But if anyways it please thee to command me, use me as +far as the power of a poor gentleman may stretch." + +Rosader, seeing he was unknown to his brother, wondered to hear such +courteous words come from his crabbed nature; but glad of such +reformed nurture, he made this answer: + +"I am, sir, whatsoever thou art, a forester and ranger of these walks, +who, following my deer to the fall, was conducted hither by some +assenting fate, that I might save thee, and disparage myself. For +coming into this place, I saw thee asleep, and the lion watching thy +awake, that at thy rising he might prey upon thy carcase. At the first +sight I conjectured thee a gentleman, for all men's thoughts ought to +be favorable in imagination, and I counted it the part of a resolute +man to purchase a stranger's relief, though with the loss of his own +blood; which I have performed, thou seest, to mine own prejudice. If, +therefore, thou be a man of such worth as I value thee by thy exterior +lineaments, make discourse unto me what is the cause of thy present +fortunes. For by the furrows in thy face thou seemest to be crossed +with her frowns: but whatsoever, or howsoever, let me crave that +favor, to hear the tragic cause of thy estate." + +Saladyne sitting down, and fetching a deep sigh, began thus: + +SALADYNE'S DISCOURSE TO ROSADER UNKNOWN + +"Although the discourse of my fortunes be the renewing of my sorrows, +and the rubbing of the scar will open a fresh wound, yet that I may +not prove ingrateful to so courteous a gentleman, I will rather sit +down and sigh out my estate, than give any offence by smothering my +grief with silence. Know therefore, sir, that I am of Bordeaux, and +the son and heir of Sir John of Bordeaux, a man for his virtues and +valor so famous, that I cannot think but the fame of his honors hath +reached farther than the knowledge of his personage. The infortunate +son of so fortunate a knight am I; my name, Saladyne; who succeeding +my father in possessions, but not in qualities, having two brethren +committed by my father at his death to my charge, with such golden +principles of brotherly concord, as might have pierced like the +Sirens' melody into any human ear. But I, with Ulysses, became deaf +against his philosophical harmony, and made more value of profit than +of virtue, esteeming gold sufficient honor, and wealth the fittest +title for a gentleman's dignity. I set my middle brother to the +university to be a scholar, counting it enough if he might pore on a +book while I fed upon his revenues; and for the youngest, which was my +father's joy, young Rosader"--And with that, naming of Rosader, +Saladyne sate him down and wept. + +"Nay, forward man," quoth the forester, "tears are the unfittest salve +that any man can apply for to cure sorrows, and therefore cease from +such feminine follies, as should drop out of a woman's eye to deceive, +not out of a gentleman's look to discover his thoughts, and forward +with thy discourse." + +"O sir," quoth Saladyne, "this Rosader that wrings tears from mine +eyes, and blood from my heart, was like my father in exterior +personage and in inward qualities; for in the prime of his years he +aimed all his acts at honor, and coveted rather to die than to brook +any injury unworthy a gentleman's credit. I, whom envy had made blind, +and covetousness masked with the veil of self-love, seeing the palm +tree grow straight, thought to suppress it being a twig; but nature +will have her course, the cedar will be tall, the diamond bright, the +carbuncle glistering, and virtue will shine though it be never so much +obscured. For I kept Rosader as a slave, and used him as one of my +servile hinds, until age grew on, and a secret insight of my abuse +entered into his mind; insomuch, that he could not brook it, but +coveted to have what his father left him, and to live of himself. To +be short, sir, I repined at his fortunes, and he counterchecked me, +not with ability but valor, until at last, by my friends and aid of +such as followed gold more than right or virtue, I banished him from +Bordeaux, and he, poor gentleman, lives no man knows where, in some +distressed discontent. The gods, not able to suffer such impiety +unrevenged, so wrought, that the king picked a causeless quarrel +against me in hope to have my lands, and so hath exiled me out of +France for ever. Thus, thus, sir, am I the most miserable of all men, +as having a blemish in my thoughts for the wrongs I proffered Rosader, +and a touch in my state to be thrown from my proper possessions by +injustice. Passionate thus with many griefs, in penance of my former +follies I go thus pilgrim-like to seek out my brother, that I may +reconcile myself to him in all submission, and afterward wend to the +Holy Land, to end my years in as many virtues as I have spent my youth +in wicked vanities." + +Rosader, hearing the resolution of his brother Saladyne, began to +compassionate his sorrows, and not able to smother the sparks of +nature with feigned secrecy, he burst into these loving speeches: + +"Then know, Saladyne," quoth he, "that thou hast met with Rosader, who +grieves as much to see thy distress, as thyself to feel the burden of +thy misery." Saladyne, casting up his eye and noting well the physnomy +of the forester, knew, that it was his brother Rosader, which made him +so bash and blush at the first meeting, that Rosader was fain to +recomfort him, which he did in such sort, that he showed how highly he +held revenge in scorn. Much ado there was between these two brethren, +Saladyne in craving pardon, and Rosader in forgiving and forgetting +all former injuries; the one submiss, the other courteous; Saladyne +penitent and passionate, Rosader kind and loving, that at length +nature working an union of their thoughts, they earnestly embraced, +and fell from matters of unkindness, to talk of the country life, +which Rosader so highly commended, that his brother began to have a +desire to taste of that homely content. In this humor Rosader +conducted him to Gerismond's lodge, and presented his brother to the +king, discoursing the whole matter how all had happened betwixt them. +The king looking upon Saladyne, found him a man of a most beautiful +personage, and saw in his face sufficient sparks of ensuing honors, +gave him great entertainment, and glad of their friendly +reconcilement, promised such favor as the poverty of his estate might +afford, which Saladyne gratefully accepted. And so Gerismond fell to +question of Torismond's life. Saladyne briefly discoursed unto him his +injustice and tyrannies, with such modesty, although he had wronged +him, that Gerismond greatly praised the sparing speech of the young +gentleman. + +Many questions passed, but at last Gerismond began with a deep sigh to +inquire if there were any news of the welfare of Alinda, or his +daughter Rosalynde? + +"None, sir," quoth Saladyne, "for since their departure they were +never heard of." + +"Injurious fortune," quoth the king, "that to double the father's +misery, wrongest the daughter with misfortunes!" + +And with that, surcharged with sorrows, he went into his cell, and +left Saladyne and Rosader, whom Rosader straight conducted to the +sight of Adam Spencer, who, seeing Saladyne in that estate, was in a +brown study. But when he heard the whole matter, although he grieved +for the exile of his master, yet he joyed that banishment had so +reformed him, that from a lascivious youth he was proved a virtuous +gentleman. Looking a longer while, and seeing what familiarity passed +between them, and what favors were interchanged with brotherly +affection, he said thus: + +"Aye, marry, thus should it be; this was the concord that old Sir John +of Bordeaux wished betwixt you. Now fulfil you those precepts he +breathed out at his death, and in observing them, look to live +fortunate and die honorable." + +"Well said, Adam Spencer," quoth Rosader, "but hast any victuals in +store for us?" + +"A piece of a red deer," quoth he, "and a bottle of wine." + +"'Tis foresters' fare, brother," quoth Rosader; and so they sate down +and fell to their cates. + +As soon as they had taken their repast, and had well dined, Rosader +took his brother Saladyne by the hand, and showed him the pleasures of +the forest, and what content they enjoyed in that mean estate. Thus +for two or three days he walked up and down with his brother to show +him all the commodities that belonged to his walk. + +In which time he was missed of his Ganymede, who mused greatly, with +Aliena, what should become of their forester. Somewhile they thought +he had taken some word unkindly, and had taken the pet; then they +imagined some new love had withdrawn his fancy, or happily that he was +sick, or detained by some great business of Gerismond's, or that he +had made a reconcilement with his brother, and so returned to +Bordeaux. + +These conjectures did they cast in their heads, but specially +Ganymede, who, having love in her heart, proved restless, and half +without patience, that Rosader wronged her with so long absence; for +Love measures every minute, and thinks hours to be days, and days to +be months, till they feed their eyes with the sight of their desired +object. Thus perplexed lived poor Ganymede, while on a day, sitting +with Aliena in a great dump,[1] she cast up her eye, and saw where +Rosader came pacing towards them with his forest bill on his neck. At +that sight her color changed, and she said to Aliena: + +"See, mistress, where our jolly forester comes." + +[Footnote 1: despondency.] + +"And you are not a little glad thereof," quoth Aliena, "your nose +bewrays what porridge you love: the wind cannot be tied within his +quarter, the sun shadowed with a veil, oil hidden in water, nor love +kept out of a woman's looks: but no more of that, _Lupus est in +fabula_." + +As soon as Rosader was come within the reach of her tongue's end, +Aliena began thus: + +"Why, how now, gentle forester, what wind hath kept you from hence? +that being so newly married, you have no more care of your Rosalynde, +but to absent yourself so many days? Are these the passions you +painted out so in your sonnets and roundelays? I see well hot love is +soon cold, and that the fancy of men is like to a loose feather that +wandereth in the air with the blast of every wind." + +"You are deceived, mistress," quoth Rosader; "'twas a copy[1] of +unkindness that kept me hence, in that, I being married, you carried +away the bride; but if I have given any occasion of offence by +absenting myself these three days, I humbly sue for pardon, which you +must grant of course, in that the fault is so friendly confessed with +penance. But to tell you the truth, fair mistress and my good +Rosalynde, my eldest brother by the injury of Torismond is banished +from Bordeaux, and by chance he and I met in the forest." + +[Footnote 1: quantity.] + +And here Rosader discoursed unto them what had happened betwixt them, +which reconcilement made them glad, especially Ganymede. But Aliena, +hearing of the tyranny of her father, grieved inwardly, and yet +smothered all things with such secrecy, that the concealing was more +sorrow than the conceit; yet that her estate might be hid still, she +made fair weather of it, and so let all pass. + +Fortune, that saw how these parties valued not her deity, but held her +power in scorn, thought to have a bout with them, and brought the +matter to pass thus. Certain rascals that lived by prowling in the +forest, who for fear of the provost marshal had caves in the groves +and thickets to shroud themselves from his trains, hearing of the +beauty of this fair shepherdess, Aliena, thought to steal her away, +and to give her to the king for a present; hoping, because the king +was a great lecher, by such a gift to purchase all their pardons, and +therefore came to take her and her page away. Thus resolved, while +Aliena and Ganymede were in this sad talk, they came rushing in, and +laid violent hands upon Aliena and her page, which made them cry out +to Rosader; who having the valor of his father stamped in his heart, +thought rather to die in defence of his friends, than any way be +touched with the least blemish of dishonor, and therefore dealt such +blows amongst them with his weapon, as he did witness well upon their +carcases that he was no coward. But as _Ne Hercules quidem contra +duos_, so Rosader could not resist a multitude, having none to back +him; so that he was not only rebated, but sore wounded, and Aliena and +Ganymede had been quite carried away by these rascals, had not fortune +(that meant to turn her frown into a favor) brought Saladyne that way +by chance, who wandering to find out his brother's walk, encountered +this crew: and seeing not only a shepherdess and her boy forced, but +his brother wounded, he heaved up a forest bill he had on his neck, +and the first he stroke had never after more need of the physician, +redoubling his blows with such courage that the slaves were amazed at +his valor. Rosader, espying his brother so fortunately arrived, and +seeing how valiantly he behaved himself, though sore wounded rushed +amongst them, and laid on such load,[1] that some of the crew were +slain, and the rest fled, leaving Aliena and Ganymede in the +possession of Rosader and Saladyne. + +[Footnote 1: beat.] + +Aliena after she had breathed awhile and was come to herself from this +fear, looked about her, and saw where Ganymede was busy dressing up +the wounds of the forester: but she cast her eye upon this courteous +champion that had made so hot a rescue, and that with such affection, +that she began to measure every part of him with favor, and in herself +to commend his personage and his virtue, holding him for a resolute +man, that durst assail such a troop of unbridled villains. At last, +gathering her spirits together, she returned him these thanks: + +"Gentle sir, whatsoever you be that have adventured your flesh to +relieve our fortunes, as we hold you valiant so we esteem you +courteous, and to have as many hidden virtues as you have manifest +resolutions. We poor shepherds have no wealth but our flocks, and +therefore can we not make requital with any great treasures; but our +recompense is thanks, and our rewards to her friends without feigning. +For ransom, therefore, of this our rescue, you must content yourself +to take such a kind gramercy as a poor shepherdess and her page may +give, with promise, in what we may, never to prove ingrateful. For +this gentleman that is hurt, young Rosader, he is our good neighbor +and familiar acquaintance; we'll pay him with smiles, and feed him +with love-looks, and though he be never the fatter at the year's end, +yet we'll so hamper him that he shall hold himself satisfied." + +Saladyne, hearing this shepherdess speak so wisely, began more +narrowly to pry into her perfection, and to survey all her lineaments +with a curious insight; so long dallying in the flame of her beauty, +that to his cost he found her to be most excellent: for love that +lurked in all these broils to have a blow or two, seeing the parties +at the gaze, encountered them both with such a veny,[1] that the +stroke pierced to the heart so deep as it could never after be rased +out. At last, after he had looked so long, till Aliena waxed red, he +returned her this answer: + +[Footnote 1: assault.] + +"Fair shepherdess, if Fortune graced me with such good hap as to do +you any favor, I hold myself as contented as if I had gotten a great +conquest; for the relief of distressed women is the special point +that gentlemen are tied unto by honor: seeing then my hazard to rescue +your harms was rather duty than courtesy, thanks is more than belongs +to the requital of such a favor. But lest I might seem either too coy +or too careless of a gentlewoman's proffer, I will take your kind +gramercy for a recompense." + +All this while that he spake, Ganymede looked earnestly upon him, and +said: + +"Truly, Rosader, this gentleman favors you much in the feature of your +face." + +"No marvel," quoth he, "gentle swain, for 'tis my eldest brother +Saladyne." + +"Your brother?" quoth Aliena, and with that she blushed, "he is the +more welcome, and I hold myself the more his debtor; and for that he +hath in my behalf done such a piece of service, if it please him to do +me that honor, I will call him servant, and he shall call me +mistress." + +"Content, sweet mistress," quoth Saladyne, "and when I forget to call +you so, I will be unmindful of mine own self." + +"Away with these quirks and quiddities of love," quoth Rosader, "and +give me some drink, for I am passing thirsty, and then will I home, +for my wounds bleed sore, and I will have them dressed." + +Ganymede had tears in her eyes, and passions in her heart to see her +Rosader so pained, and therefore stepped hastily to the bottle, and +filling out some wine in a mazer,[1] she spiced it with such +comfortable drugs as she had about her, and gave it him, which did +comfort Rosader, that rising, with the help of his brother, he took +his leave of them, and went to his lodge. Ganymede, as soon as they +were out of sight, led his flocks down to a vale, and there under the +shadow of a beech tree sate down, and began to mourn the misfortunes +of her sweetheart. + +[Footnote 1: wooden mug.] + +And Aliena, as a woman passing discontent, severing herself from her +Ganymede, sitting under a limon tree, began to sigh out the passions +of her new love, and to meditate with herself in this manner: + +ALIENA'S MEDITATION + +"Ay me! now I see, and sorrowing sigh to see, that Diana's laurels are +harbors for Venus' doves; that there trace as well through the lawns +wantons as chaste ones; that Calisto, be she never so chary, will cast +one amorous eye at courting Jove; that Diana herself will change her +shape, but she will honor Love in a shadow; that maidens' eyes be they +as hard as diamonds, yet Cupid hath drugs to make them more pliable +than wax. See, Alinda, how Fortune and Love have interleagued +themselves to be thy foes, and to make thee their subject, or else an +abject, have inveigled thy sight with a most beautiful object. A-late +thou didst hold Venus for a giglot, not a goddess, and now thou shalt +be forced to sue suppliant to her deity. Cupid was a boy and blind; +but, alas, his eye had aim enough to pierce thee to the heart. While I +lived in the court I held love in contempt, and in high seats I had +small desires. I knew not affection while I lived in dignity, nor +could Venus countercheck me, as long as my fortune was majesty, and my +thoughts honor; and shall I now be high in desires, when I am made low +by destiny? I have heard them say, that Love looks not at low +cottages, that Venus jets[1] in robes not in rags, that Cupid flies so +high, that he scorns to touch poverty with his heel. Tush, Alinda, +these are but old wives' tales, and neither authentical precepts, nor +infallible principles; for experience tells thee, that peasants have +their passions as well as princes, that swains as they have their +labors, so they have their amours, and Love lurks as soon about a +sheepcote as a palace. + +[Footnote 1: struts.] + +"Ah, Alinda, this day in avoiding a prejudice thou art fallen into a +deeper mischief; being rescued from the robbers, thou art become +captive to Saladyne: and what then? Women must love, or they must +cease to live; and therefore did nature frame them fair, that they +might be subjects to fancy. But perhaps Saladyne's eye is levelled +upon a more seemlier saint. If it be so, bear thy passions with +patience; say Love hath wronged thee, that hath not wrung him; and if +he be proud in contempt, be thou rich in content, and rather die than +discover any desire: for there is nothing more precious in a woman +than to conceal love and to die modest. He is the son and heir of Sir +John of Bordeaux, a youth comely enough: O Alinda, too comely, else +hadst not thou been thus discontent; valiant, and that fettered thine +eye; wise, else hadst thou not been now won; but for all these virtues +banished by thy father, and therefore if he know thy parentage, he +will hate the fruit for the tree, and condemn the young scion for the +old stock. Well, howsoever, I must love, and whomsoever, I will; and, +whatsoever betide, Aliena will think well of Saladyne, suppose he of +me as he please." + +And with that fetching a deep sigh, she rise up, and went to Ganymede, +who all this while sate in a great dump,[1] fearing the imminent +danger of her friend Rosader; but now Aliena began to comfort her, +herself being overgrown with sorrows, and to recall her from her +melancholy with many pleasant persuasions. Ganymede took all in the +best part, and so they went home together after they had folded their +flocks, supping with old Corydon, who had provided their cates. He, +after supper, to pass away the night while[2] bedtime, began a long +discourse, how Montanus, the young shepherd that was in love with +Phoebe, could by no means obtain any favor at her hands, but, still +pained in restless passions, remained a hopeless and perplexed lover. + +[Footnote 1: mood of sadness.] + +[Footnote 2: until.] + +"I would I might," quoth Aliena, "once see that Phoebe. Is she so fair +that she thinks no shepherd worthy of her beauty? or so froward that +no love nor loyalty will content her? or so coy that she requires a +long time to be wooed? or so foolish that she forgets that like a fop +she must have a large harvest for a little corn?" + +"I cannot distinguish," quoth Corydon, "of these nice qualities; but +one of these days I'll bring Montanus and her down, that you may both +see their persons, and note their passions; and then where the blame +is, there let it rest. But this I am sure," quoth Corydon, "if all +maidens were of her mind, the world would grow to a mad pass; for +there would be great store of wooing and little wedding, many words +and little worship, much folly and no faith." + +At this sad sentence of Corydon, so solemnly brought forth, Aliena +smiled, and because it waxed late, she and her page went to bed, both +of them having fleas in their ears to keep them awake; Ganymede for +the hurt of her Rosader, and Aliena for the affection she bore to +Saladyne. In this discontented humor they passed away the time, till +falling on sleep, their senses at rest, Love left them to their quiet +slumbers, which were not long. For as soon as Phoebus rose from his +Aurora, and began to mount him in the sky, summoning plough-swains to +their handy labor, Aliena arose, and going to the couch where Ganymede +lay, awakened her page, and said the morning was far spent, the dew +small, and time called them away to their folds. + +"Ah, ah!" quoth Ganymede, "is the wind in that door? then in faith I +perceive that there is no diamond so hard but will yield to the file, +no cedar so strong but the wind will shake, nor any mind so chaste but +love will change. Well, Aliena, must Saladyne be the man, and will it +be a match? Trust me, he is fair and valiant, the son of a worthy +knight, whom if he imitate in perfection, as he represents him in +proportion, he is worthy of no less than Aliena. But he is an exile: +what then? I hope my mistress respects the virtues not the wealth, and +measures the qualities not the substance. Those dames that are like +Danaë, that like love in no shape but in a shower of gold, I wish them +husbands with much wealth and little wit, that the want of the one may +blemish the abundance of the other. It should, my Aliena, stain the +honor of a shepherd's life to set the end of passions upon pelf. +Love's eyes looks not so low as gold; there is no fees to be paid in +Cupid's courts; and in elder time, as Corydon hath told me, the +shepherds' love-gifts were apples and chestnuts, and then their +desires were loyal, and their thoughts constant. But now + + Quaerenda pecunia primum, post nummos virtus. + +And the time is grown to that which Horace in his Satires wrote on: + + omnis enim res + Virtus fama decus divina humanaque pulchris + Divitiis parent: quas qui construxerit ille + Clarus erit, fortis, justus. Sapiensne? Etiam et rex + Et quicquid volet-- + +But, Aliena, let it not be so with thee in thy fancies, but respect +his faith and there an end." + +Aliena, hearing Ganymede thus forward to further Saladyne in his +affections, thought she kissed the child for the nurse's sake, and +wooed for him that she might please Rosader, made this reply: + +"Why, Ganymede, whereof grows this persuasion? Hast thou seen love in +my looks, or are mine eyes grown so amorous, that they discover some +new-entertained fancies? If thou measurest my thoughts by my +countenance, thou mayest prove as ill a physiognomer, as the lapidary +that aims at the secret virtues of the topaz by the exterior shadow of +the stone. The operation of the agate is not known by the strakes, nor +the diamond prized by his brightness, but by his hardness. The +carbuncle that shineth most is not ever the most precious; and the +apothecaries choose not flowers for their colors, but for their +virtues. Women's faces are not always calendars of fancy, nor do their +thoughts and their looks ever agree; for when their eyes are fullest +of favors, then are they oft most empty of desire; and when they seem +to frown at disdain, then are they most forward to affection. If I be +melancholy, then, Ganymede, 'tis not a consequence that I am entangled +with the perfection of Saladyne. But seeing fire cannot be hid in the +straw, nor love kept so covert but it will be spied, what[1] should +friends conceal fancies? Know, my Ganymede, the beauty and valor, the +wit and prowess of Saladyne hath fettered Aliena so far, as there is +no object pleasing to her eyes but the sight of Saladyne; and if Love +have done me justice to wrap his thoughts in the folds of my face, and +that he be as deeply enamored as I am passionate, I tell thee, +Ganymede, there shall not be much wooing, for she is already won, and +what needs a longer battery." + +[Footnote 1: why.] + +"I am glad," quoth Ganymede, "that it shall be thus proportioned, you +to match with Saladyne, and I with Rosader: thus have the Destinies +favored us with some pleasing aspect, that have made us as private in +our loves, as familiar in our fortunes." + +With this Ganymede start up, made her ready, and went into the fields +with Aliena, where unfolding their flocks, they sate them down under +an olive tree, both of them amorous, and yet diversely affected; +Aliena joying in the excellence of Saladyne, and Ganymede sorrowing +for the wounds of her Rosader, not quiet in thought till she might +hear of his health. As thus both of them sate in their dumps, they +might espy where Corydon came running towards them, almost out of +breath with his haste. + +"What news with you," quoth Aliena, "that you come in such post?" + +"Oh, mistress," quoth Corydon, "you have a long time desired to see +Phoebe, the fair shepherdess whom Montanus loves; so now if you +please, you and Ganymede, but to walk with me to yonder thicket, there +shall you see Montanus and her sitting by a fountain, he courting with +his country ditties, and she as coy as if she held love in disdain." + +The news were so welcome to the two lovers, that up they rose, and +went with Corydon. As soon as they drew nigh the thicket, they might +espy where Phoebe sate, the fairest shepherdess in all Arden, and he +the frolickest swain in the whole forest, she in a petticoat of +scarlet, covered with a green mantle, and to shroud her from the sun, +a chaplet of roses, from under which appeared a face full of nature's +excellence, and two such eyes as might have amated[1] a greater man +than Montanus. At gaze upon the gorgeous nymph sat the shepherd, +feeding his eyes with her favors, wooing with such piteous looks; and +courting with such deep-strained sighs, as would have made Diana +herself to have been compassionate. At last, fixing his looks on the +riches of her face, his head on his hand, and his elbow on his knee, +he sung this mournful ditty: + +[Footnote 1: dismayed.] + +_Montanus' Sonnet_ + + A turtle sate upon a leaveless tree, + Mourning her absent fere[1] + With sad and sorry cheer: + About her wondering stood + The citizens of wood, + And whilst her plumes she rents + And for her love laments, + The stately trees complain them, + The birds with sorrow pain them. + Each one that doth her view + Her pain and sorrows rue; + But were the sorrows known + That me hath overthrown, + Oh how would Phoebe sigh if she did look on me! + + The lovesick Polypheme, that could not see, + Who on the barren shore + His fortunes doth deplore, + And melteth all in moan + For Galatea gone, + And with his piteous cries + Afflicts both earth and skies, + And to his woe betook + Doth break both pipe and hook, + For whom complains the morn, + For whom the sea-nymphs mourn, + Alas, his pain is nought; + For were my woe but thought, + Oh how would Phoebe sigh if she did look on me! + + Beyond compare my pain; + Yet glad am I, + If gentle Phoebe deign + To see her Montan die. + +[Footnote 1: companion.] + +After this, Montanus felt his passions so extreme, that he fell into +this exclamation against the injustice of Love: + + Hélas, tyran, plein de rigueur, + Modère un peu ta violence: + Que te sert si grande dépense? + C'est trop de flammes pour un coeur. + Épargnez en une étincelle, + Puis fais ton effort d'émouvoir, + La fière qui ne veut point voir, + En quel feu je brûle pour elle. + Exécute, Amour, ce dessein, + Et rabaisse un peu son audace: + Son coeur ne doit être de glace, + Bien qu'elle ait de neige le sein. + +Montanus ended his sonnet with such a volley of sighs, and such a +stream of tears, as might have moved any but Phoebe to have granted +him favor. But she, measuring all his passions with a coy disdain, and +triumphing in the poor shepherd's pathetical humors, smiling at his +martyrdom as though love had been no malady, scornfully warbled out +this sonnet: + +_Phoebe's Sonnet, a Reply to Montanus' Passion_ + + Down a down, + Thus Phyllis sung, + By fancy once distressed; + Whoso by foolish love are stung + Are worthily oppressed. + And so sing I. With a down, down, &c. + + When Love was first begot, + And by the mover's will + Did fall to human lot + His solace to fulfil, + Devoid of all deceit, + A chaste and holy fire + Did quicken man's conceit, + And women's breast inspire. + The gods that saw the good + That mortals did approve, + With kind and holy mood + Began to talk of Love. + + Down a down, + Thus Phyllis sung + By fancy once distressed, &c. + + But during this accord, + A wonder strange to hear, + Whilst Love in deed and word + Most faithful did appear, + False-semblance came in place, + By Jealousy attended, + And with a double face + Both love and fancy blended; + Which made the gods forsake, + And men from fancy fly, + And maidens scorn a make,[1] + Forsooth, and so will I. + + Down a down, + Thus Phyllis sung, + By fancy once distressed; + Who so by foolish love are stung + Are worthily oppressed. + And so sing I. + With down a down, a down down, a down a. + +[Footnote 1: mate.] + +Montanus, hearing the cruel resolution of Phoebe, was so overgrown +with passions, that from amorous ditties he fell flat into these +terms: + +"Ah, Phoebe," quoth he, "whereof art thou made, that thou regardest +not my malady? Am I so hateful an object that thine eyes condemn me +for an abject? or so base, that thy desires cannot stoop so low as to +lend me a gracious look? My passions are many, my loves more, my +thoughts loyalty, and my fancy faith: all devoted in humble devoir[1] +to the service of Phoebe; and shall I reap no reward for such +fealties? The swain's daily labors is quit with the evening's hire, +the ploughman's toil is eased with the hope of corn, what the ox +sweats out at the plough he fatteneth at the crib; but infortunate +Montanus hath no salve for his sorrows, nor any hope of recompense for +the hazard of his perplexed passions. If, Phoebe, time may plead the +proof of my truth, twice seven winters have I loved fair Phoebe: if +constancy be a cause to farther my suit, Montanus' thoughts have been +sealed in the sweet of Phoebe's excellence, as far from change as she +from love: if outward passions may discover inward affections, the +furrows in my face may decipher the sorrows of my heart, and the map +of my looks the griefs of my mind. Thou seest, Phoebe, the tears of +despair have made my cheeks full of wrinkles, and my scalding sighs +have made the air echo her pity conceived in my plaints: Philomele +hearing my passions, hath left her mournful tunes to listen to the +discourse of my miseries. I have portrayed in every tree the beauty of +my mistress, and the despair of my loves. What is it in the woods +cannot witness my woes? and who is it would not pity my plaints? Only +Phoebe. And why? Because I am Montanus, and she Phoebe: I a worthless +swain, and she the most excellent of all fairies. Beautiful Phoebe! +oh, might I say pitiful, then happy were I, though I tasted but one +minute of that good hap. Measure Montanus not by his fortunes but by +his loves, and balance not his wealth but his desires, and lend but +one gracious look to cure a heap of disquieted cares: if not, ah! if +Phoebe cannot love, let a storm of frowns end the discontent of my +thoughts, and so let me perish in my desires, because they are above +my deserts: only at my death this favor cannot be denied me, that all +shall say Montanus died for love of hard-hearted Phoebe." + +[Footnote 1: duty.] + +At these words she filled her face full of frowns, and made him this +short and sharp reply: + +"Importunate shepherd, whose loves are lawless, because restless, are +thy passions so extreme that thou canst not conceal them with +patience? or art thou so folly-sick, that thou must needs be +fancy-sick, and in thy affection tied to such an exigent,[1] as none +serves but Phoebe? Well, sir, if your market may be made no where +else, home again, for your mart is at the fairest. Phoebe is no +lettuce for your lips, and her grapes hangs so high, that gaze at them +you may, but touch them you cannot. Yet, Montanus, I speak not this in +pride, but in disdain; not that I scorn thee, but that I hate love; +for I count it as great honor to triumph over fancy as over fortune. +Rest thee content therefore, Montanus: cease from thy loves, and +bridle thy looks, quench the sparkles before they grow to a further +flame; for in loving me thou shall live by loss, and what thou +utterest in words are all written in the wind. Wert thou, Montanus, as +fair as Paris, as hardy as Hector, as constant as Troilus, as loving +as Leander, Phoebe could not love, because she cannot love at all: and +therefore if thou pursue me with Phoebus, I must fly with Daphne." + +[Footnote 1: necessity.] + +Ganymede, overhearing all these passions of Montanus, could not brook +the cruelty of Phoebe, but starting from behind the bush said: + +"And if, damsel, you fled from me, I would transform you as Daphne to +a bay, and then in contempt trample your branches under my feet." + +Phoebe at this sudden reply was amazed, especially when she saw so +fair a swain as Ganymede; blushing therefore, she would have been +gone, but that he held her by the hand, and prosecuted his reply thus: + +"What, shepherdess, so fair and so cruel? Disdain beseems not +cottages, nor coyness maids; for either they be condemned to be too +proud, or too froward. Take heed, fair nymph, that in despising love, +you be not overreached with love, and in shaking off all, shape +yourself to your own shadow, and so with Narcissus prove passionate +and yet unpitied. Oft have I heard, and sometimes have I seen, high +disdain turned to hot desires. Because thou art beautiful be not so +coy: as there is nothing more fair, so there is nothing more fading; +as momentary as the shadows which grows from a cloudy sun. Such, my +fair shepherdess, as disdain in youth desire in age, and then are they +hated in the winter, that might have been loved in the prime. A +wrinkled maid is like to a parched rose, that is cast up in coffers to +please the smell, not worn in the hand to content the eye. There is no +folly in love to _had I wist_, and therefore be ruled by me. Love +while thou art young, least thou be disdained when thou art old. +Beauty nor time cannot be recalled, and if thou love, like of +Montanus; for if his desires are many, so his deserts are great." + +Phoebe all this while gazed on the perfection of Ganymede, as deeply +enamored on his perfection as Montanus inveigled with hers; for her +eye made survey of his excellent feature, which she found so rare, +that she thought the ghost of Adonis had been leaped from Elysium in +the shape of a swain. When she blushed at her own folly to look so +long on a stranger, she mildly made answer to Ganymede thus: + +"I cannot deny, sir, but I have heard of Love, though I never felt +love; and have read of such a goddess as Venus, though I never saw any +but her picture; and, perhaps"--and with that she waxed red and +bashful, and withal silent; which Ganymede perceiving, commended in +herself the bashfulness of the maid, and desired her to go forward. + +"And perhaps, sir," quoth she, "mine eye hath been more prodigal +to-day than ever before"--and with that she stayed again, as one +greatly passionate and perplexed. + +Aliena seeing the hare through the maze, bade her forward with her +prattle, but in vain; for at this abrupt period she broke off, and +with her eyes full of tears, and her face covered with a vermilion +dye, she sate down and sighed. Whereupon Aliena and Ganymede, seeing +the shepherdess in such a strange plight, left Phoebe with her +Montanus, wishing her friendly that she would be more pliant to Love, +lest in penance Venus joined her to some sharp repentance. Phoebe made +no reply, but fetched such a sigh, that Echo made relation of her +plaint, giving Ganymede such an adieu with a piercing glance, that the +amorous girl-boy perceived Phoebe was pinched by the heel. + +But leaving Phoebe to the follies of her new fancy, and Montanus to +attend upon her, to Saladyne, who all this last night could not rest +for the remembrance of Aliena; insomuch that he framed a sweet +conceited sonnet to content his humor, which he put in his bosom, +being requested by his brother Rosader to go to Aliena and Ganymede, +to signify unto them that his wounds were not dangerous. A more happy +message could not happen to Saladyne, that taking his forest bill on +his neck, he trudgeth in all haste towards the plains where Aliena's +flocks did feed, coming just to the place when they returned from +Montanus and Phoebe. Fortune so conducted this jolly forester, that +he encountered them and Corydon, whom he presently saluted in this +manner: + +"Fair shepherdess, and too fair, unless your beauty be tempered with +courtesy, and the lineaments of the face graced with the lowliness of +mind, as many good fortunes to you and your page, as yourselves can +desire or I imagine. My brother Rosader, in the grief of his green +wounds still mindful of his friends, hath sent me to you with a kind +salute, to show that he brooks his pains with the more patience, in +that he holds the parties precious in whose defence he received the +prejudice. The report of your welfare will be a great comfort to his +distempered body and distressed thoughts, and therefore he sent me +with a strict charge to visit you." + +"And you," quoth Aliena, "are the more welcome in that you are +messenger from so kind a gentleman, whose pains we compassionate with +as great sorrow as he brooks them with grief; and his wounds breeds in +us as many passions as in him extremities, so that what disquiet he +feels in body we partake in heart, wishing, if we might, that our +mishap might salve his malady. But seeing our wills yields him little +ease, our orisons[1] are never idle to the gods for his recovery." + +[Footnote 1: prayers.] + +"I pray, youth," quoth Ganymede with tears in his eyes, "when the +surgeon searched him, held he his wounds dangerous?" + +"Dangerous," quoth Saladyne, "but, not mortal; and the sooner to be +cured, in that his patient is not impatient of any pains: whereupon my +brother hopes within these ten days to walk abroad and visit you +himself." + +"In the meantime," quoth Ganymede, "say his Rosalynde commends her to +him, and bids him be of good cheer." + +"I know not," quoth Saladyne, "who that Rosalynde is, but whatsoever +she is, her name is never out of his mouth, but amidst the deepest of +his passions he useth Rosalynde as a charm to appease all sorrows with +patience. Insomuch that I conjecture my brother is in love, and she +some paragon that holds his heart perplexed, whose name he oft records +with sighs, sometimes with tears, straight with joy, then with smiles; +as if in one person love had lodged a Chaos of confused passions. +Wherein I have noted the variable disposition of fancy, that like the +polype in colors, so it changeth into sundry humors, being, as it +should seem, a combat mixed with disquiet and a bitter pleasure +wrapped in a sweet prejudice, like to the Sinople tree, whose blossoms +delight the smell, and whose fruit infects the taste." + +"By my faith," quoth Aliena, "sir, you are deep read in love, or grows +your insight into affection by experience? Howsoever, you are a great +philosopher in Venus' principles, else could you not discover her +secret aphorisms. But, sir, our country amours are not like your +courtly fancies, nor is our wooing like your suing; for poor shepherds +never plain them till love pain them, where the courtier's eyes is +full of passions, when his heart is most free from affection; they +court to discover their eloquence, we woo to ease our sorrows; every +fair face with them must have a new fancy sealed with a forefinger +kiss and a far-fetched sigh, we here love one and live to that one so +long as life can maintain love, using few ceremonies because we know +few subtleties, and little eloquence for that we lightly account of +flattery; only faith and troth, that's shepherd's wooing; and, sir, +how like you of this?" + +"So," quoth Saladyne, "as I could tie myself to such love." + +"What, and look so low as a shepherdess, being the son of Sir John of +Bordeaux? Such desires were a disgrace to your honors." And with that +surveying exquisitely every part of him, as uttering all these words +in a deep passion, she espied the paper in his bosom; whereupon +growing jealous that it was some amorous sonnet, she suddenly snatched +it out of his bosom and asked if it were any secret. She was bashful, +and Saladyne blushed, which she perceiving, said: + +"Nay then, sir, if you wax red, my life for yours 'tis some +love-matter: I will see your mistress' name, her praises, and your +passions." And with that she looked on it, which was written to this +effect: + +_Saladyne's Sonnet_ + + If it be true that heaven's eternal course + With restless sway and ceaseless turning glides; + If air inconstant be, and swelling source + Turn and returns with many fluent tides; + If earth in winter summer's pride estrange, + And nature seemeth only fair in change; + + If it be true that our immortal spright, + Derived from heavenly pure, in wand'ring still, + In novelty and strangeness doth delight, + And by discoverent power discerneth ill; + And if the body for to work his best + Doth with the seasons change his place of rest; + + Whence comes it that, enforced by furious skies, + I change both place and soil, but not my heart, + Yet salve not in this change my maladies? + Whence grows it that each object works my smart? + Alas, I see my faith procures my miss, + And change in love against my nature is. + + _Et florida pungunt._ + +Aliena having read over his sonnet, began thus pleasantly to descant +upon it: + +"I see, Saladyne," quoth she, "that as the sun is no sun without his +brightness, nor the diamond accounted for precious unless it be hard, +so men are not men unless they be in love; and their honors are +measured by their amours, not their labors, counting it more +commendable for a gentleman to be full of fancy, than full of virtue. +I had thought + + Otia si tollas, periere Cupidinis arcus, + Contemptaeque jacent et sine luce faces; + + +but I see Ovid's axiom is not authentical, for even labor hath her +loves, and extremity is no pumice-stone to rase out fancy. Yourself +exiled from your wealth, friends, and country by Torismond, sorrows +enough to suppress affections, yet amidst the depth of these +extremities, love will be lord, and show his power to be more +predominant than fortune. But I pray you, sir, if without offence I +may crave it, are they some new thoughts, or some old desires?" + +Saladyne, that now saw opportunity pleasant, thought to strike while +the iron was hot, and therefore taking Aliena by the hand, sate down +by her; and Ganymede, to give them leave to their loves, found herself +busy about the folds, whilst Saladyne fell into this prattle with +Aliena: + +"Fair mistress, if I be blunt in discovering my affections, and use +little eloquence in levelling out my loves, I appeal for pardon to +your own principles, that say, shepherds use few ceremonies, for that +they acquaint themselves with few subtleties: to frame myself, +therefore, to your country fashion with much faith and little +flattery, know, beautiful shepherdess, that whilst I lived in the +court I knew not love's cumber, but I held affection as a toy, not as +a malady; using fancy as the Hyperborei do their flowers, which they +wear in their bosom all day, and cast them in the fire for fuel at +night. I liked all, because I loved none, and who was most fair, on +her I fed mine eye, but as charily as the bee, that as soon as she +hath sucked honey from the rose, flies straight to the next marigold. +Living thus at mine own list, I wondered at such as were in love, and +when I read their passions, I took them only for poems that flowed +from the quickness of the wit, not the sorrows of the heart. But now, +fair nymph, since I became a forester, Love hath taught me such a +lesson that I must confess his deity and dignity, and say as there is +nothing so precious as beauty, so there is nothing more piercing than +fancy. For since first I arrived at this place, and mine eye took a +curious survey of your excellence, I have been so fettered with your +beauty and virtue, as, sweet Aliena, Saladyne without further +circumstance loves Aliena. I could paint out my desires with long +ambages[1]; but seeing in many words lies mistrust, and that truth is +ever naked, let this suffice for a country wooing, Saladyne loves +Aliena, and none but Aliena." + +[Footnote 1: indirect modes of speech.] + +Although these words were most heavenly harmony in the ears of the +shepherdess, yet to seem coy at the first courting, and to disdain +love howsoever she desired love, she made this reply: + +"Ah, Saladyne, though I seem simple, yet I am more subtle than to +swallow the hook because it hath a painted bait: as men are wily so +women are wary, especially if they have that wit by others' harms to +beware. Do we not know, Saladyne, men's tongues are like Mercury's +pipe, that can enchant Argus with an hundred eyes, and their words as +prejudicial as the charms of Circes, that transform men into monsters. +If such Sirens sing, we poor women had need stop our ears, lest in +hearing we prove so foolish hardy as to believe them, and so perish in +trusting much and suspecting little. Saladyne, _piscator ictus sapit_, +he that hath been once poisoned and afterwards fears not to bowse[1] +of every potion, is worthy to suffer double penance. Give me leave +then to mistrust, though I do not condemn. Saladyne is now in love +with Aliena, he a gentleman of great parentage, she a shepherdess of +mean parents; he honorable and she poor? Can love consist of +contrarieties? Will the falcon perch with the kestrel[2], the lion +harbor with the wolf? Will Venus join robes and rags together, or can +there be a sympathy between a king and a beggar? Then, Saladyne, how +can I believe thee that love should unite our thoughts, when fortune +hath set such a difference between our degrees? But suppose thou +likest Aliena's beauty: men in their fancy resemble the wasp, which +scorns that flower from which she hath fetched her wax; playing like +the inhabitants of the island Tenerifa, who, when they have gathered +the sweet spices, use the trees for fuel; so men, when they have +glutted themselves with the fair of women's faces, hold them for +necessary evils, and wearied with that which they seemed so much to +love, cast away fancy as children do their rattles, and loathing that +which so deeply before they liked; especially such as take love in a +minute and have their eyes attractive, like jet, apt to entertain any +object, are as ready to let it slip again." + +[Footnote 1: drink.] + +[Footnote 2: hawk.] + +Saladyne, hearing how Aliena harped still upon one string, which was +the doubt of men's constancy, he broke off her sharp invective thus: + +"I grant, Aliena," quoth he, "many men have done amiss in proving soon +ripe and soon rotten; but particular instances infer no general +conclusions, and therefore I hope what others have faulted in shall +not prejudice my favors. I will not use sophistry to confirm my love, +for that is subtlety; nor long discourses lest my words might be +thought more than my faith: but if this will suffice, that by the +honor of a gentleman I love Aliena, and woo Aliena, not to crop the +blossoms and reject the tree, but to consummate my faithful desires in +the honorable end of marriage." + +At the word marriage Aliena stood in a maze what to answer, fearing +that if she were too coy, to drive him away with her disdain, and if +she were too courteous, to discover the heat of her desires. In a +dilemma thus what to do, at last this she said: + +"Saladyne, ever since I saw thee, I favored thee; I cannot dissemble +my desires, because I see thou dost faithfully manifest thy thoughts, +and in liking thee I love thee so far as mine honor holds fancy still +in suspense; but if I knew thee as virtuous as thy father, or as well +qualified as thy brother Rosader, the doubt should be quickly decided: +but for this time to give thee an answer, assure thyself this, I will +either marry with Saladyne, or still live a virgin." + +And with this they strained one another's hand; which Ganymede +espying, thinking he had had his mistress long enough at shrift, said: + +"What, a match or no?" + +"A match," quoth Aliena, "or else it were an ill market." + +"I am glad," quoth Ganymede. "I would Rosader were well here to make +up a mess." + +"Well remembered," quoth Saladyne; "I forgot I left my brother Rosader +alone, and therefore lest being solitary he should increase his +sorrows, I will haste me to him. May it please you, then, to command +me any service to him, I am ready to be a dutiful messenger." + +"Only at this time commend me to him," quoth Aliena, "and tell him, +though we cannot pleasure him we pray for him." + +"And forget not," quoth Ganymede, "my commendations; but say to him +that Rosalynde sheds as many tears from her heart as he drops of blood +from his wounds, for the sorrow of his misfortunes, feathering all her +thoughts with disquiet, till his welfare procure her content: say +thus, good Saladyne, and so farewell." + +He having his message, gave a courteous adieu to them both, especially +to Aliena, and so playing loath to depart, went to his brother. But +Aliena, she perplexed and yet joyful, passed away the day pleasantly, +still praising the perfection of Saladyne, not ceasing to chat of her +new love till evening drew on; and then they, folding their sheep, +went home to bed. Where we leave them and return to Phoebe. + +Phoebe, fired with the uncouth[1] flame of love, returned to her +father's house, so galled with restless passions, as now she began to +acknowledge, that as there was no flower so fresh but might be parched +with the sun, no tree so strong but might be shaken with a storm, so +there was no thought so chaste, but time armed with love could make +amorous; for she that held Diana for the goddess of her devotion, was +now fain to fly to the altar of Venus, as suppliant now with prayers, +as she was forward before with disdain. As she lay in her bed, she +called to mind the several beauties of young Ganymede; first his +locks, which being amber-hued, passeth the wreath that Phoebus puts on +to make his front glorious; his brow of ivory was like the seat where +love and majesty sits enthroned to enchain fancy; his eyes as bright +as the burnishing of the heaven, darting forth frowns with disdain and +smiles with favor, lightning such looks as would inflame desire, were +she wrapped in the circle of the frozen zone; in his cheeks the +vermilion teinture of the rose flourished upon natural alabaster, the +blush of the morn and Luna's silver show were so lively portrayed, +that the Troyan that fills out wine to Jupiter was not half so +beautiful; his face was full of pleasance, and all the rest of his +lineaments proportioned with such excellence, as Phoebe was fettered +in the sweetness of his feature. The idea of these perfections +tumbling in her mind made the poor shepherdess so perplexed, as +feeling a pleasure tempered with intolerable pains, and yet a disquiet +mixed with a content, she rather wished to die than to live in this +amorous anguish. But wishing is little worth in such extremes, and +therefore was she forced to pine in her malady, without any salve for +her sorrows. Reveal it she durst not, as daring in such matters to +make none her secretary;[2] and to conceal it, why, it doubled her +grief; for as fire suppressed grows to the greater flame, and the +current stopped to the more violent stream, so love smothered wrings +the heart with the deeper passions. + +[Footnote 1: unknown, unaccustomed.] + +[Footnote 2: confidante.] + +Perplexed thus with sundry agonies, her food began to fail, and the +disquiet of her mind began to work a distemperature of her body, that, +to be short, Phoebe fell extreme sick, and so sick as there was +almost left no recovery of health. Her father, seeing his fair Phoebe +thus distressed, sent for his friends, who sought by medicine to cure, +and by counsel to pacify, but all in vain; for although her body was +feeble through long fasting, yet she did _magis aegrotare animo quam +corpore_. Which her friends perceived and sorrowed at, but salve it +they could not. + +The news of her sickness was bruited abroad through all the forest, +which no sooner came to Montanus' ear, but he, like a madman, came to +visit Phoebe. Where sitting by her bedside he began his exordium with +so many tears and sighs, that she, perceiving the extremity of his +sorrows, began now as a lover to pity them, although Ganymede held her +from redressing them. Montanus craved to know the cause of her +sickness, tempered with secret plaints, but she answered him, as the +rest, with silence, having still the form of Ganymede in her mind, and +conjecturing how she might reveal her loves. To utter it in words she +found herself too bashful; to discourse by any friend she would not +trust any in her amours; to remain thus perplexed still and conceal +all, it was a double death. Whereupon, for her last refuge, she +resolved to write unto Ganymede, and therefore desired Montanus to +absent himself a while, but not to depart, for she would see if she +could steal a nap. He was no sooner gone out of the chamber, but +reaching to her standish,[1] she took pen and paper, and wrote a +letter to this effect: + +[Footnote 1: a stand or case for pen and ink.] + +"Phoebe to Ganymede wisheth what she wants herself. + +Fair shepherd--and therefore is Phoebe infortunate, because thou art +so fair--although hitherto mine eyes were adamants to resist love, yet +I no sooner saw thy face, but they became amorous to entertain love; +more devoted to fancy than before they were repugnant to affection, +addicted to the one by nature and drawn to the other by beauty: which, +being rare and made the more excellent by many virtues, hath so +snared the freedom of Phoebe, as she rests at thy mercy, either to be +made the most fortunate of all maidens, or the most miserable of all +women. Measure not, Ganymede, my loves by my wealth, nor my desires by +my degrees; but think my thoughts as full of faith, as thy face of +amiable favors. Then, as thou knowest thyself most beautiful, suppose +me most constant. If thou deemest me hard-hearted because I hated +Montanus, think I was forced to it by fate; if thou sayest I am +kind-hearted because so lightly I love thee at the first look, think I +was driven to it by destiny, whose influence, as it is mighty, so is +it not to be resisted. If my fortunes were anything but infortunate +love, I would strive with fortune: but he that wrests[1] against the +will of Venus, seeks to quench fire with oil, and to thrust out one +thorn by putting in another. If then, Ganymede, love enters at the +eye, harbors in the heart, and will neither be driven out with physic +nor reason, pity me, as one whose malady hath no salve but from thy +sweet self, whose grief hath no ease but through thy grant; and think +I am a virgin who is deeply wronged when I am forced to woo, and +conjecture love to be strong, that is more forcible than nature. Thus +distressed unless by thee eased, I expect either to live fortunate by +thy favor, or die miserable by thy denial. Living in hope. Farewell. + +She that must be thine, + or not be at all, + Phoebe." + +[Footnote 1: wrestles.] + +To this letter she annexed this sonnet: + +_Sonetto_ + + My boat doth pass the straits + of seas incensed with fire, + Filled with forgetfulness; + amidst the winter's night, + A blind and careless boy, + brought up by fond desire, + Doth guide me in the sea + of sorrow and despite. + + For every oar he sets + a rank of foolish thoughts, + And cuts, instead of wave, + a hope without distress; + The winds of my deep sighs, + that thunder still for noughts, + Have split my sails with fear, + with care and heaviness. + + A mighty storm of tears, + a black and hideous cloud, + A thousand fierce disdains + do slack the halyards oft; + Till ignorance do pull, + and error hale the shrouds, + No star for safety shines, + no Phoebe from aloft. + + Time hath subdued art, + and joy is slave to woe: + Alas, Love's guide, be kind! + what, shall I perish so? + +This letter and the sonnet being ended, she could find no fit +messenger to send it by, and therefore she called in Montanus, and +entreated him to carry it to Ganymede. Although poor Montanus saw day +at a little hole, and did perceive what passion pinched her, yet, that +he might seem dutiful to his mistress in all service, he dissembled +the matter, and became a willing messenger of his own martyrdom. And +so, taking the letter, went the next morn very early to the plains +where Aliena fed her flocks, and there he found Ganymede, sitting +under a pomegranate tree, sorrowing for the hard fortunes of her +Rosader. Montanus saluted him, and according to his charge delivered +Ganymede the letters, which, he said, came from Phoebe. At this the +wanton blushed, as being abashed to think what news should come from +an unknown shepherdess; but taking the letters, unripped the seals, +and read over the discourse of Phoebe's fancies. When she had read and +over-read them Ganymede began to smile, and looking on Montanus, fell +into a great laughter, and with that called Aliena, to whom she showed +the writings. Who, having perused them, conceited them very +pleasantly, and smiled to see how love had yoked her, who before would +not stoop to the lure; Aliena whispering Ganymede in the ear, and +saying, "Knew Phoebe what want there were in thee to perform her will, +and how unfit thy kind is to be kind to her, she would be more wise, +and less enamored; but leaving that, I pray thee let us sport with +this swain." At that word Ganymede, turning to Montanus, began to +glance at him[1] thus: + +[Footnote 1: tease.] + +"I pray thee, tell me, shepherd, by those sweet thoughts and pleasing +sighs that grow from my mistress' favors, art thou in love with +Phoebe?" + +"Oh, my youth," quoth Montanus, "were Phoebe so far in love with me, +my flocks would be more fat and their master more quiet; for through +the sorrows of my discontent grows the leanness of my sheep." + +"Alas, poor swain," quoth Ganymede, "are thy passions so extreme or +thy fancy so resolute, that no reason will blemish the pride of thy +affection, and rase out that which thou strivest for without hope?" + +"Nothing can make me forget Phoebe, while Montanus forget himself; for +those characters which true love hath stamped, neither the envy of +time nor fortune can wipe away." + +"Why but, Montanus," quoth Ganymede, "enter with a deep insight into +the despair of thy fancies, and thou shalt see the depth of thine own +follies; for, poor man, thy progress in love is a regress to loss, +swimming against the stream with the crab, and flying with Apis Indica +against wind and weather. Thou seekest with Phoebus to win Daphne, and +she flies faster than thou canst follow: thy desires soar with the +hobby,[1] but her disdain reacheth higher than thou canst make wing. I +tell thee, Montanus, in courting Phoebe, thou barkest with the wolves +of Syria against the moon, and rovest at such a mark, with thy +thoughts, as is beyond the pitch[2] of thy bow, praying to Love, when +Love is pitiless, and thy malady remediless. For proof, Montanus, read +these letters, wherein thou shalt see thy great follies and little +hope." + +[Footnote 1: falcon.] + +[Footnote 2: range.] + +With that Montanus took them and perused them, but with such sorrow in +his looks, as they betrayed a source of confused passions in his +heart; at every line his color changed, and every sentence was ended +with a period of sighs. + +At last, noting Phoebe's extreme desire toward Ganymede and her +disdain towards him, giving Ganymede the letter, the shepherd stood as +though he had neither won nor lost. Which Ganymede perceiving wakened +him out of his dream thus: + +"Now, Montanus, dost thou see thou vowest great service and obtainest +but little reward; but in lieu of thy loyalty, she maketh thee, as +Bellerophon, carry thine own bane. Then drink not willingly of that +potion wherein thou knowest is poison; creep not to her that cares not +for thee. What, Montanus, there are many as fair as Phoebe, but most +of all more courteous than Phoebe. I tell thee, shepherd, favor is +love's fuel; then since thou canst not get that, let the flame vanish +into smoke, and rather sorrow for a while than repent thee for ever." + +"I tell thee, Ganymede," quoth Montanus, "as they which are stung with +the scorpion, cannot be recovered but by the scorpion, nor he that was +wounded with Achilles' lance be cured but with the same truncheon,[1] +so Apollo was fain to cry out that love was only eased with love, and +fancy healed by no medicine but favor. Phoebus had herbs to heal all +hurts but this passion; Circes had charms for all chances but for +affection, and Mercury subtle reasons to refel all griefs but love. +Persuasions are bootless, reason lends no remedy, counsel no comfort, +to such whom fancy hath made resolute; and therefore though Phoebe +loves Ganymede, yet Montanus must honor none but Phoebe." + +[Footnote 1: spear.] + +"Then," quoth Ganymede, "may I rightly term thee a despairing lover, +that livest without joy, and lovest without hope: but what shall I do, +Montanus, to pleasure thee? Shall I despise Phoebe, as she disdains +thee?" + +"Oh," quoth Montanus, "that were to renew my griefs, and double my +sorrows; for the sight of her discontent were the censure[1] of my +death. Alas, Ganymede! though I perish in my thoughts, let not her die +in her desires. Of all passions, love is most impatient: then let not +so fair a creature as Phoebe sink under the burden of so deep a +distress. Being lovesick, she is proved heartsick, and all for the +beauty of Ganymede. Thy proportion hath entangled her affection, and +she is snared in the beauty of thy excellence. Then, sith she loves +thee so dear, mislike not her deadly. Be thou paramour to such a +paragon: she hath beauty to content thine eye, and flocks to enrich +thy store. Thou canst not wish for more than thou shalt win by her; +for she is beautiful, virtuous and wealthy, three deep persuasions to +make love frolic." + +[Footnote 1: sentence.] + +Aliena seeing Montanus cut it against the hair, and plead that +Ganymede ought to love Phoebe, when his only life was the love of +Phoebe, answered him thus: + +"Why, Montanus, dost thou further this motion, seeing if Ganymede +marry Phoebe thy market is clean marred?" + +"Ah, mistress," quoth he, "so hath love taught me to honor Phoebe, +that I would prejudice my life to pleasure her, and die in despair +rather than she should perish for want. It shall suffice me to see her +contented, and to feed mine eye on her favor. If she marry, though it +be my martyrdom, yet if she be pleased I will brook it with patience, +and triumph in mine own stars to see her desires satisfied. Therefore, +if Ganymede be as courteous as he is beautiful, let him show his +virtues in redressing Phoebe's miseries." And this Montanus pronounced +with such an assured countenance, that it amazed both Aliena and +Ganymede to see the resolution of his loves; so that they pitied his +passions and commended his patience, devising how they might by any +subtlety get Montanus the favor of Phoebe. Straight (as women's heads +are full of wiles) Ganymede had a fetch[1] to force Phoebe to fancy +the shepherd, malgrado[2] the resolution of her mind: he prosecuted +his policy thus: + +[Footnote 1: device.] + +[Footnote 2: in spite of.] + +"Montanus," quoth he, "seeing Phoebe is so forlorn, lest I might be +counted unkind in not salving so fair a creature, I will go with thee +to Phoebe, and there hear herself in word utter that which she hath +discoursed with her pen; and then, as love wills me, I will set down +my censure.[1] I will home by our house, and send Corydon to accompany +Aliena." + +[Footnote 1: decision.] + +Montanus seemed glad of this determination and away they go towards +the house of Phoebe. + +When they drew nigh to the cottage, Montanus ran before, and went in +and told Phoebe that Ganymede was at the door. This word "Ganymede," +sounding in the ears of Phoebe, drave her into such an ecstasy for +joy, that rising up in her bed, she was half revived, and her wan +color began to wax red; and with that came Ganymede in, who saluted +Phoebe with such a courteous look, that it was half a salve to her +sorrows. Sitting him down by her bedside, he questioned about her +disease, and where the pain chiefly held her? Phoebe looking as lovely +as Venus in her night-gear, tainting her face with as ruddy a blush +as Clytia did when she bewrayed her loves to Phoebus, taking Ganymede +by the hand began thus: + +"Fair shepherd, if love were not more strong than nature, or fancy the +sharpest extreme, my immodesty were the more, and my virtues the less; +for nature hath framed women's eyes bashful, their hearts full of +fear, and their tongues full of silence; but love, that imperious +love, where his power is predominant, then he perverts all, and +wresteth the wealth of nature to his own will: an instance in myself, +fair Ganymede, for such a fire hath he kindled in my thoughts, that to +find ease for the flame, I was forced to pass the bounds of modesty, +and seek a salve at thy hands for my harms. Blame me not if I be +overbold for it is thy beauty, and if I be too forward it is fancy, +and the deep insight into thy virtues that makes me thus fond. For let +me say in a word what may be contained in a volume, Phoebe loves +Ganymede." + +At this she held down her head and wept, and Ganymede rose as one that +would suffer no fish to hang on his fingers, made this reply: + +"Water not thy plants, Phoebe, for I do pity thy plaints, nor seek not +to discover thy loves in tears, for I conjecture thy truth by thy +passions: sorrow is no salve for loves, nor sighs no remedy for +affection. Therefore frolic, Phoebe; for if Ganymede can cure thee, +doubt not of recovery. Yet this let me say without offence, that it +grieves me to thwart Montanus in his fancies, seeing his desires have +been so resolute, and his thoughts so loyal. But thou allegest that +thou art forced from him by fate: so I tell thee, Phoebe, either some +star or else some destiny fits my mind, rather with Adonis to die in +chase than be counted a wanton in Venus' knee. Although I pity thy +martyrdom, yet I can grant no marriage; for though I held thee fair, +yet mine eye is not fettered: love grows not, like the herb Spattana, +to his perfection in one night, but creeps with the snail, and yet at +last attains to the top. _Festina lente_, especially in love, for +momentary fancies are oft-times the fruits of follies. If, Phoebe, I +should like thee as the Hyperborei do their dates, which banquet with +them in the morning and throw them away at night, my folly should be +great, and thy repentance more. Therefore I will have time to turn my +thoughts, and my loves shall grow up as the watercresses, slowly, but +with a deep root. Thus, Phoebe, thou mayest see I disdain not, though +I desire not; remaining indifferent till time and love makes me +resolute. Therefore, Phoebe, seek not to suppress affection, and with +the love of Montanus quench the remembrance of Ganymede; strive thou +to hate me as I seek to like of thee, and ever have the duties of +Montanus in thy mind, for I promise thee thou mayest have one more +wealthy, but not more loyal." These words were corrosives to the +perplexed Phoebe, but sobbing out sighs, and straining out tears, she +blubbered out these words: + +"And shall I then have no salve of Ganymede but suspense, no hope but +a doubtful hazard, no comfort, but be posted off to the will of time? +Justly have the gods balanced my fortunes, who, being cruel to +Montanus, found Ganymede as unkind to myself; so in forcing him perish +for love, I shall die myself with overmuch love." + +"I am glad," quoth Ganymede, "you look into your own faults, and see +where your shoe wrings you, measuring now the pains of Montanus by +your own passions." + +"Truth," quoth Phoebe, "and so deeply I repent me of my frowardness +toward the shepherd, that could I cease to love Ganymede, I would +resolve to like Montanus." + +"What, if I can with reason persuade Phoebe to mislike of Ganymede, +will she then favor Montanus?" + +"When reason," quoth she, "doth quench that love I owe to thee, then +will I fancy him; conditionally, that if my love can be suppressed +with no reason, as being without reason Ganymede will only wed himself +to Phoebe." + +"I grant it, fair shepherdess," quoth he; "and to feed thee with the +sweetness of hope, this resolve on: I will never marry myself to woman +but unto thyself." + +And with that Ganymede gave Phoebe a fruitless kiss, and such words of +comfort, that before Ganymede departed she arose out of her bed, and +made him and Montanus such cheer, as could be found in such a country +cottage; Ganymede in the midst of their banquet rehearsing the +promises of either in Montanus' favor, which highly pleased the +shepherd. Thus, all three content, and soothed up in hope, Ganymede +took his leave of his Phoebe and departed, leaving her a contented +woman, and Montanus highly pleased. But poor Ganymede, who had her +thoughts on her Rosader, when she called to remembrance his wounds, +filled her eyes full of tears, and her heart full of sorrows, plodded +to find Aliena at the folds, thinking with her presence to drive away +her passions. As she came on the plains she might espy where Rosader +and Saladyne sate with Aliena under the shade; which sight was a salve +to her grief, and such a cordial unto her heart, that she tripped +alongst the lawns full of joy. + +At last Corydon, who was with them, spied Ganymede, and with that the +clown rose, and, running to meet him, cried: + +"O sirrah, a match, a match! our mistress shall be married on Sunday." + +Thus the poor peasant frolicked it before Ganymede, who coming to the +crew saluted them all, and especially Rosader, saying that he was glad +to see him so well recovered of his wounds. + +"I had not gone abroad so soon," quoth Rosader, "but that I am bidden +to a marriage, which, on Sunday next, must be solemnized between my +brother and Aliena. I see well where love leads delay is loathsome, +and that small wooing serves where both the parties are willing." + +"Truth," quoth Ganymede; "but a happy day should it be, if Rosader +that day might be married to Rosalynde." + +"Ah, good Ganymede," quoth he, "by naming Rosalynde, renew not my +sorrows; for the thought of her perfections is the thrall of my +miseries." + +"Tush, be of good cheer, man," quoth Ganymede: "I have a friend that +is deeply experienced in negromancy and magic; what art can do shall +be acted for thine advantage: I will cause him to bring in Rosalynde, +if either France or any bordering nation harbor her; and upon that +take the faith of a young shepherd." + +Aliena smiled to see how Rosader frowned, thinking that Ganymede had +jested with him. But, breaking off from those matters, the page, +somewhat pleasant, began to discourse unto them what had passed +between him and Phoebe; which, as they laughed, so they wondered at, +all confessing that there is none so chaste but love will change. Thus +they passed away the day in chat, and when the sun began to set they +took their leaves and departed; Aliena providing for their marriage +day such solemn cheer and handsome robes as fitted their country +estate, and yet somewhat the better, in that Rosader had promised to +bring Gerismond thither as a guest. Ganymede, who then meant to +discover herself before her father, had made her a gown of green, and +a kirtle of the finest sendal,[1] in such sort that she seemed some +heavenly nymph harbored in country attire. + +[Footnote 1: a thin silk.] + +Saladyne was not behind in care to set out the nuptials, nor Rosader +unmindful to bid guests, who invited Gerismond and all his followers +to the feast, who willingly granted, so that there was nothing but the +day wanting to this marriage. + +In the meanwhile, Phoebe being a bidden guest made herself as gorgeous +as might be to please the eye of Ganymede; and Montanus suited +himself with the cost of many of his flocks to be gallant against the +day, for then was Ganymede to give Phoebe an answer of her loves, and +Montanus either to hear the doom of his misery, or the censure of his +happiness. But while this gear was a-brewing, Phoebe passed not one +day without visiting her Ganymede, so far was she wrapped in the +beauties of this lovely swain. Much prattle they had, and the +discourse of many passions, Phoebe wishing for the day, as she +thought, of her welfare, and Ganymede smiling to think what unexpected +events would fall out at the wedding. In these humors the week went +away, that at last Sunday came. + +No sooner did Phoebus' henchman appear in the sky, to give warning +that his master's horses should be trapped in his glorious coach, but +Corydon, in his holiday suit, marvellous seemly, in a russet jacket, +welted with the same and faced with red worsted, having a pair of blue +chamlet sleeves, bound at the wrists with four yellow laces, closed +before very richly with a dozen of pewter buttons; his hose was of +grey kersey, with a large slop[1] barred overthwart the pocket-holes +with three fair guards, stitched of either side with red thread; his +stock was of the own, sewed close to his breech, and for to beautify +his hose, he had trussed himself round with a dozen of new-threaden +points[2] of medley color: his bonnet was green, whereon stood a +copper brooch with the picture of Saint Denis; and to want nothing +that might make him amorous in his old days, he had a fair shirt-band +of fine lockram,[3] whipped over with Coventry blue of no small cost. +Thus attired, Corydon bestirred himself as chief stickler[4] in these +actions, and had strowed all the house with flowers, that it seemed +rather some of Flora's choice bowers than any country cottage. + +[Footnote 1: a smock-frock, or possibly trousers.] + +[Footnote 2: laces.] + +[Footnote 3: linen.] + +[Footnote 4: manager.] + +Thither repaired Phoebe with all the maids of the forest, to set out +the bride in the most seemliest sort that might be; but howsoever she +helped to prank out Aliena, yet her eye was still on Ganymede, who was +so neat in a suit of grey, that he seemed Endymion when he won Luna +with his looks, or Paris when he played the swain to get the beauty of +the nymph Oenone. Ganymede, like a pretty page, waited on his mistress +Aliena, and overlooked that all was in a readiness against the +bridegroom should come; who, attired in a forester's suit, came +accompanied with Gerismond and his brother Rosader early in the +morning; where arrived, they were solemnly entertained by Aliena and +the rest of the country swains; Gerismond very highly commending the +fortunate choice of Saladyne, in that he had chosen a shepherdess, +whose virtues appeared in her outward beauties, being no less fair +than seeming modest. Ganymede coming in, and seeing her father, began +to blush, nature working affects[1] by her secret effects: scarce +could she abstain from tears to see her father in so low fortunes, he +that was wont to sit in his royal palace, attended on by twelve noble +peers, now to be contented with a simple cottage, and a troop of +revelling woodmen for his train. The consideration of his fall made +Ganymede full of sorrows; yet, that she might triumph over fortune +with patience, and not any way dash that merry day with her dumps, she +smothered her melancholy with a shadow of mirth, and very reverently +welcomed the king, not according to his former degree, but to his +present estate, with such diligence as Gerismond began to commend the +page for his exquisite person and excellent qualities. + +[Footnote 1: affections.] + +As thus the king with his foresters frolicked it among the shepherds, +Corydon came in with a fair mazer[1] full of cider, and presented it +to Gerismond with such a clownish salute that he began to smile, and +took it of the old shepherd very kindly, drinking to Aliena and the +rest of her fair maids, amongst whom Phoebe was the foremost. Aliena +pledged the king, and drunk to Rosader; so the carouse went round +from him to Phoebe, &c. As they were thus drinking and ready to go to +church, came in Montanus, apparelled all in tawny, to signify that he +was forsaken; on his head he wore a garland of willow, his bottle +hanged by his side, whereon was painted despair, and on his sheep-hook +hung two sonnets, as labels of his loves and fortunes. + +[Footnote 1: mug.] + +Thus attired came Montanus in, with his face as full of grief as his +heart was of sorrows, showing in his countenance the map of +extremities. As soon as the shepherds saw him, they did him all the +honor they could, as being the flower of all the swains in Arden; for +a bonnier boy was there not seen since that wanton wag of Troy that +kept sheep in Ida. He, seeing the king, and guessing it to be +Gerismond, did him all the reverence his country courtesy could +afford; insomuch that the king, wondering at his attire, began to +question what he was. Montanus overhearing him, made this reply: + +"I am, sir," quoth he, "Love's swain, as full of inward discontents as +I seem fraught with outward follies. Mine eyes like bees delight in +sweet flowers, but sucking their full on the fair of beauty, they +carry home to the hive of my heart far more gall than honey, and for +one drop of pure dew, a ton full of deadly Aconiton. I hunt with the +fly to pursue the eagle, that flying too nigh the sun, I perish with +the sun; my thoughts are above my reach, and my desires more than my +fortunes, yet neither greater than my loves. But daring with Phaëthon, +I fall with Icarus, and seeking to pass the mean, I die for being so +mean; my night-sleeps are waking slumbers, as full of sorrows as they +be far from rest; and my days' labors are fruitless amours, staring at +a star and stumbling at a straw, leaving reason to follow after +repentance; yet every passion is a pleasure though it pinch, because +love hides his wormseed[1] in figs, his poisons in sweet potions, and +shadows prejudice with the mask of pleasure. The wisest counsellors +are my deep discontents, and I hate that which should salve my harm, +like the patient which stung with the Tarantula loathes music, and yet +the disease incurable but by melody. Thus, sir, restless I hold myself +remediless, as loving without either reward or regard, and yet loving +because there is none worthy to be loved but the mistress of my +thoughts. And that I am as full of passions as I have discoursed in my +plaints, sir, if you please, see my sonnets, and by them censure of my +sorrows." + +[Footnote 1: wormwood = bitterness.] + +These words of Montanus brought the king into a great wonder, amazed +as much at his wit as his attire, insomuch that he took the papers off +his hook, and read them to this effect: + +_Montanus' first Sonnet_ + + Alas! how wander I amidst these woods + Whereas no day-bright shine doth find access; + But where the melancholy fleeting floods, + Dark as the night, my night of woes express. + Disarmed of reason, spoiled of nature's goods, + Without redress to salve my heaviness + I walk, whilst thought, too cruel to my harms, + With endless grief my heedless judgment charms. + + My silent tongue assailed by secret fear, + My traitorous eyes imprisoned in their joy, + My fatal peace devoured in feignèd cheer, + My heart enforced to harbor in annoy, + My reason robbed of power by yielding ear, + My fond opinions slave to every toy. + O Love! thou guide in my uncertain way, + Woe to thy bow, thy fire, the cause of my decay. + + _Et florida pungunt._ + +When the king had read this sonnet he highly commended the device of +the shepherd, that could so wittily wrap his passions in a shadow, and +so covertly conceal that which bred his chiefest discontent; +affirming, that as the least shrubs have their tops, the smallest +hairs their shadows, so the meanest swains had their fancies, and in +their kind were as chary of love as a king. Whetted on with this +device, he took the second and read it: the effects were these: + +_Montanus' second Sonnet_ + + When the Dog[1] + Full of rage, + With his ireful eyes + Frowns amidst the skies, + The shepherd, to assuage + The fury of the heat, + Himself doth safely seat + By a fount + Full of fair, + Where a gentle breath, + Mounting from beneath, + Tempereth the air. + There his flocks + Drink their fill, + And with ease repose, + Whilst sweet sleep doth close + Eyes from toilsome ill. + But I burn + Without rest, + No defensive power + Shields from Phoebe's lour; + Sorrow is my best. + Gentle Love, + Lour no more; + If thou wilt invade + In the secret shade, + Labor not so sore. + I myself + And my flocks, + They their love to please, + I myself to ease, + Both leave the shady oaks; + Content to burn in fire, + Sith Love doth so desire. + + _Et florida pungunt._ + +[Footnote 1: Sirius, the dog star.] + +Gerismond, seeing the pithy vein of those sonnets, began to make +further inquiry what he was. Whereupon Rosader discoursed unto him the +love of Montanus to Phoebe, his great loyalty and her deep cruelty, +and how in revenge the gods had made the curious nymph amorous of +young Ganymede. Upon this discourse the king was desirous to see +Phoebe, who being brought before Gerismond by Rosader, shadowed the +beauty of her face with such a vermilion teinture, that the king's +eyes began to dazzle at the purity of her excellence. After Gerismond +had fed his looks awhile upon her fair, he questioned with her why she +rewarded Montanus' love with so little regard, seeing his deserts were +many, and his passions extreme. Phoebe, to make reply to the king's +demand, answered thus: + +"Love, sir, is charity in his laws, and whatsoever he sets down for +justice, be it never so unjust, the sentence cannot be reversed; +women's fancies lend favors not ever by desert, but as they are +enforced by their desires; for fancy is tied to the wings of fate, and +what the stars decree, stands for an infallible doom. I know Montanus +is wise, and women's ears are greatly delighted with wit, as hardly +escaping the charm of a pleasant tongue, as Ulysses the melody of the +Sirens. Montanus is beautiful, and women's eyes are snared in the +excellence of objects, as desirous to feed their looks with a fair +face, as the bee to suck on a sweet flower. Montanus is wealthy, and +an ounce of _give me_ persuades a woman more than a pound of _hear +me_. Danaë was won with a golden shower, when she could not be gotten +with all the entreaties of Jupiter: I tell you, sir, the string of a +woman's heart reacheth to the pulse of her hand; and let a man rub +that with gold, and 't is hard but she will prove his heart's gold. +Montanus is young, a great clause in fancy's court; Montanus is +virtuous, the richest argument that love yields; and yet knowing all +these perfections, I praise them and wonder at them, loving the +qualities, but not affecting the person, because the destinies have +set down a contrary censure. Yet Venus, to add revenge, hath given me +wine of the same grape, a sip of the same sauce, and firing me with +the like passion, hath crossed me with as ill a penance; for I am in +love with a shepherd's swain, as coy to me as I am cruel to Montanus, +as peremptory in disdain as I was perverse in desire; and that is," +quoth she, "Aliena's page, young Ganymede." + +Gerismond, desirous to prosecute the end of these passions, called in +Ganymede, who, knowing the case, came in graced with such a blush, as +beautified the crystal of his face with a ruddy brightness. The king +noting well the physnomy of Ganymede, began by his favors to call to +mind the face of his Rosalynde, and with that fetched a deep sigh. +Rosader, that was passing familiar with Gerismond, demanded of him why +he sighed so sore. + +"Because Rosader," quoth he, "the favor of Ganymede puts me in mind of +Rosalynde." + +At this word Rosader sighed so deeply, as though his heart would have +burst. + +"And what's the matter," quoth Gerismond, "that you quite me with such +a sigh?" + +"Pardon me, sir," quoth Rosader, "because I love none but Rosalynde." + +"And upon that condition," quoth Gerismond, "that Rosalynde were here, +I would this day make up a marriage betwixt her and thee." + +At this Aliena turned her head and smiled upon Ganymede, and she could +scarce keep countenance. Yet she salved all with secrecy; and +Gerismond, to drive away his dumps, questioned with Ganymede, what the +reason was he regarded not Phoebe's love, seeing she was as fair as +the wanton that brought Troy to ruin. Ganymede mildly answered: + +"If I should affect the fair Phoebe, I should offer poor Montanus +great wrong to win that from him in a moment, that he hath labored for +so many months. Yet have I promised to the beautiful shepherdess to +wed myself never to woman except unto her; but with this promise, that +if I can by reason suppress Phoebe's love towards me, she shall like +of none but of Montanus." + +"To that," quoth Phoebe, "I stand; for my love is so far beyond +reason, as will admit no persuasion of reason." + +"For justice," quoth he, "I appeal to Gerismond." + +"And to his censure will I stand," quoth Phoebe. + +"And in your victory," quoth Montanus, "stands the hazard of my +fortunes; for if Ganymede go away with conquest, Montanus is in +conceit love's monarch; if Phoebe win, then am I in effect most +miserable." + +"We will see this controversy," quoth Gerismond, "and then we will to +church. Therefore, Ganymede, let us hear your argument." + +"Nay, pardon my absence a while," quoth she, "and you shall see one in +store." + +In went Ganymede and dressed herself in woman's attire, having on a +gown of green, with kirtle of rich sendal,[1] so quaint, that she +seemed Diana triumphing in the forest; upon her head she wore a +chaplet of roses, which gave her such a grace that she looked like +Flora perked in the pride of all her flowers. Thus attired came +Rosalynde in, and presented herself at her father's feet, with her +eyes full of tears, craving his blessing, and discoursing unto him all +her fortunes, how she was banished by Torismond, and how ever since +she lived in that country disguised. + +[Footnote 1: a thin silk.] + +Gerismond, seeing his daughter, rose from his seat and fell upon her +neck, uttering the passions of his joy in watery plaints, driven into +such an ecstasy of content, that he could not utter one word. At this +sight, if Rosader was both amazed and joyful, I refer myself to the +judgment of such as have experience in love, seeing his Rosalynde +before his face whom so long and deeply he had affected. At last +Gerismond recovered his spirits, and in most fatherly terms +entertained his daughter Rosalynde, after many questions demanding of +her what had passed between her and Rosader? + +"So much, sir," quoth she, "as there wants nothing but your grace to +make up the marriage." + +"Why, then," quoth Gerismond, "Rosader take her: she is thine, and let +this day solemnize both thy brother's and thy nuptials." Rosader +beyond measure content, humbly thanked the king, and embraced his +Rosalynde, who turning to Phoebe, demanded if she had shown sufficient +reason to suppress the force of her loves. + +"Yea," quoth Phoebe, "and so great a persuasive, that if it please +you, madame, and Aliena to give us leave, Montanus and I will make +this day the third couple in marriage." + +She had no sooner spake this word, but Montanus threw away his garland +of willow, his bottle, where was painted despair, and cast his sonnets +in the fire, showing himself as frolic as Paris when he handselled[1] +his love with Helena. At this Gerismond and the rest smiled, and +concluded that Montanus and Phoebe should keep their wedding with the +two brethren. Aliena seeing Saladyne stand in a dump,[2] to wake him +from his dream began thus: + +[Footnote 1: began.] + +[Footnote 2: revery.] + +"Why how now, my Saladyne, all amort?[1] what melancholy, man, at the +day of marriage? Perchance thou art sorrowful to think on thy +brother's high fortunes, and thine own base desires to choose so mean +a shepherdess. Cheer up thy heart, man; for this day thou shalt be +married to the daughter of a king; for know, Saladyne, I am not +Aliena, but Alinda, the daughter of thy mortal enemy Torismond." + +[Footnote 1: dead.] + +At this all the company was amazed, especially Gerismond, who rising +up, took Alinda in his arms, and said to Rosalynde: "Is this that fair +Alinda famous for so many virtues, that forsook her father's court to +live with thee exiled in the country?" + +"The same," quoth Rosalynde. + +"Then," quoth Gerismond, turning to Saladyne, "jolly forester be +frolic, for thy fortunes are great, and thy desires excellent; thou +hast got a princess as famous for her perfection, as exceeding in +proportion." + +"And she hath with her beauty won," quoth Saladyne, "an humble +servant, as full of faith as she of amiable favor." + +While every one was amazed with these comical events, Corydon came +skipping in, and told them that the priest was at church, and tarried +for their coming. With that Gerismond led the way, and the rest +followed; where to the admiration of all the country swains in Arden +their marriages were solemnly solemnized. As soon as the priest had +finished, home they went with Alinda, where Corydon had made all +things in readiness. Dinner was provided, and the tables being spread, +and the brides set down by Gerismond, Rosader, Saladyne, and Montanus +that day were servitors; homely cheer they had, such as their country +could afford, but to mend their fare they had mickle good chat, and +many discourses of their loves and fortunes. About mid-dinner, to make +them merry, Corydon came in with an old crowd,[1] and played them a +fit of mirth, to which he sung this pleasant song: + +[Footnote 1: an old-fashioned violin with six strings.] + +_Corydon's Song_ + + A blithe and bonny country lass, + heigh ho, the bonny lass! + Sate sighing on the tender grass + and weeping said, will none come woo her. + + A smicker[1] boy, a lither swain, + heigh ho, a smicker swain! + That in his love was wanton fain, + with smiling looks straight came unto her. + + Whenas the wanton wench espied, + heigh ho, when she espied! + The means to make herself a bride, + she simpered smooth like Bonnybell: + The swain, that saw her squint-eyed kind, + heigh ho, squint-eyed kind! + His arms about her body twined, + and: "Fair lass, how fare ye, well?" + + The country kit said: "Well, forsooth, + heigh ho, well forsooth! + But that I have a longing tooth, + a longing tooth that makes me cry." + "Alas!" said he, "what gars[2] thy grief? + heigh ho, what gars thy grief?" + "A wound," quoth she, "without relief, + I fear a maid that I shall die." + "If that be all," the shepherd said, + heigh ho, the shepherd said! + "Ile make thee wive it gentle maid, + and so recure thy malady." + + Hereon they kissed with many an oath, + heigh ho, with many an oath! + And fore God Pan did plight their troth, + and to the church they hied them fast. + And God send every pretty peat,[3] + heigh ho, the pretty peat! + That fears to die of this conceit, + so kind a friend to help at last. + +[Footnote 1: amorous, wanton.] + +[Footnote 2: occasions.] + +[Footnote 3: pet.] + +Corydon having thus made them merry, as they were in the midst of +their jollity, word was brought in to Saladyne and Rosader that a +brother of theirs, one Fernandyne, was arrived, and desired to speak +with them. Gerismond overhearing this news, demanded who it was. + +"It is, sir," quoth Rosader, "our middle brother, that lives a scholar +in Paris; but what fortune hath driven him to seek us out I know not." + +With that Saladyne went and met his brother, whom he welcomed with all +courtesy, and Rosader gave him no less friendly entertainment; brought +he was by his two brothers into the parlor where they all sate at +dinner. Fernandyne, as one that knew as many manners as he could[1] +points of sophistry, and was as well brought up as well lettered, +saluted them all. But when he espied Gerismond, kneeling on his knee +he did him what reverence belonged to his estate, and with that burst +forth into these speeches: + +[Footnote 1: knew.] + +"Although, right mighty prince, this day of my brother's marriage be a +day of mirth, yet time craves another course; and therefore from +dainty cates rise to sharp weapons. And you, the sons of Sir John of +Bordeaux, leave off your amours and fall to arms; change your loves +into lances, and now this day show yourselves as valiant as hitherto +you have been passionate. For know, Gerismond, that hard by at the +edge of this forest the twelve peers of France are up in arms to +recover thy right; and Torismond, trooped with a crew of desperate +runagates,[1] is ready to bid them battle. The armies are ready to +join; therefore show thyself in the field to encourage thy subjects; +and you, Saladyne and Rosader, mount you, and show yourselves as hardy +soldiers as you have been hearty lovers; so shall you, for the benefit +of your country, discover the idea of your father's virtues to be +stamped in your thoughts, and prove children worthy of so honorable a +parent." + +[Footnote 1: vagabonds, renegades.] + +At this alarm, given him by Fernandyne, Gerismond leaped from the +board, and Saladyne and Rosader betook themselves to their weapons. + +"Nay," quoth Gerismond, "go with me; I have horse and armor for us +all, and then, being well mounted, let us show that we carry revenge +and honor at our falchions' points." + +Thus they leave the brides full of sorrow, especially Alinda, who +desired Gerismond to be good to her father. He, not returning a word +because his haste was great, hied him home to his lodge, where he +delivered Saladyne and Rosader horse and armor, and himself armed +royally led the way; not having ridden two leagues before they +discovered where in a valley both the battles were joined. Gerismond +seeing the wing wherein the peers fought, thrust in there, and cried +"Saint Denis!" Gerismond laying on such load upon his enemies, that he +showed how highly he did estimate of a crown. When the peers perceived +that their lawful king was there, they grew more eager; and Saladyne +and Rosader so behaved themselves, that none durst stand in their way, +nor abide the fury of their weapons. To be short, the peers were +conquerors, Torismond's army put to flight, and himself slain in +battle. The peers then gathered themselves together, and saluted their +king, conducted him royally into Paris, where he was received with +great joy of all the citizens. As soon as all was quiet and he had +received again the crown, he sent for Alinda and Rosalynde to the +court, Alinda being very passionate for the death of her father, yet +brooking it with the more patience, in that she was contented with the +welfare of her Saladyne. + +Well, as soon as they were come to Paris, Gerismond made a royal feast +for the peers and lords of his land, which continued thirty days, in +which time summoning a parliament, by the consent of his nobles he +created Rosader heir apparent to the kingdom; he restored Saladyne to +all his father's land and gave him the Dukedom of Nameurs; he made +Fernandyne principal secretary to himself; and that fortune might +every way seem frolic, he made Montanus lord over all the forest of +Arden, Adam Spencer Captain of the King's Guard, and Corydon master of +Alinda's flocks. + + * * * * * + +Here, gentlemen, may you see in Euphues' Golden Legacy, that such as +neglect their fathers' precepts, incur much prejudice; that division +in nature, as it is a blemish in nurture, so 'tis a breach of good +fortunes; that virtue is not measured by birth but by action; that +younger brethren, though inferior in years, yet may be superior to +honors; that concord is the sweetest conclusion, and amity betwixt +brothers more forceable than fortune. If you gather any fruits by this +Legacy, speak well of Euphues for writing it, and me for fetching it. +If you grace me with that favor, you encourage me to be more forward; +and as soon as I have overlooked my labors, expect the Sailor's +Calendar. + +T. LODGE. + + +FINIS + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Rosalynde, by Thomas Lodge + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROSALYNDE *** + +***** This file should be named 17181-8.txt or 17181-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/7/1/8/17181/ + +Produced by Malcolm Farmer, Linda Cantoni, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Rosalynde + or, Euphues' Golden Legacy + +Author: Thomas Lodge + +Editor: Edward Chauncey Baldwin + +Release Date: November 29, 2005 [EBook #17181] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROSALYNDE *** + + + + +Produced by Malcolm Farmer, Linda Cantoni, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + +ROSALYNDE OR, EUPHUES' GOLDEN LEGACY + +BY + +THOMAS LODGE + +EDITED + +WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES + +BY + +EDWARD CHAUNCEY BALDWIN, Ph.D. + +PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH LITERATURE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS + + +STANDARD +ENGLISH +CLASSICS + +GINN AND COMPANY + +BOSTON * NEW YORK * CHICAGO * LONDON +ATLANTA * DALLAS * COLUMBUS * SAN FRANCISCO + + +COPYRIGHT, 1910, BY + +EDWARD CHAUNCEY BALDWIN + +ALL RIGHTS RESERVED + +PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA + + +The Athenaeum Press + +GINN AND COMPANY * PROPRIETORS * BOSTON * U.S.A. + + + + +PREFACE + + +This edition of Lodge's "Rosalynde" has grown out of a need felt by +the editor for an example of Elizabethan prose suitable for use in a +general survey course in English, designed for college freshmen. +"Rosalynde," of all the books that were considered, seemed on the +whole best to fulfill the desired conditions. As a pastoral romance it +belongs to a class of books which, if not peculiar to the Elizabethan +age, is at least thoroughly representative of it. Moreover, the story +is entirely unobjectionable, nothing being found in it that could +offend any reader. The "Rosalynde," being one of the shortest of the +prose romances, is not open to the objections that might be urged +against the more famous, but also more discursive, "Arcadia" of +Sidney. Its close relations with Shakespeare's "As You Like It," which +is also read in the course, and its added interest as one of the +precursors of the modern novel, additionally recommend it. Finally, +its coherent plot, its freedom from digressions, and its happy ending, +make it seem likely to interest students, in spite of the +conventionality of the pastoral form. + +The annotation has been confined to giving the meanings of obsolete or +unusual words. There are many mythological allusions that call for +explanation; but this, it is thought, any good dictionary of mythology +will supply. The list of questions is not of course exhaustive, and is +intended to be merely suggestive of the kind of study the college +student in an introductory course in English might well be fitted to +undertake. The text is that of the Hunterian Club edition of Lodge's +"Works." This reprint is of the first edition, that of 1590, except +that (since the only known copy of the first edition of "Rosalynde" is +imperfect) a few pages (121-127 of this edition) were reprinted from +the second edition of 1592. The spelling and punctuation have to some +extent been modernized--the latter having been altered only where +changes serve to make the author's meaning more obvious. + +The editor acknowledges his indebtedness to the scholarly edition of +Lodge's "Rosalynde" by W.W. Greg (London and New York, 1907), +particularly to the glossarial index, which has supplied the meanings +of some words about which the editor was in considerable doubt. Thanks +are due, also, to my colleague Mr. Arthur Tietje for his helpful +suggestions in preparing the list of questions. + +E.C.B. + +URBANA, ILLINOIS + + + + +CONTENTS + + Page + +INTRODUCTION vii + + Birth and Education; Early Work; Later Work and Death; + Source of "Rosalynde": "The Tale of Gamelyn"; Form: A + Pastoral Romance; Spanish Influence; Style: Euphuistic; One + of the Last Examples of Euphuism; The Charm of the Book; + Lodge's Skill as a Story-teller; The Lyrical Interludes; + Historical Significance; Shakespeare's Dramatization of + "Rosalynde." + +BIBLIOGRAPHY xxi + +THE PUBLISHED WORKS OF THOMAS LODGE xxii + +AUTHOR'S PREFACE xxv + +AUTHOR'S DEDICATION xxvii + +TEXT 1 + +QUESTIONS 131 + +[Transcriber's Note: The Questions section has been omitted +from this e-book.] + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +_Birth and Education._ Of the life of Thomas Lodge comparatively +little is definitely known. Yet, though even the year of his birth is +uncertain, we are able from the meager facts that have come down to us +to see that his life was typically Elizabethan. Like Sidney and like +Raleigh, Lodge lived a varied and active life. He was born in either +1557 or 1558 of a rather prominent middle-class London family, both +his father and his mother's father having been lord mayors of the +city. He was sent to Merchant Taylors' School and afterwards to +Trinity College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1577. Of his career at +the university we know almost nothing except that among his fellow +students were John Lyly, destined to exert a powerful influence upon +his style, and George Peele, later to become a dramatist of note, to +whom Lodge may to some extent have owed his subsequent interest in the +drama. + +_Early Work._ After leaving Oxford, Lodge returned to London and +entered the Society of Lincoln's Inn, in other words took up the study +of the law. Legal studies seem not to have absorbed his attention to +the total exclusion of literary work. The occasion of his first +publication was the death of his mother in 1579. In that year appeared +the "Epitaph of the Lady Anne Lodge." This is not extant, but his +reply to Stephen Gosson's "School of Abuse" has survived. Gosson's +book had been a furious attack upon the contemporary drama. Lodge's +reply was a fair sample of the literary billingsgate of that +controversial age and deserves the oblivion into which it promptly +sank. His next publication was his "Alarum against Usurers" (1584), a +book belonging to a class of tracts popular in that day in which the +characters and customs of the underworld of London were exposed to +popular execration. The impulse to engage in this journalistic kind of +work Lodge may have owed to Robert Greene, the dramatist, with whom he +at this time became intimate, and whose popular books on cony-catching +the "Alarum," in its spirit and purpose, closely resembles. Greene +certainly furnished some of the inspiration for the dramatic attempts +that followed. Lodge's play, "The Wounds of Civil War," though not +printed till 1594, may have been acted in 1587. We know that he +collaborated with Greene in "A Looking Glass for London and England," +produced in 1592. + +_Later Work and Death._ It is not, however, as a dramatist that Lodge +is remembered, but as a writer of pastoral romance. Here the +discursive and idyllic quality of his genius, both in verse and prose, +was to find complete and unhampered expression. Of the pastoral +romances that Lodge produced during the next decade "Rosalynde" is by +far the most important. The author wrote it, he tells us, while he was +on a freebooting expedition to the Azores and the Canaries, "when +every line was wet with a surge, and every humorous passion +counterchecked with a storm." The immediate success of "Rosalynde" +encouraged Lodge to continue the writing of romances. The best known +of those that followed, and one of the prettiest of his stories, is "A +Margarite [i.e. pearl] of America." This was written while Lodge was +engaged in another patriotic raid under Captain Cavendish against the +Spanish colonies of South America. The romance is in no sense +American, and owes its title solely to the fact that it was written, +or, as Lodge claims, translated from the Spanish, while Lodge's ship +was cruising off the coast of Patagonia. Lodge certainly knew Spanish; +and during the month that the expedition lingered at Santos in Brazil, +he spent much of his time in the library of the Jesuit College. +Possibly this was the beginning of his leaning toward Catholicism. At +all events, he later became a Roman Catholic and wrote in support of +that faith at a time when to be other than a Protestant in England was +extremely dangerous. Sometime previous to 1600 he took a degree of +doctor of medicine at Avignon and wrote among other medical treatises +one on the plague. Of this disease, it is said, he died in 1625. + +_Source of "Rosalynde": "The Tale of Gamelyn."_ Lodge did not invent +the plot of "Rosalynde." The story is based upon "The Tale of +Gamelyn." This is a narrative in rough ballad form, written in the +fourteenth century and formerly attributed to Chaucer. Indeed all the +copies of it that have been preserved occur in the manuscripts of the +"Canterbury Tales" under the title "The Coke's Tale of Gamelyn." From +the "Tale" Lodge borrowed and adapted the account of the death of old +Sir John of Bordeaux, the subsequent quarrel of his sons, the plot of +the elder against the younger by which the latter was to be killed in +a wrestling bout, the wrestling itself, the flight of the younger +accompanied by the faithful Adam to the Forest of Arden, and their +falling in with a band of outlaws feasting. Yet from the "Tale" Lodge +took hardly more than a suggestion. All the love story was his own. +Original also, so far as we know,[1] was the story of the two kings, +and the pastoral element--for "Rosalynde" is a pastoral romance. + +[Footnote 1: It has been conjectured that Lodge drew upon some Italian +novel for the material that he did not find in "The Tale of Gamelyn." +There seems, however, no ground for denying to Lodge credit for some +originality; for the novel, if it ever existed, has been lost.] + +_Form: A Pastoral Romance._ As a pastoral romance it belongs to the +class of books of which Sidney's' "Arcadia" is the most famous +representative in English. The "Arcadia" was published in 1590--the +same year as "Rosalynde"--though it had been written some ten years +earlier. The literary genus to which they belong is a very old one. +The prose pastoral romance, that kind of prose romance which +professes to delineate the scenery, sentiments, and incidents of +shepherd life,[1] is, like most other literary forms, Greek in origin. +It goes back at least to the "Daphnis and Chloe" of Longus, the +Byzantine romancer of the fifth century A.D. Longus represents the +romantic spirit in expiring classicism, the longing of a highly +artificial society for primitive simplicity, and the endeavor to +create a corresponding ideal. Indeed the pastoral has always been a +product of a highly artificial age. Naturally, therefore, it has +always been written by men of the city rather than by men of the +country. It is distinctly an urban product. That it was so accounts in +part for the idealized view of life that it presents. Speaking of the +pastoral, Doctor Johnson says in his ponderous way:[2] + + Our inclination to stillness and tranquillity is seldom much + lessened by long knowledge of the busy and tumultuary part + of the world. In childhood we turn our thoughts to the + country, as to the region of pleasure; we recur to it in old + age as a port of rest, and perhaps with that secondary and + adventitious gladness, which every man feels on reviewing + those places, or recollecting those occurrences, that + contributed to his youthful enjoyments, and bring him back + to the prime of life, when the world was gay with the bloom + of novelty, when mirth wantoned at his side, and hope + sparkled before him. + +[Footnote 1: Dr. Johnson defines a pastoral as "the representation of +an action or passion by its effects upon a country life." See _The +Rambler_, Nos. 36 and 37.] + +[Footnote 2: _The Rambler_, No. 36. See also Steele's essays on the +pastoral in _The Guardian_, Nos. 22, 23, 28, 30, 32. No. 22 is +particularly interesting, because in it Steele assigns three causes +for the popularity of the pastoral form,--man's love of ease, his love +of simplicity, and his love of the country. Pope's remarks on the +pastoral, which may be found in _The Guardian_, No. 40, are also worth +referring to in this connection.] + +Probably Doctor Johnson was entirely right about the perennial charm +of the pastoral and in his theory that its charm is potent in the +direct ratio to the square of the distance that separates the writer +and reader from rural life itself. It is not strange, therefore, that +in the newly awakened interest in the classics that characterized the +Renaissance, when literature was so largely a product of city +culture, the revival of the pastoral should have been one of the first +manifestations of the earlier Renaissance humanism. + +_Spanish Influence._ Even when all due credit has been given to the +charm of the pastoral romance, it still remains doubtful whether the +influence of the Greek and Latin classics alone is sufficient to +explain its vogue in the Elizabethan age. Their influence, though +undoubtedly great, was scarcely sufficient to account for the +naturalization in England of so exotic a form as the pastoral. Indeed +the pastoral never was thoroughly naturalized, remaining to the end +somewhat alien to its English surroundings. Shepherds with their oaten +pipes were never quite at home in the English climate, which is ill +suited to life in the open, to loose tunics, and bare limbs.[1] It is +doubtful whether the pastoral would have become popular in England +without the stimulus furnished by contemporary European literature. +Most influential of these contemporary influences was the "Diana +Enamorada," published about 1558, a Spanish pastoral romance written +by Jorge de Montemayor, a Portuguese by birth, a Spaniard by adoption. +Although the English translation of the "Diana" did not appear until +1598[2] it was well known to Sidney, who translated parts of it, and +imitated it in his "Arcadia" (1590), and to Greene, whose "Menaphon," +also an imitation of the "Diana," had appeared in 1589, the year +before "Rosalynde." Though it is entirely possible that Lodge may have +imitated Greene, it is probable that he, like Greene, had read the +"Diana," for it is certain that he knew Spanish,[3] as well as French +and Italian, and the "Diana" was already, it is said,[4] the most +popular book in Europe. + +[Footnote 1: Steele, speaking of the pastoral (_The Guardian_, No. +30), says, "The difference of the climate is also to be considered, +for what is proper in Arcadia, or even in Italy, might be quite absurd +in a colder country."] + +[Footnote 2: Though not published till 1598, Bartholomew Young's +translation of the "Diana" was made in 1583.] + +[Footnote 3: In the epistle To the Gentlemen Readers, prefixed to "A +Margarite of America," he tells us that he read the original of that +story "in the Library of the Jesuits in Sanctum ... in the Spanish +tongue."] + +[Footnote 4: Jusserand, "The English Novel in the Time of +Shakespeare," p. 236.] + +_Style: Euphuistic._ Nor was Lodge more original in his manner than in +his matter. His style is that of the euphuists. John Lyly's "Euphues, +or the Anatomy of Wit" (1579), and its sequel "Euphues and His +England" (1580), had set a fashion that was destined for the next two +decades to enjoy a tremendous vogue. Lyly's was the first conspicuous +example in English of the attempt to achieve an ornate and rather +fantastic style. The result became known as euphuism, and those who +employed it as euphuists. In its essential features it consists of +three distinct mannerisms: a balance of phrases, an elaborate system +of alliteration, and a profusion of similes taken from fabulous +natural history. Regarding the euphuistic use of balance, Dr. Landmann +says of Lyly's prose:[1] "We have here the most elaborate antithesis +not only of well balanced clauses, but also of words, often even of +sentences.... Even when he uses a single sentence he opposes the words +within the clause to each other." + +[Footnote 1: In "Shakspere and Euphuism," _Transactions of the New +Shakspere Society_, 1880-1882.] + +Of this balance Lodge's "Rosalynde" affords abundant illustration. +Such a succession of sentences as that on page 7, where each sentence +is composed of balanced clauses, is a striking but by no means unique +example. Usually the contrasted words begin with the same letter or +sound, as in the sentences just cited, where the alliteration appears +to be employed to emphasize the contrast. Often the alliteration +serves merely for ornament, as in the sentence: "It is she, O gentle +swain, it is she, that saint it is whom I serve, that goddess at whose +shrine I do bend all my devotions; the most fairest of all fairs, the +phoenix of all that sex, and the purity of all earthly perfection." + +The euphuistic similes were of three kinds. First, there were those +drawn from familiar natural objects, such as, "Happily she resembleth +the rose, that is sweet but full of prickles." Secondly, there are +those taken from classical history and mythology, like these: "Is she +some nymph that waits upon Diana's train, ... or is she some +shepherdess ... whose name thou shadowest in covert under the figure +of Rosalynde, as Ovid did Julia under the name of Corinna?" Thirdly, +there are those similes most characteristic of euphuism, though less +commonly found than the two kinds just mentioned, namely, those drawn +from "unnatural natural history." Such are the comparisons to "the +serpent Regius that hath scales as glorious as the sun and a breath as +infectious as aconitum is deadly," to "the hyena, most guileful when +she mourns," to "the colors of a polype which changes at the sight of +every object," and to "the Sethin leaf that never wags but with a +southeast wind." + +_One of the Last Examples of Euphuism._ When Lodge wrote "Rosalynde," +euphuism was already on the wane. Even among Lodge's contemporaries +the fashion was becoming an object of frequent ridicule. Thus Warner, +in his "Albion's England" (1589), complains in the preface, which, by +the way, is written wholly in the euphuistic manner: "Onely this error +may be thought hatching in our English, that to runne on the letter we +often runne from the matter: and being over prodigall in similes we +become less profitable in sentences and more prolixious to sense." + +By 1627 euphuism had become an obsolete fashion. In that year Drayton +wrote of Sidney that he + + did first reduce + Our tongue from Lillies writing then in use: + Talking of Stones, Stars, Plants, of Fishes, Flyes, + Playing with words and idle Similies + As th' English Apes and very Zanies be + Of everything that they doe heare and see, + So imitating his ridiculous tricks, + They spake and writ like meere lunatiques. + +"Rosalynde" marks the end of the unquestioned supremacy of euphuism as +a literary mode. It was the last book of any importance to employ the +style that Lyly had made so popular. + +_The Charm of the Book._ In spite of the conventionality inseparable +from the pastoral form, and the obvious artificiality of the style in +which it is written, "Rosalynde" is really charming. Its charm is much +like that of Watteau's landscapes. Like them, it is an idyll in court +dress, a _fete elegante_, a kind of elegant picnic. Yet, like +Watteau's pictures it is of more than merely historic interest, for it +is far more than simply a reminder of the fopperies of a vanished +time. There is in it, as in the paintings, a lightness and daintiness +of coloring, and an indescribable air of freshness that have made the +romance appeal to poets as the work of Watteau has appealed to +painters. Shakespeare felt its charm so much that he made it the basis +of the plot of "As You Like It." That it became one of his "sources" +has injured it incalculably in the popular estimation. It has become a +commonplace of criticism to declare that "Rosalynde's" chief title to +be remembered is its having furnished a hint to Shakespeare. As a +matter of fact, however, it had, to use Johnson's phrase, "enough wit +to keep it sweet," even without Shakespeare's play "to preserve it +from putrefaction." Lodge really had a pretty story to tell, and he +tells it, if not with gusto, at least with grace and with some degree +of skill. Exquisitely graceful are some of the narrative passages, +where the very words seem to possess a clear and pellucid quality like +the water of the spring that Rosalynde and Aliena found in Arden, "so +crystalline and clear, that it seemed Diana and her Dryades and +Hamadryades had that spring, as the secret of all their bathings."[1] +Such, for instance, is the account of the night and morning succeeding +the first meeting of Rosalynde and Rosader in the Forest of Arden.[2] +Graceful, too, are the descriptions of the landscapes in Arden, such +as that of the "fair valley" where Rosalynde and Aliena found Montanus +and Corydon "seeing their sheep feed, playing on their pipes many +pleasant tunes, and from music and melody falling into much amorous +chat." So charmingly graceful are these descriptions that, together +with Shakespeare, Lodge has made the Forest of Arden almost as much +the accepted home of the pastoral as Sicily and Arcadia[3] had been +hitherto. + +[Footnote 1: P. 31.] + +[Footnote 2: Pp. 58 and 60.] + +[Footnote 3: Theocritus (283-263 B.C.) localized his "Idyls" in +Sicily; Vergil (70-19 B.C.), his "Eclogues" in Arcadia.] + +_Lodge's Skill as a Story-teller._ To say that Lodge is a skillful as +well as a graceful story-teller is, of course, to make an indefensible +assertion. In the sixteenth century English fiction was still in its +infancy, and English prose was still undeveloped. Yet we do find in +Lodge certain qualities of style that show clearly an advance over the +formlessness of some of the stories that had preceded. Though the +sentence and paragraph structure is loose and amorphous, the +transitions from one subject to another are almost invariably well +made, or at least are clearly marked. Phrases such as, "But leaving +him so desirous of the journey, to Torismond"[1]; "Leaving her to her +new entertained fancies, again to Rosader"[2]; "where we leave them, +and return again to Torismond"[3]; show clearly a growing regard for +the value of clear arrangement, to which the earlier romancers had +been indifferent. In the avoidance of digressions, too, Lodge's style +is an improvement upon that of his predecessors, and even upon that of +most of his contemporaries.[4] The story moves along, if not rapidly, +at least continuously from start to finish. There is a gratifying lack +of such preposterous complications and tortuous windings as we meet +with in the plot of Greene's "Menaphon," for example, where it +sometimes seems doubtful whether the characters ever will emerge from +so mazy a labyrinth of plot, and where the reader is bewildered by the +almost complete lack of unity in the story. + +[Footnote 1: P. 12.] + +[Footnote 2: P. 17.] + +[Footnote 3: P. 50. See, also, pp. 19, 41, 51, 59, 73, 97, 104.] + +[Footnote 4: On page 72 Lodge accuses himself of digressing; but the +four lines in which he here anticipates the conclusion of the story +seem not to warrant the charge.] + +_The Lyrical Interludes._ Lodge's spirit is essentially poetical. One +feels that his way of looking at things is that of a true poet; of +one, that is, who sees beneath the shows of things. Lodge saw as +clearly as Shakespeare did that only love can untie the knot that +selfishness has tied. And not only is Lodge a poet in his outlook on +life, but also in the narrower sense of the word, for he is one of the +sweetest singers of all that band of choristers that filled the +spacious times of great Elizabeth with sounds that echo still. The +voices of some were more resonant or more impassioned; few, if any, +were sweeter. Such a song as _Rosalynde's Madrigal_, beginning, + + Love in my bosom, like a bee + Doth suck his sweet: + +is as fluent, as graceful, and as mellifluous as anything that +appeared in that marvelously productive time. Lodge's poetic +interludes impress one not only by their easy grace and sweetness, but +by their melody as well. They possess that truly lyric quality that +Burns's songs exhibit to such a marked degree. They seem to sing +themselves. It is almost impossible to read aloud the best of them, +such as, + + Like to the clear in highest sphere + Where all imperial glory shines, + Of selfsame color is her hair, + Whether unfolded or in twines: + Heigh ho, fair Rosalynde! + +without setting them unconsciously to a kind of tune, so essentially +musical are the lines. In their wonderful harmony these lyrics remind +one of Burns, but in the radiant and ethereal quality of their +phrasing they inevitably recall Shelley. Furthermore, these songs +illustrate the fact that the Elizabethan lyric had its origin in +culture, not among the people, and that the chief sources of its +inspiration were Italian and French. In a series of lyrics inserted +into the text of "A Margarite of America,"[1] Lodge avowedly imitates +the Italian poets Dolce, Pascale, and Mantelli, while in another +passage in the same book[2] he expresses his unbounded admiration for +the French poet Desportes, and his belief "that few men are able to +second the sweet conceits of Philippe Desportes." His "sweet conceits" +are imitated, we are told, in Montanus's song on page 29, and again in +_Rosader's Sonnet_, on page 62. In his borrowings Lodge merely +followed a prevalent fashion. The early English Elizabethan lyric was +wholly experimental and imitative--the product of foreign influences, +predominantly Italian and French; and in this respect Lodge's are +entirely typical. + +[Footnote 1: Hunterian Club reprint, pp. 76 ff.] + +[Footnote 2: Hunterian Club reprint, p. 79.] + +_Historical Significance._ Historically the book is interesting as one +of the predecessors of the modern novel. But we need to keep in mind +that it is really a precursor of the novel and not the thing itself. +We have no right, therefore, to demand a well-constructed plot or +skill in characterization, because these did not appear in English +fiction till a much later time. It was two centuries before the novel, +in the time of Richardson, came into being; and it would be manifestly +absurd to expect to find in "Rosalynde" an anticipation either of +Scott's dramatic skill in plot construction or of George Eliot's +clairvoyance that divines the interior play of passion. All that we +can reasonably ask is that there be a coherent story told with +imaginative skill. In this we are not disappointed. The narrative +moves rapidly, at least in the earlier part of the story; and, though +in the latter part the setting seems from a modern point of view +over-emphasized, it is so charmingly idyllic as almost, if not quite, +to justify the over-emphasis. But Lodge really gives us more than we +have a right to expect, for, as Mr. Gosse has pointed out,[1] we may +trace in the book "certain qualities which have always been +characteristic of English fiction, a vigorous ideal of conduct, a love +of strength and adventure, an almost quixotic reverence for +womanhood." + +[Footnote 1: "Seventeenth-Century Studies," p. 18.] + +_Shakespeare's Dramatization of "Rosalynde."_ When Shakespeare wrote +"As You Like It" he did precisely what so many dramatists of to-day +are blamed for doing, that is, he dramatized a well-known novel. +Lodge's "Rosalynde" was at this time (about 1598) in its third +edition, and the fact that the story was so familiar to the reading +public imposed upon Shakespeare certain restrictions which he +evidently did not feel in dealing with material that he took from +sources less well known. In the case of material drawn from foreign +sources he freely altered, omitted, or combined different stories as +suited the immediate purpose of his art. In the dramatization of +Lodge's "Rosalynde" he changed the plot comparatively little, altering +it only so far as was absolutely necessary to fit it for stage +presentation, contenting himself with shortening the time of the +action, omitting such incidents as were essentially nondramatic, and +adding only such characters as would, while making the play more +interesting, not materially change the already familiar story. + +By condensation and omission Shakespeare shortened the time of the +action, which is several months in the romance, to about ten days in +the play. This he accomplished by omitting all the preliminary +narrative of the death of Sir John of Bordeaux, and the old knight's +will; and by shortening the time that elapses in the romance between +the brother's quarrel and the wrestling, which he makes occur on +successive days. A similar shortening occurs in the matter of +Rosader's flight from home. In the play the hero, being warned by +Adam, leaves immediately after the wrestling, instead of staying to +play his part in the rowdyism at Oliver's (Saladyne's) castle. The +effect of this compression is to make the love plot more prominent. +The meeting of the two brothers in Arden is also managed somewhat +differently. Orlando is hurt in rescuing his brother from wild beasts, +instead of being wounded, as in the romance, by rescuing Aliena from a +band of robbers. The play ends differently from the romance, as befits +a comedy, the usurping duke being converted instead of being killed in +battle. + +It was, however, in the characterization that Shakespeare departed +most widely from the romance. The most obvious change was in the names +of the characters. Rosader appears as Orlando, Saladyne as Oliver, +Torismond as Duke Frederick, Gerismond as the banished Duke, Alinda as +Celia, Montanus as Silvius, and Corydon is shortened to Corin. Of much +greater significance than the changes in the names of the characters +are the additions and changes in the list of _dramatis personae_. Nine +characters are added outright--Dennis, Le Beau, Amiens, the First +Lord, Sir Oliver Martext, William, Audrey, Touchstone, and Jaques. The +latter is most noteworthy. Hazlitt calls him the only purely +contemplative character Shakespeare ever drew. From the beginning to +the end of the play he does absolutely nothing except to think and +moralize. Another critic has said, "Shakespeare designed Jaques to be +a maker of fine sentiments, a dresser forth in sweet language of the +ordinary commonplaces...." It has been suggested,[1] not without some +show of reason, that Shakespeare in adapting Lodge's romance for the +stage purposely included in the list of _dramatis personae_ a +character bearing a strong resemblance to Euphues, the pretended +author of the romance. "Like Euphues, Jaques has made false steps in +youth, which have somewhat darkened his views of life; like Euphues, +he conceals under a veil of sententious satire a real goodness of +heart, shown in his action toward Audrey and Touchstone. A traveler, +like Euphues, he has a melancholy of his own, compounded of many +simples, extracted from many objects, and is prepared, like his +prototype, to lecture his contemporaries on every theme." + +[Footnote 1: Seccombe and Allen, "The Age of Shakespeare," Vol. I, p. +119.] + +Scarcely less significant are the changes that Shakespeare made in the +characteristics of the _dramatis personae_. The motive of the elder +brother in mistreating the younger he makes envy, not avarice as in +the romance, a substitution due to his desire to unify the action by +drawing a parallel between the brothers and the dukes. The superiority +of Shakespeare's Rosalind to Lodge's delineation of the character has, +perhaps, been slightly overestimated. To describe Lodge's Rosalynde as +"a colorless being, incapable of entering into the spirit of her +part"[1] is really too severe a condemnation. Of course Lodge's +heroine does lack the exquisite charm of saucy playfulness coupled +with gentle womanliness that makes Shakespeare's Rosalind perhaps the +most popular heroine of English comedy. Yet Lodge furnished to +Shakespeare far more than a name for his heroine. In the dialogue +between Ganymede (Rosalynde) and Aliena there is a good deal of lively +banter that must have furnished more than a suggestion for the teasing +playfulness of Rosalind in the play. Such, for example, is the +conversation between the two girls upon finding a love poem "carved on +a pine tree."[2] As in the drama, Rosalynde's wit is always sharpened +by the presence of her lover. Often her tone of raillery is noticeably +similar to that of Shakespeare's heroine.[3] + +[Footnote 1: W.G. Stone, _Transactions of the New Shakspere Society_, +1880-1886, pp. 277-293.] + +[Footnote 2: P. 29. Compare the speech of Ganymede (Rosalynde) with +Rosalind's speech in "As You Like It," III, ii, 367-381.] + +[Footnote 3: Compare "Rosalynde," pp. 63-64, with "As You Like It," +IV, i, 80-93.] + +Upon a careful study of "Rosalynde" one cannot avoid the conviction +that in selecting it as the basis for "As You Like It" Shakespeare +displayed a sound judgment. Not only is it a good story of its kind, +but it lends itself readily to dramatic adaptation. In adapting it +Shakespeare made of it something quite different and incalculably more +valuable than the romance. Yet "Rosalynde" is still in its way +charming, and an appreciation of its charm may, instead of lessening +our reverence for Shakespeare's genius, really increase it by leading +us to see as he did the freshness and beauty as well as the dramatic +possibilities of the story. + + + + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + + +ANGLIA. Vol. X, pp. 235-289. + +BULLEN. Lyrics from the Dramatists of the Elizabethan Age, London, +1901. + +CHAMBERS. English Pastorals, London, 1906. + +DUNLOP. History of Prose Fiction (revised edition), London and New +York, 1888. + +GOSSE. "Seventeenth-Century Studies" (new edition), London, 1895. + +GREG. Lodge's "Rosalynde," being the Original of Shakespeare's "As You +Like It," London, 1907. + +JUSSERAND. The English Novel in the Time of Shakespeare, London and +New York, 1890. + +LANG. Idylls of Theocritus, Bion, and Moschus (Golden Treasury +Series), London, 1901. + +LODGE. Reprint of Complete Works (excepting the translations of +Seneca, Josephus, and Du Bartas), Glasgow, 1875-1882. + +MARKS. English Pastoral Drama, London, 1908. + +SAINTSBURY. Elizabethan Literature, London and New York, 1902. + +WARREN. A History of the Novel, previous to the Seventeenth Century, +New York, 1895. + + + + +THE PUBLISHED WORKS OF THOMAS LODGE ARRANGED IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER[1] + +[Footnote 1: The titles are given in abbreviated form.] + + +1580 (?) Defence of Plays + +1584 An Alarum against Usurers + +1589 Scillaes Metamorphysis (reprinted with a new title-page in 1610 + as A most pleasant Historie of Glaucus and Scilla) + +1590 Rosalynde + +1591 Robert, Second Duke of Normandy + +1591 Catharos + +1592 Euphues Shadow + +1593 Phillis + +1593 William Longbeard + +1594 The Wounds of Civill War + +1594 A Looking Glass for London (in collaboration with Greene) + +1595 A Fig for Momus + +1596 The Divel coniured + +1596 A Margarite of America + +1596 Wits miserie + +1596 Prosopopeia + +1602 Paradoxes + +1602 Works of Josephus + +1603 A Treatise of the Plague + +1614 The Workes of Seneca + +1625 A Learned Summary of Du Bartas + + + + +Rosalynde. + +Euphues golden legacie: +found after his death _in his Cell at Si_lexedra. + +_Bequeathed to Philautus sonnes_ +noursed vp with their +_father in_ England. + +Fetcht from the Canaries. + +_By T.L. Gent._ + +LONDON, + +Imprinted by _Thomas Orwin_ for T.G. and _John Busbie_. + +1590. + + + To the Right Honorable and his most esteemed Lord the Lord + of Hunsdon, Lord Chamberlain to her Majesty's Household, and + Governor of her Town of Berwick: T.L.G. wisheth increase of + all honorable virtues. + +Such Romans, right honorable, as delighted in martial exploits, +attempted their actions in the honor of Augustus, because he was a +patron of soldiers: and Vergil dignified him with his poems, as a +Maecenas of scholars; both jointly advancing his royalty, as a prince +warlike and learned. Such as sacrifice to Pallas, present her with +bays as she is wise, and with armor as she is valiant; observing +herein that excellent [Greek: to prepon], which dedicateth honors +according to the perfection of the person. When I entered, right +honorable, with a deep insight into the consideration of these +premises, seeing your Lordship to be a patron of all martial men, and +a Maecenas of such as apply themselves to study, wearing with Pallas +both the lance and the bay, and aiming with Augustus at the favor of +all, by the honorable virtues of your mind, being myself first a +student, and after falling from books to arms, even vowed in all my +thoughts dutifully to affect your Lordship. Having with Captain Clarke +made a voyage to the island of Terceras and the Canaries, to beguile +the time with labor I writ this book; rough, as hatched in the storms +of the ocean, and feathered in the surges of many perilous seas. But +as it is the work of a soldier and a scholar, I presumed to shroud it +under your Honor's patronage, as one that is the fautor and favorer of +all virtuous actions; and whose honorable loves, grown from the +general applause of the whole commonwealth for your higher deserts, +may keep it from the malice of every bitter tongue. Other reasons more +particular, right honorable, challenge in me a special affection to +your Lordship, as being a scholar with your two noble sons, Master +Edmund Carew, and Master Robert Carew, two scions worthy of so +honorable a tree, and a tree glorious in such honorable fruit, as also +being scholar in the university under that learned and virtuous +knight Sir Edward Hoby, when he was Bachelor in Arts, a man as well +lettered as well born, and, after the etymology of his name, soaring +as high as the wings of knowledge can mount him, happy every way, and +the more fortunate, as blessed in the honor of so virtuous a lady. +Thus, right honorable, the duty that I owe to the sons, chargeth me +that all my affection be placed on the father; for where the branches +are so precious, the tree of force must be most excellent. Commanded +and emboldened thus with the consideration of these forepassed +reasons, to present my book to your Lordship, I humbly entreat your +Honor will vouch of my labors, and favor a soldier's and a scholar's +pen with your gracious acceptance, who answers in affection what he +wants in eloquence; so devoted to your honor, as his only desire is, +to end his life under the favor of so martial and learned a patron. + +Resting thus in hope of your Lordship's courtesy in deigning the +patronage of my work, I cease, wishing you as many honorable fortunes +as your Lordship can desire or I imagine. + +Your Honor's soldier + humbly affectionate: + Thomas Lodge + + + + +TO THE GENTLEMEN READERS + + +Gentlemen, look not here to find any sprigs of Pallas' bay tree, nor +to hear the humor of any amorous laureate, nor the pleasing vein of +any eloquent orator: _Nolo altum sapere_, they be matters above my +capacity: the cobbler's check shall never light on my head, _Ne sutor +ultra crepidam_; I will go no further than the latchet, and then all +is well. Here you may perhaps find some leaves of Venus' myrtle, but +hewn down by a soldier with his curtal-axe, not bought with the +allurement of a filed tongue. To be brief, gentlemen, room for a +soldier and a sailor, that gives you the fruits of his labors that he +wrote in the ocean, when every line was wet with a surge, and every +humorous passion counterchecked with a storm. If you like it, so; and +yet I will be yours in duty, if you be mine in favor. But if Momus or +any squint-eyed ass, that hath mighty ears to conceive with Midas, and +yet little reason to judge; if he come aboard our bark to find fault +with the tackling, when he knows not the shrouds, I'll down into the +hold, and fetch out a rusty pole-axe, that saw no sun this seven year, +and either well baste him, or heave the coxcomb overboard to feed +cods. But courteous gentlemen, that favor most, backbite none, and +pardon what is overslipped, let such come and welcome; I'll into the +steward's room, and fetch them a can of our best beverage. Well, +gentlemen, you have Euphues' Legacy. I fetched it as far as the island +of Terceras, and therefore read it; censure with favor, and farewell + +Yours, T.L. + + + + +ROSALYNDE + + +There dwelled adjoining to the city of Bordeaux a knight of most +honorable parentage, whom fortune had graced with many favors, and +nature honored with sundry exquisite qualities, so beautified with the +excellence of both, as it was a question whether fortune or nature +were more prodigal in deciphering the riches of their bounties. Wise +he was, as holding in his head a supreme conceit of policy, reaching +with Nestor into the depth of all civil government; and to make his +wisdom more gracious, he had that _salem ingenii_ and pleasant +eloquence that was so highly commended in Ulysses: his valor was no +less than his wit, nor the stroke of his lance no less forcible than +the sweetness of his tongue was persuasive; for he was for his courage +chosen the principal of all the Knights of Malta. This hardy knight, +thus enriched with virtue and honor, surnamed Sir John of Bordeaux, +having passed the prime of his youth in sundry battles against the +Turks, at last (as the date of time hath his course) grew aged. His +hairs were silver-hued, and the map of age was figured on his +forehead: honor sat in the furrows of his face, and many years were +portrayed in his wrinkled lineaments, that all men might perceive his +glass was run, and that nature of necessity challenged her due. Sir +John, that with the Phoenix knew the term of his life was now expired, +and could, with the swan, discover his end by her songs, having three +sons by his wife Lynida, the very pride of all his forepassed years, +thought now, seeing death by constraint would compel him to leave +them, to bestow upon them such a legacy as might bewray his love, and +increase their ensuing amity. Calling, therefore, these young +gentlemen before him, in the presence of all his fellow Knights of +Malta, he resolved to leave them a memorial of all his fatherly care +in setting down a method of their brotherly duties. Having, therefore, +death in his looks to move them to pity, and tears in his eyes to +paint out the depth of his passions, taking his eldest son by the +hand, he began thus: + +SIR JOHN OF BORDEAUX' LEGACY HE GAVE TO HIS SONS + +"O my sons, you see that fate hath set a period of my years, and +destinies have determined the final end of my days: the palm tree +waxeth away-ward, for he stoopeth in his height, and my plumes are +full of sick feathers touched with age. I must to my grave that +dischargeth all cares, and leave you to the world that increaseth many +sorrows: my silver hairs containeth great experience, and in the +number of my years are penned down the subtleties of fortune. +Therefore, as I leave you some fading pelf to countercheck poverty, so +I will bequeath you infallible precepts that shall lead you unto +virtue. First, therefore, unto thee Saladyne, the eldest, and +therefore the chiefest pillar of my house, wherein should be engraven +as well the excellence of thy father's qualities, as the essential +form of his proportion, to thee I give fourteen ploughlands, with all +my manor houses and richest plate. Next, unto Fernandyne I bequeath +twelve ploughlands. But, unto Rosader, the youngest, I give my horse, +my armor, and my lance, with sixteen ploughlands; for if the inward +thoughts be discovered by outward shadows, Rosader will exceed you all +in bounty and honor. Thus, my sons, have I parted in your portions the +substance of my wealth, wherein if you be as prodigal to spend as I +have been careful to get, your friends will grieve to see you more +wasteful than I was bountiful, and your foes smile that my fall did +begin in your excess. Let mine honor be the glass of your actions, and +the fame of my virtues the lodestar to direct the course of your +pilgrimage. Aim your deeds by my honorable endeavors, and show +yourselves scions worthy of so flourishing a tree, lest, as the birds +Halcyones, which exceed in whiteness, I hatch young ones that surpass +in blackness. Climb not, my sons: aspiring pride is a vapor that +ascendeth high, but soon turneth to smoke; they which stare at the +stars stumble upon stones, and such as gaze at the sun (unless they be +eagle-eyed) fall blind. Soar not with the hobby,[1] lest you fall with +the lark, nor attempt not with Phaeton, lest you drown with Icarus. +Fortune, when she wills you to fly, tempers your plumes with wax; and +therefore either sit still and make no wing, or else beware the sun, +and hold Daedalus' axiom authentical, _medium tenere tutissimum_. Low +shrubs have deep roots, and poor cottages great patience. Fortune +looks ever upward, and envy aspireth to nestle with dignity. Take +heed, my sons, the mean is sweetest melody; where strings high +stretched, either soon crack, or quickly grow out of tune. Let your +country's care be your heart's content, and think that you are not +born for yourselves, but to level your thoughts to be loyal to your +prince, careful for the common weal, and faithful to your friends; so +shall France say, 'These men are as excellent in virtues as they be +exquisite in features.' O my sons, a friend is a precious jewel, +within whose bosom you may unload your sorrows and unfold your +secrets, and he either will relieve with counsel, or persuade with +reason: but take heed in the choice: the outward show makes not the +inward man, nor are the dimples in the face the calendars of truth. +When the liquorice leaf looketh most dry, then it is most wet: when +the shores of Lepanthus are most quiet, then they forepoint a storm. +The Baaran leaf the more fair it looks, the more infectious it is, and +in the sweetest words is oft hid the most treachery. Therefore, my +sons, choose a friend as the Hyperborei do the metals, sever them from +the ore with fire, and let them not bide the stamp before they be +current: so try and then trust, let time be touchstone of friendship, +and then friends faithful lay them up for jewels. Be valiant, my sons, +for cowardice is the enemy to honor; but not too rash, for that is an +extreme. Fortitude is the mean, and that is limited within bonds, and +prescribed with circumstance. But above all," and with that he fetched +a deep sigh, "beware of love, for it is far more perilous than +pleasant, and yet, I tell you, it allureth as ill as the Sirens. O my +sons, fancy is a fickle thing, and beauty's paintings are tricked up +with time's colors, which, being set to dry in the sun, perish with +the same. Venus is a wanton, and though her laws pretend liberty, yet +there is nothing but loss and glistering misery. Cupid's wings are +plumed with the feathers of vanity, and his arrows, where they pierce, +enforce nothing but deadly desires: a woman's eye, as it is precious +to behold, so is it prejudicial to gaze upon; for as it affordeth +delight, so it snareth unto death. Trust not their fawning favors, for +their loves are like the breath of a man upon steel, which no sooner +lighteth on but it leapeth off, and their passions are as momentary as +the colors of a polype, which changeth at the sight of every object. +My breath waxeth short, and mine eyes dim: the hour is come, and I +must away: therefore let this suffice, women are wantons, and yet men +cannot want one: and therefore, if you love, choose her that hath eyes +of adamant, that will turn only to one point; her heart of a diamond, +that will receive but one form; her tongue of a Sethin leaf, that +never wags but with a south-east wind: and yet, my sons, if she have +all these qualities, to be chaste, obedient, and silent, yet for that +she is a woman, shalt thou find in her sufficient vanities to +countervail her virtues. Oh now, my sons, even now take these my last +words as my latest legacy, for my thread is spun, and my foot is in +the grave. Keep my precepts as memorials of your father's counsels, +and let them be lodged in the secret of your hearts; for wisdom is +better than wealth, and a golden sentence worth a world of treasure. +In my fall see and mark, my sons, the folly of man, that being dust +climbeth with Biares to reach at the heavens, and ready every minute +to die, yet hopeth for an age of pleasures. Oh, man's life is like +lightning that is but a flash, and the longest date of his years but +as a bavin's[2] blaze. Seeing then man is so mortal, be careful that +thy life be virtuous, that thy death may be full of admirable honors: +so shalt thou challenge fame to be thy fautor,[3] and put oblivion to +exile with thine honorable actions. But, my sons, lest you should +forget your father's axioms, take this scroll, wherein read what your +father dying wills you to execute living." At this he shrunk down in +his bed, and gave up the ghost. + +[Footnote 1: falcon.] + +[Footnote 2: faggot's.] + +[Footnote 3: patron.] + +John of Bordeaux being thus dead was greatly lamented of his sons, and +bewailed of his friends, especially of his fellow Knights of Malta, +who attended on his funerals, which were performed with great +solemnity. His obsequies done, Saladyne caused, next his epitaph, the +contents of the scroll to be portrayed out, which were to this effect: + +_The Contents of the Schedule which Sir John of Bordeaux gave to his +Sons_ + + My sons, behold what portion I do give: + I leave you goods, but they are quickly lost; + I leave advice, to school you how to live; + I leave you wit, but won with little cost; + But keep it well, for counsel still is one, + When father, friends, and worldly goods are gone. + + In choice of thrift let honor be thy gain, + Win it by virtue and by manly might; + In doing good esteem thy toil no pain; + Protect the fatherless and widow's right: + Fight for thy faith, thy country, and thy king, + For why? this thrift will prove a blessed thing. + + In choice of wife, prefer the modest-chaste; + Lilies are fair in show, but foul in smell: + The sweetest looks by age are soon defaced; + Then choose thy wife by wit and living well. + Who brings thee wealth and many faults withal, + Presents thee honey mixed with bitter gall. + + In choice of friends, beware of light belief; + A painted tongue may shroud a subtle heart; + The Siren's tears do threaten mickle grief; + Foresee, my son, for fear of sudden smart: + Choose in thy wants, and he that friends thee then, + When richer grown, befriend thou him agen. + + Learn with the ant in summer to provide; + Drive with the bee the drone from out thy hive: + Build like the swallow in the summer tide; + Spare not too much, my son, but sparing thrive: + Be poor in folly, rich in all but sin: + So by thy death thy glory shall begin. + +Saladyne having thus set up the schedule, and hanged about his +father's hearse many passionate poems, that France might suppose him +to be passing sorrowful, he clad himself and his brothers all in +black, and in such sable suits discoursed his grief: but as the hyena +when she mourns is then most guileful, so Saladyne under this show of +grief shadowed a heart full of contented thoughts: the tiger, though +he hide his claws, will at last discover his rapine: the lion's looks +are not the maps of his meaning, nor a man's physnomy is not the +display of his secrets. Fire cannot be hid in the straw, nor the +nature of man so concealed, but at last it will have his course: +nurture and art may do much, but that _natura naturans_, which by +propagation is ingrafted in the heart, will be at last perforce +predominant according to the old verse: + + Naturam expellas furca, tamen usque recurret. + +So fared it with Saladyne, for after a month's mourning was passed, he +fell to consideration of his father's testament; how he had +bequeathed more to his younger brothers than himself, that Rosader was +his father's darling, but now under his tuition, that as yet they were +not come to years, and he being their guardian, might, if not defraud +them of their due, yet make such havoc of their legacies and lands, as +they should be a great deal the lighter: whereupon he began thus to +meditate with himself: + +SALADYNE'S MEDITATION WITH HIMSELF + +"Saladyne, how art thou disquieted in thy thoughts, and perplexed with +a world of restless passions, having thy mind troubled with the tenor +of thy father's testament, and thy heart fired with the hope of +present preferment! By the one thou art counselled to content thee +with thy fortunes, by the other persuaded to aspire to higher wealth. +Riches, Saladyne, is a great royalty, and there is no sweeter physic +than store. Avicen, like a fool, forgot in his Aphorisms to say that +gold was the most precious restorative, and that treasure was the most +excellent medicine of the mind. O Saladyne, what, were thy father's +precepts breathed into the wind? hast thou so soon forgotten his +principles? did he not warn thee from coveting without honor, and +climbing without virtue? did he not forbid thee to aim at any action +that should not be honorable? and what will be more prejudicial to thy +credit, than the careless ruin of thy brothers' welfare? why, shouldst +not thou be the pillar of thy brothers' prosperity? and wilt thou +become the subversion of their fortunes? is there any sweeter thing +than concord, or a more precious jewel than amity? are you not sons of +one father, scions of one tree, birds of one nest, and wilt thou +become so unnatural as to rob them, whom thou shouldst relieve? No, +Saladyne, entreat them with favors, and entertain them with love, so +shalt thou have thy conscience clear and thy renown excellent. Tush, +what words are these, base fool, far unfit (if thou be wise) for thy +humor? What though thy father at his death talked of many frivolous +matters, as one that doated for age and raved in his sickness; shall +his words be axioms, and his talk be so authentical, that thou wilt, +to observe them, prejudice thyself? No no, Saladyne, sick men's wills +that are parole[1] and have neither hand nor seal, are like the laws +of a city written in dust, which are broken with the blast of every +wind. What, man, thy father is dead, and he can neither help thy +fortunes, nor measure thy actions; therefore bury his words with his +carcase, and be wise for thyself. What, 'tis not so old as true, + + Non sapit, qui sibi non sapit. + +[Footnote 1: oral.] + +Thy brother is young, keep him now in awe; make him not checkmate[1] +with thyself, for + + Nimia familiaritas contemptum parit. + +[Footnote 1: equal.] + +Let him know little, so shall he not be able to execute much: suppress +his wits with a base estate, and though he be a gentleman by nature, +yet form him anew, and make him a peasant by nurture: so shalt thou +keep him as a slave, and reign thyself sole lord over all thy father's +possessions. As for Fernandyne, thy middle brother, he is a scholar +and hath no mind but on Aristotle: let him read on Galen while thou +riflest[1] with gold, and pore on his book till thou dost purchase +lands: wit is great wealth; if he have learning it is enough: and so +let all rest." + +[Footnote 1: gamble, cf. modern "raffle."] + +In this humor was Saladyne, making his brother Rosader his foot-boy, +for the space of two or three years, keeping him in such servile +subjection, as if he had been the son of any country vassal. The young +gentleman bore all with patience, till on a day, walking in the garden +by himself, he began to consider how he was the son of John of +Bordeaux, a knight renowned for many victories, and a gentleman +famosed for his virtues; how, contrary to the testament of his father, +he was not only kept from his land and entreated as a servant, but +smothered in such secret slavery, as he might not attain to any +honorable actions. + +"Ah," quoth he to himself, nature working these effectual passions, +"why should I, that am a gentleman born, pass my time in such +unnatural drudgery? were it not better either in Paris to become a +scholar, or in the court a courtier, or in the field a soldier, than +to live a foot-boy to my own brother? Nature hath lent me wit to +conceive, but my brother denied me art to contemplate: I have strength +to perform any honorable exploit, but no liberty to accomplish my +virtuous endeavors: those good parts that God hath bestowed upon me, +the envy of my brother doth smother in obscurity; the harder is my +fortune, and the more his frowardness." + +With that casting up his hand he felt hair on his face, and perceiving +his beard to bud, for choler he began to blush, and swore to himself +he would be no more subject to such slavery. As thus he was ruminating +of his melancholy passions, in came Saladyne with his men, and seeing +his brother in a brown study, and to forget his wonted reverence, +thought to shake him out of his dumps[1] thus: + +[Footnote 1: revery.] + +"Sirrah," quoth he, "what is your heart on your halfpenny,[1] or are +you saying a dirge for your father's soul? What, is my dinner ready?" + +[Footnote 1: "You have a particular object in view."--_Greg._] + +At this question Rosader, turning his head askance, and bending his +brows as if anger there had ploughed the furrows of her wrath, with +his eyes full of fire, he made this reply: + +"Dost thou ask me, Saladyne, for thy cates?[1] ask some of thy churls +who are fit for such an office: I am thine equal by nature, though not +by birth, and though thou hast more cards in the bunch,[2] I have as +many trumps in my hands as thyself. Let me question with thee, why +thou hast felled my woods, spoiled my manor houses, and made havoc of +such utensils as my father bequeathed unto me? I tell thee, Saladyne, +either answer me as a brother, or I will trouble thee as an enemy." + +[Footnote 1: food.] + +[Footnote 2: pack.] + +At this reply of Rosader's Saladyne smiled as laughing at his +presumption, and frowned as checking his folly: he therefore took him +up thus shortly: + +"What, sirrah! well I see early pricks the tree that will prove a +thorn: hath my familiar conversing with you made you coy,[1] or my +good looks drawn you to be thus contemptuous? I can quickly remedy +such a fault, and I will bend the tree while it is a wand. In faith, +sir boy, I have a snaffle for such a headstrong colt. You, sirs, lay +hold on him and bind him, and then I will give him a cooling card for +his choler." + +[Footnote 1: conceited.] + +This made Rosader half mad, that stepping to a great rake that stood +in the garden, he laid such load upon[1] his brother's men that he +hurt some of them, and made the rest of them run away. Saladyne, +seeing Rosader so resolute and with his resolution so valiant, thought +his heels his best safety, and took him to a loft adjoining to the +garden, whither Rosader pursued him hotly. Saladyne, afraid of his +brother's fury, cried out to him thus: + +[Footnote 1: beat.] + +"Rosader, be not so rash: I am thy brother and thine elder, and if I +have done thee wrong I'll make thee amends: revenge not anger in +blood, for so shalt thou stain the virtue of old Sir John of Bordeaux: +say wherein thou art discontent and thou shalt be satisfied. Brothers' +frowns ought not to be periods of wrath: what, man, look not so +sourly; I know we shall be friends, and better friends than we have +been, for, _Amantium ira amoris redintegratio est_." + +These words appeased the choler of Rosader, for he was of a mild and +courteous nature, so that he laid down his weapons, and upon the faith +of a gentleman assured his brother he would offer him no prejudice: +whereupon Saladyne came down, and after a little parley they embraced +each other and became friends; and Saladyne promising Rosader the +restitution of all his lands, "and what favor else," quoth he, "any +ways my ability or the nature of a brother may perform." Upon these +sugared reconciliations they went into the house arm in arm together, +to the great content of all the old servants of Sir John of Bordeaux. + +Thus continued the pad[1] hidden in the straw, till it chanced that +Torismond, king of France, had appointed for his pleasure a day of +wrastling and of tournament to busy his commons' heads, lest, being +idle, their thoughts should run upon more serious matters, and call to +remembrance their old banished king; a champion there was to stand +against all comers, a Norman, a man of tall stature and of great +strength; so valiant, that in many such conflicts he always bare away +the victory, not only overthrowing them which he encountered, but +often with the weight of his body killing them outright. Saladyne +hearing of this, thinking now not to let the ball fall to the ground, +but to take opportunity by the forehead, first by secret means +convented[2] with the Norman, and procured him with rich rewards to +swear that if Rosader came within his claws he should never more +return to quarrel with Saladyne for his possessions. The Norman +desirous of pelf--as _Quis nisi mentis inops oblatum respuit +aurum?_--taking great gifts for little gods, took the crowns of +Saladyne to perform the stratagem. + +[Footnote 1: toad.] + +[Footnote 2: met.] + +Having thus the champion tied to his villainous determination by oath, +he prosecuted the intent of his purpose thus. He went to young +Rosader, who in all his thoughts reached at honor, and gazed no lower +than virtue commanded him, and began to tell him of this tournament +and wrastling, how the king should be there, and all the chief peers +of France, with all the beautiful damosels of the country. + +"Now, brother," quoth he, "for the honor of Sir John of Bordeaux, our +renowmed father, to famous that house that never hath been found +without men approved in chivalry, show thy resolution to be +peremptory.[1] For myself thou knowest, though I am eldest by birth, +yet never having attempted any deeds of arms, I am youngest to perform +any martial exploits, knowing better how to survey my lands than to +charge my lance: my brother Fernandyne he is at Paris poring on a few +papers, having more insight into sophistry and principles of +philosophy, than any warlike endeavors; but thou, Rosader, the +youngest in years but the eldest in valor, art a man of strength, and +darest do what honor allows thee. Take thou my father's lance, his +sword, and his horse, and hie thee to the tournament, and either there +valiantly crack a spear, or try with the Norman for the palm of +activity." + +[Footnote 1: stedfast.] + +The words of Saladyne were but spurs to a free horse, for he had +scarce uttered them, ere Rosader took him in his arms, taking his +proffer so kindly, that he promised in what he might to requite his +courtesy. The next morrow was the day of the tournament, and Rosader +was so desirous to show his heroical thoughts that he passed the night +with little sleep; but as soon as Phoebus had vailed the curtain of +the night, and made Aurora blush with giving her the _bezo les +labres_[1] in her silver couch, he gat him up, and taking his leave of +his brother, mounted himself towards the place appointed, thinking +every mile ten leagues till he came there. + +[Footnote 1: kiss.] + +But leaving him so desirous of the journey, to Torismond, the king of +France, who having by force banished Gerismond, their lawful king, +that lived as an outlaw in the forest of Arden, sought now by all +means to keep the French busied with all sports that might breed their +content. Amongst the rest he had appointed this solemn tournament, +whereunto he in most solemn manner resorted, accompanied with the +twelve peers of France, who, rather for fear than love, graced him +with the show of their dutiful favors. To feed their eyes, and to make +the beholders pleased with the sight of most rare and glistering +objects, he had appointed his own daughter Alinda to be there, and the +fair Rosalynde, daughter unto Gerismond, with all the beautiful +damosels that were famous for their features in all France. Thus in +that place did love and war triumph in a sympathy; for such as were +martial might use their lance to be renowmed for the excellence of +their chivalry, and such as were amorous might glut themselves with +gazing on the beauties of most heavenly creatures. As every man's eye +had his several survey, and fancy was partial in their looks, yet all +in general applauded the admirable riches that nature bestowed on the +face of Rosalynde; for upon her cheeks there seemed a battle between +the Graces, who should bestow most favors to make her excellent. The +blush that gloried Luna, when she kissed the shepherd on the hills of +Latmos, was not tainted with such a pleasant dye as the vermilion +flourished on the silver hue of Rosalynde's countenance: her eyes were +like those lamps that make the wealthy covert of the heavens more +gorgeous, sparkling favor and disdain, courteous and yet coy, as if in +them Venus had placed all her amorets, and Diana all her chastity. The +trammels of her hair, folded in a caul[1] of gold, so far surpassed +the burnished glister of the metal, as the sun doth the meanest star +in brightness: the tresses that folds in the brows of Apollo were not +half so rich to the sight, for in her hairs it seemed love had laid +herself in ambush, to entrap the proudest eye that durst gaze upon +their excellence: what should I need to decipher her particular +beauties, when by the censure of all she was the paragon of all +earthly perfection? This Rosalynde sat, I say, with Alinda as a +beholder of these sports, and made the cavaliers crack their lances +with more courage: many deeds of knighthood that day were performed, +and many prizes were given according to their several deserts. + +[Footnote 1: cap of open work.] + +At last, when the tournament ceased, the wrastling began, and the +Norman presented himself as a challenger against all comers, but he +looked like Hercules when he advanced himself against Achelous, so +that the fury of his countenance amazed all that durst attempt to +encounter with him in any deed of activity: till at last a lusty +franklin of the country came with two tall men that were his sons, of +good lineaments and comely personage. The eldest of these doing his +obeisance to the king entered the list, and presented himself to the +Norman, who straight coped with him, and as a man that would triumph +in the glory of his strength, roused himself with such fury, that not +only he gave him the fall, but killed him with the weight of his +corpulent personage: which the younger brother seeing, leaped +presently into the place, and thirsty after the revenge, assailed the +Norman with such valor, that at the first encounter he brought him to +his knees; which repulsed so the Norman, that, recovering himself, +fear of disgrace doubling his strength, he stepped so sternly to the +young franklin, that taking him up in his arms he threw him against +the ground so violently, that he broke his neck, and so ended his days +with his brother. At this unlooked for massacre the people murmured, +and were all in a deep passion of pity; but the franklin, father unto +these, never changed his countenance, but as a man of a courageous +resolution took up the bodies of his sons without show of outward +discontent. + +All this while stood Rosader and saw this tragedy; who, noting the +undoubted virtue[1] of the franklin's mind, alighted off from his +horse, and presently sate down on the grass, and commanded his boy to +pull off his boots, making him ready to try the strength of this +champion. Being furnished as he would, he clapped the franklin on the +shoulder and said thus: + +"Bold yeoman, whose sons have ended the term of their years with +honor, for that I see thou scornest fortune with patience, and +thwartest the injury of fate with content in brooking the death of thy +sons, stand awhile, and either see me make a third in their tragedy, +or else revenge their fall with an honorable triumph." + +[Footnote 1: courage.] + +The franklin, seeing so goodly a gentleman to give him such courteous +comfort, gave him hearty thanks, with promise to pray for his happy +success. With that Rosader vailed bonnet to the king, and lightly +leaped within the lists, where noting more the company than the +combatant, he cast his eye upon the troop of ladies that glistered +there like the stars of heaven; but at last, Love, willing to make him +as amorous as he was valiant, presented him with the sight of +Rosalynde, whose admirable beauty so inveigled the eye of Rosader, +that forgetting himself, he stood and fed his looks on the favor of +Rosalynde's face; which she perceiving blushed, which was such a +doubling of her beauteous excellence, that the bashful red of Aurora +at the sight of unacquainted Phaeton, was not half so glorious. + +The Norman seeing this young gentleman fettered in the looks of the +ladies drave him out of his _memento_[1] with a shake by the shoulder. +Rosader looking back with an angry frown, as if he had been wakened +from some pleasant dream, discovered to all by the fury of his +countenance that he was a man of some high thoughts: but when they all +noted his youth and the sweetness of his visage, with a general +applause of favors, they grieved that so goodly a young man should +venture in so base an action; but seeing it were to his dishonor to +hinder him from his enterprise, they wished him to be graced with the +palm of victory. After Rosader was thus called out of his _memento_ by +the Norman, he roughly clapped to him with so fierce an encounter, +that they both fell to the ground, and with the violence of the fall +were forced to breathe; in which space the Norman called to mind by +all tokens, that this was he whom Saladyne had appointed him to kill; +which conjecture made him stretch every limb, and try every sinew, +that working his death he might recover the gold which so bountifully +was promised him. On the contrary part, Rosader while he breathed was +not idle, but still cast his eye upon Rosalynde, who to encourage him +with a favor, lent him such an amorous look, as might have made the +most coward desperate: which glance of Rosalynde so fired the +passionate desires of Rosader, that turning to the Norman he ran upon +him and braved him with a strong encounter. The Norman received him as +valiantly, that there was a sore combat, hard to judge on whose side +fortune would be prodigal. At last Rosader, calling to mind the beauty +of his new mistress, the fame of his father's honors, and the disgrace +that should fall to his house by his misfortune, roused himself and +threw the Norman against the ground, falling upon his chest with so +willing a weight, that the Norman yielded nature her due, and Rosader +the victory. + +[Footnote 1: musing.] + +The death of this champion, as it highly contented the franklin, as a +man satisfied with revenge, so it drew the king and all the peers into +a great admiration,[1] that so young years and so beautiful a +personage should contain such martial excellence; but when they knew +him to be the youngest son of Sir John of Bordeaux, the king rose from +his seat and embraced him, and the peers entreated him with all +favorable courtesy, commending both his valor and his virtues, wishing +him to go forward in such haughty deeds, that he might attain to the +glory of his father's honorable fortunes. + +[Footnote 1: wonder.] + +As the king and lords graced him with embracing, so the ladies favored +him with their looks, especially Rosalynde, whom the beauty and valor +of Rosader had already touched: but she accounted love a toy, and +fancy a momentary passion, that as it was taken in with a gaze, might +be shaken off with a wink, and therefore feared not to dally in the +flame; and to make Rosader know she affected him, took from her neck a +jewel, and sent it by a page to the young gentleman. The prize that +Venus gave to Paris was not half so pleasing to the Troyan as this gem +was to Rosader; for if fortune had sworn to make him sole monarch of +the world, he would rather have refused such dignity, than have lost +the jewel sent him by Rosalynde. To return her with the like he was +unfurnished, and yet that he might more than in his looks discover his +affection, he stepped into a tent, and taking pen and paper writ this +fancy: + + Two suns at once from one fair heaven there shined, + Ten branches from two boughs, tipped all with roses, + Pure locks more golden than is gold refined, + Two pearled rows that nature's pride encloses; + Two mounts fair marble-white, down-soft and dainty, + A snow-dyed orb, where love increased by pleasure + Full woeful makes my heart, and body fainty: + Her fair (my woe) exceeds all thought and measure. + In lines confused my luckless harm appeareth, + Whom sorrow clouds, whom pleasant smiling cleareth. + +This sonnet he sent to Rosalynde, which when she read she blushed, but +with a sweet content in that she perceived love had allotted her so +amorous a servant. + +Leaving her to her new entertained fancies, again to Rosader, who +triumphing in the glory of this conquest, accompanied with a troop of +young gentlemen that were desirous to be his familiars, went home to +his brother Saladyne's, who was walking before the gates, to hear what +success his brother Rosader should have, assuring himself of his +death, and devising how with dissimuled sorrow to celebrate his +funerals. As he was in his thought, he cast up his eye, and saw where +Rosader returned with the garland on his head, as having won the +prize, accompanied with a crew of boon companions. Grieved at this, he +stepped in and shut the gate. Rosader seeing this, and not looking for +such unkind entertainment, blushed at the disgrace, and yet smothering +his grief with a smile, he turned to the gentlemen, and desired them +to hold his brother excused, for he did not this upon any malicious +intent or niggardize, but being brought up in the country, he absented +himself as not finding his nature fit for such youthful company. Thus +he sought to shadow abuses proffered him by his brother, but in vain, +for he could by no means be suffered to enter: whereupon he ran his +foot against the door, and broke it open, drawing his sword, and +entering boldly into the hall, where he found none, for all were fled, +but one Adam Spencer, an Englishman, who had been an old and trusty +servant to Sir John of Bordeaux. He for the love he bare to his +deceased master, favored the part of Rosader, and gave him and his +such entertainment as he could. Rosader gave him thanks, and looking +about, seeing the hall empty, said: + +"Gentlemen, you are welcome; frolic and be merry: you shall be sure to +have wine enough, whatsoever your fare be. I tell you, cavaliers, my +brother hath in his house five tun of wine, and as long as that +lasteth, I beshrew him that spares his liquor." + +With that he burst open the buttery door, and with the help of Adam +Spencer covered the tables, and set down whatsoever he could find in +the house; but what they wanted in meat, Rosader supplied with drink, +yet had they royal cheer, and withal such hearty welcome as would have +made the coarsest meats seem delicates.[1] After they had feasted and +frolicked it twice or thrice with an upsee freeze,[2] they all took +their leaves of Rosader and departed. As soon as they were gone, +Rosader growing impatient of the abuse, drew his sword, and swore to +be revenged on the discourteous Saladyne; yet by the means of Adam +Spencer, who sought to continue friendship and amity betwixt the +brethren, and through the flattering submission of Saladyne, they were +once again reconciled, and put up all forepassed injuries with a +peaceable agreement, living together for a good space in such +brotherly love, as did not only rejoice the servants, but made all the +gentlemen and bordering neighbors glad of such friendly concord. +Saladyne, hiding fire in the straw, and concealing a poisoned hate in +a peaceable countenance, yet deferring the intent of his wrath till +fitter opportunity, he showed himself a great favorer of his brother's +virtuous endeavors: where leaving them in this happy league, let us +return to Rosalynde. + +[Footnote 1: dainties.] + +[Footnote 2: "a toast."--_Greg._] + +Rosalynde returning home from the triumph, after she waxed solitary, +love presented her with the idea of Rosader's perfection, and taking +her at discovert struck her so deep, as she felt herself grow passing +passionate. She began to call to mind the comeliness of his person, +the honor of his parents, and the virtues that, excelling both, made +him so gracious in the eyes of every one. Sucking in thus the honey of +love by imprinting in her thoughts his rare qualities, she began to +surfeit with the contemplation of his virtuous conditions; but when +she called to remembrance her present estate, and the hardness of her +fortunes, desire began to shrink, and fancy to vail bonnet, that +between a Chaos of confused thoughts she began to debate with herself +in this manner: + +ROSALYNDE'S PASSION + +"Infortunate Rosalynde, whose misfortunes are more than thy years, and +whose passions are greater than thy patience! The blossoms of thy +youth are mixed with the frosts of envy, and the hope of thy ensuing +fruits perish in the bud. Thy father is by Torismond banished from the +crown, and thou, the unhappy daughter of a king, detained captive, +living as disquieted in thy thoughts as thy father discontented in +his exile. Ah Rosalynde, what cares wait upon a crown! what griefs are +incident to dignity! what sorrows haunt royal palaces! The greatest +seas have the sorest storms, the highest birth subject to the most +bale, and of all trees the cedars soonest shake with the wind: small +currents are ever calm, low valleys not scorched in any lightnings, +nor base men tied to any baleful prejudice. Fortune flies, and if she +touch poverty it is with her heel, rather disdaining their want with a +frown, than envying their wealth with disparagement. O Rosalynde, +hadst thou been born low, thou hadst not fallen so high, and yet being +great of blood thine honor is more, if thou brookest misfortune with +patience. Suppose I contrary fortune with content, yet fates unwilling +to have me anyway happy, have forced love to set my thoughts on fire +with fancy. Love, Rosalynde? becometh it women in distress to think of +love? Tush, desire hath no respect of persons: Cupid is blind and +shooteth at random, as soon hitting a rag as a robe, and piercing as +soon the bosom of a captive as the breast of a libertine. Thou +speakest it, poor Rosalynde, by experience; for being every way +distressed, surcharged with cares, and overgrown with sorrows, yet +amidst the heap of all these mishaps, love hath lodged in thy heart +the perfection of young Rosader, a man every way absolute as well for +his inward life, as for his outward lineaments, able to content the +eye with beauty, and the ear with the report of his virtue. But +consider, Rosalynde, his fortunes, and thy present estate: thou art +poor and without patrimony, and yet the daughter of a prince; he a +younger brother, and void of such possessions as either might maintain +thy dignities or revenge thy father's injuries. And hast thou not +learned this of other ladies, that lovers cannot live by looks, that +women's ears are sooner content with a dram of _give me_ than a pound +of _hear me_, that gold is sweeter than eloquence, that love is a fire +and wealth is the fuel, that Venus' coffers should be ever full? +Then, Rosalynde, seeing Rosader is poor, think him less beautiful +because he is in want, and account his virtues but qualities of course +for that he is not endued with wealth. Doth not Horace tell thee what +method is to be used in love? + + Quaerenda pecunia primum, post nummos virtus. + +Tush, Rosalynde, be not over rash: leap not before thou look: either +love such a one as may with his lands purchase thy liberty, or else +love not at all. Choose not a fair face with an empty purse, but say +as most women use to say: + + Si nihil attuleris, ibis Homere foras. + +Why, Rosalynde! can such base thoughts harbor in such high beauties? +can the degree of a princess, the daughter of Gerismond harbor such +servile conceits, as to prize gold more than honor, or to measure a +gentleman by his wealth, not by his virtues? No, Rosalynde, blush at +thy base resolution, and say, if thou lovest, 'either Rosader or +none!' And why? because Rosader is both beautiful and virtuous." +Smiling to herself to think of her new-entertained passions, taking up +her lute that lay by her, she warbled out this ditty: + +_Rosalynde's Madrigal_ + + Love in my bosom like a bee + Doth suck his sweet: + Now with his wings he plays with me, + Now with his feet. + Within mine eyes he makes his nest, + His bed amidst my tender breast; + My kisses are his daily feast, + And yet he robs me of my rest. + Ah, wanton, will ye? + + And if I sleep, then percheth he + With pretty flight, + And makes his pillow of my knee + The livelong night. + Strike I my lute, he tunes the string, + He music plays if so I sing; + He lends me every lovely thing, + Yet cruel he my heart doth sting. + Whist, wanton, still ye! + + Else I with roses every day + Will whip you hence, + And bind you, when you long to play, + For your offence; + I'll shut mine eyes to keep you in, + I'll make you fast it for your sin, + I'll count your power not worth a pin. + Alas, what hereby shall I win, + If he gainsay me? + + What if I beat the wanton boy + With many a rod? + He will repay me with annoy, + Because a God. + Then sit thou safely on my knee, + And let thy bower my bosom be; + Lurk in mine eyes, I like of thee. + O Cupid, so thou pity me, + Spare not but play thee. + +Scarce had Rosalynde ended her madrigal, before Torismond came in with +his daughter Alinda and many of the peers of France, who were enamored +of her beauty; which Torismond perceiving, fearing lest her perfection +might be the beginning of his prejudice, and the hope of his fruit end +in the beginning of her blossoms, he thought to banish her from the +court: "for," quoth he to himself, "her face is so full of favor, that +it pleads pity in the eye of every man; her beauty is so heavenly and +divine, that she will prove to me as Helen did to Priam; some one of +the peers will aim at her love, end the marriage, and then in his +wife's right attempt the kingdom. To prevent therefore _had I wist_ in +all these actions, she tarries not about the court, but shall (as an +exile) either wander to her father, or else seek other fortunes." In +this humor, with a stern countenance full of wrath, he breathed out +this censure unto her before the peers, that charged her that that +night she were not seen about the court: "for," quoth he, "I have +heard of thy aspiring speeches, and intended treasons." This doom was +strange unto Rosalynde, and presently, covered with the shield of her +innocence, she boldly brake out in reverent terms to have cleared +herself; but Torismond would admit of no reason, nor durst his lords +plead for Rosalynde, although her beauty had made some of them +passionate, seeing the figure of wrath portrayed in his brow. Standing +thus all mute, and Rosalynde amazed, Alinda, who loved her more than +herself, with grief in her heart and tears in her eyes, falling down +on her knees, began to entreat her father thus: + +ALINDA'S ORATION TO HER FATHER IN DEFENCE OF FAIR ROSALYNDE + +"If, mighty Torismond, I offend in pleading for my friend, let the law +of amity crave pardon for my boldness; for where there is depth of +affection, there friendship alloweth a privilege. Rosalynde and I have +been fostered up from our infancies, and nursed under the harbor of +our conversing together with such private familiarities, that custom +had wrought a union of our nature, and the sympathy of our affections +such a secret love, that we have two bodies and one soul. Then marvel +not, great Torismond, if, seeing my friend distressed, I find myself +perplexed with a thousand sorrows; for her virtuous and honorable +thoughts, which are the glories that maketh women excellent, they be +such as may challenge love, and rase out suspicion. Her obedience to +your majesty I refer to the censure of your own eye, that since her +father's exile hath smothered all griefs with patience, and in the +absence of nature, hath honored you with all duty, as her own father +by nouriture, not in word uttering any discontent, nor in thought, as +far as conjecture may reach, hammering on revenge; only in all her +actions seeking to please you, and to win my favor. Her wisdom, +silence, chastity, and other such rich qualities, I need not decipher; +only it rests for me to conclude in one word, that she is innocent. If +then, fortune, who triumphs in a variety of miseries, hath presented +some envious person (as minister of her intended stratagem) to taint +Rosalynde with any surmise of treason, let him be brought to her face, +and confirm his accusation by witnesses; which proved, let her die, +and Alinda will execute the massacre. If none can avouch any confirmed +relation of her intent, use justice, my lord, it is the glory of a +king, and let her live in your wonted favor; for if you banish her, +myself, as copartner of her hard fortunes, will participate in exile +some part of her extremities." + +Torismond, at this speech of Alinda, covered his face with such a +frown, as tyranny seemed to sit triumphant in his forehead, and +checked her up[1] with such taunts, as made the lords, that only were +hearers, to tremble. + +[Footnote 1: stopped.] + +"Proud girl," quoth he, "hath my looks made thee so light of tongue, +or my favors encouraged thee to be so forward, that thou darest +presume to preach after thy father? Hath not my years more experience +than thy youth, and the winter of mine age deeper insight into civil +policy, than the prime[1] of thy flourishing days? The old lion avoids +the toils, where the young one leaps into the net: the care of age is +provident and foresees much: suspicion is a virtue, where a man holds +his enemy in his bosom. Thou, fond girl, measurest all by present +affection, and as thy heart loves, thy thoughts censure[2]; but if +thou knowest that in liking Rosalynde thou hatchest up a bird to peck +out thine own eyes, thou wouldst entreat as much for her absence as +now thou delightest in her presence. But why do I allege policy to +thee? Sit you down, housewife, and fall to your needle: if idleness +make you so wanton, or liberty so malapert, I can quickly tie you to a +sharper task. And you, maid, this night be packing, either into Arden +to your father, or whither best it shall content your humor, but in +the court you shall not abide." + +[Footnote 1: spring.] + +[Footnote 2: decide.] + +This rigorous reply of Torismond nothing amazed Alinda, for still she +prosecuted her plea in the defence of Rosalynde, wishing her father, +if his censure might not be reversed, that he would appoint her +partner of her exile; which if he refused to do, either she would by +some secret means steal out and follow her, or else end her days with +some desperate kind of death. When Torismond heard his daughter so +resolute, his heart was so hardened against her, that he set down a +definite and peremptory sentence, that they should both be banished, +which presently was done, the tyrant rather choosing to hazard the +loss of his only child than anyways to put in question the state of +his kingdom; so suspicious and fearful is the conscience of an +usurper. Well, although his lords persuaded him to retain his own +daughter, yet his resolution might not be reversed, but both of them +must away from the court without either more company or delay. In he +went with great melancholy, and left these two ladies alone. Rosalynde +waxed very sad, and sate down and wept. Alinda she smiled, and sitting +by her friend began thus to comfort her: + +ALINDA'S COMFORT TO PERPLEXED ROSALYNDE + +"Why, how now, Rosalynde, dismayed with a frown of contrary fortune? +Have I not oft heard thee say, that high minds were discovered in +fortune's contempt, and heroical scene in the depth of extremities? +Thou wert wont to tell others that complained of distress, that the +sweetest salve for misery was patience, and the only medicine for +want that precious implaister of content. Being such a good physician +to others, wilt thou not minister receipts to thyself? But perchance +thou wilt say: + + Consulenti nunquam caput doluit. + +Why then, if the patients that are sick of this disease can find in +themselves neither reason to persuade, nor art to cure, yet, +Rosalynde, admit of the counsel of a friend, and apply the salves that +may appease thy passions. If thou grievest that being the daughter of +a prince, and envy thwarteth thee with such hard exigents,[1] think +that royalty is a fair mark, that crowns have crosses when mirth is in +cottages; that the fairer the rose is, the sooner it is bitten with +caterpillars; the more orient[2] the pearl is, the more apt to take a +blemish; and the greatest birth, as it hath most honor, so it hath +much envy. If then fortune aimeth at the fairest, be patient +Rosalynde, for first by thine exile thou goest to thy father: nature +is higher prize than wealth, and the love of one's parents ought to be +more precious than all dignities. Why then doth my Rosalynde grieve at +the frown of Torismond, who by offering her a prejudice proffers her a +greater pleasure? and more, mad lass, to be melancholy, when thou hast +with thee Alinda, a friend who will be a faithful copartner of all thy +misfortunes, who hath left her father to follow thee, and chooseth +rather to brook all extremities than to forsake thy presence. What, +Rosalynde, + + Solamen miseris socios habuisse doloris. + +Cheerly, woman: as we have been bed-fellows in royalty, we will be +fellow-mates in poverty: I will ever be thy Alinda, and thou shalt +ever rest to me Rosalynde; so shall the world canonize our friendship, +and speak of Rosalynde and Alinda, as they did of Pylades and Orestes. +And if ever fortune smile, and we return to our former honor, then +folding ourselves in the sweet of our friendship, we shall merrily +say, calling to mind our forepassed miseries: + + Olim haec meminisse juvabit." + +[Footnote 1: necessities.] + +[Footnote 2: precious; because the most valued gems came from the +Orient.] + +At this Rosalynde began to comfort her, and after she had wept a few +kind tears in the bosom of her Alinda, she gave her hearty thanks, and +then they sat them down to consult how they should travel. Alinda +grieved at nothing but that they might have no man in their company, +saying it would be their greatest prejudice in that two women went +wandering without either guide or attendant. + +"Tush," quoth Rosalynde, "art thou a woman, and hast not a sudden +shift to prevent a misfortune? I, thou seest, am of a tall stature, +and would very well become the person and apparel of a page; thou +shalt be my mistress, and I will play the man so properly, that, trust +me, in what company soever I come I will not be discovered. I will buy +me a suit, and have my rapier very handsomely at my side, and if any +knave offer wrong, your page will show him the point of his weapon." + +At this Alinda smiled, and upon this they agreed, and presently +gathered up all their jewels, which they trussed up[1] in a casket, +and Rosalynde in all haste provided her of robes, and Alinda, from her +royal weeds, put herself in more homelike attire. Thus fitted to the +purpose, away go these two friends, having now changed their names, +Alinda being called Aliena, and Rosalynde Ganymede. They travelled +along the vineyards, and by many by-ways at last got to the forest +side, where they travelled by the space of two or three days without +seeing any creature, being often in danger of wild beasts, and pained +with many passionate sorrows. Now the black ox[2] began to tread on +their feet, and Alinda thought of her wonted royalty; but when she +cast her eyes on her Rosalynde, she thought every danger a step to +honor. Passing thus on along, about midday they came to a fountain, +compassed with a grove of cypress trees, so cunningly and curiously +planted, as if some goddess had entreated nature in that place to make +her an arbor. By this fountain sat Aliena and her Ganymede, and forth +they pulled such victuals as they had, and fed as merrily as if they +had been in Paris with all the king's delicates, Aliena only grieving +that they could not so much as meet with a shepherd to discourse them +the way to some place where they might make their abode. At last +Ganymede casting up his eye espied where on a tree was engraven +certain verses; which as soon as he espied, he cried out: + +"Be of good cheer, mistress, I spy the figures of men; for here in +these trees be engraven certain verses of shepherds, or some other +swains that inhabit hereabout." + +[Footnote 1: packed.] + +[Footnote 2: ill-luck.] + +With that Aliena start up joyful to hear these news, and looked, where +they found carved in the bark of a pine tree this passion: + +_Montanus's Passion_ + + Hadst thou been born whereas perpetual cold + Makes Tanais hard, and mountains silver old; + Had I complained unto a marble stone, + Or to the floods bewrayed my bitter moan, + I then could bear the burthen of my grief. + But even the pride of countries at thy birth, + Whilst heavens did smile, did new array the earth + With flowers chief. + Yet thou, the flower of beauty blessed born, + Hast pretty looks, but all attired in scorn. + Had I the power to weep sweet Mirrha's tears, + Or by my plaints to pierce repining ears; + Hadst thou the heart to smile at my complaint, + To scorn the woes that doth my heart attaint, + I then could bear the burthen of my grief: + But not my tears, but truth with thee prevails, + And seeming sour my sorrows thee assails: + Yet small relief; + For if thou wilt thou art of marble hard, + And if thou please my suit shall soon be heard. + + +"No doubt," quoth Aliena, "this poesy is the passion of some perplexed +shepherd, that being enamored of some fair and beautiful shepherdess, +suffered some sharp repulse, and therefore complained of the cruelty +of his mistress." + +"You may see," quoth Ganymede, "what mad cattle you women be, whose +hearts sometimes are made of adamant that will touch with no +impression, and sometime of wax that is fit for every form: they +delight to be courted, and then they glory to seem coy, and when they +are most desired then they freeze with disdain: and this fault is so +common to the sex, that you see it painted out in the shepherd's +passions, who found his mistress as froward as he was enamored." + +"And I pray you," quoth Aliena, "if your robes were off, what mettle +are you made of that you are so satirical against women? Is it not a +foul bird defiles the own nest? Beware, Ganymede, that Rosader hear +you not, if he do, perchance you will make him leap so far from love, +that he will anger every vein in your heart." + +"Thus," quoth Ganymede, "I keep decorum: I speak now as I am Aliena's +page, not as I am Gerismond's daughter; for put me but into a +petticoat, and I will stand in defiance to the uttermost, that women +are courteous, constant, virtuous, and what not." + +"Stay there," quoth Aliena, "and no more words, for yonder be +characters graven upon the bark of the tall beech tree." + +"Let us see," quoth Ganymede; and with that they read a fancy written +to this effect: + + First shall the heavens want starry light, + The seas be robbed of their waves, + The day want sun, and sun want bright, + The night want shade, the dead men graves, + The April flowers and leaf and tree, + Before I false my faith to thee. + + First shall the tops of highest hills + By humble plains be overpried, + And poets scorn the Muses' quills, + And fish forsake the water glide, + And Iris loose her colored weed,[1] + Before I fail thee at thy need. + + First direful hate shall turn to peace, + And love relent in deep disdain, + And death his fatal stroke shall cease, + And envy pity every pain, + And pleasure mourn and sorrow smile, + Before I talk of any guile. + + First time shall stay his stayless race, + And winter bless his brows with corn, + And snow bemoisten July's face, + And winter spring, and summer mourn, + Before my pen, by help of fame, + Cease to recite thy sacred name. + + MONTANUS + +[Footnote 1: garment. In what modern expression is this meaning of the +word retained?] + +"No doubt," quoth Ganymede, "this protestation grew from one full of +passions." + +"I am of that mind too," quoth Aliena, "but see, I pray, when poor +women seek to keep themselves chaste, how men woo them with many +feigned promises; alluring with sweet words as the Sirens, and after +proving as trothless as Aeneas. Thus promised Demophoon to his +Phyllis, but who at last grew more false?" + +"The reason was," quoth Ganymede, "that they were women's sons, and +took that fault of their mother, for if man had grown from man, as +Adam did from the earth, men had never been troubled with +inconstancy." + +"Leave off," quoth Aliena, "to taunt thus bitterly, or else I'll pull +off your page's apparel, and whip you, as Venus doth her wantons, with +nettles." + +"So you will," quoth Ganymede, "persuade me to flattery, and that +needs not: but come, seeing we have found here by this fount the tract +of shepherds by their madrigals and roundelays, let us forward; for +either we shall find some folds, sheepcotes, or else some cottages +wherein for a day or two to rest." + +"Content," quoth Aliena, and with that they rose up, and marched +forward till towards the even, and then coming into a fair valley, +compassed with mountains, whereon grew many pleasant shrubs, they +might descry where two flocks of sheep did feed. Then, looking about, +they might perceive where an old shepherd sat, and with him a young +swaine, under a covert most pleasantly situated. The ground where they +sat was diapered with Flora's riches, as if she meant to wrap Tellus +in the glory of her vestments: round about in the form of an +amphitheatre were most curiously planted pine trees, interseamed with +limons and citrons, which with the thickness of their boughs so +shadowed the place, that Phoebus could not pry into the secret of that +arbor; so united were the tops with so thick a closure, that Venus +might there in her jollity have dallied unseen with her dearest +paramour. Fast by, to make the place more gorgeous, was there a fount +so crystalline and clear, that it seemed Diana with her Dryades and +Hamadryades had that spring, as the secret of all their bathings. In +this glorious arbor sat these two shepherds, seeing their sheep feed, +playing on their pipes many pleasant tunes, and from music and melody +falling into much amorous chat. Drawing more nigh we might descry the +countenance of the one to be full of sorrow, his face to be the very +portraiture of discontent, and his eyes full of woes, that living he +seemed to die: we, to hear what these were, stole privily behind the +thicket, where we overheard this discourse: + +_A Pleasant Eclogue between Montanus and Corydon_ + + CORYDON + + Say, shepherd's boy, what makes thee greet[1] so sore? + Why leaves thy pipe his pleasure and delight? + Young are thy years, thy cheeks with roses dight: + Then sing for joy, sweet swain, and sigh no more. + + This milk-white poppy, and this climbing pine + Both promise shade; then sit thee down and sing, + And make these woods with pleasant notes to ring, + Till Phoebus deign all westward to decline. + +[Footnote 1: weep.] + + MONTANUS + + Ah, Corydon, unmeet is melody + To him whom proud contempt hath overborne: + Slain are my joys by Phoebe's bitter scorn; + Far hence my weal, and near my jeopardy. + + Love's burning brand is couched in my breast, + Making a Phoenix of my faintful heart: + And though his fury do enforce my smart, + Ay blithe am I to honor his behest. + + Prepared to woes, since so my Phoebe wills, + My looks dismayed, since Phoebe will disdain; + I banish bliss and welcome home my pain: + So stream my tears as showers from Alpine hills. + + In error's mask I blindfold judgment's eye, + I fetter reason in the snares of lust, + I seem secure, yet know not how to trust; + I live by that which makes me living die. + + Devoid of rest, companion of distress, + Plague to myself, consumed by my thought, + How may my voice or pipe in tune be brought, + Since I am reft of solace and delight? + + CORYDON + + Ah, lorrel lad, what makes thee hery[1] love? + A sugared harm, a poison full of pleasure, + A painted shrine full filled with rotten treasure; + A heaven in show, a hell to them that prove.[2] + + A gain in seeming, shadowed still with want, + A broken staff which folly doth uphold, + A flower that fades with every frosty cold, + An orient rose sprung from a withered plant. + + A minute's joy to gain a world of grief, + A subtle net to snare the idle mind, + A seeing scorpion, yet in seeming blind, + A poor rejoice, a plague without relief. + + Forthy,[3] Montanus, follow mine arede,[4] + (Whom age hath taught the trains[5] that fancy useth) + Leave foolish love, for beauty wit abuseth, + And drowns, by folly, virtue's springing seed. + +[Footnote 1: praise.] + +[Footnote 2: try, test.] + +[Footnote 3: hence.] + +[Footnote 4: advice.] + +[Footnote 5: stratagems.] + + MONTANUS + + So blames the child the flame because it burns, + And bird the snare because it doth entrap, + And fools true love because of sorry hap, + And sailors curse the ship that overturns. + + But would the child forbear to play with flame, + And birds beware to trust the fowler's gin, + And fools foresee before they fall and sin, + And masters guide their ships in better frame; + + The child would praise the fire because it warms, + And birds rejoice to see the fowler fail, + And fools prevent before their plagues prevail, + And sailors bless the barque that saves from harms. + + Ah, Corydon, though many be thy years, + And crooked elde[1] hath some experience left, + Yet is thy mind of judgment quite bereft, + In view of love, whose power in me appears. + + The ploughman little wots to turn the pen, + Or bookman skills to guide the ploughman's cart; + Nor can the cobbler count the terms of art, + Nor base men judge the thoughts of mighty men. + + Nor withered age, unmeet for beauty's guide, + Uncapable of love's impression, + Discourse of that whose choice possession + May never to so base a man be tied. + + But I, whom nature makes of tender mould, + And youth most pliant yields to fancy's fire, + Do build my haven and heaven on sweet desire, + On sweet desire, more dear to me than gold. + + Think I of love, oh, how my lines aspire! + How haste the Muses to embrace my brows, + And hem my temples in with laurel boughs, + And fill my brains with chaste and holy fire! + + Then leave my lines their homely equipage, + Mounted beyond the circle of the sun: + Amazed I read the stile when I have done, + And hery[2] love that sent that heavenly rage. + + Of Phoebe then, of Phoebe then I sing, + Drawing the purity of all the spheres, + The pride of earth, or what in heaven appears, + Her honored face and fame to light to bring. + + In fluent numbers, and in pleasant veins, + I rob both sea and earth of all their state, + To praise her parts: I charm both time and fate, + To bless the nymph that yields me lovesick pains. + + My sheep are turned to thoughts, whom froward will + Guides in the restless labyrinth of love; + Fear lends them pasture wheresoe'er they move, + And by their death their life reneweth still. + + My sheephook is my pen, mine oaten reed + My paper, where my many woes are written. + Thus silly swain, with love and fancy bitten, + I trace the plains[3] of pain in woeful weed. + + Vet are my cares, my broken sleeps, my tears, + My dreams, my doubts, for Phoebe sweet to me: + Who waiteth heaven in sorrow's vale must be, + And glory shines where danger most appears. + + Then, Corydon, although I blithe me not, + Blame me not, man, since sorrow is my sweet: + So willeth love, and Phoebe thinks it meet, + And kind Montanus liketh well his lot. + +[Footnote 1: old age.] + +[Footnote 2: praise.] + +[Footnote 3: complaints.] + + CORYDON + + O stayless youth, by error so misguided, + Where will proscribeth laws to perfect wits, + Where reason mourns, and blame in triumph sits, + And folly poisoneth all that time provided! + + With wilful blindness bleared, prepared to shame, + Prone to neglect Occasion when she smiles: + Alas, that love, by fond and froward guiles, + Should make thee tract[1] the path to endless blame! + + Ah, my Montanus, cursed is the charm, + That hath bewitched so thy youthful eyes. + Leave off in time to like these vanities, + Be forward to thy good, and fly thy harm. + + As many bees as Hybla daily shields, + As many fry as fleet on ocean's face, + As many herds as on the earth do trace, + As many flowers as deck the fragrant fields, + + As many stars as glorious heaven contains, + As many storms as wayward winter weeps, + As many plagues as hell enclosed keeps, + So many griefs in love, so many pains. + + Suspicions, thoughts, desires, opinions, prayers, + Mislikes, misdeeds, fond joys, and feigned peace, + Illusions, dreams, great pains, and small increase, + Vows, hopes, acceptance, scorns, and deep despairs, + + Truce, war, and woe do wait at beauty's gate; + Time lost, laments, reports, and privy grudge, + And last, fierce love is but a partial judge, + Who yields for service shame, for friendship hate. + +[Footnote 1: trace, walk.] + + MONTANUS + + All adder-like I stop mine ears, fond swain, + So charm no more, for I will never change. + Call home thy flocks in time that straggling range, + For lo, the sun declineth hence amain. + + TERENTIUS + + In amore haec omnia insunt vitia: induciae, inimicitiae, + bellum, pax rursum: incerta haec si tu postules ratione + certa fieri, nihilo plus agas, quam si des operam, ut cum + ratione insanias. + +The shepherds having thus ended their eclogue, Aliena stepped with +Ganymede from behind the thicket; at whose sudden sight the shepherds +arose, and Aliena saluted them thus: + +"Shepherds, all hail, for such we deem you by your flocks, and lovers, +good luck, for such you seem by your passions, our eyes being witness +of the one, and our ears of the other. Although not by love, yet by +fortune, I am a distressed gentlewoman, as sorrowful as you are +passionate, and as full of woes as you of perplexed thoughts. +Wandering this way in a forest unknown, only I and my page, wearied +with travel, would fain have some place of rest. May you appoint us +any place of quiet harbor, be it never so mean, I shall be thankful to +you, contented in myself, and grateful to whosoever shall be mine +host." + +Corydon, hearing the gentlewoman speak so courteously, returned her +mildly and reverently this answer: + +"Fair mistress, we return you as hearty a welcome as you gave us a +courteous salute. A shepherd I am, and this a lover, as watchful to +please his wench as to feed his sheep: full of fancies, and therefore, +say I, full of follies. Exhort him I may, but persuade him I cannot; +for love admits neither of counsel nor reason. But leaving him to his +passions, if you be distressed, I am sorrowful such a fair creature is +crossed with calamity; pray for you I may, but relieve you I cannot. +Marry, if you want lodging, if you vouch to shroud yourselves in a +shepherd's cottage, my house for this night shall be your harbor." + +Aliena thanked Corydon greatly, and presently sate her down and +Ganymede by her. Corydon looking earnestly upon her, and with a +curious survey viewing all her perfections, applauded (in his +thought) her excellence, and pitying her distress was desirous to hear +the cause of her misfortunes, began to question her thus: + +"If I should not, fair damosel, occasion offence, or renew your griefs +by rubbing the scar, I would fain crave so much favor as to know the +cause of your misfortunes, and why, and whither you wander with your +page in so dangerous a forest?" + +Aliena, that was as courteous as she was fair, made this reply: + +"Shepherd, a friendly demand ought never to be offensive, and +questions of courtesy carry privileged pardons in their foreheads. +Know, therefore, to discover my fortunes were to renew my sorrows, and +I should, by discoursing my mishaps, but rake fire out of the cinders. +Therefore let this suffice, gentle shepherd: my distress is as great +as my travel is dangerous, and I wander in this forest to light on +some cottage where I and my page may dwell: for I mean to buy some +farm, and a flock of sheep, and so become a shepherdess, meaning to +live low, and content me with a country life; for I have heard the +swains say, that they drunk without suspicion, and slept without +care." + +"Marry, mistress," quoth Corydon, "if you mean so, you came in good +time, for my landslord intends to sell both the farm I till, and the +flock I keep, and cheap you may have them for ready money: and for a +shepherd's life, O mistress, did you but live awhile in their content, +you would say the court were rather a place of sorrow than of solace. +Here, mistress, shall not fortune thwart you, but in mean misfortunes, +as the loss of a few sheep, which, as it breeds no beggary, so it can +be no extreme prejudice: the next year may mend all with a fresh +increase. Envy stirs not us, we covet not to climb, our desires mount +not above our degrees, nor our thoughts above our fortunes. Care +cannot harbor in our cottages, nor do our homely couches know broken +slumbers: as we exceed not in diet, so we have enough to satisfy: and, +mistress, I have so much Latin, _Satis est quod sufficit_." + +"By my troth, shepherd," quoth Aliena, "thou makest me in love with +your country life, and therefore send for thy landslord, and I will +buy thy farm and thy flocks, and thou shalt still under me be overseer +of them both: only for pleasure sake I and my page will serve you, +lead the flocks to the field, and fold them. Thus will I live quiet, +unknown, and contented." + +This news so gladded the heart of Corydon, that he should not be put +out of his farm, that putting off his shepherd's bonnet, he did her +all the reverence that he might. But all this while sate Montanus in a +muse, thinking of the cruelty of his Phoebe, whom he wooed long, but +was in no hope to win. Ganymede, who still had the remembrance of +Rosader in his thoughts, took delight to see the poor shepherd +passionate, laughing at Love, that in all his actions was so +imperious. At last, when she had noted his tears that stole down his +cheeks, and his sighs that broke from the centre of his heart, pitying +his lament, she demanded of Corydon why the young shepherd looked so +sorrowful. + +"O sir," quoth he, "the boy is in love." + +"Why," quoth Ganymede, "can shepherds love?" + +"Aye," quoth Montanus, "and overlove, else shouldst not thou see me so +pensive. Love, I tell thee, is as precious in a shepherd's eye, as in +the looks of a king, and we country swains entertain fancy with as +great delight as the proudest courtier doth affection. Opportunity, +that is the sweetest friend to Venus, harboreth in our cottages, and +loyalty, the chiefest fealty that Cupid requires, is found more among +shepherds than higher degrees. Then, ask not if such silly swains can +love." + +"What is the cause then," quoth Ganymede, "that love being so sweet to +thee, thou lookest so sorrowful?" + +"Because," quoth Montanus, "the party beloved is froward, and having +courtesy in her looks, holdeth disdain in her tongue's end." + +"What hath she, then," quoth Aliena, "in her heart?" + +"Desire, I hope madam," quoth he, "or else, my hope lost, despair in +love were death." + +As thus they chatted, the sun being ready to set, and they not having +folded their sheep, Corydon requested she would sit there with her +page, till Montanus and he lodged their sheep for that night. + +"You shall go," quoth Aliena, "but first I will entreat Montanus to +sing some amorous sonnet, that he made when he hath been deeply +passionate." + +"That I will," quoth Montanus, and with that he began thus: + +_Montanus's Sonnet_ + + Phoebe sate, + Sweet she sate, + Sweet sate Phoebe when I saw her; + White her brow, + Coy her eye: + Brow and eye how much you please me! + Words I spent, + Sighs I sent: + Sighs and words could never draw her. + O my love, + Thou art lost, + Since no sight could ever ease thee. + + Phoebe sat + By a fount; + Sitting by a fount I spied her: + Sweet her touch, + Rare her voice: + Touch and voice what may distain you? + As she sung + I did sigh, + And by sighs whilst that I tried her, + O mine eyes! + You did lose + Her first sight whose want did pain you. + + Phoebe's flocks, + White as wool: + Yet were Phoebe's locks more whiter. + Phoebe's eyes + Dovelike mild: + Dovelike eyes, both mild and cruel. + Montan swears, + In your lamps + He will die for to delight her. + Phoebe yield, + Or I die: + Shall true hearts be fancy's fuel?[1] + +[Footnote 1: This poem was parodied by one of Lodge's contemporaries +under the title "Ronsard's Description of his Mistress" in allusion to +Lodge's habit of imitating foreign poets.] + +Montanus had no sooner ended his sonnet, but Corydon with a low +courtesy rose up and went with his fellow, and shut their sheep in the +folds; and after returning to Aliena and Ganymede, conducted them home +weary to his poor cottage. By the way there was much good chat with +Montanus about his loves, he resolving Aliena that Phoebe was the +fairest shepherdess in all France, and that in his eye her beauty was +equal with the nymphs. + +"But," quoth he, "as of all stones the diamond is most clearest, and +yet most hard for the lapidary to cut: as of all flowers the rose is +the fairest, and yet guarded with the sharpest prickles: so of all our +country lasses Phoebe is the brightest, but the most coy of all to +stoop unto desire. But let her take heed," quoth he, "I have heard of +Narcissus, who for his high disdain against Love, perished in the +folly of his own love." + +With this they were at Corydon's cottage, where Montanus parted from +them, and they went in to rest. Aliena and Ganymede glad of so +contented a shelter, made merry with the poor swain; and though they +had but country fare and coarse lodging, yet their welcome was so +great, and their cares so little, that they counted their diet +delicate, and slept as soundly as if they had been in the court of +Torismond. The next morn they lay long in bed, as wearied with the +toil of unaccustomed travel; but as soon as they got up, Aliena +resolved there to set up her rest,[1] and by the help of Corydon +swept[2] a bargain with his landslord, and so became mistress of the +farm and the flock, herself putting on the attire of a shepherdess, +and Ganymede of a young swain: every day leading forth her flocks, +with such delight, that she held her exile happy, and thought no +content to the bliss of a country cottage. Leaving her thus famous +amongst the shepherds of Arden, again to Saladyne. + +[Footnote 1: choose her dwelling.] + +[Footnote 2: concluded.] + +When Saladyne had a long while concealed a secret resolution of +revenge, and could no longer hide fire in the flax, nor oil in the +flame, for envy is like lightning, that will appear in the darkest +fog, it chanced on a morning very early he called up certain of his +servants, and went with them to the chamber of Rosader, which being +open, he entered with his crew, and surprised his brother being +asleep, and bound him in fetters, and in the midst of his hall chained +him to a post. Rosader, amazed at this strange chance, began to reason +with his brother about the cause of this sudden extremity, wherein he +had wronged, and what fault he had committed worthy so sharp a +penance. Saladyne answered him only with a look of disdain, and went +his way, leaving poor Rosader in a deep perplexity; who, thus abused, +fell into sundry passions, but no means of relief could be had: +whereupon for anger he grew into a discontented melancholy. In which +humor he continued two or three days without meat, insomuch that +seeing his brother would give him no food, he fell into despair of his +life. Which Adam Spencer, the old servant of Sir John of Bordeaux, +seeing, touched with the duty and love he ought[1] to his old master, +felt a remorse in his conscience of his son's mishap; and therefore, +although Saladyne had given a general charge to his servants that none +of them upon pain of death should give either meat or drink to +Rosader, yet Adam Spencer in the night rose secretly, and brought him +such victuals as he could provide, and unlocked him, and set him at +liberty. After Rosader had well feasted himself, and felt he was +loose, straight his thoughts aimed at revenge, and now, all being +asleep, he would have quit Saladyne with the method of his own +mischief. But Adam Spencer did persuade him to the contrary with these +reasons: + +[Footnote 1: owed.] + +"Sir," quoth he, "be content, for this night go again into your old +fetters, so shall you try the faith of friends, and save the life of +an old servant. To-morrow hath your brother invited all your kindred +and allies to a solemn breakfast, only to see you, telling them all +that you are mad, and fain to be tied to a post. As soon as they come, +complain to them of the abuse proffered you by Saladyne. If they +redress you, why so: but if they pass over your plaints _sicco +pede_,[1] and hold with the violence of your brother before your +innocence, then thus: I will leave you unlocked that you may break out +at your pleasure, and at the end of the hall shall you see stand a +couple of good poleaxes, one for you and another for me. When I give +you a wink, shake off your chains, and let us play the men, and make +havoc amongst them, drive them out of the house and maintain +possession by force of arms, till the king hath made a redress of your +abuses." + +[Footnote 1: with dry foot = carelessly.] + +These words of Adam Spencer so persuaded Rosader, that he went to the +place of his punishment, and stood there while[1] the next morning. +About the time appointed, came all the guests bidden by Saladyne, whom +he entreated with courteous and curious entertainment, as they all +perceived their welcome to be great. The tables in the hall, where +Rosader was tied, were covered, and Saladyne bringing in his guests +together, showed them where his brother was bound, and was enchained +as a man lunatic. Rosader made reply, and with some invectives made +complaints of the wrongs proffered him by Saladyne, desiring they +would in pity seek some means for his relief. But in vain, they had +stopped their ears with Ulysses, that were his words never so +forceable, he breathed only his passions into the wind. They, +careless, sat down with Saladyne to dinner, being very frolic and +pleasant, washing their heads well with wine. At last, when the fume +of the grape had entered pell-mell into their brains, they began in +satirical speeches to rail against Rosader: which Adam Spencer no +longer brooking, gave the sign, and Rosader shaking off his chains got +a poleaxe in his hand, and flew amongst them with such violence and +fury, that he hurt many, slew some, and drave his brother and the rest +quite out of the house. Seeing the coast clear, he shut the doors, and +being sore anhungered, and seeing such good victuals, he sat him down +with Adam Spencer, and such good fellows as he knew were honest men, +and there feasted themselves with such provision as Saladyne had +prepared for his friends. After they had taken their repast, Rosader +rampired up[2] the house, lest upon a sudden his brother should raise +some crew of his tenants, and surprise them unawares. But Saladyne +took a contrary course, and went to the sheriff of the shire and made +complaint of Rosader, who giving credit to Saladyne, in a determined +resolution to revenge the gentleman's wrongs, took with him +five-and-twenty tall[3] men, and made a vow, either to break into the +house and take Rosader, or else to coop him in till he made him yield +by famine. In this determination, gathering a crew together, he went +forward to set Saladyne in his former estate. News of this was brought +unto Rosader, who smiling at the cowardice of his brother, brooked all +the injuries of fortune with patience, expecting the coming of the +sheriff. As he walked upon the battlements of the house, he descried +where Saladyne and he drew near, with a troop of lusty gallants. At +this he smiled, and called Adam Spencer, and showed him the envious +treachery of his brother, and the folly of the sheriff to be so +credulous. + +[Footnote 1: until.] + +[Footnote 2: barricaded.] + +[Footnote 3: brave.] + +"Now, Adam," quoth he, "what shall I do? It rests for me either to +yield up the house to my brother and seek a reconcilement, or else +issue out, and break through the company with courage, for cooped in +like a coward I will not be. If I submit (ah Adam) I dishonor myself, +and that is worse than death, for by such open disgraces, the fame of +men grows odious. If I issue out amongst them, fortune may favor me, +and I may escape with life. But suppose the worst; if I be slain, then +my death shall be honorable to me, and so inequal a revenge infamous +to Saladyne." + +"Why then, master, forward and fear not! Out amongst them; they be but +faint-hearted losels,[1] and for Adam Spencer, if he die not at your +foot, say he is a dastard." + +[Footnote 1: lazy, worthless fellows.] + +These words cheered up so the heart of young Rosader, that he thought +himself sufficient for them all, and therefore prepared weapons for +him and Adam Spencer, and were ready to entertain the sheriff; for no +sooner came Saladyne and he to the gates, but Rosader, unlooked for, +leaped out and assailed them, wounded many of them, and caused the +rest to give back, so that Adam and he broke through the prease[1] in +despite of them all, and took their way towards the forest of Arden. +This repulse so set the sheriff's heart on fire to revenge, that he +straight raised all the country, and made hue and cry after them. But +Rosader and Adam, knowing full well the secret ways that led through +the vineyards, stole away privily through the province of Bordeaux, +and escaped safe to the forest of Arden. Being come thither, they were +glad they had so good a harbor: but fortune, who is like the +chameleon, variable with every object, and constant in nothing but +inconstancy, thought to make them mirrors of her mutability, and +therefore still crossed them thus contrarily. Thinking still to pass +on by the by-ways to get to Lyons, they chanced on a path that led +into the thick of the forest, where they wandered five or six days +without meat, that they were almost famished finding neither shepherd +nor cottage to relieve them; and hunger growing on so extreme, Adam +Spencer, being old, began first to faint, and sitting him down on a +hill, and looking about him, espied where Rosader lay as feeble and as +ill perplexed: which sight made him shed tears, and to fall into these +bitter terms: + +[Footnote 1: crowd.] + +ADAM SPENCER'S SPEECH + +"Oh, how the life of man may well be compared to the state of the +ocean seas, that for every calm hath a thousand storms, resembling the +rose tree, that for a few fair flowers hath a multitude of sharp +prickles! All our pleasures end in pain, and our highest delights are +crossed with deepest discontents. The joys of man, as they are few, so +are they momentary, scarce ripe before they are rotten, and withering +in the blossom, either parched with the heat of envy or fortune. +Fortune, O inconstant friend, that in all thy deeds art froward and +fickle, delighting, in the poverty of the lowest and the overthrow of +the highest, to decipher thy inconstancy. Thou standest upon a globe, +and thy wings are plumed with Time's feathers, that thou mayest ever +be restless: thou art double-faced like Janus, carrying frowns in the +one to threaten, and smiles in the other to betray: thou profferest an +eel, and performest a scorpion, and where thy greatest favors be, +there is the fear of the extremest misfortunes, so variable are all +thy actions. But why, Adam, dost thou exclaim against Fortune? She +laughs at the plaints of the distressed, and there is nothing more +pleasing unto her, than to hear fools boast in her fading allurements, +or sorrowful men to discover the sour of their passions. Glut her not, +Adam, then with content, but thwart her with brooking all mishaps with +patience. For there is no greater check to the pride of Fortune, than +with a resolute courage to pass over her crosses without care. Thou +art old, Adam, and thy hairs wax white: the palm tree is already full +of blooms, and in the furrows of thy face appears the calendars of +death. Wert thou blessed by Fortune thy years could not be many, nor +the date of thy life long: then sith nature must have her due, what is +it for thee to resign her debt a little before the day. Ah, it is not +this which grieveth me, nor do I care what mishaps Fortune can wage +against me, but the sight of Rosader that galleth unto the quick. When +I remember the worships of his house, the honor of his fathers, and +the virtues of himself, then do I say, that fortune and the fates are +most injurious, to censure so hard extremes, against a youth of so +great hope. O Rosader, thou art in the flower of thine age, and in the +pride of thy years, buxom and full of May. Nature hath prodigally +enriched thee with her favors, and virtue made thee the mirror of her +excellence; and now, through the decree of the unjust stars, to have +all these good parts nipped in the blade, and blemished by the +inconstancy of fortune! Ah, Rosader, could I help thee, my grief were +the less, and happy should my death be, if it might be the beginning +of thy relief: but seeing we perish both in one extreme, it is a +double sorrow. What shall I do? prevent the sight of his further +misfortune with a present dispatch of mine own life? Ah, despair is a +merciless sin!" + +As he was ready to go forward in his passion, he looked earnestly on +Rosader, and seeing him change color, he rise up and went to him, and +holding his temples, said: + +"What cheer, master? though all fail, let not the heart faint: the +courage of a man is showed in the resolution of his death." + +At these words Rosader lifted up his eye, and looking on Adam Spencer, +began to weep. + +"Ah, Adam," quoth he, "I sorrow not to die, but I grieve at the manner +of my death. Might I with my lance encounter the enemy, and so die in +the field, it were honor and content: might I, Adam, combate with some +wild beast and perish as his prey, I were satisfied; but to die with +hunger, O Adam, it is the extremest of all extremes!" + +"Master," quoth he, "you see we are both in one predicament, and long +I cannot live without meat; seeing therefore we can find no food, let +the death of the one preserve the life of the other. I am old, and +overworn with age, you are young, and are the hope of many honors: let +me then die, I will presently cut my veins, and, master, with the warm +blood relieve your fainting spirits: suck on that till I end, and you +be comforted." + +With that Adam Spencer was ready to pull out his knife, when Rosader +full of courage (though very faint) rose up, and wished Adam Spencer +to sit there till his return; "for my mind gives me," quoth he, "I +shall bring thee meat." With that, like a madman, he rose up, and +ranged up and down the woods, seeking to encounter some wild beast +with his rapier, that either he might carry his friend Adam food, or +else pledge his life in pawn for his loyalty. + +It chanced that day, that Gerismond, the lawful king of France +banished by Torismond, who with a lusty crew of outlaws lived in that +forest, that day in honor of his birth made a feast to all his bold +yeomen, and frolicked it with store of wine and venison, sitting all +at a long table under the shadow of limon trees. To that place by +chance fortune conducted Rosader, who seeing such a crew of brave men, +having store of that for want of which he and Adam perished, he +stepped boldly to the board's end, and saluted the company thus: + +"Whatsoever thou be that art master of these lusty squires, I salute +thee as graciously as a man in extreme distress may: know that I and a +fellow-friend of mine are here famished in the forest for want of +food: perish we must, unless relieved by thy favors. Therefore, if +thou be a gentleman, give meat to men, and to such men as are every +way worthy of life. Let the proudest squire that sits at thy table +rise and encounter with me in any honorable point of activity +whatsoever, and if he and thou prove me not a man, send me away +comfortless. If thou refuse this, as a niggard of thy cates, I will +have amongst you with my sword; for rather will I die valiantly, than +perish with so cowardly an extreme." + +Gerismond, looking him earnestly in the face, and seeing so proper a +gentleman in so bitter a passion, was moved with so great pity, that +rising from the table, he took him by the hand and bad him welcome, +willing him to sit down in his place, and in his room not only to eat +his fill, but be lord of the feast. + +"Gramercy, sir," quoth Rosader, "but I have a feeble friend that lies +hereby famished almost for food, aged and therefore less able to abide +the extremity of hunger than myself, and dishonor it were for me to +taste one crumb, before I made him partner of my fortunes: therefore I +will run and fetch him, and then I will gratefully accept of your +proffer." + +Away hies Rosader to Adam Spencer, and tells him the news, who was +glad of so happy fortune, but so feeble he was that he could not go; +whereupon Rosader got him up on his back, and brought him to the +place. Which when Gerismond and his men saw, they greatly applauded +their league of friendship; and Rosader, having Gerismond's place +assigned him, would not sit there himself, but set down Adam Spencer. +Well, to be short, those hungry squires fell to their victuals, and +feasted themselves with good delicates, and great store of wine. As +soon as they had taken their repast, Gerismond, desirous to hear what +hard fortune drave them into those bitter extremes, requested Rosader +to discourse, if it were not any way prejudicial unto him, the cause +of his travel. Rosader, desirous any way to satisfy the courtesy of +his favorable host, first beginning his exordium with a volley of +sighs, and a few lukewarm tears, prosecuted his discourse, and told +him from point to point all his fortunes: how he was the youngest son +of Sir John of Bordeaux, his name Rosader, how his brother sundry +times had wronged him, and lastly how, for beating the sheriff and +hurting his men, he fled. + +"And this old man," quoth he, "whom I so much love and honor, is +surnamed Adam Spencer, an old servant of my father's, and one, that +for his love, never failed me in all my misfortunes." + +When Gerismond heard this, he fell on the neck of Rosader, and next +discoursing unto him how he was Gerismond their lawful king exiled by +Torismond, what familiarity had ever been betwixt his father, Sir John +of Bordeaux, and him, how faithful a subject he lived, and how +honorable he died, promising, for his sake, to give both him and his +friend such courteous entertainment as his present estate could +minister, and upon this made him one of his foresters. Rosader seeing +it was the king, craved pardon for his boldness, in that he did not do +him due reverence, and humbly gave him thanks for his favorable +courtesy. Gerismond, not satisfied yet with news, began to inquire if +he had been lately in the court of Torismond, and whether he had seen +his daughter Rosalynde or no? At this Rosader fetched a deep sigh, and +shedding many tears, could not answer: yet at last, gathering his +spirits together, he revealed unto the king, how Rosalynde was +banished, and how there was such a sympathy of affections between +Alinda and her, that she chose rather to be partaker of her exile, +than to part fellowship; whereupon the unnatural king banished them +both: "and now they are wandered none knows whither, neither could any +learn since their departure, the place of their abode." This news +drave the king into a great melancholy, that presently he arose from +all the company, and went into his privy chamber, so secret as the +harbor of the woods would allow him. The company was all dashed at +these tidings, and Rosader and Adam Spencer, having such opportunity, +went to take their rest. Where we leave them, and return again to +Torismond. + +The flight of Rosader came to the ears of Torismond, who hearing that +Saladyne was sole heir of the lands of Sir John of Bordeaux, desirous +to possess such fair revenues, found just occasion to quarrel with +Saladyne about the wrongs he proffered to his brother: and therefore, +dispatching a herehault,[1] he sent for Saladyne in all post-haste. +Who marvelling what the matter should be, began to examine his own +conscience, wherein he had offended his highness; but emboldened with +his innocence, he boldly went with the herehault unto the court; +where, as soon as he came, he was not admitted into the presence of +the king, but presently sent to prison. This greatly amazed Saladyne, +chiefly in that the jailer had a straight charge over him, to see that +he should be close prisoner. Many passionate thoughts came in his +head, till at last he began to fall into consideration of his former +follies, and to meditate with himself. Leaning his head on his hand, +and his elbow on his knee, full of sorrow, grief and disquieted +passions, he resolved into these terms: + +[Footnote 1: herald.] + +SALADYNE'S COMPLAINT + +"Unhappy Saladyne! whom folly hath led to these misfortunes, and +wanton desires wrapped within the labyrinth of these calamities! Are +not the heavens doomers of men's deeds; and holds not God a balance in +his fist, to reward with favor, and revenge with justice? O Saladyne, +the faults of thy youth, as they were fond, so were they foul, and not +only discovering little nurture, but blemishing the excellence of +nature. Whelps of one litter are ever most loving, and brothers that +are sons of one father should live in friendship without jar. O +Saladyne, so it should be; but thou hast with the deer fed against the +wind, with the crab strove against the stream, and sought to pervert +nature by unkindness. Rosader's wrongs, the wrongs of Rosader, +Saladyne, cries for revenge; his youth pleads to God to inflict some +penance upon thee; his virtues are pleas that enforce writs of +displeasure to cross thee: thou hast highly abused thy kind and +natural brother, and the heavens cannot spare to quite thee with +punishment. There is no sting to the worm of conscience, no hell to a +mind touched with guilt. Every wrong I offered him, called now to +remembrance, wringeth a drop of blood from my heart, every bad look, +every frown pincheth me at the quick, and says, 'Saladyne thou hast +sinned against Rosader.' Be penitent, and assign thyself some penance +to discover thy sorrow, and pacify his wrath." + +In the depth of his passion, he was sent for to the king, who with a +look that threatened death entertained him, and demanded of him where +his brother was. Saladyne made answer, that upon some riot made +against the sheriff of the shire, he was fled from Bordeaux, but he +knew not whither. + +"Nay, villain," quoth he, "I have heard of the wrongs thou hast +proffered thy brother since the death of thy father, and by thy means +have I lost a most brave and resolute chevalier. Therefore, in justice +to punish thee, I spare thy life for thy father's sake, but banish +thee for ever from the court and country of France; and see thy +departure be within ten days, else trust me thou shalt lose thy head." + +And with that the king flew away in a rage, and left poor Saladyne +greatly perplexed; who grieving at his exile, yet determined to bear +it with patience, and in penance of his former follies to travel +abroad in every coast till he had found out his brother Rosader. With +whom now I begin. + +Rosader, being thus preferred to the place of a forester by Gerismond, +rooted out the remembrance of his brother's unkindness by continual +exercise, traversing the groves and wild forests, partly to hear the +melody of the sweet birds which recorded,[1] and partly to show his +diligent endeavor in his master's behalf. Yet whatsoever he did, or +howsoever he walked, the lively image of Rosalynde remained in memory: +on her sweet perfections he fed his thoughts, proving himself like the +eagle a true-born bird, since as the one is known by beholding the +sun, so was he by regarding excellent beauty. One day among the rest, +finding a fit opportunity and place convenient, desirous to discover +his woes to the woods, he engraved with his knife on the bark of a +myrtle tree, this pretty estimate of his mistress' perfection: + +[Footnote 1: sang.] + +_Sonetto_ + + Of all chaste birds the Phoenix doth excell, + Of all strong beasts the lion bears the bell, + Of all sweet flowers the rose doth sweetest smell, + Of all fair maids my Rosalynde is fairest. + + Of all pure metals gold is only purest, + Of all high trees the pine hath highest crest, + Of all soft sweets I like my mistress' breast, + Of all chaste thoughts my mistress' thoughts are rarest. + + Of all proud birds the eagle pleaseth Jove, + Of pretty fowls kind Venus likes the dove, + Of trees Minerva doth the olive love, + Of all sweet nymphs I honor Rosalynde. + + Of all her gifts her wisdom pleaseth most, + Of all her graces virtue she doth boast: + For all these gifts my life and joy is lost, + If Rosalynde prove cruel and unkind. + +In these and such like passions Rosader did every day eternize the +name of his Rosalynde; and this day especially when Aliena and +Ganymede, enforced by the heat of the sun to seek for shelter, by good +fortune arrived in that place, where this amorous forester registered +his melancholy passions. They saw the sudden change of his looks, his +folded arms, his passionate sighs: they heard him often abruptly call +on Rosalynde, who, poor soul, was as hotly burned as himself, but that +she shrouded her pains in the cinders of honorable modesty. Whereupon, +guessing him to be in love, and according to the nature of their sex +being pitiful in that behalf, they suddenly brake off his melancholy +by their approach, and Ganymede shook him out of his dumps thus: + +"What news, forester? hast thou wounded some deer, and lost him in the +fall? Care not man for so small a loss: thy fees was but the skin, the +shoulder, and the horns: 'tis hunter's luck to aim fair and miss; and +a woodman's fortune to strike and yet go without the game." + +"Thou art beyond the mark, Ganymede," quoth Aliena: "his passions are +greater, and his sighs discovers more loss: perhaps in traversing +these thickets, he hath seen some beautiful nymph, and is grown +amorous." + +"It may be so," quoth Ganymede, "for here he hath newly engraven some +sonnet: come, and see the discourse of the forester's poems." + +Reading the sonnet over, and hearing him name Rosalynde, Aliena looked +on Ganymede and laughed, and Ganymede looking back on the forester, +and seeing it was Rosader, blushed; yet thinking to shroud all under +her page's apparel, she boldly returned to Rosader, and began thus: + +"I pray thee tell me, forester, what is this Rosalynde for whom thou +pinest away in such passions? Is she some nymph that waits upon +Diana's train, whose chastity thou hast deciphered in such epithets? +Or is she some shepherdess that haunts these plains whose beauty hath +so bewitched thy fancy, whose name thou shadowest in covert under the +figure of Rosalynde, as Ovid did Julia under the name of Corinna? Or +say me forsooth, is it that Rosalynde, of whom we shepherds have heard +talk, she, forester, that is the daughter of Gerismond, that once was +king, and now an outlaw in the forest of Arden?" + +At this Rosader fetched a deep sigh, and said: + +"It is she, O gentle swain, it is she; that saint it is whom I serve, +that goddess at whose shrine I do bend all my devotions; the most +fairest of all fairs, the phoenix of all that sex, and the purity of +all earthly perfection." + +"And why, gentle forester, if she be so beautiful, and thou so +amorous, is there such a disagreement in thy thoughts? Happily she +resembleth the rose, that is sweet but full of prickles? or the +serpent Regius that hath scales as glorious as the sun and a breath as +infectious as the Aconitum is deadly? So thy Rosalynde may be most +amiable and yet unkind; full of favor and yet froward, coy without +wit, and disdainful without reason." + +"O Shepherd," quoth Rosader, "knewest thou her personage, graced with +the excellence of all perfection, being a harbor wherein the graces +shroud their virtues, thou wouldest not breathe out such blasphemy +against the beauteous Rosalynde. She is a diamond, bright but not +hard, yet of most chaste operation; a pearl so orient,[1] that it can +be stained with no blemish; a rose without prickles, and a princess +absolute as well in beauty as in virtue. But I, unhappy I, have let +mine eye soar with the eagle against so bright a sun that I am quite +blind: I have with Apollo enamored myself of a Daphne, not, as she, +disdainful, but far more chaste than Daphne: I have with Ixion laid my +love on Juno, and shall, I fear, embrace nought but a cloud. Ah, +Shepherd, I have reached at a star: my desires have mounted above my +degree, and my thoughts above my fortunes. I being a peasant, have +ventured to gaze on a princess, whose honors are too high to vouchsafe +such base loves." + +[Footnote 1: precious.] + +"Why, forester," quoth Ganymede, "comfort thyself; be blithe and +frolic man. Love souseth[1] as low as she soareth high: Cupid shoots +at a rag as soon as at a robe; and Venus' eye that was so curious, +sparkled favor on pole-footed[2] Vulcan. Fear not, man, women's looks +are not tied to dignity's feathers, nor make they curious esteem where +the stone is found, but what is the virtue. Fear not, forester; faint +heart never won fair lady. But where lives Rosalynde now? at the +court?" + +[Footnote 1: swoops, a term used in falconry.] + +[Footnote 2: club-footed.] + +"Oh no," quoth Rosader, "she lives I know not where, and that is my +sorrow; banished by Torismond, and that is my hell: for might I but +find her sacred personage, and plead before the bar of her pity the +plaint of my passions, hope tells me she would grace me with some +favor, and that would suffice as a recompense of all my former +miseries." + +"Much have I heard of thy mistress' excellence, and I know, forester, +thou canst describe her at the full, as one that hast surveyed all her +parts with a curious eye; then do me that favor, to tell me what her +perfections be." + +"That I will," quoth Rosader, "for I glory to make all ears wonder at +my mistress' excellence." + +And with that he pulled a paper forth his bosom, wherein he read this: + +_Rosalynde's Description_ + + Like to the clear[1] in highest sphere + Where all imperial glory shines, + Of selfsame color is her hair, + Whether unfolded or in twines: + Heigh ho, fair Rosalynde! + Her eyes are sapphires set in snow, + Refining heaven by every wink: + The gods do fear whenas they glow, + And I do tremble when I think: + Heigh ho, would she were mine. + + Her cheeks are like the blushing cloud + That beautifies Aurora's face, + Or like the silver crimson shroud + That Phoebus' smiling looks doth grace: + Heigh ho, fair Rosalynde. + + Her lips are like two budded roses, + Whom ranks of lilies neighbor nigh, + Within which bounds she balm encloses, + Apt to entice a deity: + Heigh ho, would she were mine. + + Her neck, like to a stately tower + Where love himself imprisoned lies, + To watch for glances every hour + From her divine and sacred eyes: + Heigh ho, fair Rosalynde. + Her paps are centres of delight, + Her paps are orbs of heavenly frame, + Where nature moulds the dew of light, + To feed perfection with the same: + Heigh ho, would she were mine. + + With orient pearl, with ruby red, + With marble white, with sapphire blue, + Her body every way is fed, + Yet soft in touch, and sweet in view: + Heigh ho, fair Rosalynde. + Nature herself her shape admires, + The gods are wounded in her sight, + And Love forsakes his heavenly fires + And at her eyes his brand doth light: + Heigh ho, would she were mine. + + Then muse not, nymphs, though I bemoan + The absence of fair Rosalynde, + Since for her fair[2] there is fairer none, + Nor for her virtues so divine: + Heigh ho, fair Rosalynde. + Heigh ho, my heart, would God that she were mine! + + _Periit, quia deperibat._ + +[Footnote 1: brightness.] + +[Footnote 2: fairness.] + +"Believe me," quoth Ganymede, "either the forester is an exquisite +painter, or Rosalynde far above wonder; so it makes me blush to hear +how women should be so excellent, and pages so unperfect." + +Rosader beholding her earnestly, answered thus: + +"Truly, gentle page, thou hast cause to complain thee wert thou the +substance, but resembling the shadow content thyself; for it is +excellence enough to be like the excellence of nature." + +"He hath answered you, Ganymede," quoth Aliena, "it is enough for +pages to wait on beautiful ladies, and not to be beautiful +themselves." + +"O mistress," quoth Ganymede, "hold you your peace, for you are +partial. Who knows not, but that all women have desire to tie +sovereignty to their petticoats, and ascribe beauty to themselves, +where, if boys might put on their garments, perhaps they would prove +as comely; if not as comely, it may be more courteous. But tell me, +forester," and with that she turned to Rosader, "under whom +maintainest thou thy walk?" + +"Gentle swain, under the king of outlaws," said he, "the unfortunate +Gerismond, who having lost his kingdom, crowneth his thoughts with +content, accounting it better to govern among poor men in peace, than +great men in danger." + +"But hast thou not," said she, "having so melancholy opportunities as +this forest affordeth thee, written more sonnets in commendations of +thy mistress?" + +"I have, gentle swain," quoth he, "but they be not about me. To-morrow +by dawn of day, if your flocks feed in these pastures, I will bring +them you, wherein you shall read my passions whilst I feel them, judge +my patience when you read it: till when I bid farewell." So giving +both Ganymede and Aliena a gentle good-night, he resorted to his +lodge, leaving Aliena and Ganymede to their prittle-prattle. + +"So Ganymede," said Aliena, the forester being gone, "you are mightily +beloved; men make ditties in your praise, spend sighs for your sake, +make an idol of your beauty. Believe me, it grieves me not a little to +see the poor man so pensive, and you so pitiless." + +"Ah, Aliena," quoth she, "be not peremptory in your judgments. I hear +Rosalynde praised as I am Ganymede, but were I Rosalynde, I could +answer the forester: if he mourn for love, there are medicines for +love: Rosalynde cannot be fair and unkind. And so, madam, you see it +is time to fold our flocks, or else Corydon will frown and say you +will never prove good housewife." + +With that they put their sheep into the cotes, and went home to her +friend Corydon's cottage, Aliena as merry as might be that she was +thus in the company of her Rosalynde; but she, poor soul, that had +love her lodestar, and her thoughts set on fire with the flame of +fancy, could take no rest, but being alone began to consider what +passionate penance poor Rosader was enjoined to by love and fortune, +that at last she fell into this humor with herself: + +ROSALYNDE PASSIONATE ALONE + +"Ah, Rosalynde, how the Fates have set down in their synod to make +thee unhappy: for when Fortune hath done her worst, then Love comes in +to begin a new tragedy: she seeks to lodge her son in thine eyes, and +to kindle her fires in thy bosom. Beware, fond girl, he is an unruly +guest to harbor; for cutting in by entreats, he will not be thrust out +by force, and her fires are fed with such fuel, as no water is able to +quench. Seest thou not how Venus seeks to wrap thee in her labyrinth, +wherein is pleasure at the entrance, but within, sorrows, cares, and +discontent? She is a Siren, stop thine ears to her melody; she is a +basilisk, shut thy eyes and gaze not at her lest thou perish. Thou art +now placed in the country content, where are heavenly thoughts and +mean desires: in those lawns where thy flocks feed, Diana haunts: be +as her nymphs chaste, and enemy to love, for there is no greater honor +to a maid, than to account of fancy as a mortal foe to their sex. +Daphne, that bonny wench, was not turned into a bay tree, as the +poets feign: but for her chastity her fame was immortal, resembling +the laurel that is ever green. Follow thou her steps, Rosalynde, and +the rather, for that thou art an exile, and banished from the court; +whose distress, and it is appeased with patience, so it would be +renewed with amorous passions. Have mind on thy forepassed fortunes; +fear the worst, and entangle not thyself with present fancies, lest +loving in haste, thou repent thee at leisure. Ah, but yet, Rosalynde, +it is Rosader that courts thee; one who as he is beautiful, so he is +virtuous, and harboreth in his mind as many good qualities as his face +is shadowed with gracious favors; and therefore, Rosalynde, stoop to +love, lest, being either too coy or too cruel, Venus wax wroth, and +plague thee with the reward of disdain." + +Rosalynde, thus passionate, was wakened from her dumps[1] by Aliena, +who said it was time to go to bed. Corydon swore that was true, for +Charles' Wain was risen in the north. Whereupon each taking leave of +other, went to their rest, all but the poor Rosalynde, who was so full +of passions, that she could not possess any content. Well, leaving her +to her broken slumbers, expect what was performed by them the next +morning. + +[Footnote 1: meditation.] + +The sun was no sooner stepped from the bed of Aurora, but Aliena was +wakened by Ganymede, who, restless all night, had tossed in her +passions, saying it was then time to go to the field to unfold their +sheep. Aliena, that spied where the hare was by the hounds, and could +see day at a little hole, thought to be pleasant with her Ganymede, +and therefore replied thus: + +"What, wanton! the sun is but new up, and as yet Iris' riches lie +folded in the bosom of Flora: Phoebus hath not dried up the pearled +dew, and so long Corydon hath taught me, it is not fit to lead the +sheep abroad, lest, the dew being unwholesome, they get the rot: but +now see I the old proverb true, he is in haste whom the devil drives, +and where love pricks forward, there is no worse death than delay. Ah, +my good page, is there fancy in thine eye, and passions in thy heart? +What, hast thou wrapt love in thy looks, and set all thy thoughts on +fire by affection? I tell thee, it is a flame as hard to be quenched +as that of Aetna. But nature must have her course: women's eyes have +faculty attractive like the jet, and retentive like the diamond: they +dally in the delight of fair objects, till gazing on the panther's +beautiful skin, repenting experience tell them he hath a devouring +paunch." + +"Come on," quoth Ganymede, "this sermon of yours is but a subtlety to +lie still a-bed, because either you think the morning cold, or else I +being gone, you would steal a nap: this shift carries no palm, and +therefore up and away. And for Love, let me alone; I'll whip him away +with nettles, and set disdain as a charm to withstand his forces: and +therefore look you to yourself; be not too bold, for Venus can make +you bend, nor too coy, for Cupid hath a piercing dart, that will make +you cry _Peccavi_." + +"And that is it," quoth Aliena, "that hath raised you so early this +morning." And with that she slipped on her petticoat, and start up; +and as soon as she had made her ready, and taken her breakfast, away +go these two with their bag and bottles to the field, in more pleasant +content of mind than ever they were in the court of Torismond. + +They came no sooner nigh the folds, but they might see where their +discontented forester was walking in his melancholy. As soon as Aliena +saw him, she smiled and said to Ganymede: + +"Wipe your eyes, sweeting, for yonder is your sweetheart this morning +in deep prayers, no doubt, to Venus, that she may make you as pitiful +as he is passionate. Come on, Ganymede, I pray thee, let's have a +little sport with him." + +"Content," quoth Ganymede, and with that, to waken him out of his deep +_memento_,[1] he began thus: + +[Footnote 1: revery.] + +"Forester, good fortune to thy thoughts, and ease to thy passions. +What makes you so early abroad this morn? in contemplation, no doubt, +of your Rosalynde. Take heed, forester; step not too far, the ford may +be deep, and you slip over the shoes: I tell thee, flies have their +spleen, the ants choler, the least hairs shadows, and the smallest +loves great desires. 'Tis good, forester, to love, but not to +overlove, lest in loving her that likes not thee, thou fold thyself in +an endless labyrinth." + +Rosader, seeing the fair shepherdess and her pretty swain in whose +company he felt the greatest ease of his care, he returned them a +salute on this manner: + +"Gentle shepherds, all hail, and as healthful be your flocks as you +happy in content. Love is restless, and my bed is but the cell of my +bane, in that there I find busy thoughts and broken slumbers: here +(although everywhere passionate) yet I brook love with more patience, +in that every object feeds mine eye with variety of fancies. When I +look on Flora's beauteous tapestry, checked with the pride of all her +treasure, I call to mind the fair face of Rosalynde, whose heavenly +hue exceeds the rose and the lily in their highest excellence: the +brightness of Phoebus' shine puts me in mind to think of the sparkling +flames that flew from her eyes, and set my heart first on fire: the +sweet harmony of the birds, puts me in remembrance of the rare melody +of her voice, which like the Siren enchanteth the ears of the hearer. +Thus in contemplation I salve my sorrows, with applying the perfection +of every object to the excellence of her qualities." + +"She is much beholding unto you," quoth Aliena, "and so much, that I +have oft wished with myself, that if I should ever prove as amorous +as Oenone, I might find as faithful a Paris as yourself." + +"How say you by this item, forester?" quoth Ganymede, "the fair +shepherdess favors you, who is mistress of so many flocks. Leave off, +man, the supposition of Rosalynde's love, whenas watching at her you +rove beyond the moon, and cast your looks upon my mistress, who no +doubt is as fair though not so royal; one bird in the hand is worth +two in the wood: better possess the love of Aliena than catch +furiously at the shadow of Rosalynde." + +"I'll tell thee boy," quoth Rosader, "so is my fancy fixed on my +Rosalynde, that were thy mistress as fair as Leda or Danae, whom Jove +courted in transformed shapes, mine eyes would not vouch to entertain +their beauties; and so hath love locked me in her perfections, that I +had rather only contemplate in her beauties, than absolutely possess +the excellence of any other." + +"Venus is to blame, forester, if having so true a servant of you, she +reward you not with Rosalynde, if Rosalynde were more fairer than +herself. But leaving this prattle, now I'll put you in mind of your +promise about those sonnets, which you said were at home in your +lodge." + +"I have them about me," quoth Rosader, "let us sit down, and then you +shall hear what a poetical fury love will infuse into a man." With +that they sate down upon a green bank, shadowed with fig trees, and +Rosader, fetching a deep sigh, read them this sonnet: + +_Rosader's Sonnet_ + + In sorrow's cell I laid me down to sleep, + But waking woes were jealous of mine eyes, + They made them watch, and bend themselves to weep, + But weeping tears their want could not suffice: + Yet since for her they wept who guides my heart, + They weeping smile, and triumph in their smart. + + Of these my tears a fountain fiercely springs, + Where Venus bains[1] herself incensed with love, + Where Cupid bowseth[2] his fair feathered wings; + But I behold what pains I must approve. + Care drinks it dry; but when on her I think, + Love makes me weep it full unto the brink. + + Meanwhile my sighs yield truce unto my tears, + By them the winds increased and fiercely blow: + Yet when I sigh the flame more plain appears, + And by their force with greater power doth glow: + Amid these pains, all phoenix-like I thrive + Since love, that yields me death, may life revive.[3] + + _Rosader en esperance._ + +[Footnote 1: bathes.] + +[Footnote 2: dips.] + +[Footnote 3: This song is said to be an imitation of Desportes's +sonnet beginning, + + Si je me siez a l'ombre aussi soudainement.] + +"Now, surely, forester," quoth Aliena, "when thou madest this sonnet, +thou wert in some amorous quandary, neither too fearful as despairing +of thy mistress' favors, nor too gleesome as hoping in thy fortunes." + +"I can smile," quoth Ganymede, "at the sonettos, canzones, madrigals, +rounds and roundelays, that these pensive patients pour out when their +eyes are more full of wantonness, than their hearts of passions. Then, +as the fishers put the sweetest bait to the fairest fish, so these +Ovidians, holding _amo_ in their tongues, when their thoughts come at +haphazard, write that they be rapt in an endless labyrinth of sorrow, +when walking in the large lease of liberty, they only have their +humors in their inkpot. If they find women so fond, that they will +with such painted lures come to their lust, then they triumph till +they be full-gorged with pleasures; and then fly they away, like +ramage[1] kites, to their own content, leaving the tame fool, their +mistress, full of fancy, yet without even a feather. If they miss, as +dealing with some wary wanton, that wants not such a one as +themselves, but spies their subtlety, they end their amours with a few +feigned sighs; and so their excuse is, their mistress is cruel, and +they smother passions with patience. Such, gentle forester, we may +deem you to be, that rather pass away the time here in these woods +with writing amorets, than to be deeply enamored (as you say) of your +Rosalynde. If you be such a one, then I pray God, when you think your +fortunes at the highest, and your desires to be most excellent, then +that you may with Ixion embrace Juno in a cloud, and have nothing but +a marble mistress to release your martyrdom; but if you be true and +trusty, eye-pained and heart-sick, then accursed be Rosalynde if she +prove cruel: for, forester (I flatter not) thou art worthy of as fair +as she." Aliena, spying the storm by the wind, smiled to see how +Ganymede flew to the fist without any call; but Rosader, who took him +flat for a shepherd's swain, made him this answer: + +[Footnote 1: wild.] + +"Trust me, swain," quoth Rosader, "but my canzon was written in no +such humor; for mine eye and my heart are relatives, the one drawing +fancy by sight, the other entertaining her by sorrow. If thou sawest +my Rosalynde, with what beauties nature hath favored her, with what +perfection the heavens hath graced her, with what qualities the gods +have endued her, then wouldst thou say, there is none so fickle that +could be fleeting unto her. If she had been Aeneas' Dido, had Venus +and Juno both scolded him from Carthage, yet her excellence, despite +of them, would have detained him at Tyre. If Phyllis had been as +beauteous, or Ariadne as virtuous, or both as honorable and excellent +as she, neither had the filbert tree sorrowed in the death of +despairing Phyllis, nor the stars been graced with Ariadne, but +Demophoon and Theseus had been trusty to their paragons. I will tell +thee, swain, if with a deep insight thou couldst pierce into the +secret of my loves, and see what deep impressions of her idea +affection hath made in my heart, then wouldst thou confess I were +passing passionate, and no less endued with admirable patience." + +"Why," quoth Aliena, "needs there patience in love?" + +"Or else in nothing," quoth Rosader; "for it is a restless sore that +hath no ease, a canker that still frets, a disease that taketh away +all hope of sleep. If then so many sorrows, sudden joys, momentary +pleasures, continual fears, daily griefs, and nightly woes be found in +love, then is not he to be accounted patient that smothers all these +passions with silence?" + +"Thou speakest by experience," quoth Ganymede, "and therefore we hold +all thy words for axioms. But is love such a lingering malady?" + +"It is," quoth he, "either extreme or mean, according to the mind of +the party that entertains it; for, as the weeds grow longer untouched +than the pretty flowers, and the flint lies safe in the quarry when +the emerald is suffering the lapidary's tool, so mean men are freed +from Venus' injuries, when kings are environed with a labyrinth of her +cares. The whiter the lawn is, the deeper is the mole[1]; the more +purer the chrysolite, the sooner stained; and such as have their +hearts full of honor, have their loves full of the greatest sorrows. +But in whomsoever," quoth Rosader, "he fixeth his dart, he never +leaveth to assault him, till either he hath won him to folly or fancy; +for as the moon never goes without the star Lunisequa, so a lover +never goeth without the unrest of his thoughts. For proof you shall +hear another fancy of my making." + +[Footnote 1: stain.] + +"Now do, gentle forester," quoth Ganymede; and with that he read over +this sonetto: + +_Rosader's second Sonetto_ + + Turn I my looks unto the skies, + Love with his arrows wounds mine eyes; + If so I gaze upon the ground, + Love then in every flower is found. + Search I the shade to fly my pain, + He meets me in the shade again; + Wend I to walk in secret grove, + Even there I meet with sacred Love. + If so I bain[1] me in the spring, + Even on the brink I hear him sing: + If so I meditate alone, + He will be partner of my moan. + If so I mourn, he weeps with me, + And where I am there will he be. + Whenas I talk of Rosalynde + The god from coyness waxeth kind, + And seems in selfsame flames to fry + Because he loves as well as I. + Sweet Rosalynde, for pity rue; + For why, than Love I am more true: + He, if he speed, will quickly fly, + But in thy love I live and die. + +[Footnote 1: bathe.] + +"How like you this sonnet?" quoth Rosader. + +"Marry," quoth Ganymede, "for the pen well, for the passion ill; for +as I praise the one, I pity the other, in that thou shouldst hunt +after a cloud, and love either without reward or regard." + +"'Tis not her frowardness," quoth Rosader, "but my hard fortunes, +whose destinies have crossed me with her absence; for did she feel my +loves, she would not let me linger in these sorrows. Women, as they +are fair, so they respect faith, and estimate more, if they be +honorable, the will than the wealth, having loyalty the object whereat +they aim their fancies. But leaving off these interparleys,[1] you +shall hear my last sonetto, and then you have heard all my poetry." +And with that he sighed out this: + +[Footnote 1: discussions.] + +_Rosader's third Sonnet_ + + Of virtuous love myself may boast alone, + Since no suspect my service may attaint: + For perfect fair she is the only one, + Whom I esteem for my beloved saint. + Thus, for my faith I only bear the bell, + And for her fair she only doth excel. + + Then let fond Petrarch shroud his Laura's praise, + And Tasso cease to publish his affect, + Since mine the faith confirmed at all assays, + And hers the fair, which all men do respect. + My lines her fair, her fair my faith assures; + Thus I by love, and love by me endures. + +"Thus," quoth Rosader, "here is an end of my poems, but for all this +no release of my passions; so that I resemble him that in the depth of +his distress hath none but the echo to answer him." + +Ganymede, pitying her Rosader, thinking to drive him out of this +amorous melancholy, said that now the sun was in his meridional heat +and that it was high noon, "therefore we shepherds say, 'tis time to +go to dinner; for the sun and our stomachs are shepherds' dials. +Therefore, forester, if thou wilt take such fare as comes out of our +homely scrips, welcome shall answer whatsoever thou wantest in +delicates." + +Aliena took the entertainment by the end, and told Rosader he should +be her guest. He thanked them heartily, and sate with them down to +dinner, where they had such cates as country state did allow them, +sauced with such content, and such sweet prattle, as it seemed far +more sweet than all their courtly junkets. + +As soon as they had taken their repast, Rosader, giving them thanks +for his good cheer, would have been gone; but Ganymede, that was loath +to let him pass out of her presence, began thus: + +"Nay, forester," quoth he, "if thy business be not the greater, seeing +thou sayest thou art so deeply in love, let me see how thou canst woo: +I will represent Rosalynde, and thou shalt be as thou art, Rosader. +See in some amorous eclogue, how if Rosalynde were present, how thou +couldst court her; and while we sing of love, Aliena shall tune her +pipe and play us melody." + +"Content," quoth Rosader, and Aliena, she, to show her willingness, +drew forth a recorder,[1] and began to wind it. Then the loving +forester began thus: + +[Footnote 1: an old instrument, resembling the flageolet.] + +_The wooing Eclogue betwixt Rosalynde and Rosader_ + + ROSADER + + I pray thee, nymph, by all the working words, + By all the tears and sighs that lovers know, + Or what or thoughts or faltering tongue affords, + I crave for mine in ripping up my woe. + Sweet Rosalynde, my love (would God, my love) + My life (would God, my life) aye, pity me! + Thy lips are kind, and humble like the dove, + And but with beauty, pity will not be. + Look on mine eyes, made red with rueful tears, + From whence the rain of true remorse descendeth, + All pale in looks am I though young in years, + And nought but love or death my days befriendeth. + Oh let no stormy rigor knit thy brows, + Which love appointed for his mercy seat: + The tallest tree by Boreas' breath it bows; + The iron yields with hammer, and to heat. + O Rosalynde, then be thou pitiful, + For Rosalynde is only beautiful. + + ROSALYNDE + + Love's wantons arm their trait'rous suits with tears, + With vows, with oaths, with looks, with showers of gold; + But when the fruit of their affects appears, + The simple heart by subtle sleights is sold. + Thus sucks the yielding ear the poisoned bait, + Thus feeds the heart upon his endless harms, + Thus glut the thoughts themselves on self-deceit, + Thus blind the eyes their sight by subtle charms. + The lovely looks, the sighs that storm so sore, + The dew of deep-dissembled doubleness, + These may attempt, but are of power no more + Where beauty leans to wit and soothfastness. + O Rosader, then be thou wittiful, + For Rosalynde scorns foolish pitiful. + + ROSADER + + I pray thee, Rosalynde, by those sweet eyes + That stain the sun in shine, the morn in clear, + By those sweet cheeks where Love encamped lies + To kiss the roses of the springing year. + I tempt thee, Rosalynde, by ruthful plaints, + Not seasoned with deceit or fraudful guile, + But firm in pain, far more than tongue depaints, + Sweet nymph, be kind, and grace me with a smile. + So may the heavens preserve from hurtful food + Thy harmless flocks; so may the summer yield + The pride of all her riches and her good, + To fat thy sheep, the citizens of field. + Oh, leave to arm thy lovely brows with scorn: + The birds their beak, the lion hath his tail, + And lovers nought but sighs and bitter mourn, + The spotless fort of fancy to assail. + O Rosalynde, then be thou pitiful, + For Rosalynde is only beautiful. + + ROSALYNDE + + The hardened steel by fire is brought in frame: + + ROSADER + + And Rosalynde, my love, than any wool more softer; + And shall not sighs her tender heart inflame? + + ROSALYNDE + + Were lovers true, maids would believe them ofter. + + ROSADER + + Truth, and regard, and honor, guide my love. + + ROSALYNDE + + Fain would I trust, but yet I dare not try. + + ROSADER + + O pity me, sweet nymph, and do but prove. + + ROSALYNDE + + I would resist, but yet I know not why. + + ROSADER + + O Rosalynde, be kind, for times will change, + Thy looks ay nill be fair as now they be; + Thine age from beauty may thy looks estrange: + Ah, yield in time, sweet nymph, and pity me. + + ROSALYNDE + + O Rosalynde, thou must be pitiful, + For Rosader is young and beautiful. + + ROSADER + + Oh, gain more great than kingdoms or a crown! + + ROSALYNDE + + Oh, trust betrayed if Rosader abuse me. + + ROSADER + + First let the heavens conspire to pull me down + And heaven and earth as abject quite refuse me. + Let sorrows stream about my hateful bower, + And restless horror hatch within my breast: + Let beauty's eye afflict me with a lour, + Let deep despair pursue me without rest, + Ere Rosalynde my loyalty disprove, + Ere Rosalynde accuse me for unkind. + + ROSALYNDE + + Then Rosalynde will grace thee with her love + Then Rosalynde will have thee still in mind. + + ROSADER + + Then let me triumph more than Tithon's dear, + Since Rosalynde will Rosader respect: + Then let my face exile his sorry cheer, + And frolic in the comfort of affect; + And say that Rosalynde is only pitiful, + Since Rosalynde is only beautiful. + +When thus they had finished their courting eclogue in such a familiar +clause, Ganymede, as augur of some good fortunes to light upon their +affections, began to be thus pleasant: + +"How now, forester, have I not fitted your turn? have I not played the +woman handsomely, and showed myself as coy in grants as courteous in +desires, and been as full of suspicion as men of flattery? and yet to +salve all, jumped[1] I not all up with the sweet union of love? Did +not Rosalynde content her Rosader?" + +[Footnote 1: ended.] + +The forester at this smiling, shook his head, and folding his arms +made this merry reply: + +"Truth, gentle swain, Rosader hath his Rosalynde; but as Ixion had +Juno, who, thinking to possess a goddess, only embraced a cloud: in +these imaginary fruitions of fancy I resemble the birds that fed +themselves with Zeuxis' painted grapes; but they grew so lean with +pecking at shadows, that they were glad, with Aesop's cock, to scrape +for a barley cornel.[1] So fareth it with me, who to feed myself with +the hope of my mistress's favors, sooth myself in thy suits, and only +in conceit reap a wished-for content; but if my food be no better than +such amorous dreams, Venus at the year's end shall find me but a lean +lover. Yet do I take these follies for high fortunes, and hope these +feigned affections do divine some unfeigned end of ensuing fancies." + +[Footnote 1: kernel.] + +"And thereupon," quoth Aliena, "I'll play the priest: from this day +forth Ganymede shall call thee husband, and thou shall call Ganymede +wife, and so we'll have a marriage." + +"Content," quoth Rosader, and laughed. + +"Content," quoth Ganymede, and changed as red as a rose: and so with a +smile and a blush, they made up this jesting match, that after proved +to a marriage in earnest, Rosader full little thinking he had wooed +and won his Rosalynde. + +But all was well; hope is a sweet string to harp on, and therefore +let the forester awhile shape himself to his shadow, and tarry +fortune's leisure, till she may make a metamorphosis fit for his +purpose. I digress; and therefore to Aliena, who said, the wedding was +not worth a pin, unless there were some cheer, nor that bargain well +made that was not stricken up with a cup of wine: and therefore she +willed Ganymede to set out such cates as they had, and to draw out her +bottle, charging the forester, as he had imagined his loves, so to +conceit these cates to be a most sumptuous banquet, and to take a +mazer[1] of wine and to drink to his Rosalynde; which Rosader did, and +so they passed away the day in many pleasant devices. Till at last +Aliena perceived time would tarry no man, and that the sun waxed very +low, ready to set, which made her shorten their amorous prattle, and +end the banquet with a fresh carouse: which done, they all three +arose, and Aliena broke off thus: + +[Footnote 1: mug.] + +"Now, forester, Phoebus that all this while hath been partaker of our +sports, seeing every woodman more fortunate in his loves than he in +his fancies, seeing thou hast won Rosalynde when he could not woo +Daphne, hides his head for shame and bids us adieu in a cloud. Our +sheep, they poor wantons, wander towards their folds, as taught by +nature their due times of rest, which tells us, forester, we must +depart. Marry, though there were a marriage, yet I must carry this +night the bride with me, and to-morrow morning if you meet us here, +I'll promise to deliver you her as good a maid as I find her." + +"Content," quoth Rosader, "'tis enough for me in the night to dream on +love, that in the day am so fond to doat on love: and so till +to-morrow you to your folds, and I will to my lodge." And thus the +forester and they parted. + +He was no sooner gone, but Aliena and Ganymede went and folded their +flocks, and taking up their hooks, their bags, and their bottles, +hied homeward. By the way Aliena, to make the time seem short, began +to prattle with Ganymede thus: + +"I have heard them say, that what the fates forepoint, that fortune +pricketh down with a period; that the stars are sticklers in Venus' +court, and desire hangs at the heel of destiny: if it be so, then by +all probable conjectures, this match will be a marriage: for if +augurism be authentical, or the divines' dooms principles, it cannot +be but such a shadow portends the issue of a substance, for to that +end did the gods force the conceit of this eclogue, that they might +discover the ensuing consent of your affections: so that ere it be +long, I hope, in earnest, to dance at your wedding." + +"Tush," quoth Ganymede, "all is not malt that is cast on the kiln: +there goes more words to a bargain than one: Love feels no footing in +the air, and fancy holds it slippery harbor to nestle in the tongue: +the match is not yet so surely made, but he may miss of his market; +but if fortune be his friend, I will not be his foe: and so I pray +you, gentle mistress Aliena, take it." + +"I take all things well," quoth she, "that is your content, and am +glad Rosader is yours; for now I hope your thoughts will be at quiet; +your eye that ever looked at love, will now lend a glance on your +lambs, and then they will prove more buxom and you more blithe, for +the eyes of the master feeds the cattle." + +As thus they were in chat, they spied old Corydon where he came +plodding to meet them, who told them supper was ready, which news made +them speed them home. Where we will leave them to the next morrow, and +return to Saladyne. + +All this while did poor Saladyne, banished from Bordeaux and the court +of France by Torismond, wander up and down in the forest of Arden, +thinking to get to Lyons, and so travel through Germany into Italy: +but the forest being full of by-paths, and he unskilful of the country +coast, slipped out of the way, and chanced up into the desert, not far +from the place where Gerismond was, and his brother Rosader. +Saladyne, weary with wandering up and down and hungry with long +fasting, finding a little cave by the side of a thicket, eating such +fruit as the forest did afford and contenting himself with such drink +as nature had provided and thirst made delicate, after his repast he +fell in a dead sleep. As thus he lay, a hungry lion came hunting down +the edge of the grove for prey, and espying Saladyne began to seize +upon him: but seeing he lay still without any motion, he left to touch +him, for that lions hate to prey on dead carcases; and yet desirous to +have some food, the lion lay down and watched to see if he would stir. +While thus Saladyne slept secure, fortune that was careful of her +champion began to smile, and brought it so to pass, that Rosader, +having stricken a deer that but lightly hurt fled through the thicket, +came pacing down by the grove with a boar-spear in his hand in great +haste. He spied where a man lay asleep, and a lion fast by him: amazed +at this sight, as he stood gazing, his nose on the sudden bled, which +made him conjecture it was some friend of his. Whereupon drawing more +nigh, he might easily discern his visage, perceived by his physnomy +that it was his brother Saladyne, which drave Rosader into a deep +passion, as a man perplexed at the sight of so unexpected a chance, +marvelling what should drive his brother to traverse those secret +deserts, without any company, in such distress and forlorn sort. But +the present time craved no such doubting ambages,[1] for either he +must resolve to hazard his life for his relief, or else steal away, +and leave him to the cruelty of the lion. In which doubt he thus +briefly debated with himself: + +[Footnote 1: windings.] + +ROSADER'S MEDITATION + +"Now, Rosader, fortune that long hath whipped thee with nettles, means +to salve thee with roses, and having crossed thee with many frowns, +now she presents thee with the brightness of her favors. Thou that +didst count thyself the most distressed of all men, mayest account +thyself the most fortunate amongst men, if Fortune can make men happy, +or sweet revenge be wrapped in a pleasing content. Thou seest Saladyne +thine enemy, the worker of thy misfortunes, and the efficient cause of +thine exile, subject to the cruelty of a merciless lion, brought into +this misery by the gods, that they might seem just in revenging his +rigor, and thy injuries. Seest thou not how the stars are in a +favorable aspect, the planets in some pleasing conjunction, the fates +agreeable to thy thoughts, and the destinies performers of thy +desires, in that Saladyne shall die, and thou be free of his blood: he +receive meed for his amiss, and thou erect his tomb with innocent +hands. Now, Rosader, shalt thou return unto Bordeaux and enjoy thy +possessions by birth, and his revenues by inheritance: now mayest thou +triumph in love, and hang fortune's altars with garlands. For when +Rosalynde hears of thy wealth, it will make her love thee the more +willingly: for women's eyes are made of Chrysocoll, that is ever +unperfect unless tempered with gold, and Jupiter soonest enjoyed +Danae, because he came to her in so rich a shower. Thus shall this +lion, Rosader, end the life of a miserable man, and from distress +raise thee to be most fortunate." And with that, casting his +boar-spear on his neck, away he began to trudge. + +But he had not stepped back two or three paces, but a new motion +stroke him to the very heart, that resting his boar-spear against his +breast, he fell into this passionate humor: + +"Ah, Rosader, wert thou the son of Sir John of Bordeaux, whose virtues +exceeded his valor, and yet the most hardiest knight in all Europe? +Should the honor of the father shine in the actions of the son, and +wilt thou dishonor thy parentage, in forgetting the nature of a +gentleman? Did not thy father at his last gasp breathe out this golden +principle, 'Brothers' amity is like the drops of balsamum, that +salveth the most dangerous sores?' Did he make a large exhort unto +concord, and wilt thou show thyself careless? O Rosader, what though +Saladyne hath wronged thee, and made thee live an exile in the forest, +shall thy nature be so cruel, or thy nurture so crooked, or thy +thoughts so savage, as to suffer so dismal a revenge? What, to let him +be devoured by wild beasts! _Non sapit qui non sibi sapit_ is +fondly[1] spoken in such bitter extremes. Lose not his life, Rosader, +to win a world of treasure; for in having him thou hast a brother, and +by hazarding for his life, thou gettest a friend, and reconcilest an +enemy: and more honor shalt thou purchase by pleasuring a foe, than +revenging a thousand injuries." + +[Footnote 1: foolishly.] + +With that his brother began to stir, and the lion to rouse himself, +whereupon Rosader suddenly charged him with the boar-spear, and +wounded the lion very sore at the first stroke. The beast feeling +himself to have a mortal hurt, leapt at Rosader, and with his paws +gave him a sore pinch on the breast, that he had almost fallen; yet as +a man most valiant, in whom the sparks of Sir John of Bordeaux +remained, he recovered himself, and in short combat slew the lion, who +at his death roared so loud that Saladyne awaked, and starting up, was +amazed at the sudden sight of so monstrous a beast lying slain by him, +and so sweet a gentleman wounded. He presently, as he was of a ripe +conceit, began to conjecture that the gentleman had slain him in his +defence. Whereupon, as a man in a trance, he stood staring on them +both a good while, not knowing his brother, being in that disguise: at +last he burst into these terms: + +"Sir, whatsoever thou be, as full of honor thou must needs be by the +view of thy present valor, I perceive thou hast redressed my fortunes +by thy courage, and saved my life with thine own loss, which ties me +to be thine in all humble service. Thanks thou shalt have as thy due, +and more thou canst not have, for my ability denies me to perform a +deeper debt. But if anyways it please thee to command me, use me as +far as the power of a poor gentleman may stretch." + +Rosader, seeing he was unknown to his brother, wondered to hear such +courteous words come from his crabbed nature; but glad of such +reformed nurture, he made this answer: + +"I am, sir, whatsoever thou art, a forester and ranger of these walks, +who, following my deer to the fall, was conducted hither by some +assenting fate, that I might save thee, and disparage myself. For +coming into this place, I saw thee asleep, and the lion watching thy +awake, that at thy rising he might prey upon thy carcase. At the first +sight I conjectured thee a gentleman, for all men's thoughts ought to +be favorable in imagination, and I counted it the part of a resolute +man to purchase a stranger's relief, though with the loss of his own +blood; which I have performed, thou seest, to mine own prejudice. If, +therefore, thou be a man of such worth as I value thee by thy exterior +lineaments, make discourse unto me what is the cause of thy present +fortunes. For by the furrows in thy face thou seemest to be crossed +with her frowns: but whatsoever, or howsoever, let me crave that +favor, to hear the tragic cause of thy estate." + +Saladyne sitting down, and fetching a deep sigh, began thus: + +SALADYNE'S DISCOURSE TO ROSADER UNKNOWN + +"Although the discourse of my fortunes be the renewing of my sorrows, +and the rubbing of the scar will open a fresh wound, yet that I may +not prove ingrateful to so courteous a gentleman, I will rather sit +down and sigh out my estate, than give any offence by smothering my +grief with silence. Know therefore, sir, that I am of Bordeaux, and +the son and heir of Sir John of Bordeaux, a man for his virtues and +valor so famous, that I cannot think but the fame of his honors hath +reached farther than the knowledge of his personage. The infortunate +son of so fortunate a knight am I; my name, Saladyne; who succeeding +my father in possessions, but not in qualities, having two brethren +committed by my father at his death to my charge, with such golden +principles of brotherly concord, as might have pierced like the +Sirens' melody into any human ear. But I, with Ulysses, became deaf +against his philosophical harmony, and made more value of profit than +of virtue, esteeming gold sufficient honor, and wealth the fittest +title for a gentleman's dignity. I set my middle brother to the +university to be a scholar, counting it enough if he might pore on a +book while I fed upon his revenues; and for the youngest, which was my +father's joy, young Rosader"--And with that, naming of Rosader, +Saladyne sate him down and wept. + +"Nay, forward man," quoth the forester, "tears are the unfittest salve +that any man can apply for to cure sorrows, and therefore cease from +such feminine follies, as should drop out of a woman's eye to deceive, +not out of a gentleman's look to discover his thoughts, and forward +with thy discourse." + +"O sir," quoth Saladyne, "this Rosader that wrings tears from mine +eyes, and blood from my heart, was like my father in exterior +personage and in inward qualities; for in the prime of his years he +aimed all his acts at honor, and coveted rather to die than to brook +any injury unworthy a gentleman's credit. I, whom envy had made blind, +and covetousness masked with the veil of self-love, seeing the palm +tree grow straight, thought to suppress it being a twig; but nature +will have her course, the cedar will be tall, the diamond bright, the +carbuncle glistering, and virtue will shine though it be never so much +obscured. For I kept Rosader as a slave, and used him as one of my +servile hinds, until age grew on, and a secret insight of my abuse +entered into his mind; insomuch, that he could not brook it, but +coveted to have what his father left him, and to live of himself. To +be short, sir, I repined at his fortunes, and he counterchecked me, +not with ability but valor, until at last, by my friends and aid of +such as followed gold more than right or virtue, I banished him from +Bordeaux, and he, poor gentleman, lives no man knows where, in some +distressed discontent. The gods, not able to suffer such impiety +unrevenged, so wrought, that the king picked a causeless quarrel +against me in hope to have my lands, and so hath exiled me out of +France for ever. Thus, thus, sir, am I the most miserable of all men, +as having a blemish in my thoughts for the wrongs I proffered Rosader, +and a touch in my state to be thrown from my proper possessions by +injustice. Passionate thus with many griefs, in penance of my former +follies I go thus pilgrim-like to seek out my brother, that I may +reconcile myself to him in all submission, and afterward wend to the +Holy Land, to end my years in as many virtues as I have spent my youth +in wicked vanities." + +Rosader, hearing the resolution of his brother Saladyne, began to +compassionate his sorrows, and not able to smother the sparks of +nature with feigned secrecy, he burst into these loving speeches: + +"Then know, Saladyne," quoth he, "that thou hast met with Rosader, who +grieves as much to see thy distress, as thyself to feel the burden of +thy misery." Saladyne, casting up his eye and noting well the physnomy +of the forester, knew, that it was his brother Rosader, which made him +so bash and blush at the first meeting, that Rosader was fain to +recomfort him, which he did in such sort, that he showed how highly he +held revenge in scorn. Much ado there was between these two brethren, +Saladyne in craving pardon, and Rosader in forgiving and forgetting +all former injuries; the one submiss, the other courteous; Saladyne +penitent and passionate, Rosader kind and loving, that at length +nature working an union of their thoughts, they earnestly embraced, +and fell from matters of unkindness, to talk of the country life, +which Rosader so highly commended, that his brother began to have a +desire to taste of that homely content. In this humor Rosader +conducted him to Gerismond's lodge, and presented his brother to the +king, discoursing the whole matter how all had happened betwixt them. +The king looking upon Saladyne, found him a man of a most beautiful +personage, and saw in his face sufficient sparks of ensuing honors, +gave him great entertainment, and glad of their friendly +reconcilement, promised such favor as the poverty of his estate might +afford, which Saladyne gratefully accepted. And so Gerismond fell to +question of Torismond's life. Saladyne briefly discoursed unto him his +injustice and tyrannies, with such modesty, although he had wronged +him, that Gerismond greatly praised the sparing speech of the young +gentleman. + +Many questions passed, but at last Gerismond began with a deep sigh to +inquire if there were any news of the welfare of Alinda, or his +daughter Rosalynde? + +"None, sir," quoth Saladyne, "for since their departure they were +never heard of." + +"Injurious fortune," quoth the king, "that to double the father's +misery, wrongest the daughter with misfortunes!" + +And with that, surcharged with sorrows, he went into his cell, and +left Saladyne and Rosader, whom Rosader straight conducted to the +sight of Adam Spencer, who, seeing Saladyne in that estate, was in a +brown study. But when he heard the whole matter, although he grieved +for the exile of his master, yet he joyed that banishment had so +reformed him, that from a lascivious youth he was proved a virtuous +gentleman. Looking a longer while, and seeing what familiarity passed +between them, and what favors were interchanged with brotherly +affection, he said thus: + +"Aye, marry, thus should it be; this was the concord that old Sir John +of Bordeaux wished betwixt you. Now fulfil you those precepts he +breathed out at his death, and in observing them, look to live +fortunate and die honorable." + +"Well said, Adam Spencer," quoth Rosader, "but hast any victuals in +store for us?" + +"A piece of a red deer," quoth he, "and a bottle of wine." + +"'Tis foresters' fare, brother," quoth Rosader; and so they sate down +and fell to their cates. + +As soon as they had taken their repast, and had well dined, Rosader +took his brother Saladyne by the hand, and showed him the pleasures of +the forest, and what content they enjoyed in that mean estate. Thus +for two or three days he walked up and down with his brother to show +him all the commodities that belonged to his walk. + +In which time he was missed of his Ganymede, who mused greatly, with +Aliena, what should become of their forester. Somewhile they thought +he had taken some word unkindly, and had taken the pet; then they +imagined some new love had withdrawn his fancy, or happily that he was +sick, or detained by some great business of Gerismond's, or that he +had made a reconcilement with his brother, and so returned to +Bordeaux. + +These conjectures did they cast in their heads, but specially +Ganymede, who, having love in her heart, proved restless, and half +without patience, that Rosader wronged her with so long absence; for +Love measures every minute, and thinks hours to be days, and days to +be months, till they feed their eyes with the sight of their desired +object. Thus perplexed lived poor Ganymede, while on a day, sitting +with Aliena in a great dump,[1] she cast up her eye, and saw where +Rosader came pacing towards them with his forest bill on his neck. At +that sight her color changed, and she said to Aliena: + +"See, mistress, where our jolly forester comes." + +[Footnote 1: despondency.] + +"And you are not a little glad thereof," quoth Aliena, "your nose +bewrays what porridge you love: the wind cannot be tied within his +quarter, the sun shadowed with a veil, oil hidden in water, nor love +kept out of a woman's looks: but no more of that, _Lupus est in +fabula_." + +As soon as Rosader was come within the reach of her tongue's end, +Aliena began thus: + +"Why, how now, gentle forester, what wind hath kept you from hence? +that being so newly married, you have no more care of your Rosalynde, +but to absent yourself so many days? Are these the passions you +painted out so in your sonnets and roundelays? I see well hot love is +soon cold, and that the fancy of men is like to a loose feather that +wandereth in the air with the blast of every wind." + +"You are deceived, mistress," quoth Rosader; "'twas a copy[1] of +unkindness that kept me hence, in that, I being married, you carried +away the bride; but if I have given any occasion of offence by +absenting myself these three days, I humbly sue for pardon, which you +must grant of course, in that the fault is so friendly confessed with +penance. But to tell you the truth, fair mistress and my good +Rosalynde, my eldest brother by the injury of Torismond is banished +from Bordeaux, and by chance he and I met in the forest." + +[Footnote 1: quantity.] + +And here Rosader discoursed unto them what had happened betwixt them, +which reconcilement made them glad, especially Ganymede. But Aliena, +hearing of the tyranny of her father, grieved inwardly, and yet +smothered all things with such secrecy, that the concealing was more +sorrow than the conceit; yet that her estate might be hid still, she +made fair weather of it, and so let all pass. + +Fortune, that saw how these parties valued not her deity, but held her +power in scorn, thought to have a bout with them, and brought the +matter to pass thus. Certain rascals that lived by prowling in the +forest, who for fear of the provost marshal had caves in the groves +and thickets to shroud themselves from his trains, hearing of the +beauty of this fair shepherdess, Aliena, thought to steal her away, +and to give her to the king for a present; hoping, because the king +was a great lecher, by such a gift to purchase all their pardons, and +therefore came to take her and her page away. Thus resolved, while +Aliena and Ganymede were in this sad talk, they came rushing in, and +laid violent hands upon Aliena and her page, which made them cry out +to Rosader; who having the valor of his father stamped in his heart, +thought rather to die in defence of his friends, than any way be +touched with the least blemish of dishonor, and therefore dealt such +blows amongst them with his weapon, as he did witness well upon their +carcases that he was no coward. But as _Ne Hercules quidem contra +duos_, so Rosader could not resist a multitude, having none to back +him; so that he was not only rebated, but sore wounded, and Aliena and +Ganymede had been quite carried away by these rascals, had not fortune +(that meant to turn her frown into a favor) brought Saladyne that way +by chance, who wandering to find out his brother's walk, encountered +this crew: and seeing not only a shepherdess and her boy forced, but +his brother wounded, he heaved up a forest bill he had on his neck, +and the first he stroke had never after more need of the physician, +redoubling his blows with such courage that the slaves were amazed at +his valor. Rosader, espying his brother so fortunately arrived, and +seeing how valiantly he behaved himself, though sore wounded rushed +amongst them, and laid on such load,[1] that some of the crew were +slain, and the rest fled, leaving Aliena and Ganymede in the +possession of Rosader and Saladyne. + +[Footnote 1: beat.] + +Aliena after she had breathed awhile and was come to herself from this +fear, looked about her, and saw where Ganymede was busy dressing up +the wounds of the forester: but she cast her eye upon this courteous +champion that had made so hot a rescue, and that with such affection, +that she began to measure every part of him with favor, and in herself +to commend his personage and his virtue, holding him for a resolute +man, that durst assail such a troop of unbridled villains. At last, +gathering her spirits together, she returned him these thanks: + +"Gentle sir, whatsoever you be that have adventured your flesh to +relieve our fortunes, as we hold you valiant so we esteem you +courteous, and to have as many hidden virtues as you have manifest +resolutions. We poor shepherds have no wealth but our flocks, and +therefore can we not make requital with any great treasures; but our +recompense is thanks, and our rewards to her friends without feigning. +For ransom, therefore, of this our rescue, you must content yourself +to take such a kind gramercy as a poor shepherdess and her page may +give, with promise, in what we may, never to prove ingrateful. For +this gentleman that is hurt, young Rosader, he is our good neighbor +and familiar acquaintance; we'll pay him with smiles, and feed him +with love-looks, and though he be never the fatter at the year's end, +yet we'll so hamper him that he shall hold himself satisfied." + +Saladyne, hearing this shepherdess speak so wisely, began more +narrowly to pry into her perfection, and to survey all her lineaments +with a curious insight; so long dallying in the flame of her beauty, +that to his cost he found her to be most excellent: for love that +lurked in all these broils to have a blow or two, seeing the parties +at the gaze, encountered them both with such a veny,[1] that the +stroke pierced to the heart so deep as it could never after be rased +out. At last, after he had looked so long, till Aliena waxed red, he +returned her this answer: + +[Footnote 1: assault.] + +"Fair shepherdess, if Fortune graced me with such good hap as to do +you any favor, I hold myself as contented as if I had gotten a great +conquest; for the relief of distressed women is the special point +that gentlemen are tied unto by honor: seeing then my hazard to rescue +your harms was rather duty than courtesy, thanks is more than belongs +to the requital of such a favor. But lest I might seem either too coy +or too careless of a gentlewoman's proffer, I will take your kind +gramercy for a recompense." + +All this while that he spake, Ganymede looked earnestly upon him, and +said: + +"Truly, Rosader, this gentleman favors you much in the feature of your +face." + +"No marvel," quoth he, "gentle swain, for 'tis my eldest brother +Saladyne." + +"Your brother?" quoth Aliena, and with that she blushed, "he is the +more welcome, and I hold myself the more his debtor; and for that he +hath in my behalf done such a piece of service, if it please him to do +me that honor, I will call him servant, and he shall call me +mistress." + +"Content, sweet mistress," quoth Saladyne, "and when I forget to call +you so, I will be unmindful of mine own self." + +"Away with these quirks and quiddities of love," quoth Rosader, "and +give me some drink, for I am passing thirsty, and then will I home, +for my wounds bleed sore, and I will have them dressed." + +Ganymede had tears in her eyes, and passions in her heart to see her +Rosader so pained, and therefore stepped hastily to the bottle, and +filling out some wine in a mazer,[1] she spiced it with such +comfortable drugs as she had about her, and gave it him, which did +comfort Rosader, that rising, with the help of his brother, he took +his leave of them, and went to his lodge. Ganymede, as soon as they +were out of sight, led his flocks down to a vale, and there under the +shadow of a beech tree sate down, and began to mourn the misfortunes +of her sweetheart. + +[Footnote 1: wooden mug.] + +And Aliena, as a woman passing discontent, severing herself from her +Ganymede, sitting under a limon tree, began to sigh out the passions +of her new love, and to meditate with herself in this manner: + +ALIENA'S MEDITATION + +"Ay me! now I see, and sorrowing sigh to see, that Diana's laurels are +harbors for Venus' doves; that there trace as well through the lawns +wantons as chaste ones; that Calisto, be she never so chary, will cast +one amorous eye at courting Jove; that Diana herself will change her +shape, but she will honor Love in a shadow; that maidens' eyes be they +as hard as diamonds, yet Cupid hath drugs to make them more pliable +than wax. See, Alinda, how Fortune and Love have interleagued +themselves to be thy foes, and to make thee their subject, or else an +abject, have inveigled thy sight with a most beautiful object. A-late +thou didst hold Venus for a giglot, not a goddess, and now thou shalt +be forced to sue suppliant to her deity. Cupid was a boy and blind; +but, alas, his eye had aim enough to pierce thee to the heart. While I +lived in the court I held love in contempt, and in high seats I had +small desires. I knew not affection while I lived in dignity, nor +could Venus countercheck me, as long as my fortune was majesty, and my +thoughts honor; and shall I now be high in desires, when I am made low +by destiny? I have heard them say, that Love looks not at low +cottages, that Venus jets[1] in robes not in rags, that Cupid flies so +high, that he scorns to touch poverty with his heel. Tush, Alinda, +these are but old wives' tales, and neither authentical precepts, nor +infallible principles; for experience tells thee, that peasants have +their passions as well as princes, that swains as they have their +labors, so they have their amours, and Love lurks as soon about a +sheepcote as a palace. + +[Footnote 1: struts.] + +"Ah, Alinda, this day in avoiding a prejudice thou art fallen into a +deeper mischief; being rescued from the robbers, thou art become +captive to Saladyne: and what then? Women must love, or they must +cease to live; and therefore did nature frame them fair, that they +might be subjects to fancy. But perhaps Saladyne's eye is levelled +upon a more seemlier saint. If it be so, bear thy passions with +patience; say Love hath wronged thee, that hath not wrung him; and if +he be proud in contempt, be thou rich in content, and rather die than +discover any desire: for there is nothing more precious in a woman +than to conceal love and to die modest. He is the son and heir of Sir +John of Bordeaux, a youth comely enough: O Alinda, too comely, else +hadst not thou been thus discontent; valiant, and that fettered thine +eye; wise, else hadst thou not been now won; but for all these virtues +banished by thy father, and therefore if he know thy parentage, he +will hate the fruit for the tree, and condemn the young scion for the +old stock. Well, howsoever, I must love, and whomsoever, I will; and, +whatsoever betide, Aliena will think well of Saladyne, suppose he of +me as he please." + +And with that fetching a deep sigh, she rise up, and went to Ganymede, +who all this while sate in a great dump,[1] fearing the imminent +danger of her friend Rosader; but now Aliena began to comfort her, +herself being overgrown with sorrows, and to recall her from her +melancholy with many pleasant persuasions. Ganymede took all in the +best part, and so they went home together after they had folded their +flocks, supping with old Corydon, who had provided their cates. He, +after supper, to pass away the night while[2] bedtime, began a long +discourse, how Montanus, the young shepherd that was in love with +Phoebe, could by no means obtain any favor at her hands, but, still +pained in restless passions, remained a hopeless and perplexed lover. + +[Footnote 1: mood of sadness.] + +[Footnote 2: until.] + +"I would I might," quoth Aliena, "once see that Phoebe. Is she so fair +that she thinks no shepherd worthy of her beauty? or so froward that +no love nor loyalty will content her? or so coy that she requires a +long time to be wooed? or so foolish that she forgets that like a fop +she must have a large harvest for a little corn?" + +"I cannot distinguish," quoth Corydon, "of these nice qualities; but +one of these days I'll bring Montanus and her down, that you may both +see their persons, and note their passions; and then where the blame +is, there let it rest. But this I am sure," quoth Corydon, "if all +maidens were of her mind, the world would grow to a mad pass; for +there would be great store of wooing and little wedding, many words +and little worship, much folly and no faith." + +At this sad sentence of Corydon, so solemnly brought forth, Aliena +smiled, and because it waxed late, she and her page went to bed, both +of them having fleas in their ears to keep them awake; Ganymede for +the hurt of her Rosader, and Aliena for the affection she bore to +Saladyne. In this discontented humor they passed away the time, till +falling on sleep, their senses at rest, Love left them to their quiet +slumbers, which were not long. For as soon as Phoebus rose from his +Aurora, and began to mount him in the sky, summoning plough-swains to +their handy labor, Aliena arose, and going to the couch where Ganymede +lay, awakened her page, and said the morning was far spent, the dew +small, and time called them away to their folds. + +"Ah, ah!" quoth Ganymede, "is the wind in that door? then in faith I +perceive that there is no diamond so hard but will yield to the file, +no cedar so strong but the wind will shake, nor any mind so chaste but +love will change. Well, Aliena, must Saladyne be the man, and will it +be a match? Trust me, he is fair and valiant, the son of a worthy +knight, whom if he imitate in perfection, as he represents him in +proportion, he is worthy of no less than Aliena. But he is an exile: +what then? I hope my mistress respects the virtues not the wealth, and +measures the qualities not the substance. Those dames that are like +Danae, that like love in no shape but in a shower of gold, I wish them +husbands with much wealth and little wit, that the want of the one may +blemish the abundance of the other. It should, my Aliena, stain the +honor of a shepherd's life to set the end of passions upon pelf. +Love's eyes looks not so low as gold; there is no fees to be paid in +Cupid's courts; and in elder time, as Corydon hath told me, the +shepherds' love-gifts were apples and chestnuts, and then their +desires were loyal, and their thoughts constant. But now + + Quaerenda pecunia primum, post nummos virtus. + +And the time is grown to that which Horace in his Satires wrote on: + + omnis enim res + Virtus fama decus divina humanaque pulchris + Divitiis parent: quas qui construxerit ille + Clarus erit, fortis, justus. Sapiensne? Etiam et rex + Et quicquid volet-- + +But, Aliena, let it not be so with thee in thy fancies, but respect +his faith and there an end." + +Aliena, hearing Ganymede thus forward to further Saladyne in his +affections, thought she kissed the child for the nurse's sake, and +wooed for him that she might please Rosader, made this reply: + +"Why, Ganymede, whereof grows this persuasion? Hast thou seen love in +my looks, or are mine eyes grown so amorous, that they discover some +new-entertained fancies? If thou measurest my thoughts by my +countenance, thou mayest prove as ill a physiognomer, as the lapidary +that aims at the secret virtues of the topaz by the exterior shadow of +the stone. The operation of the agate is not known by the strakes, nor +the diamond prized by his brightness, but by his hardness. The +carbuncle that shineth most is not ever the most precious; and the +apothecaries choose not flowers for their colors, but for their +virtues. Women's faces are not always calendars of fancy, nor do their +thoughts and their looks ever agree; for when their eyes are fullest +of favors, then are they oft most empty of desire; and when they seem +to frown at disdain, then are they most forward to affection. If I be +melancholy, then, Ganymede, 'tis not a consequence that I am entangled +with the perfection of Saladyne. But seeing fire cannot be hid in the +straw, nor love kept so covert but it will be spied, what[1] should +friends conceal fancies? Know, my Ganymede, the beauty and valor, the +wit and prowess of Saladyne hath fettered Aliena so far, as there is +no object pleasing to her eyes but the sight of Saladyne; and if Love +have done me justice to wrap his thoughts in the folds of my face, and +that he be as deeply enamored as I am passionate, I tell thee, +Ganymede, there shall not be much wooing, for she is already won, and +what needs a longer battery." + +[Footnote 1: why.] + +"I am glad," quoth Ganymede, "that it shall be thus proportioned, you +to match with Saladyne, and I with Rosader: thus have the Destinies +favored us with some pleasing aspect, that have made us as private in +our loves, as familiar in our fortunes." + +With this Ganymede start up, made her ready, and went into the fields +with Aliena, where unfolding their flocks, they sate them down under +an olive tree, both of them amorous, and yet diversely affected; +Aliena joying in the excellence of Saladyne, and Ganymede sorrowing +for the wounds of her Rosader, not quiet in thought till she might +hear of his health. As thus both of them sate in their dumps, they +might espy where Corydon came running towards them, almost out of +breath with his haste. + +"What news with you," quoth Aliena, "that you come in such post?" + +"Oh, mistress," quoth Corydon, "you have a long time desired to see +Phoebe, the fair shepherdess whom Montanus loves; so now if you +please, you and Ganymede, but to walk with me to yonder thicket, there +shall you see Montanus and her sitting by a fountain, he courting with +his country ditties, and she as coy as if she held love in disdain." + +The news were so welcome to the two lovers, that up they rose, and +went with Corydon. As soon as they drew nigh the thicket, they might +espy where Phoebe sate, the fairest shepherdess in all Arden, and he +the frolickest swain in the whole forest, she in a petticoat of +scarlet, covered with a green mantle, and to shroud her from the sun, +a chaplet of roses, from under which appeared a face full of nature's +excellence, and two such eyes as might have amated[1] a greater man +than Montanus. At gaze upon the gorgeous nymph sat the shepherd, +feeding his eyes with her favors, wooing with such piteous looks; and +courting with such deep-strained sighs, as would have made Diana +herself to have been compassionate. At last, fixing his looks on the +riches of her face, his head on his hand, and his elbow on his knee, +he sung this mournful ditty: + +[Footnote 1: dismayed.] + +_Montanus' Sonnet_ + + A turtle sate upon a leaveless tree, + Mourning her absent fere[1] + With sad and sorry cheer: + About her wondering stood + The citizens of wood, + And whilst her plumes she rents + And for her love laments, + The stately trees complain them, + The birds with sorrow pain them. + Each one that doth her view + Her pain and sorrows rue; + But were the sorrows known + That me hath overthrown, + Oh how would Phoebe sigh if she did look on me! + + The lovesick Polypheme, that could not see, + Who on the barren shore + His fortunes doth deplore, + And melteth all in moan + For Galatea gone, + And with his piteous cries + Afflicts both earth and skies, + And to his woe betook + Doth break both pipe and hook, + For whom complains the morn, + For whom the sea-nymphs mourn, + Alas, his pain is nought; + For were my woe but thought, + Oh how would Phoebe sigh if she did look on me! + + Beyond compare my pain; + Yet glad am I, + If gentle Phoebe deign + To see her Montan die. + +[Footnote 1: companion.] + +After this, Montanus felt his passions so extreme, that he fell into +this exclamation against the injustice of Love: + + Helas, tyran, plein de rigueur, + Modere un peu ta violence: + Que te sert si grande depense? + C'est trop de flammes pour un coeur. + Epargnez en une etincelle, + Puis fais ton effort d'emouvoir, + La fiere qui ne veut point voir, + En quel feu je brule pour elle. + Execute, Amour, ce dessein, + Et rabaisse un peu son audace: + Son coeur ne doit etre de glace, + Bien qu'elle ait de neige le sein. + +Montanus ended his sonnet with such a volley of sighs, and such a +stream of tears, as might have moved any but Phoebe to have granted +him favor. But she, measuring all his passions with a coy disdain, and +triumphing in the poor shepherd's pathetical humors, smiling at his +martyrdom as though love had been no malady, scornfully warbled out +this sonnet: + +_Phoebe's Sonnet, a Reply to Montanus' Passion_ + + Down a down, + Thus Phyllis sung, + By fancy once distressed; + Whoso by foolish love are stung + Are worthily oppressed. + And so sing I. With a down, down, &c. + + When Love was first begot, + And by the mover's will + Did fall to human lot + His solace to fulfil, + Devoid of all deceit, + A chaste and holy fire + Did quicken man's conceit, + And women's breast inspire. + The gods that saw the good + That mortals did approve, + With kind and holy mood + Began to talk of Love. + + Down a down, + Thus Phyllis sung + By fancy once distressed, &c. + + But during this accord, + A wonder strange to hear, + Whilst Love in deed and word + Most faithful did appear, + False-semblance came in place, + By Jealousy attended, + And with a double face + Both love and fancy blended; + Which made the gods forsake, + And men from fancy fly, + And maidens scorn a make,[1] + Forsooth, and so will I. + + Down a down, + Thus Phyllis sung, + By fancy once distressed; + Who so by foolish love are stung + Are worthily oppressed. + And so sing I. + With down a down, a down down, a down a. + +[Footnote 1: mate.] + +Montanus, hearing the cruel resolution of Phoebe, was so overgrown +with passions, that from amorous ditties he fell flat into these +terms: + +"Ah, Phoebe," quoth he, "whereof art thou made, that thou regardest +not my malady? Am I so hateful an object that thine eyes condemn me +for an abject? or so base, that thy desires cannot stoop so low as to +lend me a gracious look? My passions are many, my loves more, my +thoughts loyalty, and my fancy faith: all devoted in humble devoir[1] +to the service of Phoebe; and shall I reap no reward for such +fealties? The swain's daily labors is quit with the evening's hire, +the ploughman's toil is eased with the hope of corn, what the ox +sweats out at the plough he fatteneth at the crib; but infortunate +Montanus hath no salve for his sorrows, nor any hope of recompense for +the hazard of his perplexed passions. If, Phoebe, time may plead the +proof of my truth, twice seven winters have I loved fair Phoebe: if +constancy be a cause to farther my suit, Montanus' thoughts have been +sealed in the sweet of Phoebe's excellence, as far from change as she +from love: if outward passions may discover inward affections, the +furrows in my face may decipher the sorrows of my heart, and the map +of my looks the griefs of my mind. Thou seest, Phoebe, the tears of +despair have made my cheeks full of wrinkles, and my scalding sighs +have made the air echo her pity conceived in my plaints: Philomele +hearing my passions, hath left her mournful tunes to listen to the +discourse of my miseries. I have portrayed in every tree the beauty of +my mistress, and the despair of my loves. What is it in the woods +cannot witness my woes? and who is it would not pity my plaints? Only +Phoebe. And why? Because I am Montanus, and she Phoebe: I a worthless +swain, and she the most excellent of all fairies. Beautiful Phoebe! +oh, might I say pitiful, then happy were I, though I tasted but one +minute of that good hap. Measure Montanus not by his fortunes but by +his loves, and balance not his wealth but his desires, and lend but +one gracious look to cure a heap of disquieted cares: if not, ah! if +Phoebe cannot love, let a storm of frowns end the discontent of my +thoughts, and so let me perish in my desires, because they are above +my deserts: only at my death this favor cannot be denied me, that all +shall say Montanus died for love of hard-hearted Phoebe." + +[Footnote 1: duty.] + +At these words she filled her face full of frowns, and made him this +short and sharp reply: + +"Importunate shepherd, whose loves are lawless, because restless, are +thy passions so extreme that thou canst not conceal them with +patience? or art thou so folly-sick, that thou must needs be +fancy-sick, and in thy affection tied to such an exigent,[1] as none +serves but Phoebe? Well, sir, if your market may be made no where +else, home again, for your mart is at the fairest. Phoebe is no +lettuce for your lips, and her grapes hangs so high, that gaze at them +you may, but touch them you cannot. Yet, Montanus, I speak not this in +pride, but in disdain; not that I scorn thee, but that I hate love; +for I count it as great honor to triumph over fancy as over fortune. +Rest thee content therefore, Montanus: cease from thy loves, and +bridle thy looks, quench the sparkles before they grow to a further +flame; for in loving me thou shall live by loss, and what thou +utterest in words are all written in the wind. Wert thou, Montanus, as +fair as Paris, as hardy as Hector, as constant as Troilus, as loving +as Leander, Phoebe could not love, because she cannot love at all: and +therefore if thou pursue me with Phoebus, I must fly with Daphne." + +[Footnote 1: necessity.] + +Ganymede, overhearing all these passions of Montanus, could not brook +the cruelty of Phoebe, but starting from behind the bush said: + +"And if, damsel, you fled from me, I would transform you as Daphne to +a bay, and then in contempt trample your branches under my feet." + +Phoebe at this sudden reply was amazed, especially when she saw so +fair a swain as Ganymede; blushing therefore, she would have been +gone, but that he held her by the hand, and prosecuted his reply thus: + +"What, shepherdess, so fair and so cruel? Disdain beseems not +cottages, nor coyness maids; for either they be condemned to be too +proud, or too froward. Take heed, fair nymph, that in despising love, +you be not overreached with love, and in shaking off all, shape +yourself to your own shadow, and so with Narcissus prove passionate +and yet unpitied. Oft have I heard, and sometimes have I seen, high +disdain turned to hot desires. Because thou art beautiful be not so +coy: as there is nothing more fair, so there is nothing more fading; +as momentary as the shadows which grows from a cloudy sun. Such, my +fair shepherdess, as disdain in youth desire in age, and then are they +hated in the winter, that might have been loved in the prime. A +wrinkled maid is like to a parched rose, that is cast up in coffers to +please the smell, not worn in the hand to content the eye. There is no +folly in love to _had I wist_, and therefore be ruled by me. Love +while thou art young, least thou be disdained when thou art old. +Beauty nor time cannot be recalled, and if thou love, like of +Montanus; for if his desires are many, so his deserts are great." + +Phoebe all this while gazed on the perfection of Ganymede, as deeply +enamored on his perfection as Montanus inveigled with hers; for her +eye made survey of his excellent feature, which she found so rare, +that she thought the ghost of Adonis had been leaped from Elysium in +the shape of a swain. When she blushed at her own folly to look so +long on a stranger, she mildly made answer to Ganymede thus: + +"I cannot deny, sir, but I have heard of Love, though I never felt +love; and have read of such a goddess as Venus, though I never saw any +but her picture; and, perhaps"--and with that she waxed red and +bashful, and withal silent; which Ganymede perceiving, commended in +herself the bashfulness of the maid, and desired her to go forward. + +"And perhaps, sir," quoth she, "mine eye hath been more prodigal +to-day than ever before"--and with that she stayed again, as one +greatly passionate and perplexed. + +Aliena seeing the hare through the maze, bade her forward with her +prattle, but in vain; for at this abrupt period she broke off, and +with her eyes full of tears, and her face covered with a vermilion +dye, she sate down and sighed. Whereupon Aliena and Ganymede, seeing +the shepherdess in such a strange plight, left Phoebe with her +Montanus, wishing her friendly that she would be more pliant to Love, +lest in penance Venus joined her to some sharp repentance. Phoebe made +no reply, but fetched such a sigh, that Echo made relation of her +plaint, giving Ganymede such an adieu with a piercing glance, that the +amorous girl-boy perceived Phoebe was pinched by the heel. + +But leaving Phoebe to the follies of her new fancy, and Montanus to +attend upon her, to Saladyne, who all this last night could not rest +for the remembrance of Aliena; insomuch that he framed a sweet +conceited sonnet to content his humor, which he put in his bosom, +being requested by his brother Rosader to go to Aliena and Ganymede, +to signify unto them that his wounds were not dangerous. A more happy +message could not happen to Saladyne, that taking his forest bill on +his neck, he trudgeth in all haste towards the plains where Aliena's +flocks did feed, coming just to the place when they returned from +Montanus and Phoebe. Fortune so conducted this jolly forester, that +he encountered them and Corydon, whom he presently saluted in this +manner: + +"Fair shepherdess, and too fair, unless your beauty be tempered with +courtesy, and the lineaments of the face graced with the lowliness of +mind, as many good fortunes to you and your page, as yourselves can +desire or I imagine. My brother Rosader, in the grief of his green +wounds still mindful of his friends, hath sent me to you with a kind +salute, to show that he brooks his pains with the more patience, in +that he holds the parties precious in whose defence he received the +prejudice. The report of your welfare will be a great comfort to his +distempered body and distressed thoughts, and therefore he sent me +with a strict charge to visit you." + +"And you," quoth Aliena, "are the more welcome in that you are +messenger from so kind a gentleman, whose pains we compassionate with +as great sorrow as he brooks them with grief; and his wounds breeds in +us as many passions as in him extremities, so that what disquiet he +feels in body we partake in heart, wishing, if we might, that our +mishap might salve his malady. But seeing our wills yields him little +ease, our orisons[1] are never idle to the gods for his recovery." + +[Footnote 1: prayers.] + +"I pray, youth," quoth Ganymede with tears in his eyes, "when the +surgeon searched him, held he his wounds dangerous?" + +"Dangerous," quoth Saladyne, "but, not mortal; and the sooner to be +cured, in that his patient is not impatient of any pains: whereupon my +brother hopes within these ten days to walk abroad and visit you +himself." + +"In the meantime," quoth Ganymede, "say his Rosalynde commends her to +him, and bids him be of good cheer." + +"I know not," quoth Saladyne, "who that Rosalynde is, but whatsoever +she is, her name is never out of his mouth, but amidst the deepest of +his passions he useth Rosalynde as a charm to appease all sorrows with +patience. Insomuch that I conjecture my brother is in love, and she +some paragon that holds his heart perplexed, whose name he oft records +with sighs, sometimes with tears, straight with joy, then with smiles; +as if in one person love had lodged a Chaos of confused passions. +Wherein I have noted the variable disposition of fancy, that like the +polype in colors, so it changeth into sundry humors, being, as it +should seem, a combat mixed with disquiet and a bitter pleasure +wrapped in a sweet prejudice, like to the Sinople tree, whose blossoms +delight the smell, and whose fruit infects the taste." + +"By my faith," quoth Aliena, "sir, you are deep read in love, or grows +your insight into affection by experience? Howsoever, you are a great +philosopher in Venus' principles, else could you not discover her +secret aphorisms. But, sir, our country amours are not like your +courtly fancies, nor is our wooing like your suing; for poor shepherds +never plain them till love pain them, where the courtier's eyes is +full of passions, when his heart is most free from affection; they +court to discover their eloquence, we woo to ease our sorrows; every +fair face with them must have a new fancy sealed with a forefinger +kiss and a far-fetched sigh, we here love one and live to that one so +long as life can maintain love, using few ceremonies because we know +few subtleties, and little eloquence for that we lightly account of +flattery; only faith and troth, that's shepherd's wooing; and, sir, +how like you of this?" + +"So," quoth Saladyne, "as I could tie myself to such love." + +"What, and look so low as a shepherdess, being the son of Sir John of +Bordeaux? Such desires were a disgrace to your honors." And with that +surveying exquisitely every part of him, as uttering all these words +in a deep passion, she espied the paper in his bosom; whereupon +growing jealous that it was some amorous sonnet, she suddenly snatched +it out of his bosom and asked if it were any secret. She was bashful, +and Saladyne blushed, which she perceiving, said: + +"Nay then, sir, if you wax red, my life for yours 'tis some +love-matter: I will see your mistress' name, her praises, and your +passions." And with that she looked on it, which was written to this +effect: + +_Saladyne's Sonnet_ + + If it be true that heaven's eternal course + With restless sway and ceaseless turning glides; + If air inconstant be, and swelling source + Turn and returns with many fluent tides; + If earth in winter summer's pride estrange, + And nature seemeth only fair in change; + + If it be true that our immortal spright, + Derived from heavenly pure, in wand'ring still, + In novelty and strangeness doth delight, + And by discoverent power discerneth ill; + And if the body for to work his best + Doth with the seasons change his place of rest; + + Whence comes it that, enforced by furious skies, + I change both place and soil, but not my heart, + Yet salve not in this change my maladies? + Whence grows it that each object works my smart? + Alas, I see my faith procures my miss, + And change in love against my nature is. + + _Et florida pungunt._ + +Aliena having read over his sonnet, began thus pleasantly to descant +upon it: + +"I see, Saladyne," quoth she, "that as the sun is no sun without his +brightness, nor the diamond accounted for precious unless it be hard, +so men are not men unless they be in love; and their honors are +measured by their amours, not their labors, counting it more +commendable for a gentleman to be full of fancy, than full of virtue. +I had thought + + Otia si tollas, periere Cupidinis arcus, + Contemptaeque jacent et sine luce faces; + + +but I see Ovid's axiom is not authentical, for even labor hath her +loves, and extremity is no pumice-stone to rase out fancy. Yourself +exiled from your wealth, friends, and country by Torismond, sorrows +enough to suppress affections, yet amidst the depth of these +extremities, love will be lord, and show his power to be more +predominant than fortune. But I pray you, sir, if without offence I +may crave it, are they some new thoughts, or some old desires?" + +Saladyne, that now saw opportunity pleasant, thought to strike while +the iron was hot, and therefore taking Aliena by the hand, sate down +by her; and Ganymede, to give them leave to their loves, found herself +busy about the folds, whilst Saladyne fell into this prattle with +Aliena: + +"Fair mistress, if I be blunt in discovering my affections, and use +little eloquence in levelling out my loves, I appeal for pardon to +your own principles, that say, shepherds use few ceremonies, for that +they acquaint themselves with few subtleties: to frame myself, +therefore, to your country fashion with much faith and little +flattery, know, beautiful shepherdess, that whilst I lived in the +court I knew not love's cumber, but I held affection as a toy, not as +a malady; using fancy as the Hyperborei do their flowers, which they +wear in their bosom all day, and cast them in the fire for fuel at +night. I liked all, because I loved none, and who was most fair, on +her I fed mine eye, but as charily as the bee, that as soon as she +hath sucked honey from the rose, flies straight to the next marigold. +Living thus at mine own list, I wondered at such as were in love, and +when I read their passions, I took them only for poems that flowed +from the quickness of the wit, not the sorrows of the heart. But now, +fair nymph, since I became a forester, Love hath taught me such a +lesson that I must confess his deity and dignity, and say as there is +nothing so precious as beauty, so there is nothing more piercing than +fancy. For since first I arrived at this place, and mine eye took a +curious survey of your excellence, I have been so fettered with your +beauty and virtue, as, sweet Aliena, Saladyne without further +circumstance loves Aliena. I could paint out my desires with long +ambages[1]; but seeing in many words lies mistrust, and that truth is +ever naked, let this suffice for a country wooing, Saladyne loves +Aliena, and none but Aliena." + +[Footnote 1: indirect modes of speech.] + +Although these words were most heavenly harmony in the ears of the +shepherdess, yet to seem coy at the first courting, and to disdain +love howsoever she desired love, she made this reply: + +"Ah, Saladyne, though I seem simple, yet I am more subtle than to +swallow the hook because it hath a painted bait: as men are wily so +women are wary, especially if they have that wit by others' harms to +beware. Do we not know, Saladyne, men's tongues are like Mercury's +pipe, that can enchant Argus with an hundred eyes, and their words as +prejudicial as the charms of Circes, that transform men into monsters. +If such Sirens sing, we poor women had need stop our ears, lest in +hearing we prove so foolish hardy as to believe them, and so perish in +trusting much and suspecting little. Saladyne, _piscator ictus sapit_, +he that hath been once poisoned and afterwards fears not to bowse[1] +of every potion, is worthy to suffer double penance. Give me leave +then to mistrust, though I do not condemn. Saladyne is now in love +with Aliena, he a gentleman of great parentage, she a shepherdess of +mean parents; he honorable and she poor? Can love consist of +contrarieties? Will the falcon perch with the kestrel[2], the lion +harbor with the wolf? Will Venus join robes and rags together, or can +there be a sympathy between a king and a beggar? Then, Saladyne, how +can I believe thee that love should unite our thoughts, when fortune +hath set such a difference between our degrees? But suppose thou +likest Aliena's beauty: men in their fancy resemble the wasp, which +scorns that flower from which she hath fetched her wax; playing like +the inhabitants of the island Tenerifa, who, when they have gathered +the sweet spices, use the trees for fuel; so men, when they have +glutted themselves with the fair of women's faces, hold them for +necessary evils, and wearied with that which they seemed so much to +love, cast away fancy as children do their rattles, and loathing that +which so deeply before they liked; especially such as take love in a +minute and have their eyes attractive, like jet, apt to entertain any +object, are as ready to let it slip again." + +[Footnote 1: drink.] + +[Footnote 2: hawk.] + +Saladyne, hearing how Aliena harped still upon one string, which was +the doubt of men's constancy, he broke off her sharp invective thus: + +"I grant, Aliena," quoth he, "many men have done amiss in proving soon +ripe and soon rotten; but particular instances infer no general +conclusions, and therefore I hope what others have faulted in shall +not prejudice my favors. I will not use sophistry to confirm my love, +for that is subtlety; nor long discourses lest my words might be +thought more than my faith: but if this will suffice, that by the +honor of a gentleman I love Aliena, and woo Aliena, not to crop the +blossoms and reject the tree, but to consummate my faithful desires in +the honorable end of marriage." + +At the word marriage Aliena stood in a maze what to answer, fearing +that if she were too coy, to drive him away with her disdain, and if +she were too courteous, to discover the heat of her desires. In a +dilemma thus what to do, at last this she said: + +"Saladyne, ever since I saw thee, I favored thee; I cannot dissemble +my desires, because I see thou dost faithfully manifest thy thoughts, +and in liking thee I love thee so far as mine honor holds fancy still +in suspense; but if I knew thee as virtuous as thy father, or as well +qualified as thy brother Rosader, the doubt should be quickly decided: +but for this time to give thee an answer, assure thyself this, I will +either marry with Saladyne, or still live a virgin." + +And with this they strained one another's hand; which Ganymede +espying, thinking he had had his mistress long enough at shrift, said: + +"What, a match or no?" + +"A match," quoth Aliena, "or else it were an ill market." + +"I am glad," quoth Ganymede. "I would Rosader were well here to make +up a mess." + +"Well remembered," quoth Saladyne; "I forgot I left my brother Rosader +alone, and therefore lest being solitary he should increase his +sorrows, I will haste me to him. May it please you, then, to command +me any service to him, I am ready to be a dutiful messenger." + +"Only at this time commend me to him," quoth Aliena, "and tell him, +though we cannot pleasure him we pray for him." + +"And forget not," quoth Ganymede, "my commendations; but say to him +that Rosalynde sheds as many tears from her heart as he drops of blood +from his wounds, for the sorrow of his misfortunes, feathering all her +thoughts with disquiet, till his welfare procure her content: say +thus, good Saladyne, and so farewell." + +He having his message, gave a courteous adieu to them both, especially +to Aliena, and so playing loath to depart, went to his brother. But +Aliena, she perplexed and yet joyful, passed away the day pleasantly, +still praising the perfection of Saladyne, not ceasing to chat of her +new love till evening drew on; and then they, folding their sheep, +went home to bed. Where we leave them and return to Phoebe. + +Phoebe, fired with the uncouth[1] flame of love, returned to her +father's house, so galled with restless passions, as now she began to +acknowledge, that as there was no flower so fresh but might be parched +with the sun, no tree so strong but might be shaken with a storm, so +there was no thought so chaste, but time armed with love could make +amorous; for she that held Diana for the goddess of her devotion, was +now fain to fly to the altar of Venus, as suppliant now with prayers, +as she was forward before with disdain. As she lay in her bed, she +called to mind the several beauties of young Ganymede; first his +locks, which being amber-hued, passeth the wreath that Phoebus puts on +to make his front glorious; his brow of ivory was like the seat where +love and majesty sits enthroned to enchain fancy; his eyes as bright +as the burnishing of the heaven, darting forth frowns with disdain and +smiles with favor, lightning such looks as would inflame desire, were +she wrapped in the circle of the frozen zone; in his cheeks the +vermilion teinture of the rose flourished upon natural alabaster, the +blush of the morn and Luna's silver show were so lively portrayed, +that the Troyan that fills out wine to Jupiter was not half so +beautiful; his face was full of pleasance, and all the rest of his +lineaments proportioned with such excellence, as Phoebe was fettered +in the sweetness of his feature. The idea of these perfections +tumbling in her mind made the poor shepherdess so perplexed, as +feeling a pleasure tempered with intolerable pains, and yet a disquiet +mixed with a content, she rather wished to die than to live in this +amorous anguish. But wishing is little worth in such extremes, and +therefore was she forced to pine in her malady, without any salve for +her sorrows. Reveal it she durst not, as daring in such matters to +make none her secretary;[2] and to conceal it, why, it doubled her +grief; for as fire suppressed grows to the greater flame, and the +current stopped to the more violent stream, so love smothered wrings +the heart with the deeper passions. + +[Footnote 1: unknown, unaccustomed.] + +[Footnote 2: confidante.] + +Perplexed thus with sundry agonies, her food began to fail, and the +disquiet of her mind began to work a distemperature of her body, that, +to be short, Phoebe fell extreme sick, and so sick as there was +almost left no recovery of health. Her father, seeing his fair Phoebe +thus distressed, sent for his friends, who sought by medicine to cure, +and by counsel to pacify, but all in vain; for although her body was +feeble through long fasting, yet she did _magis aegrotare animo quam +corpore_. Which her friends perceived and sorrowed at, but salve it +they could not. + +The news of her sickness was bruited abroad through all the forest, +which no sooner came to Montanus' ear, but he, like a madman, came to +visit Phoebe. Where sitting by her bedside he began his exordium with +so many tears and sighs, that she, perceiving the extremity of his +sorrows, began now as a lover to pity them, although Ganymede held her +from redressing them. Montanus craved to know the cause of her +sickness, tempered with secret plaints, but she answered him, as the +rest, with silence, having still the form of Ganymede in her mind, and +conjecturing how she might reveal her loves. To utter it in words she +found herself too bashful; to discourse by any friend she would not +trust any in her amours; to remain thus perplexed still and conceal +all, it was a double death. Whereupon, for her last refuge, she +resolved to write unto Ganymede, and therefore desired Montanus to +absent himself a while, but not to depart, for she would see if she +could steal a nap. He was no sooner gone out of the chamber, but +reaching to her standish,[1] she took pen and paper, and wrote a +letter to this effect: + +[Footnote 1: a stand or case for pen and ink.] + +"Phoebe to Ganymede wisheth what she wants herself. + +Fair shepherd--and therefore is Phoebe infortunate, because thou art +so fair--although hitherto mine eyes were adamants to resist love, yet +I no sooner saw thy face, but they became amorous to entertain love; +more devoted to fancy than before they were repugnant to affection, +addicted to the one by nature and drawn to the other by beauty: which, +being rare and made the more excellent by many virtues, hath so +snared the freedom of Phoebe, as she rests at thy mercy, either to be +made the most fortunate of all maidens, or the most miserable of all +women. Measure not, Ganymede, my loves by my wealth, nor my desires by +my degrees; but think my thoughts as full of faith, as thy face of +amiable favors. Then, as thou knowest thyself most beautiful, suppose +me most constant. If thou deemest me hard-hearted because I hated +Montanus, think I was forced to it by fate; if thou sayest I am +kind-hearted because so lightly I love thee at the first look, think I +was driven to it by destiny, whose influence, as it is mighty, so is +it not to be resisted. If my fortunes were anything but infortunate +love, I would strive with fortune: but he that wrests[1] against the +will of Venus, seeks to quench fire with oil, and to thrust out one +thorn by putting in another. If then, Ganymede, love enters at the +eye, harbors in the heart, and will neither be driven out with physic +nor reason, pity me, as one whose malady hath no salve but from thy +sweet self, whose grief hath no ease but through thy grant; and think +I am a virgin who is deeply wronged when I am forced to woo, and +conjecture love to be strong, that is more forcible than nature. Thus +distressed unless by thee eased, I expect either to live fortunate by +thy favor, or die miserable by thy denial. Living in hope. Farewell. + +She that must be thine, + or not be at all, + Phoebe." + +[Footnote 1: wrestles.] + +To this letter she annexed this sonnet: + +_Sonetto_ + + My boat doth pass the straits + of seas incensed with fire, + Filled with forgetfulness; + amidst the winter's night, + A blind and careless boy, + brought up by fond desire, + Doth guide me in the sea + of sorrow and despite. + + For every oar he sets + a rank of foolish thoughts, + And cuts, instead of wave, + a hope without distress; + The winds of my deep sighs, + that thunder still for noughts, + Have split my sails with fear, + with care and heaviness. + + A mighty storm of tears, + a black and hideous cloud, + A thousand fierce disdains + do slack the halyards oft; + Till ignorance do pull, + and error hale the shrouds, + No star for safety shines, + no Phoebe from aloft. + + Time hath subdued art, + and joy is slave to woe: + Alas, Love's guide, be kind! + what, shall I perish so? + +This letter and the sonnet being ended, she could find no fit +messenger to send it by, and therefore she called in Montanus, and +entreated him to carry it to Ganymede. Although poor Montanus saw day +at a little hole, and did perceive what passion pinched her, yet, that +he might seem dutiful to his mistress in all service, he dissembled +the matter, and became a willing messenger of his own martyrdom. And +so, taking the letter, went the next morn very early to the plains +where Aliena fed her flocks, and there he found Ganymede, sitting +under a pomegranate tree, sorrowing for the hard fortunes of her +Rosader. Montanus saluted him, and according to his charge delivered +Ganymede the letters, which, he said, came from Phoebe. At this the +wanton blushed, as being abashed to think what news should come from +an unknown shepherdess; but taking the letters, unripped the seals, +and read over the discourse of Phoebe's fancies. When she had read and +over-read them Ganymede began to smile, and looking on Montanus, fell +into a great laughter, and with that called Aliena, to whom she showed +the writings. Who, having perused them, conceited them very +pleasantly, and smiled to see how love had yoked her, who before would +not stoop to the lure; Aliena whispering Ganymede in the ear, and +saying, "Knew Phoebe what want there were in thee to perform her will, +and how unfit thy kind is to be kind to her, she would be more wise, +and less enamored; but leaving that, I pray thee let us sport with +this swain." At that word Ganymede, turning to Montanus, began to +glance at him[1] thus: + +[Footnote 1: tease.] + +"I pray thee, tell me, shepherd, by those sweet thoughts and pleasing +sighs that grow from my mistress' favors, art thou in love with +Phoebe?" + +"Oh, my youth," quoth Montanus, "were Phoebe so far in love with me, +my flocks would be more fat and their master more quiet; for through +the sorrows of my discontent grows the leanness of my sheep." + +"Alas, poor swain," quoth Ganymede, "are thy passions so extreme or +thy fancy so resolute, that no reason will blemish the pride of thy +affection, and rase out that which thou strivest for without hope?" + +"Nothing can make me forget Phoebe, while Montanus forget himself; for +those characters which true love hath stamped, neither the envy of +time nor fortune can wipe away." + +"Why but, Montanus," quoth Ganymede, "enter with a deep insight into +the despair of thy fancies, and thou shalt see the depth of thine own +follies; for, poor man, thy progress in love is a regress to loss, +swimming against the stream with the crab, and flying with Apis Indica +against wind and weather. Thou seekest with Phoebus to win Daphne, and +she flies faster than thou canst follow: thy desires soar with the +hobby,[1] but her disdain reacheth higher than thou canst make wing. I +tell thee, Montanus, in courting Phoebe, thou barkest with the wolves +of Syria against the moon, and rovest at such a mark, with thy +thoughts, as is beyond the pitch[2] of thy bow, praying to Love, when +Love is pitiless, and thy malady remediless. For proof, Montanus, read +these letters, wherein thou shalt see thy great follies and little +hope." + +[Footnote 1: falcon.] + +[Footnote 2: range.] + +With that Montanus took them and perused them, but with such sorrow in +his looks, as they betrayed a source of confused passions in his +heart; at every line his color changed, and every sentence was ended +with a period of sighs. + +At last, noting Phoebe's extreme desire toward Ganymede and her +disdain towards him, giving Ganymede the letter, the shepherd stood as +though he had neither won nor lost. Which Ganymede perceiving wakened +him out of his dream thus: + +"Now, Montanus, dost thou see thou vowest great service and obtainest +but little reward; but in lieu of thy loyalty, she maketh thee, as +Bellerophon, carry thine own bane. Then drink not willingly of that +potion wherein thou knowest is poison; creep not to her that cares not +for thee. What, Montanus, there are many as fair as Phoebe, but most +of all more courteous than Phoebe. I tell thee, shepherd, favor is +love's fuel; then since thou canst not get that, let the flame vanish +into smoke, and rather sorrow for a while than repent thee for ever." + +"I tell thee, Ganymede," quoth Montanus, "as they which are stung with +the scorpion, cannot be recovered but by the scorpion, nor he that was +wounded with Achilles' lance be cured but with the same truncheon,[1] +so Apollo was fain to cry out that love was only eased with love, and +fancy healed by no medicine but favor. Phoebus had herbs to heal all +hurts but this passion; Circes had charms for all chances but for +affection, and Mercury subtle reasons to refel all griefs but love. +Persuasions are bootless, reason lends no remedy, counsel no comfort, +to such whom fancy hath made resolute; and therefore though Phoebe +loves Ganymede, yet Montanus must honor none but Phoebe." + +[Footnote 1: spear.] + +"Then," quoth Ganymede, "may I rightly term thee a despairing lover, +that livest without joy, and lovest without hope: but what shall I do, +Montanus, to pleasure thee? Shall I despise Phoebe, as she disdains +thee?" + +"Oh," quoth Montanus, "that were to renew my griefs, and double my +sorrows; for the sight of her discontent were the censure[1] of my +death. Alas, Ganymede! though I perish in my thoughts, let not her die +in her desires. Of all passions, love is most impatient: then let not +so fair a creature as Phoebe sink under the burden of so deep a +distress. Being lovesick, she is proved heartsick, and all for the +beauty of Ganymede. Thy proportion hath entangled her affection, and +she is snared in the beauty of thy excellence. Then, sith she loves +thee so dear, mislike not her deadly. Be thou paramour to such a +paragon: she hath beauty to content thine eye, and flocks to enrich +thy store. Thou canst not wish for more than thou shalt win by her; +for she is beautiful, virtuous and wealthy, three deep persuasions to +make love frolic." + +[Footnote 1: sentence.] + +Aliena seeing Montanus cut it against the hair, and plead that +Ganymede ought to love Phoebe, when his only life was the love of +Phoebe, answered him thus: + +"Why, Montanus, dost thou further this motion, seeing if Ganymede +marry Phoebe thy market is clean marred?" + +"Ah, mistress," quoth he, "so hath love taught me to honor Phoebe, +that I would prejudice my life to pleasure her, and die in despair +rather than she should perish for want. It shall suffice me to see her +contented, and to feed mine eye on her favor. If she marry, though it +be my martyrdom, yet if she be pleased I will brook it with patience, +and triumph in mine own stars to see her desires satisfied. Therefore, +if Ganymede be as courteous as he is beautiful, let him show his +virtues in redressing Phoebe's miseries." And this Montanus pronounced +with such an assured countenance, that it amazed both Aliena and +Ganymede to see the resolution of his loves; so that they pitied his +passions and commended his patience, devising how they might by any +subtlety get Montanus the favor of Phoebe. Straight (as women's heads +are full of wiles) Ganymede had a fetch[1] to force Phoebe to fancy +the shepherd, malgrado[2] the resolution of her mind: he prosecuted +his policy thus: + +[Footnote 1: device.] + +[Footnote 2: in spite of.] + +"Montanus," quoth he, "seeing Phoebe is so forlorn, lest I might be +counted unkind in not salving so fair a creature, I will go with thee +to Phoebe, and there hear herself in word utter that which she hath +discoursed with her pen; and then, as love wills me, I will set down +my censure.[1] I will home by our house, and send Corydon to accompany +Aliena." + +[Footnote 1: decision.] + +Montanus seemed glad of this determination and away they go towards +the house of Phoebe. + +When they drew nigh to the cottage, Montanus ran before, and went in +and told Phoebe that Ganymede was at the door. This word "Ganymede," +sounding in the ears of Phoebe, drave her into such an ecstasy for +joy, that rising up in her bed, she was half revived, and her wan +color began to wax red; and with that came Ganymede in, who saluted +Phoebe with such a courteous look, that it was half a salve to her +sorrows. Sitting him down by her bedside, he questioned about her +disease, and where the pain chiefly held her? Phoebe looking as lovely +as Venus in her night-gear, tainting her face with as ruddy a blush +as Clytia did when she bewrayed her loves to Phoebus, taking Ganymede +by the hand began thus: + +"Fair shepherd, if love were not more strong than nature, or fancy the +sharpest extreme, my immodesty were the more, and my virtues the less; +for nature hath framed women's eyes bashful, their hearts full of +fear, and their tongues full of silence; but love, that imperious +love, where his power is predominant, then he perverts all, and +wresteth the wealth of nature to his own will: an instance in myself, +fair Ganymede, for such a fire hath he kindled in my thoughts, that to +find ease for the flame, I was forced to pass the bounds of modesty, +and seek a salve at thy hands for my harms. Blame me not if I be +overbold for it is thy beauty, and if I be too forward it is fancy, +and the deep insight into thy virtues that makes me thus fond. For let +me say in a word what may be contained in a volume, Phoebe loves +Ganymede." + +At this she held down her head and wept, and Ganymede rose as one that +would suffer no fish to hang on his fingers, made this reply: + +"Water not thy plants, Phoebe, for I do pity thy plaints, nor seek not +to discover thy loves in tears, for I conjecture thy truth by thy +passions: sorrow is no salve for loves, nor sighs no remedy for +affection. Therefore frolic, Phoebe; for if Ganymede can cure thee, +doubt not of recovery. Yet this let me say without offence, that it +grieves me to thwart Montanus in his fancies, seeing his desires have +been so resolute, and his thoughts so loyal. But thou allegest that +thou art forced from him by fate: so I tell thee, Phoebe, either some +star or else some destiny fits my mind, rather with Adonis to die in +chase than be counted a wanton in Venus' knee. Although I pity thy +martyrdom, yet I can grant no marriage; for though I held thee fair, +yet mine eye is not fettered: love grows not, like the herb Spattana, +to his perfection in one night, but creeps with the snail, and yet at +last attains to the top. _Festina lente_, especially in love, for +momentary fancies are oft-times the fruits of follies. If, Phoebe, I +should like thee as the Hyperborei do their dates, which banquet with +them in the morning and throw them away at night, my folly should be +great, and thy repentance more. Therefore I will have time to turn my +thoughts, and my loves shall grow up as the watercresses, slowly, but +with a deep root. Thus, Phoebe, thou mayest see I disdain not, though +I desire not; remaining indifferent till time and love makes me +resolute. Therefore, Phoebe, seek not to suppress affection, and with +the love of Montanus quench the remembrance of Ganymede; strive thou +to hate me as I seek to like of thee, and ever have the duties of +Montanus in thy mind, for I promise thee thou mayest have one more +wealthy, but not more loyal." These words were corrosives to the +perplexed Phoebe, but sobbing out sighs, and straining out tears, she +blubbered out these words: + +"And shall I then have no salve of Ganymede but suspense, no hope but +a doubtful hazard, no comfort, but be posted off to the will of time? +Justly have the gods balanced my fortunes, who, being cruel to +Montanus, found Ganymede as unkind to myself; so in forcing him perish +for love, I shall die myself with overmuch love." + +"I am glad," quoth Ganymede, "you look into your own faults, and see +where your shoe wrings you, measuring now the pains of Montanus by +your own passions." + +"Truth," quoth Phoebe, "and so deeply I repent me of my frowardness +toward the shepherd, that could I cease to love Ganymede, I would +resolve to like Montanus." + +"What, if I can with reason persuade Phoebe to mislike of Ganymede, +will she then favor Montanus?" + +"When reason," quoth she, "doth quench that love I owe to thee, then +will I fancy him; conditionally, that if my love can be suppressed +with no reason, as being without reason Ganymede will only wed himself +to Phoebe." + +"I grant it, fair shepherdess," quoth he; "and to feed thee with the +sweetness of hope, this resolve on: I will never marry myself to woman +but unto thyself." + +And with that Ganymede gave Phoebe a fruitless kiss, and such words of +comfort, that before Ganymede departed she arose out of her bed, and +made him and Montanus such cheer, as could be found in such a country +cottage; Ganymede in the midst of their banquet rehearsing the +promises of either in Montanus' favor, which highly pleased the +shepherd. Thus, all three content, and soothed up in hope, Ganymede +took his leave of his Phoebe and departed, leaving her a contented +woman, and Montanus highly pleased. But poor Ganymede, who had her +thoughts on her Rosader, when she called to remembrance his wounds, +filled her eyes full of tears, and her heart full of sorrows, plodded +to find Aliena at the folds, thinking with her presence to drive away +her passions. As she came on the plains she might espy where Rosader +and Saladyne sate with Aliena under the shade; which sight was a salve +to her grief, and such a cordial unto her heart, that she tripped +alongst the lawns full of joy. + +At last Corydon, who was with them, spied Ganymede, and with that the +clown rose, and, running to meet him, cried: + +"O sirrah, a match, a match! our mistress shall be married on Sunday." + +Thus the poor peasant frolicked it before Ganymede, who coming to the +crew saluted them all, and especially Rosader, saying that he was glad +to see him so well recovered of his wounds. + +"I had not gone abroad so soon," quoth Rosader, "but that I am bidden +to a marriage, which, on Sunday next, must be solemnized between my +brother and Aliena. I see well where love leads delay is loathsome, +and that small wooing serves where both the parties are willing." + +"Truth," quoth Ganymede; "but a happy day should it be, if Rosader +that day might be married to Rosalynde." + +"Ah, good Ganymede," quoth he, "by naming Rosalynde, renew not my +sorrows; for the thought of her perfections is the thrall of my +miseries." + +"Tush, be of good cheer, man," quoth Ganymede: "I have a friend that +is deeply experienced in negromancy and magic; what art can do shall +be acted for thine advantage: I will cause him to bring in Rosalynde, +if either France or any bordering nation harbor her; and upon that +take the faith of a young shepherd." + +Aliena smiled to see how Rosader frowned, thinking that Ganymede had +jested with him. But, breaking off from those matters, the page, +somewhat pleasant, began to discourse unto them what had passed +between him and Phoebe; which, as they laughed, so they wondered at, +all confessing that there is none so chaste but love will change. Thus +they passed away the day in chat, and when the sun began to set they +took their leaves and departed; Aliena providing for their marriage +day such solemn cheer and handsome robes as fitted their country +estate, and yet somewhat the better, in that Rosader had promised to +bring Gerismond thither as a guest. Ganymede, who then meant to +discover herself before her father, had made her a gown of green, and +a kirtle of the finest sendal,[1] in such sort that she seemed some +heavenly nymph harbored in country attire. + +[Footnote 1: a thin silk.] + +Saladyne was not behind in care to set out the nuptials, nor Rosader +unmindful to bid guests, who invited Gerismond and all his followers +to the feast, who willingly granted, so that there was nothing but the +day wanting to this marriage. + +In the meanwhile, Phoebe being a bidden guest made herself as gorgeous +as might be to please the eye of Ganymede; and Montanus suited +himself with the cost of many of his flocks to be gallant against the +day, for then was Ganymede to give Phoebe an answer of her loves, and +Montanus either to hear the doom of his misery, or the censure of his +happiness. But while this gear was a-brewing, Phoebe passed not one +day without visiting her Ganymede, so far was she wrapped in the +beauties of this lovely swain. Much prattle they had, and the +discourse of many passions, Phoebe wishing for the day, as she +thought, of her welfare, and Ganymede smiling to think what unexpected +events would fall out at the wedding. In these humors the week went +away, that at last Sunday came. + +No sooner did Phoebus' henchman appear in the sky, to give warning +that his master's horses should be trapped in his glorious coach, but +Corydon, in his holiday suit, marvellous seemly, in a russet jacket, +welted with the same and faced with red worsted, having a pair of blue +chamlet sleeves, bound at the wrists with four yellow laces, closed +before very richly with a dozen of pewter buttons; his hose was of +grey kersey, with a large slop[1] barred overthwart the pocket-holes +with three fair guards, stitched of either side with red thread; his +stock was of the own, sewed close to his breech, and for to beautify +his hose, he had trussed himself round with a dozen of new-threaden +points[2] of medley color: his bonnet was green, whereon stood a +copper brooch with the picture of Saint Denis; and to want nothing +that might make him amorous in his old days, he had a fair shirt-band +of fine lockram,[3] whipped over with Coventry blue of no small cost. +Thus attired, Corydon bestirred himself as chief stickler[4] in these +actions, and had strowed all the house with flowers, that it seemed +rather some of Flora's choice bowers than any country cottage. + +[Footnote 1: a smock-frock, or possibly trousers.] + +[Footnote 2: laces.] + +[Footnote 3: linen.] + +[Footnote 4: manager.] + +Thither repaired Phoebe with all the maids of the forest, to set out +the bride in the most seemliest sort that might be; but howsoever she +helped to prank out Aliena, yet her eye was still on Ganymede, who was +so neat in a suit of grey, that he seemed Endymion when he won Luna +with his looks, or Paris when he played the swain to get the beauty of +the nymph Oenone. Ganymede, like a pretty page, waited on his mistress +Aliena, and overlooked that all was in a readiness against the +bridegroom should come; who, attired in a forester's suit, came +accompanied with Gerismond and his brother Rosader early in the +morning; where arrived, they were solemnly entertained by Aliena and +the rest of the country swains; Gerismond very highly commending the +fortunate choice of Saladyne, in that he had chosen a shepherdess, +whose virtues appeared in her outward beauties, being no less fair +than seeming modest. Ganymede coming in, and seeing her father, began +to blush, nature working affects[1] by her secret effects: scarce +could she abstain from tears to see her father in so low fortunes, he +that was wont to sit in his royal palace, attended on by twelve noble +peers, now to be contented with a simple cottage, and a troop of +revelling woodmen for his train. The consideration of his fall made +Ganymede full of sorrows; yet, that she might triumph over fortune +with patience, and not any way dash that merry day with her dumps, she +smothered her melancholy with a shadow of mirth, and very reverently +welcomed the king, not according to his former degree, but to his +present estate, with such diligence as Gerismond began to commend the +page for his exquisite person and excellent qualities. + +[Footnote 1: affections.] + +As thus the king with his foresters frolicked it among the shepherds, +Corydon came in with a fair mazer[1] full of cider, and presented it +to Gerismond with such a clownish salute that he began to smile, and +took it of the old shepherd very kindly, drinking to Aliena and the +rest of her fair maids, amongst whom Phoebe was the foremost. Aliena +pledged the king, and drunk to Rosader; so the carouse went round +from him to Phoebe, &c. As they were thus drinking and ready to go to +church, came in Montanus, apparelled all in tawny, to signify that he +was forsaken; on his head he wore a garland of willow, his bottle +hanged by his side, whereon was painted despair, and on his sheep-hook +hung two sonnets, as labels of his loves and fortunes. + +[Footnote 1: mug.] + +Thus attired came Montanus in, with his face as full of grief as his +heart was of sorrows, showing in his countenance the map of +extremities. As soon as the shepherds saw him, they did him all the +honor they could, as being the flower of all the swains in Arden; for +a bonnier boy was there not seen since that wanton wag of Troy that +kept sheep in Ida. He, seeing the king, and guessing it to be +Gerismond, did him all the reverence his country courtesy could +afford; insomuch that the king, wondering at his attire, began to +question what he was. Montanus overhearing him, made this reply: + +"I am, sir," quoth he, "Love's swain, as full of inward discontents as +I seem fraught with outward follies. Mine eyes like bees delight in +sweet flowers, but sucking their full on the fair of beauty, they +carry home to the hive of my heart far more gall than honey, and for +one drop of pure dew, a ton full of deadly Aconiton. I hunt with the +fly to pursue the eagle, that flying too nigh the sun, I perish with +the sun; my thoughts are above my reach, and my desires more than my +fortunes, yet neither greater than my loves. But daring with Phaethon, +I fall with Icarus, and seeking to pass the mean, I die for being so +mean; my night-sleeps are waking slumbers, as full of sorrows as they +be far from rest; and my days' labors are fruitless amours, staring at +a star and stumbling at a straw, leaving reason to follow after +repentance; yet every passion is a pleasure though it pinch, because +love hides his wormseed[1] in figs, his poisons in sweet potions, and +shadows prejudice with the mask of pleasure. The wisest counsellors +are my deep discontents, and I hate that which should salve my harm, +like the patient which stung with the Tarantula loathes music, and yet +the disease incurable but by melody. Thus, sir, restless I hold myself +remediless, as loving without either reward or regard, and yet loving +because there is none worthy to be loved but the mistress of my +thoughts. And that I am as full of passions as I have discoursed in my +plaints, sir, if you please, see my sonnets, and by them censure of my +sorrows." + +[Footnote 1: wormwood = bitterness.] + +These words of Montanus brought the king into a great wonder, amazed +as much at his wit as his attire, insomuch that he took the papers off +his hook, and read them to this effect: + +_Montanus' first Sonnet_ + + Alas! how wander I amidst these woods + Whereas no day-bright shine doth find access; + But where the melancholy fleeting floods, + Dark as the night, my night of woes express. + Disarmed of reason, spoiled of nature's goods, + Without redress to salve my heaviness + I walk, whilst thought, too cruel to my harms, + With endless grief my heedless judgment charms. + + My silent tongue assailed by secret fear, + My traitorous eyes imprisoned in their joy, + My fatal peace devoured in feigned cheer, + My heart enforced to harbor in annoy, + My reason robbed of power by yielding ear, + My fond opinions slave to every toy. + O Love! thou guide in my uncertain way, + Woe to thy bow, thy fire, the cause of my decay. + + _Et florida pungunt._ + +When the king had read this sonnet he highly commended the device of +the shepherd, that could so wittily wrap his passions in a shadow, and +so covertly conceal that which bred his chiefest discontent; +affirming, that as the least shrubs have their tops, the smallest +hairs their shadows, so the meanest swains had their fancies, and in +their kind were as chary of love as a king. Whetted on with this +device, he took the second and read it: the effects were these: + +_Montanus' second Sonnet_ + + When the Dog[1] + Full of rage, + With his ireful eyes + Frowns amidst the skies, + The shepherd, to assuage + The fury of the heat, + Himself doth safely seat + By a fount + Full of fair, + Where a gentle breath, + Mounting from beneath, + Tempereth the air. + There his flocks + Drink their fill, + And with ease repose, + Whilst sweet sleep doth close + Eyes from toilsome ill. + But I burn + Without rest, + No defensive power + Shields from Phoebe's lour; + Sorrow is my best. + Gentle Love, + Lour no more; + If thou wilt invade + In the secret shade, + Labor not so sore. + I myself + And my flocks, + They their love to please, + I myself to ease, + Both leave the shady oaks; + Content to burn in fire, + Sith Love doth so desire. + + _Et florida pungunt._ + +[Footnote 1: Sirius, the dog star.] + +Gerismond, seeing the pithy vein of those sonnets, began to make +further inquiry what he was. Whereupon Rosader discoursed unto him the +love of Montanus to Phoebe, his great loyalty and her deep cruelty, +and how in revenge the gods had made the curious nymph amorous of +young Ganymede. Upon this discourse the king was desirous to see +Phoebe, who being brought before Gerismond by Rosader, shadowed the +beauty of her face with such a vermilion teinture, that the king's +eyes began to dazzle at the purity of her excellence. After Gerismond +had fed his looks awhile upon her fair, he questioned with her why she +rewarded Montanus' love with so little regard, seeing his deserts were +many, and his passions extreme. Phoebe, to make reply to the king's +demand, answered thus: + +"Love, sir, is charity in his laws, and whatsoever he sets down for +justice, be it never so unjust, the sentence cannot be reversed; +women's fancies lend favors not ever by desert, but as they are +enforced by their desires; for fancy is tied to the wings of fate, and +what the stars decree, stands for an infallible doom. I know Montanus +is wise, and women's ears are greatly delighted with wit, as hardly +escaping the charm of a pleasant tongue, as Ulysses the melody of the +Sirens. Montanus is beautiful, and women's eyes are snared in the +excellence of objects, as desirous to feed their looks with a fair +face, as the bee to suck on a sweet flower. Montanus is wealthy, and +an ounce of _give me_ persuades a woman more than a pound of _hear +me_. Danae was won with a golden shower, when she could not be gotten +with all the entreaties of Jupiter: I tell you, sir, the string of a +woman's heart reacheth to the pulse of her hand; and let a man rub +that with gold, and 't is hard but she will prove his heart's gold. +Montanus is young, a great clause in fancy's court; Montanus is +virtuous, the richest argument that love yields; and yet knowing all +these perfections, I praise them and wonder at them, loving the +qualities, but not affecting the person, because the destinies have +set down a contrary censure. Yet Venus, to add revenge, hath given me +wine of the same grape, a sip of the same sauce, and firing me with +the like passion, hath crossed me with as ill a penance; for I am in +love with a shepherd's swain, as coy to me as I am cruel to Montanus, +as peremptory in disdain as I was perverse in desire; and that is," +quoth she, "Aliena's page, young Ganymede." + +Gerismond, desirous to prosecute the end of these passions, called in +Ganymede, who, knowing the case, came in graced with such a blush, as +beautified the crystal of his face with a ruddy brightness. The king +noting well the physnomy of Ganymede, began by his favors to call to +mind the face of his Rosalynde, and with that fetched a deep sigh. +Rosader, that was passing familiar with Gerismond, demanded of him why +he sighed so sore. + +"Because Rosader," quoth he, "the favor of Ganymede puts me in mind of +Rosalynde." + +At this word Rosader sighed so deeply, as though his heart would have +burst. + +"And what's the matter," quoth Gerismond, "that you quite me with such +a sigh?" + +"Pardon me, sir," quoth Rosader, "because I love none but Rosalynde." + +"And upon that condition," quoth Gerismond, "that Rosalynde were here, +I would this day make up a marriage betwixt her and thee." + +At this Aliena turned her head and smiled upon Ganymede, and she could +scarce keep countenance. Yet she salved all with secrecy; and +Gerismond, to drive away his dumps, questioned with Ganymede, what the +reason was he regarded not Phoebe's love, seeing she was as fair as +the wanton that brought Troy to ruin. Ganymede mildly answered: + +"If I should affect the fair Phoebe, I should offer poor Montanus +great wrong to win that from him in a moment, that he hath labored for +so many months. Yet have I promised to the beautiful shepherdess to +wed myself never to woman except unto her; but with this promise, that +if I can by reason suppress Phoebe's love towards me, she shall like +of none but of Montanus." + +"To that," quoth Phoebe, "I stand; for my love is so far beyond +reason, as will admit no persuasion of reason." + +"For justice," quoth he, "I appeal to Gerismond." + +"And to his censure will I stand," quoth Phoebe. + +"And in your victory," quoth Montanus, "stands the hazard of my +fortunes; for if Ganymede go away with conquest, Montanus is in +conceit love's monarch; if Phoebe win, then am I in effect most +miserable." + +"We will see this controversy," quoth Gerismond, "and then we will to +church. Therefore, Ganymede, let us hear your argument." + +"Nay, pardon my absence a while," quoth she, "and you shall see one in +store." + +In went Ganymede and dressed herself in woman's attire, having on a +gown of green, with kirtle of rich sendal,[1] so quaint, that she +seemed Diana triumphing in the forest; upon her head she wore a +chaplet of roses, which gave her such a grace that she looked like +Flora perked in the pride of all her flowers. Thus attired came +Rosalynde in, and presented herself at her father's feet, with her +eyes full of tears, craving his blessing, and discoursing unto him all +her fortunes, how she was banished by Torismond, and how ever since +she lived in that country disguised. + +[Footnote 1: a thin silk.] + +Gerismond, seeing his daughter, rose from his seat and fell upon her +neck, uttering the passions of his joy in watery plaints, driven into +such an ecstasy of content, that he could not utter one word. At this +sight, if Rosader was both amazed and joyful, I refer myself to the +judgment of such as have experience in love, seeing his Rosalynde +before his face whom so long and deeply he had affected. At last +Gerismond recovered his spirits, and in most fatherly terms +entertained his daughter Rosalynde, after many questions demanding of +her what had passed between her and Rosader? + +"So much, sir," quoth she, "as there wants nothing but your grace to +make up the marriage." + +"Why, then," quoth Gerismond, "Rosader take her: she is thine, and let +this day solemnize both thy brother's and thy nuptials." Rosader +beyond measure content, humbly thanked the king, and embraced his +Rosalynde, who turning to Phoebe, demanded if she had shown sufficient +reason to suppress the force of her loves. + +"Yea," quoth Phoebe, "and so great a persuasive, that if it please +you, madame, and Aliena to give us leave, Montanus and I will make +this day the third couple in marriage." + +She had no sooner spake this word, but Montanus threw away his garland +of willow, his bottle, where was painted despair, and cast his sonnets +in the fire, showing himself as frolic as Paris when he handselled[1] +his love with Helena. At this Gerismond and the rest smiled, and +concluded that Montanus and Phoebe should keep their wedding with the +two brethren. Aliena seeing Saladyne stand in a dump,[2] to wake him +from his dream began thus: + +[Footnote 1: began.] + +[Footnote 2: revery.] + +"Why how now, my Saladyne, all amort?[1] what melancholy, man, at the +day of marriage? Perchance thou art sorrowful to think on thy +brother's high fortunes, and thine own base desires to choose so mean +a shepherdess. Cheer up thy heart, man; for this day thou shalt be +married to the daughter of a king; for know, Saladyne, I am not +Aliena, but Alinda, the daughter of thy mortal enemy Torismond." + +[Footnote 1: dead.] + +At this all the company was amazed, especially Gerismond, who rising +up, took Alinda in his arms, and said to Rosalynde: "Is this that fair +Alinda famous for so many virtues, that forsook her father's court to +live with thee exiled in the country?" + +"The same," quoth Rosalynde. + +"Then," quoth Gerismond, turning to Saladyne, "jolly forester be +frolic, for thy fortunes are great, and thy desires excellent; thou +hast got a princess as famous for her perfection, as exceeding in +proportion." + +"And she hath with her beauty won," quoth Saladyne, "an humble +servant, as full of faith as she of amiable favor." + +While every one was amazed with these comical events, Corydon came +skipping in, and told them that the priest was at church, and tarried +for their coming. With that Gerismond led the way, and the rest +followed; where to the admiration of all the country swains in Arden +their marriages were solemnly solemnized. As soon as the priest had +finished, home they went with Alinda, where Corydon had made all +things in readiness. Dinner was provided, and the tables being spread, +and the brides set down by Gerismond, Rosader, Saladyne, and Montanus +that day were servitors; homely cheer they had, such as their country +could afford, but to mend their fare they had mickle good chat, and +many discourses of their loves and fortunes. About mid-dinner, to make +them merry, Corydon came in with an old crowd,[1] and played them a +fit of mirth, to which he sung this pleasant song: + +[Footnote 1: an old-fashioned violin with six strings.] + +_Corydon's Song_ + + A blithe and bonny country lass, + heigh ho, the bonny lass! + Sate sighing on the tender grass + and weeping said, will none come woo her. + + A smicker[1] boy, a lither swain, + heigh ho, a smicker swain! + That in his love was wanton fain, + with smiling looks straight came unto her. + + Whenas the wanton wench espied, + heigh ho, when she espied! + The means to make herself a bride, + she simpered smooth like Bonnybell: + The swain, that saw her squint-eyed kind, + heigh ho, squint-eyed kind! + His arms about her body twined, + and: "Fair lass, how fare ye, well?" + + The country kit said: "Well, forsooth, + heigh ho, well forsooth! + But that I have a longing tooth, + a longing tooth that makes me cry." + "Alas!" said he, "what gars[2] thy grief? + heigh ho, what gars thy grief?" + "A wound," quoth she, "without relief, + I fear a maid that I shall die." + "If that be all," the shepherd said, + heigh ho, the shepherd said! + "Ile make thee wive it gentle maid, + and so recure thy malady." + + Hereon they kissed with many an oath, + heigh ho, with many an oath! + And fore God Pan did plight their troth, + and to the church they hied them fast. + And God send every pretty peat,[3] + heigh ho, the pretty peat! + That fears to die of this conceit, + so kind a friend to help at last. + +[Footnote 1: amorous, wanton.] + +[Footnote 2: occasions.] + +[Footnote 3: pet.] + +Corydon having thus made them merry, as they were in the midst of +their jollity, word was brought in to Saladyne and Rosader that a +brother of theirs, one Fernandyne, was arrived, and desired to speak +with them. Gerismond overhearing this news, demanded who it was. + +"It is, sir," quoth Rosader, "our middle brother, that lives a scholar +in Paris; but what fortune hath driven him to seek us out I know not." + +With that Saladyne went and met his brother, whom he welcomed with all +courtesy, and Rosader gave him no less friendly entertainment; brought +he was by his two brothers into the parlor where they all sate at +dinner. Fernandyne, as one that knew as many manners as he could[1] +points of sophistry, and was as well brought up as well lettered, +saluted them all. But when he espied Gerismond, kneeling on his knee +he did him what reverence belonged to his estate, and with that burst +forth into these speeches: + +[Footnote 1: knew.] + +"Although, right mighty prince, this day of my brother's marriage be a +day of mirth, yet time craves another course; and therefore from +dainty cates rise to sharp weapons. And you, the sons of Sir John of +Bordeaux, leave off your amours and fall to arms; change your loves +into lances, and now this day show yourselves as valiant as hitherto +you have been passionate. For know, Gerismond, that hard by at the +edge of this forest the twelve peers of France are up in arms to +recover thy right; and Torismond, trooped with a crew of desperate +runagates,[1] is ready to bid them battle. The armies are ready to +join; therefore show thyself in the field to encourage thy subjects; +and you, Saladyne and Rosader, mount you, and show yourselves as hardy +soldiers as you have been hearty lovers; so shall you, for the benefit +of your country, discover the idea of your father's virtues to be +stamped in your thoughts, and prove children worthy of so honorable a +parent." + +[Footnote 1: vagabonds, renegades.] + +At this alarm, given him by Fernandyne, Gerismond leaped from the +board, and Saladyne and Rosader betook themselves to their weapons. + +"Nay," quoth Gerismond, "go with me; I have horse and armor for us +all, and then, being well mounted, let us show that we carry revenge +and honor at our falchions' points." + +Thus they leave the brides full of sorrow, especially Alinda, who +desired Gerismond to be good to her father. He, not returning a word +because his haste was great, hied him home to his lodge, where he +delivered Saladyne and Rosader horse and armor, and himself armed +royally led the way; not having ridden two leagues before they +discovered where in a valley both the battles were joined. Gerismond +seeing the wing wherein the peers fought, thrust in there, and cried +"Saint Denis!" Gerismond laying on such load upon his enemies, that he +showed how highly he did estimate of a crown. When the peers perceived +that their lawful king was there, they grew more eager; and Saladyne +and Rosader so behaved themselves, that none durst stand in their way, +nor abide the fury of their weapons. To be short, the peers were +conquerors, Torismond's army put to flight, and himself slain in +battle. The peers then gathered themselves together, and saluted their +king, conducted him royally into Paris, where he was received with +great joy of all the citizens. As soon as all was quiet and he had +received again the crown, he sent for Alinda and Rosalynde to the +court, Alinda being very passionate for the death of her father, yet +brooking it with the more patience, in that she was contented with the +welfare of her Saladyne. + +Well, as soon as they were come to Paris, Gerismond made a royal feast +for the peers and lords of his land, which continued thirty days, in +which time summoning a parliament, by the consent of his nobles he +created Rosader heir apparent to the kingdom; he restored Saladyne to +all his father's land and gave him the Dukedom of Nameurs; he made +Fernandyne principal secretary to himself; and that fortune might +every way seem frolic, he made Montanus lord over all the forest of +Arden, Adam Spencer Captain of the King's Guard, and Corydon master of +Alinda's flocks. + + * * * * * + +Here, gentlemen, may you see in Euphues' Golden Legacy, that such as +neglect their fathers' precepts, incur much prejudice; that division +in nature, as it is a blemish in nurture, so 'tis a breach of good +fortunes; that virtue is not measured by birth but by action; that +younger brethren, though inferior in years, yet may be superior to +honors; that concord is the sweetest conclusion, and amity betwixt +brothers more forceable than fortune. If you gather any fruits by this +Legacy, speak well of Euphues for writing it, and me for fetching it. +If you grace me with that favor, you encourage me to be more forward; +and as soon as I have overlooked my labors, expect the Sailor's +Calendar. + +T. LODGE. + + +FINIS + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Rosalynde, by Thomas Lodge + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROSALYNDE *** + +***** This file should be named 17181.txt or 17181.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/7/1/8/17181/ + +Produced by Malcolm Farmer, Linda Cantoni, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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