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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and
+Destiny of the Colored People of the United States, by Martin R. Delany
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States
+
+Author: Martin R. Delany
+
+Release Date: November 26, 2005 [EBook #17154]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CONDITION, ELEVATION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzanne Shell, Martin Pettit and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE CONDITION, ELEVATION, EMIGRATION, AND DESTINY OF THE COLORED PEOPLE
+OF THE UNITED STATES
+
+Published 1852.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and Destiny of the Colored People
+                         of the United States
+
+      Preface.                                                        35
+
+    Chapter I. Condition of Many Classes in Europe Considered         41
+
+   Chapter II. Comparative Condition of the
+               Colored People of the United States                    44
+
+  Chapter III. American Colonization                                  58
+
+   Chapter IV. Our Elevation in the United States                     63
+
+    Chapter V. Means of Elevation                                     67
+
+   Chapter VI. The United States Our Country                          74
+
+  Chapter VII. Claims of Colored Men as Citizens of the United States 75
+
+ Chapter VIII. Colored American Warriors                              91
+
+   Chapter IX. Capacity of Colored Men and Women
+               as Citizen Members of Community                       106
+
+    Chapter X. Practical Utility of Colored People of the Present
+               Day as Members of Society--Business Men and Mechanics 113
+
+   Chapter XI. Literary and Professional Colored Men and Women       128
+
+  Chapter XII. Students of Various Professions                       148
+
+ Chapter XIII. A Scan at Past Things                                 151
+
+  Chapter XIV. Late Men of Literary, Professional and Artistic Note  155
+
+   Chapter XV. Farmers and Herdsmen                                  158
+
+  Chapter XVI. National Disfranchisement of Colored People           161
+
+ Chapter XVII. Emigration of the Colored People of the United States 175
+
+Chapter XVIII. "Republic of Liberia"                                 177
+
+  Chapter XIX. The Canadas                                           189
+
+   Chapter XX. Central and South America and the West Indies         193
+
+  Chapter XXI. Nicaragua and New Grenada                             202
+
+ Chapter XXII. Things as They Are                                    204
+
+Chapter XXIII. A Glance at Ourselves--Conclusion                     211
+
+     Appendix. A Project for an Expedition of Adventure,
+               to the Eastern Coast of Africa                        221
+
+
+
+
+_Sincerely dedicated to the American People, North and South._
+
+
+_By Their Most Devout, and Patriotic Fellow Citizen, the Author_
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+The author of this little volume has no other apology for offering it to
+the public, than the hurried manner in which it has been composed. Being
+detained in the city of New York on business, he seized the opportunity
+of a tedious delay, and wrote the work in the inside of one month,
+attending to other business through the day, and lecturing on physiology
+sometimes in the evening. The reader will therefore not entertain an
+idea of elegance of language and terseness of style, such as should rule
+the sentences of every composition, by whomsoever written.
+
+His sole object has been, to place before the public in general, and the
+colored people of the United States in particular, great truths
+concerning this class of citizens, which appears to have been heretofore
+avoided, as well by friends as enemies to their elevation. By opponents,
+to conceal information, that they are well aware would stimulate and
+impel them on to bold and adventurous deeds of manly daring; and by
+friends, who seem to have acted on the principle of the zealous
+orthodox, who would prefer losing the object of his pursuit to changing
+his policy.
+
+There are also a great many colored people in the United States, who
+have independence of spirit, who desire to, and do, think for
+themselves; but for the want of general information, and in consequence
+of a prevailing opinion that has obtained, that no thoughts nor opinions
+must be expressed, even though it would eventuate in their elevation,
+except it emanate from some old, orthodox, stereotyped doctrine
+concerning them; therefore, such a work as this, which is but a mere
+introduction to what will henceforth emanate from the pen of colored men
+and women, appeared to be in most anxious demand, in order to settle
+their minds entirely, and concentrate them upon an effective and
+specific course of procedure. We have never conformed with that class of
+philosophers who would keep the people in ignorance, lest they might
+change their opinion from former predilections. This we shall never do,
+except pressing necessity demands it, and then only as a measure to
+prevent bad consequences, for the time.
+
+The colored people of to-day are not the colored people of a quarter of
+a century ago, and require very different means and measures to satisfy
+their wants and demands, and to effect their advancement. No wise
+statesman presumes the same measures for the satisfaction of the
+American people now, that may have been with propriety adopted
+twenty-five years ago; neither is it wisdom to presume, that the
+privileges which satisfied colored people twenty years ago, they will be
+reconciled with now. That with which the father of the writer may have
+been satisfied, even up to the present day, the writer cannot be content
+with; the one lived in times antecedent to the birth of the other; that
+which answered then, does not answer now: so is it with the whole class
+of colored people in the United States. Their feelings, tastes,
+predilections, wants, demands, and sympathies, are identical, and
+homogeneous with those of all other Americans.
+
+     "Fleecy locks and black complexions,
+         Cannot alter nature's claim;
+     Skins may differ, but affections,
+         Dwell in black and white the same."
+
+Many of the distinguished characters referred to in this work, who lived
+in former days, for which there is no credit given, have been obtained
+from various sources--as fragments of history, pamphlets, files of
+newspapers, obsolete American history, and some from Mrs. Child's
+Collection. Those of modern date, are living facts known to the writer
+in his travels through the United States, having been from Canada and
+Maine to Arkansas and Texas. The origin of the breast-works of cotton
+bales on Chalmet Plains, at the battle of New Orleans, the writer
+learned in that city, from old colored men in 1840, and subsequently,
+from other sources; as well as much useful information concerning that
+battle, from _Julien Bennoit_, spoken of in the work. He has before
+referred to it some five or six years ago, through the columns of a
+paper, of which he was then editor, and not until subsequently to his
+narrating the same facts in these columns, was he aware that it was ever
+mentioned in print, when he saw, on the 3d day of March, on looking over
+the contributions of the "Liberty Bell," a beautiful annual of Boston,
+the circumstances referred to by DAVID LEE CHILD, Esq., the particulars
+of which will be found in our version.
+
+The original intention was to make this a pamphlet of a few pages, the
+writer commencing with that view; but finding that he could not thus
+justify the design of the work, will fully explain the cause of its
+present volume. The subject of this work is one that the writer has
+given thought for years, and the only regret that he has now in placing
+it before the public is, that his circumstances and engagements have
+not afforded him such time and opportunity as to do justice to it. But,
+should he succeed in turning the attention of the colored people, in
+general, in this direction--he shall have been amply compensated for the
+labor bestowed. An appendix will be found giving the plan of the author,
+laid out at twenty-four years of age, but subsequently improved on, for
+the elevation of the colored race. That plan of course, as this work
+will fully show, has been abandoned for a far more glorious one; albeit,
+we as a race, still lay claim to the project, which one day must be
+added to our dashing strides in national advancement, successful
+adventure, and unsurpassed enterprise.
+
+One part of the American people, though living in near proximity and
+together, are quite unacquainted with the other; and one of the great
+objects of the author is, to make each acquainted. Except the character
+of an individual is known, there can be no just appreciation of his
+worth; and as with individuals, so is it with classes.
+
+The colored people are not yet known, even to their most professed
+friends among the white Americans; for the reason, that politicians,
+religionists, colonizationists, and abolitionists, have each and all, at
+different times, presumed to _think_ for, dictate to, and _know_ better
+what suited colored people, than they knew for themselves; and
+consequently, there has been no other knowledge of them obtained, than
+that which has been obtained through these mediums. Their history--past,
+present, and future, has been written by them, who, for reasons well
+known, which are named in this volume, are not their representatives,
+and, therefore, do not properly nor fairly present their wants and
+claims among their fellows. Of these impressions, we design disabusing
+the public mind, and correcting the false impressions of all classes
+upon this great subject. A moral and mental, is as obnoxious as a
+physical servitude, and not to be tolerated; as the one may, eventually,
+lead to the other. Of these we feel the direful effects.
+
+     "If I'm designed your lordling's slave,
+         By nature's law designed;
+     Why was an independent wish
+         E'er planted in my mind!"
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+CONDITION OF MANY CLASSES IN EUROPE CONSIDERED
+
+
+That there have been in all ages and in all countries, in every quarter
+of the habitable globe, especially among those nations laying the
+greatest claim to civilization and enlightenment, classes of people who
+have been deprived of equal privileges, political, religious and social,
+cannot be denied, and that this deprivation on the part of the ruling
+classes is cruel and unjust, is also equally true. Such classes have
+even been looked upon as inferior to their oppressors, and have ever
+been mainly the domestics and menials of society, doing the low offices
+and drudgery of those among whom they lived, moving about and existing
+by mere sufferance, having no rights nor privileges but those conceded
+by the common consent of their political superiors. These are historical
+facts that cannot be controverted, and therefore proclaim in tones more
+eloquently than thunder, the listful attention of every oppressed man,
+woman, and child under the government of the people of the United States
+of America.
+
+In past ages there were many such classes, as the Israelites in Egypt,
+the Gladiators in Rome, and similar classes in Greece; and in the
+present age, the Gipsies in Italy and Greece, the Cossacs in Russia and
+Turkey, the Sclaves and Croats in the Germanic States, and the Welsh and
+Irish among the British, to say nothing of various other classes among
+other nations.
+
+That there have in all ages, in almost every nation, existed a nation
+within a nation--a people who although forming a part and parcel of the
+population, yet were from force of circumstances, known by the peculiar
+position they occupied, forming in fact, by the deprivation of political
+equality with others, no part, and if any, but a restricted part of the
+body politic of such nations, is also true.
+
+Such then are the Poles in Russia, the Hungarians in Austria, the
+Scotch, Irish, and Welsh in the United Kingdom, and such also are the
+Jews, scattered throughout not only the length and breadth of Europe,
+but almost the habitable globe, maintaining their national
+characteristics, and looking forward in high hopes of seeing the day
+when they may return to their former national position of
+self-government and independence, let that be in whatever part of the
+habitable world it may. This is the lot of these various classes of
+people in Europe, and it is not our intention here, to discuss the
+justice or injustice of the causes that have contributed to their
+degradation, but simply to set forth the undeniable facts, which are as
+glaring as the rays of a noonday's sun, thereby to impress them
+indelibly on the mind of every reader of this pamphlet.
+
+It is not enough, that these people are deprived of equal privileges by
+their rulers, but, the more effectually to succeed, the equality of
+these classes must be denied, and their inferiority by nature as
+distinct races, actually asserted. This policy is necessary to appease
+the opposition that might be interposed in their behalf. Wherever there
+is arbitrary rule, there must be necessity, on the part of the dominant
+classes, superiority be assumed. To assume superiority, is to deny the
+equality of others, and to deny their equality, is to premise their
+incapacity for self-government. Let this once be conceded, and there
+will be little or no sympathy for the oppressed, the oppressor being
+left to prescribe whatever terms at discretion for their government,
+suits his own purpose.
+
+Such then is the condition of various classes in Europe; yes, nations,
+for centuries within nations, even without the hope of redemption among
+those who oppress them. And however unfavorable their condition, there
+is none more so than that of the colored people of the United States.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+COMPARATIVE CONDITION OF THE COLORED PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES
+
+
+The United States, untrue to her trust and unfaithful to her professed
+principles of republican equality, has also pursued a policy of
+political degradation to a large portion of her native born countrymen,
+and that class is the Colored People. Denied an equality not only of
+political but of natural rights, in common with the rest of our fellow
+citizens, there is no species of degradation to which we are not
+subject.
+
+Reduced to abject slavery is not enough, the very thought of which
+should awaken every sensibility of our common nature; but those of their
+descendants who are freemen even in the non-slaveholding States, occupy
+the very same position politically, religiously, civilly and socially,
+(with but few exceptions,) as the bondman occupies in the slave States.
+
+In those States, the bondman is disfranchised, and for the most part so
+are we. He is denied all civil, religious, and social privileges, except
+such as he gets by mere sufferance, and so are we. They have no part nor
+lot in the government of the country, neither have we. They are ruled
+and governed without representation, existing as mere nonentities among
+the citizens, and excrescences on the body politic--a mere dreg in
+community, and so are we. Where then is our political superiority to the
+enslaved? none, neither are we superior in any other relation to
+society, except that we are defacto masters of ourselves and joint
+rulers of our own domestic household, while the bondman's self is
+claimed by another, and his relation to his family denied him. What the
+unfortunate classes are in Europe, such are we in the United States,
+which is folly to deny, insanity not to understand, blindness not to
+see, and surely now full time that our eyes were opened to these
+startling truths, which for ages have stared us full in the face.
+
+It is time that we had become politicians, we mean, to understand the
+political economy and domestic policy of nations; that we had become as
+well as moral theorists, also the practical demonstrators of equal
+rights and self-government. Except we do, it is idle to talk about
+rights, it is mere chattering for the sake of being seen and heard--like
+the slave, saying something because his so called "master" said it, and
+saying just what he told him to say. Have we not now sufficient
+intelligence among us to understand our true position, to realise our
+actual condition, and determine for ourselves what is best to be done?
+If we have not now, we never shall have, and should at once cease
+prating about our equality, capacity, and all that.
+
+Twenty years ago, when the writer was a youth, his young and yet
+uncultivated mind was aroused, and his tender heart made to leap with
+anxiety in anticipation of the promises then held out by the prime
+movers in the cause of our elevation.
+
+In 1830 the most intelligent and leading spirits among the colored men
+in the United States, such as James Forten, Robert Douglass, I. Bowers,
+A.D. Shadd, John Peck, Joseph Cassey, and John B. Vashon of
+Pennsylvania; John T. Hilton, Nathaniel and Thomas Paul, and James G.
+Barbodoes of Massachusetts; Henry Sipkins, Thomas Hamilton, Thomas L.
+Jennings, Thomas Downing, Samuel E. Cornish, and others of New York; R.
+Cooley and others of Maryland, and representatives from other States
+which cannot now be recollected, the data not being at hand, assembled
+in the city of Philadelphia, in the capacity of a National Convention,
+to "devise ways and means for the bettering of our condition." These
+Conventions determined to assemble annually, much talent, ability, and
+energy of character being displayed; when in 1831 at a sitting of the
+Convention in September, from their previous pamphlet reports, much
+interest having been created throughout the country, they were favored
+by the presence of a number of whites, some of whom were able and
+distinguished men, such as Rev. R.R. Gurley, Arthur Tappan, Elliot
+Cresson, John Rankin, Simeon Jocelyn and others, among them William
+Lloyd Garrison, then quite a young man, all of whom were staunch and
+ardent Colonizationists, young Garrison at that time, doing his
+mightiest in his favorite work.
+
+Among other great projects of interest brought before the convention at
+a previous sitting, was that of the expediency of a general emigration,
+as far as it was practicable, of the colored people to the British
+Provinces of North America. Another was that of raising sufficient means
+for the establishment and erection of a College for the proper education
+of the colored youth. These gentlemen long accustomed to observation and
+reflection on the condition of their people saw at once, that there must
+necessarily be means used adequate to the end to be attained--that end
+being an unqualified equality with the ruling class of their fellow
+citizens. He saw that as a class, the colored people of the country were
+ignorant, degraded and oppressed, by far the greater portion of them
+being abject slaves in the South, the very condition of whom was almost
+enough, under the circumstances, to blast the remotest hope of success,
+and those who were freemen, whether in the South or North, occupied a
+subservient, servile, and menial position, considering it a favor to get
+into the service of the whites, and do their degrading offices. That the
+difference between the whites and themselves, consisted in the superior
+advantages of the one over the other, in point of attainments. That if a
+knowledge of the arts and sciences, the mechanical occupations, the
+industrial occupations, as farming, commerce, and all the various
+business enterprises, and learned professions were necessary for the
+superior position occupied by their rulers, it was also necessary for
+them. And very reasonably too, the first suggestion which occurred to
+them was, the advantages of a location, then the necessity of a
+qualification. They reasoned with themselves, that all distinctive
+differences made among men on account of their origin, is wicked,
+unrighteous, and cruel, and never shall receive countenance in any shape
+from us, therefore, the first acts of the measure entered into by them,
+was to protest, solemnly protest, against every unjust measure and
+policy in the country, having for its object the proscription of the
+colored people, whether state, national, municipal, social, civil, or
+religious.
+
+But being far-sighted, reflecting, discerning men, they took a political
+view of the subject, and determined for the good of their people to be
+governed in their policy according to the facts as they presented
+themselves. In taking a glance at Europe, they discovered there, however
+unjustly, as we have shown in another part of this pamphlet, that there
+are and have been numerous classes proscribed and oppressed, and it was
+not for them to cut short their wise deliberations, and arrest their
+proceedings in contention, as to the cause, whether on account of
+language, the color of eyes, hair, skin, or their origin of
+country--because all this is contrary to reason, a contradiction to
+common sense, at war with nature herself, and at variance with facts as
+they stare us every day in the face, among all nations, in every
+country--this being made the pretext as a matter of _policy_ alone--a
+fact worthy of observation, that wherever the objects of oppression are
+the most easily distinguished by any peculiar or general
+characteristics, these people are the more easily oppressed, because the
+war of oppression is the more easily waged against them. This is the
+case with the modern Jews and many other people who have
+strongly-marked, peculiar, or distinguishing characteristics. This
+arises in this wise. The policy of all those who proscribe any people,
+induces them to select as the objects of proscription, those who
+differed as much as possible, in some particulars, from themselves. This
+is to ensure the greater success, because it engenders the greater
+prejudice, or in other words, elicits less interest on the part of the
+oppressing class, in their favor. This fact is well understood in
+national conflicts, as the soldier or civilian, who is distinguished by
+his dress, mustache, or any other peculiar appendage, would certainly
+prove himself a madman, if he did not take the precaution to change his
+dress, remove his mustache, and conceal as much as possible his peculiar
+characteristics, to give him access among the repelling party.
+
+This is mere policy, nature having nothing to do with it. Still, it is a
+fact, a great truth well worthy of remark, and as such as adduce it for
+the benefit of those of our readers, unaccustomed to an enquiry into the
+policy of nations.
+
+In view of these truths, our fathers and leaders in our elevation,
+discovered that as a policy, we the colored people were selected as the
+subordinate class in this country, not on account of any actual or
+supposed inferiority on their part, but simply because, in view of all
+the circumstances of the case, they were the very best class that could
+be selected. They would have as readily had any other class as
+subordinates in the country, as the colored people, but the condition of
+society _at the time_, would not admit of it. In the struggle for
+American Independence, there were among those who performed the most
+distinguished parts, the most common-place peasantry of the Provinces.
+English, Danish, Irish, Scotch, and others, were among those whose names
+blazoned forth as heroes in the American Revolution. But a single
+reflection will convince us, that no course of policy could have induced
+the proscription of the parentage and relatives of such men as Benjamin
+Franklin the printer, Roger Sherman the cobbler, the tinkers, and others
+of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. But as they were
+determined to have a subservient class, it will readily be conceived,
+that according to the state of society at the time, the better policy on
+their part was, to select some class, who from their political
+position--however much they may have contributed their aid as we
+certainly did, in the general struggle for liberty by force of arms--who
+had the least claims upon them, or who had the _least chance_, or was
+the _least potent_ in urging their claims. This class of course was the
+colored people and Indians.
+
+The Indians who in the early settlement of the continent, before an
+African captive had ever been introduced thereon, were reduced to the
+most abject slavery, toiling day and night in the mines, under the
+relentless hands of heartless Spanish taskmasters, but being a race of
+people raised to the sports of fishing, the chase, and of war, were
+wholly unaccustomed to labor, and therefore sunk under the insupportable
+weight, two millions and a half having fallen victims to the cruelty of
+oppression and toil suddenly placed upon their shoulders. And it was
+only this that prevented their farther enslavement as a class, after the
+provinces were absolved from the British Crown. It is true that their
+general enslavement took place on the islands and in the mining
+districts of South America, where indeed, the Europeans continued to
+enslave them, until a comparatively recent period; still, the design,
+the feeling, and inclination from policy, was the same to do so here, in
+this section of the continent.
+
+Nor was it until their influence became too great, by the political
+position occupied by their brethren in the new republic, that the German
+and Irish peasantry ceased to be sold as slaves for a term of years
+fixed by law, for the repayment of their passage-money, the descendants
+of these classes of people for a long time being held as inferiors, in
+the estimation of the ruling class, and it was not until they assumed
+the rights and privileges guaranteed to them by the established policy
+of the country, among the leading spirits of whom were their relatives,
+that the policy towards them was discovered to be a bad one, and
+accordingly changed. Nor was it, as is frequently very erroneously
+asserted, by colored as well as white persons, that it was on account of
+hatred to the African, or in other words, on account of hatred to his
+color, that the African was selected as the subject of oppression in
+this country. This is sheer nonsense; being based on policy and nothing
+else, as shown in another place. The Indians, who being the most foreign
+to the sympathies of the Europeans on this continent, were selected in
+the first place, who, being unable to withstand the hardships, gave way
+before them.
+
+But the African race had long been known to Europeans, in all ages of
+the worlds history, as a long-lived, hardy race, subject to toil and
+labor of various kinds, subsisting mainly by traffic, trade, and
+industry, and consequently being as foreign to the sympathies of the
+invaders of the continent as the Indians, they were selected, captured,
+brought here as a laboring class, and as a matter of policy held as
+such. Nor was the absurd idea of natural inferiority of the African ever
+dreamed of, until recently adduced by the slave-holders and their
+abettors, in justification of the policy. This, with contemptuous
+indignation, we fling back into their face, as a scorpion to a vulture.
+And so did our patriots and leaders in the cause of regeneration know
+better, and never for a moment yielded to the base doctrine. But they
+had discovered the great fact, that a cruel policy was pursued towards
+our people, and that they possessed distinctive characteristics which
+made them the objects of proscription. These characteristics being
+strongly marked in the colored people, as in the Indians, by color,
+character of hair and so on, made them the more easily distinguished
+from other Americans, and the policies more effectually urged against
+us. For this reason they introduced the subject of emigration to Canada,
+and a proper institution for the education of the youth.
+
+At this important juncture of their proceedings, the afore named white
+gentlemen were introduced to the notice of the Convention, and after
+gaining permission to speak, expressed their gratification and surprise
+at the qualification and talent manifested by different members of the
+Convention, all expressing their determination to give the cause of the
+colored people more serious reflection. Mr. Garrison, the youngest of
+them all, and none the less honest on account of his youthfulness, being
+but 26 years of age at the time, (1831) expressed his determination to
+change his course of policy at once, and espouse the cause of the
+elevation of the colored people here in their own country. We are not at
+present well advised upon this point, it now having escaped our memory,
+but we are under the impression that Mr. Jocelyn also, at once changed
+his policy.
+
+During the winter of 1832, Mr. Garrison issued his "Thoughts on African
+Colonization," and near about the same time or shortly after, issued the
+first number of the "Liberator," in both of which, his full convictions
+of the enormity of American slavery, and the wickedness of their policy
+towards the colored people, were fully expressed. At the sitting of the
+Convention in this year, a number, perhaps all of these gentlemen were
+present, and those who had denounced the Colonization scheme, and
+espoused the cause of the elevation of the colored people in this
+country, or the Anti-Slavery cause, as it was now termed, expressed
+themselves openly and without reserve.
+
+Sensible of the high-handed injustice done to the colored people in the
+United States, and the mischief likely to emanate from the unchristian
+proceedings of the deceptious Colonization scheme, like all honest
+hearted penitents, with the ardor only known to new converts, they
+entreated the Convention, whatever they did, not to entertain for a
+moment, the idea of recommending emigration to their people, nor the
+establishment of separate institutions of learning. They earnestly
+contended, and doubtless honestly meaning what they said, that they (the
+whites) had been our oppressors and injurers, they had obstructed our
+progress to the high positions of civilization, and now, it was their
+bounden duty to make full amends for the injuries thus inflicted on an
+unoffending people. They exhorted the Convention to cease; as they had
+laid on the burden, they would also take it off; as they had obstructed
+our pathway, they would remove the hindrance. In a word, as they had
+oppressed and trampled down the colored people, they would now elevate
+them. These suggestions and promises, good enough to be sure, after they
+were made, were accepted by the Convention--though some gentlemen were
+still in favor of the first project as the best policy, Mr. A.D. Shadd
+of West Chester, Pa., as we learn from himself, being one among that
+number--ran through the country like wild-fire, no one thinking, and if
+he thought, daring to speak above his breath of going any where out of
+certain prescribed limits, or of sending a child to school, if it should
+but have the name of "colored" attached to it, without the risk of being
+termed a "traitor" to the cause of his people, or an enemy to the
+Anti-Slavery cause.
+
+At this important point in the history of our efforts, the colored men
+stopped suddenly, and with their hands thrust deep in their
+breeches-pockets, and their mouths gaping open, stood gazing with
+astonishment, wonder, and surprise, at the stupendous moral colossal
+statues of our Anti-Slavery friends and brethren, who in the heat and
+zeal of honest hearts, from a desire to make atonement for the many
+wrongs inflicted, promised a great deal more than they have ever been
+able half to fulfill, in thrice the period in which they expected it.
+And in this, we have no fault to find with our Anti-Slavery friends, and
+here wish it to be understood, that we are not laying any thing to their
+charge as blame, neither do we desire for a moment to reflect on them,
+because we heartily believe that all that they did at the time, they did
+with the purest and best of motives, and further believe that they now
+are, as they then were, the truest friends we have among the whites in
+this country. And hope, and desire, and request, that our people should
+always look upon _true_ anti-slavery people, Abolitionists we mean, as
+their friends, until they have just cause for acting otherwise. It is
+true, that the Anti-Slavery, like all good causes, has produced some
+recreants, but the cause itself is no more to be blamed for that, than
+Christianity is for the malconduct of any professing hypocrite, nor the
+society of Friends, for the conduct of a broad-brimmed hat and
+shad-belly coated horsethief, because he spoke _thee_ and _thou_ before
+stealing the horse. But what is our condition even amidst our
+Anti-Slavery friends? And here, as our sole intention is to contribute
+to the elevation of our people, we must be permitted to express our
+opinion freely, without being thought uncharitable.
+
+In the first place, we should look at the objects for which the
+Anti-Slavery cause was commenced, and the promises or inducements it
+held out at the commencement. It should be borne in mind, that
+Anti-Slavery took its rise among _colored men_, just at the time they
+were introducing their greatest projects for their own elevation, and
+that our Anti-Slavery brethren were converts of the colored men, in
+behalf of their elevation. Of course, it would be expected that being
+baptized into the new doctrines, their faith would induce them to
+embrace the principles therein contained, with the strictest possible
+adherence.
+
+The cause of dissatisfaction with our former condition, was, that we
+were proscribed, debarred, and shut out from every respectable position,
+occupying the places of inferiors and menials.
+
+It was expected that Anti-Slavery, according to its professions, would
+extend to colored persons, as far as in the power of its adherents,
+those advantages nowhere else to be obtained among white men. That
+colored boys would get situations in their shops and stores, and every
+other advantage tending to elevate them as far as possible, would be
+extended to them. At least, it was expected, that in Anti-Slavery
+establishments, colored men would have the preference. Because, there
+was no other ostensible object in view, in the commencement of the
+Anti-Slavery enterprise, than the _elevation_ of the _colored man_, by
+facilitating his efforts in attaining to equality with the white man. It
+was urged, and it was true, that the colored people were susceptible of
+all that the whites were, and all that was required was to give them a
+fair opportunity, and they would prove their capacity. That it was
+unjust, wicked, and cruel, the result of an unnatural prejudice, that
+debarred them from places of respectability, and that public opinion
+could and should be corrected upon this subject. That it was only
+necessary to make a sacrifice of feeling, and an innovation on the
+customs of society, to establish a different order of things,--that as
+Anti-Slavery men, they were willing to make these sacrifices, and
+determined to take the colored man by the hand, making common cause with
+him in affliction, and bear a part of the odium heaped upon him. That
+his cause was the cause of God--that "In as much as ye did it not unto
+the least of these my little ones, ye did it not unto me," and that as
+Anti-Slavery men, they would "do right if the heavens fell." Thus, was
+the cause espoused, and thus did we expect much. But in all this, we
+were doomed to disappointment, sad, sad disappointment. Instead of
+realising what we had hoped for, we find ourselves occupying the very
+same position in relation to our Anti-Slavery friends, as we do in
+relation to the pro-slavery part of the community--a mere secondary,
+underling position, in all our relations to them, and any thing more
+than this, is not a matter of course affair--it comes not by established
+anti-slavery custom or right, but like that which emanates from the
+pro-slavery portion of the community by mere sufferance.
+
+It is true, that the "Liberator" office, in Boston, has got Elijah
+Smith, a colored youth, at the cases--the "Standard," in New York, a
+young colored man, and the "Freeman," in Philadelphia, William Still,
+another, in the publication office, as "packing clerk"; yet these are
+but three out of the hosts that fill these offices in their various
+departments, all occupying places that could have been, and as we once
+thought, would have been, easily enough, occupied by colored men.
+Indeed, we can have no other idea about anti-slavery in this country,
+than that the legitimate persons to fill any and every position about an
+anti-slavery establishment are colored persons. Nor will it do to argue
+in extenuation, that white men are as justly entitled to them as colored
+men; because white men do not from _necessity_ become anti-slavery men
+in order to get situations; they being white men, may occupy any
+position they are capable of filling--in a word, their chances are
+endless, every avenue in the country being opened to them. They do not
+therefore become abolitionists, for the sake of employment--at least, it
+is not the song that anti-slavery sung, in the first love of the new
+faith, proclaimed by its disciples.
+
+And if it be urged that colored men are incapable as yet to fill these
+positions, all that we have to say is, that the cause has fallen far
+short; almost equivalent to a failure, of a tithe, of what it promised
+to do in half the period of its existence, to this time, if it have not
+as yet, now a period of twenty years, raised up colored men enough, to
+fill the offices within its patronage. We think it is not unkind to say,
+if it had been half as faithful to itself, as it should have been--its
+professed principles we mean; it could have reared and tutored from
+childhood, colored men enough by this time, for its own especial
+purpose. These we know could have been easily obtained, because colored
+people in general, are favorable to the anti-slavery cause, and wherever
+there is an adverse manifestation, it arises from sheer ignorance; and
+we have now but comparatively few such among us. There is one thing
+certain, that no colored person, except such as would reject education
+altogether, would be adverse to putting their child with an anti-slavery
+person, for educational advantages. This then could have been done. But
+it has not been done, and let the cause of it be whatever it may, and
+let whoever may be to blame, we are willing to let all that pass, and
+extend to our anti-slavery brethren the right-hand of fellowship,
+bidding them God-speed in the propagation of good and wholesome
+sentiments--for whether they are practically carried out or not, the
+profession are in themselves all right and good. Like Christianity, the
+principles are holy and of divine origin. And we believe, if ever a man
+started right, with pure and holy motives, Mr. Garrison did; and that,
+had he the power of making the cause what it should be, it would all be
+right, and there never would have been any cause for the remarks we have
+made, though in kindness, and with the purest of motives. We are
+nevertheless, still occupying a miserable position in the community,
+wherever we live; and what we most desire is, to draw the attention of
+our people to this fact, and point out what, in our opinion, we conceive
+to be a proper remedy.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+AMERICAN COLONIZATION
+
+
+When we speak of colonization, we wish distinctly to be understood, as
+speaking of the "American Colonization Society"--or that which is under
+its influence--commenced in Richmond, Virginia, in 1817, under the
+influence of Mr. Henry Clay of Ky., Judge Bushrod Washington of Va., and
+other Southern slaveholders, having for their express object, as their
+speeches and doings all justify us in asserting in good faith, the
+removal of the free colored people from the land of their birth, for the
+security of the slaves, as property to the slave propagandists.
+
+This scheme had no sooner been propagated, than the old and leading
+colored men of Philadelphia, Pa., with Richard Allen, James Forten, and
+others at their head, true to their trust and the cause of their
+brethren, summoned the colored people together, and then and there, in
+language and with voices pointed and loud, protested against the scheme
+as an outrage, having no other object in view, than the benefit of the
+slave-holding interests of the country, and that as freemen, they would
+never prove recreant to the cause of their brethren in bondage, by
+leaving them without hope of redemption from their chains. This
+determination of the colored patriots of Philadelphia was published in
+full, authentically, and circulated throughout the length and breadth of
+the country by the papers of the day. The colored people every where
+received the news, and at once endorsed with heart and soul, the doings
+of the Anti-Colonization Meeting of colored freemen. From that time
+forth, the colored people generally have had no sympathy with the
+colonization scheme, nor confidence in its leaders, looking upon them
+all, as arrant hypocrites, seeking every opportunity to deceive them. In
+a word, the monster was crippled in its infancy, and has never as yet
+recovered from the stroke. It is true, that like its ancient sire, that
+was "more subtile than all the beasts of the field," it has inherited a
+large portion of his most prominent characteristic--an idiosyncrasy with
+the animal--that enables him to entwine himself into the greater part of
+the Church and other institutions of the country, which having once
+entered there, leaves his venom, which put such a spell on the
+conductors of those institutions, that is only on condition that a
+colored person consents to go to the neighborhood of his kindred brother
+monster the boa, that he may find admission in the one or the other. We
+look upon the American Colonization Society as one of the most arrant
+enemies of the colored man, ever seeking to discomfit him, and envying
+him of every privilege that he may enjoy. We believe it to be
+anti-Christian in its character, and misanthropic in its pretended
+sympathies. Because if this were not the case, men could not be found
+professing morality and Christianity--as to our astonishment we have
+found them--who unhesitatingly say, "I know it is right"--that is in
+itself--"to do" so and so, "and I am willing and ready to do it, but
+only on condition, that you go to Africa." Indeed, a highly talented
+clergyman, informed us in November last (three months ago) in the city
+of Philadelphia, that he was present when the Rev. Doctor J.P. Durbin,
+late President of Dickinson College, called on Rev. Mr. P. or B., to
+consult him about going to Liberia, to take charge of the literary
+department of an University in contemplation, when the following
+conversation ensued: Mr. P.--"Doctor, I have as much and more than I can
+do here, in educating the youth of our own country, and preparing them
+for usefulness here at home." Dr. D.--"Yes, but do as you may, you can
+never be elevated here." Mr. P.--"Doctor, do you not believe that the
+religion of our blessed Redeemer Jesus Christ, has morality, humanity,
+philanthropy, and justice enough in it to elevate us, and enable us to
+obtain our rights in this our own country?" Dr. D.--"No, indeed, sir, I
+do not, and if you depend upon that, your hopes are vain!" Mr.
+P.--Turning to Doctor Durbin, looking him solemnly, though
+affectionately in the face, remarked--"Well, Doctor Durbin, we both
+profess to be ministers of Christ; but dearly as I love the cause of my
+Redeemer, if for a moment, I could entertain the opinion you do about
+Christianity, I would not serve him another hour!" We do not know, as we
+were not advised, that the Rev. Doctor added in fine,--"Well, you may
+quit now, for all your serving him will not avail against the power of
+the god (hydra) of Colonization." Will any one doubt for a single
+moment, the justice of our strictures on colonization, after reading the
+conversation between the Rev. Dr. Durbin and the colored clergyman?
+Surely not. We can therefore make no account of it, but that of setting
+it down as being the worst enemy of the colored people.
+
+Recently, there has been a strained effort in the city of New York on
+the part of the Rev. J.B. Pinney and others, of the leading white
+colonizationists, to get up a movement among some poor pitiable colored
+men--we say pitiable, for certainly the colored persons who are at this
+period capable of loaning themselves to the enemies of their race,
+against the best interest of all that we hold sacred to that race, are
+pitiable in the lowest extreme, far beneath the dignity of an enemy,
+and therefore, we pass them by with the simple remark, that this is the
+hobby that colonization is riding all over the country, as the
+"tremendous" access of colored people to their cause within the last
+twelve months. We should make another remark here perhaps, in
+justification of governor Pinney's New York allies--that is, report
+says, that in the short space of some three or five months, one of his
+confidants, benefited himself to the "reckoning" of from eleven to
+fifteen hundred dollars, or "such a matter," while others were benefited
+in sums "pretty considerable" but of a less "reckoning." Well, we do not
+know after all, that they may not have quite as good a right, to pocket
+part of the spoils of this "grab game," as any body else. However, they
+are of little consequence, as the ever watchful eye of those excellent
+gentlemen and faithful guardians of their people's rights--the
+_Committee of Thirteen_, consisting of Messrs. John J. Zuille,
+_Chairman_, T. Joiner White, Philip A. Bell, _Secretaries_, Robert
+Hamilton, George T. Downing, Jeremiah Powers, John T. Raymond, Wm.
+Burnett, James McCune Smith, Ezekiel Dias, Junius C. Morel, Thomas
+Downing, and Wm. J. Wilson, have properly chastised this pet-slave of
+Mr. Pinney, and made it "know its place," by keeping within the bounds
+of its master's enclosure.
+
+In expressing our honest conviction of the designedly injurious
+character of the Colonization Society, we should do violence to our own
+sense of individual justice, if we did not express the belief, that
+there are some honest hearted men, who not having seen things in the
+proper light, favor that scheme, simply as a means of elevating the
+colored people. Such persons, so soon as they become convinced of their
+error, immediately change their policy, and advocate the elevation of
+the colored people, anywhere and everywhere, in common with other men.
+Of such were the early abolitionists as before stated; and the great and
+good Dr. F.J. Lemoyne, Gerrit Smith, and Rev. Charles Avery, and a host
+of others, who were Colonizationists, before espousing the cause of our
+elevation, here at home, and nothing but an honorable sense of justice,
+induces us to make these exceptions, as there are many good persons
+within our knowledge, whom we believe to be well wishers of the colored
+people, who may favor colonization.[1] But the animal itself is the same
+"hydra-headed monster," let whomsoever may fancy to pet it. A serpent is
+a serpent, and none the less a viper, because nestled in the bosom of an
+honest hearted man. This the colored people must bear in mind, and keep
+clear of the hideous thing, lest its venom may be test upon them. But
+why deem any argument necessary to show the unrighteousness of
+colonization? Its very origin as before shown--the source from whence it
+sprung, being the offspring of slavery--is in itself, sufficient to
+blast it in the estimation of every colored person in the United States,
+who has sufficient intelligence to comprehend it.
+
+We dismiss this part of the subject, and proceed to consider the mode
+and means of our elevation in the United States.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[1] Benjamin Coates, Esq., a merchant of Philadelphia, we believe to be
+an honest hearted man, and real friend of the colored people, and a
+true, though as yet, rather undecided philanthropist. Mr. Coates, to our
+knowledge, has supported three or four papers published by colored men,
+for the elevation of colored people in the United States, and given, as
+he continues to do, considerable sums to their support. We have recently
+learned from himself, that, though he still advocates Colonization,
+simply as a means of elevating the colored race of the United States,
+that he has _left_ the Colonization Society, and prefers seeing colored
+people located on this continent, to going to Liberia, or elsewhere off
+of it--though his zeal for the enlightenment of Africa, is unabated, as
+every good man's should be; and we are satisfied, that Mr. Coates is
+neither well understood, nor rightly appreciated by the friends of our
+cause. One thing we do know, that he left the Colonization Society,
+because he could not conscientiously subscribe to its measures.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+OUR ELEVATION IN THE UNITED STATES
+
+
+That very little comparatively as yet has been done, to attain a
+respectable position as a class in this country, will not be denied, and
+that the successful accomplishment of this end is also possible, must
+also be admitted; but in what manner, and by what means, has long been,
+and is even now, by the best thinking minds among the colored people
+themselves, a matter of difference of opinion.
+
+We believe in the universal equality of man, and believe in that
+declaration of God's word, in which it is there positively said, that
+"God has made of one blood all the nations that dwell on the face of the
+earth." Now of "the nations that dwell on the face of the earth," that
+is, all the people--there are one thousand millions of souls, and of
+this vast number of human beings, two-thirds are colored, from black,
+tending in complexion to the olive or that of the Chinese, with all the
+intermediate and admixtures of black and white, with the various
+"crosses" as they are physiologically, but erroneously termed, to white.
+We are thus explicit in stating these points, because we are determined
+to be understood by all. We have then, two colored to one white person
+throughout the earth, and yet, singular as it may appear, according to
+the present geographical and political history of the world, the white
+race predominates over the colored; or in other words, wherever there is
+one white person, that one rules and governs two colored persons. This
+is a living undeniable truth, to which we call the especial attention of
+the colored reader in particular. Now there is a cause for this, as
+there is no effect without a cause, a comprehensible remediable cause.
+We all believe in the justice of God, that he is impartial, "looking
+upon his children with an eye of care," dealing out to them all, the
+measure of his goodness; yet, how can we reconcile ourselves to the
+difference that exists between the colored and the white races, as they
+truthfully present themselves before our eyes? To solve this problem, is
+to know the remedy; and to know it, is but necessary, in order
+successfully to apply it. And we shall but take the colored people of
+the United States, as a fair sample of the colored races everywhere of
+the present age, as the arguments that apply to the one, will apply to
+the other, whether Christians, Mahomedans, or pagans.
+
+The colored races are highly susceptible of religion; it is a
+constituent principle of their nature, and an excellent trait in their
+character. But unfortunately for them, they carry it too far. Their hope
+is largely developed, and consequently, they usually stand still--hope
+in God, and really expect Him to do that for them, which it is necessary
+they should do themselves. This is their great mistake, and arises from
+a misconception of the character and ways of Deity. We must know God,
+that is understand His nature and purposes, in order to serve Him; and
+to serve Him well, is but to know him rightly. To depend for assistance
+upon God, is a _duty_ and right; but to know when, how, and in what
+manner to obtain it, is the key to this great Bulwark of Strength, and
+Depository of Aid.
+
+God himself is perfect; perfect in all his works and ways. He has means
+for every end; and every means used must be adequate to the end to be
+gained. God's means are laws--fixed laws of nature, a part of His own
+being, and as immutable, as unchangeable as Himself. Nothing can be
+accomplished but through the medium of, and conformable to these laws.
+
+They are _three_--and like God himself, represented in the three persons
+in the God-head--the _Spiritual_, _Moral_ and _Physical_ Laws.
+
+That which is Spiritual, can only be accomplished through the medium of
+the Spiritual law; that which is Moral, through the medium of the Moral
+law; and that which is Physical, through the medium of the Physical law.
+Otherwise than this, it is useless to expect any thing. Does a person
+want a spiritual blessing, he must apply through the medium of the
+spiritual law--_pray_ for it in order to obtain it. If they desire to do
+a moral good, they must apply through the medium of the moral
+law--exercise their sense and feeling of _right_ and _justice_, in order
+to effect it. Do they want to attain a physical end, they can only do so
+through the medium of the physical law--go to _work_ with muscles,
+hands, limbs, might and strength, and this, and nothing else will attain
+it.
+
+The argument that man must pray for what he receives, is a mistake, and
+one that is doing the colored people especially, incalculable injury.
+That man must pray in order to get to Heaven, every Christian will
+admit--but a great truth we have yet got to learn, that he can live on
+earth whether he is religious or not, so that he conforms to the great
+law of God, regulating the things of earth; the great physical laws. It
+is only necessary, in order to convince our people of their error and
+palpable mistake in this matter, to call their attention to the fact,
+that there are no people more religious in this Country, than the
+colored people, and none so poor and miserable as they. That prosperity
+and wealth, smiles upon the efforts of wicked white men, whom we know to
+utter the name of God with curses, instead of praises. That among the
+slaves, there are thousands of them religious, continually raising
+their voices, sending up their prayers to God, invoking His aid in their
+behalf, asking for a speedy deliverance; but they are still in chains,
+although they have thrice suffered out their three score years and ten.
+That "God sendeth rain upon the just and unjust," should be sufficient
+to convince us that our success in life, does not depend upon our
+religious character, but that the physical laws governing all earthly
+and temporary affairs, benefit equally the just and the unjust. Any
+other doctrine than this, is downright delusion, unworthy of a free
+people, and only intended for slaves. That all men and women, should be
+moral, upright, good and religious--we mean _Christians_--we would not
+utter a word against, and could only wish that it were so; but, what we
+here desire to do is, to correct the long standing error among a large
+body of the colored people in this country, that the cause of our
+oppression and degradation, is the displeasure of God towards us,
+because of our unfaithfulness to Him. This is not true; because if God
+is just--and he is--there could be no justice in prospering white men
+with his fostering care, for more than two thousand years, in all their
+wickedness, while dealing out to the colored people, the measure of his
+displeasure, for not half the wickedness as that of the whites. Here
+then is our mistake, and let it forever henceforth be corrected. We are
+no longer slaves, believing any interpretation that our oppressors may
+give the word of God, for the purpose of deluding us to the more easy
+subjugation; but freemen, comprising some of the first minds of
+intelligence and rudimental qualifications, in the country. What then is
+the remedy, for our degradation and oppression? This appears now to be
+the only remaining question--the means of successful elevation in this
+our own native land? This depends entirely upon the application of the
+means of Elevation.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+MEANS OF ELEVATION
+
+
+Moral theories have long been resorted to by us, as a means of effecting
+the redemption of our brethren in bonds, and the elevation of the free
+colored people in this country. Experience has taught us, that
+speculations are not enough; that the _practical_ application of
+principles adduced, the thing carried out, is the only true and proper
+course to pursue.
+
+We have speculated and moralised much about equality--claiming to be as
+good as our neighbors, and every body else--all of which, may do very
+well in ethics--but not in politics. We live in society among men,
+conducted by men, governed by rules and regulations. However arbitrary,
+there are certain policies that regulate all well organized institutions
+and corporate bodies. We do not intend here to speak of the legal
+political relations of society, for those are treated on elsewhere. The
+business and social, or voluntary and mutual policies, are those that
+now claim our attention. Society regulates itself--being governed by
+mind, which like water, finds its own level. "Like seeks like," is a
+principle in the laws of matter, as well as of mind. There is such a
+thing as inferiority of things, and positions; at least society has made
+them so; and while we continue to live among men, we must agree to all
+_just_ measures--all those we mean, that do not necessarily infringe on
+the rights of others. By the regulations of society, there is no
+equality of attainments. By this, we do not wish to be understood as
+advocating the actual equal attainments of every individual; but we mean
+to say, that if these attainments be necessary for the elevation of the
+white man, they are necessary for the elevation of the colored man. That
+some colored men and women, in a like proportion to the whites, should
+be qualified in all the attainments possessed by them. It is one of the
+regulations of society the world over, and we shall have to conform to
+it, or be discarded as unworthy of the associations of our fellows.
+
+Cast our eyes about us and reflect for a moment, and what do we behold!
+every thing that presents to view gives evidence of the skill of the
+white man. Should we purchase a pound of groceries, a yard of linen, a
+vessel of crockery-ware, a piece of furniture, the very provisions that
+we eat,--all, all are the products of the white man, purchased by us
+from the white man, consequently, our earnings and means, are all given
+to the white man.
+
+Pass along the avenues of any city or town, in which you live--behold
+the trading shops--the manufacturies--see the operations of the various
+machinery--see the stage-coaches coming in, bringing the mails of
+intelligence--look at the railroads interlining every section, bearing
+upon them their mighty trains, flying with the velocity of the swallow,
+ushering in the hundreds of industrious, enterprising travellers. Cast
+again your eyes widespread over the ocean--see the vessels in every
+direction with their white sheets spread to the winds of heaven,
+freighted with the commerce, merchandise and wealth of many nations.
+Look as you pass along through the cities, at the great and massive
+buildings--the beautiful and extensive structures of
+architecture--behold the ten thousand cupolas, with their spires all
+reared up towards heaven, intersecting the territory of the clouds--all
+standing as mighty living monuments, of the industry, enterprise, and
+intelligence of the white man. And yet, with all these living truths,
+rebuking us with scorn, we strut about, place our hands akimbo,
+straighten up ourselves to our greatest height, and talk loudly about
+being "as good as any body." How do we compare with them? Our fathers
+are their coachmen, our brothers their cookmen, and ourselves their
+waiting-men. Our mothers their nurse-women, our sisters their
+scrub-women, our daughters their maid-women, and our wives their
+washer-women. Until colored men, attain to a position above permitting
+their mothers, sisters, wives, and daughters, to do the drudgery and
+menial offices of other men's wives and daughters; it is useless, it is
+nonsense, it is pitiable mockery, to talk about equality and elevation
+in society. The world is looking upon us, with feelings of
+commiseration, sorrow, and contempt. We scarcely deserve sympathy, if we
+peremptorily refuse advice, bearing upon our elevation.
+
+We will suppose a case for argument: In this city reside, two colored
+families, of three sons and three daughters each. At the head of each
+family, there is an old father and mother. The opportunities of these
+families, may or may not be the same for educational advantages--be that
+as it may, the children of the one go to school, and become qualified
+for the duties of life. One daughter becomes school-teacher, another a
+mantua-maker, and a third a fancy shop-keeper; while one son becomes a
+farmer, another a merchant, and a third a mechanic. All enter into
+business with fine prospects, marry respectably, and settle down in
+domestic comfort--while the six sons and daughters of the other family,
+grow up without educational and business qualifications, and the highest
+aim they have, is to apply to the sons and daughters of the first named
+family, to hire for domestics! Would there be an equality here between
+the children of these two families? Certainly not. This, then, is
+precisely the position of the colored people generally in the United
+States, compared with the whites. What is necessary to be done, in order
+to attain an equality, is to change the condition, and the person is at
+once changed. If, as before stated, a knowledge of all the various
+business enterprises, trades, professions, and sciences, is necessary
+for the elevation of the white, a knowledge of them also is necessary
+for the elevation of the colored man; and he cannot be elevated without
+them.
+
+White men are producers--we are consumers. They build houses, and we
+rent them. They raise produce, and we consume it. They manufacture
+clothes and wares, and we garnish ourselves with them. They build
+coaches, vessels, cars, hotels, saloons, and other vehicles and places
+of accommodation, and we deliberately wait until they have got them in
+readiness, then walk in, and contend with as much assurance for a
+"right," as though the whole thing was bought by, paid for, and belonged
+to us. By their literary attainments, they are the contributors to,
+authors and teachers of, literature, science, religion, law, medicine,
+and all other useful attainments that the world now makes use of. We
+have no reference to ancient times--we speak of modern things.
+
+These are the means by which God intended man to succeed: and this
+discloses the secret of the white man's success with all of his
+wickedness, over the head of the colored man, with all of his religion.
+We have been pointed and plain, on this part of the subject, because we
+desire our readers to see persons and things in their true position.
+Until we are determined to change the condition of things, and raise
+ourselves above the position in which we are now prostrated, we must
+hang our heads in sorrow, and hide our faces in shame. It is enough to
+know that these things are so; the causes we care little about. Those we
+have been examining, complaining about, and moralising over, all our
+life time. This we are weary of. What we desire to learn now is, how to
+effect a _remedy_; this we have endeavored to point out. Our elevation
+must be the result of _self-efforts_, and work of our _own hands_. No
+other human power can accomplish it. If we but determine it shall be so,
+it will be so. Let each one make the case his own, and endeavor to rival
+his neighbor, in honorable competition.
+
+These are the proper and only means of elevating ourselves and attaining
+equality in this country or any other, and it is useless, utterly
+futile, to think about going any where, except we are determined to use
+these as the necessary means of developing our manhood. The means are at
+hand, within our reach. Are we willing to try them? Are we willing to
+raise ourselves superior to the condition of slaves, or continue the
+meanest underlings, subject to the beck and call of every creature
+bearing a pale complexion? If we are, we had as well remained in the
+South, as to have come to the North in search of more freedom. What was
+the object of our parents in leaving the south, if it were not for the
+purpose of attaining equality in common with others of their fellow
+citizens, by giving their children access to all the advantages enjoyed
+by others? Surely this was their object. They heard of liberty and
+equality here, and they hastened on to enjoy it, and no people are more
+astonished and disappointed than they, who for the first time, on
+beholding the position we occupy here in the free north--what is called,
+and what they expect to find, the free States. They at once tell us,
+that they have as much liberty in the south as we have in the
+north--that there as free people, they are protected in their
+rights--that we have nothing more--that in other respects they have the
+same opportunity, indeed the preferred opportunity, of being their
+maids, servants, cooks, waiters, and menials in general, there, as we
+have here--that had they known for a moment, before leaving, that such
+was to be the only position they occupied here, they would have remained
+where they were, and never left. Indeed, such is the disappointment in
+many cases, that they immediately return back again, completely insulted
+at the idea, of having us here at the north, assume ourselves to be
+their superiors. Indeed, if our superior advantages of the free States,
+do not induce and stimulate us to the higher attainments in life, what
+in the name of degraded humanity will do it? Nothing, surely nothing.
+If, in fine, the advantages of free schools in Massachusetts, New York,
+Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, and wherever else we may have them, do not
+give us advantages and pursuits superior to our slave brethren, then are
+the unjust assertions of Messrs. Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Theodore
+Frelinghuysen, late Governor Poindexter of Mississippi, George McDuffy,
+Governor Hammond of South Carolina, Extra Billy (present Governor)
+Smith, of Virginia, and the host of our oppressors, slave-holders and
+others, true, that we are insusceptible and incapable of elevation to
+the more respectable, honorable, and higher attainments among white men.
+But this we do not believe--neither do you, although our whole life and
+course of policy in this country are such, that it would seem to prove
+otherwise. The degradation of the slave parent has been entailed upon
+the child, induced by the subtle policy of the oppressor, in regular
+succession handed down from father to son--a system of regular
+submission and servitude, menialism and dependence, until it has become
+almost a physiological function of our system, an actual condition of
+our nature. Let this no longer be so, but let us determine to equal the
+whites among whom we live, not by declarations and unexpressed
+self-opinion, for we have always had enough of that, but by actual proof
+in acting, doing, and carrying out practically, the measures of
+equality. Here is our nativity, and here have we the natural right to
+abide and be elevated through the measures of our own efforts.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+THE UNITED STATES OUR COUNTRY
+
+
+Our common country is the United States. Here were we born, here raised
+and educated; here are the scenes of childhood; the pleasant
+associations of our school going days; the loved enjoyments of our
+domestic and fireside relations, and the sacred graves of our departed
+fathers and mothers, and from here will we not be driven by any policy
+that may be schemed against us.
+
+We are Americans, having a birthright citizenship--natural claims upon
+the country--claims common to all others of our fellow citizens--natural
+rights, which may, by virtue of unjust laws, be obstructed, but never
+can be annulled. Upon these do we place ourselves, as immovably fixed as
+the decrees of the living God. But according to the economy that
+regulates the policy of nations, upon which rests the basis of
+justifiable claims to all freeman's rights, it may be necessary to take
+another view of, and enquire into the political claims of colored men.
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+CLAIMS OF COLORED MEN AS CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES
+
+
+The political basis upon which rests the establishment of all free
+nations, as the first act in their organization, is the security by
+constitutional provisions, of the fundamental claims of citizenship.
+
+The legitimate requirement, politically considered, necessary to the
+justifiable claims for protection and full enjoyment of all the rights
+and privileges of an unqualified freeman, in all democratic countries
+is, that each person so endowed, shall have made contributions and
+investments in the country. Where there is no investment there can be
+but little interest; hence an adopted citizen is required to reside a
+sufficient length of time, to form an attachment and establish some
+interest in the country of his adoption, before he can rightfully lay
+any claims to citizenship. The pioneer who leads in the discovery or
+settlement of a country, as the first act to establish a right therein,
+erects a building of whatever dimensions, and seizes upon a portion of
+the soil. The soldier, who braves the dangers of the battle-field, in
+defence of his country's rights, and the toiling laborer and husbandman,
+who cuts down and removes the forest, levels and constructs post-roads
+and other public highways--the mechanic, who constructs and builds up
+houses, villages, towns, and cities, for the conveniency of
+inhabitants--the farmer, who cultivates the soil for the production of
+breadstuffs and forage, as food and feed for man and beast--all of
+these are among the first people of a democratic state, whose claims are
+legitimate as freemen of the commonwealth. A freeman in a political
+sense, is a citizen of unrestricted rights in the state, being eligible
+to the highest position known to their civil code. They are the
+preferred persons in whom may be invested the highest privileges, and to
+whom may be entrusted fundamentally the most sacred rights of the
+country; because, having made the greatest investments, they necessarily
+have the greatest interests; and consequently, are the safest hands into
+which to place so high and sacred a trust. Their interest being the
+country's, and the interest of the country being the interest of the
+people; therefore, the protection of their own interests necessarily
+protects the interests of the whole country and people. It is this
+simple but great principle of primitive rights, that forms the
+fundamental basis of citizenship in all free countries, and it is upon
+this principle, that the rights of the colored man in this country to
+citizenship are fixed.
+
+The object of this volume is, to enlighten the minds of a large class of
+readers upon a subject with which they are unacquainted, expressed in
+comprehensible language, therefore we have studiously avoided using
+political and legal phrases, that would serve more to perplex than
+inform them. To talk about the barons, King John, and the Magna Charta,
+would be foreign to a work like this, and only destroy the interest that
+otherwise might be elicited in the subject. Our desire is, to arrest the
+attention of the American people in general, and the colored people in
+particular, to great truths as heretofore but little thought of. What
+claims then have colored men, based upon the principles set forth, as
+fundamentally entitled to citizenship? Let the living records of history
+answer the enquiry.
+
+When Christopher Columbus, in 1492, discovered America, natives were
+found to pay little or no attention to cultivation, being accustomed by
+hereditary pursuit, to war, fishing, and the sports of the chase. The
+Spaniards and Portuguese, as well as other Europeans who ventured here,
+came as mineral speculators, and not for the purpose of improving the
+country.
+
+As the first objects of speculation are the developments of the mineral
+wealth of every newly discovered country, so was it with this. Those who
+came to the new world, were not of the common people, seeking in a
+distant land the means of livelihood, but moneyed capitalists, the
+grandees and nobles, who reduced the natives to servitude by confining
+them to the mines. To have brought large numbers of the peasantry at
+that early period, from the monarchies of Europe, to the wilds of
+America, far distant from the civil and military powers of the home
+governments, would have been to place the means of self-control into
+their own hands, and invite them to rebellion against the crowns. The
+capitalist miners were few, compared to the number of laborers required;
+and the difficulty at that time of the transportation of suitable
+provisions for their sustenance, conduced much to the objection of
+bringing them here. The natives were numerous, then easily approached by
+the wily seductions of the Europeans, easily yoked and supported, having
+the means of sustenance at hand, the wild fruits and game of the forest,
+the fish of the waters and birds of the country. All these as naturally
+enough, European adventurers would be cautious against introducing into
+common use among hundreds of thousands of laborers, under all the
+influences incident of a foreign climate in a foreign country, in its
+primitive natural state. The Indians were then preferred for many
+reasons, as the common laborers on the continent, where nothing but the
+mining interests were thought of or carried on. This noble race of
+Aborigines, continued as the common slaves of the new world, to bear the
+yoke of foreign oppression, until necessity induced a substitute for
+them. They sunk by scores under the heavy weight of oppression, and were
+fast passing from the shores of time. At this, the foreigners grew
+alarmed, and of necessity, devised ways and means to obtain an adequate
+substitute. A few European laborers were brought into the country, but
+the influence of climate and mode of living, operated entirely against
+them. They were as inadequate to stand the climate, as the nobles were
+themselves.
+
+From the earliest period of the history of nations, the African race had
+been known as an industrious people, cultivators of the soil. The grain
+fields of Ethiopia and Egypt were the themes of the poet, and their
+garners, the subject of the historian. Like the present America, all the
+world went to Africa, to get a supply of commodities. Their massive
+piles of masonry, their skilful architecture, their subterranean vaults,
+their deep and mysterious wells, their extensive artificial channels,
+their mighty sculptured solid rocks, and provinces of stone quarries;
+gave indisputable evidence, of the hardihood of that race of people.
+
+Nor was Africa then, without the evidence of industry, as history will
+testify. All travelers who had penetrated towards the interior of the
+continent, have been surprised at the seeming state of civilization and
+evidences of industry among the inhabitants of that vast country. These
+facts were familiar to Europeans, who were continually trading on the
+coast of Africa, as it was then the most important part of adventure and
+research, known to the world. In later periods still, the history of
+African travelers, confirm all the former accounts concerning the
+industry of the people.
+
+John and Richard Lander, two young English noblemen, in 1828, under the
+patronage of the English government, sailed to the western coast of
+Africa, on an expedition of research. In their voyage up the river
+Niger, their description of the scenes is extravagant. They represent
+the country on each side of the river, for several hundred miles up the
+valley, as being not only beautiful and picturesque, but the fields as
+in a high state of cultivation, clothed in the verdure of husbandry,
+waving before the gentle breezes, with the rich products of
+industry--maize, oats, rye, millet, and wheat, being among the fruits of
+cultivation. The fences were of various descriptions: hedge, wicker,
+some few pannel, and the old fashioned zig-zag, known as the "Virginia
+worm fence"--the hedge and worm fence being the most common. Their
+cattle were fine and in good order, looking in every particular, except
+perhaps in size, as well as European cattle on the best managed farms.
+The fruit groves were delightful to the eye of the beholder. Every
+variety common to the country, were there to be seen in a high state of
+cultivation. Their roads and public highways were in good condition, and
+well laid out, as by the direction of skillful supervising surveyors.
+The villages, towns, and cities, many of them, being a credit to the
+people. Their cities were well laid out, and presented evidence of
+educated minds and mechanical ingenuity. In many of the workshops in
+which they went, they found skillful workmen, in iron, copper, brass,
+steel, and gold; and their implements of husbandry and war, were as well
+manufactured by African sons of toil, as any in the English
+manufactories, save that they had not quite so fine a finish, garnish
+and embellishment. This is a description, given of the industry and
+adaptedness of the people of Africa, to labor and toil of every kind. As
+it was very evident, that where there were manufactories of various
+metals, the people must of necessity be inured to mining operations, so
+it was also very evident, that this people must be a very hardy and
+enduring people.
+
+In 1442, fifty years previous to the sailing of Columbus in search of a
+new world, Anthony Gonzales, Portuguese, took from the gold coast of
+Guinea, ten Africans and a quantity of gold dust, which he carried back
+to Lisbon with him. These Africans were set immediately to work in the
+gardens of the emperor, which so pleased his queen, that the number were
+much augmented, all of whom were found to be skillful and industrious in
+agriculture.
+
+In 1481, eleven years prior to the discovery by Columbus, the Portuguese
+built a fort on the Gold Coast, and there commenced mining in search of
+gold. During this time until the year 1502, a period of ten years, had
+there been no other evidence, there was sufficient time and opportunity,
+to give full practical demonstrations of the capacity of this people to
+endure toil, especially in the mining operations, and for this cause and
+this alone, were they selected in preference to any other race of men,
+to do the labor of the New World. They had proven themselves physically
+superior either to the European or American races--in fact, superior
+physically to any living race of men--enduring fatigue, hunger and
+thirst--enduring change of climate, habits, manners and customs, with
+infinitely far less injury to their physical and mental system, than any
+other people on the face of God's earth.
+
+     The following extract shows, that even up to the year 1676, the
+     Indians were enslaved--but that little value were attached to them
+     as laborers, as the price at which they were disposed and sold to
+     purchasers, fully shows:
+
+     SLAVERY IN PROVIDENCE, R.I.--Immediately after the struggle between
+     the natives and some of the New England settlers, known as "King
+     Philip's war," it became necessary to dispose of certain Indian
+     captives then in Providence. The method adopted was common in that
+     day, but to us remarkable, as also the names of those who figured
+     prominently therein. Only think of ROGER WILLIAMS sharing in the
+     proceeds of a slave sale. The following is from the "Annals of
+     Providence."
+
+     "A town meeting was held before Thomas Field's house, under a tree,
+     by the water side, on the 14th of August, 1676. A committee was
+     appointed to determine in what manner the Indians should be
+     disposed of. They reported as follows:
+
+     "Inhabitants wanting, can have Indians at the price they sell at
+     the Island of Rhode Island or elsewhere. All under five, to serve
+     till thirty; above five and under ten, till twenty-eight; above ten
+     to fifteen, till twenty-seven; above fifteen to twenty, till
+     twenty-six; from twenty to thirty, shall serve eight years; all
+     above thirty, seven years.
+
+     "We whose names are underwritten, being chosen by the town to see
+     the disposal of the Indians now in town, we agree that Roger
+     Williams, N. Waterman, T. Fenner, H. Ashton, J. Morey, D. Abbot, J.
+     Olney, V. Whitman, J. Whipple, sen., E. Pray, J. Pray, J. Angell,
+     Jas. Angell, T. Arnold, A. Man, T. Field, E. Bennett, T. Clemence,
+     W. Lancaster, W. Hopkins, W. Hawkins, W. Harris, Z. Field, S.
+     Winsor, and Capt. Fenner, shall each have a whole share in the
+     product. I. Woodward and R. Pray, three-fourths of a share each. J.
+     Smith, E. Smith, S. Whipple, N. Whipple, and T. Walling each half a
+     share."
+
+     Signed, "Roger Williams, Thomas Harris, sen., Thomas X Angell,
+     Thomas Field, John Whipple, Jr."
+
+     To gratify curiosity as to the price of Indians on those terms, the
+     following extracts are made from an account of sales about this
+     time;
+
+     "To Anthony Low, five Indians, great and small, £8.
+
+     "To James Rogers, two, for twenty bushels of Indian corn.
+
+     "To Philip Smith, two, in silver, $4 10.
+
+     "To Daniel Allen, one, in silver, $2 10.
+
+     "To C. Carr, one, twelve bushels of Indian corn.
+
+     "To Elisha Smith, one, in wool, 100 lbs.
+
+     "To Elisha Smith, one, for three fat sheep."
+
+From 1492, the discovery of Hispaniola, to 1502, the short space of but
+four years, such was the mortality among the natives, that the Spaniards
+then holding rule there, "began to employ a few" Africans in the mines
+of the Island. The experiment was effective--a successful one. The
+Indian and African were enslaved together, when the Indian sunk, and the
+African stood. It was not until June the 24th of the year 1498, that the
+Continent was discovered by John Cabot, a Venetian, who sailed in August
+of the previous year 1497, from Bristol, under the patronage of Henry
+VII., King of England, with two vessels, "freighted by the merchants of
+London and Bristol, with articles of traffic," his son Sebastian, and
+300 men. In 1517, but the short period of thirteen years from the date
+of their first introduction, Carolus V., King of Spain, by the right of
+a patent, granted permission to a number of persons, annually, to supply
+to the Islands of Hispaniola, (St. Domingo,) Cuba, Jamaica, and Porto
+Rico, natives of Africa, to the number of four thousand annually. John
+Hawkins, an unprincipled Englishman--whose name should be branded with
+infamy--was the first person known to have engaged in so inhuman a
+traffic, and that living monster his mistress, Queen Elizabeth, engaged
+with him and shared in the profits.
+
+The natives of Africa, on their introduction into a foreign country,
+soon discovered the loss of their accustomed food, and mode and manner
+of living. The Aborigines subsisted mainly by game and fish, with a few
+patches of maize or Indian corn near their wigwams, which were generally
+attended by the women, while the men were absent. The grains and
+fruits, such as they had been accustomed to, were not to be had among
+the Aborigines of the country, and this first induced the African to
+cultivate patches of ground in the neighborhood of the mines, for the
+raising of food for his own sustenance. This trait in their character
+was observed, and regarded by the Spaniards with considerable interest;
+and when on contracting with the English slave-dealer, Captain Hawkins,
+and others for new supplies of slaves, they were careful to request them
+to secure a quantity of the seeds and different products of the country,
+to bring with them to the New World. Many of these were cultivated to
+some extent, while those indigenous to America, were cultivated by them
+with considerable success. And up to this day, it is a custom on many of
+the slave plantations of the South, to allow the slave his "patch," and
+Saturday afternoon or Sabbath day, to cultivate it.
+
+Shortly after the commencement of the shameful traffic in the blood and
+bones of men--the destiny and chastity of women by Captain Hawkins, and
+what was termed England's "Virgin Queen"; Elizabeth gave a license to
+Sir Walter Raleigh, to search for uninhabited lands, and seize upon all
+uninhabited by Christians. Sir Walter discovered the coast of North
+Carolina and Virginia, assigning the name of "Virginia" to the whole
+coast now composing the old state. A feeble colony was settled here,
+which did not avail, and it was not until the month of April, 1607, that
+the first permanent settlement was made in Virginia, under the patronage
+of letters patent from James I, King of England, to Thomas Gates and his
+associates.
+
+This was the first settling of North America, and thirteen years
+anterior to the landing of the Pilgrims.
+
+"No permanent settlement was effected in what is now called the United
+States, till the reign of James the First."--_Ramsay's Hist. U.S._, vol.
+I., p. 38.
+
+"The month of April, 1607, is the epoch of the first permanent
+settlement on the coast of Virginia; the name then given to all that
+extent of country which forms thirteen States."--_Ibid._, p. 39. The
+whole coast of the country was now explored, not for the purpose of
+trade and agriculture--because there were no products in the
+country--the natives not producing sufficient provisions to supply
+present wants, and, consequently, nothing to trade for; but like the
+speculations of their Spanish and Portuguese predecessors, on the
+islands and in South America, but for that of mining gold. Trade and the
+cultivation of the soil was foreign to their designs and intention on
+coming to the continent of the new world, and they were consequently,
+disappointed when failing of success. "At a time when the precious
+metals were conceived to be the peculiar and only valuable productions
+of the new world, when every mountain was supposed to contain a
+treasure, and every rivulet was searched for its golden sands, this
+appearance was fondly considered as an infallible indication of the
+mine. Every hand was eager to dig."...
+
+"There was now," says Smith, "no talk, no hope, no work; but dig gold,
+wash gold, refine gold. With this imaginary wealth, the first vessel
+returning to England was loaded, while the _culture of the land_, and
+every useful occupation was _totally neglected_."...
+
+The colonists, thus left, were in miserable circumstances for want of
+provisions. The remainder of what they had brought with them, was so
+small in quantity, as to be soon expended--and so damaged in the course
+of a long voyage, as to be a source of disease.... In their expectation
+of getting gold, the people were disappointed, the glittering substance
+they had sent to England, proving to be a valueless mineral. "Smith, on
+his return to Jamestown, found the colony reduced to thirty-eight
+persons, who, in despair, were preparing to abandon the country. He
+employed caresses, threats, and even violence, in order to prevent them
+from executing this fatal resolution." _Ibid._, pp. 45-46. In November,
+1620, the Pilgrims or Puritans made the harbor of Cape Cod, and after
+solemn vows and organization previous to setting foot on shore, they
+landed safely on "Plymouth Rock," December the 20th, about one month
+after. They were one hundred and one in number, and from the toils and
+hardships consequent to a severe season, in a strange country, in less
+than six months after their arrival, "forty-four persons, nearly
+one-half of their original number," had died.
+
+... "In 1618, in the reign of James I, the British government
+established a regular trade on the coast of Africa. In the year 1620,
+negro slaves began to be imported into Virginia: a Dutch ship bringing
+twenty of them for sale."--_Sampson's Hist. Dict._, p. 348. The Dutch
+ship landed her cargo at New Bedford, (now Massachusetts,) as it will be
+remembered, that the whole coast, now comprising the "Old Thirteen," and
+original United States, was then called Virginia, so named by Sir Walter
+Raleigh, in honor of his royal Mistress and patron, Elizabeth, the
+Virgin Queen, under whom he received his royal patent commission of
+adventure and expedition.
+
+Beginning their preparation in the slave-trade in 1618, just two years
+previous, giving time for successfully carrying out the project against
+the landing of the first emigrant settlers, it will be observed that the
+African captain, and the "Puritan" emigrants, landed upon the same
+section of the continent at the same time, 1620--the Pilgrims at
+Plymouth, and the captives at New Bedford, but a few miles
+comparatively south.
+
+The country at this period, was one vast wilderness. "The continent of
+North America was then one continued forest."... There were no horses,
+cattle, sheep, hogs, or tame beasts of any kind.... There were no
+domestic poultry.... There were no gardens, orchards, public roads,
+meadows, or cultivated fields.... They "often burned the woods that they
+could advantageously plant their corn."... They had neither spice, salt,
+bread, butter, cheese, nor milk.... They had no set meals, but eat when
+they were hungry, and could find any thing to satisfy the cravings of
+nature.... Very little of their food was derived from the earth, except
+what it spontaneously produced.... The ground was both their seat and
+table.... Their best bed was a skin.... They had neither steel, iron,
+nor any metallic instruments....--_Ramsay's Hist._, pp. 39-40.
+
+We adduce not these historical extracts to disparage our brother the
+Indian--far be it: whatever he may think of our race, according to the
+manner in which he has been instructed to look upon it, by our mutual
+oppressor the American nation; we admire his, for the many deeds of
+noble daring, for which the short history of his liberty-loving people
+are replete: we sympathise with them, because our brethren are the
+successors of their fathers in the degradation of American bondage--but
+we adduce them in evidence against the many aspersions charged against
+the African race, that their inferiority to the other races caused them
+to be reduced to servitude. For the purpose of proving that their
+superiority, and not inferiority, alone was the cause which first
+suggested to Europeans the substitution of Africans for that of
+aboriginal or Indian laborers in the mines; and that their superior
+skill and industry, first suggested to the colonists, the propriety of
+turning their attention to agricultural and other industrial pursuits,
+than that of mining.
+
+It is very evident, from what has been adduced, the settlement of
+Captain John Smith, being in the course of a few months, reduced to
+thirty-eight, and that of Plymouth, from one hundred and one, to that of
+fifty-seven in six months--it is evident, that the whites nor the
+Indians were equal to the hard and almost insurmountable difficulties,
+that now stood wide-spread before them.
+
+An endless forest, the impenetrable earth; the one to be removed, and
+the other to be excavated. Towns and cities to be built, and farms to be
+cultivated--all these presented difficulties too arduous for the
+European then here, and unknown to the Indian.
+
+It is very evident, that at a period such as this, when the natives
+themselves had fallen victims to tasks imposed upon them by their
+usurpers, and the Europeans were sinking beneath the weight of climate
+and hardships; when food could not be had nor the common conveniences of
+life procured--when arduous duties of life were to be performed and none
+capable of doing them, but those who had previously by their labors, not
+only in their native country, but in the new, so proven themselves--as
+the most natural consequence, the Africans were resorted to, for the
+performance of every duty common to domestic life.
+
+There were no laborers known to the colonists from Cape Cod to Cape Look
+Out, than those of the African race. They entered at once into the
+mines, extracting therefrom, the rich treasures that for a thousand ages
+lay hidden in the earth. And from their knowledge of cultivation, the
+farming interests in the North, and planting in the South, were
+commenced with a prospect never dreamed of before the introduction of
+this most extraordinary, hardy race of men: though pagans, yet skilled
+in all the useful duties of life. Farmers, herdsmen, and laborers in
+their own country, they required not to be taught to work, and how to do
+it--but it was only necessary to tell them to go to work, and they at
+once knew what to do, and how it should be done.
+
+It is notorious, that in the planting States, the blacks themselves are
+the only skillful cultivators--the proprietor knowing little or nothing
+about the art, save that which he learns from the African husbandman,
+while his ignorant white overseer, who is merely there to see that the
+work is attended to, knows a great deal less. Tobacco, cotton, rice,
+hemp, indigo, the improvement in Indian corn, and many other important
+products, are all the result of African skill and labor in this country.
+And the introduction of the zigzag, or "Virginia Worm Fence," is purely
+of African origin. Nor was their skill as herdsmen inferior to their
+other attainments, being among the most accomplished trainers and
+horsemen in the world. Indeed, to this class of men may be indebted the
+entire country for the improvement South in the breed of horses. And any
+one who has travelled South, could not fail to have observed, that all
+of the leading trainers, jockies, and judges of horses, as well as
+riders, are men of African descent.
+
+In speaking of the Bornouese, a people from among whom a great many
+natives have been enslaved by Arabian traders, and sold into foreign
+bondage, and of course many into this country, "It is said that Bornou
+can muster 15,000 Shonaas in the field mounted. They are the greatest
+breeders of cattle in the country, and annually supply Soudan with from
+two to three thousand horses."... "Our road lying along one of them,
+gave me an excellent view of beautiful villages all round, and herds of
+cattle grazing in the open country."... "Plantations of cotton or indigo
+now occupy the place where the houses formerly stood."... "The Souga
+market is well supplied with every necessary and luxury in request among
+the people of the interior." "The country still open and well
+cultivated, and the villages numerous. We met crowds of people coming
+from Karro with goods. Some carried them on their heads, others had
+asses or bullocks, according to their wealth."... "The country still
+highly cultivated."... "We also passed several walled towns, quite
+deserted, the inhabitants having been sold by their conquerors, the
+Felatohs." "Women sat spinning cotton by the road side, offering for
+sale to the passing caravans, gussub water, roast-meat, sweet potatoes,
+coshen nuts," &c. (_Dunham and Clapperton's Travels and Discoveries in
+North and Central Africa_, vol. 2, pp. 140, 230, 332, 333, 353.)
+
+The forests gave way before them, and extensive verdant fields, richly
+clothed with produce, rose up as by magic before these hardy sons of
+toil. In the place of the unskillful and ill-constructed wigwam, houses,
+villages, towns and cities quickly were reared up in their stead. Being
+farmers, mechanics, laborers and traders in their own country, they
+required little or no instruction in these various pursuits. They were
+in fact, then, to the whole continent, what they are in truth now to the
+whole Southern section of the Union--the bone and sinews of the country.
+And even now, the existence of the white man, South, depends entirely on
+the labor of the black man--the idleness of the one, is sustained by the
+industry of the other. Public roads and highways are the result of their
+labor, as are also the first public works, as wharves, docks, forts, and
+all such improvements. Are not these legitimate investments in the
+common stock of the nation, which should command a proportionate
+interest?
+
+We shall next proceed to review the contributions of colored men to
+other departments of the nation, and as among the most notorious and
+historical, we refer to colored American warriors.
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+COLORED AMERICAN WARRIORS
+
+
+Among the highest claims that an inhabitant has upon his country, is
+that of serving in its cause, and assisting to fight its battles. There
+is no responsibility attended with more personal hazard, and
+consequently, none for which the country owes a greater debt of
+gratitude. _Amor patria_, or love of country, is the first requisition
+and highest attribute of every citizen; and he who voluntarily ventures
+his own safety for that of his country, is a patriot of the purest
+character.
+
+When the country's attention is arrested--her fears aroused--her peace
+disturbed, and her independence endangered--when in the dread and
+momentous hour, the tap of the drum, the roll of the reveille, the
+shrill sound of the bugler's trumpet, or the thunders of the cannon's
+roar, summons the warrior on to the pending conflict--upon whom then do
+the citizens place their dependence, and in whom the country her trust?
+Upon him who braves the consequences, and fights his country's battles
+for his country's sake. Upon whom does the country look, as the most
+eligible of her favored sons? Upon none more so than he, who shoulders
+his musket, girds on his sword, and faces the enemy on to the charge.
+The hero and the warrior, have long been estimated, the favorite sons of
+a favored people.
+
+In the Convention for the formation of the national compact, when the
+question arose on the priority of citizen's rights, an honorable
+member--Mr. Jefferson, if we mistake not--arose and stated, that for the
+purpose of henceforward settling a question of such moment to the
+American people, that nativity of birth, and the descendants of all who
+had borne arms in their country's struggle for liberty, should be always
+entitled to all the rights and privileges to which an American citizen
+could be eligible. This at once, enfranchised the native citizen, and
+the posterity of all those at the time, who may have been so fortunate
+as to have been born on the American continent. The question was at once
+settled, as regards American citizenship. And if we establish our right
+of equal claims to citizenship with other American people, we shall have
+done all that is desirable in this view of our position in the country.
+But if in addition to this, we shall be able to prove, that colored men,
+not only took part in the great scene of the first act for independence,
+but that they were the actors--a colored man was really the hero in the
+great drama, and actually the first victim in the revolutionary
+tragedy--then indeed, shall we have more than succeeded, and have reared
+a monument of fame to the history of our deeds, more lasting than the
+pile that stands on Bunker Hill.
+
+For a concise historical arrangement of colored men, who braved the
+dangers of the battlefield, we are much indebted to William C. Nell,
+Esq., formerly of Boston, now of Rochester, N.Y., for a pamphlet,
+published by him during the last year, which should be read by every
+American the country through.
+
+For ten years previous, a dissatisfaction had prevailed among the
+colonists, against the mother country, in consequence of the excessive
+draughts of supplies, and taxation, made upon them, for the support of
+the wars carried on in Europe. The aspect began to change, the light
+grew dim, the sky darkened, the clouds gathered lower and lower, the
+lightning glimmered through the black elements around--the storm
+advanced, until on the fifth of March, 1773, it broke out in terrible
+blasts, drenching the virgin soil of America, with the blood of her own
+native sons--Crispus Attuck, a colored man, was the first who headed,
+the first who commanded, the first who charged, who struck the first
+blow, and the first whose blood was spilt, and baptized the colony, as a
+peace-offering on the altar of American liberty. "The people were
+greatly exasperated. The multitude, armed with clubs, ran towards King
+street, crying, 'Let us drive out the ribalds; they have no business
+here!' The rioters rushed furiously towards the Custom House; they
+approached the sentinel crying, 'Kill him, kill him!' They assaulted him
+with snowballs, pieces of ice, and whatever they could lay their hands
+upon. They encountered a band of the populace led by a mulatto named
+Attucks, who brandished their clubs and pelted them with snow-balls. The
+maledictions, the imprecations, the execrations of the multitudes were
+horrible. In the midst of a torrent of invectives from every quarter,
+the military were challenged to fire. The populace advanced to the
+points of the bayonets; the soldiers appeared like statues; the cries,
+the howlings, the menaces, the violent din of bells still sounding the
+alarm, increased the confusion and the horrors of these moments: at
+length the mulatto and twelve of his companions, pressing forward
+environed the soldiers, and striking their muskets with their clubs
+cried to the multitude: 'Be not afraid, they dare not fire; why do you
+hesitate, why do you not kill them, why not crush them at once?' The
+mulatto lifted his arm against Captain Preston, having turned one of the
+muskets, he seized the bayonet with his left hand, as if he intended to
+execute his threat. At this moment confused cries were heard: 'The
+wretches dare not fire!' Firing succeeds. Attucks is slain. Two other
+discharges follow. Three were killed, five severely wounded, and several
+others slightly." Attucks was killed by Montgomery, one of Captain
+Preston's soldiers. He had been foremost in resisting, and was first
+slain; as proof of front and close engagement, received two balls, one
+in each breast." "John Adams, counsel for the soldier, admitted that
+Attucks appeared to have undertaken to be the hero of the night, and to
+lead the army with banners. John Hancock, in 1774, invokes the injured
+shades of Maverick, Gray, Caldwell, _Attucks_ and Carr." _Nell's Wars_,
+1776 and 1812, pp. 5, 6.--RHODE ISLAND also contributes largely to the
+capital stock of citizenship. "In Rhode Island, the blacks formed an
+entire regiment, and they discharged their duty with zeal and fidelity.
+The gallant defence of Red Bank, in which the black regiment bore a
+part, is among the proofs of their valor." In this contest it will be
+recollected, that four hundred men met and repulsed, after a terrible
+sanguinary struggle, fifteen hundred Hessian troops, headed by count
+Donop." _Ibid._, p. 10. CONNECTICUT next claims to be heard and given
+credit on the nation's books. In speaking of the patriots who bore the
+standard of their country's glory, Judge Goddard, who held the office of
+commissioner of pensions for nineteen colored soldiers, says, "I cannot
+refrain from mentioning one aged black man, Primus Babcock, who proudly
+presented to me an honorable discharge from service during the war,
+dated at the close of it, wholly in the hand-writing of GEORGE
+WASHINGTON. Nor can I forget the expression of his feelings, when
+informed that, after his discharge had been sent to the department, that
+it could not be returned. At his request it was written for, as he
+seemed to spurn the pension and reclaim the discharge." It is related of
+Babcock, that when the British in a successful charge took a number of
+the Americans prisoners, they were ordered to deliver up their arms by
+the British officer of the detachment, which demand was readily conceded
+to by all the prisoners except Babcock, who looking at the officer
+sternly--at the margin of a mud pond foot of Bunker Hill--turned his
+musket bayonet downwards, thrusting it into the mire up to the armpit,
+drawing out his muddy arm, turned to the British officer, and said, "Now
+dirty your silk glove, and take it--you red coat!" The officer raised
+his sword as if to cut him down for the impertinence, then replied, "You
+are too brave a soldier to be killed, you black devil!" A few years
+since, a musket evidently a relic of the Revolution, was found near the
+same spot in the singular position of that thrust down by Babcock, no
+doubt being the same, which was deposited among the relics in the
+archives at Washington. Babcock died but a few years ago, aged we
+believe 101 years.
+
+"When Major Montgomery, one of the leaders in the expedition against the
+colonists, was lifted upon the walls of the fort by his soldiers,
+flourishing his sword and calling on them to follow him, Jordan Freeman
+received him on the point of a pike and pinned him dead to the earth."
+"NEW HAMPSHIRE gives her testimony to the deposit of colored interest.
+There was a regiment of blacks in the same situation, a regiment of
+negroes fighting for our liberty and independence, not a white man among
+them but the officers, in the same dangerous and responsible position.
+Had they been unfaithful, or given way before the enemy all would have
+been lost. Three times in succession were they attacked with most
+desperate fury by well disciplined and veteran troops, and three times
+did they successfully repel the assault, and thus preserve the army.
+They fought thus through the war. They were brave and hearty troops."
+_Nell_, pp. 11, 13.
+
+NEW YORK comes bravely to the call, and sends her investments by land
+and sea. In the convention of 1821, for revising the constitution of the
+State, the question of equal rights having been introduced, Doctor
+Clarke among other things said, "In the war of the Revolution, these
+people helped to fight our battles by land and by sea. Some of your
+states were glad to turn out corps of colored men, and to stand
+'shoulder to shoulder' with them. In your late war, they contributed
+largely towards some of your most splendid victories. On lakes Erie and
+Champlain, where your fleets triumphed over a foe superior in numbers
+and engines of death, they were manned in a large proportion with men of
+color. And in this very house, in the fall of 1814, a bill passed
+receiving all the branches of your government, authorising the governor
+to accept the services of a corps of two thousand free people of color.
+These were times when a man who shouldered his musket did not know but
+he bared his bosom to receive a death wound from the enemy ere he laid
+it aside; and in these times these people were found as ready and as
+willing to volunteer in your service as any other. They were not
+compelled to go; they were not draughted.... They were volunteers...."
+Said Martindale of New York in congress 22 of first month 1828: "Slaves,
+or negroes who had been slaves, were enlisted as soldiers in the War of
+the Revolution; and I myself saw a battalion of them, as fine martial
+looking men as I ever saw, attached to the northern army in the last
+war, on its march from Plattsburg to Sackett's Harbor."
+
+PENNSYLVANIA contributes an important share in the stock of
+Independence, as will be seen by the following historical reminiscence:
+"On the capture of Washington by the British forces, it was judged
+expedient to fortify without delay, the principal towns and cities
+exposed to similar attacks. The Vigilance Committee of Philadelphia
+waited upon three of the principal Colored citizens, namely, James
+Forten, Bishop Allen, and Absalom Jones, soliciting the aid of the
+people of Color in erecting suitable defences for the city. Accordingly
+two thousand five hundred Colored men assembled in the State House yard,
+and from thence marched to Gray's Ferry, where they labored for two
+days, almost without intermission. Their labors were so faithful and
+efficient, that a vote of thanks was tendered them by the Committee. A
+battalion of Colored troops were at the same time organized in the city,
+under an officer of the United States army; and they were on the point
+of marching to the frontier when peace was proclaimed."--_Ibid._, pp.
+14-17-18.[2]
+
+And even in the slave States, where might reasonably be expected,
+nothing but bitter hate and burning revenge to exist--where the
+displeasure of Heaven and anger of God was invoked--where it is thought
+the last glimmering spark of patriotic fire has been quenched, and every
+aid withheld--even there, in the hour of their country's danger, did
+they lay aside every consideration of the ten thousand wrongs
+inflicted--throw in their contributions, and make common cause.
+
+Says Mr. Nell, "The celebrated Charles Pinkney, of South Carolina, in
+his speech on the Missouri question, in defence of the Slave
+representation of the South, made the following admission:--They (the
+colored people) were in numerous instances the pioneers, and in all the
+labors of our army. To their hands we are owing the greatest part of the
+fortifications raised for the protection of the country. Fort Moultrie
+gave, at an early period of inexperience and untried valor of our
+citizens, immortality to the American arms." And were there no other
+proof on record, the testimony given to the brave followers of the
+renowned hero of Chalmet Plains, would of itself be sufficient to
+establish the right of the colored man to eligibility in his native
+country. "In 1814," continues Mr. Nell, "when New Orleans was in danger,
+and the proud criminal distinctions of caste were again demolished by
+one of those emergencies in which nature puts to silence for the moment
+the base partialities of art, the free colored people were called into
+the field in common with the whites; and the importance of their
+services was thus acknowledged by General Jackson:--
+
+
+                                         "HEAD-QUARTERS SEVENTH MILITARY
+                                   DISTRICT, MOBILE, SEPTEMBER 21, 1814.
+
+     "_To the Free Colored Inhabitants of Louisiana:_
+
+
+     "Through a mistaken policy, you have heretofore been deprived of a
+     participation in the glorious struggle for national rights, in
+     which _our_ country is engaged. This no longer shall exist. As
+     sons of Freedom you are now called upon to defend your most
+     estimable blessings. _As Americans_, your country looks with
+     confidence to her adopted children, for a valorous support, as a
+     faithful return for the advantages enjoyed under her mild and
+     equitable government. As fathers, husbands, and brothers, you are
+     summoned to rally round the standard of the Eagle, to defend all
+     which is dear in existence.
+
+     "_Your country_, although calling for your exertions, does not wish
+     you to engage in her cause, without remunerating you for the
+     services rendered. Your intelligent minds are not to be led away by
+     false representations--your love of honor would cause you to
+     despise the man who should attempt to deceive you. In the sincerity
+     of a soldier, and the language of truth I address you.
+
+     "To every noble hearted free man of color, volunteering to serve
+     during the present contest with Great Britain, and no longer, there
+     will be paid the same bounty in money and lands now received by
+     white soldiers of the United States, namely, one hundred and
+     twenty-four dollars in money and one hundred and sixty acres in
+     land. The non-commissioned officers and privates will also be
+     entitled to the same monthly pay and daily rations and clothes
+     furnished to any American soldiers.
+
+     "On enrolling yourselves in companies, the Major General commanding
+     will select officers for your government from your white
+     fellow-citizens. Your non-commissioned officers will be appointed
+     from among yourselves.
+
+     "Due regard will be paid to the feelings of free men and soldiers.
+
+     "You will not, by being associated with white men in the same
+     corps, be exposed to improper comparison, or unjust sarcasm. As a
+     distinct, independent battalion or regiment, pursuing the path of
+     glory, you will, undivided, receive the applause and gratitude of
+     your countrymen.
+
+     "To assure you of the sincerity of my intentions, and my anxiety to
+     engage your invaluable services to our country, I have communicated
+     my wish to the Governor of Louisiana, who is fully informed as to
+     the manner of enrollments, and will give you every necessary
+     information on the subject of this address.
+
+                                                        "ANDREW JACKSON,
+                                             "Major General Commanding."
+
+
+On the 18th of December, 1814, through his Aid-de-camp, Colonel Butler,
+the General issued another address to the colored soldiers, who had
+proven themselves, in every particular, worthy of their country's trust,
+and in every way worthy of the proudest position of enfranchised
+freemen. To deny to men and their descendants, who are capable of such
+deeds as are acknowledged in this proclamation, equal rights with other
+men, is a moral homicide--as assassination, which none but the most
+malicious and obdurate are capable of perpetrating. Surely, surely, it
+cannot be, that our fellow-citizens, who control the destiny of the
+country, one fully advised of the claims of their brethren in
+adversity--we cannot be persuaded that a people, claiming the
+self-respect and consideration of the American people, can be satisfied
+that the perils of war be encountered by them--their country's rights
+sustained--and their liberty, the liberty of their wives and children
+defended and protected; then, with a cool deliberation, unknown to any
+uncivilized people on the face of the earth, deny them a right--withhold
+their consent to their having equal enjoyment of human rights with other
+citizens, with those who have never contributed aid to our country--but
+we give the proclamation and let it speak for itself. Of it Mr. Nell
+says:--
+
+"The second proclamation is one of the highest compliments ever paid by
+a military chief to his soldiers."
+
+"SOLDIERS! When on the banks of the Mobile, I called you to take up
+arms, inviting you to partake the perils and glory of your _white
+fellow-citizens, I expected much_ from you; for I was not ignorant that
+you possessed qualities most formidable to an invading enemy. I knew
+with what fortitude you could endure hunger and thirst, and all the
+fatigues of a campaign. _I knew well how you love your native country_,
+and that you, as well as ourselves, had to defend what _man_ holds most
+dear--his parents, wife, children, and property. _You have done more
+than I expected._ In addition to the previous qualities I before knew
+you to possess, I found among you noble enthusiasm, which leads to the
+performance of great things.
+
+
+     "Soldiers! The President of the United States shall hear how
+     praise-worthy was your conduct in the hour of danger; and the
+     representatives of the American people will give you the praise
+     your exploits entitle you to. The General anticipates them in
+     applauding your noble ardor.
+
+     "The enemy approaches; his vessels cover our lakes; our brave
+     citizens are united, and all contentions have ceased among them.
+     Their only dispute is, who shall win the prize of valor, or who the
+     most glory, its noblest reward.
+
+                               "By order,
+                    "THOMAS BUTLER, Aid-de-camp."
+
+
+A circumstance that reflects as well upon the devisor, as upon the
+commander, or the engineer of the army, is not generally known to the
+American people. The redoubt of cotton bales, has ever been attributed
+to the judgment, skill, quick perception, and superior tact of Major
+General Andrew Jackson; than whom, a braver heart, never beat in the
+breast of man. But this is a mistake. The suggestion of the cotton
+bales was made by a colored man, at the instant, when the city of New
+Orleans was put under martial law. The colored troops were gathering,
+and their recruiting officers (being colored,) were scouring the city in
+every direction, and particularly on the Levee, where the people throng
+for news--to hear, see, and be seen. At such times in particular, the
+blacks are found in great numbers. The cotton shipped down the
+Mississippi in large quantities to the city, is landed and piled in
+regular terrace walls, several thousand feet long, sometimes double
+rows--and fifteen or twenty feet high. When the sun shines in winter,
+the days become warm and pleasant after the morning passes off, and at
+such times, there may be found many of the idle blacks, lying upon the
+top, and in comfortable positions between or behind those walls of
+cotton bales. On the approach of the recruiting officer, a number of
+persons were found stretched out upon the bales, lying scattered upon
+the ground. On addressing them, they were found to be slaves, which the
+pride of the recently promoted free colored soldiers, nor the policy of
+the proclamation, then, justified them in enrolling. On questioning them
+respecting their fears of the approaching contest--they expressed
+themselves as perfectly satisfied and _safe_, while permitted to lie
+_behind_ the bales. The idea was at once impressed--Chalmet Plain, the
+battle field, being entirely barren without trees, brush, or stone, and
+the ingenuity of the General-in-chief and engineer of the army, having
+been for several days taxed, without successful device; the officer
+determined that he would muster courage, and hazard the consequences of
+an approach to the General, and suggest the idea suggested to him, by
+the observation of a slave, who was indifferent to the safety of others,
+so that he was secure--and perhaps justly so--whether conscious or not
+of the importance of its bearing. General Jackson, whatever may be said
+to the contrary, though firm and determined, was pleasant, affable, and
+easily approached, and always set equal estimate upon the manhood of a
+colored man; believing every thing of him, that he expressed in his
+proclamation to the colored freemen of Louisiana. He did not pretend to
+justify the holding of slaves, especially on the assumed unjust plea of
+their incapacity for self-government--he always hooted at the idea;
+never would become a member of the Colonization Society, always saying
+"Let the colored people be--they were quiet now, in comparative
+satisfaction--let them be." But he held them as a policy, by which to
+make money--and would just as readily have held a white man, had it been
+the policy of the country, as a black one in slavery. The General was
+approached--the suggestion made--slaves set to work--the bales conveyed
+down--the breast-works raised--the Americans protected, as the musketry
+and artillery proved powerless against the elastic cushion-wall of
+cotton bales; the battle fought--the British vanquished--the Americans
+victorious, and Major General Andrew Jackson "all covered with glory,"
+as the most distinguished and skillful captain of the age. It has always
+been thought by colored men familiar with this circumstance, that the
+reference of the General is directed to this, when he expresses himself
+in his last proclamation to them: "_You have done more than I
+expected_." Doubtless this was the case. Whatever valor and capacity to
+endure hardships, the General knew colored men to possess, it _was_ more
+than he expected of them, to bring skill to his aid, and assist in
+counseling plans for the defence of the army.
+
+On the _Eighth_ of January, 1851, the celebration of the Battle of New
+Orleans, in that city one year ago, "Ninety of the colored veterans who
+bore a conspicuous part in the dangers of the day," (the day of battle,)
+held "a conspicuous place in the procession," in exaltation of their
+country's glory. Nor was the NAVY without the representative of colored
+interest in the liberty of the country. In speaking of the war of 1812,
+a colored veteran of Philadelphia, the late James Forten, who had
+himself enlisted and was imprisoned on board of a British man-of-war,
+the "Old Jersey Prison Ship," affirms: "The vessels of war of that
+period were all, to a greater or less extent, manned with colored men."
+The father-in-law of the writer, has often related to him that he saw
+the three hundred and sixty colored marines, in military pomp and naval
+array, when passing through Pittsburg in 1812 on their way to the
+frigate Constitution, then on lake Erie under command of the gallant
+Commodore Perry. And we cannot close this view of our subject, without
+reference to one of the living veterans of the battle of New Orleans,
+now residing where he has for many years, in the city of Pittsburg, Pa.,
+to whom we are indebted for more oral information concerning that
+memorable conflict, than to any other living person. MR. JOHN JULIUS,
+was a member of the valiant regiment of colored soldiers, who held so
+conspicuous a place in the estimation of their General, their country's
+struggles for Liberty and Independence. He is a tall, good-looking,
+brown skin creole of Louisiana, now about sixty-three years of age,
+bearing the terrible gashes of the bayonet still conspicuously in his
+neck. He was one of the few Americans who encountered the British in
+single-handed charges on top of the breast-works. _Julien Bennoit_,
+(pronounced _ben wah_,) for such is his name, though commonly known as
+John Julius, is a man of uprightness and strict integrity of character,
+having all the delicate sensibility and pride of character known to the
+Frenchman; and laments more at the injustice done him, in the neglect of
+the authorities to grant him his claims of money and land, according to
+the promises set forth in the Proclamation, than at any reverse of
+fortune with which he has ever met. He is enthusiastic on the subject of
+the battle scenes of Chalmet Plains, and anxious that all who converse
+with him may know that he is one of the actors. Not so much for his own
+notoriety--as all soldiers have a right to--as for the purpose of making
+known and exposing the wrongs done to him and hundreds of his fellows,
+who fought shoulder to shoulder with him, in the conflict with Sir
+Edward Packenham. Mr. Julius is the only person in whose possession we
+have ever seen a complete draught of the plan of the battle fought on
+the 8th of January, 1815, drawn on the field, by the U.S. Engineer.
+
+This consists of two charts, one quite large, and the other smaller; the
+larger giving the whole plan of battle, and the other being the key,
+which shows the position of the different battalions and regiments of
+troops, with the several officers of command, in which the Colored
+Regiment is beautifully and conspicuously displayed. He sets great
+estimate upon them. Col. Marshall John M. Davis, who was an officer
+under General Jackson at the battle of New Orleans, now still residing
+in Allegheny Co., near Pittsburg, bears testimony to the truthfulness of
+Mr. Julien Bennoit having been a soldier in the Army of the Mississippi
+in 1814. The deeds of these tried and faithful daring sons of Liberty,
+and defenders of their country, shall live triumphantly, long after the
+nation shall have repented her wrongs towards them and their
+descendants, and hung her head with shame, before the gaze of manhood's
+stern rebuke.
+
+Mr. John B. Vashon, of Pittsburg, embarked in the service of the United
+States, and in an engagement of the American squadron in South America,
+was imprisoned, with Major Henry Bears, a respectable white citizen,
+still living in that city.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[2] Captain Jonathan Tudas, who led the 500 brave blacks out to build
+the Redoubt, is now living in Philadelphia, and since the commencement
+of this publication, we learned the following particulars: When the news
+arrived of the approach of the British under Major General Ross, upon
+Baltimore, the expectation ran high, that the city would be taken, and
+forced marches made, immediately upon Philadelphia. The whole City
+consequently was thrown into great alarm, when Captain Tudas, applied to
+the United States Engineer, and offered the services of colored men, who
+during the week, were summoned to meet at the African Methodist
+Episcopal Church, on the following Sabbath; when from the pulpit, the
+Right Rev. Richard Allen, Bishop of the Connexion, made known to the
+people the peril of the Country, and demands of the Commonwealth; when,
+the next day, Monday, five hundred volunteered, working incessantly
+during that day, and on Tuesday, six hundred more were added, swelling
+the number to eleven hundred men. William Stansberry, arrested and tried
+a few years ago, as a fugitive slave from Maryland, and Mr. Ignatius
+Beck, an old respectable colored man, who appeared as a witness, and by
+whose testimony alone, Mr. Stansberry was released from the grasp of the
+oppression of his Country, and thereby saved from endless bondage, were
+both under Captain Tudas, and belong to the faithful eleven hundred
+Philadelphia black warriors. He farther informs us, that the Engineer
+gave them credit for having thrown up superior works to any other men
+employed in the service, and having done more work in the same time, and
+_drank less_, by four-fifth, than twice their number of "Old
+Countrymen." The relics of the breastworks, still stand on or near the
+banks of the Schuylkill, as a living monument of the fidelity of the
+black race to their State and Country. Mr. Stansberry, is still living,
+and Captain Tudas, now quite an old man, about "turning the corner," as
+he expresses it, is a very intelligent old gentleman, and a living
+history of facts. There are few white men of his age and opportunities,
+that equal him at all in intelligence on any subject. He is a kind of
+living synoptic-historical Encyclopedia.
+
+
+
+
+IX
+
+CAPACITY OF COLORED MEN AND WOMEN AS CITIZEN MEMBERS OF COMMUNITY
+
+
+The utility of men in their private capacity as citizens, is of no less
+import than that of any other department of the community in which they
+live; indeed, the fitness of men for positions in the body politic, can
+only be justly measured by their qualification as citizens. And we may
+safely venture the declaration, that in the history of the world, there
+has never been a nation, that among the oppressed class of
+inhabitants--a class entirely ineligible to any political position of
+honor, profit or trust--wholly discarded from the recognition of
+citizens' rights--not even permitted to carry the mail, nor drive a mail
+coach--there never has, in the history of nations, been any people thus
+situated, who has made equal progress in attainments with the colored
+people of the United States. It would be as unnecessary as it is
+impossible, to particularize all the individuals; we shall therefore be
+satisfied, with a classification and a few individual cases. Our history
+in this country is well known, and quite sufficiently treated on in
+these pages already, without the necessity of repetition here; it is
+enough to know that by the most cruel acts of injustice and crime, our
+forefathers were forced by small numbers, and enslaved in the
+country--the great body now to the number of three millions and a half,
+still groaning in bondage--that the half million now free, are the
+descendants of the few who by various means, are fortunate enough to
+gain their liberty from Southern bondage--that no act of general
+emancipation has ever taken place, and no chance as yet for a general
+rebellion--we say in view of all these facts, we proceed to give a
+cursory history of the attainments--the civil, social, business and
+professional, and literary attainments of colored men and women, and
+challenge comparison with the world--according to circumstances--in
+times past and present.
+
+Though shorn of their strength, disarmed of manhood, and stripped of
+every right, encouraged by the part performed by their brethren and
+fathers in the Revolutionary struggle--with no records of their deeds in
+history, and no means of knowing them save orally, as overheard from the
+mouths of their oppressors, and tradition as kept up among
+themselves--that memorable event, had not yet ceased its thrill through
+the new-born nation, until a glimmer of hope--a ray of light had beamed
+forth, and enlightened minds thought to be in total darkness. Minds of
+no ordinary character, but those which embraced business, professions,
+and literature--minds, which at once grasped the earth, encompassed the
+seas, soared into the air, and mounted the skies. And it is none the
+less creditable to the colored people, that among those who have stood
+the most conspicuous and shone the brightest in the earliest period of
+our history, there are those of pure and unmixed African blood. A
+credit--but that which is creditable to the African, cannot disgrace any
+into whose veins his blood may chance to flow. The elevation of the
+colored man can only be completed by the elevation of the pure
+descendants of Africa; because to deny his equality, is to deny in a
+like proportion, the equality of all those mixed with the African
+organization; and to establish his inferiority, will be to degrade every
+person related to him by consanguinity; therefore, to establish the
+equality of the African with the European race, establishes the
+equality of every person intermediate between the two races. This
+established beyond contradiction, the general equality of men.
+
+In the year 1773, though held in servitude, and without the advantages
+or privileges of the schools of the day, accomplishing herself by her
+own perseverance; Phillis Wheatley appeared in the arena, the brilliancy
+of whose genius, as a poetess, delighted Europe and astonished America,
+and by a special act of the British Parliament, 1773, her productions
+were published for the Crown. She was an admirer of President
+Washington, and addressed to him lines, which elicited from the Father
+of his country, a complimentary and courteous reply. In the absence of
+the poem addressed to General Washington, which was not written until
+after her work was published, we insert a stanza from one addressed
+(intended for the students) "To the University at Cambridge." We may
+further remark, that the poems were originally written, not with the
+most distant idea of publication, but simply for the amusement and
+during the leisure moments of the author.
+
+     "Improve your privileges while they stay,
+     Ye pupils, and each hour redeem, that bears
+     Or good or bad report of you to heav'n.
+     Let sin, that baneful evil of the soul,
+     By you be shunn'd, nor once remit your guard;
+     Suppress the deadly serpent in its egg.
+     Ye blooming plants of human race divine,
+     An _Ethiop_ tells you 'tis your greatest foe;
+     Its transient sweetness turns to endless pain,
+     And in immense perdition sinks the soul."
+
+
+                                          "CAMBRIDGE, FEBRUARY 28, 1776.
+     "MISS PHILLIS:
+
+     "Your favor of the 26th of October, did not reach my hands till the
+     middle of December. Time enough, you will say, to have given an
+     answer ere this. Granted. But a variety of important occurrences,
+     continually interposing to divert the mind and withdraw the
+     attention, I hope will apologise for the delay, and plead my excuse
+     for the seeming, but not real neglect. I thank you most sincerely
+     for your polite notice of me, in the elegant lines you enclosed;
+     and however undeserving I may be of such encomium and panegyric,
+     the style and manner exhibit a striking proof of your poetic
+     talents; in honor of which, and as a tribute justly due to you, I
+     would have published the poem, had I not been apprehensive, that,
+     while I only meant to give the world this new instance of your
+     genius, I might have incurred the imputation of vanity. This, and
+     nothing else, determined me not to give it place in the public
+     prints.
+
+     "If you should ever come to Cambridge, or near head-quarters, I
+     shall be happy to see a person so favored by the Muses, and to whom
+     Nature has been so liberal and beneficent in her dispensations.
+
+     "I am, with great respect, your obedient servant,
+                                                     "GEORGE WASHINGTON.
+     "Miss Phillis Wheatley."
+
+
+The tenor, style, and manner of President Washington's letter to Miss
+Wheatley--the publication of her works, together with an accompanying
+likeness of the author, and her inscription and dedication of the volume
+to the "Right Honorable the Countess of Huntingdon," show, that she,
+though young, was a person of no ordinary mind, no common attainments;
+but at the time, one of the brightest ornaments among the American
+literati. She also was well versed in Latin, in which language she
+composed several pieces. Miss Wheatley died in 1780, at the age of 26
+years, being seven years of age when brought to this country in 1761.
+
+Doctor Peter, who married Miss Wheatley, 1775, was a man of business,
+tact, and talents--being first a grocer, and afterwards studied law,
+which he practised with great success, becoming quite wealthy by
+defending the cause of the oppressed before the different tribunals of
+the country. And who shone brighter in his day, than Benjamin Bannaker,
+of Baltimore county, Maryland, who by industry and force of character,
+became a distinguished mathematician and astronomer,--"for many years,"
+says Davenport's Biographical Dictionary, "calculated and published the
+Maryland Ephemerides." He was a correspondent of the Honorable Thomas
+Jefferson, Secretary of State of the United States, taking the earliest
+opportunity of his acquaintanceship, to call his attention to the evils
+of American slavery, and doubtless his acquaintance with the apostle of
+American Democracy, had much to do with his reflections on that most
+pernicious evil in this country. Mr. Bannaker was also a naturalist, and
+wrote a treatise on locusts. He was invited by the Commission of United
+States Civil Engineers, to assist in the survey of the Ten Miles Square,
+for the District of Columbia. He assisted the Board, who, it is thought,
+could not have succeeded without him. His Almanac was preferred to that
+of Leadbeater, or any other calculator cotemporary with himself. He had
+no family, and resided in a house alone, but principally made his home
+with the Elliott family. He was upright, honorable, and virtuous;
+entertaining religious scruples similar to the Friends. He died in 1807,
+near Baltimore. Honorable John H.B. Latrobe, Esq., of Baltimore, is his
+biographer.
+
+In 1812, Captain Paul Cuffy was an extensive trader and mariner,
+sailing out of Boston, to the West Indies and Europe, by which
+enterprise, he amassed an immense fortune. He was known to the
+commercial world of his day, and, if not so wealthy, stood quite as
+fair, and as much respected, as Captain George Laws or Commodore
+Vanderbilt, the Cunards of America. Captain Cuffy went to Africa, where
+he died in a few years.
+
+James Durham, originally of Philadelphia, in 1778, at the early age of
+twenty-one, was the most learned physician in New Orleans. He spoke
+English, French and Spanish, learnedly, and the great Dr. Rush said of
+him, "I conversed with him on medicine, and found him very learned. I
+thought I could give him information concerning the treatment of
+diseases; but I learned from him more than he could expect from me." And
+it must be admitted, he must have been learned in his profession, to
+have elicited such an encomium from Dr. Rush, who stood then at the head
+of his profession in the country.
+
+We have designed nothing here, but merely to give an individual case of
+the various developments of talents and acquirements in the several
+departments of respectability, discarding generalization, and name none
+but the Africo-American of unmixed extraction, who rose into note
+subsequent to the American Revolution. In the persons of note and
+distinction hereafter to be given, we shall not confine ourselves to any
+such narrow selections, but shall name persons, male and female,
+regardless of their extraction, so that they are colored persons, which
+is quite enough for our purpose. And our only excuse for the policy in
+the above course is, that we desire to disarm the vilifiers of our race,
+who disparage us, giving themselves credit for whatever is commendable
+that may emanate from us, if there be the least opportunity of claiming
+it by "blood." We shall now proceed to review the attainments of colored
+men and women of the present day.
+
+
+
+
+X
+
+PRACTICAL UTILITY OF COLORED PEOPLE OF THE PRESENT DAY AS MEMBERS OF
+SOCIETY--BUSINESS MEN AND MECHANICS
+
+
+In calling attention to the practical utility of colored people of the
+present day, we shall not be general in our observations, but simply,
+direct attention to a few particular instances, in which colored persons
+have been responsibly engaged in extensive business, or occupying useful
+positions, thus contributing to the general welfare of community at
+large, filling their places in society as men and women.
+
+It will studiously be borne in mind, that our sole object in giving
+these cases publicity, is to refute the objections urged against us,
+that we are not useful members of society. That we are consumers and
+non-producers--that we contribute nothing to the general progress of
+man. No people who have enjoyed no greater opportunity for improvement,
+could possibly have made greater progress in the same length of time
+than have done the colored people of the present day.
+
+A people laboring under many disadvantages, may not be expected to
+present at once, especially before they have become entirely
+untrammeled, evidence of entire equality with more highly favored
+people.
+
+When Mr. Jefferson, the great American Statesman and philosopher, was
+questioned by an English gentleman, on the subject of American
+greatness, and referred to their literature as an evidence of
+inferiority to the more highly favored and long-existing European
+nations; Mr. Jefferson's reply was--"When the United States have existed
+as long as a nation, as Greece before she produced her Homer and
+Socrates; Rome, before she produced her Virgil, Horace, and Cicero; and
+England, before she produced her Pope, Dryden, and Bacon"; then he might
+consider the comparison a just one. And all we shall ask, is not to wait
+so long as this, not to wait until we become a nation at all, so far as
+the United States are concerned, but only to unfetter our brethren, and
+give us, the freemen, an equal chance for emulation, and we will admit
+any comparison you may please to make in a quarter of a century after.
+
+For a number of years, the late James Forten, of Philadelphia, was the
+proprietor of one of the principal sail manufactories, constantly
+employing a large number of men, black and white, supplying a large
+number of masters and owners of vessels, with full rigging for their
+crafts.
+
+On the failure of an extensive house, T. & Co., in that city, during the
+pressure which followed a removal of the deposits of the United States
+Treasury in 1837, Mr. Forten lost by that firm, nine thousand dollars.
+Being himself in good circumstances at the time, hearing of the failure
+of old constant patrons, he called at the house; one of the proprietors,
+Mr. T., on his entering the warehouse door, came forward, taking him by
+the hand observed, "Ah! Mr. Forten, it is useless to call on us--we are
+gone--we can do nothing!" at which Mr. Forten remarked, "Sir, I hope you
+think better of me than to suppose me capable of calling on a friend to
+torture him in adversity! I came, sir, to express my regret at your
+misfortune, and if possible, to cheer you by words of encouragement. If
+your liabilities were all in my hands, you should never be under the
+necessity of closing business." Mr. Forten exchanged paper and
+signatures with some of the first business men in Philadelphia, and
+raised and educated a large and respectable family of sons and
+daughters, leaving an excellent widow.
+
+Joseph Cassey, recently deceased, was the "architect of his own
+fortune," and by industry and application to business, became a money
+broker in the city of Philadelphia; who becoming indisposed from a
+chronic affection, was obliged to retire from business for many years
+previous to his death. Had Mr. Cassey been favored with health, he
+doubtless would have become a very wealthy man. His name and paper was
+good in any house in the city, and there was no banker of moderate
+capital, of more benefit to the business community than was Joseph
+Cassey. He also left a young and promising family of five sons, one
+daughter, a most excellent widow, and a fortune of seventy-five thousand
+dollars, clear of all encumbrance.
+
+Stephen Smith, of the firm of Smith and Whipper, is a remarkable man in
+many respects, and decidedly the most wealthy colored man in the United
+States. Mr. Smith commenced business after he was thirty years of age,
+without the advantages of a good business education, but by application,
+qualified himself for the arduous duties of his vocation. For many
+years, he has been known as the principal lumber merchant in Columbia,
+Lancaster Co., Pa., and for several years past associated with W.
+Whipper, a gentleman of great force of character, talents, and business
+qualifications, Mr. Smith residing in Philadelphia. Smith and Whipper,
+are very extensive business men, and very valuable members of the
+community, both of Lancaster and Philadelphia counties. By the judicious
+investment of their capital, they keep in constant employment a large
+number of persons; purchasing many rafts at a time, and many thousand
+bushels of coal. It is not only the laborer in "drawing boards," and the
+coal hauler and heaver, that are here benefitted by their capital, but
+the original owners of the lumber and coal purchased by them, and the
+large number of boatmen and raftsmen employed in bringing these
+commodities to market.
+
+In the winter of 1849, these gentlemen had in store, several thousand
+bushels of coal, two million two hundred and fifty thousand feet of
+lumber; twenty-two of the finest merchantmen cars running on the railway
+from Philadelphia to Baltimore; nine thousand dollars' worth of stock in
+the Columbia Bridge; eighteen thousand dollars in stock in the Columbia
+Bank; and besides this, Mr. Smith was then the reputed owner of
+fifty-two good brick houses of various dimensions in the city of
+Philadelphia, besides several in the city of Lancaster, and the town of
+Columbia. Mr. Smith's paper, or the paper of the firm, is good for any
+amount wherever they are known; and we have known gentlemen to present
+the paper of some of the best men in the city, which was cashed by him
+at sight. The principal active business attended to by Mr. S. in person,
+is that of buying good negotiable and other paper, and speculating in
+real estate. The business of the firm is attended to by Mr. Whipper, who
+is a relative. Take Smith and Whipper from Lancaster and Philadelphia
+counties, and the business community will experience a hiatus in its
+connexion, that may not be easily filled.
+
+Samuel T. Wilcox, of Cincinnati, Ohio, also stands conspicuously among
+the most respectable business men of the day. Being yet a young man,
+just scanning forty, he is one among the extraordinary men of the times.
+Born, like the most of colored men in this country, in obscurity, of
+poor parents, raised without the assistance of a father, and to a
+commonplace business, without the advantages of schools, by his own
+perseverance, he qualified himself to the extent that gave him an
+inclination to traffic, which he did for several years on the
+Mississippi and Ohio rivers, investing his gains in real estate, until
+he acquired a considerable property. For the purpose of extending his
+usefulness, and at the same time pursuing a vocation more in accordance
+with his own desires, a few years since, he embarked in the wholesale
+and retail Family Grocery business, and now has the best general
+assortment and most extensive business house of the kind, in the city of
+Cincinnati. The establishment is really beautiful, having the appearance
+more of an apothecary store, than a Grocery House. Mr. Wilcox has a
+Pickling and Preserving establishment besides, separate from his
+business house, owning a great deal of first class real estate. There is
+no man in the community in which he lives, that turns money to a greater
+advantage than Mr. Wilcox, and none by whom the community is more
+benefited for the amount of capital invested. He makes constant and
+heavy bills in eastern houses, and there are doubtless now many
+merchants in New York, Boston, and Baltimore cities, who have been
+dealing with S.T. Wilcox, and never until the reading of this notice of
+him, knew that he was a colored man. He has never yet been east after
+his goods, but pursuing a policy which he has adopted, orders them; but
+if deceived in an article, never deals with the same house again. He
+always gets a good article. The paper of Mr. Wilcox, is good for any
+amount.
+
+Henry Boyd, is also a man of great energy of character, the proprietor
+of an extensive Bedstead manufactory, with a large capital invested,
+giving constant employment to eighteen or twenty-five men, black and
+white. Some of the finest and handsomest articles of the bedstead in the
+city, are at the establishment of Mr. Boyd. He fills orders from all
+parts of the West and South, his orders from the South being very heavy.
+He is the patentee, or holds the right of the Patent Bedsteads, and like
+Mr. Wilcox, there are hundreds who deal with Mr. Boyd at a distance,
+who do not know that he is a colored man. Mr. Boyd is a useful member of
+society, and Cincinnati would not, if she could, be without him. He
+fills a place that every man is not capable of supplying, of whatever
+quarter of the globe his forefathers may have been denizens.
+
+Messrs. Knight and Bell of the same place, Cincinnati, Ohio, are very
+successful and excellent mechanics. In the spring of 1851, (one year
+ago) they put in their "sealed proposal" for the plastering of the
+public buildings of the county of Hamilton--alms-house, &c.--and got the
+contract, which required ten thousand dollars' security. The work was
+finished in fine artistic style, in which a large number of mechanics
+and laborers were employed, while at the same time, they were carrying
+on many other contracts of less extent, in the city--the public
+buildings being some four miles out. They are men of stern integrity,
+and highly respected in the community.
+
+David Jenkins of Columbus, Ohio, a good mechanic, painter, glazier, and
+paper-hanger by trade, also received by contract, the painting, glazing,
+and papering of some of the public buildings of the State, in autumn
+1847. He is much respected in the capital city of his state, being
+extensively patronised, having on contract, the great "Neill House," and
+many of the largest gentlemen's residences in the city and neighborhood,
+to keep in finish. Mr. Jenkins is a very useful man and member of
+society.
+
+John C. Bowers, for many years, has been the proprietor of a fashionable
+merchant tailor house, who has associated with him in business, his
+brother Thomas Bowers, said to be one of the best, if not the very best,
+mercers in the city. His style of cutting and fitting, is preferred by
+the first business men, and other gentlemen of Philadelphia, in whom
+their patrons principally consist.
+
+Mr. Cordovell, for more than twenty-five years, was the leading mercer
+and tailor, reporter and originator of fashions in the city of New
+Orleans, Louisiana. The reported fashions of Cordovell, are said to have
+frequently become the leading fashions of Paris; and the writer was
+informed, by Mr. B., a leading merchant tailor in a populous city, that
+many of the eastern American reports were nothing more than a copy, in
+some cases modified, of those of Cordovell. Mr. Cordovell, has for the
+last four or five years, been residing in France, living on a handsome
+fortune, the fruits of his genius; and though "retired from business,"
+it is said, that he still invents fashions for the Parisian reporters,
+which yields him annually a large income.
+
+William H. Riley, of Philadelphia, has been for years, one of the
+leading fashionable gentlemen's boot-makers. Riley's style and cut of
+boots, taking the preeminence in the estimation of a great many of the
+most fashionable, and business men in the city. Mr. Riley is much of a
+gentleman, and has acquired considerable means.
+
+James Prosser, Sen., of Philadelphia, has long been the popular
+proprietor of a fashionable restaurant in the city. The name of James
+Prosser, among the merchants of Philadelphia, is inseparable with their
+daily hours of recreation, and pleasure. Mr. Prosser, is withal, a most
+gentlemanly man, and has the happy faculty of treating his customers in
+such a manner, that those who call once, will be sure to call at his
+place again. His name and paper is good among the business men of the
+city.
+
+Henry Minton also is the proprietor of a fashionable restaurant and
+resort of business men and gentlemen of the city. The tables of Mr.
+Henry Minton are continually laden with the most choice offerings to
+epicures, and the saloon during certain hours of the day, presents the
+appearance of a bee hive, such is the stir, din, and buz, among the
+throng of Chesnut street gentlemen, who flock in there to pay tribute at
+the shrine of bountifulness. Mr. Minton has acquired a notoriety, even
+in that proud city, which makes his house one of the most popular
+resorts.
+
+Mr. Hill, of Chillicothe, Ohio, was for years, the leading tanner and
+currier in that section of country, buying up the hides of the
+surrounding country, and giving employment to large numbers of men. Mr.
+Hill kept in constant employment, a white clerk, who once a year took
+down, as was then the custom, one or more flatboats loaded with leather
+and other domestic produce, by which he realised large profits,
+accumulating a great deal of wealth. By endorsement, failure, and other
+mistransactions, Mr. Hill became reduced in circumstances, and died in
+Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1845. He gave his children a liberal
+business education.
+
+Benjamin Richards, Sen., of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, forty years ago,
+was one of the leading business men of the place. Being a butcher by
+trade, he carried on the business extensively, employing a white clerk,
+and held a heavy contract with the United States, supplying the various
+military posts with provisions. Mr. Richards possessed a large property
+in real estate, and was at one time reputed very wealthy, he and the
+late general O'H. being considered the most wealthy individuals of the
+place,--Mr. Richards taking the precedence; the estate of general O'H.
+now being estimated at seven millions of dollars. Mr. Richards has been
+known, to buy up a drove of cattle at one time. By mismanagement, he
+lost his estate, upon which many gentlemen are now living at ease in the
+city.
+
+William H. Topp, of Albany, N.Y., has for several years been one of the
+leading merchant tailors of the city. Starting in the world without aid,
+he educated and qualified himself for business; and now has orders from
+all parts of the state, the city of New York not excepted, for "Topp's
+style of clothing." Mr. Topp stands high in his community as a business
+man, and a useful and upright member of society. His paper or
+endorsement is good at any time.
+
+Henry Scott & Co., of New York city, have for many years been engaged
+extensively in the pickling business, keeping constantly in warehouse, a
+very heavy stock of articles in their line. He, like the most of others,
+had no assistance at the commencement, but by manly determination and
+perseverance, raised himself to what he is. His business is principally
+confined to supplying vessels with articles and provisions in his line
+of business, which in this great metropolis is very great. There have
+doubtless been many a purser, who cashed and filed in his office the
+bill of Henry Scott, without ever dreaming of his being a colored man.
+Mr. Scott is extensively known in the great City, and respected as an
+upright, prompt, energetic business man, and highly esteemed by all who
+know him.
+
+Mr. Hutson, for years, kept in New York, an intelligence office. At his
+demise, he was succeeded by Philip A. Bell, who continues to keep one of
+the leading offices in the city. Mr. Bell is an excellent business man,
+talented, prompt, shrewd, and full of tact. And what seems to be a trait
+of character, only to be found associated with talent, Mr. Bell is
+highly sensitive, and very eccentric. A warm, good hearted man, he has
+not only enlisted the friendship of all his patrons, but also endeared
+himself to the multitude of persons who continually throng his office
+seeking situations. One of his usual expressions to the young women and
+men in addressing himself to them is, "My child"--this is kind, and
+philanthropic, and has a tendency to make himself liked. His business is
+very extensive, being sought from all parts of the city, by the first
+people of the community. It is said to be not unusual, for the
+peasantry of Liverpool, to speak of Mr. Bell, as a benefactor of the
+emigrant domestics. Mr. Bell is extensively known in the business
+community--none more so--and highly esteemed as a valuable citizen.
+
+Thomas Downing, for thirty years, in the city of New York, has been
+proprietor of one of the leading restaurants. His establishment situated
+in the midst of the Wall street bankers, the business has always been of
+a leading and profitable character. Mr. Downing has commanded great
+influence, and much means, and it is said of him that he has made "three
+fortunes." Benevolent, kind, and liberal minded, his head was always
+willing, his heart ready, and his hands open to "give." Mr. Downing is
+still very popular, doing a most excellent business, and highly
+respected throughout New York. Indeed, you scarcely hear any other
+establishment of the kind spoken of than Downing's.
+
+Henry M. Collins, of the City of Pittsburg, stands among the men of
+note; and we could not complete this list of usefulness, without the
+name of Mr. Collins. Raised a poor boy, thrown upon the uncertainties of
+chance, without example of precept, save such as the public at large
+presents; Mr. Collins quit his former vocation of a riverman, and
+without means, except one hundred and fifty dollars, and no assistance
+from any quarter, commenced speculating in real estate. And though only
+rising forty, has done more to improve the Sixth Ward of Pittsburg, than
+any other individual, save one, Captain W., who built on Company
+capital. Mr. Collins was the first person who commenced erecting an
+improved style of buildings; indeed, there was little else than old
+trees in that quarter of the city when Mr. Collins began. He continued
+to build, and dispose of handsome dwellings, until a different class of
+citizens entirely, was attracted to that quarter of the town, among
+them, one of the oldest and most respectable and wealthy citizens, an
+ex-Alderman. After this, the wealthy citizens turned their attention to
+the District; and now, it is one of the most fashionable quarters of the
+City, and bids fair to become, the preferred part for family residences.
+Mr. Collins' advice and counsel was solicited by some of the first
+lawyers, and land speculators, in matters of real estate. He has left or
+contemplates leaving Pittsburg, in April, for California, where he
+intends entering extensively into land speculation, and doubtless, with
+the superior advantages of this place, if his success is but half what
+it was in the former, but a few years will find him counted among the
+wealthy. Mr. Collins is a highly valuable man in any community in which
+he may live, and he leaves Pittsburg much to the regret of the leading
+citizens. Without capital, he had established such a reputation, that
+his name and paper were good in some of the first Banking houses.
+
+Owen A. Barrett of Pittsburg, Pa., is the original proprietor of "B.A.
+Fahnestock's Celebrated Vermifuge." Mr. Fahnestock raised Mr. Barrett
+from childhood, instructing him in all the science of practical
+pharmacy, continuing him in his employment after manhood, when Mr.
+Barrett discovered the "sovereign remedy" for _lumbricalii_, and as an
+act of gratitude to his benefactor, he communicated it to him, but not
+until he had fully tested its efficacy. The proprietor of the house,
+finding the remedy good, secured his patent, or copy right, or whatever
+is secured, and never in the history of remedies in the United States,
+has any equaled, at least in sale, this of "B.A. Fahnestock's
+Vermifuge." Mr. Fahnestock, like a gentleman and Christian, has kept Mr.
+Barrett in his extensive House, compounding this and other medicines,
+for sixteen or eighteen years.
+
+In 1840 it was estimated, that of this article alone, the concern had
+realized eighty-five thousand dollars. Doubtless, this is true, and
+certainly proves Mr. Barrett to be of benefit, not only in his
+community, but like many others we have mentioned, to the country and
+the world.
+
+Lewis Hayden, of Boston, is well deserving a place among the examples of
+character here given. But eight years ago, having emerged from bondage,
+he raised by his efforts, as an act of gratitude and duty, six hundred
+and fifty dollars, the amount demanded by mutual agreement, by the
+authorities in Kentucky, as a ransom for Calvin Fairbanks, then in the
+State Prison, at Frankfort, accused for assisting him in effecting his
+escape. In 1848, he went to Boston, and having made acquaintance, and
+gained confidence with several business men, Mr. Hayden opened a
+fashionable Clothing House in Cambridge street, where he has within the
+last year, enlarged his establishment, being patronized by some of the
+most respectable citizens of that wealthy Metropolis. Mr. Hayden has
+made considerable progress, considering his disadvantages, in his
+educational improvements. He has great energy of character, and
+extensive information. Lewis Hayden by perseverance, may yet become a
+very wealthy man. He is generally esteemed by the Boston people--all
+seeming to know him.
+
+George T. Downing, a gentleman of education and fine business
+attainments, is proprietor of one of the principal Public houses and
+places of resort, at Newport, Rhode Island, during the watering Season.
+This fashionable establishment is spoken of as among the best conducted
+places in the country--the Proprietor among the most gentlemanly.
+
+Edward V. Clark, is among the most deserving and active business men in
+New York, and but a few years are required, to place Mr. Clark in point
+of business importance, among the first men in the city. His stock
+consists of Jewelry and Silver Wares, and consequently, are always
+valuable, requiring a heavy capital to keep up business. His name and
+paper, has a respectable credit, even among the urbane denizens of Wall
+street.
+
+John Julius and Lady, were for several years, the Proprietors of Concert
+Hall, a _Caffé_, then the most fashionable resort for ladies and
+gentlemen in Pittsburg. Mr. and Mrs. Julius, held Assemblies and Balls,
+attended by the first people of the city--being himself a fine violinist
+and dancing master, he superintended the music and dancing. When General
+William Henry Harrison in 1840, then the President elect of the United
+States, visited that city, his levee to and reception of the Ladies were
+held at Concert Hall, under the superintendence of Monsieur John and
+Madame Edna Julius, the colored host and hostess. No House was ever
+better conducted than under their fostering care, and excellent
+management, and the citizens all much regretted their retirement from
+the establishment.
+
+In Penyan, Western New York, Messrs. William Platt and Joseph C. Cassey,
+are said to be the leading Lumber Merchants of the place. Situated in
+the midst of a great improving country, their business extends, and
+increases in importance every year. The latter gentleman was raised to
+the business by Smith and Whipper, the great Lumber Merchants of
+Columbia, Pa., where he was principal Book-Keeper for several years. Mr.
+Cassey has the credit of being one of the best Accountants, and Business
+Men in the United States of his age. Doubtless, a few years'
+perseverance, and strict application to business, will find them ranked
+among the most influential men of their neighborhood.
+
+Anthony Weston, of Charleston, South Carolina, has acquired an
+independent fortune, by his mechanical ingenuity, and skillful
+workmanship. About the year 1831, William Thomas Catto, mentioned in
+another place, commenced an improvement on a Thrashing Machine, when on
+taking sick, Mr. Weston improved on it, to the extent of thrashing a
+thousand bushels a day. This Thrashing Mill, was commenced by a Yankee,
+by the name of Emmons, who failing to succeed, Mr. Catto, then a
+Millwright--since a Minister--improved it to the extent of thrashing
+five hundred bushels a day; when Mr. Weston, took it in hand, and
+brought it to the perfection stated, for the use of Col. Benjamin
+Franklin Hunt, a distinguished lawyer of Charleston, upon whose
+plantation, the machine was built, and to whom it belonged. Anthony
+Weston, is the greatest Millwright in the South, being extensively
+employed far and near, and by Southern people, thought the best in the
+United States.
+
+Dereef and Howard, are very extensive Wood-Factors, keeping a large
+number of men employed, a regular Clerk and Book-Keeper, supplying the
+citizens, steamers, vessels, and factories of Charleston with fuel. In
+this business a very heavy capital is invested: besides which, they are
+the owners and proprietors of several vessels trading on the coast. They
+are men of great business habits, and command a great deal of respect
+and influence in the city of Charleston.
+
+There is nothing more common in the city of New Orleans, than Colored
+Clerks, Salesmen and Business men. In many stores on Chartier, Camp and
+other business streets, there may always be seen colored men and women,
+as salesmen, and saleswomen, behind the counter. Several of the largest
+Cotton-Press houses, have colored Clerks in them; and on the arrival of
+steamers at the Levees, among the first to board them, and take down the
+Manifestos to make their transfers, are colored Clerks. In 1839-40, one
+of the most respectable Brokers and Bankers of the City, was a black
+gentleman.
+
+Mr. William Goodrich of York, Pennsylvania, has considerable interest
+in the branch of the Baltimore Railroad, from Lancaster. In 1849, he had
+a warehouse in York, and owned ten first-rate merchandise cars on the
+Road, doing a fine business. His son, Glenalvon G. Goodrich, a young man
+of good education, is a good artist, and proprietor of a Daguerreo-type
+Gallery.
+
+Certainly, there need be no further proofs required, at least in this
+department, to show the claims and practical utility of colored people
+as citizen members of society. We have shown, that in proportion to
+their numbers, they vie and compare favorably in point of means and
+possessions, with the class of citizens who from chance of superior
+advantages, have studiously contrived to oppress and deprive them of
+equal rights and privileges, in common with themselves.
+
+
+
+
+XI
+
+LITERARY AND PROFESSIONAL COLORED MEN AND WOMEN
+
+
+Dr. James McCune Smith, a graduate of the Scientific and Medical Schools
+of the University of Glasgow, has for the last fifteen years, been a
+successful practitioner of medicine and surgery in the city of New York.
+Dr. Smith is a man of no ordinary talents, and stands high as a scholar
+and gentleman in the city, amidst the _literati_ of a hundred seats of
+learning.
+
+In 1843, when the character of the colored race was assailed to
+disparagement, by the representative of a combination of maligners, such
+was the influence of the Doctor, that the citizens at once agreed to
+give their presence to a fair public discussion of the subject--the
+Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the races. This discussion was
+kept up for several evenings, attended by large and fashionable
+assemblages of ladies and gentlemen, until it closed. Doctor Smith, in
+the estimation of the audience, easily triumphed over his antagonist,
+who had made this a studied subject. The Doctor is the author of several
+valuable productions, and in 1846, a very valuable scientific paper,
+issued from the press in pamphlet form, on the "Influence of Climate on
+Longevity, with special reference to Life Insurance." This paper, we may
+surmise, was produced in refutation of the attempt at a physiological
+disquisition on the part of Hon. John C. Calhoun, United States Senator,
+on the colored race, which met with considerable favor from some
+quarters, until the appearance of Dr. Smith's pamphlet--since when, we
+have heard nothing about Calhoun's learned argument. It may be well to
+remark, that Senator Calhoun read medicine before he read law, and it
+would have been well for him if he had left medical subjects remain
+where _he left_ them, for law. We extract a simple note of explanation
+without the main argument, to show with what ease the Doctor refutes an
+absurd argument: "The reason why the proportion of mortality is not a
+measure of longevity, is the following:--The proportion of mortality is
+a statement of how many persons die in a population; this, of course,
+does not state the age at which those persons die. If 1 in 45 die in
+Sweden, and 1 in 22 in Grenada, the ages of the dead might be alike in
+both countries; here the greater mortality might actually accompany the
+greater longevity."--Note to page 6.
+
+About three months since, at a public meeting of scientific gentlemen,
+for the formation of a "Statistic Institute," Doctor Smith was nominated
+as one of five gentlemen, to draught a constitution. This, of course,
+anticipated his membership to the Institution. He, for a number of
+years, has held the office of Physician to the Colored Orphan Asylum, an
+excellent institution, at which he is the only colored officer. The
+Doctor is very learned.
+
+Rev. Samuel Ringgold Ward was, for several years, pastor of a white
+congregation, in Courtlandville, N.Y., of the Congregational persuasion,
+and editor of an excellent newspaper, devoted to the religious elevation
+of that denomination. Mr. Ward is a man of great talents--his fame is
+widespread as an orator and man of learning, and needs no encomium from
+us. His name stood on nomination for two or three years, as
+Liberty-party candidate for Vice President of the United States. Mr.
+Ward has embraced the legal profession, and intends to practise law.
+Governor Seward said of him, that he "never heard true eloquence until
+he heard Samuel R. Ward speak." Mr. Ward has recently left the United
+States, for Canada West, and is destined to be a great statesman.
+
+Rev. Henry Highland Garnett, was also the pastor of a white
+congregation, in Troy, N.Y. Mr. Garnett is a graduate of Oneida
+Institute, a speaker of great pathetic eloquence, and has written
+several valuable pamphlets. In 1844, Mr. Garnett appeared before the
+Judiciary Committee of the Legislature at the capital, in behalf of the
+rights of the colored citizens of the State, and in a speech of
+matchless eloquence, he held them for four hours spell-bound.
+
+He has also been co-editor of a newspaper, which was conducted with
+ability. As a token of respect, the "Young Men's Literary Society of
+Troy," elected him a life-member--and he was frequently solicited to
+deliver lectures before different lyceums. Mr. Garnett left the United
+States in the summer of 1849, and now resides in England, where he is
+highly esteemed.
+
+Rev. James William Charles Pennington, D.D., a clergyman of New York
+city, was born in Maryland,--left when young--came to Brooklyn--educated
+himself--studied divinity--went to Hartford, Conn.;--took charge of a
+Presbyterian congregation of colored people--went to
+England--returned--went to the West Indies--returned--was called to the
+Shiloh Presbyterian Colored Congregation--was sent a Delegate to the
+Peace Congress at Paris, in 1849, preached there, and attended the
+National Levee at the mansion of the Foreign Secretary of State,
+Minister De Tocqueville; and had the degree of _Doctor of Divinity_
+conferred on him by the ancient time-honored University of Heidleburg,
+in Germany.
+
+Dr. Pennington is very learned in theology, has fine literacy
+attainments, and has written several useful pamphlets, and contributed
+to science, by the delivery of lectures before several scientific
+institutions in Europe.
+
+He has, by invitation, delivered lectures before the "Glasgow Young
+Men's Christian Association"; and "St. George's Biblical, Literary, and
+Scientific Institute," London. In one of the discourses, the following
+extract will give an idea of the style and character of the
+speaker:--"One of the chief attributes of the mind is a desire for
+freedom; but it has been the great aim of slavery to extinguish that
+desire."
+
+"To extinguish this attribute would be to extinguish mind itself. Every
+faculty which the master puts forth to subdue the slave, is met by a
+corresponding one in the latter."... "Christianity is the highest and
+most perfect form of civilization. It contains the only great standard
+of the only true and perfect standard of civilization. When tried by
+this standard, we are compelled to confess, that we have not on earth,
+one strictly civilized nation; for so long as the sword is part of a
+nation's household furniture, it cannot be called strictly civilized;
+and yet there is not a nation, great or small, black or white, that has
+laid aside the sword."--pp. 7-14. The Doctor has been editor of a
+newspaper, which was ably conducted. He belongs to the Third Presbytery
+of New York, and stands very high as a minister of the Gospel, and
+gentleman.
+
+Rev. John Francis Cook, a learned clergyman of Washington City, has
+taught an academy in the District of Columbia for years, under the
+subscribed sanction and patronage of many of the members of Congress,
+the Mayor of Washington, and some of the first men of the nation, for
+the education of colored youth of both sexes. Mr. Cook has done a great
+deal of good at the Capitol; is highly esteemed, and has set as
+Moderator of a body of Presbyterian Clergymen, assembled at Richmond,
+Va., all white, except himself.
+
+Charles L. Reason, Esq., a learned gentleman, for many years teacher in
+one of the Public Schools in New York, in 1849, was elected by the
+trustees of that institution, Professor of Mathematics and Belles
+Lettres in Centre College, at McGrawville, in the State of New York.
+After a short connection with the College, Professor Reason, for some
+cause, retired from the Institution, much to the regret of the students,
+who, though a young man, loved him as an elder brother--and contrary to
+the desire of his fellow-professors.
+
+Mr. Reason is decidedly a man of letters, a high-souled gentleman, a
+most useful citizen in any community--much respected and beloved by all
+who know him, and most scrupulously modest--a brilliant trait in the
+character of a teacher. We learn that Professor Reason, is about to be
+called to take charge of the High School for the education of colored
+youth of both sexes, now in course of completion in Philadelphia. The
+people of New York will regret to part with Professor Reason.
+
+Charles Lenox Remond, Esq., of Salem, Massachusetts, is among the most
+talented men of the country. Mr. Remond is a native of the town he
+resides in, and at an early age, evinced more than ordinary talents. At
+the age of twenty-one, at which time (1832) the cause of the colored
+people had just begun to attract public attention, he began to take an
+interest in public affairs, and was present for the first time, at the
+great convention of colored men, of that year, at which the
+distinguished colonization gentlemen named in another part of this work,
+among them, Rev. R.R. Gurley, and Elliot Cresson, Esqs., were present.
+At this convention, we think, Mr. Remond made his virgin speech. From
+that time forth he became known as an orator, and now stands second to
+no living man as a declaimer. This is his great forte, and to hear him
+speak, sends a thrill through the whole system, and a tremor through the
+brain.
+
+In 1835, he went to England, making a tour of the United Kingdom, where
+he remained for two years, lecturing with great success; and if we
+mistake not was presented the hospitality of one of the towns of
+Scotland, at which he received a token of respect, in a code of
+resolutions adopted expressive of the sentiments of the people, signed
+by the town officers, inscribed to "Charles Lenox Remond, Esq.," a form
+of address never given in the United Kingdom, only where the person is
+held in the highest esteem for their attainments; the "Mr." always being
+used instead.
+
+To C.L. Remond, are the people of Massachusetts indebted for the
+abolition of the odious distinction of caste, on account of condition.
+For up to this period, neither common white, nor genteel colored
+persons, could ride in first class cars; since which time, all who are
+able and willing to pay, go in them. In fact, there is but one class of
+cars, (except the emigrant cars which are necessary for the safety and
+comfort of other passengers) in Massachusetts.
+
+Mr. Remond, appeared at one time before the legislature of
+Massachusetts, in behalf of the rights of the people above named, where
+with peals of startling eloquence, he moved that great body of
+intelligent New Englanders, to a respectful consideration of his
+subject; which eventually resulted as stated. The distinguished Judge
+Kelley, of Philadelphia, an accomplished scholar and orator, in 1849, in
+reply to an expression that Mr. Remond spoke like himself, observed,
+that it was the greatest compliment he ever had paid to his talents.
+"Proud indeed should I feel," said the learned Jurist, "were I such an
+orator as Mr. Remond." Charles Lenox Remond is the soul of an honorable
+gentleman.
+
+Robert Morris, Jr., Esq., attorney and counsellor at law, is a member
+of the Essex county bar in Boston. Mr. Morris has also had the
+commission of magistracy conferred upon him, by his excellency George N.
+Briggs, recent governor of the commonwealth of Massachusetts, a high
+honor and compliment to an Attorney; the commission usually being
+conferred on none but the oldest or most meritorious among the members
+of the bar. He also keeps the books of one of the wealthy rail road
+companies, a business almost entirely confined to lawyers in that city.
+Mr. Morris is a talented gentleman, and stands very high at the Boston
+bar. He sometimes holds the magistrate's court in Chelsea, where his
+family resides, and is very highly esteemed by the whole community of
+both cities, and has a fine practice.
+
+Macon B. Allen, Esq., attorney and counsellor at law, is also a member
+of the Essex bar. He is spoken of as a gentleman of fine education.
+
+Robert Douglass, Jr., for many years, has kept a study and gallery of
+painting and daguerreotype in the city of Philadelphia. Mr. Douglass is
+an excellent artist--being a fine portrait and landscape painter, which
+art he practised before the discovery of daguerreotype. He is also a
+good lithographer, a gentleman of fine educational attainments, very
+clever talents, and highly esteemed in that city. Mr. Douglass has been
+twice to the West Indies and Europe.
+
+J. Presley Ball is the principal daguerreotypist of Cincinnati, Ohio.
+Mr. Ball commenced the practice of his art about seven years ago, being
+then quite young, and inexperienced, as all young beginners are,
+laboring under many difficulties. He nevertheless, persevered, until he
+made a business, and established confidence in his skill; and now he
+does more business than any other artist in the profession in that city.
+His gallery, which is very large, finely skylighted, and handsomely
+furnished, is literally crowded from morning until evening with ladies,
+gentlemen, and children. He made some valuable improvements in the art,
+all for his own convenience. There is none more of a gentleman than J.
+Presley Ball. He has a brother, Mr. Thomas Ball, and a white gentleman
+to assist him. Few go to Cincinnati, without paying the daguerrean
+gallery of Mr. Ball, a visit.
+
+The great organ of the "Liberty Party" in the United States, is now
+conducted by one who requires not a notice from such an obscure
+source--we mean Frederick Douglass, of Rochester, N.Y. His history is
+well known--it was written by more faithful hands than ours--it was
+written by himself. It stands enrolled on the reminiscences of Germany,
+and France, and in full length oil, in the academy of arts, and in bust
+of bronze or marble, in the museum of London. Mr. Douglass is also the
+sole owner of the printing establishment from which the paper is issued,
+and was promoted to this responsible position, by the power of his
+talents. He is a masterly letter writer, ably edits his paper, and as a
+speaker, and orator, let the scenes of a New York tabernacle, within two
+years, answer instead. Mr. Douglass is highly respected as a citizen and
+gentleman in Rochester.
+
+In Syracuse, N.Y., resides George Boyer Vashon, Esq., A.M., a graduate
+of Oberlin Collegiate Institute, Attorney at Law, Member of the Syracuse
+Bar. Mr. Vashon, is a ripe scholar, an accomplished Essayist, and a
+chaste classic Poet; his style running very much in the strain of
+Byron's best efforts. He probably takes Byron as his model, and Childe
+Harold, as a sample, as in his youthful days, he was a fond admirer of
+GEORGE GORDON NOEL BYRON, always calling his whole name, when he named
+him. His Preceptor in Law, was the Honorable Walter, Judge Forward, late
+Controller, subsequently, Secretary of the Treasury of the United
+States, and recently _Charge de Affaires_ to Denmark, now President of
+the Bench of the District Court of the Western District of Pennsylvania.
+
+Mr. Vashon was admitted to the Bar of the city of New York, in the fall
+of 1847, to practise in all the Courts of the State. He immediately
+subsequently, sailed to the West Indies, from whence he returned in the
+fall of 1850. He has contributed considerably to a number of the
+respectable journals of the country.
+
+Mrs. Ann Maria Johnson, of the School of Mrs. Tillman and Mrs. Johnson,
+Teachers in French Worsted Needle Work, at the Exhibition of the
+Mechanics' Institute in Chicago, Ill., 1846, took the First Prize, and
+got her Diploma, for the best embroidery in cloth. This was very
+flattering to those ladies, especially the Diplomast, considering the
+great odds they had to contend with. The ladies were very successful
+teachers--their classes were always large.
+
+In Williamsburg there is T. Joiner White, M.D.; in Brooklyn Peter Ray,
+M.D.; and in the city of New York, also, John Degrass, M.D., all young
+Physicians, who have time and experience yet before them, and promise
+fair to be good and useful members of society.
+
+Miss Eliza Greenfield the BLACK SWAN, is among the most extraordinary
+persons of the present century. Being raised in obscurity, inured to
+callings far beneath her propensity, and unsuited to her taste, she had
+a desire to cultivate her talents, but no one to encourage her. Whenever
+she made the effort, she was discouraged--perhaps ridiculed; and thus
+discouraged, she would shrink again from her anxious task. She knew she
+could sing, and knew she could sing unlike any body else; knew she sung
+better than any whom she had heard of the popular singers, but could not
+tell why others could not think with, and appreciate her. In this way it
+seems, she was thrown about for three years, never meeting with a
+person who could fully appreciate her talents; and we have it from her
+own lips, that not until after the arrival of Jenny Lind and Parodi in
+the country, was she aware of the high character of her own talents. She
+knew she possessed them, because they were inherent, inseparable with
+her being. She attended the Concerts of Mad'll. Jenny Lind, and Operas
+of Parodi, and at once saw the "secret of their success"--they possessed
+talents, that no other popular singers mastered.
+
+She went home; her heart fluttered; she stole an opportunity when no one
+listened, to mock or gossip; let out her voice, when _ecce!_ she found
+her strains _four_ notes _above_ Sweden's favored Nightingale; she
+descended when lo! she found her tones _three_ notes _below!_ she
+thanked God with a "still small voice"; and now, she ranks second in
+point of voice, to no vocalist in the world. Miss Greenfield, if she
+only be judicious and careful, may become yet, in point of popularity,
+what Miss Lind was. The Black Swan, is singing to fine fashionable
+houses, and bids fair to stand unrivalled in the world of Song.
+
+Patrick Henry Reason, a gentleman of ability and fine artist, stands
+high as an Engraver in the city of New York. Mr. Reason has been in
+business for years, in that city, and has sent out to the world, many
+beautiful specimens of his skillful hand. He was the first artist, we
+believe in the United States, who produced a plate of that beautiful
+touching little picture, the Kneeling Slave; the first picture of which
+represented a handsome, innocent little girl upon her knees, with hands
+outstretched, leaving the manacles dangling before her, anxiously
+looking and wishfully asking, "_Am I not a sister?_" It was
+beautiful--sorrowfully beautiful. He has we understand, frequently done
+Government engraving. Mr. P.H. is a brother of Professor Charles L.
+Reason.
+
+David Jones Peck, M.D., a graduate of Rush Medical College, a talented
+young gentleman, practised Medicine for two years in Philadelphia. He
+left there in 1850.
+
+William H. Allen, Esq., A.B., successor to Professor C.L. Reason, is
+Professor of Languages in Centre College, at McGrawville, N.Y. Professor
+Allen, is a gentleman of fine education, a graduate of Oneida Institute,
+and educated himself entirely by his own industry, having the aid of but
+fifty dollars during the whole period. The Professor is a talented
+Lecturer on Ancient History, and much of a gentleman.
+
+Martin H. Freeman, A.B., a young gentleman, graduate of Rutland College,
+in Vermont, is "Junior Professor," in Allegheny Institute, Allegheny
+county, Pa. The Professor is a gentleman of talents, and doing much good
+in his position.
+
+Rev. Molliston Madison Clark, a gentleman of great talents, a noble
+speaker, educated at Jefferson College, Pa., sailed to Europe in 1846,
+and was a member of the Evangelical Alliance. Mr. Clark kept a regular
+Journal of his travels through the United Kingdom of England, Scotland
+and Ireland. As well as a Greek and Latin, he is also a French and
+Spanish Linguist. He has all the eccentricity of Rowland Hill,
+manifested only in a very different manner.
+
+William C. Nell, of Rochester, N.Y., formerly of Boston, has long been
+known as a gentleman of chaste and lofty sentiments, and a pure
+philanthropist. Mr. Nell, in company with Mr. Frederick Douglass, was
+present by invitation, and took his seat at table, at the celebration of
+Franklin's Birth Day, by the Typographical and Editorial corps of
+Rochester. In 1850, being again residing in Boston, he was nominated and
+ran for the Legislature of Massachusetts, by the Free Soil party of
+Essex county. Mr. Nell stood even with his party vote in the District.
+
+He recently issued from the Boston press a Pamphlet, on the colored men
+who served in the wars of the United States of 1776, and 1812. This
+pamphlet is very useful as a book of reference on this subject, and Mr.
+Nell, of course does not aim at a full historical view. The
+circumstances under which it was got out, justify this belief. He was
+collecting materials in the winter of 1850-51, when he was taken down to
+his bed with a severe attack of disease of one of his lungs, with which
+he lingered, unable to leave his room for weeks. In the Spring,
+recovering somewhat his health, so as to go out--during this time, he
+had the little pamphlet published, as a means of pecuniary aid,
+promising another part to be forthcoming some subsequent period, which
+the writer hopes may soon be issued. Mr. Nell, is an excellent man, and
+deserves the patronage of the public.
+
+Joseph G. Anderson, successor to Captain Frank Johnson, of Philadelphia,
+is now one of the most distinguished musicians in the country. Mr.
+Anderson is an artist professionally and practically, mastering various
+instruments, a composer of music, and a gentleman of fine
+accomplishments in other respects. His musical fame will grow with his
+age, which one day must place him in the front ranks of his profession,
+among the master in the world.
+
+William Jackson, is among the leading musicians of New York city, and
+ranks among the most skillful violinists of America. This gentleman is a
+master of his favorite instrument, executing with ease the most
+difficult and critical composition. He is generally preferred in social
+and private parties, among the first families of the city, where the
+amateur and gentleman is more regarded than the mere services of the
+musician. Mr. Jackson is a teacher of music, and only requires a more
+favorable opportunity to vie with Ole Bull or Paganini.
+
+Rev. Daniel A. Payne, commenced his literary career in Charleston,
+South Carolina, where he taught school for some time. In 1833 or 1834,
+he came North, placing himself in the Lutheran Theological Seminary, at
+Gettysburg, under the tutorage of the learned and distinguished Dr.
+Schmucker, where he finished his education as a Lutheran clergyman. To
+extend his usefulness, he joined the African Methodist Connexion, and
+for several years resided in Baltimore, where he taught an Academy for
+colored youth and maidens, gaining the respect and esteem of all who had
+the fortune to become acquainted with him. He is now engaged travelling
+and collecting information, for the publication of a history of one of
+the colored Methodist denominations in the United States. Mr. Payne is a
+pure and chaste poet, having published a small volume of his productions
+in 1850, under the title of "Pleasures and other Miscellaneous Poems, by
+Daniel A. Payne," issued from the press of Sherwood and Company,
+Baltimore, Maryland.
+
+Rev. William T. Catto, a clergyman of fine talents, finished his
+education in the Theological Seminary in Charleston, South Carolina. He
+was ordained by the Presbytery of Charleston, and in 1848, under the
+best recommendations for piety, acquirements, and all the qualifications
+necessary to his high mission as a clergyman, was sent out as a
+missionary to preach the Gospel to all who needed it; but to make
+himself more useful, he joined the African Methodist Episcopal Church
+Connexion, and is now a useful and successful preacher in Philadelphia.
+
+The musical profession of Philadelphia has long had a valuable votary in
+the person of William Appo, an accomplished pianist. Mr. Appo has been a
+teacher of the piano forte, for more than twenty years, alternately in
+the cities of New York and Philadelphia, and sometimes in Baltimore.
+His profession extends amongst the citizens generally, from the more
+moderate in circumstances, to the ladies and daughters of the most
+wealthy gentlemen in community. This gentleman is a fine scholar, and as
+well as music, teaches the French language successfully. His young
+daughter, Helen, a miss of fourteen years of age, inherits the musical
+talents of her father, and is now organist in the central Presbyterian
+Church. The name of William Appo, is generally known as a popular
+teacher of music, but few who are not personally acquainted with him,
+know that he is a colored gentleman.
+
+Augustus Washington, an artist of fine taste and perception, is numbered
+among the most successful Daguerreotypists in Hartford, Connecticut. His
+establishment is said to be visited daily by large numbers of the
+citizens of all classes; and this gallery is perhaps, the only one in
+the country, that keeps a female attendant, and dressing-room for
+ladies. He recommends, in his cards, black dresses to be worn for
+sitting; and those who go unsuitably dressed, are supplied with drapery,
+and properly enrobed.
+
+John Newton Templeton, A.M., for fifteen years an upright, active, and
+very useful citizen of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, was a graduate of Athens
+College, in the State of Ohio. Mr. Templeton, after an active life of
+more than twenty years, principally spent in school teaching, died in
+Pittsburg, in July, 1851, leaving an amiable widow and infant son.
+
+Thomas Paul, A.B., of Boston, a gentleman of fine talents and amiable
+disposition, whose life has been mainly devoted to teaching, is a
+graduate of Bowdoin College, in Maine. Mr. Paul is now the recipient of
+a salary of fifteen hundred dollars a year as teacher of a school in
+Boston.
+
+Rev. Benjamin Franklin Templeton, pastor of St. Mary street Church,
+Philadelphia, was educated at Hanover College, near Madison, Indiana. In
+1838, Mr. Templeton was ordained a minister of the Ripley Presbytery, in
+Ohio; subsequently, in 1841, established a church, the Sixth
+Presbyterian, in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, from which place he was
+called, in 1844, to take charge of his present pastorate. Mr. Templeton
+is a beautiful speaker, and an amiable gentleman.[3]
+
+John B. Russworm, a gentleman of splendid talents, graduated at Bowdoin
+College, many years ago. Mr. Russworm was a class-mate of Honorable John
+P. Hale, United States Senator, and after leaving College as his first
+public act, commenced the publication of a newspaper, for the elevation
+of colored Americans, called "Freedom's Journal." Subsequently to the
+publication of his paper, Mr. Russworm became interested in the
+Colonization scheme, then in its infancy, and went to Liberia; after
+which he went to Bassa Cove, of which place he was made governor, where
+he died in 1851.
+
+Benjamin Coker, a colored Methodist clergyman, forty years ago, wrote
+and issued, in the city of Baltimore, Maryland, a pamphlet, setting
+forth in glowing terms, the evils of American slavery, and the wrongs
+inflicted on the colored race. Rev. Daniel A. Payne, a talented
+clergyman, mentioned in this work, has now in his possession a copy of
+the pamphlet, and informs us, that the whole ground assumed by the
+modern abolitionists, was taken and reviewed in this pamphlet, by Daniel
+Coker. We may reasonably infer, that the ideas of Anti-Slavery, as
+taught by the friends of the black race at the present day, were
+borrowed from Mr. Coker; though, perhaps, policy forbade due credit to
+the proper source. Coker, like Russworm, became interested in the cause
+of African Colonization, and went to Africa; where he subsequently
+became an extensive coast trader, having several vessels, one of which
+he commanded in person, taking up his residence on the island of
+Sherbro, where he is said to have lived in great splendor. He died in
+1845 or 1846, at an advanced age, leaving a family of sons and
+daughters.
+
+Henry Bibb, an eloquent speaker, for several years, was the principal
+traveling lecturer for the Liberty Party of Michigan. Mr. Bibb, with
+equal advantages, would equal many of those who fill high places in the
+country, and now assume superiority over him and his kindred. He fled an
+exile from the United States, in 1850, to Canada, to escape the terrible
+consequences of the Republican Fugitive Slave Law, which threatened him
+with a total destruction of liberty. Mr. Bibb established the "Voice of
+the Fugitive," a newspaper, in Sandwich, Canada West, which is managed
+and conducted with credit.
+
+Titus Basfield, graduated at Franklin College, New Athens, Ohio,
+receiving his religious instruction from the late Dr. Jonathan Walker,
+of that place, a physician and Covenanter clergyman. He afterwards
+graduated in theology at the Theological Seminary of Cannonsburg,
+Pennsylvania, was ordained, and traveled preaching and lecturing to the
+people of his peculiar faith and the public, for several years. He went
+to New London, Canada West, where he has charge of a Scotch congregation
+of religious votaries to that ancient doctrine of salvation.
+
+Mary Ann Shadd, a very intelligent young lady, peculiarly eccentric,
+published an excellent pamphlet, issued from the press in Wilmington,
+Delaware, in 1849, on the elevation of the colored people. The writer of
+this work, was favored with an examination of it before publication,
+which he then highly approved of, as an excellent introduction to a
+great subject, fraught with so much interest. Miss Shadd has traveled
+much, and now has charge of a school in Sandwich, Canada West.
+
+James McCrummill, of Philadelphia, is a skillful surgeon-dentist, and
+manufacturer of porcelain teeth, having practised the profession for
+many years in that city. He is said to be equal to the best in the city,
+and probably only requires an undivided attention to establish the
+reality.
+
+Joseph Wilson, Thomas Kennard, and William Nickless, are also practising
+dentists in the city of Philadelphia. Mr. Kennard is said to be one of
+the best _workmen_ in the manufacture of artificial teeth, and _gums_--a
+new discovery, and very valuable article, in this most beautiful and
+highly useful art. He devotes several hours a day, to the manufacture of
+these articles for one of the principal surgeon-dentists of Arch street.
+
+James M. Whitfield, of Buffalo, New York, though in an humble position,
+(for which we think he is somewhat reprehensible), is one of the purest
+poets in America. He has written much for different newspapers; and, by
+industry and application--being already a good English scholar--did he
+but place himself in a favorable situation in life, would not be second
+to John Greenleaf Whittier, nor the late Edgar A. Poe.
+
+Mary Elizabeth Miles, in accordance with the established rules,
+graduated as a teacher, in the Normal School, at Albany, New York,
+several years ago. Miss Miles (now Mrs. Bibb) was a very talented young
+lady and successful teacher. She spent several years of usefulness in
+Massachusetts, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, after which she went to
+Cincinnati, as assistant-teacher in Gilmore's "High School for Colored
+Children," which ended her public position in life. She now resides in
+Sandwich, Canada West.
+
+Lucy Stanton, of Columbus, Ohio, is a graduate of Oberlin Collegiate
+Institute, in that State. She is now engaged in teaching school in that
+city, in which she is reputed to be successful. She is quite a young
+lady, and has her promise of life all before her, and bids fair to
+become a woman of much usefulness in society.
+
+Doctor Bias, of Philadelphia, spoken of in another place, graduated at
+the close of the session of 1851-52, in the Eclectic Medical College, in
+that city. The doctor is highly esteemed by the physicians of his
+system, who continually interchange calls with him. He is also a
+practical phrenologist,--which profession he does not now attend to,
+giving his undivided attention to the practice of medicine,--and has
+written a pamphlet on that subject, entitled, "Synopsis of Phrenology,
+and the Phrenological Developments, as given by J.J. Gould Bias." No man
+perhaps, in the community of Philadelphia, possesses more self-will, and
+determination of character, than Dr. James Joshua Gould Bias. Mr.
+Whipper says of him, that he is "a Napoleon in character." The sterling
+trait in his character is, that he grasps after _originality_, and
+grapples with every difficulty. Such a man, must and will succeed in his
+undertakings.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[3] During the last twenty years, there have been, at different periods,
+published among the colored people of the United States, twenty odd
+newspapers, some of which were conducted with ability. Among them, the
+"Colored American," in New York city; Samuel E. Cornish, Philip A. Bell,
+and Charles B. Ray, at different times, Editors. "The Demosthenian
+Shield," issued from a Literary Society of young colored men, in the
+city of Philadelphia. "The Straggler," by Philip A. Bell, New York, out
+of which the Colored American took its origin. The "National Reformer,"
+an able monthly periodical, in pamphlet form, in Philadelphia; William
+Whipper, Editor. "The Northern Star," a Temperance monthly newspaper,
+published in Albany, N.Y.; Stephen Myers, Editor, still in
+existence--changed to ----. "The Mystery," of Pittsburg, Pa.; Martin
+Robison Delany, Editor--succeeded by a committee of colored gentlemen as
+Editors. The "Palladium of Liberty," issued in Columbus, O., by a
+committee of colored gentlemen; David Jenkins, Editor. "The
+Disfranchised American," by a committee of colored gentlemen,
+Cincinnati, O.; A.M. Sumner, Editor--succeeded by the "Colored Citizen";
+Rev. Thomas Woodson, and William Henry Yancey, Editors. The "National
+Watchman," Troy, N.Y.; William H. Allen and Henry Highland Garnett,
+Editors. Another issued in New York city, the name of which, we cannot
+now remember; James William Charles Pennington, D.D., and James McCune
+Smith, M.D., Editors: the issue being alternately at Hartford, the then
+residence of Dr. Pennington--and New York city, the residence of Dr.
+Smith. The "Excelsior," an ephemeral issue, which appeared but once, in
+Detroit, Mich.; William H. Day, Editor.
+
+The "Christian Herald," the organ of the A.M. Episcopal Church,
+published under the auspices of the General Conference of that body;
+Augustus Richardson Green, Editor, and General Book Steward. This
+gentleman has, also, written and published several small volumes of a
+religious character; a pamphlet on the Episcopacy and Infant Baptism,
+and the Lives of Reverends Fayette Davis and David Canyou. The
+"Elevator," of Philadelphia; James McCrummill, Editor. The "Ram's Horn,"
+New York city; Thomas Vanrensellear, Editor. There is now a little
+paper, the name of which we cannot recollect, issued at Newark, N.J.,
+merely a local paper, very meager in appearance. "The Farmer and
+Northern Star," in Courtland, N.Y., afterwards changed to the "Impartial
+Citizen," and published in Boston; Samuel Ringgold Ward, Editor. "The
+North Star," published in Rochester, N.Y.; Frederick Douglass, and
+Martin Robinson Delany, Editors--subsequently changed to the "Frederick
+Douglass' Paper"; Frederick Douglass, Editor.
+
+A number of gentlemen have been authors of narratives, written by
+themselves, some of which are masterly efforts, manifesting great force
+of talents. Of such, are those by Frederick Douglass, William Wells
+Brown, and Henry Bibb.
+
+Of the various churches and clergy we have nothing to say, as these do
+not come within our province; except where individuals, from position,
+come within the sphere of our arrangement.
+
+There have been several inventors among the colored people. The youth
+Henry Blair, of Maryland, some years ago, invented the Corn-Planter, and
+Mr. Roberts of Philadelphia, 1842, a machine for lifting cars off the
+railways.
+
+It may be expected that we should say something about a book issued in
+Boston, purporting to be a history of ancient great men of African
+descent, by one Mr. Lewis, entitled "Light and Truth." This book is
+nothing more than a compilation of selected portions of Rollin's,
+Goldsmith's, Furguson's, Hume's, and other ancient histories; added to
+which, is a tissue of historical absurdities and literary blunders,
+shamefully palpable, for which the author or authors should mantle their
+faces.
+
+If viewed in the light of a "Yankee trick," simply by which to make
+money, it may, peradventure, be a very clever trick; but the publisher
+should have recollected, that the ostensible object of his work was, the
+edification and enlightenment of the public in general and the colored
+people in particular, upon a great and important subject of truth; and
+that those who must be the most injured by it, will be the very class of
+people, whom he professes a desire to benefit. We much regret the fact,
+that there are but too many of our brethren, who undertake to dabble in
+literary matters, in the shape of newspaper and book-making, who are
+wholly unqualified for the important work. This, however, seems to be
+called forth by the palpable neglect, and indifference of those who have
+had the educational advantages, but neglected to make such use of them.
+
+There is one redeeming quality about "Light and Truth." It is a capital
+offset to the pitiable literary blunders of Professor George R. Gliddon,
+late Consul to Egypt, from the United States, Lecturer on Ancient
+Egyptian Literature, &c., &c., who makes all ancient black men, _white_;
+and asserts the Egyptians and Ethiopians to have been of the _Caucasian_
+or white race!--So, also, this colored gentleman, makes all ancient
+great white men, black--as Diogenes, Socrates, Themistocles, Pompey,
+Caesar, Cato, Cicero, Horace, Virgil, et cetera. Gliddon's idle nonsense
+has found a capital match in the production of Mr. Lewis' "Light and
+Truth," and both should be sold together. We may conclude by expressing
+our thanks to our brother Lewis, as we do not think that Professor
+Gliddon's learned ignorance, would have ever met an equal but for "Light
+and Truth." Reverends D.A. Payne, M.M. Clark, and other learned colored
+gentlemen, agree with us in the disapproval of this book.--EDITOR.
+
+
+
+
+XII
+
+STUDENTS OF VARIOUS PROFESSIONS
+
+
+There are a number of young gentlemen who have finished their literary
+course, who are now studying for the different learned professions, in
+various parts of the country.
+
+Jonathan Gibbs, A.B., a very talented young gentleman, and fine speaker,
+is now finishing his professional studies in the Theological School at
+Dartmouth University. Mr. Gibbs also studied in the Scientific
+Department of the same Institution.
+
+William H. Day, Esq., A.B., a graduate of Oberlin Collegiate Institute,
+is now in Cleveland Ohio, preparing for the Bar. Mr. Day is, perhaps,
+the most eloquent young gentleman of his age in the United States.
+
+John Mercer Langston, A.B., of Chillicothe, Ohio, also a graduate of
+Oberlin College, a talented young gentleman, and promising orator, is
+completing a Theological course at the School of Divinity at Oberlin. It
+is said, that Mr. Langston intends also to prepare for the Bar. He
+commenced the study of Law previous to that of Theology, under Judge
+Andrews of Cleveland.
+
+Charles Dunbar, of New York city, a promising, very intelligent young
+gentleman, is now in the office of Dr. Childs, and having attended one
+course of Lectures at Bowdoin Medical School in Maine, will finish next
+fall and winter, for the practice of his profession.
+
+Isaac Humphrey Snowden, a promising young gentleman of talents, is now
+reading Medicine under Dr. Clarke of Boston, and attended the session of
+the Medical School of Harvard University, of 1850-51.
+
+Daniel Laing, Jr., Esq., a fine intellectual young gentleman of Boston,
+a student also of Dr. Clarke of that city, one of the Surgeons of the
+Massachusetts General Hospital, who attended the course of Lectures the
+session of 1850-51, at the Medical School of Harvard University, is now
+in Paris, to spend two years in the hospitals, and attend the Medical
+Lectures of that great seat of learning. Mr. Laing, like most medical
+students, has ever been an admirer, and anxious to sit under the
+teachings of that great master in Surgery, Velpeau.
+
+Dr. James J. Gould Bias, a Botanic Physician, and talented gentleman of
+Philadelphia, is a member of the class of 1851-52, of the Eclectic
+Medical School of that city. Dr. Bias deserves the more credit for his
+progress in life, as he is entirely self-made.
+
+Robert B. Leach, of Cleveland, Ohio, a very intelligent young gentleman,
+is a member of the medical class for 1851-52, of the Homeopathic
+College, in that City. Mr. Leach, when graduated, will be the _First
+Colored Homeopathic_ Physician in the United States.
+
+Dr. John Degrass, of New York city, named in another place, spent two
+years in Paris Hospitals, under the teaching of the great lecturer and
+master of surgery, Velpeau, to whom he was assistant and dresser, in the
+hospital--the first position--for advantages, held by a student. The
+Doctor has subsequently been engaged as surgeon on a Havre packet, where
+he discharged the duties of his office with credit.
+
+Also Dr. Peter Ray, of Brooklyn, named on the same page, graduated at
+Castleton Medical School, Vermont, spent some time at the Massachusetts
+General Hospital, Boston, where he held the position of assistant and
+dresser to Surgeon Parkman, in his ward of the hospital.
+
+Dr. John P. Reynolds, has for a number of years been one of the most
+popular and successful physicians in Vincennes, Indiana. We believe Dr.
+Reynolds, was not of the "regular" system, but some twenty-three or-four
+years ago, studied under an "Indian physician," after which, he
+practised very successfully in Zanesville, Ohio, subsequently removing
+to Vincennes, where he has for the last sixteen years, supported an
+enviable reputation as a physician. We understand Doctor Reynolds has
+entered into all the scientific improvements of the "eclectic school" of
+medicine, which has come into being in the United States, long since his
+professional career commenced. His popularity is such, that he has
+frequently been entrusted, with public confidence, and on one occasion,
+in 1838, was appointed by the court, sole executor of a very valuable
+orphans' estate. The Doctor has grown quite wealthy it is said,
+commanding a considerable influence in the community.
+
+Dr. McDonough, a skillful young physician, graduated at the Institute,
+Easton, Pennsylvania, and finished his medical education at the
+University of New York. The Doctor is one of the most thorough of the
+young physicians; has been attached to the greater part of the public
+institutions of the city of New York, and is a good practical chemist.
+
+Of course, there are many others, but as we have taken no measures
+whatever, to collect facts or information from abroad, only getting such
+as was at hand, and giving the few sketches here, according to our own
+recollection of them, we close this short chapter at this point.
+
+
+
+
+XIII
+
+A SCAN AT PAST THINGS
+
+
+It may not be considered in good taste to refer to those still living,
+who formerly occupied prominent business positions, and by dint of
+misfortune or fortune, have withdrawn. Nevertheless, we shall do so,
+since our simple object in this hasty sketch of things, is to show that
+the colored people of the country have not as has been charged upon
+them, always been dregs on the community and excrescences on the body
+politic, wherever they may have lived. We only desire to show that they
+have been, all things considered, just like other people.
+
+Several years ago, there lived in the city of St. Louis, Missouri, Mr.
+Berry Mechum. This gentleman was very wealthy, and had at one time, two
+fine steamers plying on the Mississippi, all under the command and
+management of white men, to whom he trusted altogether. As late as 1836,
+he sent two sons to the Oberlin Collegiate Institute, desiring that they
+might become educated, in order to be able to manage his business; who,
+although he could read and write, was not sufficiently qualified and
+skilled in the arts of business to vie with the crafty whites of the
+Valley. But before his sons were fitted for business though reputed very
+wealthy, which there is no doubt he was, his whole property was seized
+and taken: and as he informed the writer himself, he did not know what
+for, as he had no debts that he knew of, until these suits were
+entered. Mr. Mechum was an energetic, industrious, persevering old
+gentleman--a baptist clergyman, and published a small pamphlet on the
+condition of the colored race. And although, it evinces great deficiency
+of literary qualifications, yet, does credit to the good old man, for
+the sound thoughts therein contained.
+
+Also in the city of St. Louis, David Desara, who was a Mississippi pilot
+for many years. He made much money at his business, and owned at one
+time, a steamboat, which he piloted himself. Mr. Desara also failed, in
+consequence of having his business all in the hands of white men, as
+most of the slave state colored people have, entrusting to them
+entirely, without knowing anything of their own concerns.
+
+Charles Moore, long and familiarly known as "Chancy Moore the Pilot,"
+was for many years, one of the most popular pilots on the Ohio and
+Mississippi rivers. Mr. Moore made much money, and withdrew from his old
+business, purchasing a large tract of land in Mercer County, Ohio, where
+he has for the last ten or twelve years been farming.
+
+Mr. Moore was an honest man, and we believe upon him originated the
+purely Western phrase, "Charley Moore the fair thing"; he always in his
+dealings saying "gentlemen, do the _fair_ thing."
+
+Abner H. Francis and James Garrett were formerly extensive clothes
+dealers in Buffalo, N.Y., doing business to the amount of sixty thousand
+dollars annually. They were energetic, industrious, persevering
+gentlemen, commencing business under very unfavorable circumstances, in
+fact, commencing on but _seventy-five_ dollars, as the writer has been
+authentically informed by the parties.
+
+They continued successfully for years, where their paper and
+endorsements were good for any amount they wanted--highly respected and
+esteemed; Mr. Francis sitting at one time as juryman in the court of
+quarter sessions. These gentlemen failed in business in 1849, but since
+then, have nearly adjusted the claims against them. Mr. Francis has
+since settled in Oregon Territory, Portland City, where he is again
+doing a fair mercantile business. They bid fair again to rank among the
+"merchant princes" of the times.
+
+Robert Banks was for many years, a highly esteemed and extensive clothes
+dealer, on Jefferson Avenue, in Detroit, Mich. No man was more highly
+respected for unswerving integrity, and uprightness of purpose, than
+Robert Banks, of Detroit. Mr. Banks, had much enlarged his business,
+immediately succeeding a fire in which he was burnt out two years
+previous to closing, which ensued in July, 1851, being the second time
+he had lost his store by fire. He might have, had he done as merchants
+usually do under such circumstances, continued his business; but
+instead, he made an assignment, with few preferred creditors, rather as
+he expressed it, ruin his business, than wilfully wrong a creditor. What
+speaks volumes in his behalf, every person, even his greatest creditors
+say, "He is an honest man"; and while settling the business of the late
+concern, those to whom he was indebted, offered him assistance to
+commence business again. But this he thankfully declined, preferring to
+take his chance with others in the land of gold, California, where he
+now is, than commence again under the circumstances. Doubtless, if no
+special prevention ensue, Mr. Banks will be fully able to redeem his
+present obligations, and once more be found prospering and happy.
+
+Henry Knight, of Chicago, commenced business in that city without
+capital; but by industry, soon gained the esteem and confidence of the
+public, making many friends. He fast rose in prosperity, until he became
+the proprietor of the most extensive livery establishment in the city,
+in which he had much capital invested. Determined to be equal to the
+times, the growing prosperity of the city, and the demands of the
+increasing pride of the place, he extended his possessions--erecting
+costly buildings, besides increasing his stock and livery extensively.
+He was burnt out--a pressure came upon him--he sold out his stock, staid
+suits against himself; went to California, returned in a year and a
+half--paid off old claims, saved his property--went back; opened a
+California hotel, returned in less than one year with several thousand
+dollars, and now stands entirely clear of all debt--and all this done in
+the space of two and a half years. Mr. Knight is a man of business, and
+will hold his position with others if he have but half a chance. With
+such a man, there is "no such a thing as fail"--he could not again, if
+he desired, because, his friends would not permit him.
+
+
+
+
+XIV
+
+LATE MEN OF LITERARY, PROFESSIONAL AND ARTISTIC NOTE
+
+
+Late Captain Frank Johnson, of Philadelphia, the most renowned band
+leader ever known in the United States, was a man of science, and master
+of his profession. In 1838, Captain Johnson went to England with his
+noble band of musicians, where he met with great success--played to Her
+Majesty Queen Victoria and His Royal Highness Prince Albert--Captain
+Johnson receiving a handsome French bugle, by order of her Majesty,
+valued at five hundred dollars--returning, he held throughout the
+Eastern, Northern, and Western States, grand concerts, known as "Soirees
+Musicales." He was a great composer and teacher of music, and some of
+the finest Marches and Cotillions now extant, have been originally
+composed by Captain Frank Johnson. On his Western tour, by some
+awkwardness of management, he lost at Buffalo, original music in
+manuscript, which never had been published--as much of his composition
+had been; valued at one thousand dollars, which, although advertised, he
+never got. But his name was sufficient to give additional value to the
+prize; and there is no doubt, but the world is now being benefited by
+the labors of Captain Johnson, the credit being given to others than
+himself. This was an unfortunate circumstance, and had his amiable and
+excellent widow, Mrs. Helen Johnson of Philadelphia, now this
+composition, she could support herself in ease, by the sale of the
+published work. Captain Frank Johnson, died in Philadelphia in 1844,
+universally respected, and regretted as an irreparable loss to society.
+At his death the band divided, different members taking a leadership.
+
+Andrew J. Conner, one of the members of Captain Johnson's band, also
+became a distinguished composer and teacher of music. Mr. Conner taught
+the piano forte in the best families in the city of Philadelphia--among
+merchants, bankers, and professional men. He contributed to the popular
+literary Magazines of the day, and very many who have read in Graham's
+and other literary issues, "Music composed by A.J. Conner," did not for
+a moment think that the author was a colored gentleman. Mr. Conner died
+in Philadelphia in 1850.
+
+James Ulett, formerly of New York, became quite celebrated a few years
+since, as a comedian. He played several times in the old "Richmond Hill"
+Theatre, and quite successfully in Europe. Mr. Ulett was not well
+educated, and consequently, labored under considerable inconvenience in
+reading, frequently making grammatical blunders, as the writer noticed
+in a private rehearsal, in 1836, in the city of New York. He, however,
+possessed great intellectual powers, and his success depended more upon
+that, than his accuracy in reading. Of course, he was a great delineator
+of character, which being the principal feature in a comedian, his
+language was lost sight of in common conversation. Mr. Ulett died in New
+York a few years ago.
+
+Doctor Lewis G. Wells was a most talented orator and man of literary
+qualifications. Residing in Baltimore, Maryland, he raised himself high
+in the estimation of all who knew him. He studied medicine, and was
+admitted into the Washington Medical College, attending the regular
+courses, and would have graduated, but for some misunderstanding
+between himself and the professors, which prevented it. He was a most
+successful practitioner, and effected more cures during the prevalence
+of the cholera in 1832, than any other physician in the city. Doctor
+Wells was also a most successful practical phrenologist, and lectured to
+large and fashionable houses of the first class ladies and gentlemen of
+Baltimore, and other cities. Being a great wit, he kept his audiences in
+uproars of laughter. Mr. Wells was also an ordained minister of the
+Gospel, belonging to the white Methodist connexion; and was author of
+several productions, among them, a large Methodist hymn book, containing
+several fine original poems. Dr. Wells died the same year of cholera,
+after successfully saving many others, because there was no physician at
+that time who understood the treatment of the disease.
+
+
+
+
+XV
+
+FARMERS AND HERDSMEN
+
+
+Little need be said about farmers; there are hundreds of them in all
+parts of the country, especially in the Western States; still these may
+not be considered of a conspicuous or leading character--albeit, they
+are contributing largely to the wants of community, and wealth of the
+country at large. Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, and
+Indiana, all, are largely represented by the farming interests of
+colored men. We shall name but a sufficient number to show the character
+of their enterprise in this department of American industry.
+
+Rev. William Watson, of Cincinnati, Ohio, is the owner of a fine farm in
+Mercer county, and six hundred acres of additional land.
+
+Mr. Richard Phillips, of the same city, is owner of a fine farm in the
+same county, and three hundred and fifty additional acres of land.
+
+Rev. Reuben P. Graham, of Cincinnati, owns a finely cultivated farm in
+Mercer county, three hundred acres of adjoining land; and one near
+Cincinnati.
+
+Mr. John Woodson, of Jackson county, is one of the most successful
+farmers in the State of Ohio. Having a large tract of land, he has one
+of the best cultivated farms in the West, in a most productive state,
+raising grains, fruits, and livestock. In the year 1842, his farm
+produced that season, three thousand bushels of wheat, several hundred
+bushels of rye, eleven hundred bushels of oats, large crops of corn,
+potatoes, and other vegetables; large quantities of fruits, three
+hundred stacks of hay, with a large stock of several hundred heads of
+cattle on the place. Mr. Woodson has for many years, been a highly
+respectable man in his neighborhood, and continues his farming interests
+with unabated success.
+
+Dr. Charles Henry Langston, of Columbus, Ohio, is also the proprietor of
+a very fine farm of eleven hundred acres, in Jackson county, upon which
+he has a white tenant. This gentleman is a surgeon-dentist by
+profession, educated at Oberlin College, making his home in Columbus.
+
+Robert Purvis, Esq., a gentleman of collegiate education, is proprietor
+of one of the best improved farms in Philadelphia county, fifteen miles
+from Philadelphia. His cattle consist of the finest English breed.
+
+Joseph Purvis, Esq., of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, a gentleman also of
+education and wealth, is an amateur stock farmer. Every animal on Mr.
+Purvis' farm is of the very best breed--Godolphin horses, Durham cattle,
+Leicestershire sheep, Berkshire swine, even English bull-terrier dogs,
+and whatever else pertains to the blooded breeds of brutes, may be found
+on the farm of Joseph Purvis. Mr. Purvis supplies a great many farmers
+with choice breeds of cattle, and it is said that he spends ten thousand
+dollars annually, in the improvement of his stocks.
+
+Robert Briges Forten, also of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, is an amateur
+farmer. Mr. Forten is a gentleman of fine education, a pure, chaste
+poet, and attends to farming for the love of nature. He is a valuable
+member of the farming enterprise in the country.
+
+If such evidence of industry and interest, as has been exhibited in the
+various chapters on the different pursuits and engagements of colored
+Americans, do not entitle them to equal rights and privileges in our
+common country, then indeed, is there nothing to justify the claims of
+any portion of the American people to the common inheritance of Liberty.
+
+We proceed to another view of our condition in the United States.
+
+
+
+
+XVI
+
+NATIONAL DISFRANCHISEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE
+
+
+We give below the Act of Congress, known as the "Fugitive Slave Law,"
+for the benefit of the reader, as there are thousands of the American
+people of all classes, who have never read the provisions of this
+enactment; and consequently, have no conception of its enormity. We had
+originally intended, also, to have inserted here, the Act of Congress of
+1793, but since this Bill includes all the provisions of that Act, in
+fact, although called a "supplement," is a substitute, _de facto_, it
+would be superfluous; therefore, we insert the Bill alone, with
+explanations following:--
+
+     AN ACT
+
+     TO AMEND, AND SUPPLEMENTARY TO THE ACT, ENTITLED, "AN ACT
+     RESPECTING FUGITIVES FROM JUSTICE, AND PERSONS ESCAPING FROM THE
+     SERVICE OF THEIR MASTERS," APPROVED FEBRUARY 12, 1793.
+
+     _Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
+     United States of America in Congress assembled_, That the persons
+     who have been, or may hereafter be, appointed commissioners, in
+     virtue of any act of Congress, by the circuit courts of the United
+     States, and who, in consequence of such appointment, are authorized
+     to exercise the powers that any justice of the peace or other
+     magistrate of any of the United States may exercise in respect to
+     offenders for any crime or offence against the United States, by
+     arresting, imprisoning, or bailing the same under and by virtue of
+     the thirty-third section of the act of the twenty-fourth of
+     September, seventeen hundred and eighty-nine, entitled "An act to
+     establish the judicial courts of the United States," shall be, and
+     are hereby authorized and required to exercise and discharge all
+     the powers and duties conferred by this act.
+
+     SEC. 2. _And be it further enacted_, That the superior court of
+     each organized territory of the United States shall have the same
+     power to appoint commissioners to take acknowledgments of bail and
+     affidavit, and to take depositions of witnesses in civil causes,
+     which is now possessed by the circuit courts of the United States;
+     and all commissioners who shall hereafter be appointed for such
+     purposes by the superior court of any organized territory of the
+     United States shall possess all the powers and exercise all the
+     duties conferred by law upon the commissioners appointed by the
+     circuit courts of the United States for similar purposes, and shall
+     moreover exercise and discharge all the powers and duties conferred
+     by this act.
+
+     SEC. 3. _And be it further enacted_, That the circuit courts of the
+     United States, and the superior courts of each organized territory
+     of the United States, shall from time to time enlarge the number of
+     commissioners, with a view to afford reasonable facilities to
+     reclaim fugitives from labor, and to the prompt discharge of the
+     duties imposed by this act.
+
+     SEC. 4. _And be it further enacted_, That the commissioners above
+     named shall have concurrent jurisdiction with the judges of the
+     circuit and district courts of the United States, in their
+     respective circuits and districts within the several States, and
+     the judges of the superior courts of the Territories, severally and
+     collectively, in term time and vacation; and shall grant
+     certificates to such claimants, upon satisfactory proof being made,
+     with authority to take and remove such fugitives from service or
+     labor, under the restrictions herein contained, to the State or
+     territory from which such persons may have escaped or fled.
+
+     SEC. 5. _And be it further enacted_, That it shall be the duty of
+     all marshals and deputy marshals to obey and execute all warrants
+     and precepts issued under the provisions of this act, when to them
+     directed; and should any marshal or deputy marshal refuse to
+     receive such warrant or other process, when tendered, or to use all
+     proper means diligently to execute the same, he shall, on
+     conviction thereof, be fined in the sum of one thousand dollars to
+     the use of such claimant, on the motion of such claimant, by the
+     circuit or district court for the district of such marshal; and
+     after arrest of such fugitive by such marshal or his deputy, or
+     whilst at any time in his custody, under the provisions of this
+     act, should such fugitive escape, whether with or without the
+     assent of such marshal or his deputy, such marshal shall be liable,
+     on his official bond, to be prosecuted, for the benefit of such
+     claimant for the full value of the service or labor of said
+     fugitive in the State, Territory, or district whence he escaped;
+     and the better to enable the said commissioners, when thus
+     appointed, to execute their duties faithfully and efficiently, in
+     conformity with the requirements of the constitution of the United
+     States and of this art, they are hereby authorized and empowered,
+     within their counties respectively, to appoint in writing under
+     their hands, any one or more suitable persons, from time to time,
+     to execute all such warrants and other process as may be issued by
+     them in the lawful performance of their respective duties; with an
+     authority to such commissioners, or the persons to be appointed by
+     them, to execute process as aforesaid, to summon and call to their
+     aid the bystanders, or _posse comitatus_ of the proper county,
+     when necessary to insure a faithful observance of the clause of the
+     constitution referred to, in conformity with the provisions of this
+     act: and all good citizens are hereby commanded to aid and assist
+     in the prompt and efficient execution of this law, whenever their
+     services may be required, as aforesaid, for that person; and said
+     warrants shall run and be executed by said officers anywhere in the
+     State within which they are issued.
+
+     SEC. 6. _And be it further enacted_, That when a person held to
+     service or labor in any State or Territory of the United States has
+     heretofore or shall hereafter escape into another State or
+     Territory of the United States, the person or persons to whom such
+     service or labor may be due, or his, her, or their agent or
+     attorney, duly authorized, by power of attorney, in writing,
+     acknowledged and certified under the seal of some legal office or
+     court of the State or Territory in which the game may be executed,
+     may pursue and reclaim such fugitive person, either by procuring a
+     warrant from some one of the courts, judges, or commissioners
+     aforesaid, of the proper circuit, district or county, for the
+     apprehension of such fugitive from service or labor, or by seizing
+     and arresting such fugitive, where the same can be done without
+     process, and by taking and causing such person to be taken
+     forthwith before such court, judge or commissioner, whose duty it
+     shall be to hear and determine the case of such claimant in a
+     summary manner; and upon satisfactory proof being made, by
+     deposition or affidavit, in writing, to be taken and certified by
+     such court, judge, or commissioner, or by other satisfactory
+     testimony, duly taken and certified by some court, magistrate,
+     justice of the peace, or other legal officer authorized to
+     administer an oath, and take depositions under the laws of the
+     State or Territory from which such person owing service or labor
+     may have escaped, with a certificate of such magistracy or other
+     authority, as aforesaid, with the seal of the proper court or
+     officer thereto attached, which seal shall be sufficient to
+     establish the competency of the proof, and with proof, also by
+     affidavit, of the identity of the person whose service or labor is
+     claimed to be due as aforesaid, that the person so arrested does in
+     fact owe service or labor to the person or persons claiming him or
+     her, in the State or Territory from which such fugitive may have
+     escaped as aforesaid, and that said person escaped, to make out and
+     deliver to such claimant, his or her agent or attorney, a
+     certificate setting forth the substantial facts as to the service
+     or labor due from such fugitive to the claimant, and of his or her
+     escape from the State or Territory in which such service or labor
+     was due to the State or Territory in which he or she was arrested,
+     with authority to such claimant, or his or her agent or attorney to
+     use such reasonable force and restraint as may be necessary under
+     the circumstances of the case, to take and remove such fugitive
+     person back to the State or Territory from whence he or she may
+     have escaped as aforesaid. In no trial or hearing under this act
+     shall the testimony of such alleged fugitive be admitted in
+     evidence; and the certificates in this and the first section
+     mentioned shall be conclusive of the right of the person or persons
+     in whose favor granted to remove such fugitive to the State or
+     Territory from which he escaped, and shall prevent all molestation
+     of said person or persons by any process issued by any court,
+     judge, magistrate, or other person whomsoever.
+
+     SEC. 7. _And be it further enacted_, That any person who shall
+     knowingly and willingly obstruct, hinder, or prevent such claimant,
+     his agent or attorney, or any person or persons lawfully assisting
+     him, her, or them, from arresting such a fugitive from service or
+     labor, either with or without process as aforesaid; or shall
+     rescue, or attempt to rescue such fugitive from service or labor,
+     from the custody of such claimant, his or her agent or attorney or
+     other person or persons lawfully assisting as aforesaid, when so
+     arrested, pursuant to the authority herein given and declared: or
+     shall aid, abet, or assist such person, so owing service or labor
+     as aforesaid, directly or indirectly, to escape from such claimant,
+     his agent or attorney, or other person or persons, legally
+     authorized as aforesaid; or shall harbor or conceal such fugitive,
+     so as to prevent the discovery and arrest of such person, after
+     notice or knowledge of the fact that such person was a fugitive
+     from service or labor as aforesaid, shall, for either of said
+     offences, be subject to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars,
+     and imprisonment not exceeding six months, by indictment and
+     conviction before the district court of the United States for the
+     district in which such offence may have been committed, or before
+     the proper court of criminal jurisdiction, if committed within any
+     one of the organized territories of the United States; and shall
+     moreover forfeit and pay, by way of civil damages to the party
+     injured by such illegal conduct, the sum of one thousand dollars
+     for each fugitive so lost as aforesaid, to be recovered by action
+     of debt in any of the district or territorial courts aforesaid,
+     within whose jurisdiction the said offence may have been committed.
+
+     SEC. 8. _And be it further enacted_, That the marshals, their
+     deputies, and the clerks of the said district and territorial
+     courts, shall be paid for their services the like fees as may be
+     allowed to them for similar services in other cases; and where such
+     services rendered exclusively in the arrest, custody, and delivery
+     of the fugitive to the claimant, his or her agent or attorney, or
+     where such supposed fugitive may be discharged out of custody for
+     the want of sufficient proof as aforesaid, then such fees are to be
+     paid in the whole by such claimant, his agent or attorney; and in
+     all cases where the proceedings are before a commissioner, he shall
+     be entitled to a fee of ten dollars in full for his services in
+     each case, upon delivery of the said certificate to the claimant,
+     his or her agent or attorney; or a fee of five dollars in cases
+     where the proof shall not, in the opinion of such commissioner,
+     warrant such certificate and delivery, inclusive of all services
+     incident to such arrest and examination, to be paid in either case,
+     by the claimant, his or her agent or attorney. The person or
+     persons authorized to execute the process to be issued by such
+     commissioners for the arrest and detention of fugitives from
+     service or labor as aforesaid, shall also be entitled to a fee of
+     five dollars each for each person he or they may arrest and take
+     before any such commissioner as aforesaid at the instance and
+     request of such claimant, with such other fees as may be deemed
+     reasonable by such commissioner for such other additional services
+     as may be necessarily performed by him or them: such as attending
+     to the examination, keeping the fugitive in custody, and providing
+     him with food and lodging during his detention, and until the final
+     determination of such commissioner; and in general for performing
+     such other duties as may be required by such claimant, his or her
+     attorney or agent, or commissioner in the premises; such fees to be
+     made up in conformity with the fees usually charged by the officers
+     of the courts of justice within the proper district or county, as
+     near as may be practicable, and paid by such claimants, their
+     agents or attorneys, whether such supposed fugitive from service or
+     labor be ordered to be delivered to such claimants by the final
+     determination of such commissioners or not.
+
+     SEC. 9. _And be it further enacted_, That upon affidavit made by
+     the claimant of such fugitive, his agent or attorney, after such
+     certificate has been issued, that he has reason to apprehend that
+     such fugitive will be rescued by force from his or their possession
+     before he can be taken beyond the limits of the State in which the
+     arrest is made, it shall be the duty of the officer making the
+     arrest to retain such fugitive in his custody, and to remove him to
+     the State whence he fled, and there to deliver him to said
+     claimant, his agent or attorney. And to this end the officer
+     aforesaid is hereby authorized and required to employ so many
+     persons as he may deem necessary, to overcome such force, and to
+     retain them in his service so long as circumstances may require;
+     the said officer and his assistants, while so employed, to receive
+     the same compensation, and to be allowed the same expenses as are
+     now allowed by law for the transportation of criminals, to be
+     certified by the judge of the district within which the arrest is
+     made, and paid out of the treasury of the United States.
+
+     SEC. 10. _And be it further enacted_, That when any person held to
+     service or labor in any State or Territory, or in the District of
+     Columbia, shall escape therefrom, the party to whom such service or
+     labor shall be due, his, her, or their agent or attorney may apply
+     to any court of record therein, or judge thereof, in vacation, and
+     make satisfactory proof to such court, or judge, in vacation, of
+     the escape aforesaid, and that the person escaping owed service or
+     labor to such party. Whereupon the court shall cause a record to be
+     made of the matters so proved, and also a general description of
+     the person so escaping, with such convenient certainty as may be;
+     and a transcript of such record authenticated by the attestation of
+     the clerk, and of the seal of the said court, being produced in any
+     other State, Territory, or District in which the person so escaping
+     may be found, and being exhibited to any judge, commissioner, or
+     other officer, authorized by the law of the United States to cause
+     persons escaping from service or labor to be delivered up, shall be
+     held and taken to be full and conclusive evidence of the fact of
+     escape, and that the service or labor of the person escaping is due
+     to the party in such record mentioned. And upon the production by
+     the said party of other and further evidence, if necessary, either
+     oral or by affidavit, in addition to what is contained in the said
+     record of the identity of the person escaping, he or she shall be
+     delivered up to the claimant. And the said court, commissioner,
+     judge or other person authorized by this act to grant certificates
+     to claimants of fugitives, shall, upon the production of the record
+     and other evidences aforesaid, grant to such claimant a certificate
+     of his right to take any such person identified and proved to be
+     owing service or labor as aforesaid, which certificate shall
+     authorize such claimant to seize or arrest and transport such
+     person to the State or Territory from which he escaped: _Provided_,
+     That nothing herein contained shall be construed as requiring the
+     production of a transcript of such record as evidence as aforesaid;
+     but in its absence, the claim shall be heard and determined upon
+     other satisfactory proofs competent in law.
+
+                               HOWELL COBB,
+                              _Speaker of the House of Representatives_.
+
+                               WILLIAM R. KING,
+                              _President of the Senate, pro tempore_.
+
+Approved September 18, 1850.
+                                                       MILLARD FILLMORE.
+
+
+The most prominent provisions of the Constitution of the United States,
+and those which form the fundamental basis of personal security, are
+they which provide, that every person shall be secure in their person
+and property: that no person may be deprived of liberty without due
+process of law, and that for crime or misdemeanor; that there may be no
+process of law that shall work corruption of blood. By corruption of
+blood is meant, that process, by which a person is _degraded_ and
+deprived of rights common to the enfranchised citizen--of the rights of
+an elector, and of eligibility to the office of a representative, of the
+people; in a word, that no person nor their posterity, may ever be
+debased beneath the level of the recognised basis of American
+citizenship. This debasement and degradation is "corruption of blood";
+politically understood--a legal acknowledgement of inferiority of birth.
+
+Heretofore, it ever has been denied, that the United States recognised
+or knew any difference between the people--that the Constitution makes
+no distinction, but includes in its provisions, all the people alike.
+This is not true, and certainly is blind absurdity in us at least, who
+have suffered the dread consequences of this delusion, not now to see
+it.
+
+By the provisions of this bill, the colored people of the United States
+are positively degraded beneath the level of the whites--are made liable
+at any time, in any place, and under all circumstances, to be
+arrested--and upon the claim of any white person, without the privilege,
+even of making a defence, sent into endless bondage. Let no visionary
+nonsense about _habeas corpus_, or a _fair trial_, deceive us; there are
+no such rights granted in this bill, and except where the commissioner
+is too ignorant to understand when reading it, or too stupid to enforce
+it when he does understand, there is no earthly chance--no hope under
+heaven for the colored person who is brought before one of these
+officers of the law. Any leniency that may be expected, must proceed
+from the whims or caprice of the magistrate--in fact, it is optional
+with them; and _our_ rights and liberty entirely at their disposal.
+
+We are slaves in the midst of freedom, waiting patiently, and
+unconcernedly--indifferently and stupidly, for masters to come and lay
+claim to us, trusting to their generosity, whether or not they will own
+us and carry us into endless bondage.
+
+The slave is more secure than we; he knows who holds the heel upon his
+bosom--we know not the wretch who may grasp us by the throat. His master
+may be a man of some conscientious scruples; ours may be unmerciful.
+Good or bad, mild or harsh, easy or hard, lenient or severe, saint or
+satan--whenever that master demands any one of us--even our affectionate
+wives and darling little children, _we must go into slavery_--there is
+_no alternative_. The _will_ of the man who sits in judgment on our
+liberty, is the law. To him is given _all power_ to say, whether or not
+we have a right to enjoy freedom. This is the power over the slave in
+the South--this is now extended to the North. The will of the man who
+sits in judgment over us is the law; because it is explicitly provided
+that the _decision_ of the commissioner shall be final, from which there
+can be no appeal.
+
+The freed man of the South is even more secure than the freeborn of the
+North; because such persons usually have their records in the slave
+states, bringing their "papers" with them; and the slaveholders will be
+faithful to their own acts. The Northern freeman knows no records; he
+despises the "papers."
+
+Depend upon no promised protection of citizens in any quarter. Their own
+property and liberty are jeopardised, and they will not sacrifice them
+for us. This we may not expect them to do.
+
+Besides, there are no people who ever lived, love their country and obey
+their laws as the Americans.
+
+Their country is their Heaven--their Laws their Scriptures--and the
+decrees of their Magistrates obeyed as the fiat of God. It is the most
+consummate delusion and misdirected confidence to depend upon them for
+protection; and for a moment suppose even our children safe while
+walking in the streets among them.
+
+A people capable of originating and sustaining such a law as this, are
+not the people to whom we are willing to entrust our liberty at
+discretion.
+
+What can we do? What shall we do? This is the great and important
+question:--Shall we submit to be dragged like brutes before heartless
+men, and sent into degradation and bondage?--Shall we fly, or shall we
+resist? Ponder well and reflect.
+
+A learned jurist in the United States, (Chief Justice John Gibson of
+Pennsylvania,) lays down this as a fundamental right in the United
+States: that "Every man's house is his castle, and he has the right to
+defend it unto the taking of life, against any attempt to enter it
+against his will, except for crime," by well authenticated process.
+
+But we have no such right. It was not intended for us, any more than any
+other provision of the law, intended for the protection of Americans.
+The policy is against us--it is useless to contend against it.
+
+This is the law of the land and must be obeyed; and we candidly advise
+that it is useless for us to contend against it. To suppose its repeal,
+is to anticipate an overthrow of the Confederative Union; and we must be
+allowed an expression of opinion, when we say, that candidly we believe,
+the existence of the Fugitive Slave Law _necessary_ to the continuance
+of the National Compact. This Law is the foundation of the
+Compromise--remove it, and the consequences are easily determined. We
+say necessary to the continuance of the National Compact: certainly we
+will not be understood as meaning that the enactment of such a Law was
+_really_ necessary, or as favoring in the least this political
+monstrosity of the THIRTY-FIRST CONGRESS of the UNITED STATES OF
+AMERICA--surely not at all; but we speak logically and politically,
+leaving morality and right out of the question--taking our position on
+the acknowledged popular, basis of American Policy; arguing from premise
+to conclusion. We must abandon all vague theory, and look at _facts_ as
+they really are; viewing ourselves in our true political position in the
+body politic. To imagine ourselves to be included in the body politic,
+except by express legislation, is at war with common sense, and contrary
+to fact. Legislation, the administration of the laws of the country, and
+the exercise of rights by the people, all prove to the contrary. We are
+politically, not of them, but aliens to the laws and political
+privileges of the country. These are truths--fixed facts, that quaint
+theory and exhausted moralising, are impregnable to, and fall harmlessly
+before.
+
+It is useless to talk about our rights in individual States: we can have
+no rights here as citizens, not recognised in our common country; as the
+citizens of one State, are entitled to all the rights and privileges of
+an American citizen in all the States--the nullity of the one
+necessarily implying the nullity of the other. These provisions then do
+not include the colored people of the United States; since there is no
+power left in them, whereby they may protect us as their own citizens.
+Our descent, by the laws of the country, stamps us with
+inferiority--upon us has this law worked _corruption of blood_. We are
+in the hands of the General Government, and no State can rescue us. The
+Army and Navy stand at the service of our enslavers, the whole force of
+which, may at any moment--even in the dead of night, as has been
+done--when sunk in the depth of slumber, called out for the purpose of
+forcing our mothers, sisters, wives, and children, or ourselves, into
+hopeless servitude, there to weary out a miserable life, a relief from
+which, death would be hailed with joy. Heaven and earth--God and
+Humanity!--are not these sufficient to arouse the most worthless among
+mankind, of whatever descent, to a sense of their true position? These
+laws apply to us--shall we not be aroused?
+
+What then shall we do?--what is the remedy--is the important question to
+be answered?
+
+This important inquiry we shall answer, and find a remedy in when
+treating of the emigration of the colored people.
+
+
+
+
+XVII
+
+EMIGRATION OF THE COLORED PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES
+
+
+That there have been people in all ages under certain circumstances,
+that may be benefited by emigration, will be admitted; and that there
+are circumstances under which emigration is absolutely necessary to
+their political elevation, cannot be disputed.
+
+This we see in the Exodus of the Jews from Egypt to the land of Judea;
+in the expedition of Dido and her followers from Tyro to Mauritania; and
+not to dwell upon hundreds of modern European examples--also in the ever
+memorable emigration of the Puritans, in 1620, from Great Britain, the
+land of their birth, to the wilderness of the New World, at which may be
+fixed the beginning of emigration to this continent as a permanent
+residence.
+
+This may be acknowledged; but to advocate the emigration of the colored
+people of the United States from their native homes, is a new feature in
+our history, and at first view, may be considered objectionable, as
+pernicious to our interests. This objection is at once removed, when
+reflecting on our condition as incontrovertibly shown in a foregoing
+part of this work. And we shall proceed at once to give the advantages
+to be derived from emigration, to us as a people, in preference to any
+other policy that we may adopt. This granted, the question will then be,
+Where shall we go? This we conceive to be all important--of paramount
+consideration, and shall endeavor to show the most advantageous
+locality; and premise the recommendation, with the strictest advice
+against any countenance whatever, to the emigration scheme of the so
+called Republic of Liberia.
+
+
+
+
+XVIII
+
+"REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA"
+
+
+That we desire the civilization and enlightenment of Africa--the high
+and elevated position of Liberia among the nations of the earth, may not
+be doubted, as the writer was among the first, seven or eight years ago,
+to make the suggestion and call upon the Liberians to hold up their
+heads like men; take courage, having confidence in their own capacity to
+govern themselves, and come out from their disparaging position, by
+formally declaring their Independence.
+
+As our desire is to impart information, and enlighten the minds of our
+readers on the various subjects herein contained, we present below a
+large extract from the "First Annual Report of the Trustees of Donations
+for Education in Liberia." This Extract will make a convenient statistic
+reference for matters concerning Liberia. We could only wish that many
+of our readers possessed more historical and geographical information of
+the world, and there could be little fears of their going anywhere that
+might be incongenial and unfavorable to their success. We certainly do
+intend to deal fairly with Liberia, and give the reader every
+information that may tend to enlighten them. What the colored people
+most need, is _intelligence_; give them this, and there is no danger of
+them being duped into anything they do not desire. This Board was
+incorporated by the Legislature of Massachusetts, March 19th,
+1850--Ensign H. Kellogg, Speaker of the House, Marshall P. Wilder,
+President of the Senate. Trustees of the Board--Hon. George N. Briggs,
+LL.D., Hon. Simon Greenleaf, LL.D., Hon. Stephen Fairbanks, Hon. William
+J. Hubbard, Hon. Joel Giles, Hon. Albert Fearing, Amos A. Lawrence, Esq.
+Officers of the Board--Hon. G.N. Briggs, President; Hon. S. Fairbanks,
+Treasurer; Rev. J. Tracy, Secretary. The conclusion of the Report
+says:--"In view of such considerations, the Trustees cannot doubt the
+patrons of learning will sustain them in their attempt to plant the
+FIRST COLLEGE on the _only_ continent which yet remains _without_ one."
+In this, the learned Trustees have fallen into a statistical and
+geographical error, which we design to correct. The _continent_ is _not
+without_ a College. There are now in Egypt, erected under the patronage
+of that singularly wonderful man, Mehemet Ahi, four colleges conducted
+on the European principle--Scientific, Medical, Legal, and Military.[4]
+These are in successful operation; the Military College having an
+average of eleven hundred students annually. The continent of Africa
+then, is not without a college, but though benighted enough, even to an
+apparent hopeless degeneration, she is still the seat of learning, and
+must some day rise, in the majesty of ancient grandeur, and vindicate
+the rights and claims of her own children, against the incalculable
+wrongs perpetrated through the period of sixty ages by professedly
+enlightened Christians, against them.
+
+     A glance at the map will show a sharp bend in this coast at Cape
+     Palmas, from which it extends, on time one side, about 1,100 miles
+     north-west and north, and on the other, about 1,200 or 1,300 almost
+     directly east. In this bend is the Maryland Colony of Cape Palmas,
+     with a jurisdiction extending nearly 100 miles eastward. This
+     Colony is bounded on the north-west by the Republic of Liberia,
+     which extends along the coast about 400 miles to Sherbro. These two
+     governments will ultimately be united in one Republic, and may be
+     considered as one, for all the purposes of this inquiry. The extent
+     of their united sea-coast is about 520 miles. The jurisdiction of
+     the Republic over the four hundred miles or more which it claims,
+     has been formally acknowledged by several of the leading powers of
+     Europe, and is questioned by none. To almost the whole of it, the
+     native title has been extinguished; the natives, however, still
+     occupying, as citizens, such portions of it as they need.
+
+     The civilized population of these governments, judging from the
+     census of 1843, and other information, is some 7,000 or 8,000. Of
+     the heathen population, no census has ever been taken; but it
+     probably exceeds 300,000.
+
+     The grade of Liberian civilization may be estimated from the fact,
+     that the people have formed a republican government, and so
+     administer it, as to secure the confidence of European governments
+     in its stability. The native tribes who have merged themselves in
+     the Republic, have all bound themselves to receive and encourage
+     teachers; and some of them have insisted on the insertion, in their
+     treaties of annexation, of pledges that teachers and other means of
+     civilization shall be furnished.
+
+     Our accounts of churches, clergy and schools are defective, but
+     show the following significant facts:
+
+     The clergy of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Liberia are nearly
+     all Liberian citizens, serving as missionaries of the Methodist
+     Missionary Society in the United States. The last Report of that
+     Society gives the names of fifteen missionaries, having in charge
+     nine circuits, in which are 882 members in full communion, and 235
+     probationers; total, 1,117. They have 20 Sabbath Schools, with 114
+     officers and teachers, 810 scholars, and 507 volumes in their
+     libraries. They have a Manual Labor School and Female Academy. The
+     number of Day Schools is not reported; but seven of the
+     missionaries are reported as superintendents of schools, and the
+     same number have under their charge several "native towns," in some
+     of which there are schools. The late superintendent of the missions
+     writes:--
+
+     "It appears plain to my mind, that nothing can now retard the
+     progress of our missions in this land, unless it be the want of a
+     good high school, in which to rear up an abundant supply of well
+     qualified teachers, to supply, as they shall rapidly increase in
+     number, all your schools."
+
+     The Baptists are next in number to the Methodists. The Northern
+     Baptist Board, having its seat in Boston, has in Liberia one
+     mission, two out-stations, one boarding school, and two day
+     schools, with about twenty scholars each, one native preacher, and
+     four native assistants. The whole mission is in the hands of
+     converted natives. The Southern Board operates more extensively.
+     More than a year since, the Rev. John Day, its principal agent
+     there, reported to the Rev. R.R. Gurley, United States Commissioner
+     to Liberia, as follows:
+
+     "In our schools are taught, say, 330 children, 92 of whom are
+     natives. To more than 10,000 natives, the Word of Life is statedly
+     preached; and in every settlement in these colonies, we have a
+     church, to whom the means of grace are administered; and in every
+     village we have an interesting Sunday school, where natives as well
+     as colonists are taught the truths of God's word. Say, in our
+     Sunday schools, are taught 400 colonists, and 200 natives.... We
+     have this year baptized 18 natives and 7 colonists, besides what
+     have been baptized by Messrs. Murray and Drayton, from whom I have
+     had no report."
+
+     The missionaries are all, or nearly all, Liberian citizens.
+
+     The Board of Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United
+     States has five missionaries at four stations in Liberia. The first
+     is at Monrovia, under the care of the Rev. Harrison W. Ellis, well
+     known as "the Learned Black Blacksmith." While a slave in Alabama,
+     and working at his trade as a blacksmith, he acquired all the
+     education, in English, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Theology, which is
+     required for ordination as a Presbyterian minister. The
+     Presbyterians of that region then bought him, and sent him out as a
+     missionary. His assistant, Mr. B.V.R. James, a colored man, was for
+     some years a printer in the service of the American Board at their
+     mission at Cape Palmas and the Gaboon River. He first went to
+     Liberia as a teacher, supported by a society of ladies in New York.
+     In the Presbyterian Church under the care of Mr. Ellis are 39
+     communicants. During the year, 24 had been added, and 8 had been
+     dismissed to form a new church in another place. Mr. Ellis also has
+     charge of the "Alexander High School," which is intended mainly for
+     teaching the rudiments of a classical education. This institution
+     has an excellent iron school-house, given by a wealthy citizen of
+     New York, at the cost of one thousand dollars, and a library and
+     philosophical apparatus, which cost six hundred dollars, given by a
+     gentleman in one of the southern States. The library contains a
+     supply of classical works, probably equal to the wants of the
+     school for some years. The land needed for the accommodation of the
+     school was given by the government of Liberia. The number of
+     scholars appears to be between twenty and thirty, a part of whom
+     support themselves by their daily labor. The English High School
+     under the care of Mr. James, had, according to the last Annual
+     Report, 52 scholars. At a later date, the number in both schools
+     was 78. Mr. James has also a large Sabbath school; but the number
+     of pupils is not given.
+
+     The second station is at the new settlement of Kentucky, on the
+     right or north bank of the St. Paul's, about fifteen miles from
+     Monrovia, and six miles below Millsburgh. The missionary is a
+     Liberian, Mr. H.W. Erskine. On a lot of ten acres, given by the
+     government, buildings on an economical scale have been erected, in
+     which is a school of twenty scholars. A church was organized in
+     November, 1849, with eight members from the church in Monrovia.
+     They have since increased to fourteen. Here, too, is a flourishing
+     Sabbath school. The citizens, and especially the poor natives in
+     the neighbourhood, are extremely anxious that a boarding school
+     should be established. To this the Committee having charge of this
+     mission objects, as the expense for buildings and for the support
+     of pupils would be great, and would absorb funds that can be more
+     profitably expended on day schools.
+
+     The third station is on the Sinou river, 150 miles down the coast
+     from Monrovia, where, at the mouth of the river, is the town of
+     Greenville, and a few miles higher up, the newer settlements of
+     Readville and Rossville. It is under the care of the Rev. James M.
+     Priest. The number of communicants, at the latest date, was thirty,
+     and the field of labor was rapidly enlarging by immigration. The
+     station is new, and it does not appear that any mission school had
+     yet been organized.
+
+     The fourth station is at Settra Kroo, where there are five or six
+     miles of coast, to which the native title has not yet been
+     extinguished. This station has been maintained for some years, at a
+     lamentable expense of the lives and health of white missionaries.
+     About 200 boys and a few girls have been taught to read. The
+     station is now under the care of Mr. Washington McDonogh, formerly
+     a slave of the late John McDonogh, of Louisiana, so well known for
+     the immense estate which he has bequeathed to benevolent purposes.
+     He was well educated, and with more than eighty others, sent out
+     some years since at his master's expense. He has a school of
+     fifteen scholars, with the prospect of a large increase.
+
+     The mission of the Protestant Episcopal Church is located in the
+     Maryland Colony at Cape Palmas. Its last Report specifies seven
+     schools, and alludes to several others, in actual operation; all
+     containing from 200 to 300 scholars, of whom about 100 are in one
+     Sabbath school. Five other schools had been projected, and have
+     probably gone into operation since that time. The greater part of
+     the pupils are from native families. The Report states the number
+     of communicants at sixty-seven, of whom forty are natives. A High
+     school was opened January 1, 1850.
+
+     The laws of the Republic of Liberia provide for a common school in
+     every town. It is supposed, however, that where there is a mission
+     school, accessible to all children of suitable age, no other school
+     exists; so that, in fact, nearly all the common schools in Liberia
+     are connected with the different missions, the missionaries have
+     the superintendence of their studies, and the Missionary Societies
+     defray a large portion of the expense. Yet it must be remembered
+     that a large majority of the missionaries are citizens of the
+     Republic, and some of them native Africans; so that the immediate
+     control of the schools is not generally in foreign hands. A
+     portion, also, of the missionary funds, is contributed in Liberia;
+     and something is paid by parents for the tuition of their children.
+     Yet the Republic evidently needs an educational system more
+     independent of missionary aid and control; and for that purpose,
+     needs a supply of teachers who are not raised up in mission
+     schools. And we have it in testimony, that the missions themselves
+     might be more efficient for good, if well supplied with teachers of
+     higher qualifications.
+
+     Here, then, we have a Republic of some 300,000 inhabitants, of whom
+     7,000 or 8,000 may be regarded as civilized, and the remainder as
+     having a right to expect, and a large part of them actually
+     expecting and demanding the means of civilization and Christianity.
+     We have,--supplying as well as we can by estimate, the numbers not
+     definitely given,--more than 2,000 communicants in Christian
+     churches, and more than 1,500 children in Sabbath Schools; some 40
+     day schools containing, exclusive of the Methodists, who are the
+     most numerous, and of whose numbers in school we have no report,
+     about 635 scholars. The whole number in day schools, therefore, is
+     probably not less than 1,200. We have the Alexander High School at
+     Monrovia, where instruction is given to some extent in the
+     classics; the English High School, at the same place, under Mr.
+     James; the Methodist Manual Labor School and Female Academy at
+     Millsburg; the Baptist Boarding School at Bexley; and the
+     Protestant Episcopal High School at Cape Palmas. These institutions
+     must furnish some students for a higher seminary, such as we
+     propose to establish; and such a population must need their labors
+     when educated.
+
+However foreign to the designs of the writer of ever making that country
+or any other out of America, his home; had this been done, and honorably
+maintained, the Republic of Liberia would have met with words of
+encouragement, not only from himself, an humble individual, but we dare
+assert, from the leading spirits among, if not from the whole colored
+population of the United States. Because they would have been willing to
+overlook the circumstances under which they went there, so that in the
+end, they were willing to take their stand as men, and thereby throw off
+the degradation of slaves, still under the control of American
+slave-holders, and American slave-ships. But in this, we were
+disappointed--grievously disappointed, and proceed to show in short, our
+objections to Liberia.
+
+_Its geographical position_, in the first place, is objectionable,
+being located in the _sixth degree_ of latitude North of the equator, in
+a district signally unhealthy, rendering it objectionable as a place of
+destination for the colored people of the United States. We shall say
+nothing about other parts of the African coast, and the reasons for its
+location where it is: it is enough for us to know the facts as they are,
+to justify an unqualified objection to Liberia.
+
+In the second place, it originated in a deep laid scheme of the
+slaveholders of the country, to _exterminate_ the free colored of the
+American continent; the origin being sufficient to justify us in
+impugning the motives.
+
+Thirdly and lastly--Liberia is not an Independent Republic: in fact, _it
+is not_ an independent nation at all; but a poor _miserable mockery_--a
+_burlesque_ on a government--a pitiful dependency on the American
+Colonizationists, the Colonization Board at Washington city, in the
+District of Columbia, being the Executive and Government, and the
+principal man, called President, in Liberia, being the echo--a mere
+parrot of Rev. Robert R. Gurley, Elliot Cresson, Esq., Governor Pinney,
+and other leaders of the Colonization scheme--to do as they bid, and say
+what they tell him. This we see in all of his doings.
+
+Does he go to France and England, and enter into solemn treaties of an
+honorable recognition of the independence of his country; before his own
+nation has any knowledge of the result, this man called President,
+dispatches an official report to the Colonizationists of the United
+States, asking their gracious approval? Does king Grando, or a party of
+fishermen besiege a village and murder some of the inhabitants, this
+same "President," dispatches an official report to the American
+Colonization Board, asking for instructions--who call an Executive
+Session of the Board, and immediately decide that war must be waged
+against the enemy, placing ten thousand dollars at his disposal--and war
+_actually declared in Liberia_, by virtue of the _instructions_ of the
+_American Colonization Society_. A mockery of a government--a disgrace
+to the office pretended to be held--a parody on the position assumed.
+Liberia in Africa, is a mere dependency of Southern slaveholders, and
+American Colonizationists, and unworthy of any respectful consideration
+from us.
+
+What would be thought of the people of Hayti, and their heads of
+government, if their instructions emanated from the American
+Anti-Slavery Society, or the British Foreign Missionary Board? Should
+they be respected at all as a nation? Would they be worthy of it?
+Certainly not. We do not expect Liberia to be all that Hayti is; but we
+ask and expect of her, to have a decent respect for herself--to endeavor
+to be freemen instead of voluntary slaves. Liberia is no place for the
+colored freemen of the United States; and we dismiss the subject with a
+single remark of caution against any advice contained in a pamphlet,
+which we have not seen, written by Hon. James G. Birney, in favor of
+Liberian emigration. Mr. Birney is like the generality of white
+Americans, who suppose that we are too ignorant to understand what we
+want; whenever they wish to get rid of us, would drive us any where, so
+that we left them. Don't adhere to a word therein contained; we will
+think for ourselves. Let Mr. Birney go his way, and we will go ours.
+This is one of those confounded gratuities that is forced in our faces
+at every turn we make. We dismiss it without further comment--and with
+it Colonization _in toto_--and Mr. Birney _de facto_.
+
+But to return to emigration: Where shall we go? We must not leave this
+continent; America is our destination and our home.
+
+That the continent of America seems to have been designed by Providence
+as an asylum for all the various nations of the earth, is very apparent.
+From the earliest discovery, various nations sent a representation here,
+either as adventurers and speculators, or employed seamen and soldiers,
+hired to do the work of their employers. And among the earliest and most
+numerous class who found their way to the New World, were those of the
+African race. And it is now ascertained to our mind, beyond a
+peradventure, that when the continent was discovered, there were found
+in Central America, a tribe of the black race, of fine looking people,
+having characteristics of color and hair, identifying them originally of
+the African race--no doubt being a remnant of the Africans who, with the
+Carthaginian expedition, were adventitiously cast upon this continent,
+in their memorable excursion to the "Great Island," after sailing many
+miles distant to the West of the Pillars of Hercules.
+
+We are not inclined to be superstitious, but say, that we can see the
+"finger of God" in all this; and if the European race may with
+propriety, boast and claim, that this continent is better adapted to
+their development, than their own father-land; surely, it does not
+necessarily detract from our father-land, to claim the superior
+advantages to the African race, to be derived from this continent. But
+be that as it may, the world belongs to mankind--his common Father
+created it for his common good--his temporal destiny is here; and our
+present warfare, is not upon European rights, nor for European
+countries; but for the common rights of man, based upon the great
+principles of common humanity--taking our chance in the world of rights,
+and claiming to have originally more right to this continent, than the
+European race. And had we no other claims than those set forth in a
+former part of this work, they are sufficient to cause every colored
+man on the continent, to stand upon the soil unshaken and unmoved. The
+aboriginee of the continent, is more closely allied to us by
+consanguinity, than to the European--being descended from the Asiatic,
+whose alliance in matrimony with the African is very common--therefore,
+we have even greater claims to this continent on that account, and
+should unite and make common cause in elevation, with our similarly
+oppressed brother, the Indian.
+
+The advantages of this continent are superior, because it presents every
+variety of climate, soil, and production of the earth, with every
+variety of mineral production, with all kinds of water privileges, arid
+ocean coast on all sides, presenting every commercial advantage. Upon
+the American continent we are determined to stay, in spite of every odds
+against us. What part of the great continent shall our destination
+be--shall we emigrate to the North or South?
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[4] It may be, that the Medical and Legal Schools, are adjunct
+departments of the Scientific College, which would make the number of
+Colleges in Egypt but two: as we are certain that the Military is
+separate entirely from the Scientific School, and spoken of by travelers
+as a splendid College.
+
+
+
+
+XIX
+
+THE CANADAS
+
+
+This is one of the most beautiful portions of North America. Canada
+East, formerly known as Lower Canada, is not quite so favorable, the
+climate being cold and severe in winter, the springs being late, the
+summers rather short, and the soil not so productive. But Canada West,
+formerly called Upper Canada, is equal to any portion of the Northern
+States. The climate being milder than that of the Northern portions of
+New York, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, or any of the States
+bordering on the lakes, the soil is prolific in productions of every
+description. Grains, vegetables, fruits, and cattle, are of the very
+best kind; from a short tour by the writer, in that country in the fall,
+1851, one year ago, he prefers Canada West to any part of North America,
+as a destination for the colored people. But there is a serious
+objection to the Canadas--a political objection. The Canadians are
+descended from the same common parentage as the Americans on this side
+of the Lakes--and there is a manifest tendency on the part of the
+Canadians generally, to Americanism. That the Americans are determined
+to, and will have the Canadas, to a close observer, there is not a
+shadow of doubt; and our brethren should know this in time. This there
+would be no fear of, were not the Canadian people in favor of the
+project, neither would the Americans attempt an attack upon the
+provinces, without the move being favored by the people of those places.
+
+Every act of the Americans, ostensibly as courtesy and friendship, tend
+to that end. This is seen in the policy pursued during the last two or
+three years, in the continual invitations, frequently reciprocated, that
+pass from the Americans to their "Canadian brethren"--always couched in
+affectionate language--to join them in their various celebrations, in
+different parts of the States. They have got them as far as Boston, and
+we may expect to hear of them going to New York, Philadelphia,
+Baltimore--and instead of the merrymaking over the beginning or ending
+of internal improvements, we may expect to see them ere long, wending
+their way to the seat of the federal government--it may be with William
+McKenzie, the memorable _patriot_ and present member of the Colonial
+parliament, bearing in his hand the stars and stripes as their
+ensign--there to blend their voices in the loud shout of jubilee, in
+honor of the "bloodless victory," of Canadian annexation. This we
+forewarn the colored people, in time, is the inevitable and not far
+distant destiny of the Canadas. And let them come into the American
+Republic when they may, the fate of the colored man, however free
+before, is doomed, doomed, forever doomed. Disfranchisement,
+degradation, and a delivery up to slave catchers and kidnappers, are
+their only fate, let Canadian annexation take place when it will. The
+odious infamous fugitive slave law, will then be in full force with all
+of its terrors; and we have no doubt that fully in anticipation of this
+event, was the despicable law created.
+
+Let not colored people be deceived and gulled by any visionary argument
+about original rights, or those of the people remaining the same as they
+were previous to secession of the territory. The people can claim no
+rights than such as are known to exist previous to their annexation.
+This is manifestly the case with a large class of the former
+inhabitants of Mexico, who though citizens before, in the full exercise
+of their rights as such, so soon as the cession of the territory took
+place, lost them entirely, as they could claim only such as were enjoyed
+by the people of a similar class, in the country to which they made
+their union. The laudatories heaped upon the Americans, within the
+hearing of the writer, while traveling the provinces the last fall, by
+one of the Canadian officiaries, in comparing their superior
+intelligence to what he termed the "stupid aristocracy," then returning
+from the Boston celebration, where there was a fair opportunity of
+comparing the intellect of their chief magistrate, his excellency, Lord
+Elgin, governor-general of the Canadas, and Sir Allen Napier McNab,
+knight baronet with that of some of the "plain republicans" who were
+present on the occasion, were extravagant. The Canadians generally were
+perfectly carried away with delight at their reception. They reminded us
+of some of our poor brethren, who had just made their escape from
+Southern bondage, and for the first time in their life, had been taken
+by the hand by a white man, who acknowledged them as equals. They don't
+know when to stop talking about it, they really annoy one with
+extravagant praises of them. This was the way with those gentlemen; and
+we dare predict, that from what we heard on that occasion, that Mr.
+McKenzie nor Big Bill Johnson, hero of the Forty Islands, are no greater
+_patriots_ than these Canadian visitors to the Boston husa! We are
+satisfied that the Canadas are no place of safety for the colored people
+of the United States; otherwise we should have no objection to them.
+
+But to the fugitive--our enslaved brethren flying from Southern
+despotism--we say, until we have a more preferable place--go on to
+Canada. Freedom, always; liberty any place and ever--before slavery.
+Continue to fly to the Canadas, and swell the number of the twenty-five
+thousand already there. Surely the British cannot, they will not look
+with indifference upon such a powerful auxiliary as these brave, bold,
+daring men--the very flower of the South, who have hazarded every
+consequence, many of whom have come from Arkansas and Florida in search
+of freedom. Worthy surely to be free, when gained at such a venture. Go
+on to the North, till the South is ready to receive you--for surely, he
+who can make his way from Arkansas to Canada, can find his way from
+Kentucky to Mexico. The moment his foot touches this land South, he is
+free. Let the bondman but be assured that he can find the same freedom
+South that there is in the North; the same liberty in Mexico, as in
+Canada, and he will prefer going South to going North. His risk is no
+greater in getting there. Go either way, and he in the majority of
+instances must run the gauntlet of the slave states.
+
+
+
+
+XX
+
+CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES
+
+
+Central and South America, are evidently the ultimate destination and
+future home of the colored race on this continent; the advantages of
+which in preference to all others, will be apparent when once pointed
+out.[5]
+
+Geographically, from the Northern extremity of Yucatan, down through
+Central and South America, to Cape Horn, there is a variation of climate
+from the twenty-second degree of North latitude, passing through the
+equatorial region; nowhere as warm as it is in the same latitude in
+Africa; to the _fifty-fifth degree_ of South latitude, including a
+climate as cold as that of the Hudson Bay country in British America,
+colder than that of Maine, or any part known to the United States of
+North America; so that there is every variety of climate in South, as
+well as North America.
+
+In the productions of grains, fruits, and vegetables, Central and South
+America are also prolific; and the best of herds are here raised.
+Indeed, the finest Merino sheep, as well as the principal trade in rice,
+sugar, cotton, and wheat, which is now preferred in California to any
+produced in the United States--the Chilian flour--might be carried on by
+the people of this most favored portion of God's legacy to man. The
+mineral productions excel all other parts of this continent; the rivers
+present the greatest internal advantages, and the commercial prospects,
+are without a parallel on the coast of the new world.
+
+The advantages to the colored people of the United States, to be derived
+from emigration to Central, South America, and the West Indies, are
+incomparably greater than that of any other parts of the world at
+present.
+
+In the first place, there never have existed in the policy of any of the
+nations of Central or South America, an inequality on account of race or
+color, and any prohibition of rights, has generally been to the white,
+and not to the colored races.[6] To the whites, not because they were
+white, not on account of their color, but because of the policy pursued
+by them towards the people of other races than themselves. The
+population of Central and South America, consist of fifteen millions two
+hundred and forty thousand, adding the ten millions of Mexico;
+twenty-five millions two hundred and forty thousand, of which vast
+population, but _one-seventh_ are whites, or the pure European race.
+Allowing a deduction of one-seventh of this population for the European
+race that may chance to be in those countries, and we have in South and
+Central America alone, the vast colored population of _thirteen millions
+one hundred and seventy-seven thousand_; and including Mexico, a
+_colored_ population on this glorious continent of _twenty-one millions,
+six hundred and forty thousand_.
+
+This vast number of people, our brethren--because they are precisely the
+same people as ourselves and share the same fate with us, as the case of
+numbers of them have proven, who have been adventitiously thrown among
+us--stand ready and willing to take us by the hand--nay, are anxiously
+waiting, and earnestly importuning us to come, that they may make common
+cause with us, and we all share the same fate. There is nothing under
+heaven in our way--the people stand with open arms ready to receive us.
+The climate, soil, and productions--the vast rivers and beautiful
+sea-coast--the scenery of the landscape, and beauty of the starry
+heavens above--the song of the birds--the voice of the people say
+come--and God our Father bids us go.--Will we go? Go we must, and go we
+will, as there is no alternative. To remain here in North America, and
+be crushed to the earth in vassalage and degradation, we never will.
+
+Talk not about religious biases--we have but one reply to make. We had
+rather be a Heathen _freeman_, than a Christian _slave_.
+
+There need be no fear of annexation in these countries--the prejudices
+of the people are all against it, and with our influences infused among
+them, the aversion would be ten-fold greater. Neither need there be any
+fears of an attempt on the part of the United States, at a subjugation,
+of these countries. Policy is against it, because the United States has
+too many colored slaves in their midst, to desire to bring under their
+government, twenty-one millions of disfranchised people, whom it would
+cost them more to keep under subjection, than ten-fold the worth of the
+countries they gained. Besides, let us go to whatever parts of Central
+and South America we may, we shall make common cause with the people,
+and shall hope, by one judicious and signal effort, to assemble one
+day--and a glorious day it will be--in a great representative
+convention, and form a glorious union of South American States,
+"inseparably connected one and forever."
+
+This can be done, easily done, if the proper course be pursued, and
+necessity will hold them together as it holds together the United States
+of North America--self-preservation. As the British nation serves to
+keep in check the Americans; so would the United States serve to keep in
+Union the South American States.
+
+We should also enter into solemn treaties with Great Britain, and like
+other free and independent nations, take our chance, and risk
+consequences. Talk not of consequences; we are now in chains; shall we
+shake them off and go to a land of liberty? shall our wives and children
+be protected, secure, and affectionately cherished, or shall they be
+debased and degraded as our mothers and fathers were? By the light of
+heaven, no! By the instincts of nature, no!
+
+Talk not about consequences. White men seek responsibilities; shall we
+shun them? They brave dangers and risk consequences; shall we shrink
+from them? What are consequences, compared in the scale of value, with
+liberty and freedom; the rights and privileges of our wives and
+children? In defence of our liberty--the rights of my wife and children;
+had we the power, we would command the vault of a volcano, charged with
+the wrath of heaven, and blast out of existence, every thing that dared
+obstruct our way.
+
+The time has now fully arrived, when the colored race is called upon by
+all the ties of common humanity, and all the claims of consummate
+justice, to go forward and take their position, and do battle in the
+struggle now being made for the redemption of the world. Our cause is a
+just one; the greatest at present that elicits the attention of the
+world. For it there is a remedy; that remedy is now at hand. God himself
+as assuredly as he rules the destinies of nations, and entereth measures
+into the "hearts of men," has presented these measures to us. Our race
+is to be redeemed; it is a great and glorious work, and we are the
+instrumentalities by which it is to be done. But we must go from among
+our oppressors; it never can be done by staying among them. God has, as
+certain as he has ever designed any thing, has designed this great
+portion of the New World, for us, the colored races; and as certain as
+we stubborn our hearts, and stiffen our necks against it, his protecting
+arm and fostering care will be withdrawn from us.
+
+Shall we be told that we can live nowhere, but under the will of our
+North American oppressors; that this (the United States,) is the country
+most favorable to our improvement and progress? Are we incapable of
+self-government, and making such improvements for ourselves as we
+delight to enjoy after American white men have made them for themselves?
+No, it is not true. Neither is it true that the United States is the
+best country for our improvement. That country is the best, in which our
+manhood can be best developed; and that is Central and South America,
+and the West Indies--all belonging to this glorious Continent.
+
+Whatever may be our pretended objections to any place, whenever and
+wherever our oppressors go, there will our people be found in
+proportionate numbers. Even now could they get possession of the
+equatorial region of South America, there would colored men be found
+living on their boats and in their houses to do their menial services;
+but talk to them about going there and becoming men, and a thousand
+excuses and objections are at once raised against the climate or
+whatever else.
+
+The writer, within the past few years, and as early as seventeen years
+ago, then being quite young, and flushed with geographical and
+historical speculations, introduced in a Literary Institution of Young
+Men, the subject of Mexican, Californian, and South American Emigration.
+He was always hooted at, and various objections raised: one on account
+of distance, and another that of climate.
+
+He has since seen some of the same persons engage themselves to their
+white American oppressors--officers in the war against Mexico, exposing
+themselves to the chances of the heat of day and the damp of
+night--risking the dangers of the battle-field, in the capacity of
+servants. And had the Americans taken Mexico, no people would have
+flocked there faster than the colored people from the United States. The
+same is observed of California.
+
+In conversation, in the city of New York, a few weeks ago, with a
+colored lady of intelligence, one of the "first families," the
+conversation being the elevation of the colored people, we introduced
+emigration as a remedy, and Central America as the place. We were
+somewhat surprised, and certainly unprepared to receive the rebuking
+reply--"Do you suppose that I would go in the woods to live for the sake
+of freedom? no, indeed! if you wish to do so, go and do it. I am free
+enough here!" Remarking at the same time, that her husband was in San
+Francisco, and she was going to him, as she learned that that city was
+quite a large and handsome place.
+
+We reminded her, that the industry of white men and women, in four
+years' time, had made San Francisco what it is. That in 1846, before the
+American emigration, the city contained about seven hundred people,
+surrounded by a dense wilderness; and that we regretted to contrast her
+conduct or disposition with that of the lady of Col. Fremont, a daughter
+of Senator Benton, who tenderly and indulgently raised, in the spring
+after his arduous adventure across the mountains, and almost miraculous
+escape, while the country was yet a wilderness, left her comfortable
+home in Missouri, and braved the dangers of the ocean, to join her
+husband and settle in the wilderness. That she was going now to San
+Francisco, because it was a populous and "fine city"--that Mrs. Fremont
+went, when it was a wilderness, to help to _make_ a populous and fine
+city.
+
+About two hours previous to the writing of the following fact, two
+respectable colored ladies in conversation, pleasantly disputing about
+the superiority of the two places, Philadelphia and New York, when one
+spoke of the uniform cleanliness of the streets of Philadelphia, and the
+dirtiness of those of New York; when the other triumphantly
+replied,--"The reason that our streets are so dirty is, that we do more
+business in one day, than you do in a month." The other acknowledged the
+fact with some degree of reluctance, and explained, with many "buts" as
+an excuse in extenuation. Here was a seeming appreciation of business
+and enterprise; but the query flashed through our mind in an instant, as
+to whether they thought for a moment, of the fact, that _they_ had no
+interest in either city, nor its _business_. It brought forcibly to our
+mind, the scene of two of our oppressed brethren South, fighting each
+other, to prove his _master_ the greatest gentleman of the two.
+
+Let no objections be made to emigration on the ground of the difficulty
+of the fugitive slave, in reaching us; it is only necessary for him to
+know, that he has safety South, and he will find means of reaching the
+South, as easily as he now does the North. Have no fears about that--his
+redemption draws nigh, the nearer we draw to him. Central and South
+America, _must be our future homes_. Our oppressors will not want us to
+go there. They will move heaven and earth to prevent us--they will talk
+about us getting our rights, and offer us a territory here, and all
+that. It is of no use. They have pressed us to the last retreat--the die
+is cast--the Rubicon must be crossed--go we will, in defiance of all the
+slave-power in the Union. And we shall not go there, to be idle--passive
+spectators to an invasion of South American rights. No--go when we will,
+and where we may, we shall hold ourselves amenable to defend and protect
+the country that embraces us. We are fully able to defend ourselves,
+once concentrated, against any odds--and by the help of God, we will do
+it. We do not go, without counting the cost, cost what it may; all that
+it may cost, it is worth to be free.
+
+In going, let us have but one object--to become elevated men and women,
+worthy of freedom--the worthy citizens of an adopted country. What to us
+will be adopted--to our children will be legitimate. Go not with an
+anxiety of political aspirations; but go with the fixed intention--as
+Europeans come to the United States--of cultivating the soil, entering
+into the mechanical operations, keeping of shops, carrying on
+merchandise, trading on land and water, improving property--in a word,
+to become the producers of the country, instead of the consumers.
+
+Let young men who go, have a high object in view; and not go with a
+view of becoming servants to wealthy gentlemen there; for be assured,
+that they place themselves beneath all respectful consideration.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5] The native language of these countries, as well as the greater part
+of South America, is _Spanish_, which is the easiest of all foreign
+languages to learn. It is very remarkable and worthy of note, that with
+a view of going to Mexico or South America, the writer several years ago
+paid some attention to the Spanish language; and now, a most singular
+coincidence, without preunderstanding, in almost every town, where there
+is any intelligence among them, there are some _colored persons_ of both
+sexes, who are studying the Spanish language. Even the Methodist and
+other clergymen, among them. And we earnestly entreat all colored
+persons who can, to study, and have their children taught Spanish. No
+foreign language will be of such _import_ to colored people, in a very
+short time, as the Spanish. Mexico, Central and South America, importune
+us to speak their language; and if nothing else, the silent indications
+of Cuba, urge us to learn the Spanish tongue.
+
+[6] The Brazilians have formed a Colonization Society, for the purpose
+of colonizing free blacks to Africa. The Brazilians are Portuguese, the
+only nation that can be termed white, and the only one that is a real
+slave holding nation in South America. Even the black and colored men
+have equal privileges with whites; and the action of this society will
+probably extend only to the sending back of such captives as may be
+taken from piratical slavers. Colonization in Brazil, has doubtless been
+got up under the influence of United States slave holders and their
+abettors, such as the consuls and envoys, who are sent out to South
+America, by the government. Chevalier Niteroi, _charge de affaires_ from
+Brazil near the government of Liberia, received by the President on the
+28th of last January, is also charged with the mission of establishing a
+colony of free blacks in Liberia. The Chevalier was once a Captain in
+the Brazilian navy on the coast of Africa; and no doubt is conversant
+with the sentiments of Roberts, who was charged with the slave trade at
+one time. The scheme of United States slaveholders and President J.J.
+Roberts, their agent of Liberia, will not succeed, in establishing
+prejudice against the _black_ race; not even in slaveholding Brazil.
+
+We have no confidence in President Roberts of Liberia, believing him to
+be wholly without principle--seeking only self-aggrandizement; even
+should it be done, over the ruined prospects of his staggering infant
+country. The people of Liberia, should beware of this man. His _privy
+councillors_ are to be found among _slaveholders_ in the United States.
+
+
+
+
+XXI
+
+NICARAGUA AND NEW GRENADA
+
+
+As it is not reasonable to suppose, that all who read this
+volume--especially those whom it is intended most to benefit--understand
+geography; it is deemed advisable, to name some particular places, as
+locality of destination.
+
+We consequently, to begin with, select NICARAGUA, in Central America,
+North, and NEW GRENADA, the Northern part of South America, South of
+Nicaragua, as the most favorable points at present, in every particular,
+for us to emigrate to.
+
+In the first place, they are the nearest points to be reached, and
+countries at which the California adventurers are now touching, on their
+route to that distant land, and not half the distance of California.
+
+In the second place, the advantages for all kinds of enterprise, are
+equal if not superior, to almost any other points--the climate being
+healthy and highly favorable.
+
+In the third place, and by no means the least point of importance, the
+British nation is bound by solemn treaty, to protect both of those
+nations from foreign imposition, until they are able to stand alone.
+
+Then there is nothing in the way, but every thing in favor, and
+opportunities for us to rise to the full stature of manhood. Remember
+this fact, that in these countries, colored men now fill the highest
+places in the country: and colored people have the same chances there,
+that white people have in the United States. All that is necessary to
+do, is to go, and the moment your foot touches the soil, you have all
+the opportunities for elevating yourselves as the highest, according to
+your industry and merits.
+
+Nicaragua and New Grenada, are both Republics, having a President,
+Senate, and Representatives of the people. The municipal affairs are
+well conducted; and remember, however much the customs of the country
+may differ, and appear strange to those you have left behind--remember
+that you are free; and that many who, at first sight, might think that
+they could not become reconciled to the new order of things, should
+recollect, that they were once in a situation in the United States, (in
+_slavery_,) where they were compelled to be content with customs
+infinitely more averse to their feelings and desires. And that customs
+become modified, just in proportion as people of different customs from
+different parts, settle in the same communities together. All we ask is
+Liberty--the rest follows as a matter of course.
+
+
+
+
+XXII
+
+THINGS AS THEY ARE
+
+     "And if thou boast TRUTH to utter,
+     SPEAK, and leave the rest to God."
+
+
+In presenting this work, we have but a single object in view, and that
+is, to inform the minds of the colored people at large, upon many things
+pertaining to their elevation, that but few among us are acquainted
+with. Unfortunately for us, as a body, we have been taught to believe,
+that we must have some person to think for us, instead of thinking for
+ourselves. So accustomed are we to submission and this kind of training,
+that it is with difficulty, even among the most intelligent of the
+colored people, an audience may be elicited for any purpose whatever, if
+the expounder is to be a colored person; and the introduction of any
+subject is treated with indifference, if not contempt, when the
+originator is a colored person. Indeed, the most ordinary white person,
+is almost revered, while the most qualified colored person is totally
+neglected. Nothing from them is appreciated.
+
+We have been standing comparatively still for years, following in the
+footsteps of our friends, believing that what they promise us can be
+accomplished, just because they say so, although our own knowledge
+should long since, have satisfied us to the contrary. Because even were
+it possible, with the present hate and jealousy that the whites have
+towards us in this country, for us to gain equality of rights with them;
+we never could have an equality of the exercise and enjoyment of those
+rights--because, the great odds of numbers are against us. We might
+indeed, as some at present, have the right of the elective
+franchise--nay, it is not the elective franchise, because the _elective
+franchise_ makes the enfranchised, _eligible_ to any position
+attainable; but we may exercise the right of _voting_ only, which to us,
+is but poor satisfaction; and we by no means care to cherish the
+privilege of voting somebody into office, to help to make laws to
+degrade us.
+
+In religion--because they are both _translators_ and _commentators_, we
+must believe nothing, however absurd, but what our oppressors tell us.
+In Politics, nothing but such as they promulge; in Anti-Slavery, nothing
+but what our white brethren and friends say we must; in the mode and
+manner of our elevation, we must do nothing, but that which may be laid
+down to be done by our white brethren from some quarter or other; and
+now, even on the subject of emigration, there are some colored people to
+be found, so lost to their own interest and self-respect, as to be
+gulled by slave owners and colonizationists, who are led to believe
+there is no other place in which they can become elevated, but Liberia,
+a government of American slave-holders, as we have shown--simply,
+because white men have told them so.
+
+Upon the possibility, means, mode and manner, of our Elevation in the
+United States--Our Original Rights and Claims as Citizens--Our
+Determination not to be Driven from our Native Country--the Difficulties
+in the Way of our Elevation--Our Position in Relation to our
+Anti-Slavery Brethren--the Wicked Design and Injurious Tendency of the
+American Colonization Society--Objections to Liberia--Objections to
+Canada--Preferences to South America, &c., &c., all of which we have
+treated without reserve; expressing our mind freely, and with candor, as
+we are determined that as far as we can at present do so, the minds of
+our readers shall be enlightened. The custom of concealing information
+upon vital and important subjects, in which the interest of the people
+is involved, we do not agree with, nor favor in the least; we have
+therefore, laid this cursory treatise before our readers, with the hope
+that it may prove instrumental in directing the attention of our people
+in the right way, that leads to their Elevation. Go or stay--of course
+each is free to do as he pleases--one thing is certain; our Elevation is
+the work of our own hands. And Mexico, Central America, the West Indies,
+and South America, all present now, opportunities for the individual
+enterprise of our young men, who prefer to remain in the United States,
+in preference to going where they can enjoy real freedom, and equality
+of rights. Freedom of Religion, as well as of politics, being tolerated
+in all of these places.
+
+Let our young men and women, prepare themselves for usefulness and
+business; that the men may enter into merchandise, trading, and other
+things of importance; the young women may become teachers of various
+kinds, and otherwise fill places of usefulness. Parents must turn their
+attention more to the education of their children. We mean, to educate
+them for useful practical business purposes. Educate them for the Store
+and the Counting House--to do every-day practical business. Consult the
+children's propensities, and direct their education according to their
+inclinations. It may be, that there is too great a desire on the part of
+parents, to give their children a professional education, before the
+body of the people, are ready for it. A people must be a business
+people, and have more to depend upon than mere help in people's houses
+and Hotels, before they are either able to support, or capable of
+properly appreciating the services of professional men among them. This
+has been one of our great mistakes--we have gone in advance of
+ourselves. We have commenced at the superstructure of the building,
+instead of the foundation--at the top instead of the bottom. We should
+first be mechanics and common tradesmen, and professions as a matter of
+course would grow out of the wealth made thereby. Young men and women,
+must now prepare for usefulness--the day of our Elevation is at
+hand--all the world now gazes at us--and Central and South America, and
+the West Indies, bid us come and be men and women, protected, secure,
+beloved and Free.
+
+The branches of Education most desirable for the preparation of youth,
+for practical useful every-day life, are Arithmetic and good Penmanship,
+in order to be Accountants; and a good rudimental knowledge of
+Geography--which has ever been neglected, and under estimated--and of
+Political Economy; which without the knowledge of the first, no people
+can ever become adventurous--nor of the second, never will be an
+enterprising people. Geography, teaches a knowledge of the world, and
+Political Economy, a knowledge of the wealth of nations; or how to make
+money. These are not abstruse sciences, or learning not easily acquired
+or understood; but simply, common School Primer learning, that every
+body may get. And, although it is the very key to prosperity and success
+in common life, but few know any thing about it. Unfortunately for our
+people, so soon as their children learn to read a Chapter in the New
+Testament, and scribble a miserable hand, they are pronounced to have
+"Learning enough"; and taken away from School, no use to themselves, nor
+community. This is apparent in our Public Meetings, and Official Church
+Meetings; of the great number of men present, there are but few capable
+of filling a Secretaryship. Some of the large cities may be an exception
+to this. Of the multitudes of Merchants, and Businessmen throughout this
+country, Europe, and the world, few are qualified, beyond the branches
+here laid down by us as necessary for business. What did John Jacob
+Astor, Stephen Girard, or do the millionaires and the greater part of
+the merchant princes, and mariners, know about Latin and Greek, and the
+Classics? Precious few of them know any thing. In proof of this, in
+1841, during the Administration of President Tyler, when the mutiny was
+detected on board of the American Man of War Brig Somers, the names of
+the Mutineers, were recorded by young S---- a Midshipman in Greek.
+Captain Alexander Slidell McKenzie, Commanding, was unable to read them;
+and in his despatches to the Government, in justification of his policy
+in executing the criminals, said that he "discovered some curious
+characters which he was unable to read," &c.; showing thereby, that that
+high functionary, did not understand even the Greek Alphabet, which was
+only necessary, to have been able to read proper names written in Greek.
+
+What we most need then, is a good business practical Education; because,
+the Classical and Professional education of so many of our young men,
+before their parents are able to support them, and community ready to
+patronize them, only serves to lull their energy, and cripple the
+otherwise, praiseworthy efforts they would make in life. A Classical
+education, is only suited to the wealthy, or those who have a prospect
+of gaining a livelihood by it. The writer does not wish to be
+understood, as underrating a Classical and Professional education; this
+is not his intention; he fully appreciates them, having had some such
+advantages himself; but he desires to give a proper guide, and put a
+check to the extravagant idea that is fast obtaining, among our people
+especially, that a Classical, or as it is termed, a "finished
+education," is necessary to prepare one for usefulness in life. Let us
+have an education, that shall practically develope our thinking
+faculties and manhood; and then, and not until then, shall we be able to
+vie with our oppressors, go where we may. We as heretofore, have been on
+the extreme; either no qualification at all, or a Collegiate education.
+We jumped too far; taking a leap from the deepest abyss to the highest
+summit; rising from the ridiculous to the sublime; without medium or
+intermission.
+
+Let our young women have an education; let their minds be well informed;
+well stored with useful information and practical proficiency, rather
+than the light superficial acquirements, popularly and fashionably
+called accomplishments. We desire accomplishments, but they must be
+_useful_.
+
+Our females must be qualified, because they are to be the mothers of our
+children. As mothers are the first nurses and instructors of children;
+from them children consequently, get their first impressions, which
+being always the most lasting, should be the most correct. Raise the
+mothers above the level of degradation, and the offspring is elevated
+with them. In a word, instead of our young men, transcribing in their
+blank books, recipes for _Cooking_; we desire to see them making the
+transfer of _Invoices of Merchandise_. Come to our aid then; the
+_morning_ of our _Redemption_ from degradation, adorns the horizon.
+
+In our selection of individuals, it will be observed, that we have
+confined ourself entirely to those who occupy or have occupied positions
+among the whites, consequently having a more general bearing as useful
+contributors to society at large. While we do not pretend to give all
+such worthy cases, we gave such as we possessed information of, and
+desire it to be understood, that a large number of our most intelligent
+and worthy men and women, have not been named, because from their more
+private position in community, it was foreign to the object and design
+of this work. If we have said aught to offend, "take the will for the
+deed," and be assured, that it was given with the purest of motives, and
+best intention, from a true hearted man and brother; deeply lamenting
+the sad fate of his race in this country, and sincerely desiring the
+elevation of man, and submitted to the serious consideration of all, who
+favor the promotion of the cause of God and humanity.
+
+
+
+
+XXIII
+
+A GLANCE AT OURSELVES--CONCLUSION
+
+     With broken hopes--sad devastation;
+     A race _resigned_ to DEGRADATION!
+
+
+We have said much to our young men and women, about their vocation and
+calling; we have dwelt much upon the menial position of our people in
+this country. Upon this point we cannot say too much, because there is a
+seeming satisfaction and seeking after such positions manifested on
+their part, unknown to any other people. There appears to be, a want of
+a sense of propriety or _self-respect_, altogether inexplicable; because
+young men and women among us, many of whom have good trades and homes,
+adequate to their support, voluntarily leave them, and seek positions,
+such as servants, waiting maids, coachmen, nurses, cooks in gentlemens'
+kitchen, or such like occupations, when they can gain a livelihood at
+something more respectable, or elevating in character. And the worse
+part of the whole matter is, that they have become so accustomed to it,
+it has become so "fashionable," that it seems to have become second
+nature, and they really become offended, when it is spoken against.
+
+Among the German, Irish, and other European peasantry who come to this
+country, it matters not what they were employed at before and after they
+come; just so soon as they can better their condition by keeping shops,
+cultivating the soil, the young men and women going to night-schools,
+qualifying themselves for usefulness, and learning trades--they do so.
+Their first and last care, object and aim is, to better their condition
+by raising themselves above the condition that necessity places them in.
+We do not say too much, when we say, as an evidence of the deep
+degradation of our race, in the United States, that there are those
+among us, the wives and daughters, some of the _first ladies_, (and who
+dare say they are not the "first," because they belong to the "first
+class" and associate where any body among us can?) whose husbands are
+industrious, able and willing to support them, who voluntarily leave
+home, and become chamber-maids, and stewardesses, upon vessels and
+steamboats, in all probability, to enable them to obtain some more fine
+or costly article of dress or furniture.
+
+We have nothing to say against those whom _necessity_ compels to do
+these things, those who can do no better; we have only to do with those
+who can, and will not, or do not do better. The whites are always in the
+advance, and we either standing still or retrograding; as that which
+does not go forward, must either stand in one place or go back. The
+father in all probability is a farmer, mechanic, or man of some
+independent business; and the wife, sons and daughters, are
+chamber-maids, on vessels, nurses and waiting-maids, or coachmen and
+cooks in families. This is retrogradation. The wife, sons, and daughters
+should be elevated above this condition as a necessary consequence.
+
+If we did not love our race superior to others, we would not concern
+ourself about their degradation; for the greatest desire of our heart
+is, to see them stand on a level with the most elevated of mankind. No
+people are ever elevated above the condition of their _females_; hence,
+the condition of the _mother_ determines the condition of the child. To
+know the position of a people, it is only necessary to know the
+_condition_ of their _females_; and despite themselves, they cannot rise
+above their level. Then what is our condition? Our _best ladies_ being
+washerwomen, chambermaids, children's traveling nurses, and common house
+servants, and menials, we are all a degraded, miserable people, inferior
+to any other people as a whole, on the face of the globe.
+
+These great truths, however unpleasant, must be brought before the minds
+of our people in its true and proper light, as we have been too delicate
+about them, and too long concealed them for fear of giving offence. It
+would have been infinitely better for our race, if these facts had been
+presented before us half a century ago--we would have been now
+proportionably benefitted by it.
+
+As an evidence of the degradation to which we have been reduced, we dare
+premise, that this chapter will give offence to many, very many, and
+why? Because they may say, "He dared to say that the occupation of a
+_servant_ is a degradation." It is not necessarily degrading; it would
+not be, to one or a few people of a kind; but a _whole race of servants_
+are a degradation to that people.
+
+Efforts made by men of qualifications for the toiling and degraded
+millions among the whites, neither gives offence to that class, nor is
+it taken unkindly by them; but received with manifestations of
+gratitude; to know that they are thought to be, equally worthy of, and
+entitled to stand on a level with the elevated classes; and they have
+only got to be informed of the way to raise themselves, to make the
+effort and do so as far as they can. But how different with us. Speak of
+our position in society, and it at once gives insult. Though we are
+servants; among ourselves we claim to be _ladies_ and _gentlemen_, equal
+in standing, and as the popular expression goes, "Just as good as any
+body"--and so believing, we make no efforts to raise above the common
+level of menials; because the _best_ being in that capacity, all are
+content with the position. We cannot at the same time, be domestic and
+lady; servant and gentleman. We must be the one or the other. Sad, sad
+indeed, is the thought, that hangs drooping in our mind, when
+contemplating the picture drawn before us. Young men and women, "we
+write these things unto you, because ye are strong," because the writer,
+a few years ago, gave unpardonable offence to many of the young people
+of Philadelphia and other places, because he dared tell them, that he
+thought too much of them, to be content with seeing them the servants of
+other people. Surely, she that could be the mistress, would not be the
+maid; neither would he that could be the master, be content with being
+the servant; then why be offended, when we point out to you, the way
+that leads from the menial to the mistress or the master. All this we
+seem to reject with fixed determination, repelling with anger, every
+effort on the part of our intelligent men and women to elevate us, with
+true Israelitish degradation, in reply to any suggestion or proposition
+that may be offered, "Who made thee a ruler and judge?"
+
+The writer is no "Public Man," in the sense in which this is understood
+among our people, but simply an humble individual, endeavoring to seek a
+livelihood by a profession obtained entirely by his own efforts, without
+relatives and friends able to assist him; except such friends as he
+gained by the merit of his course and conduct, which he here gratefully
+acknowledges; and whatever he has accomplished, other young men may, by
+making corresponding efforts, also accomplish.
+
+We have advised an emigration to Central and South America, and even to
+Mexico and the West Indies, to those who prefer either of the last named
+places, all of which are free countries, Brazil being the only real
+slave-holding State in South America--there being nominal slavery in
+Dutch Guiana, Peru, Buenos Ayres, Paraguay, and Uraguay, in all of which
+places colored people have equality in social, civil, political, and
+religious privileges; Brazil making it punishable with death to import
+slaves into the empire.
+
+Our oppressors, when urging us to go to Africa, tell us that we are
+better adapted to the climate than they--that the physical condition of
+the constitution of colored people better endures the heat of warm
+climates than that of the whites; this we are willing to _admit_,
+without argument, without adducing the physiological reason why, that
+colored people can and do stand warm climates better than whites; and
+find an answer fully to the point in the fact, that they also stand _all
+other_ climates, cold, temperate, and modified, that white people can
+stand; therefore, according to our oppressors' own showing, we are a
+_superior race_, being endowed with properties fitting us for _all
+parts_ of the earth, while they are only adapted to _certain_ parts. Of
+course, this proves our right and duty to live wherever we may _choose_;
+while the white race may only live where they _can_. We are content with
+the fact, and have ever claimed it. Upon this rock, they and we shall
+ever agree.
+
+Of the West India Islands, Santa Cruz, belonging to Denmark; Porto Rico,
+and Cuba with its little adjuncts, belonging to Spain, are the only
+slaveholding Islands among them--three-fifths of the whole population of
+Cuba being colored people, who cannot and will not much longer endure
+the burden and the yoke. They only want intelligent leaders of their own
+color, when they are ready at any moment to charge to the conflict--to
+liberty or death. The remembrance of the noble mulatto, PLACIDO, the
+gentleman, scholar, poet, and intended Chief Engineer of the Army of
+Liberty and Freedom in Cuba; and the equally noble black, CHARLES BLAIR,
+who was to have been Commander-in-Chief, who were shamefully put to
+death in 1844, by that living monster, Captain General O'Donnell, is
+still fresh and indelible to the mind of every bondman of Cuba.
+
+In our own country, the United States, there are _three million five
+hundred thousand slaves_; and we, the nominally free colored people, are
+_six hundred thousand_ in number; estimating one-sixth to be men, we
+have _one hundred thousand_ able bodied freemen, which will make a
+powerful auxiliary in any country to which we may become adopted--an
+ally not to be despised by any power on earth. We love our country,
+dearly love her, but she don't love us--she despises us, and bids us
+begone, driving us from her embraces; but we shall not go where she
+desires us; but when we do go, whatever love we have for her, we shall
+love the country none the less that receives us as her adopted children.
+
+For the want of business habits and training, our energies have become
+paralyzed; our young men never think of business, any more than if they
+were so many bondmen, without the right to pursue any calling they may
+think most advisable. With our people in this country, dress and good
+appearances have been made the only test of gentleman and ladyship, and
+that vocation which offers the best opportunity to dress and appear
+well, has generally been preferred, however menial and degrading, by our
+young people, without even, in the majority of cases, an effort to do
+better; indeed, in many instances, refusing situations equally
+lucrative, and superior in position; but which would not allow as much
+display of dress and personal appearance. This, if we ever expect to
+rise, must be discarded from among us, and a high and respectable
+position assumed.
+
+One of our great temporal curses is our consummate poverty. We are the
+poorest people, as a class, in the world of civilized mankind--abjectly,
+miserably poor, no one scarcely being able to assist the other. To this,
+of course, there are noble exceptions; but that which is common to, and
+the very process by which white men exist, and succeed in life, is
+unknown to colored men in general. In any and every considerable
+community may be found, some one of our white fellow-citizens, who is
+worth more than all the colored people in that community put together.
+We consequently have little or no efficiency. We must have means to be
+practically efficient in all the undertakings of life; and to obtain
+them, it is necessary that we should be engaged in lucrative pursuits,
+trades, and general business transactions. In order to be thus engaged,
+it is necessary that we should occupy positions that afford the
+facilities for such pursuits. To compete now with the mighty odds of
+wealth, social and religious preferences, and political influences of
+this country, at this advanced stage of its national existence, we never
+may expect. A new country, and new beginning, is the only true,
+rational, politic remedy for our disadvantageous position; and that
+country we have already pointed out, with triple golden advantages, all
+things considered, to that of any country to which it has been the
+province of man to embark.
+
+Every other than we, have at various periods of necessity, been a
+migratory people; and all when oppressed, shown a greater abhorrence of
+oppression, if not a greater love of liberty, than we. We cling to our
+oppressors, as the objects of our love. It is true that our enslaved
+brethren are here, and we have been led to believe that it is necessary
+for us to remain, on that account. Is it true, that all should remain in
+degradation, because a part are degraded? We believe no such thing. We
+believe it to be the duty of the Free, to elevate themselves in the most
+speedy and effective manner possible; as the redemption of the bondman
+depends entirely upon the elevation of the freeman; therefore, to
+elevate the free colored people of America, anywhere upon this
+continent; forebodes the speedy redemption of the slaves. We shall hope
+to hear no more of so fallacious a doctrine--the necessity of the free
+remaining in degradation, for the sake of the oppressed. Let us apply,
+first, the lever to ourselves; and the force that elevates us to the
+position of manhood's considerations and honors, will cleft the manacle
+of every slave in the land.
+
+When such great worth and talents--for want of a better sphere--of men
+like Rev. Jonathan Robinson, Robert Douglass, Frederick A. Hinton, and a
+hundred others that might be named, were permitted to expire in a
+barber-shop; and such living men as may be found in Boston, New York,
+Philadelphia, Baltimore, Richmond, Washington City, Charleston, (S.C.)
+New Orleans, Cincinnati, Louisville, St. Louis, Pittsburg, Buffalo,
+Rochester, Albany, Utica, Cleveland, Detroit, Milwaukie, Chicago,
+Columbus, Zanesville, Wheeling, and a hundred other places, confining
+themselves to Barber-shops and waiter-ships in Hotels; certainly the
+necessity of such a course as we have pointed out, must be cordially
+acknowledged; appreciated by every brother and sister of oppression; and
+not rejected as heretofore, as though they preferred inferiority to
+equality. These minds must become "unfettered," and have "space to
+rise." This cannot be in their present positions. A continuance in any
+position, becomes what is termed "Second Nature"; it begets an
+_adaptation_, and _reconciliation_ of _mind_ to such condition. It
+changes the whole physiological condition of the system, and adapts man
+and woman to a higher or lower sphere in the pursuits of life. The
+offsprings of slaves and peasantry, have the general characteristics of
+their parents; and nothing but a different course of training and
+education, will change the character.
+
+The slave may become a lover of his master, and learn to forgive him for
+continual deeds of maltreatment and abuse; just as the Spaniel would
+couch and fondle at the feet that kick him; because he has been taught
+to reverence them, and consequently, becomes adapted in body and mind to
+his condition. Even the shrubbery-loving Canary, and lofty-soaring
+Eagle, may be tamed to the cage, and learn to love it from habit of
+confinement. It has been so with us in our position among our
+oppressors; we have been so prone to such positions; that we have
+learned to love them. When reflecting upon this all important, and to
+us, all absorbing subject; we feel in the agony and anxiety of the
+moment, as though we could cry out in the language of a Prophet of old:
+"Oh that my head were waters, and mine eyes a fountain of tears, that I
+might weep day and night for the" degradation "of my people! Oh that I
+had in the wilderness a lodging place of way-faring men; that I might
+leave my people, and go from them!"
+
+The Irishman and German in the United States, are very different persons
+to what they were when in Ireland and Germany, the countries of their
+nativity. There their spirits were depressed and downcast; but the
+instant they set their foot upon unrestricted soil; free to act and
+untrammeled to move; their physical condition undergoes a change, which
+in time becomes physiological, which is transmitted to the offspring,
+who when born under such circumstances, is a decidedly different being
+to what it would have been, had it been born under different
+circumstances.
+
+A child born under oppression, has all the elements of servility in its
+constitution; who when born under favorable circumstances, has to the
+contrary, all the elements of freedom and independence of feeling. Our
+children then, may not be expected, to maintain that position and manly
+bearing; born under the unfavorable circumstances with which we are
+surrounded in this country; that we so much desire. To use the language
+of the talented Mr. Whipper, "they cannot be raised in this country,
+without being stoop shouldered." Heaven's pathway stands unobstructed,
+which will lead us into a Paradise of bliss. Let us go on and possess
+the land, and the God of Israel will be our God.
+
+The lessons of every school book, the pages of every history, and
+columns of every newspaper, are so replete with stimuli to nerve us on
+to manly aspirations, that those of our young people, who will now
+refuse to enter upon this great theatre of Polynesian adventure, and
+take their position on the stage of Central and South America, where a
+brilliant engagement, of certain and most triumphant success, in the
+drama of human equality awaits them; then, with the blood of _slaves_,
+write upon the lintel of every door in sterling Capitals, to be gazed
+and hissed at by every passer by--
+
+     Doomed by the Creator
+     To servility and degradation;
+     The SERVANT of the _white man_,
+     And despised of every nation!
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+A PROJECT FOR AN EXPEDITION OF ADVENTURE, TO THE EASTERN COAST OF AFRICA
+
+
+Every people should be the originators of their own designs, the
+projector of their own schemes, and creators of the events that lead to
+their destiny--the consummation of their desires.
+
+Situated as we are, in the United States, many, and almost
+insurmountable obstacles present themselves. We are four-and-a-half
+millions in numbers, free and bond; six hundred thousand free, and
+three-and-a-half millions bond.
+
+We have native hearts and virtues, just as other nations; which in their
+pristine purity are noble, potent, and worthy of example. We are a
+nation within a nation;--as the Poles in Russia, the Hungarians in
+Austria, the Welsh, Irish, and Scotch in the British dominions.
+
+But we have been, by our oppressors, despoiled of our purity, and
+corrupted in our native characteristics, so that we have inherited their
+vices, and but few of their virtues, leaving us in character, really a
+_broken people_.
+
+Being distinguished by complexion, we are still singled out--although
+having merged in the habits and customs of our oppressors--as a distinct
+nation of people; as the Poles, Hungarians, Irish, and others, who still
+retain their native peculiarities, of language, habits, and various
+other traits. The claims of no people, according to established policy
+and usage, are respected by any nation, until they are presented in a
+national capacity.
+
+To accomplish so great and desirable an end, there should be held, a
+great representative gathering of the colored people of the United
+States; not what is termed a National Convention, represented en masse,
+such as have been, for the last few years, held at various times and
+places; but a true representation of the intelligence and wisdom of the
+colored freemen; because it will be futile and an utter failure, to
+attempt such a project without the highest grade of intelligence.
+
+No great project was ever devised without the consultation of the most
+mature intelligence, and discreet discernment and precaution.
+
+To effect this, and prevent intrusion and improper representation, there
+should be a CONFIDENTIAL COUNCIL held; and circulars issued, only to
+such persons as shall be _known_ to the projectors to be equal to the
+desired object.
+
+The authority from whence the call should originate, to be in this
+wise:--The originator of the scheme, to impart the contemplated
+Confidential Council, to a limited number of known, worthy gentlemen,
+who agreeing with the project, endorse at once the scheme, when becoming
+joint proprietors in interest, issue a _Confidential Circular_, leaving
+blanks for _date_, _time_, and _place_ of _holding_ the Council; sending
+them to trusty, worthy, and suitable colored freemen, in all parts of
+the United States, and the Canadas, inviting them to attend; who when
+met in Council, have the right to project any scheme they may think
+proper for the general good of the whole people--provided, that the
+project is laid before them after its maturity.
+
+By this Council to be appointed, a Board of Commissioners, to consist of
+three, five, or such reasonable number as may be decided upon, one of
+whom shall be chosen as Principal or Conductor of the Board, whose duty
+and business shall be, to go on an expedition to the EASTERN COAST of
+AFRICA, to make researches for a suitable location on that section of
+the coast, for the settlement of colored adventurers from the United
+States, and elsewhere. Their mission should be to all such places as
+might meet the approbation of the people; as South America, Mexico, the
+West Indies, &c.
+
+The Commissioners all to be men of decided qualifications; to embody
+among them, the qualifications of physician, botanist, chemist,
+geologist, geographer, and surveyor,--having a sufficient knowledge of
+these sciences, for practical purposes.
+
+Their business shall be, to make a topographical, geographical,
+geological, and botanical examination, into such part or parts as they
+may select, with all other useful information that may be obtained; to
+be recorded in a journal kept for that purpose.
+
+The Council shall appoint a permanent Board of Directors, to manage and
+supervise the doings of the Commissioners, and to whom they shall be
+amenable for their doings, who shall hold their office until successors
+shall be appointed.
+
+A National Confidential Council, to be held once in three years; and
+sooner, if necessity or emergency should demand it; the Board of
+Directors giving at least three months' notice, by circulars and
+newspapers. And should they fail to perform their duty, twenty-five of
+the representatives from any six States, of the former Council, may
+issue a call, authentically bearing their names, as sufficient authority
+for such a call. But when the Council is held for the reception of the
+report of the Commissioners, a general mass convention should then take
+place, by popular representation.
+
+
+MANNER OF RAISING FUNDS.
+
+The National Council shall appoint one or two Special Commissioners, to
+England and France, to solicit, in the name of the Representatives of a
+Broken Nation, of four-and-a-half millions, the necessary outfit and
+support, for any period not exceeding three years, of such an
+expedition. Certainly, what England and France would do, for a little
+nation--mere nominal nation, of five thousand civilized Liberians, they
+would be willing and ready to do, for five millions; if they be but
+authentically represented, in a national capacity. What was due to
+Greece, enveloped by Turkey, should be due to US, enveloped by the
+United States; and we believe would be respected, if properly presented.
+To England and France, we should look for sustenance, and the people of
+those two nations--as they would have every thing to gain from such an
+adventure and eventual settlement on the EASTERN COAST OF AFRICA--the
+opening of an immense trade being the consequence. The whole Continent
+is rich in minerals, and the most precious metals, as but a superficial
+notice of the topographical and geological reports from that country,
+plainly show to any mind versed in the least, in the science of the
+earth.
+
+The Eastern Coast of Africa has long been neglected, and never but
+little known, even to the ancients; but has ever been our choice part of
+the Continent. Bounded by the Red Sea, Arabian Sea, and Indian Ocean, it
+presents the greatest facilities for an immense trade, with China,
+Japan, Siam, Hindoostan, in short, all the East Indies--of any other
+country in the world. With a settlement of enlightened freemen, who with
+the immense facilities, must soon grow into a powerful nation. In the
+Province of Berbera, south of the Strait of Babelmandel, or the great
+pass, from the Arabian to the Red Sea, the whole commerce of the East
+must touch this point.
+
+Also, a great rail road could be constructed from here, running with
+the Mountains of the Moon, clearing them entirely, except making one
+mountain pass, at the western extremity of the Mountains of the Moon,
+and the southeastern terminus of the Kong Mountains; entering the
+Province of Dahomey, and terminating on the Atlantic Ocean West; which
+would make the GREAT THOROUGHFARE for all the trade with the East Indies
+and Eastern Coast of Africa, and the Continent of America. All the world
+would pass through Africa upon this rail road, which would yield a
+revenue infinitely greater than any other investment in the world.
+
+The means for prosecuting such a project--as stupendous as it may
+appear--will be fully realised in the prosecution of the work. Every
+mile of the road, will thrice pay for itself, in the development of the
+rich treasures that now lie hidden in the bowels of the earth. There is
+no doubt, that in some one section of twenty-five miles, the
+developments of gold would more than pay the expenses of any one
+thousand miles of the work. This calculation may, to those who have
+never given this subject a thought, appear extravagant, and visionary;
+but to one who has had his attention in this direction for years, it is
+clear enough.
+
+But a few years will witness a development of gold, precious metals, and
+minerals in Eastern Africa, the Moon and Kong Mountains, ten-fold
+greater than all the rich productions of California.
+
+There is one great physiological fact in regard to the colored
+race--which, while it may not apply to all colored persons, is true of
+those having black skins--that they can bear _more different_ climates
+than the white race. They bear _all_ the temperates and extremes, while
+the other can only bear the temperates and _one_ of the extremes. The
+black race is endowed with natural properties, that adapt and fit them
+for temperate, cold, and hot climates; while the white race is only
+endowed with properties that adapt them to temperate and cold climates;
+being unable to stand the warmer climates; in them, the white race
+cannot work, but become perfectly indolent, requiring somebody to work
+for them--and these, are always people of the black race.
+
+The black race may be found, inhabiting in healthful improvement, every
+part of the globe where the white race reside; while there are parts of
+the globe where the black race reside, that the white race cannot live
+in health.
+
+What part of mankind is the "denizen of every soil, and the lord of
+terrestrial creation," if it be not the black race? The Creator has
+indisputably adapted us for the "denizens of _every soil_," all that is
+left for us to do, is to _make_ ourselves the "_lords_ of terrestrial
+creation." The land is ours--there it lies with inexhaustible resources;
+let us go and possess it. In Eastern Africa must rise up a nation, to
+whom all the world must pay commercial tribute.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Condition, Elevation, Emigration,
+and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States, by Martin R. Delany
+
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+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, And Destiny Of The Colored People of the United States, by MARTIN ROBISON DELANY.
+    </title>
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and
+Destiny of the Colored People of the United States, by Martin R. Delany
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States
+
+Author: Martin R. Delany
+
+Release Date: November 26, 2005 [EBook #17154]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CONDITION, ELEVATION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzanne Shell, Martin Pettit and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
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+
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+</pre>
+
+
+
+<h1>THE CONDITION, ELEVATION, EMIGRATION, AND DESTINY OF THE COLORED PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES</h1>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2>MARTIN ROBISON DELANY</h2>
+
+<p class='center'>PUBLISHED 1852.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<h2>The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and Destiny of the Colored People
+of the United States</h2>
+
+<div class="index">
+<ul>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;<a href="#PREFACE">PREFACE</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#I">I</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;Condition of Many Classes in Europe Considered</li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#II">II</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;Comparative Condition of the Colored People of the United States</li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#III">III</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;American Colonization</li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#IV">IV</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;Our Elevation in the United States</li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#V">V</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;Means of Elevation</li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#VI">VI</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;The United States Our Country</li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#VII">VII</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;Claims of Colored Men as Citizens of the United States</li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#VIII">VIII</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;Colored American Warriors</li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#IX">IX</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;Capacity of Colored Men and Women as Citizen Members of Community</li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#X">X</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;Practical Utility of Colored People of the Present Day as Members of Society&mdash;Business Men and Mechanics</li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#XI">XI</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;Literary and Professional Colored Men and Women</li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#XII">XII</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;Students of Various Professions</li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#XIII">XIII</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;A Scan at Past Things</li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#XIV">XIV</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;Late Men of Literary, Professional and Artistic Note</li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#XV">XV</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;Farmers and Herdsmen</li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#XVI">XVI</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;National Disfranchisement of Colored People</li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#XVII">XVII</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;Emigration of the Colored People of the United States</li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#XVIII">XVIII</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;"Republic of Liberia"</li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#XIX">XIX</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;The Canadas</li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#XX">XX</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;Central and South America and the West Indies</li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#XXI">XXI</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;Nicaragua and New Grenada</li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#XXII">XXII</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;Things as They Are</li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#XXIII">XXIII</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;A Glance at Ourselves&mdash;Conclusion</li>
+<li><span class="mono"><a href="#APPENDIX">APPENDIX</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;A Project for an Expedition of Adventure, to the Eastern Coast of Africa</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+<p class='center'><i>Sincerely dedicated to the American People, North and South.</i></p>
+
+<p class='center'><i>By Their Most Devout, and Patriotic Fellow Citizen, the Author</i></p>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE</h2>
+
+<p>The author of this little volume has no other apology for offering it to
+the public, than the hurried manner in which it has been composed. Being
+detained in the city of New York on business, he seized the opportunity
+of a tedious delay, and wrote the work in the inside of one month,
+attending to other business through the day, and lecturing on physiology
+sometimes in the evening. The reader will therefore not entertain an
+idea of elegance of language and terseness of style, such as should rule
+the sentences of every composition, by whomsoever written.</p>
+
+<p>His sole object has been, to place before the public in general, and the
+colored people of the United States in particular, great truths
+concerning this class of citizens, which appears to have been heretofore
+avoided, as well by friends as enemies to their elevation. By opponents,
+to conceal information, that they are well aware would stimulate and
+impel them on to bold and adventurous deeds of manly daring; and by
+friends, who seem to have acted on the principle of the zealous
+orthodox, who would prefer losing the object of his pursuit to changing
+his policy.</p>
+
+<p>There are also a great many colored people in the United States, who
+have independence of spirit, who desire to, and do, think for
+themselves; but for the want of general information, and in consequence
+of a prevailing opinion that has obtained, that no thoughts nor opinions
+must be expressed, even though it would eventuate in their elevation,
+except it emanate from some old, orthodox, stereotyped doctrine
+concerning them; therefore, such a work as this, which is but a mere
+introduction to what will henceforth emanate from the pen of colored men
+and women, appeared to be in most anxious demand, in order to settle
+their minds entirely, and concentrate them upon an effective and
+specific course of procedure. We have never conformed with that class of
+philosophers who would keep the people in ignorance, lest they might
+change their opinion from former predilections. This we shall never do,
+except pressing necessity demands it, and then only as a measure to
+prevent bad consequences, for the time.</p>
+
+<p>The colored people of to-day are not the colored people of a quarter of
+a century ago, and require very different means and measures to satisfy
+their wants and demands, and to effect their advancement. No wise
+statesman presumes the same measures for the satisfaction of the
+American people now, that may have been with propriety adopted
+twenty-five years ago; neither is it wisdom to presume, that the
+privileges which satisfied colored people twenty years ago, they will be
+reconciled with now. That with which the father of the writer may have
+been satisfied, even up to the present day, the writer cannot be content
+with; the one lived in times antecedent to the birth of the other; that
+which answered then, does not answer now: so is it with the whole class
+of colored people in the United States. Their feelings, tastes,
+predilections, wants, demands, and sympathies, are identical, and
+homogeneous with those of all other Americans.</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class='stanza'><div>"Fleecy locks and black complexions,</div>
+<div class='i2'>Cannot alter nature's claim;</div>
+<div>Skins may differ, but affections,</div>
+<div class='i2'>Dwell in black and white the same."</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Many of the distinguished characters referred to in this work, who lived
+in former days, for which there is no credit given, have been obtained
+from various sources&mdash;as fragments of history, pamphlets, files of
+newspapers, obsolete American history, and some from Mrs. Child's
+Collection. Those of modern date, are living facts known to the writer
+in his travels through the United States, having been from Canada and
+Maine to Arkansas and Texas. The origin of the breast-works of cotton
+bales on Chalmet Plains, at the battle of New Orleans, the writer
+learned in that city, from old colored men in 1840, and subsequently,
+from other sources; as well as much useful information concerning that
+battle, from <i>Julien Bennoit</i>, spoken of in the work. He has before
+referred to it some five or six years ago, through the columns of a
+paper, of which he was then editor, and not until subsequently to his
+narrating the same facts in these columns, was he aware that it was ever
+mentioned in print, when he saw, on the 3d day of March, on looking over
+the contributions of the "Liberty Bell," a beautiful annual of Boston,
+the circumstances referred to by <span class="smcap">David Lee Child</span>, Esq., the
+particulars of which will be found in our version.</p>
+
+<p>The original intention was to make this a pamphlet of a few pages, the
+writer commencing with that view; but finding that he could not thus
+justify the design of the work, will fully explain the cause of its
+present volume. The subject of this work is one that the writer has
+given thought for years, and the only regret that he has now in placing
+it before the public is, that his circumstances and engagements have
+not afforded him such time and opportunity as to do justice to it. But,
+should he succeed in turning the attention of the colored people, in
+general, in this direction&mdash;he shall have been amply compensated for the
+labor bestowed. An appendix will be found giving the plan of the author,
+laid out at twenty-four years of age, but subsequently improved on, for
+the elevation of the colored race. That plan of course, as this work
+will fully show, has been abandoned for a far more glorious one; albeit,
+we as a race, still lay claim to the project, which one day must be
+added to our dashing strides in national advancement, successful
+adventure, and unsurpassed enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>One part of the American people, though living in near proximity and
+together, are quite unacquainted with the other; and one of the great
+objects of the author is, to make each acquainted. Except the character
+of an individual is known, there can be no just appreciation of his
+worth; and as with individuals, so is it with classes.</p>
+
+<p>The colored people are not yet known, even to their most professed
+friends among the white Americans; for the reason, that politicians,
+religionists, colonizationists, and abolitionists, have each and all, at
+different times, presumed to <i>think</i> for, dictate to, and <i>know</i> better
+what suited colored people, than they knew for themselves; and
+consequently, there has been no other knowledge of them obtained, than
+that which has been obtained through these mediums. Their history&mdash;past,
+present, and future, has been written by them, who, for reasons well
+known, which are named in this volume, are not their representatives,
+and, therefore, do not properly nor fairly present their wants and
+claims among their fellows. Of these impressions, we design disabusing
+the public mind, and correcting the false impressions of all classes
+upon this great subject. A moral and mental, is as obnoxious as a
+physical servitude, and not to be tolerated; as the one may, eventually,
+lead to the other. Of these we feel the direful effects.</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class='stanza'><div>"If I'm designed your lordling's slave,</div>
+<div class='i2'>By nature's law designed;</div>
+<div>Why was an independent wish</div>
+<div class='i2'>E'er planted in my mind!"</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="I" id="I"></a>I</h2>
+
+<h2>CONDITION OF MANY CLASSES IN EUROPE CONSIDERED</h2>
+
+<p>That there have been in all ages and in all countries, in every quarter
+of the habitable globe, especially among those nations laying the
+greatest claim to civilization and enlightenment, classes of people who
+have been deprived of equal privileges, political, religious and social,
+cannot be denied, and that this deprivation on the part of the ruling
+classes is cruel and unjust, is also equally true. Such classes have
+even been looked upon as inferior to their oppressors, and have ever
+been mainly the domestics and menials of society, doing the low offices
+and drudgery of those among whom they lived, moving about and existing
+by mere sufferance, having no rights nor privileges but those conceded
+by the common consent of their political superiors. These are historical
+facts that cannot be controverted, and therefore proclaim in tones more
+eloquently than thunder, the listful attention of every oppressed man,
+woman, and child under the government of the people of the United States
+of America.</p>
+
+<p>In past ages there were many such classes, as the Israelites in Egypt,
+the Gladiators in Rome, and similar classes in Greece; and in the
+present age, the Gipsies in Italy and Greece, the Cossacs in Russia and
+Turkey, the Sclaves and Croats in the Germanic States, and the Welsh and
+Irish among the British, to say nothing of various other classes among
+other nations.</p>
+
+<p>That there have in all ages, in almost every nation, existed a nation
+within a nation&mdash;a people who although forming a part and parcel of the
+population, yet were from force of circumstances, known by the peculiar
+position they occupied, forming in fact, by the deprivation of political
+equality with others, no part, and if any, but a restricted part of the
+body politic of such nations, is also true.</p>
+
+<p>Such then are the Poles in Russia, the Hungarians in Austria, the
+Scotch, Irish, and Welsh in the United Kingdom, and such also are the
+Jews, scattered throughout not only the length and breadth of Europe,
+but almost the habitable globe, maintaining their national
+characteristics, and looking forward in high hopes of seeing the day
+when they may return to their former national position of
+self-government and independence, let that be in whatever part of the
+habitable world it may. This is the lot of these various classes of
+people in Europe, and it is not our intention here, to discuss the
+justice or injustice of the causes that have contributed to their
+degradation, but simply to set forth the undeniable facts, which are as
+glaring as the rays of a noonday's sun, thereby to impress them
+indelibly on the mind of every reader of this pamphlet.</p>
+
+<p>It is not enough, that these people are deprived of equal privileges by
+their rulers, but, the more effectually to succeed, the equality of
+these classes must be denied, and their inferiority by nature as
+distinct races, actually asserted. This policy is necessary to appease
+the opposition that might be interposed in their behalf. Wherever there
+is arbitrary rule, there must be necessity, on the part of the dominant
+classes, superiority be assumed. To assume superiority, is to deny the
+equality of others, and to deny their equality, is to premise their
+incapacity for self-government. Let this once be conceded, and there
+will be little or no sympathy for the oppressed, the oppressor being
+left to prescribe whatever terms at discretion for their government,
+suits his own purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Such then is the condition of various classes in Europe; yes, nations,
+for centuries within nations, even without the hope of redemption among
+those who oppress them. And however unfavorable their condition, there
+is none more so than that of the colored people of the United States.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="II" id="II"></a>II</h2>
+
+<h2>COMPARATIVE CONDITION OF THE COLORED PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES</h2>
+
+<p>The United States, untrue to her trust and unfaithful to her professed
+principles of republican equality, has also pursued a policy of
+political degradation to a large portion of her native born countrymen,
+and that class is the Colored People. Denied an equality not only of
+political but of natural rights, in common with the rest of our fellow
+citizens, there is no species of degradation to which we are not
+subject.</p>
+
+<p>Reduced to abject slavery is not enough, the very thought of which
+should awaken every sensibility of our common nature; but those of their
+descendants who are freemen even in the non-slaveholding States, occupy
+the very same position politically, religiously, civilly and socially,
+(with but few exceptions,) as the bondman occupies in the slave States.</p>
+
+<p>In those States, the bondman is disfranchised, and for the most part so
+are we. He is denied all civil, religious, and social privileges, except
+such as he gets by mere sufferance, and so are we. They have no part nor
+lot in the government of the country, neither have we. They are ruled
+and governed without representation, existing as mere nonentities among
+the citizens, and excrescences on the body politic&mdash;a mere dreg in
+community, and so are we. Where then is our political superiority to the
+enslaved? none, neither are we superior in any other relation to
+society, except that we are defacto masters of ourselves and joint
+rulers of our own domestic household, while the bondman's self is
+claimed by another, and his relation to his family denied him. What the
+unfortunate classes are in Europe, such are we in the United States,
+which is folly to deny, insanity not to understand, blindness not to
+see, and surely now full time that our eyes were opened to these
+startling truths, which for ages have stared us full in the face.</p>
+
+<p>It is time that we had become politicians, we mean, to understand the
+political economy and domestic policy of nations; that we had become as
+well as moral theorists, also the practical demonstrators of equal
+rights and self-government. Except we do, it is idle to talk about
+rights, it is mere chattering for the sake of being seen and heard&mdash;like
+the slave, saying something because his so called "master" said it, and
+saying just what he told him to say. Have we not now sufficient
+intelligence among us to understand our true position, to realise our
+actual condition, and determine for ourselves what is best to be done?
+If we have not now, we never shall have, and should at once cease
+prating about our equality, capacity, and all that.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty years ago, when the writer was a youth, his young and yet
+uncultivated mind was aroused, and his tender heart made to leap with
+anxiety in anticipation of the promises then held out by the prime
+movers in the cause of our elevation.</p>
+
+<p>In 1830 the most intelligent and leading spirits among the colored men
+in the United States, such as James Forten, Robert Douglass, I. Bowers,
+A.D. Shadd, John Peck, Joseph Cassey, and John B. Vashon of
+Pennsylvania; John T. Hilton, Nathaniel and Thomas Paul, and James G.
+Barbodoes of Massachusetts; Henry Sipkins, Thomas Hamilton, Thomas L.
+Jennings, Thomas Downing, Samuel E. Cornish, and others of New York; R.
+Cooley and others of Maryland, and representatives from other States
+which cannot now be recollected, the data not being at hand, assembled
+in the city of Philadelphia, in the capacity of a National Convention,
+to "devise ways and means for the bettering of our condition." These
+Conventions determined to assemble annually, much talent, ability, and
+energy of character being displayed; when in 1831 at a sitting of the
+Convention in September, from their previous pamphlet reports, much
+interest having been created throughout the country, they were favored
+by the presence of a number of whites, some of whom were able and
+distinguished men, such as Rev. R.R. Gurley, Arthur Tappan, Elliot
+Cresson, John Rankin, Simeon Jocelyn and others, among them William
+Lloyd Garrison, then quite a young man, all of whom were staunch and
+ardent Colonizationists, young Garrison at that time, doing his
+mightiest in his favorite work.</p>
+
+<p>Among other great projects of interest brought before the convention at
+a previous sitting, was that of the expediency of a general emigration,
+as far as it was practicable, of the colored people to the British
+Provinces of North America. Another was that of raising sufficient means
+for the establishment and erection of a College for the proper education
+of the colored youth. These gentlemen long accustomed to observation and
+reflection on the condition of their people saw at once, that there must
+necessarily be means used adequate to the end to be attained&mdash;that end
+being an unqualified equality with the ruling class of their fellow
+citizens. He saw that as a class, the colored people of the country were
+ignorant, degraded and oppressed, by far the greater portion of them
+being abject slaves in the South, the very condition of whom was almost
+enough, under the circumstances, to blast the remotest hope of success,
+and those who were freemen, whether in the South or North, occupied a
+subservient, servile, and menial position, considering it a favor to get
+into the service of the whites, and do their degrading offices. That the
+difference between the whites and themselves, consisted in the superior
+advantages of the one over the other, in point of attainments. That if a
+knowledge of the arts and sciences, the mechanical occupations, the
+industrial occupations, as farming, commerce, and all the various
+business enterprises, and learned professions were necessary for the
+superior position occupied by their rulers, it was also necessary for
+them. And very reasonably too, the first suggestion which occurred to
+them was, the advantages of a location, then the necessity of a
+qualification. They reasoned with themselves, that all distinctive
+differences made among men on account of their origin, is wicked,
+unrighteous, and cruel, and never shall receive countenance in any shape
+from us, therefore, the first acts of the measure entered into by them,
+was to protest, solemnly protest, against every unjust measure and
+policy in the country, having for its object the proscription of the
+colored people, whether state, national, municipal, social, civil, or
+religious.</p>
+
+<p>But being far-sighted, reflecting, discerning men, they took a political
+view of the subject, and determined for the good of their people to be
+governed in their policy according to the facts as they presented
+themselves. In taking a glance at Europe, they discovered there, however
+unjustly, as we have shown in another part of this pamphlet, that there
+are and have been numerous classes proscribed and oppressed, and it was
+not for them to cut short their wise deliberations, and arrest their
+proceedings in contention, as to the cause, whether on account of
+language, the color of eyes, hair, skin, or their origin of
+country&mdash;because all this is contrary to reason, a contradiction to
+common sense, at war with nature herself, and at variance with facts as
+they stare us every day in the face, among all nations, in every
+country&mdash;this being made the pretext as a matter of <i>policy</i> alone&mdash;a
+fact worthy of observation, that wherever the objects of oppression are
+the most easily distinguished by any peculiar or general
+characteristics, these people are the more easily oppressed, because the
+war of oppression is the more easily waged against them. This is the
+case with the modern Jews and many other people who have
+strongly-marked, peculiar, or distinguishing characteristics. This
+arises in this wise. The policy of all those who proscribe any people,
+induces them to select as the objects of proscription, those who
+differed as much as possible, in some particulars, from themselves. This
+is to ensure the greater success, because it engenders the greater
+prejudice, or in other words, elicits less interest on the part of the
+oppressing class, in their favor. This fact is well understood in
+national conflicts, as the soldier or civilian, who is distinguished by
+his dress, mustache, or any other peculiar appendage, would certainly
+prove himself a madman, if he did not take the precaution to change his
+dress, remove his mustache, and conceal as much as possible his peculiar
+characteristics, to give him access among the repelling party.</p>
+
+<p>This is mere policy, nature having nothing to do with it. Still, it is a
+fact, a great truth well worthy of remark, and as such as adduce it for
+the benefit of those of our readers, unaccustomed to an enquiry into the
+policy of nations.</p>
+
+<p>In view of these truths, our fathers and leaders in our elevation,
+discovered that as a policy, we the colored people were selected as the
+subordinate class in this country, not on account of any actual or
+supposed inferiority on their part, but simply because, in view of all
+the circumstances of the case, they were the very best class that could
+be selected. They would have as readily had any other class as
+subordinates in the country, as the colored people, but the condition of
+society <i>at the time</i>, would not admit of it. In the struggle for
+American Independence, there were among those who performed the most
+distinguished parts, the most common-place peasantry of the Provinces.
+English, Danish, Irish, Scotch, and others, were among those whose names
+blazoned forth as heroes in the American Revolution. But a single
+reflection will convince us, that no course of policy could have induced
+the proscription of the parentage and relatives of such men as Benjamin
+Franklin the printer, Roger Sherman the cobbler, the tinkers, and others
+of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. But as they were
+determined to have a subservient class, it will readily be conceived,
+that according to the state of society at the time, the better policy on
+their part was, to select some class, who from their political
+position&mdash;however much they may have contributed their aid as we
+certainly did, in the general struggle for liberty by force of arms&mdash;who
+had the least claims upon them, or who had the <i>least chance</i>, or was
+the <i>least potent</i> in urging their claims. This class of course was the
+colored people and Indians.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians who in the early settlement of the continent, before an
+African captive had ever been introduced thereon, were reduced to the
+most abject slavery, toiling day and night in the mines, under the
+relentless hands of heartless Spanish taskmasters, but being a race of
+people raised to the sports of fishing, the chase, and of war, were
+wholly unaccustomed to labor, and therefore sunk under the insupportable
+weight, two millions and a half having fallen victims to the cruelty of
+oppression and toil suddenly placed upon their shoulders. And it was
+only this that prevented their farther enslavement as a class, after the
+provinces were absolved from the British Crown. It is true that their
+general enslavement took place on the islands and in the mining
+districts of South America, where indeed, the Europeans continued to
+enslave them, until a comparatively recent period; still, the design,
+the feeling, and inclination from policy, was the same to do so here, in
+this section of the continent.</p>
+
+<p>Nor was it until their influence became too great, by the political
+position occupied by their brethren in the new republic, that the German
+and Irish peasantry ceased to be sold as slaves for a term of years
+fixed by law, for the repayment of their passage-money, the descendants
+of these classes of people for a long time being held as inferiors, in
+the estimation of the ruling class, and it was not until they assumed
+the rights and privileges guaranteed to them by the established policy
+of the country, among the leading spirits of whom were their relatives,
+that the policy towards them was discovered to be a bad one, and
+accordingly changed. Nor was it, as is frequently very erroneously
+asserted, by colored as well as white persons, that it was on account of
+hatred to the African, or in other words, on account of hatred to his
+color, that the African was selected as the subject of oppression in
+this country. This is sheer nonsense; being based on policy and nothing
+else, as shown in another place. The Indians, who being the most foreign
+to the sympathies of the Europeans on this continent, were selected in
+the first place, who, being unable to withstand the hardships, gave way
+before them.</p>
+
+<p>But the African race had long been known to Europeans, in all ages of
+the worlds history, as a long-lived, hardy race, subject to toil and
+labor of various kinds, subsisting mainly by traffic, trade, and
+industry, and consequently being as foreign to the sympathies of the
+invaders of the continent as the Indians, they were selected, captured,
+brought here as a laboring class, and as a matter of policy held as
+such. Nor was the absurd idea of natural inferiority of the African ever
+dreamed of, until recently adduced by the slave-holders and their
+abettors, in justification of the policy. This, with contemptuous
+indignation, we fling back into their face, as a scorpion to a vulture.
+And so did our patriots and leaders in the cause of regeneration know
+better, and never for a moment yielded to the base doctrine. But they
+had discovered the great fact, that a cruel policy was pursued towards
+our people, and that they possessed distinctive characteristics which
+made them the objects of proscription. These characteristics being
+strongly marked in the colored people, as in the Indians, by color,
+character of hair and so on, made them the more easily distinguished
+from other Americans, and the policies more effectually urged against
+us. For this reason they introduced the subject of emigration to Canada,
+and a proper institution for the education of the youth.</p>
+
+<p>At this important juncture of their proceedings, the afore named white
+gentlemen were introduced to the notice of the Convention, and after
+gaining permission to speak, expressed their gratification and surprise
+at the qualification and talent manifested by different members of the
+Convention, all expressing their determination to give the cause of the
+colored people more serious reflection. Mr. Garrison, the youngest of
+them all, and none the less honest on account of his youthfulness, being
+but 26 years of age at the time, (1831) expressed his determination to
+change his course of policy at once, and espouse the cause of the
+elevation of the colored people here in their own country. We are not at
+present well advised upon this point, it now having escaped our memory,
+but we are under the impression that Mr. Jocelyn also, at once changed
+his policy.</p>
+
+<p>During the winter of 1832, Mr. Garrison issued his "Thoughts on African
+Colonization," and near about the same time or shortly after, issued the
+first number of the "Liberator," in both of which, his full convictions
+of the enormity of American slavery, and the wickedness of their policy
+towards the colored people, were fully expressed. At the sitting of the
+Convention in this year, a number, perhaps all of these gentlemen were
+present, and those who had denounced the Colonization scheme, and
+espoused the cause of the elevation of the colored people in this
+country, or the Anti-Slavery cause, as it was now termed, expressed
+themselves openly and without reserve.</p>
+
+<p>Sensible of the high-handed injustice done to the colored people in the
+United States, and the mischief likely to emanate from the unchristian
+proceedings of the deceptious Colonization scheme, like all honest
+hearted penitents, with the ardor only known to new converts, they
+entreated the Convention, whatever they did, not to entertain for a
+moment, the idea of recommending emigration to their people, nor the
+establishment of separate institutions of learning. They earnestly
+contended, and doubtless honestly meaning what they said, that they (the
+whites) had been our oppressors and injurers, they had obstructed our
+progress to the high positions of civilization, and now, it was their
+bounden duty to make full amends for the injuries thus inflicted on an
+unoffending people. They exhorted the Convention to cease; as they had
+laid on the burden, they would also take it off; as they had obstructed
+our pathway, they would remove the hindrance. In a word, as they had
+oppressed and trampled down the colored people, they would now elevate
+them. These suggestions and promises, good enough to be sure, after they
+were made, were accepted by the Convention&mdash;though some gentlemen were
+still in favor of the first project as the best policy, Mr. A.D. Shadd
+of West Chester, Pa., as we learn from himself, being one among that
+number&mdash;ran through the country like wild-fire, no one thinking, and if
+he thought, daring to speak above his breath of going any where out of
+certain prescribed limits, or of sending a child to school, if it should
+but have the name of "colored" attached to it, without the risk of being
+termed a "traitor" to the cause of his people, or an enemy to the
+Anti-Slavery cause.</p>
+
+<p>At this important point in the history of our efforts, the colored men
+stopped suddenly, and with their hands thrust deep in their
+breeches-pockets, and their mouths gaping open, stood gazing with
+astonishment, wonder, and surprise, at the stupendous moral colossal
+statues of our Anti-Slavery friends and brethren, who in the heat and
+zeal of honest hearts, from a desire to make atonement for the many
+wrongs inflicted, promised a great deal more than they have ever been
+able half to fulfill, in thrice the period in which they expected it.
+And in this, we have no fault to find with our Anti-Slavery friends, and
+here wish it to be understood, that we are not laying any thing to their
+charge as blame, neither do we desire for a moment to reflect on them,
+because we heartily believe that all that they did at the time, they did
+with the purest and best of motives, and further believe that they now
+are, as they then were, the truest friends we have among the whites in
+this country. And hope, and desire, and request, that our people should
+always look upon <i>true</i> anti-slavery people, Abolitionists we mean, as
+their friends, until they have just cause for acting otherwise. It is
+true, that the Anti-Slavery, like all good causes, has produced some
+recreants, but the cause itself is no more to be blamed for that, than
+Christianity is for the malconduct of any professing hypocrite, nor the
+society of Friends, for the conduct of a broad-brimmed hat and
+shad-belly coated horsethief, because he spoke <i>thee</i> and <i>thou</i> before
+stealing the horse. But what is our condition even amidst our
+Anti-Slavery friends? And here, as our sole intention is to contribute
+to the elevation of our people, we must be permitted to express our
+opinion freely, without being thought uncharitable.</p>
+
+<p>In the first place, we should look at the objects for which the
+Anti-Slavery cause was commenced, and the promises or inducements it
+held out at the commencement. It should be borne in mind, that
+Anti-Slavery took its rise among <i>colored men</i>, just at the time they
+were introducing their greatest projects for their own elevation, and
+that our Anti-Slavery brethren were converts of the colored men, in
+behalf of their elevation. Of course, it would be expected that being
+baptized into the new doctrines, their faith would induce them to
+embrace the principles therein contained, with the strictest possible
+adherence.</p>
+
+<p>The cause of dissatisfaction with our former condition, was, that we
+were proscribed, debarred, and shut out from every respectable position,
+occupying the places of inferiors and menials.</p>
+
+<p>It was expected that Anti-Slavery, according to its professions, would
+extend to colored persons, as far as in the power of its adherents,
+those advantages nowhere else to be obtained among white men. That
+colored boys would get situations in their shops and stores, and every
+other advantage tending to elevate them as far as possible, would be
+extended to them. At least, it was expected, that in Anti-Slavery
+establishments, colored men would have the preference. Because, there
+was no other ostensible object in view, in the commencement of the
+Anti-Slavery enterprise, than the <i>elevation</i> of the <i>colored man</i>, by
+facilitating his efforts in attaining to equality with the white man. It
+was urged, and it was true, that the colored people were susceptible of
+all that the whites were, and all that was required was to give them a
+fair opportunity, and they would prove their capacity. That it was
+unjust, wicked, and cruel, the result of an unnatural prejudice, that
+debarred them from places of respectability, and that public opinion
+could and should be corrected upon this subject. That it was only
+necessary to make a sacrifice of feeling, and an innovation on the
+customs of society, to establish a different order of things,&mdash;that as
+Anti-Slavery men, they were willing to make these sacrifices, and
+determined to take the colored man by the hand, making common cause with
+him in affliction, and bear a part of the odium heaped upon him. That
+his cause was the cause of God&mdash;that "In as much as ye did it not unto
+the least of these my little ones, ye did it not unto me," and that as
+Anti-Slavery men, they would "do right if the heavens fell." Thus, was
+the cause espoused, and thus did we expect much. But in all this, we
+were doomed to disappointment, sad, sad disappointment. Instead of
+realising what we had hoped for, we find ourselves occupying the very
+same position in relation to our Anti-Slavery friends, as we do in
+relation to the pro-slavery part of the community&mdash;a mere secondary,
+underling position, in all our relations to them, and any thing more
+than this, is not a matter of course affair&mdash;it comes not by established
+anti-slavery custom or right, but like that which emanates from the
+pro-slavery portion of the community by mere sufferance.</p>
+
+<p>It is true, that the "Liberator" office, in Boston, has got Elijah
+Smith, a colored youth, at the cases&mdash;the "Standard," in New York, a
+young colored man, and the "Freeman," in Philadelphia, William Still,
+another, in the publication office, as "packing clerk"; yet these are
+but three out of the hosts that fill these offices in their various
+departments, all occupying places that could have been, and as we once
+thought, would have been, easily enough, occupied by colored men.
+Indeed, we can have no other idea about anti-slavery in this country,
+than that the legitimate persons to fill any and every position about an
+anti-slavery establishment are colored persons. Nor will it do to argue
+in extenuation, that white men are as justly entitled to them as colored
+men; because white men do not from <i>necessity</i> become anti-slavery men
+in order to get situations; they being white men, may occupy any
+position they are capable of filling&mdash;in a word, their chances are
+endless, every avenue in the country being opened to them. They do not
+therefore become abolitionists, for the sake of employment&mdash;at least, it
+is not the song that anti-slavery sung, in the first love of the new
+faith, proclaimed by its disciples.</p>
+
+<p>And if it be urged that colored men are incapable as yet to fill these
+positions, all that we have to say is, that the cause has fallen far
+short; almost equivalent to a failure, of a tithe, of what it promised
+to do in half the period of its existence, to this time, if it have not
+as yet, now a period of twenty years, raised up colored men enough, to
+fill the offices within its patronage. We think it is not unkind to say,
+if it had been half as faithful to itself, as it should have been&mdash;its
+professed principles we mean; it could have reared and tutored from
+childhood, colored men enough by this time, for its own especial
+purpose. These we know could have been easily obtained, because colored
+people in general, are favorable to the anti-slavery cause, and wherever
+there is an adverse manifestation, it arises from sheer ignorance; and
+we have now but comparatively few such among us. There is one thing
+certain, that no colored person, except such as would reject education
+altogether, would be adverse to putting their child with an anti-slavery
+person, for educational advantages. This then could have been done. But
+it has not been done, and let the cause of it be whatever it may, and
+let whoever may be to blame, we are willing to let all that pass, and
+extend to our anti-slavery brethren the right-hand of fellowship,
+bidding them God-speed in the propagation of good and wholesome
+sentiments&mdash;for whether they are practically carried out or not, the
+profession are in themselves all right and good. Like Christianity, the
+principles are holy and of divine origin. And we believe, if ever a man
+started right, with pure and holy motives, Mr. Garrison did; and that,
+had he the power of making the cause what it should be, it would all be
+right, and there never would have been any cause for the remarks we have
+made, though in kindness, and with the purest of motives. We are
+nevertheless, still occupying a miserable position in the community,
+wherever we live; and what we most desire is, to draw the attention of
+our people to this fact, and point out what, in our opinion, we conceive
+to be a proper remedy.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="III" id="III"></a>III</h2>
+
+<h2>AMERICAN COLONIZATION</h2>
+
+
+<p>When we speak of colonization, we wish distinctly to be understood, as
+speaking of the "American Colonization Society"&mdash;or that which is under
+its influence&mdash;commenced in Richmond, Virginia, in 1817, under the
+influence of Mr. Henry Clay of Ky., Judge Bushrod Washington of Va., and
+other Southern slaveholders, having for their express object, as their
+speeches and doings all justify us in asserting in good faith, the
+removal of the free colored people from the land of their birth, for the
+security of the slaves, as property to the slave propagandists.</p>
+
+<p>This scheme had no sooner been propagated, than the old and leading
+colored men of Philadelphia, Pa., with Richard Allen, James Forten, and
+others at their head, true to their trust and the cause of their
+brethren, summoned the colored people together, and then and there, in
+language and with voices pointed and loud, protested against the scheme
+as an outrage, having no other object in view, than the benefit of the
+slave-holding interests of the country, and that as freemen, they would
+never prove recreant to the cause of their brethren in bondage, by
+leaving them without hope of redemption from their chains. This
+determination of the colored patriots of Philadelphia was published in
+full, authentically, and circulated throughout the length and breadth of
+the country by the papers of the day. The colored people every where
+received the news, and at once endorsed with heart and soul, the doings
+of the Anti-Colonization Meeting of colored freemen. From that time
+forth, the colored people generally have had no sympathy with the
+colonization scheme, nor confidence in its leaders, looking upon them
+all, as arrant hypocrites, seeking every opportunity to deceive them. In
+a word, the monster was crippled in its infancy, and has never as yet
+recovered from the stroke. It is true, that like its ancient sire, that
+was "more subtile than all the beasts of the field," it has inherited a
+large portion of his most prominent characteristic&mdash;an idiosyncrasy with
+the animal&mdash;that enables him to entwine himself into the greater part of
+the Church and other institutions of the country, which having once
+entered there, leaves his venom, which put such a spell on the
+conductors of those institutions, that is only on condition that a
+colored person consents to go to the neighborhood of his kindred brother
+monster the boa, that he may find admission in the one or the other. We
+look upon the American Colonization Society as one of the most arrant
+enemies of the colored man, ever seeking to discomfit him, and envying
+him of every privilege that he may enjoy. We believe it to be
+anti-Christian in its character, and misanthropic in its pretended
+sympathies. Because if this were not the case, men could not be found
+professing morality and Christianity&mdash;as to our astonishment we have
+found them&mdash;who unhesitatingly say, "I know it is right"&mdash;that is in
+itself&mdash;"to do" so and so, "and I am willing and ready to do it, but
+only on condition, that you go to Africa." Indeed, a highly talented
+clergyman, informed us in November last (three months ago) in the city
+of Philadelphia, that he was present when the Rev. Doctor J.P. Durbin,
+late President of Dickinson College, called on Rev. Mr. P. or B., to
+consult him about going to Liberia, to take charge of the literary
+department of an University in contemplation, when the following
+conversation ensued: Mr. P.&mdash;"Doctor, I have as much and more than I can
+do here, in educating the youth of our own country, and preparing them
+for usefulness here at home." Dr. D.&mdash;"Yes, but do as you may, you can
+never be elevated here." Mr. P.&mdash;"Doctor, do you not believe that the
+religion of our blessed Redeemer Jesus Christ, has morality, humanity,
+philanthropy, and justice enough in it to elevate us, and enable us to
+obtain our rights in this our own country?" Dr. D.&mdash;"No, indeed, sir, I
+do not, and if you depend upon that, your hopes are vain!" Mr.
+P.&mdash;Turning to Doctor Durbin, looking him solemnly, though
+affectionately in the face, remarked&mdash;"Well, Doctor Durbin, we both
+profess to be ministers of Christ; but dearly as I love the cause of my
+Redeemer, if for a moment, I could entertain the opinion you do about
+Christianity, I would not serve him another hour!" We do not know, as we
+were not advised, that the Rev. Doctor added in fine,&mdash;"Well, you may
+quit now, for all your serving him will not avail against the power of
+the god (hydra) of Colonization." Will any one doubt for a single
+moment, the justice of our strictures on colonization, after reading the
+conversation between the Rev. Dr. Durbin and the colored clergyman?
+Surely not. We can therefore make no account of it, but that of setting
+it down as being the worst enemy of the colored people.</p>
+
+<p>Recently, there has been a strained effort in the city of New York on
+the part of the Rev. J.B. Pinney and others, of the leading white
+colonizationists, to get up a movement among some poor pitiable colored
+men&mdash;we say pitiable, for certainly the colored persons who are at this
+period capable of loaning themselves to the enemies of their race,
+against the best interest of all that we hold sacred to that race, are
+pitiable in the lowest extreme, far beneath the dignity of an enemy,
+and therefore, we pass them by with the simple remark, that this is the
+hobby that colonization is riding all over the country, as the
+"tremendous" access of colored people to their cause within the last
+twelve months. We should make another remark here perhaps, in
+justification of governor Pinney's New York allies&mdash;that is, report
+says, that in the short space of some three or five months, one of his
+confidants, benefited himself to the "reckoning" of from eleven to
+fifteen hundred dollars, or "such a matter," while others were benefited
+in sums "pretty considerable" but of a less "reckoning." Well, we do not
+know after all, that they may not have quite as good a right, to pocket
+part of the spoils of this "grab game," as any body else. However, they
+are of little consequence, as the ever watchful eye of those excellent
+gentlemen and faithful guardians of their people's rights&mdash;the
+<i>Committee of Thirteen</i>, consisting of Messrs. John J. Zuille,
+<i>Chairman</i>, T. Joiner White, Philip A. Bell, <i>Secretaries</i>, Robert
+Hamilton, George T. Downing, Jeremiah Powers, John T. Raymond, Wm.
+Burnett, James McCune Smith, Ezekiel Dias, Junius C. Morel, Thomas
+Downing, and Wm. J. Wilson, have properly chastised this pet-slave of
+Mr. Pinney, and made it "know its place," by keeping within the bounds
+of its master's enclosure.</p>
+
+<p>In expressing our honest conviction of the designedly injurious
+character of the Colonization Society, we should do violence to our own
+sense of individual justice, if we did not express the belief, that
+there are some honest hearted men, who not having seen things in the
+proper light, favor that scheme, simply as a means of elevating the
+colored people. Such persons, so soon as they become convinced of their
+error, immediately change their policy, and advocate the elevation of
+the colored people, anywhere and everywhere, in common with other men.
+Of such were the early abolitionists as before stated; and the great and
+good Dr. F.J. Lemoyne, Gerrit Smith, and Rev. Charles Avery, and a host
+of others, who were Colonizationists, before espousing the cause of our
+elevation, here at home, and nothing but an honorable sense of justice,
+induces us to make these exceptions, as there are many good persons
+within our knowledge, whom we believe to be well wishers of the colored
+people, who may favor colonization.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> But the animal itself is the same
+"hydra-headed monster," let whomsoever may fancy to pet it. A serpent is
+a serpent, and none the less a viper, because nestled in the bosom of an
+honest hearted man. This the colored people must bear in mind, and keep
+clear of the hideous thing, lest its venom may be test upon them. But
+why deem any argument necessary to show the unrighteousness of
+colonization? Its very origin as before shown&mdash;the source from whence it
+sprung, being the offspring of slavery&mdash;is in itself, sufficient to
+blast it in the estimation of every colored person in the United States,
+who has sufficient intelligence to comprehend it.</p>
+
+<p>We dismiss this part of the subject, and proceed to consider the mode
+and means of our elevation in the United States.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Benjamin Coates, Esq., a merchant of Philadelphia, we
+believe to be an honest hearted man, and real friend of the colored
+people, and a true, though as yet, rather undecided philanthropist. Mr.
+Coates, to our knowledge, has supported three or four papers published
+by colored men, for the elevation of colored people in the United
+States, and given, as he continues to do, considerable sums to their
+support. We have recently learned from himself, that, though he still
+advocates Colonization, simply as a means of elevating the colored race
+of the United States, that he has <i>left</i> the Colonization Society, and
+prefers seeing colored people located on this continent, to going to
+Liberia, or elsewhere off of it&mdash;though his zeal for the enlightenment
+of Africa, is unabated, as every good man's should be; and we are
+satisfied, that Mr. Coates is neither well understood, nor rightly
+appreciated by the friends of our cause. One thing we do know, that he
+left the Colonization Society, because he could not conscientiously
+subscribe to its measures.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="IV" id="IV"></a>IV</h2>
+
+<h2>OUR ELEVATION IN THE UNITED STATES</h2>
+
+<p>That very little comparatively as yet has been done, to attain a
+respectable position as a class in this country, will not be denied, and
+that the successful accomplishment of this end is also possible, must
+also be admitted; but in what manner, and by what means, has long been,
+and is even now, by the best thinking minds among the colored people
+themselves, a matter of difference of opinion.</p>
+
+<p>We believe in the universal equality of man, and believe in that
+declaration of God's word, in which it is there positively said, that
+"God has made of one blood all the nations that dwell on the face of the
+earth." Now of "the nations that dwell on the face of the earth," that
+is, all the people&mdash;there are one thousand millions of souls, and of
+this vast number of human beings, two-thirds are colored, from black,
+tending in complexion to the olive or that of the Chinese, with all the
+intermediate and admixtures of black and white, with the various
+"crosses" as they are physiologically, but erroneously termed, to white.
+We are thus explicit in stating these points, because we are determined
+to be understood by all. We have then, two colored to one white person
+throughout the earth, and yet, singular as it may appear, according to
+the present geographical and political history of the world, the white
+race predominates over the colored; or in other words, wherever there is
+one white person, that one rules and governs two colored persons. This
+is a living undeniable truth, to which we call the especial attention of
+the colored reader in particular. Now there is a cause for this, as
+there is no effect without a cause, a comprehensible remediable cause.
+We all believe in the justice of God, that he is impartial, "looking
+upon his children with an eye of care," dealing out to them all, the
+measure of his goodness; yet, how can we reconcile ourselves to the
+difference that exists between the colored and the white races, as they
+truthfully present themselves before our eyes? To solve this problem, is
+to know the remedy; and to know it, is but necessary, in order
+successfully to apply it. And we shall but take the colored people of
+the United States, as a fair sample of the colored races everywhere of
+the present age, as the arguments that apply to the one, will apply to
+the other, whether Christians, Mahomedans, or pagans.</p>
+
+<p>The colored races are highly susceptible of religion; it is a
+constituent principle of their nature, and an excellent trait in their
+character. But unfortunately for them, they carry it too far. Their hope
+is largely developed, and consequently, they usually stand still&mdash;hope
+in God, and really expect Him to do that for them, which it is necessary
+they should do themselves. This is their great mistake, and arises from
+a misconception of the character and ways of Deity. We must know God,
+that is understand His nature and purposes, in order to serve Him; and
+to serve Him well, is but to know him rightly. To depend for assistance
+upon God, is a <i>duty</i> and right; but to know when, how, and in what
+manner to obtain it, is the key to this great Bulwark of Strength, and
+Depository of Aid.</p>
+
+<p>God himself is perfect; perfect in all his works and ways. He has means
+for every end; and every means used must be adequate to the end to be
+gained. God's means are laws&mdash;fixed laws of nature, a part of His own
+being, and as immutable, as unchangeable as Himself. Nothing can be
+accomplished but through the medium of, and conformable to these laws.</p>
+
+<p>They are <i>three</i>&mdash;and like God himself, represented in the three persons
+in the God-head&mdash;the <i>Spiritual</i>, <i>Moral</i> and <i>Physical</i> Laws.</p>
+
+<p>That which is Spiritual, can only be accomplished through the medium of
+the Spiritual law; that which is Moral, through the medium of the Moral
+law; and that which is Physical, through the medium of the Physical law.
+Otherwise than this, it is useless to expect any thing. Does a person
+want a spiritual blessing, he must apply through the medium of the
+spiritual law&mdash;<i>pray</i> for it in order to obtain it. If they desire to do
+a moral good, they must apply through the medium of the moral
+law&mdash;exercise their sense and feeling of <i>right</i> and <i>justice</i>, in order
+to effect it. Do they want to attain a physical end, they can only do so
+through the medium of the physical law&mdash;go to <i>work</i> with muscles,
+hands, limbs, might and strength, and this, and nothing else will attain
+it.</p>
+
+<p>The argument that man must pray for what he receives, is a mistake, and
+one that is doing the colored people especially, incalculable injury.
+That man must pray in order to get to Heaven, every Christian will
+admit&mdash;but a great truth we have yet got to learn, that he can live on
+earth whether he is religious or not, so that he conforms to the great
+law of God, regulating the things of earth; the great physical laws. It
+is only necessary, in order to convince our people of their error and
+palpable mistake in this matter, to call their attention to the fact,
+that there are no people more religious in this Country, than the
+colored people, and none so poor and miserable as they. That prosperity
+and wealth, smiles upon the efforts of wicked white men, whom we know to
+utter the name of God with curses, instead of praises. That among the
+slaves, there are thousands of them religious, continually raising
+their voices, sending up their prayers to God, invoking His aid in their
+behalf, asking for a speedy deliverance; but they are still in chains,
+although they have thrice suffered out their three score years and ten.
+That "God sendeth rain upon the just and unjust," should be sufficient
+to convince us that our success in life, does not depend upon our
+religious character, but that the physical laws governing all earthly
+and temporary affairs, benefit equally the just and the unjust. Any
+other doctrine than this, is downright delusion, unworthy of a free
+people, and only intended for slaves. That all men and women, should be
+moral, upright, good and religious&mdash;we mean <i>Christians</i>&mdash;we would not
+utter a word against, and could only wish that it were so; but, what we
+here desire to do is, to correct the long standing error among a large
+body of the colored people in this country, that the cause of our
+oppression and degradation, is the displeasure of God towards us,
+because of our unfaithfulness to Him. This is not true; because if God
+is just&mdash;and he is&mdash;there could be no justice in prospering white men
+with his fostering care, for more than two thousand years, in all their
+wickedness, while dealing out to the colored people, the measure of his
+displeasure, for not half the wickedness as that of the whites. Here
+then is our mistake, and let it forever henceforth be corrected. We are
+no longer slaves, believing any interpretation that our oppressors may
+give the word of God, for the purpose of deluding us to the more easy
+subjugation; but freemen, comprising some of the first minds of
+intelligence and rudimental qualifications, in the country. What then is
+the remedy, for our degradation and oppression? This appears now to be
+the only remaining question&mdash;the means of successful elevation in this
+our own native land? This depends entirely upon the application of the
+means of Elevation.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="V" id="V"></a>V</h2>
+
+<h2>MEANS OF ELEVATION</h2>
+
+<p>Moral theories have long been resorted to by us, as a means of effecting
+the redemption of our brethren in bonds, and the elevation of the free
+colored people in this country. Experience has taught us, that
+speculations are not enough; that the <i>practical</i> application of
+principles adduced, the thing carried out, is the only true and proper
+course to pursue.</p>
+
+<p>We have speculated and moralised much about equality&mdash;claiming to be as
+good as our neighbors, and every body else&mdash;all of which, may do very
+well in ethics&mdash;but not in politics. We live in society among men,
+conducted by men, governed by rules and regulations. However arbitrary,
+there are certain policies that regulate all well organized institutions
+and corporate bodies. We do not intend here to speak of the legal
+political relations of society, for those are treated on elsewhere. The
+business and social, or voluntary and mutual policies, are those that
+now claim our attention. Society regulates itself&mdash;being governed by
+mind, which like water, finds its own level. "Like seeks like," is a
+principle in the laws of matter, as well as of mind. There is such a
+thing as inferiority of things, and positions; at least society has made
+them so; and while we continue to live among men, we must agree to all
+<i>just</i> measures&mdash;all those we mean, that do not necessarily infringe on
+the rights of others. By the regulations of society, there is no
+equality of attainments. By this, we do not wish to be understood as
+advocating the actual equal attainments of every individual; but we mean
+to say, that if these attainments be necessary for the elevation of the
+white man, they are necessary for the elevation of the colored man. That
+some colored men and women, in a like proportion to the whites, should
+be qualified in all the attainments possessed by them. It is one of the
+regulations of society the world over, and we shall have to conform to
+it, or be discarded as unworthy of the associations of our fellows.</p>
+
+<p>Cast our eyes about us and reflect for a moment, and what do we behold!
+every thing that presents to view gives evidence of the skill of the
+white man. Should we purchase a pound of groceries, a yard of linen, a
+vessel of crockery-ware, a piece of furniture, the very provisions that
+we eat,&mdash;all, all are the products of the white man, purchased by us
+from the white man, consequently, our earnings and means, are all given
+to the white man.</p>
+
+<p>Pass along the avenues of any city or town, in which you live&mdash;behold
+the trading shops&mdash;the manufacturies&mdash;see the operations of the various
+machinery&mdash;see the stage-coaches coming in, bringing the mails of
+intelligence&mdash;look at the railroads interlining every section, bearing
+upon them their mighty trains, flying with the velocity of the swallow,
+ushering in the hundreds of industrious, enterprising travellers. Cast
+again your eyes widespread over the ocean&mdash;see the vessels in every
+direction with their white sheets spread to the winds of heaven,
+freighted with the commerce, merchandise and wealth of many nations.
+Look as you pass along through the cities, at the great and massive
+buildings&mdash;the beautiful and extensive structures of
+architecture&mdash;behold the ten thousand cupolas, with their spires all
+reared up towards heaven, intersecting the territory of the clouds&mdash;all
+standing as mighty living monuments, of the industry, enterprise, and
+intelligence of the white man. And yet, with all these living truths,
+rebuking us with scorn, we strut about, place our hands akimbo,
+straighten up ourselves to our greatest height, and talk loudly about
+being "as good as any body." How do we compare with them? Our fathers
+are their coachmen, our brothers their cookmen, and ourselves their
+waiting-men. Our mothers their nurse-women, our sisters their
+scrub-women, our daughters their maid-women, and our wives their
+washer-women. Until colored men, attain to a position above permitting
+their mothers, sisters, wives, and daughters, to do the drudgery and
+menial offices of other men's wives and daughters; it is useless, it is
+nonsense, it is pitiable mockery, to talk about equality and elevation
+in society. The world is looking upon us, with feelings of
+commiseration, sorrow, and contempt. We scarcely deserve sympathy, if we
+peremptorily refuse advice, bearing upon our elevation.</p>
+
+<p>We will suppose a case for argument: In this city reside, two colored
+families, of three sons and three daughters each. At the head of each
+family, there is an old father and mother. The opportunities of these
+families, may or may not be the same for educational advantages&mdash;be that
+as it may, the children of the one go to school, and become qualified
+for the duties of life. One daughter becomes school-teacher, another a
+mantua-maker, and a third a fancy shop-keeper; while one son becomes a
+farmer, another a merchant, and a third a mechanic. All enter into
+business with fine prospects, marry respectably, and settle down in
+domestic comfort&mdash;while the six sons and daughters of the other family,
+grow up without educational and business qualifications, and the highest
+aim they have, is to apply to the sons and daughters of the first named
+family, to hire for domestics! Would there be an equality here between
+the children of these two families? Certainly not. This, then, is
+precisely the position of the colored people generally in the United
+States, compared with the whites. What is necessary to be done, in order
+to attain an equality, is to change the condition, and the person is at
+once changed. If, as before stated, a knowledge of all the various
+business enterprises, trades, professions, and sciences, is necessary
+for the elevation of the white, a knowledge of them also is necessary
+for the elevation of the colored man; and he cannot be elevated without
+them.</p>
+
+<p>White men are producers&mdash;we are consumers. They build houses, and we
+rent them. They raise produce, and we consume it. They manufacture
+clothes and wares, and we garnish ourselves with them. They build
+coaches, vessels, cars, hotels, saloons, and other vehicles and places
+of accommodation, and we deliberately wait until they have got them in
+readiness, then walk in, and contend with as much assurance for a
+"right," as though the whole thing was bought by, paid for, and belonged
+to us. By their literary attainments, they are the contributors to,
+authors and teachers of, literature, science, religion, law, medicine,
+and all other useful attainments that the world now makes use of. We
+have no reference to ancient times&mdash;we speak of modern things.</p>
+
+<p>These are the means by which God intended man to succeed: and this
+discloses the secret of the white man's success with all of his
+wickedness, over the head of the colored man, with all of his religion.
+We have been pointed and plain, on this part of the subject, because we
+desire our readers to see persons and things in their true position.
+Until we are determined to change the condition of things, and raise
+ourselves above the position in which we are now prostrated, we must
+hang our heads in sorrow, and hide our faces in shame. It is enough to
+know that these things are so; the causes we care little about. Those we
+have been examining, complaining about, and moralising over, all our
+life time. This we are weary of. What we desire to learn now is, how to
+effect a <i>remedy</i>; this we have endeavored to point out. Our elevation
+must be the result of <i>self-efforts</i>, and work of our <i>own hands</i>. No
+other human power can accomplish it. If we but determine it shall be so,
+it will be so. Let each one make the case his own, and endeavor to rival
+his neighbor, in honorable competition.</p>
+
+<p>These are the proper and only means of elevating ourselves and attaining
+equality in this country or any other, and it is useless, utterly
+futile, to think about going any where, except we are determined to use
+these as the necessary means of developing our manhood. The means are at
+hand, within our reach. Are we willing to try them? Are we willing to
+raise ourselves superior to the condition of slaves, or continue the
+meanest underlings, subject to the beck and call of every creature
+bearing a pale complexion? If we are, we had as well remained in the
+South, as to have come to the North in search of more freedom. What was
+the object of our parents in leaving the south, if it were not for the
+purpose of attaining equality in common with others of their fellow
+citizens, by giving their children access to all the advantages enjoyed
+by others? Surely this was their object. They heard of liberty and
+equality here, and they hastened on to enjoy it, and no people are more
+astonished and disappointed than they, who for the first time, on
+beholding the position we occupy here in the free north&mdash;what is called,
+and what they expect to find, the free States. They at once tell us,
+that they have as much liberty in the south as we have in the
+north&mdash;that there as free people, they are protected in their
+rights&mdash;that we have nothing more&mdash;that in other respects they have the
+same opportunity, indeed the preferred opportunity, of being their
+maids, servants, cooks, waiters, and menials in general, there, as we
+have here&mdash;that had they known for a moment, before leaving, that such
+was to be the only position they occupied here, they would have remained
+where they were, and never left. Indeed, such is the disappointment in
+many cases, that they immediately return back again, completely insulted
+at the idea, of having us here at the north, assume ourselves to be
+their superiors. Indeed, if our superior advantages of the free States,
+do not induce and stimulate us to the higher attainments in life, what
+in the name of degraded humanity will do it? Nothing, surely nothing.
+If, in fine, the advantages of free schools in Massachusetts, New York,
+Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, and wherever else we may have them, do not
+give us advantages and pursuits superior to our slave brethren, then are
+the unjust assertions of Messrs. Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Theodore
+Frelinghuysen, late Governor Poindexter of Mississippi, George McDuffy,
+Governor Hammond of South Carolina, Extra Billy (present Governor)
+Smith, of Virginia, and the host of our oppressors, slave-holders and
+others, true, that we are insusceptible and incapable of elevation to
+the more respectable, honorable, and higher attainments among white men.
+But this we do not believe&mdash;neither do you, although our whole life and
+course of policy in this country are such, that it would seem to prove
+otherwise. The degradation of the slave parent has been entailed upon
+the child, induced by the subtle policy of the oppressor, in regular
+succession handed down from father to son&mdash;a system of regular
+submission and servitude, menialism and dependence, until it has become
+almost a physiological function of our system, an actual condition of
+our nature. Let this no longer be so, but let us determine to equal the
+whites among whom we live, not by declarations and unexpressed
+self-opinion, for we have always had enough of that, but by actual proof
+in acting, doing, and carrying out practically, the measures of
+equality. Here is our nativity, and here have we the natural right to
+abide and be elevated through the measures of our own efforts.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="VI" id="VI"></a>VI</h2>
+
+<h2>THE UNITED STATES OUR COUNTRY</h2>
+
+<p>Our common country is the United States. Here were we born, here raised
+and educated; here are the scenes of childhood; the pleasant
+associations of our school going days; the loved enjoyments of our
+domestic and fireside relations, and the sacred graves of our departed
+fathers and mothers, and from here will we not be driven by any policy
+that may be schemed against us.</p>
+
+<p>We are Americans, having a birthright citizenship&mdash;natural claims upon
+the country&mdash;claims common to all others of our fellow citizens&mdash;natural
+rights, which may, by virtue of unjust laws, be obstructed, but never
+can be annulled. Upon these do we place ourselves, as immovably fixed as
+the decrees of the living God. But according to the economy that
+regulates the policy of nations, upon which rests the basis of
+justifiable claims to all freeman's rights, it may be necessary to take
+another view of, and enquire into the political claims of colored men.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="VII" id="VII"></a>VII</h2>
+
+<h2>CLAIMS OF COLORED MEN AS CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES</h2>
+
+<p>The political basis upon which rests the establishment of all free
+nations, as the first act in their organization, is the security by
+constitutional provisions, of the fundamental claims of citizenship.</p>
+
+<p>The legitimate requirement, politically considered, necessary to the
+justifiable claims for protection and full enjoyment of all the rights
+and privileges of an unqualified freeman, in all democratic countries
+is, that each person so endowed, shall have made contributions and
+investments in the country. Where there is no investment there can be
+but little interest; hence an adopted citizen is required to reside a
+sufficient length of time, to form an attachment and establish some
+interest in the country of his adoption, before he can rightfully lay
+any claims to citizenship. The pioneer who leads in the discovery or
+settlement of a country, as the first act to establish a right therein,
+erects a building of whatever dimensions, and seizes upon a portion of
+the soil. The soldier, who braves the dangers of the battle-field, in
+defence of his country's rights, and the toiling laborer and husbandman,
+who cuts down and removes the forest, levels and constructs post-roads
+and other public highways&mdash;the mechanic, who constructs and builds up
+houses, villages, towns, and cities, for the conveniency of
+inhabitants&mdash;the farmer, who cultivates the soil for the production of
+breadstuffs and forage, as food and feed for man and beast&mdash;all of
+these are among the first people of a democratic state, whose claims are
+legitimate as freemen of the commonwealth. A freeman in a political
+sense, is a citizen of unrestricted rights in the state, being eligible
+to the highest position known to their civil code. They are the
+preferred persons in whom may be invested the highest privileges, and to
+whom may be entrusted fundamentally the most sacred rights of the
+country; because, having made the greatest investments, they necessarily
+have the greatest interests; and consequently, are the safest hands into
+which to place so high and sacred a trust. Their interest being the
+country's, and the interest of the country being the interest of the
+people; therefore, the protection of their own interests necessarily
+protects the interests of the whole country and people. It is this
+simple but great principle of primitive rights, that forms the
+fundamental basis of citizenship in all free countries, and it is upon
+this principle, that the rights of the colored man in this country to
+citizenship are fixed.</p>
+
+<p>The object of this volume is, to enlighten the minds of a large class of
+readers upon a subject with which they are unacquainted, expressed in
+comprehensible language, therefore we have studiously avoided using
+political and legal phrases, that would serve more to perplex than
+inform them. To talk about the barons, King John, and the Magna Charta,
+would be foreign to a work like this, and only destroy the interest that
+otherwise might be elicited in the subject. Our desire is, to arrest the
+attention of the American people in general, and the colored people in
+particular, to great truths as heretofore but little thought of. What
+claims then have colored men, based upon the principles set forth, as
+fundamentally entitled to citizenship? Let the living records of history
+answer the enquiry.</p>
+
+<p>When Christopher Columbus, in 1492, discovered America, natives were
+found to pay little or no attention to cultivation, being accustomed by
+hereditary pursuit, to war, fishing, and the sports of the chase. The
+Spaniards and Portuguese, as well as other Europeans who ventured here,
+came as mineral speculators, and not for the purpose of improving the
+country.</p>
+
+<p>As the first objects of speculation are the developments of the mineral
+wealth of every newly discovered country, so was it with this. Those who
+came to the new world, were not of the common people, seeking in a
+distant land the means of livelihood, but moneyed capitalists, the
+grandees and nobles, who reduced the natives to servitude by confining
+them to the mines. To have brought large numbers of the peasantry at
+that early period, from the monarchies of Europe, to the wilds of
+America, far distant from the civil and military powers of the home
+governments, would have been to place the means of self-control into
+their own hands, and invite them to rebellion against the crowns. The
+capitalist miners were few, compared to the number of laborers required;
+and the difficulty at that time of the transportation of suitable
+provisions for their sustenance, conduced much to the objection of
+bringing them here. The natives were numerous, then easily approached by
+the wily seductions of the Europeans, easily yoked and supported, having
+the means of sustenance at hand, the wild fruits and game of the forest,
+the fish of the waters and birds of the country. All these as naturally
+enough, European adventurers would be cautious against introducing into
+common use among hundreds of thousands of laborers, under all the
+influences incident of a foreign climate in a foreign country, in its
+primitive natural state. The Indians were then preferred for many
+reasons, as the common laborers on the continent, where nothing but the
+mining interests were thought of or carried on. This noble race of
+Aborigines, continued as the common slaves of the new world, to bear the
+yoke of foreign oppression, until necessity induced a substitute for
+them. They sunk by scores under the heavy weight of oppression, and were
+fast passing from the shores of time. At this, the foreigners grew
+alarmed, and of necessity, devised ways and means to obtain an adequate
+substitute. A few European laborers were brought into the country, but
+the influence of climate and mode of living, operated entirely against
+them. They were as inadequate to stand the climate, as the nobles were
+themselves.</p>
+
+<p>From the earliest period of the history of nations, the African race had
+been known as an industrious people, cultivators of the soil. The grain
+fields of Ethiopia and Egypt were the themes of the poet, and their
+garners, the subject of the historian. Like the present America, all the
+world went to Africa, to get a supply of commodities. Their massive
+piles of masonry, their skilful architecture, their subterranean vaults,
+their deep and mysterious wells, their extensive artificial channels,
+their mighty sculptured solid rocks, and provinces of stone quarries;
+gave indisputable evidence, of the hardihood of that race of people.</p>
+
+<p>Nor was Africa then, without the evidence of industry, as history will
+testify. All travelers who had penetrated towards the interior of the
+continent, have been surprised at the seeming state of civilization and
+evidences of industry among the inhabitants of that vast country. These
+facts were familiar to Europeans, who were continually trading on the
+coast of Africa, as it was then the most important part of adventure and
+research, known to the world. In later periods still, the history of
+African travelers, confirm all the former accounts concerning the
+industry of the people.</p>
+
+<p>John and Richard Lander, two young English noblemen, in 1828, under the
+patronage of the English government, sailed to the western coast of
+Africa, on an expedition of research. In their voyage up the river
+Niger, their description of the scenes is extravagant. They represent
+the country on each side of the river, for several hundred miles up the
+valley, as being not only beautiful and picturesque, but the fields as
+in a high state of cultivation, clothed in the verdure of husbandry,
+waving before the gentle breezes, with the rich products of
+industry&mdash;maize, oats, rye, millet, and wheat, being among the fruits of
+cultivation. The fences were of various descriptions: hedge, wicker,
+some few pannel, and the old fashioned zig-zag, known as the "Virginia
+worm fence"&mdash;the hedge and worm fence being the most common. Their
+cattle were fine and in good order, looking in every particular, except
+perhaps in size, as well as European cattle on the best managed farms.
+The fruit groves were delightful to the eye of the beholder. Every
+variety common to the country, were there to be seen in a high state of
+cultivation. Their roads and public highways were in good condition, and
+well laid out, as by the direction of skillful supervising surveyors.
+The villages, towns, and cities, many of them, being a credit to the
+people. Their cities were well laid out, and presented evidence of
+educated minds and mechanical ingenuity. In many of the workshops in
+which they went, they found skillful workmen, in iron, copper, brass,
+steel, and gold; and their implements of husbandry and war, were as well
+manufactured by African sons of toil, as any in the English
+manufactories, save that they had not quite so fine a finish, garnish
+and embellishment. This is a description, given of the industry and
+adaptedness of the people of Africa, to labor and toil of every kind. As
+it was very evident, that where there were manufactories of various
+metals, the people must of necessity be inured to mining operations, so
+it was also very evident, that this people must be a very hardy and
+enduring people.</p>
+
+<p>In 1442, fifty years previous to the sailing of Columbus in search of a
+new world, Anthony Gonzales, Portuguese, took from the gold coast of
+Guinea, ten Africans and a quantity of gold dust, which he carried back
+to Lisbon with him. These Africans were set immediately to work in the
+gardens of the emperor, which so pleased his queen, that the number were
+much augmented, all of whom were found to be skillful and industrious in
+agriculture.</p>
+
+<p>In 1481, eleven years prior to the discovery by Columbus, the Portuguese
+built a fort on the Gold Coast, and there commenced mining in search of
+gold. During this time until the year 1502, a period of ten years, had
+there been no other evidence, there was sufficient time and opportunity,
+to give full practical demonstrations of the capacity of this people to
+endure toil, especially in the mining operations, and for this cause and
+this alone, were they selected in preference to any other race of men,
+to do the labor of the New World. They had proven themselves physically
+superior either to the European or American races&mdash;in fact, superior
+physically to any living race of men&mdash;enduring fatigue, hunger and
+thirst&mdash;enduring change of climate, habits, manners and customs, with
+infinitely far less injury to their physical and mental system, than any
+other people on the face of God's earth.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>The following extract shows, that even up to the year 1676, the
+Indians were enslaved&mdash;but that little value were attached to them
+as laborers, as the price at which they were disposed and sold to
+purchasers, fully shows:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Slavery in Providence, R.I.</span>&mdash;Immediately after the
+struggle between the natives and some of the New England settlers,
+known as "King Philip's war," it became necessary to dispose of
+certain Indian captives then in Providence. The method adopted was
+common in that day, but to us remarkable, as also the names of
+those who figured prominently therein. Only think of <span class="smcap">Roger
+Williams</span> sharing in the proceeds of a slave sale. The
+following is from the "Annals of Providence."</p>
+
+<p>"A town meeting was held before Thomas Field's house, under a tree,
+by the water side, on the 14th of August, 1676. A committee was
+appointed to determine in what manner the Indians should be
+disposed of. They reported as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"Inhabitants wanting, can have Indians at the price they sell at
+the Island of Rhode Island or elsewhere. All under five, to serve
+till thirty; above five and under ten, till twenty-eight; above ten
+to fifteen, till twenty-seven; above fifteen to twenty, till
+twenty-six; from twenty to thirty, shall serve eight years; all
+above thirty, seven years.</p>
+
+<p>"We whose names are underwritten, being chosen by the town to see
+the disposal of the Indians now in town, we agree that Roger
+Williams, N. Waterman, T. Fenner, H. Ashton, J. Morey, D. Abbot, J.
+Olney, V. Whitman, J. Whipple, sen., E. Pray, J. Pray, J. Angell,
+Jas. Angell, T. Arnold, A. Man, T. Field, E. Bennett, T. Clemence,
+W. Lancaster, W. Hopkins, W. Hawkins, W. Harris, Z. Field, S.
+Winsor, and Capt. Fenner, shall each have a whole share in the
+product. I. Woodward and R. Pray, three-fourths of a share each. J.
+Smith, E. Smith, S. Whipple, N. Whipple, and T. Walling each half a
+share."</p>
+
+<p>Signed, "Roger Williams, Thomas Harris, sen., Thomas X Angell,
+Thomas Field, John Whipple, Jr."</p>
+
+<p>To gratify curiosity as to the price of Indians on those terms, the
+following extracts are made from an account of sales about this
+time;</p>
+
+<p>"To Anthony Low, five Indians, great and small, &pound;8.</p>
+
+<p>"To James Rogers, two, for twenty bushels of Indian corn.</p>
+
+<p>"To Philip Smith, two, in silver, $4 10.</p>
+
+<p>"To Daniel Allen, one, in silver, $2 10.</p>
+
+<p>"To C. Carr, one, twelve bushels of Indian corn.</p>
+
+<p>"To Elisha Smith, one, in wool, 100 lbs.</p>
+
+<p>"To Elisha Smith, one, for three fat sheep."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>From 1492, the discovery of Hispaniola, to 1502, the short space of but
+four years, such was the mortality among the natives, that the Spaniards
+then holding rule there, "began to employ a few" Africans in the mines
+of the Island. The experiment was effective&mdash;a successful one. The
+Indian and African were enslaved together, when the Indian sunk, and the
+African stood. It was not until June the 24th of the year 1498, that the
+Continent was discovered by John Cabot, a Venetian, who sailed in August
+of the previous year 1497, from Bristol, under the patronage of Henry
+VII., King of England, with two vessels, "freighted by the merchants of
+London and Bristol, with articles of traffic," his son Sebastian, and
+300 men. In 1517, but the short period of thirteen years from the date
+of their first introduction, Carolus V., King of Spain, by the right of
+a patent, granted permission to a number of persons, annually, to supply
+to the Islands of Hispaniola, (St. Domingo,) Cuba, Jamaica, and Porto
+Rico, natives of Africa, to the number of four thousand annually. John
+Hawkins, an unprincipled Englishman&mdash;whose name should be branded with
+infamy&mdash;was the first person known to have engaged in so inhuman a
+traffic, and that living monster his mistress, Queen Elizabeth, engaged
+with him and shared in the profits.</p>
+
+<p>The natives of Africa, on their introduction into a foreign country,
+soon discovered the loss of their accustomed food, and mode and manner
+of living. The Aborigines subsisted mainly by game and fish, with a few
+patches of maize or Indian corn near their wigwams, which were generally
+attended by the women, while the men were absent. The grains and
+fruits, such as they had been accustomed to, were not to be had among
+the Aborigines of the country, and this first induced the African to
+cultivate patches of ground in the neighborhood of the mines, for the
+raising of food for his own sustenance. This trait in their character
+was observed, and regarded by the Spaniards with considerable interest;
+and when on contracting with the English slave-dealer, Captain Hawkins,
+and others for new supplies of slaves, they were careful to request them
+to secure a quantity of the seeds and different products of the country,
+to bring with them to the New World. Many of these were cultivated to
+some extent, while those indigenous to America, were cultivated by them
+with considerable success. And up to this day, it is a custom on many of
+the slave plantations of the South, to allow the slave his "patch," and
+Saturday afternoon or Sabbath day, to cultivate it.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after the commencement of the shameful traffic in the blood and
+bones of men&mdash;the destiny and chastity of women by Captain Hawkins, and
+what was termed England's "Virgin Queen"; Elizabeth gave a license to
+Sir Walter Raleigh, to search for uninhabited lands, and seize upon all
+uninhabited by Christians. Sir Walter discovered the coast of North
+Carolina and Virginia, assigning the name of "Virginia" to the whole
+coast now composing the old state. A feeble colony was settled here,
+which did not avail, and it was not until the month of April, 1607, that
+the first permanent settlement was made in Virginia, under the patronage
+of letters patent from James I, King of England, to Thomas Gates and his
+associates.</p>
+
+<p>This was the first settling of North America, and thirteen years
+anterior to the landing of the Pilgrims.</p>
+
+<p>"No permanent settlement was effected in what is now called the United
+States, till the reign of James the First."&mdash;<i>Ramsay's Hist. U.S.</i>, vol.
+I., p. 38.</p>
+
+<p>"The month of April, 1607, is the epoch of the first permanent
+settlement on the coast of Virginia; the name then given to all that
+extent of country which forms thirteen States."&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, p. 39. The
+whole coast of the country was now explored, not for the purpose of
+trade and agriculture&mdash;because there were no products in the
+country&mdash;the natives not producing sufficient provisions to supply
+present wants, and, consequently, nothing to trade for; but like the
+speculations of their Spanish and Portuguese predecessors, on the
+islands and in South America, but for that of mining gold. Trade and the
+cultivation of the soil was foreign to their designs and intention on
+coming to the continent of the new world, and they were consequently,
+disappointed when failing of success. "At a time when the precious
+metals were conceived to be the peculiar and only valuable productions
+of the new world, when every mountain was supposed to contain a
+treasure, and every rivulet was searched for its golden sands, this
+appearance was fondly considered as an infallible indication of the
+mine. Every hand was eager to dig."...</p>
+
+<p>"There was now," says Smith, "no talk, no hope, no work; but dig gold,
+wash gold, refine gold. With this imaginary wealth, the first vessel
+returning to England was loaded, while the <i>culture of the land</i>, and
+every useful occupation was <i>totally neglected</i>."...</p>
+
+<p>The colonists, thus left, were in miserable circumstances for want of
+provisions. The remainder of what they had brought with them, was so
+small in quantity, as to be soon expended&mdash;and so damaged in the course
+of a long voyage, as to be a source of disease.... In their expectation
+of getting gold, the people were disappointed, the glittering substance
+they had sent to England, proving to be a valueless mineral. "Smith, on
+his return to Jamestown, found the colony reduced to thirty-eight
+persons, who, in despair, were preparing to abandon the country. He
+employed caresses, threats, and even violence, in order to prevent them
+from executing this fatal resolution." <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 45-46. In November,
+1620, the Pilgrims or Puritans made the harbor of Cape Cod, and after
+solemn vows and organization previous to setting foot on shore, they
+landed safely on "Plymouth Rock," December the 20th, about one month
+after. They were one hundred and one in number, and from the toils and
+hardships consequent to a severe season, in a strange country, in less
+than six months after their arrival, "forty-four persons, nearly
+one-half of their original number," had died.</p>
+
+<p>... "In 1618, in the reign of James I, the British government
+established a regular trade on the coast of Africa. In the year 1620,
+negro slaves began to be imported into Virginia: a Dutch ship bringing
+twenty of them for sale."&mdash;<i>Sampson's Hist. Dict.</i>, p. 348. The Dutch
+ship landed her cargo at New Bedford, (now Massachusetts,) as it will be
+remembered, that the whole coast, now comprising the "Old Thirteen," and
+original United States, was then called Virginia, so named by Sir Walter
+Raleigh, in honor of his royal Mistress and patron, Elizabeth, the
+Virgin Queen, under whom he received his royal patent commission of
+adventure and expedition.</p>
+
+<p>Beginning their preparation in the slave-trade in 1618, just two years
+previous, giving time for successfully carrying out the project against
+the landing of the first emigrant settlers, it will be observed that the
+African captain, and the "Puritan" emigrants, landed upon the same
+section of the continent at the same time, 1620&mdash;the Pilgrims at
+Plymouth, and the captives at New Bedford, but a few miles
+comparatively south.</p>
+
+<p>The country at this period, was one vast wilderness. "The continent of
+North America was then one continued forest."... There were no horses,
+cattle, sheep, hogs, or tame beasts of any kind.... There were no
+domestic poultry.... There were no gardens, orchards, public roads,
+meadows, or cultivated fields.... They "often burned the woods that they
+could advantageously plant their corn."... They had neither spice, salt,
+bread, butter, cheese, nor milk.... They had no set meals, but eat when
+they were hungry, and could find any thing to satisfy the cravings of
+nature.... Very little of their food was derived from the earth, except
+what it spontaneously produced.... The ground was both their seat and
+table.... Their best bed was a skin.... They had neither steel, iron,
+nor any metallic instruments....&mdash;<i>Ramsay's Hist.</i>, pp. 39-40.</p>
+
+<p>We adduce not these historical extracts to disparage our brother the
+Indian&mdash;far be it: whatever he may think of our race, according to the
+manner in which he has been instructed to look upon it, by our mutual
+oppressor the American nation; we admire his, for the many deeds of
+noble daring, for which the short history of his liberty-loving people
+are replete: we sympathise with them, because our brethren are the
+successors of their fathers in the degradation of American bondage&mdash;but
+we adduce them in evidence against the many aspersions charged against
+the African race, that their inferiority to the other races caused them
+to be reduced to servitude. For the purpose of proving that their
+superiority, and not inferiority, alone was the cause which first
+suggested to Europeans the substitution of Africans for that of
+aboriginal or Indian laborers in the mines; and that their superior
+skill and industry, first suggested to the colonists, the propriety of
+turning their attention to agricultural and other industrial pursuits,
+than that of mining.</p>
+
+<p>It is very evident, from what has been adduced, the settlement of
+Captain John Smith, being in the course of a few months, reduced to
+thirty-eight, and that of Plymouth, from one hundred and one, to that of
+fifty-seven in six months&mdash;it is evident, that the whites nor the
+Indians were equal to the hard and almost insurmountable difficulties,
+that now stood wide-spread before them.</p>
+
+<p>An endless forest, the impenetrable earth; the one to be removed, and
+the other to be excavated. Towns and cities to be built, and farms to be
+cultivated&mdash;all these presented difficulties too arduous for the
+European then here, and unknown to the Indian.</p>
+
+<p>It is very evident, that at a period such as this, when the natives
+themselves had fallen victims to tasks imposed upon them by their
+usurpers, and the Europeans were sinking beneath the weight of climate
+and hardships; when food could not be had nor the common conveniences of
+life procured&mdash;when arduous duties of life were to be performed and none
+capable of doing them, but those who had previously by their labors, not
+only in their native country, but in the new, so proven themselves&mdash;as
+the most natural consequence, the Africans were resorted to, for the
+performance of every duty common to domestic life.</p>
+
+<p>There were no laborers known to the colonists from Cape Cod to Cape Look
+Out, than those of the African race. They entered at once into the
+mines, extracting therefrom, the rich treasures that for a thousand ages
+lay hidden in the earth. And from their knowledge of cultivation, the
+farming interests in the North, and planting in the South, were
+commenced with a prospect never dreamed of before the introduction of
+this most extraordinary, hardy race of men: though pagans, yet skilled
+in all the useful duties of life. Farmers, herdsmen, and laborers in
+their own country, they required not to be taught to work, and how to do
+it&mdash;but it was only necessary to tell them to go to work, and they at
+once knew what to do, and how it should be done.</p>
+
+<p>It is notorious, that in the planting States, the blacks themselves are
+the only skillful cultivators&mdash;the proprietor knowing little or nothing
+about the art, save that which he learns from the African husbandman,
+while his ignorant white overseer, who is merely there to see that the
+work is attended to, knows a great deal less. Tobacco, cotton, rice,
+hemp, indigo, the improvement in Indian corn, and many other important
+products, are all the result of African skill and labor in this country.
+And the introduction of the zigzag, or "Virginia Worm Fence," is purely
+of African origin. Nor was their skill as herdsmen inferior to their
+other attainments, being among the most accomplished trainers and
+horsemen in the world. Indeed, to this class of men may be indebted the
+entire country for the improvement South in the breed of horses. And any
+one who has travelled South, could not fail to have observed, that all
+of the leading trainers, jockies, and judges of horses, as well as
+riders, are men of African descent.</p>
+
+<p>In speaking of the Bornouese, a people from among whom a great many
+natives have been enslaved by Arabian traders, and sold into foreign
+bondage, and of course many into this country, "It is said that Bornou
+can muster 15,000 Shonaas in the field mounted. They are the greatest
+breeders of cattle in the country, and annually supply Soudan with from
+two to three thousand horses."... "Our road lying along one of them,
+gave me an excellent view of beautiful villages all round, and herds of
+cattle grazing in the open country."... "Plantations of cotton or indigo
+now occupy the place where the houses formerly stood."... "The Souga
+market is well supplied with every necessary and luxury in request among
+the people of the interior." "The country still open and well
+cultivated, and the villages numerous. We met crowds of people coming
+from Karro with goods. Some carried them on their heads, others had
+asses or bullocks, according to their wealth."... "The country still
+highly cultivated."... "We also passed several walled towns, quite
+deserted, the inhabitants having been sold by their conquerors, the
+Felatohs." "Women sat spinning cotton by the road side, offering for
+sale to the passing caravans, gussub water, roast-meat, sweet potatoes,
+coshen nuts," &amp;c. (<i>Dunham and Clapperton's Travels and Discoveries in
+North and Central Africa</i>, vol. 2, pp. 140, 230, 332, 333, 353.)</p>
+
+<p>The forests gave way before them, and extensive verdant fields, richly
+clothed with produce, rose up as by magic before these hardy sons of
+toil. In the place of the unskillful and ill-constructed wigwam, houses,
+villages, towns and cities quickly were reared up in their stead. Being
+farmers, mechanics, laborers and traders in their own country, they
+required little or no instruction in these various pursuits. They were
+in fact, then, to the whole continent, what they are in truth now to the
+whole Southern section of the Union&mdash;the bone and sinews of the country.
+And even now, the existence of the white man, South, depends entirely on
+the labor of the black man&mdash;the idleness of the one, is sustained by the
+industry of the other. Public roads and highways are the result of their
+labor, as are also the first public works, as wharves, docks, forts, and
+all such improvements. Are not these legitimate investments in the
+common stock of the nation, which should command a proportionate
+interest?</p>
+
+<p>We shall next proceed to review the contributions of colored men to
+other departments of the nation, and as among the most notorious and
+historical, we refer to colored American warriors.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="VIII" id="VIII"></a>VIII</h2>
+
+<h2>COLORED AMERICAN WARRIORS</h2>
+
+<p>Among the highest claims that an inhabitant has upon his country, is
+that of serving in its cause, and assisting to fight its battles. There
+is no responsibility attended with more personal hazard, and
+consequently, none for which the country owes a greater debt of
+gratitude. <i>Amor patria</i>, or love of country, is the first requisition
+and highest attribute of every citizen; and he who voluntarily ventures
+his own safety for that of his country, is a patriot of the purest
+character.</p>
+
+<p>When the country's attention is arrested&mdash;her fears aroused&mdash;her peace
+disturbed, and her independence endangered&mdash;when in the dread and
+momentous hour, the tap of the drum, the roll of the reveille, the
+shrill sound of the bugler's trumpet, or the thunders of the cannon's
+roar, summons the warrior on to the pending conflict&mdash;upon whom then do
+the citizens place their dependence, and in whom the country her trust?
+Upon him who braves the consequences, and fights his country's battles
+for his country's sake. Upon whom does the country look, as the most
+eligible of her favored sons? Upon none more so than he, who shoulders
+his musket, girds on his sword, and faces the enemy on to the charge.
+The hero and the warrior, have long been estimated, the favorite sons of
+a favored people.</p>
+
+<p>In the Convention for the formation of the national compact, when the
+question arose on the priority of citizen's rights, an honorable
+member&mdash;Mr. Jefferson, if we mistake not&mdash;arose and stated, that for the
+purpose of henceforward settling a question of such moment to the
+American people, that nativity of birth, and the descendants of all who
+had borne arms in their country's struggle for liberty, should be always
+entitled to all the rights and privileges to which an American citizen
+could be eligible. This at once, enfranchised the native citizen, and
+the posterity of all those at the time, who may have been so fortunate
+as to have been born on the American continent. The question was at once
+settled, as regards American citizenship. And if we establish our right
+of equal claims to citizenship with other American people, we shall have
+done all that is desirable in this view of our position in the country.
+But if in addition to this, we shall be able to prove, that colored men,
+not only took part in the great scene of the first act for independence,
+but that they were the actors&mdash;a colored man was really the hero in the
+great drama, and actually the first victim in the revolutionary
+tragedy&mdash;then indeed, shall we have more than succeeded, and have reared
+a monument of fame to the history of our deeds, more lasting than the
+pile that stands on Bunker Hill.</p>
+
+<p>For a concise historical arrangement of colored men, who braved the
+dangers of the battlefield, we are much indebted to William C. Nell,
+Esq., formerly of Boston, now of Rochester, N.Y., for a pamphlet,
+published by him during the last year, which should be read by every
+American the country through.</p>
+
+<p>For ten years previous, a dissatisfaction had prevailed among the
+colonists, against the mother country, in consequence of the excessive
+draughts of supplies, and taxation, made upon them, for the support of
+the wars carried on in Europe. The aspect began to change, the light
+grew dim, the sky darkened, the clouds gathered lower and lower, the
+lightning glimmered through the black elements around&mdash;the storm
+advanced, until on the fifth of March, 1773, it broke out in terrible
+blasts, drenching the virgin soil of America, with the blood of her own
+native sons&mdash;Crispus Attuck, a colored man, was the first who headed,
+the first who commanded, the first who charged, who struck the first
+blow, and the first whose blood was spilt, and baptized the colony, as a
+peace-offering on the altar of American liberty. "The people were
+greatly exasperated. The multitude, armed with clubs, ran towards King
+street, crying, 'Let us drive out the ribalds; they have no business
+here!' The rioters rushed furiously towards the Custom House; they
+approached the sentinel crying, 'Kill him, kill him!' They assaulted him
+with snowballs, pieces of ice, and whatever they could lay their hands
+upon. They encountered a band of the populace led by a mulatto named
+Attucks, who brandished their clubs and pelted them with snow-balls. The
+maledictions, the imprecations, the execrations of the multitudes were
+horrible. In the midst of a torrent of invectives from every quarter,
+the military were challenged to fire. The populace advanced to the
+points of the bayonets; the soldiers appeared like statues; the cries,
+the howlings, the menaces, the violent din of bells still sounding the
+alarm, increased the confusion and the horrors of these moments: at
+length the mulatto and twelve of his companions, pressing forward
+environed the soldiers, and striking their muskets with their clubs
+cried to the multitude: 'Be not afraid, they dare not fire; why do you
+hesitate, why do you not kill them, why not crush them at once?' The
+mulatto lifted his arm against Captain Preston, having turned one of the
+muskets, he seized the bayonet with his left hand, as if he intended to
+execute his threat. At this moment confused cries were heard: 'The
+wretches dare not fire!' Firing succeeds. Attucks is slain. Two other
+discharges follow. Three were killed, five severely wounded, and several
+others slightly." Attucks was killed by Montgomery, one of Captain
+Preston's soldiers. He had been foremost in resisting, and was first
+slain; as proof of front and close engagement, received two balls, one
+in each breast." "John Adams, counsel for the soldier, admitted that
+Attucks appeared to have undertaken to be the hero of the night, and to
+lead the army with banners. John Hancock, in 1774, invokes the injured
+shades of Maverick, Gray, Caldwell, <i>Attucks</i> and Carr." <i>Nell's Wars</i>,
+1776 and 1812, pp. 5, 6.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Rhode Island</span> also contributes largely
+to the capital stock of citizenship. "In Rhode Island, the blacks formed
+an entire regiment, and they discharged their duty with zeal and
+fidelity. The gallant defence of Red Bank, in which the black regiment
+bore a part, is among the proofs of their valor." In this contest it
+will be recollected, that four hundred men met and repulsed, after a
+terrible sanguinary struggle, fifteen hundred Hessian troops, headed by
+count Donop." <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 10. <span class="smcap">Connecticut</span> next claims to be
+heard and given credit on the nation's books. In speaking of the
+patriots who bore the standard of their country's glory, Judge Goddard,
+who held the office of commissioner of pensions for nineteen colored
+soldiers, says, "I cannot refrain from mentioning one aged black man,
+Primus Babcock, who proudly presented to me an honorable discharge from
+service during the war, dated at the close of it, wholly in the
+hand-writing of <span class="smcap">George Washington</span>. Nor can I forget the
+expression of his feelings, when informed that, after his discharge had
+been sent to the department, that it could not be returned. At his
+request it was written for, as he seemed to spurn the pension and
+reclaim the discharge." It is related of Babcock, that when the British
+in a successful charge took a number of the Americans prisoners, they
+were ordered to deliver up their arms by the British officer of the
+detachment, which demand was readily conceded to by all the prisoners
+except Babcock, who looking at the officer sternly&mdash;at the margin of a
+mud pond foot of Bunker Hill&mdash;turned his musket bayonet downwards,
+thrusting it into the mire up to the armpit, drawing out his muddy arm,
+turned to the British officer, and said, "Now dirty your silk glove, and
+take it&mdash;you red coat!" The officer raised his sword as if to cut him
+down for the impertinence, then replied, "You are too brave a soldier to
+be killed, you black devil!" A few years since, a musket evidently a
+relic of the Revolution, was found near the same spot in the singular
+position of that thrust down by Babcock, no doubt being the same, which
+was deposited among the relics in the archives at Washington. Babcock
+died but a few years ago, aged we believe 101 years.</p>
+
+<p>"When Major Montgomery, one of the leaders in the expedition against the
+colonists, was lifted upon the walls of the fort by his soldiers,
+flourishing his sword and calling on them to follow him, Jordan Freeman
+received him on the point of a pike and pinned him dead to the earth."
+"<span class="smcap">New Hampshire</span> gives her testimony to the deposit of colored
+interest. There was a regiment of blacks in the same situation, a
+regiment of negroes fighting for our liberty and independence, not a
+white man among them but the officers, in the same dangerous and
+responsible position. Had they been unfaithful, or given way before the
+enemy all would have been lost. Three times in succession were they
+attacked with most desperate fury by well disciplined and veteran
+troops, and three times did they successfully repel the assault, and
+thus preserve the army. They fought thus through the war. They were
+brave and hearty troops." <i>Nell</i>, pp. 11, 13.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">New York</span> comes bravely to the call, and sends her investments
+by land and sea. In the convention of 1821, for revising the
+constitution of the State, the question of equal rights having been
+introduced, Doctor Clarke among other things said, "In the war of the
+Revolution, these people helped to fight our battles by land and by sea.
+Some of your states were glad to turn out corps of colored men, and to
+stand 'shoulder to shoulder' with them. In your late war, they
+contributed largely towards some of your most splendid victories. On
+lakes Erie and Champlain, where your fleets triumphed over a foe
+superior in numbers and engines of death, they were manned in a large
+proportion with men of color. And in this very house, in the fall of
+1814, a bill passed receiving all the branches of your government,
+authorising the governor to accept the services of a corps of two
+thousand free people of color. These were times when a man who
+shouldered his musket did not know but he bared his bosom to receive a
+death wound from the enemy ere he laid it aside; and in these times
+these people were found as ready and as willing to volunteer in your
+service as any other. They were not compelled to go; they were not
+draughted.... They were volunteers...." Said Martindale of New York in
+congress 22 of first month 1828: "Slaves, or negroes who had been
+slaves, were enlisted as soldiers in the War of the Revolution; and I
+myself saw a battalion of them, as fine martial looking men as I ever
+saw, attached to the northern army in the last war, on its march from
+Plattsburg to Sackett's Harbor."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pennsylvania</span> contributes an important share in the stock of
+Independence, as will be seen by the following historical reminiscence:
+"On the capture of Washington by the British forces, it was judged
+expedient to fortify without delay, the principal towns and cities
+exposed to similar attacks. The Vigilance Committee of Philadelphia
+waited upon three of the principal Colored citizens, namely, James
+Forten, Bishop Allen, and Absalom Jones, soliciting the aid of the
+people of Color in erecting suitable defences for the city. Accordingly
+two thousand five hundred Colored men assembled in the State House yard,
+and from thence marched to Gray's Ferry, where they labored for two
+days, almost without intermission. Their labors were so faithful and
+efficient, that a vote of thanks was tendered them by the Committee. A
+battalion of Colored troops were at the same time organized in the city,
+under an officer of the United States army; and they were on the point
+of marching to the frontier when peace was proclaimed."&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, pp.
+14-17-18.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>And even in the slave States, where might reasonably be expected,
+nothing but bitter hate and burning revenge to exist&mdash;where the
+displeasure of Heaven and anger of God was invoked&mdash;where it is thought
+the last glimmering spark of patriotic fire has been quenched, and every
+aid withheld&mdash;even there, in the hour of their country's danger, did
+they lay aside every consideration of the ten thousand wrongs
+inflicted&mdash;throw in their contributions, and make common cause.</p>
+
+<p>Says Mr. Nell, "The celebrated Charles Pinkney, of South Carolina, in
+his speech on the Missouri question, in defence of the Slave
+representation of the South, made the following admission:&mdash;They (the
+colored people) were in numerous instances the pioneers, and in all the
+labors of our army. To their hands we are owing the greatest part of the
+fortifications raised for the protection of the country. Fort Moultrie
+gave, at an early period of inexperience and untried valor of our
+citizens, immortality to the American arms." And were there no other
+proof on record, the testimony given to the brave followers of the
+renowned hero of Chalmet Plains, would of itself be sufficient to
+establish the right of the colored man to eligibility in his native
+country. "In 1814," continues Mr. Nell, "when New Orleans was in danger,
+and the proud criminal distinctions of caste were again demolished by
+one of those emergencies in which nature puts to silence for the moment
+the base partialities of art, the free colored people were called into
+the field in common with the whites; and the importance of their
+services was thus acknowledged by General Jackson:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class='right'>"<span class="smcap">Head-Quarters Seventh Military</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">District, Mobile, September 21, 1814.</span></p>
+
+<p>"<i>To the Free Colored Inhabitants of Louisiana:</i></p>
+
+<p>"Through a mistaken policy, you have heretofore been deprived of a
+participation in the glorious struggle for national rights, in
+which <i>our</i> country is engaged. This no longer shall exist. As
+sons of Freedom you are now called upon to defend your most
+estimable blessings. <i>As Americans</i>, your country looks with
+confidence to her adopted children, for a valorous support, as a
+faithful return for the advantages enjoyed under her mild and
+equitable government. As fathers, husbands, and brothers, you are
+summoned to rally round the standard of the Eagle, to defend all
+which is dear in existence.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Your country</i>, although calling for your exertions, does not wish
+you to engage in her cause, without remunerating you for the
+services rendered. Your intelligent minds are not to be led away by
+false representations&mdash;your love of honor would cause you to
+despise the man who should attempt to deceive you. In the sincerity
+of a soldier, and the language of truth I address you.</p>
+
+<p>"To every noble hearted free man of color, volunteering to serve
+during the present contest with Great Britain, and no longer, there
+will be paid the same bounty in money and lands now received by
+white soldiers of the United States, namely, one hundred and
+twenty-four dollars in money and one hundred and sixty acres in
+land. The non-commissioned officers and privates will also be
+entitled to the same monthly pay and daily rations and clothes
+furnished to any American soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>"On enrolling yourselves in companies, the Major General commanding
+will select officers for your government from your white
+fellow-citizens. Your non-commissioned officers will be appointed
+from among yourselves.</p>
+
+<p>"Due regard will be paid to the feelings of free men and soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>"You will not, by being associated with white men in the same
+corps, be exposed to improper comparison, or unjust sarcasm. As a
+distinct, independent battalion or regiment, pursuing the path of
+glory, you will, undivided, receive the applause and gratitude of
+your countrymen.</p>
+
+<p>"To assure you of the sincerity of my intentions, and my anxiety to
+engage your invaluable services to our country, I have communicated
+my wish to the Governor of Louisiana, who is fully informed as to
+the manner of enrollments, and will give you every necessary
+information on the subject of this address.</p>
+
+<p class='right'>"ANDREW JACKSON,<br />"Major General Commanding."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On the 18th of December, 1814, through his Aid-de-camp, Colonel Butler,
+the General issued another address to the colored soldiers, who had
+proven themselves, in every particular, worthy of their country's trust,
+and in every way worthy of the proudest position of enfranchised
+freemen. To deny to men and their descendants, who are capable of such
+deeds as are acknowledged in this proclamation, equal rights with other
+men, is a moral homicide&mdash;as assassination, which none but the most
+malicious and obdurate are capable of perpetrating. Surely, surely, it
+cannot be, that our fellow-citizens, who control the destiny of the
+country, one fully advised of the claims of their brethren in
+adversity&mdash;we cannot be persuaded that a people, claiming the
+self-respect and consideration of the American people, can be satisfied
+that the perils of war be encountered by them&mdash;their country's rights
+sustained&mdash;and their liberty, the liberty of their wives and children
+defended and protected; then, with a cool deliberation, unknown to any
+uncivilized people on the face of the earth, deny them a right&mdash;withhold
+their consent to their having equal enjoyment of human rights with other
+citizens, with those who have never contributed aid to our country&mdash;but
+we give the proclamation and let it speak for itself. Of it Mr. Nell
+says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The second proclamation is one of the highest compliments ever paid by
+a military chief to his soldiers."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"<span class="smcap">Soldiers</span>! When on the banks of the Mobile, I called you to
+take up arms, inviting you to partake the perils and glory of your
+<i>white fellow-citizens, I expected much</i> from you; for I was not
+ignorant that you possessed qualities most formidable to an invading
+enemy. I knew with what fortitude you could endure hunger and thirst,
+and all the fatigues of a campaign. <i>I knew well how you love your
+native country</i>, and that you, as well as ourselves, had to defend what
+<i>man</i> holds most dear&mdash;his parents, wife, children, and property. <i>You
+have done more than I expected.</i> In addition to the previous qualities I
+before knew you to possess, I found among you noble enthusiasm, which
+leads to the performance of great things.</p>
+
+
+<p>"Soldiers! The President of the United States shall hear how
+praise-worthy was your conduct in the hour of danger; and the
+representatives of the American people will give you the praise
+your exploits entitle you to. The General anticipates them in
+applauding your noble ardor.</p>
+
+<p>"The enemy approaches; his vessels cover our lakes; our brave
+citizens are united, and all contentions have ceased among them.
+Their only dispute is, who shall win the prize of valor, or who the
+most glory, its noblest reward.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>"By order,<br />"THOMAS BUTLER, Aid-de-camp."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>A circumstance that reflects as well upon the devisor, as upon the
+commander, or the engineer of the army, is not generally known to the
+American people. The redoubt of cotton bales, has ever been attributed
+to the judgment, skill, quick perception, and superior tact of Major
+General Andrew Jackson; than whom, a braver heart, never beat in the
+breast of man. But this is a mistake. The suggestion of the cotton
+bales was made by a colored man, at the instant, when the city of New
+Orleans was put under martial law. The colored troops were gathering,
+and their recruiting officers (being colored,) were scouring the city in
+every direction, and particularly on the Levee, where the people throng
+for news&mdash;to hear, see, and be seen. At such times in particular, the
+blacks are found in great numbers. The cotton shipped down the
+Mississippi in large quantities to the city, is landed and piled in
+regular terrace walls, several thousand feet long, sometimes double
+rows&mdash;and fifteen or twenty feet high. When the sun shines in winter,
+the days become warm and pleasant after the morning passes off, and at
+such times, there may be found many of the idle blacks, lying upon the
+top, and in comfortable positions between or behind those walls of
+cotton bales. On the approach of the recruiting officer, a number of
+persons were found stretched out upon the bales, lying scattered upon
+the ground. On addressing them, they were found to be slaves, which the
+pride of the recently promoted free colored soldiers, nor the policy of
+the proclamation, then, justified them in enrolling. On questioning them
+respecting their fears of the approaching contest&mdash;they expressed
+themselves as perfectly satisfied and <i>safe</i>, while permitted to lie
+<i>behind</i> the bales. The idea was at once impressed&mdash;Chalmet Plain, the
+battle field, being entirely barren without trees, brush, or stone, and
+the ingenuity of the General-in-chief and engineer of the army, having
+been for several days taxed, without successful device; the officer
+determined that he would muster courage, and hazard the consequences of
+an approach to the General, and suggest the idea suggested to him, by
+the observation of a slave, who was indifferent to the safety of others,
+so that he was secure&mdash;and perhaps justly so&mdash;whether conscious or not
+of the importance of its bearing. General Jackson, whatever may be said
+to the contrary, though firm and determined, was pleasant, affable, and
+easily approached, and always set equal estimate upon the manhood of a
+colored man; believing every thing of him, that he expressed in his
+proclamation to the colored freemen of Louisiana. He did not pretend to
+justify the holding of slaves, especially on the assumed unjust plea of
+their incapacity for self-government&mdash;he always hooted at the idea;
+never would become a member of the Colonization Society, always saying
+"Let the colored people be&mdash;they were quiet now, in comparative
+satisfaction&mdash;let them be." But he held them as a policy, by which to
+make money&mdash;and would just as readily have held a white man, had it been
+the policy of the country, as a black one in slavery. The General was
+approached&mdash;the suggestion made&mdash;slaves set to work&mdash;the bales conveyed
+down&mdash;the breast-works raised&mdash;the Americans protected, as the musketry
+and artillery proved powerless against the elastic cushion-wall of
+cotton bales; the battle fought&mdash;the British vanquished&mdash;the Americans
+victorious, and Major General Andrew Jackson "all covered with glory,"
+as the most distinguished and skillful captain of the age. It has always
+been thought by colored men familiar with this circumstance, that the
+reference of the General is directed to this, when he expresses himself
+in his last proclamation to them: "<i>You have done more than I
+expected</i>." Doubtless this was the case. Whatever valor and capacity to
+endure hardships, the General knew colored men to possess, it <i>was</i> more
+than he expected of them, to bring skill to his aid, and assist in
+counseling plans for the defence of the army.</p>
+
+<p>On the <i>Eighth</i> of January, 1851, the celebration of the Battle of New
+Orleans, in that city one year ago, "Ninety of the colored veterans who
+bore a conspicuous part in the dangers of the day," (the day of battle,)
+held "a conspicuous place in the procession," in exaltation of their
+country's glory. Nor was the <span class="smcap">Navy</span> without the representative
+of colored interest in the liberty of the country. In speaking of the
+war of 1812, a colored veteran of Philadelphia, the late James Forten,
+who had himself enlisted and was imprisoned on board of a British
+man-of-war, the "Old Jersey Prison Ship," affirms: "The vessels of war
+of that period were all, to a greater or less extent, manned with
+colored men." The father-in-law of the writer, has often related to him
+that he saw the three hundred and sixty colored marines, in military
+pomp and naval array, when passing through Pittsburg in 1812 on their
+way to the frigate Constitution, then on lake Erie under command of the
+gallant Commodore Perry. And we cannot close this view of our subject,
+without reference to one of the living veterans of the battle of New
+Orleans, now residing where he has for many years, in the city of
+Pittsburg, Pa., to whom we are indebted for more oral information
+concerning that memorable conflict, than to any other living person.
+<span class="smcap">Mr. John Julius</span>, was a member of the valiant regiment of
+colored soldiers, who held so conspicuous a place in the estimation of
+their General, their country's struggles for Liberty and Independence.
+He is a tall, good-looking, brown skin creole of Louisiana, now about
+sixty-three years of age, bearing the terrible gashes of the bayonet
+still conspicuously in his neck. He was one of the few Americans who
+encountered the British in single-handed charges on top of the
+breast-works. <i>Julien Bennoit</i>, (pronounced <i>ben wah</i>,) for such is his
+name, though commonly known as John Julius, is a man of uprightness and
+strict integrity of character, having all the delicate sensibility and
+pride of character known to the Frenchman; and laments more at the
+injustice done him, in the neglect of the authorities to grant him his
+claims of money and land, according to the promises set forth in the
+Proclamation, than at any reverse of fortune with which he has ever
+met. He is enthusiastic on the subject of the battle scenes of Chalmet
+Plains, and anxious that all who converse with him may know that he is
+one of the actors. Not so much for his own notoriety&mdash;as all soldiers
+have a right to&mdash;as for the purpose of making known and exposing the
+wrongs done to him and hundreds of his fellows, who fought shoulder to
+shoulder with him, in the conflict with Sir Edward Packenham. Mr. Julius
+is the only person in whose possession we have ever seen a complete
+draught of the plan of the battle fought on the 8th of January, 1815,
+drawn on the field, by the U.S. Engineer.</p>
+
+<p>This consists of two charts, one quite large, and the other smaller; the
+larger giving the whole plan of battle, and the other being the key,
+which shows the position of the different battalions and regiments of
+troops, with the several officers of command, in which the Colored
+Regiment is beautifully and conspicuously displayed. He sets great
+estimate upon them. Col. Marshall John M. Davis, who was an officer
+under General Jackson at the battle of New Orleans, now still residing
+in Allegheny Co., near Pittsburg, bears testimony to the truthfulness of
+Mr. Julien Bennoit having been a soldier in the Army of the Mississippi
+in 1814. The deeds of these tried and faithful daring sons of Liberty,
+and defenders of their country, shall live triumphantly, long after the
+nation shall have repented her wrongs towards them and their
+descendants, and hung her head with shame, before the gaze of manhood's
+stern rebuke.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. John B. Vashon, of Pittsburg, embarked in the service of the United
+States, and in an engagement of the American squadron in South America,
+was imprisoned, with Major Henry Bears, a respectable white citizen,
+still living in that city.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Captain Jonathan Tudas, who led the 500 brave blacks out to
+build the Redoubt, is now living in Philadelphia, and since the
+commencement of this publication, we learned the following particulars:
+When the news arrived of the approach of the British under Major General
+Ross, upon Baltimore, the expectation ran high, that the city would be
+taken, and forced marches made, immediately upon Philadelphia. The whole
+City consequently was thrown into great alarm, when Captain Tudas,
+applied to the United States Engineer, and offered the services of
+colored men, who during the week, were summoned to meet at the African
+Methodist Episcopal Church, on the following Sabbath; when from the
+pulpit, the Right Rev. Richard Allen, Bishop of the Connexion, made
+known to the people the peril of the Country, and demands of the
+Commonwealth; when, the next day, Monday, five hundred volunteered,
+working incessantly during that day, and on Tuesday, six hundred more
+were added, swelling the number to eleven hundred men. William
+Stansberry, arrested and tried a few years ago, as a fugitive slave from
+Maryland, and Mr. Ignatius Beck, an old respectable colored man, who
+appeared as a witness, and by whose testimony alone, Mr. Stansberry was
+released from the grasp of the oppression of his Country, and thereby
+saved from endless bondage, were both under Captain Tudas, and belong to
+the faithful eleven hundred Philadelphia black warriors. He farther
+informs us, that the Engineer gave them credit for having thrown up
+superior works to any other men employed in the service, and having done
+more work in the same time, and <i>drank less</i>, by four-fifth, than twice
+their number of "Old Countrymen." The relics of the breastworks, still
+stand on or near the banks of the Schuylkill, as a living monument of
+the fidelity of the black race to their State and Country. Mr.
+Stansberry, is still living, and Captain Tudas, now quite an old man,
+about "turning the corner," as he expresses it, is a very intelligent
+old gentleman, and a living history of facts. There are few white men of
+his age and opportunities, that equal him at all in intelligence on any
+subject. He is a kind of living synoptic-historical Encyclopedia.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="IX" id="IX"></a>IX</h2>
+
+<h2>CAPACITY OF COLORED MEN AND WOMEN AS CITIZEN MEMBERS OF COMMUNITY</h2>
+
+<p>The utility of men in their private capacity as citizens, is of no less
+import than that of any other department of the community in which they
+live; indeed, the fitness of men for positions in the body politic, can
+only be justly measured by their qualification as citizens. And we may
+safely venture the declaration, that in the history of the world, there
+has never been a nation, that among the oppressed class of
+inhabitants&mdash;a class entirely ineligible to any political position of
+honor, profit or trust&mdash;wholly discarded from the recognition of
+citizens' rights&mdash;not even permitted to carry the mail, nor drive a mail
+coach&mdash;there never has, in the history of nations, been any people thus
+situated, who has made equal progress in attainments with the colored
+people of the United States. It would be as unnecessary as it is
+impossible, to particularize all the individuals; we shall therefore be
+satisfied, with a classification and a few individual cases. Our history
+in this country is well known, and quite sufficiently treated on in
+these pages already, without the necessity of repetition here; it is
+enough to know that by the most cruel acts of injustice and crime, our
+forefathers were forced by small numbers, and enslaved in the
+country&mdash;the great body now to the number of three millions and a half,
+still groaning in bondage&mdash;that the half million now free, are the
+descendants of the few who by various means, are fortunate enough to
+gain their liberty from Southern bondage&mdash;that no act of general
+emancipation has ever taken place, and no chance as yet for a general
+rebellion&mdash;we say in view of all these facts, we proceed to give a
+cursory history of the attainments&mdash;the civil, social, business and
+professional, and literary attainments of colored men and women, and
+challenge comparison with the world&mdash;according to circumstances&mdash;in
+times past and present.</p>
+
+<p>Though shorn of their strength, disarmed of manhood, and stripped of
+every right, encouraged by the part performed by their brethren and
+fathers in the Revolutionary struggle&mdash;with no records of their deeds in
+history, and no means of knowing them save orally, as overheard from the
+mouths of their oppressors, and tradition as kept up among
+themselves&mdash;that memorable event, had not yet ceased its thrill through
+the new-born nation, until a glimmer of hope&mdash;a ray of light had beamed
+forth, and enlightened minds thought to be in total darkness. Minds of
+no ordinary character, but those which embraced business, professions,
+and literature&mdash;minds, which at once grasped the earth, encompassed the
+seas, soared into the air, and mounted the skies. And it is none the
+less creditable to the colored people, that among those who have stood
+the most conspicuous and shone the brightest in the earliest period of
+our history, there are those of pure and unmixed African blood. A
+credit&mdash;but that which is creditable to the African, cannot disgrace any
+into whose veins his blood may chance to flow. The elevation of the
+colored man can only be completed by the elevation of the pure
+descendants of Africa; because to deny his equality, is to deny in a
+like proportion, the equality of all those mixed with the African
+organization; and to establish his inferiority, will be to degrade every
+person related to him by consanguinity; therefore, to establish the
+equality of the African with the European race, establishes the
+equality of every person intermediate between the two races. This
+established beyond contradiction, the general equality of men.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1773, though held in servitude, and without the advantages
+or privileges of the schools of the day, accomplishing herself by her
+own perseverance; Phillis Wheatley appeared in the arena, the brilliancy
+of whose genius, as a poetess, delighted Europe and astonished America,
+and by a special act of the British Parliament, 1773, her productions
+were published for the Crown. She was an admirer of President
+Washington, and addressed to him lines, which elicited from the Father
+of his country, a complimentary and courteous reply. In the absence of
+the poem addressed to General Washington, which was not written until
+after her work was published, we insert a stanza from one addressed
+(intended for the students) "To the University at Cambridge." We may
+further remark, that the poems were originally written, not with the
+most distant idea of publication, but simply for the amusement and
+during the leisure moments of the author.</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class='stanza'><div>"Improve your privileges while they stay,</div>
+<div>Ye pupils, and each hour redeem, that bears</div>
+<div>Or good or bad report of you to heav'n.</div>
+<div>Let sin, that baneful evil of the soul,</div>
+<div>By you be shunn'd, nor once remit your guard;</div>
+<div>Suppress the deadly serpent in its egg.</div>
+<div>Ye blooming plants of human race divine,</div>
+<div>An <i>Ethiop</i> tells you 'tis your greatest foe;</div>
+<div>Its transient sweetness turns to endless pain,</div>
+<div>And in immense perdition sinks the soul."</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<blockquote><p class='right'>"<span class="smcap">Cambridge, February</span> 28, 1776.</p>
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Miss Phillis</span>:</p>
+
+
+<p>"Your favor of the 26th of October, did not reach my hands till the
+middle of December. Time enough, you will say, to have given an
+answer ere this. Granted. But a variety of important occurrences,
+continually interposing to divert the mind and withdraw the
+attention, I hope will apologise for the delay, and plead my excuse
+for the seeming, but not real neglect. I thank you most sincerely
+for your polite notice of me, in the elegant lines you enclosed;
+and however undeserving I may be of such encomium and panegyric,
+the style and manner exhibit a striking proof of your poetic
+talents; in honor of which, and as a tribute justly due to you, I
+would have published the poem, had I not been apprehensive, that,
+while I only meant to give the world this new instance of your
+genius, I might have incurred the imputation of vanity. This, and
+nothing else, determined me not to give it place in the public
+prints.</p>
+
+<p>"If you should ever come to Cambridge, or near head-quarters, I
+shall be happy to see a person so favored by the Muses, and to whom
+Nature has been so liberal and beneficent in her dispensations.</p>
+
+<p>"I am, with great respect, your obedient servant,</p>
+
+<p class='right'>"GEORGE WASHINGTON.</p>
+
+<p>"Miss Phillis Wheatley."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The tenor, style, and manner of President Washington's letter to Miss
+Wheatley&mdash;the publication of her works, together with an accompanying
+likeness of the author, and her inscription and dedication of the volume
+to the "Right Honorable the Countess of Huntingdon," show, that she,
+though young, was a person of no ordinary mind, no common attainments;
+but at the time, one of the brightest ornaments among the American
+literati. She also was well versed in Latin, in which language she
+composed several pieces. Miss Wheatley died in 1780, at the age of 26
+years, being seven years of age when brought to this country in 1761.</p>
+
+<p>Doctor Peter, who married Miss Wheatley, 1775, was a man of business,
+tact, and talents&mdash;being first a grocer, and afterwards studied law,
+which he practised with great success, becoming quite wealthy by
+defending the cause of the oppressed before the different tribunals of
+the country. And who shone brighter in his day, than Benjamin Bannaker,
+of Baltimore county, Maryland, who by industry and force of character,
+became a distinguished mathematician and astronomer,&mdash;"for many years,"
+says Davenport's Biographical Dictionary, "calculated and published the
+Maryland Ephemerides." He was a correspondent of the Honorable Thomas
+Jefferson, Secretary of State of the United States, taking the earliest
+opportunity of his acquaintanceship, to call his attention to the evils
+of American slavery, and doubtless his acquaintance with the apostle of
+American Democracy, had much to do with his reflections on that most
+pernicious evil in this country. Mr. Bannaker was also a naturalist, and
+wrote a treatise on locusts. He was invited by the Commission of United
+States Civil Engineers, to assist in the survey of the Ten Miles Square,
+for the District of Columbia. He assisted the Board, who, it is thought,
+could not have succeeded without him. His Almanac was preferred to that
+of Leadbeater, or any other calculator cotemporary with himself. He had
+no family, and resided in a house alone, but principally made his home
+with the Elliott family. He was upright, honorable, and virtuous;
+entertaining religious scruples similar to the Friends. He died in 1807,
+near Baltimore. Honorable John H.B. Latrobe, Esq., of Baltimore, is his
+biographer.</p>
+
+<p>In 1812, Captain Paul Cuffy was an extensive trader and mariner,
+sailing out of Boston, to the West Indies and Europe, by which
+enterprise, he amassed an immense fortune. He was known to the
+commercial world of his day, and, if not so wealthy, stood quite as
+fair, and as much respected, as Captain George Laws or Commodore
+Vanderbilt, the Cunards of America. Captain Cuffy went to Africa, where
+he died in a few years.</p>
+
+<p>James Durham, originally of Philadelphia, in 1778, at the early age of
+twenty-one, was the most learned physician in New Orleans. He spoke
+English, French and Spanish, learnedly, and the great Dr. Rush said of
+him, "I conversed with him on medicine, and found him very learned. I
+thought I could give him information concerning the treatment of
+diseases; but I learned from him more than he could expect from me." And
+it must be admitted, he must have been learned in his profession, to
+have elicited such an encomium from Dr. Rush, who stood then at the head
+of his profession in the country.</p>
+
+<p>We have designed nothing here, but merely to give an individual case of
+the various developments of talents and acquirements in the several
+departments of respectability, discarding generalization, and name none
+but the Africo-American of unmixed extraction, who rose into note
+subsequent to the American Revolution. In the persons of note and
+distinction hereafter to be given, we shall not confine ourselves to any
+such narrow selections, but shall name persons, male and female,
+regardless of their extraction, so that they are colored persons, which
+is quite enough for our purpose. And our only excuse for the policy in
+the above course is, that we desire to disarm the vilifiers of our race,
+who disparage us, giving themselves credit for whatever is commendable
+that may emanate from us, if there be the least opportunity of claiming
+it by "blood." We shall now proceed to review the attainments of colored
+men and women of the present day.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="X" id="X"></a>X</h2>
+
+<h2>PRACTICAL UTILITY OF COLORED PEOPLE OF THE PRESENT DAY AS MEMBERS OF
+SOCIETY&mdash;BUSINESS MEN AND MECHANICS</h2>
+
+<p>In calling attention to the practical utility of colored people of the
+present day, we shall not be general in our observations, but simply,
+direct attention to a few particular instances, in which colored persons
+have been responsibly engaged in extensive business, or occupying useful
+positions, thus contributing to the general welfare of community at
+large, filling their places in society as men and women.</p>
+
+<p>It will studiously be borne in mind, that our sole object in giving
+these cases publicity, is to refute the objections urged against us,
+that we are not useful members of society. That we are consumers and
+non-producers&mdash;that we contribute nothing to the general progress of
+man. No people who have enjoyed no greater opportunity for improvement,
+could possibly have made greater progress in the same length of time
+than have done the colored people of the present day.</p>
+
+<p>A people laboring under many disadvantages, may not be expected to
+present at once, especially before they have become entirely
+untrammeled, evidence of entire equality with more highly favored
+people.</p>
+
+<p>When Mr. Jefferson, the great American Statesman and philosopher, was
+questioned by an English gentleman, on the subject of American
+greatness, and referred to their literature as an evidence of
+inferiority to the more highly favored and long-existing European
+nations; Mr. Jefferson's reply was&mdash;"When the United States have existed
+as long as a nation, as Greece before she produced her Homer and
+Socrates; Rome, before she produced her Virgil, Horace, and Cicero; and
+England, before she produced her Pope, Dryden, and Bacon"; then he might
+consider the comparison a just one. And all we shall ask, is not to wait
+so long as this, not to wait until we become a nation at all, so far as
+the United States are concerned, but only to unfetter our brethren, and
+give us, the freemen, an equal chance for emulation, and we will admit
+any comparison you may please to make in a quarter of a century after.</p>
+
+<p>For a number of years, the late James Forten, of Philadelphia, was the
+proprietor of one of the principal sail manufactories, constantly
+employing a large number of men, black and white, supplying a large
+number of masters and owners of vessels, with full rigging for their
+crafts.</p>
+
+<p>On the failure of an extensive house, T. &amp; Co., in that city, during the
+pressure which followed a removal of the deposits of the United States
+Treasury in 1837, Mr. Forten lost by that firm, nine thousand dollars.
+Being himself in good circumstances at the time, hearing of the failure
+of old constant patrons, he called at the house; one of the proprietors,
+Mr. T., on his entering the warehouse door, came forward, taking him by
+the hand observed, "Ah! Mr. Forten, it is useless to call on us&mdash;we are
+gone&mdash;we can do nothing!" at which Mr. Forten remarked, "Sir, I hope you
+think better of me than to suppose me capable of calling on a friend to
+torture him in adversity! I came, sir, to express my regret at your
+misfortune, and if possible, to cheer you by words of encouragement. If
+your liabilities were all in my hands, you should never be under the
+necessity of closing business." Mr. Forten exchanged paper and
+signatures with some of the first business men in Philadelphia, and
+raised and educated a large and respectable family of sons and
+daughters, leaving an excellent widow.</p>
+
+<p>Joseph Cassey, recently deceased, was the "architect of his own
+fortune," and by industry and application to business, became a money
+broker in the city of Philadelphia; who becoming indisposed from a
+chronic affection, was obliged to retire from business for many years
+previous to his death. Had Mr. Cassey been favored with health, he
+doubtless would have become a very wealthy man. His name and paper was
+good in any house in the city, and there was no banker of moderate
+capital, of more benefit to the business community than was Joseph
+Cassey. He also left a young and promising family of five sons, one
+daughter, a most excellent widow, and a fortune of seventy-five thousand
+dollars, clear of all encumbrance.</p>
+
+<p>Stephen Smith, of the firm of Smith and Whipper, is a remarkable man in
+many respects, and decidedly the most wealthy colored man in the United
+States. Mr. Smith commenced business after he was thirty years of age,
+without the advantages of a good business education, but by application,
+qualified himself for the arduous duties of his vocation. For many
+years, he has been known as the principal lumber merchant in Columbia,
+Lancaster Co., Pa., and for several years past associated with W.
+Whipper, a gentleman of great force of character, talents, and business
+qualifications, Mr. Smith residing in Philadelphia. Smith and Whipper,
+are very extensive business men, and very valuable members of the
+community, both of Lancaster and Philadelphia counties. By the judicious
+investment of their capital, they keep in constant employment a large
+number of persons; purchasing many rafts at a time, and many thousand
+bushels of coal. It is not only the laborer in "drawing boards," and the
+coal hauler and heaver, that are here benefitted by their capital, but
+the original owners of the lumber and coal purchased by them, and the
+large number of boatmen and raftsmen employed in bringing these
+commodities to market.</p>
+
+<p>In the winter of 1849, these gentlemen had in store, several thousand
+bushels of coal, two million two hundred and fifty thousand feet of
+lumber; twenty-two of the finest merchantmen cars running on the railway
+from Philadelphia to Baltimore; nine thousand dollars' worth of stock in
+the Columbia Bridge; eighteen thousand dollars in stock in the Columbia
+Bank; and besides this, Mr. Smith was then the reputed owner of
+fifty-two good brick houses of various dimensions in the city of
+Philadelphia, besides several in the city of Lancaster, and the town of
+Columbia. Mr. Smith's paper, or the paper of the firm, is good for any
+amount wherever they are known; and we have known gentlemen to present
+the paper of some of the best men in the city, which was cashed by him
+at sight. The principal active business attended to by Mr. S. in person,
+is that of buying good negotiable and other paper, and speculating in
+real estate. The business of the firm is attended to by Mr. Whipper, who
+is a relative. Take Smith and Whipper from Lancaster and Philadelphia
+counties, and the business community will experience a hiatus in its
+connexion, that may not be easily filled.</p>
+
+<p>Samuel T. Wilcox, of Cincinnati, Ohio, also stands conspicuously among
+the most respectable business men of the day. Being yet a young man,
+just scanning forty, he is one among the extraordinary men of the times.
+Born, like the most of colored men in this country, in obscurity, of
+poor parents, raised without the assistance of a father, and to a
+commonplace business, without the advantages of schools, by his own
+perseverance, he qualified himself to the extent that gave him an
+inclination to traffic, which he did for several years on the
+Mississippi and Ohio rivers, investing his gains in real estate, until
+he acquired a considerable property. For the purpose of extending his
+usefulness, and at the same time pursuing a vocation more in accordance
+with his own desires, a few years since, he embarked in the wholesale
+and retail Family Grocery business, and now has the best general
+assortment and most extensive business house of the kind, in the city of
+Cincinnati. The establishment is really beautiful, having the appearance
+more of an apothecary store, than a Grocery House. Mr. Wilcox has a
+Pickling and Preserving establishment besides, separate from his
+business house, owning a great deal of first class real estate. There is
+no man in the community in which he lives, that turns money to a greater
+advantage than Mr. Wilcox, and none by whom the community is more
+benefited for the amount of capital invested. He makes constant and
+heavy bills in eastern houses, and there are doubtless now many
+merchants in New York, Boston, and Baltimore cities, who have been
+dealing with S.T. Wilcox, and never until the reading of this notice of
+him, knew that he was a colored man. He has never yet been east after
+his goods, but pursuing a policy which he has adopted, orders them; but
+if deceived in an article, never deals with the same house again. He
+always gets a good article. The paper of Mr. Wilcox, is good for any
+amount.</p>
+
+<p>Henry Boyd, is also a man of great energy of character, the proprietor
+of an extensive Bedstead manufactory, with a large capital invested,
+giving constant employment to eighteen or twenty-five men, black and
+white. Some of the finest and handsomest articles of the bedstead in the
+city, are at the establishment of Mr. Boyd. He fills orders from all
+parts of the West and South, his orders from the South being very heavy.
+He is the patentee, or holds the right of the Patent Bedsteads, and like
+Mr. Wilcox, there are hundreds who deal with Mr. Boyd at a distance,
+who do not know that he is a colored man. Mr. Boyd is a useful member of
+society, and Cincinnati would not, if she could, be without him. He
+fills a place that every man is not capable of supplying, of whatever
+quarter of the globe his forefathers may have been denizens.</p>
+
+<p>Messrs. Knight and Bell of the same place, Cincinnati, Ohio, are very
+successful and excellent mechanics. In the spring of 1851, (one year
+ago) they put in their "sealed proposal" for the plastering of the
+public buildings of the county of Hamilton&mdash;alms-house, &amp;c.&mdash;and got the
+contract, which required ten thousand dollars' security. The work was
+finished in fine artistic style, in which a large number of mechanics
+and laborers were employed, while at the same time, they were carrying
+on many other contracts of less extent, in the city&mdash;the public
+buildings being some four miles out. They are men of stern integrity,
+and highly respected in the community.</p>
+
+<p>David Jenkins of Columbus, Ohio, a good mechanic, painter, glazier, and
+paper-hanger by trade, also received by contract, the painting, glazing,
+and papering of some of the public buildings of the State, in autumn
+1847. He is much respected in the capital city of his state, being
+extensively patronised, having on contract, the great "Neill House," and
+many of the largest gentlemen's residences in the city and neighborhood,
+to keep in finish. Mr. Jenkins is a very useful man and member of
+society.</p>
+
+<p>John C. Bowers, for many years, has been the proprietor of a fashionable
+merchant tailor house, who has associated with him in business, his
+brother Thomas Bowers, said to be one of the best, if not the very best,
+mercers in the city. His style of cutting and fitting, is preferred by
+the first business men, and other gentlemen of Philadelphia, in whom
+their patrons principally consist.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Cordovell, for more than twenty-five years, was the leading mercer
+and tailor, reporter and originator of fashions in the city of New
+Orleans, Louisiana. The reported fashions of Cordovell, are said to have
+frequently become the leading fashions of Paris; and the writer was
+informed, by Mr. B., a leading merchant tailor in a populous city, that
+many of the eastern American reports were nothing more than a copy, in
+some cases modified, of those of Cordovell. Mr. Cordovell, has for the
+last four or five years, been residing in France, living on a handsome
+fortune, the fruits of his genius; and though "retired from business,"
+it is said, that he still invents fashions for the Parisian reporters,
+which yields him annually a large income.</p>
+
+<p>William H. Riley, of Philadelphia, has been for years, one of the
+leading fashionable gentlemen's boot-makers. Riley's style and cut of
+boots, taking the preeminence in the estimation of a great many of the
+most fashionable, and business men in the city. Mr. Riley is much of a
+gentleman, and has acquired considerable means.</p>
+
+<p>James Prosser, Sen., of Philadelphia, has long been the popular
+proprietor of a fashionable restaurant in the city. The name of James
+Prosser, among the merchants of Philadelphia, is inseparable with their
+daily hours of recreation, and pleasure. Mr. Prosser, is withal, a most
+gentlemanly man, and has the happy faculty of treating his customers in
+such a manner, that those who call once, will be sure to call at his
+place again. His name and paper is good among the business men of the
+city.</p>
+
+<p>Henry Minton also is the proprietor of a fashionable restaurant and
+resort of business men and gentlemen of the city. The tables of Mr.
+Henry Minton are continually laden with the most choice offerings to
+epicures, and the saloon during certain hours of the day, presents the
+appearance of a bee hive, such is the stir, din, and buz, among the
+throng of Chesnut street gentlemen, who flock in there to pay tribute at
+the shrine of bountifulness. Mr. Minton has acquired a notoriety, even
+in that proud city, which makes his house one of the most popular
+resorts.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hill, of Chillicothe, Ohio, was for years, the leading tanner and
+currier in that section of country, buying up the hides of the
+surrounding country, and giving employment to large numbers of men. Mr.
+Hill kept in constant employment, a white clerk, who once a year took
+down, as was then the custom, one or more flatboats loaded with leather
+and other domestic produce, by which he realised large profits,
+accumulating a great deal of wealth. By endorsement, failure, and other
+mistransactions, Mr. Hill became reduced in circumstances, and died in
+Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1845. He gave his children a liberal
+business education.</p>
+
+<p>Benjamin Richards, Sen., of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, forty years ago,
+was one of the leading business men of the place. Being a butcher by
+trade, he carried on the business extensively, employing a white clerk,
+and held a heavy contract with the United States, supplying the various
+military posts with provisions. Mr. Richards possessed a large property
+in real estate, and was at one time reputed very wealthy, he and the
+late general O'H. being considered the most wealthy individuals of the
+place,&mdash;Mr. Richards taking the precedence; the estate of general O'H.
+now being estimated at seven millions of dollars. Mr. Richards has been
+known, to buy up a drove of cattle at one time. By mismanagement, he
+lost his estate, upon which many gentlemen are now living at ease in the
+city.</p>
+
+<p>William H. Topp, of Albany, N.Y., has for several years been one of the
+leading merchant tailors of the city. Starting in the world without aid,
+he educated and qualified himself for business; and now has orders from
+all parts of the state, the city of New York not excepted, for "Topp's
+style of clothing." Mr. Topp stands high in his community as a business
+man, and a useful and upright member of society. His paper or
+endorsement is good at any time.</p>
+
+<p>Henry Scott &amp; Co., of New York city, have for many years been engaged
+extensively in the pickling business, keeping constantly in warehouse, a
+very heavy stock of articles in their line. He, like the most of others,
+had no assistance at the commencement, but by manly determination and
+perseverance, raised himself to what he is. His business is principally
+confined to supplying vessels with articles and provisions in his line
+of business, which in this great metropolis is very great. There have
+doubtless been many a purser, who cashed and filed in his office the
+bill of Henry Scott, without ever dreaming of his being a colored man.
+Mr. Scott is extensively known in the great City, and respected as an
+upright, prompt, energetic business man, and highly esteemed by all who
+know him.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hutson, for years, kept in New York, an intelligence office. At his
+demise, he was succeeded by Philip A. Bell, who continues to keep one of
+the leading offices in the city. Mr. Bell is an excellent business man,
+talented, prompt, shrewd, and full of tact. And what seems to be a trait
+of character, only to be found associated with talent, Mr. Bell is
+highly sensitive, and very eccentric. A warm, good hearted man, he has
+not only enlisted the friendship of all his patrons, but also endeared
+himself to the multitude of persons who continually throng his office
+seeking situations. One of his usual expressions to the young women and
+men in addressing himself to them is, "My child"&mdash;this is kind, and
+philanthropic, and has a tendency to make himself liked. His business is
+very extensive, being sought from all parts of the city, by the first
+people of the community. It is said to be not unusual, for the
+peasantry of Liverpool, to speak of Mr. Bell, as a benefactor of the
+emigrant domestics. Mr. Bell is extensively known in the business
+community&mdash;none more so&mdash;and highly esteemed as a valuable citizen.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Downing, for thirty years, in the city of New York, has been
+proprietor of one of the leading restaurants. His establishment situated
+in the midst of the Wall street bankers, the business has always been of
+a leading and profitable character. Mr. Downing has commanded great
+influence, and much means, and it is said of him that he has made "three
+fortunes." Benevolent, kind, and liberal minded, his head was always
+willing, his heart ready, and his hands open to "give." Mr. Downing is
+still very popular, doing a most excellent business, and highly
+respected throughout New York. Indeed, you scarcely hear any other
+establishment of the kind spoken of than Downing's.</p>
+
+<p>Henry M. Collins, of the City of Pittsburg, stands among the men of
+note; and we could not complete this list of usefulness, without the
+name of Mr. Collins. Raised a poor boy, thrown upon the uncertainties of
+chance, without example of precept, save such as the public at large
+presents; Mr. Collins quit his former vocation of a riverman, and
+without means, except one hundred and fifty dollars, and no assistance
+from any quarter, commenced speculating in real estate. And though only
+rising forty, has done more to improve the Sixth Ward of Pittsburg, than
+any other individual, save one, Captain W., who built on Company
+capital. Mr. Collins was the first person who commenced erecting an
+improved style of buildings; indeed, there was little else than old
+trees in that quarter of the city when Mr. Collins began. He continued
+to build, and dispose of handsome dwellings, until a different class of
+citizens entirely, was attracted to that quarter of the town, among
+them, one of the oldest and most respectable and wealthy citizens, an
+ex-Alderman. After this, the wealthy citizens turned their attention to
+the District; and now, it is one of the most fashionable quarters of the
+City, and bids fair to become, the preferred part for family residences.
+Mr. Collins' advice and counsel was solicited by some of the first
+lawyers, and land speculators, in matters of real estate. He has left or
+contemplates leaving Pittsburg, in April, for California, where he
+intends entering extensively into land speculation, and doubtless, with
+the superior advantages of this place, if his success is but half what
+it was in the former, but a few years will find him counted among the
+wealthy. Mr. Collins is a highly valuable man in any community in which
+he may live, and he leaves Pittsburg much to the regret of the leading
+citizens. Without capital, he had established such a reputation, that
+his name and paper were good in some of the first Banking houses.</p>
+
+<p>Owen A. Barrett of Pittsburg, Pa., is the original proprietor of "B.A.
+Fahnestock's Celebrated Vermifuge." Mr. Fahnestock raised Mr. Barrett
+from childhood, instructing him in all the science of practical
+pharmacy, continuing him in his employment after manhood, when Mr.
+Barrett discovered the "sovereign remedy" for <i>lumbricalii</i>, and as an
+act of gratitude to his benefactor, he communicated it to him, but not
+until he had fully tested its efficacy. The proprietor of the house,
+finding the remedy good, secured his patent, or copy right, or whatever
+is secured, and never in the history of remedies in the United States,
+has any equaled, at least in sale, this of "B.A. Fahnestock's
+Vermifuge." Mr. Fahnestock, like a gentleman and Christian, has kept Mr.
+Barrett in his extensive House, compounding this and other medicines,
+for sixteen or eighteen years.</p>
+
+<p>In 1840 it was estimated, that of this article alone, the concern had
+realized eighty-five thousand dollars. Doubtless, this is true, and
+certainly proves Mr. Barrett to be of benefit, not only in his
+community, but like many others we have mentioned, to the country and
+the world.</p>
+
+<p>Lewis Hayden, of Boston, is well deserving a place among the examples of
+character here given. But eight years ago, having emerged from bondage,
+he raised by his efforts, as an act of gratitude and duty, six hundred
+and fifty dollars, the amount demanded by mutual agreement, by the
+authorities in Kentucky, as a ransom for Calvin Fairbanks, then in the
+State Prison, at Frankfort, accused for assisting him in effecting his
+escape. In 1848, he went to Boston, and having made acquaintance, and
+gained confidence with several business men, Mr. Hayden opened a
+fashionable Clothing House in Cambridge street, where he has within the
+last year, enlarged his establishment, being patronized by some of the
+most respectable citizens of that wealthy Metropolis. Mr. Hayden has
+made considerable progress, considering his disadvantages, in his
+educational improvements. He has great energy of character, and
+extensive information. Lewis Hayden by perseverance, may yet become a
+very wealthy man. He is generally esteemed by the Boston people&mdash;all
+seeming to know him.</p>
+
+<p>George T. Downing, a gentleman of education and fine business
+attainments, is proprietor of one of the principal Public houses and
+places of resort, at Newport, Rhode Island, during the watering Season.
+This fashionable establishment is spoken of as among the best conducted
+places in the country&mdash;the Proprietor among the most gentlemanly.</p>
+
+<p>Edward V. Clark, is among the most deserving and active business men in
+New York, and but a few years are required, to place Mr. Clark in point
+of business importance, among the first men in the city. His stock
+consists of Jewelry and Silver Wares, and consequently, are always
+valuable, requiring a heavy capital to keep up business. His name and
+paper, has a respectable credit, even among the urbane denizens of Wall
+street.</p>
+
+<p>John Julius and Lady, were for several years, the Proprietors of Concert
+Hall, a <i>Caff&eacute;</i>, then the most fashionable resort for ladies and
+gentlemen in Pittsburg. Mr. and Mrs. Julius, held Assemblies and Balls,
+attended by the first people of the city&mdash;being himself a fine violinist
+and dancing master, he superintended the music and dancing. When General
+William Henry Harrison in 1840, then the President elect of the United
+States, visited that city, his levee to and reception of the Ladies were
+held at Concert Hall, under the superintendence of Monsieur John and
+Madame Edna Julius, the colored host and hostess. No House was ever
+better conducted than under their fostering care, and excellent
+management, and the citizens all much regretted their retirement from
+the establishment.</p>
+
+<p>In Penyan, Western New York, Messrs. William Platt and Joseph C. Cassey,
+are said to be the leading Lumber Merchants of the place. Situated in
+the midst of a great improving country, their business extends, and
+increases in importance every year. The latter gentleman was raised to
+the business by Smith and Whipper, the great Lumber Merchants of
+Columbia, Pa., where he was principal Book-Keeper for several years. Mr.
+Cassey has the credit of being one of the best Accountants, and Business
+Men in the United States of his age. Doubtless, a few years'
+perseverance, and strict application to business, will find them ranked
+among the most influential men of their neighborhood.</p>
+
+<p>Anthony Weston, of Charleston, South Carolina, has acquired an
+independent fortune, by his mechanical ingenuity, and skillful
+workmanship. About the year 1831, William Thomas Catto, mentioned in
+another place, commenced an improvement on a Thrashing Machine, when on
+taking sick, Mr. Weston improved on it, to the extent of thrashing a
+thousand bushels a day. This Thrashing Mill, was commenced by a Yankee,
+by the name of Emmons, who failing to succeed, Mr. Catto, then a
+Millwright&mdash;since a Minister&mdash;improved it to the extent of thrashing
+five hundred bushels a day; when Mr. Weston, took it in hand, and
+brought it to the perfection stated, for the use of Col. Benjamin
+Franklin Hunt, a distinguished lawyer of Charleston, upon whose
+plantation, the machine was built, and to whom it belonged. Anthony
+Weston, is the greatest Millwright in the South, being extensively
+employed far and near, and by Southern people, thought the best in the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>Dereef and Howard, are very extensive Wood-Factors, keeping a large
+number of men employed, a regular Clerk and Book-Keeper, supplying the
+citizens, steamers, vessels, and factories of Charleston with fuel. In
+this business a very heavy capital is invested: besides which, they are
+the owners and proprietors of several vessels trading on the coast. They
+are men of great business habits, and command a great deal of respect
+and influence in the city of Charleston.</p>
+
+<p>There is nothing more common in the city of New Orleans, than Colored
+Clerks, Salesmen and Business men. In many stores on Chartier, Camp and
+other business streets, there may always be seen colored men and women,
+as salesmen, and saleswomen, behind the counter. Several of the largest
+Cotton-Press houses, have colored Clerks in them; and on the arrival of
+steamers at the Levees, among the first to board them, and take down the
+Manifestos to make their transfers, are colored Clerks. In 1839-40, one
+of the most respectable Brokers and Bankers of the City, was a black
+gentleman.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. William Goodrich of York, Pennsylvania, has considerable interest
+in the branch of the Baltimore Railroad, from Lancaster. In 1849, he had
+a warehouse in York, and owned ten first-rate merchandise cars on the
+Road, doing a fine business. His son, Glenalvon G. Goodrich, a young man
+of good education, is a good artist, and proprietor of a Daguerreo-type
+Gallery.</p>
+
+<p>Certainly, there need be no further proofs required, at least in this
+department, to show the claims and practical utility of colored people
+as citizen members of society. We have shown, that in proportion to
+their numbers, they vie and compare favorably in point of means and
+possessions, with the class of citizens who from chance of superior
+advantages, have studiously contrived to oppress and deprive them of
+equal rights and privileges, in common with themselves.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="XI" id="XI"></a>XI</h2>
+
+<h2>LITERARY AND PROFESSIONAL COLORED MEN AND WOMEN</h2>
+
+<p>Dr. James McCune Smith, a graduate of the Scientific and Medical Schools
+of the University of Glasgow, has for the last fifteen years, been a
+successful practitioner of medicine and surgery in the city of New York.
+Dr. Smith is a man of no ordinary talents, and stands high as a scholar
+and gentleman in the city, amidst the <i>literati</i> of a hundred seats of
+learning.</p>
+
+<p>In 1843, when the character of the colored race was assailed to
+disparagement, by the representative of a combination of maligners, such
+was the influence of the Doctor, that the citizens at once agreed to
+give their presence to a fair public discussion of the subject&mdash;the
+Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the races. This discussion was
+kept up for several evenings, attended by large and fashionable
+assemblages of ladies and gentlemen, until it closed. Doctor Smith, in
+the estimation of the audience, easily triumphed over his antagonist,
+who had made this a studied subject. The Doctor is the author of several
+valuable productions, and in 1846, a very valuable scientific paper,
+issued from the press in pamphlet form, on the "Influence of Climate on
+Longevity, with special reference to Life Insurance." This paper, we may
+surmise, was produced in refutation of the attempt at a physiological
+disquisition on the part of Hon. John C. Calhoun, United States Senator,
+on the colored race, which met with considerable favor from some
+quarters, until the appearance of Dr. Smith's pamphlet&mdash;since when, we
+have heard nothing about Calhoun's learned argument. It may be well to
+remark, that Senator Calhoun read medicine before he read law, and it
+would have been well for him if he had left medical subjects remain
+where <i>he left</i> them, for law. We extract a simple note of explanation
+without the main argument, to show with what ease the Doctor refutes an
+absurd argument: "The reason why the proportion of mortality is not a
+measure of longevity, is the following:&mdash;The proportion of mortality is
+a statement of how many persons die in a population; this, of course,
+does not state the age at which those persons die. If 1 in 45 die in
+Sweden, and 1 in 22 in Grenada, the ages of the dead might be alike in
+both countries; here the greater mortality might actually accompany the
+greater longevity."&mdash;Note to page 6.</p>
+
+<p>About three months since, at a public meeting of scientific gentlemen,
+for the formation of a "Statistic Institute," Doctor Smith was nominated
+as one of five gentlemen, to draught a constitution. This, of course,
+anticipated his membership to the Institution. He, for a number of
+years, has held the office of Physician to the Colored Orphan Asylum, an
+excellent institution, at which he is the only colored officer. The
+Doctor is very learned.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Samuel Ringgold Ward was, for several years, pastor of a white
+congregation, in Courtlandville, N.Y., of the Congregational persuasion,
+and editor of an excellent newspaper, devoted to the religious elevation
+of that denomination. Mr. Ward is a man of great talents&mdash;his fame is
+widespread as an orator and man of learning, and needs no encomium from
+us. His name stood on nomination for two or three years, as
+Liberty-party candidate for Vice President of the United States. Mr.
+Ward has embraced the legal profession, and intends to practise law.
+Governor Seward said of him, that he "never heard true eloquence until
+he heard Samuel R. Ward speak." Mr. Ward has recently left the United
+States, for Canada West, and is destined to be a great statesman.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Henry Highland Garnett, was also the pastor of a white
+congregation, in Troy, N.Y. Mr. Garnett is a graduate of Oneida
+Institute, a speaker of great pathetic eloquence, and has written
+several valuable pamphlets. In 1844, Mr. Garnett appeared before the
+Judiciary Committee of the Legislature at the capital, in behalf of the
+rights of the colored citizens of the State, and in a speech of
+matchless eloquence, he held them for four hours spell-bound.</p>
+
+<p>He has also been co-editor of a newspaper, which was conducted with
+ability. As a token of respect, the "Young Men's Literary Society of
+Troy," elected him a life-member&mdash;and he was frequently solicited to
+deliver lectures before different lyceums. Mr. Garnett left the United
+States in the summer of 1849, and now resides in England, where he is
+highly esteemed.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. James William Charles Pennington, D.D., a clergyman of New York
+city, was born in Maryland,&mdash;left when young&mdash;came to Brooklyn&mdash;educated
+himself&mdash;studied divinity&mdash;went to Hartford, Conn.;&mdash;took charge of a
+Presbyterian congregation of colored people&mdash;went to
+England&mdash;returned&mdash;went to the West Indies&mdash;returned&mdash;was called to the
+Shiloh Presbyterian Colored Congregation&mdash;was sent a Delegate to the
+Peace Congress at Paris, in 1849, preached there, and attended the
+National Levee at the mansion of the Foreign Secretary of State,
+Minister De Tocqueville; and had the degree of <i>Doctor of Divinity</i>
+conferred on him by the ancient time-honored University of Heidleburg,
+in Germany.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Pennington is very learned in theology, has fine literacy
+attainments, and has written several useful pamphlets, and contributed
+to science, by the delivery of lectures before several scientific
+institutions in Europe.</p>
+
+<p>He has, by invitation, delivered lectures before the "Glasgow Young
+Men's Christian Association"; and "St. George's Biblical, Literary, and
+Scientific Institute," London. In one of the discourses, the following
+extract will give an idea of the style and character of the
+speaker:&mdash;"One of the chief attributes of the mind is a desire for
+freedom; but it has been the great aim of slavery to extinguish that
+desire."</p>
+
+<p>"To extinguish this attribute would be to extinguish mind itself. Every
+faculty which the master puts forth to subdue the slave, is met by a
+corresponding one in the latter."... "Christianity is the highest and
+most perfect form of civilization. It contains the only great standard
+of the only true and perfect standard of civilization. When tried by
+this standard, we are compelled to confess, that we have not on earth,
+one strictly civilized nation; for so long as the sword is part of a
+nation's household furniture, it cannot be called strictly civilized;
+and yet there is not a nation, great or small, black or white, that has
+laid aside the sword."&mdash;pp. 7-14. The Doctor has been editor of a
+newspaper, which was ably conducted. He belongs to the Third Presbytery
+of New York, and stands very high as a minister of the Gospel, and
+gentleman.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. John Francis Cook, a learned clergyman of Washington City, has
+taught an academy in the District of Columbia for years, under the
+subscribed sanction and patronage of many of the members of Congress,
+the Mayor of Washington, and some of the first men of the nation, for
+the education of colored youth of both sexes. Mr. Cook has done a great
+deal of good at the Capitol; is highly esteemed, and has set as
+Moderator of a body of Presbyterian Clergymen, assembled at Richmond,
+Va., all white, except himself.</p>
+
+<p>Charles L. Reason, Esq., a learned gentleman, for many years teacher in
+one of the Public Schools in New York, in 1849, was elected by the
+trustees of that institution, Professor of Mathematics and Belles
+Lettres in Centre College, at McGrawville, in the State of New York.
+After a short connection with the College, Professor Reason, for some
+cause, retired from the Institution, much to the regret of the students,
+who, though a young man, loved him as an elder brother&mdash;and contrary to
+the desire of his fellow-professors.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Reason is decidedly a man of letters, a high-souled gentleman, a
+most useful citizen in any community&mdash;much respected and beloved by all
+who know him, and most scrupulously modest&mdash;a brilliant trait in the
+character of a teacher. We learn that Professor Reason, is about to be
+called to take charge of the High School for the education of colored
+youth of both sexes, now in course of completion in Philadelphia. The
+people of New York will regret to part with Professor Reason.</p>
+
+<p>Charles Lenox Remond, Esq., of Salem, Massachusetts, is among the most
+talented men of the country. Mr. Remond is a native of the town he
+resides in, and at an early age, evinced more than ordinary talents. At
+the age of twenty-one, at which time (1832) the cause of the colored
+people had just begun to attract public attention, he began to take an
+interest in public affairs, and was present for the first time, at the
+great convention of colored men, of that year, at which the
+distinguished colonization gentlemen named in another part of this work,
+among them, Rev. R.R. Gurley, and Elliot Cresson, Esqs., were present.
+At this convention, we think, Mr. Remond made his virgin speech. From
+that time forth he became known as an orator, and now stands second to
+no living man as a declaimer. This is his great forte, and to hear him
+speak, sends a thrill through the whole system, and a tremor through the
+brain.</p>
+
+<p>In 1835, he went to England, making a tour of the United Kingdom, where
+he remained for two years, lecturing with great success; and if we
+mistake not was presented the hospitality of one of the towns of
+Scotland, at which he received a token of respect, in a code of
+resolutions adopted expressive of the sentiments of the people, signed
+by the town officers, inscribed to "Charles Lenox Remond, Esq.," a form
+of address never given in the United Kingdom, only where the person is
+held in the highest esteem for their attainments; the "Mr." always being
+used instead.</p>
+
+<p>To C.L. Remond, are the people of Massachusetts indebted for the
+abolition of the odious distinction of caste, on account of condition.
+For up to this period, neither common white, nor genteel colored
+persons, could ride in first class cars; since which time, all who are
+able and willing to pay, go in them. In fact, there is but one class of
+cars, (except the emigrant cars which are necessary for the safety and
+comfort of other passengers) in Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Remond, appeared at one time before the legislature of
+Massachusetts, in behalf of the rights of the people above named, where
+with peals of startling eloquence, he moved that great body of
+intelligent New Englanders, to a respectful consideration of his
+subject; which eventually resulted as stated. The distinguished Judge
+Kelley, of Philadelphia, an accomplished scholar and orator, in 1849, in
+reply to an expression that Mr. Remond spoke like himself, observed,
+that it was the greatest compliment he ever had paid to his talents.
+"Proud indeed should I feel," said the learned Jurist, "were I such an
+orator as Mr. Remond." Charles Lenox Remond is the soul of an honorable
+gentleman.</p>
+
+<p>Robert Morris, Jr., Esq., attorney and counsellor at law, is a member
+of the Essex county bar in Boston. Mr. Morris has also had the
+commission of magistracy conferred upon him, by his excellency George N.
+Briggs, recent governor of the commonwealth of Massachusetts, a high
+honor and compliment to an Attorney; the commission usually being
+conferred on none but the oldest or most meritorious among the members
+of the bar. He also keeps the books of one of the wealthy rail road
+companies, a business almost entirely confined to lawyers in that city.
+Mr. Morris is a talented gentleman, and stands very high at the Boston
+bar. He sometimes holds the magistrate's court in Chelsea, where his
+family resides, and is very highly esteemed by the whole community of
+both cities, and has a fine practice.</p>
+
+<p>Macon B. Allen, Esq., attorney and counsellor at law, is also a member
+of the Essex bar. He is spoken of as a gentleman of fine education.</p>
+
+<p>Robert Douglass, Jr., for many years, has kept a study and gallery of
+painting and daguerreotype in the city of Philadelphia. Mr. Douglass is
+an excellent artist&mdash;being a fine portrait and landscape painter, which
+art he practised before the discovery of daguerreotype. He is also a
+good lithographer, a gentleman of fine educational attainments, very
+clever talents, and highly esteemed in that city. Mr. Douglass has been
+twice to the West Indies and Europe.</p>
+
+<p>J. Presley Ball is the principal daguerreotypist of Cincinnati, Ohio.
+Mr. Ball commenced the practice of his art about seven years ago, being
+then quite young, and inexperienced, as all young beginners are,
+laboring under many difficulties. He nevertheless, persevered, until he
+made a business, and established confidence in his skill; and now he
+does more business than any other artist in the profession in that city.
+His gallery, which is very large, finely skylighted, and handsomely
+furnished, is literally crowded from morning until evening with ladies,
+gentlemen, and children. He made some valuable improvements in the art,
+all for his own convenience. There is none more of a gentleman than J.
+Presley Ball. He has a brother, Mr. Thomas Ball, and a white gentleman
+to assist him. Few go to Cincinnati, without paying the daguerrean
+gallery of Mr. Ball, a visit.</p>
+
+<p>The great organ of the "Liberty Party" in the United States, is now
+conducted by one who requires not a notice from such an obscure
+source&mdash;we mean Frederick Douglass, of Rochester, N.Y. His history is
+well known&mdash;it was written by more faithful hands than ours&mdash;it was
+written by himself. It stands enrolled on the reminiscences of Germany,
+and France, and in full length oil, in the academy of arts, and in bust
+of bronze or marble, in the museum of London. Mr. Douglass is also the
+sole owner of the printing establishment from which the paper is issued,
+and was promoted to this responsible position, by the power of his
+talents. He is a masterly letter writer, ably edits his paper, and as a
+speaker, and orator, let the scenes of a New York tabernacle, within two
+years, answer instead. Mr. Douglass is highly respected as a citizen and
+gentleman in Rochester.</p>
+
+<p>In Syracuse, N.Y., resides George Boyer Vashon, Esq., A.M., a graduate
+of Oberlin Collegiate Institute, Attorney at Law, Member of the Syracuse
+Bar. Mr. Vashon, is a ripe scholar, an accomplished Essayist, and a
+chaste classic Poet; his style running very much in the strain of
+Byron's best efforts. He probably takes Byron as his model, and Childe
+Harold, as a sample, as in his youthful days, he was a fond admirer of
+<span class="smcap">George Gordon Noel Byron</span>, always calling his whole name, when
+he named him. His Preceptor in Law, was the Honorable Walter, Judge
+Forward, late Controller, subsequently, Secretary of the Treasury of the
+United States, and recently <i>Charge de Affaires</i> to Denmark, now
+President of the Bench of the District Court of the Western District of
+Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Vashon was admitted to the Bar of the city of New York, in the fall
+of 1847, to practise in all the Courts of the State. He immediately
+subsequently, sailed to the West Indies, from whence he returned in the
+fall of 1850. He has contributed considerably to a number of the
+respectable journals of the country.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Ann Maria Johnson, of the School of Mrs. Tillman and Mrs. Johnson,
+Teachers in French Worsted Needle Work, at the Exhibition of the
+Mechanics' Institute in Chicago, Ill., 1846, took the First Prize, and
+got her Diploma, for the best embroidery in cloth. This was very
+flattering to those ladies, especially the Diplomast, considering the
+great odds they had to contend with. The ladies were very successful
+teachers&mdash;their classes were always large.</p>
+
+<p>In Williamsburg there is T. Joiner White, M.D.; in Brooklyn Peter Ray,
+M.D.; and in the city of New York, also, John Degrass, M.D., all young
+Physicians, who have time and experience yet before them, and promise
+fair to be good and useful members of society.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Eliza Greenfield the <span class="smcap">Black Swan</span>, is among the most
+extraordinary persons of the present century. Being raised in obscurity,
+inured to callings far beneath her propensity, and unsuited to her
+taste, she had a desire to cultivate her talents, but no one to
+encourage her. Whenever she made the effort, she was
+discouraged&mdash;perhaps ridiculed; and thus discouraged, she would shrink
+again from her anxious task. She knew she could sing, and knew she could
+sing unlike any body else; knew she sung better than any whom she had
+heard of the popular singers, but could not tell why others could not
+think with, and appreciate her. In this way it seems, she was thrown
+about for three years, never meeting with a person who could fully
+appreciate her talents; and we have it from her own lips, that not until
+after the arrival of Jenny Lind and Parodi in the country, was she aware
+of the high character of her own talents. She knew she possessed them,
+because they were inherent, inseparable with her being. She attended the
+Concerts of Mad'll. Jenny Lind, and Operas of Parodi, and at once saw
+the "secret of their success"&mdash;they possessed talents, that no other
+popular singers mastered.</p>
+
+<p>She went home; her heart fluttered; she stole an opportunity when no one
+listened, to mock or gossip; let out her voice, when <i>ecce!</i> she found
+her strains <i>four</i> notes <i>above</i> Sweden's favored Nightingale; she
+descended when lo! she found her tones <i>three</i> notes <i>below!</i> she
+thanked God with a "still small voice"; and now, she ranks second in
+point of voice, to no vocalist in the world. Miss Greenfield, if she
+only be judicious and careful, may become yet, in point of popularity,
+what Miss Lind was. The Black Swan, is singing to fine fashionable
+houses, and bids fair to stand unrivalled in the world of Song.</p>
+
+<p>Patrick Henry Reason, a gentleman of ability and fine artist, stands
+high as an Engraver in the city of New York. Mr. Reason has been in
+business for years, in that city, and has sent out to the world, many
+beautiful specimens of his skillful hand. He was the first artist, we
+believe in the United States, who produced a plate of that beautiful
+touching little picture, the Kneeling Slave; the first picture of which
+represented a handsome, innocent little girl upon her knees, with hands
+outstretched, leaving the manacles dangling before her, anxiously
+looking and wishfully asking, "<i>Am I not a sister?</i>" It was
+beautiful&mdash;sorrowfully beautiful. He has we understand, frequently done
+Government engraving. Mr. P.H. is a brother of Professor Charles L.
+Reason.</p>
+
+<p>David Jones Peck, M.D., a graduate of Rush Medical College, a talented
+young gentleman, practised Medicine for two years in Philadelphia. He
+left there in 1850.</p>
+
+<p>William H. Allen, Esq., A.B., successor to Professor C.L. Reason, is
+Professor of Languages in Centre College, at McGrawville, N.Y. Professor
+Allen, is a gentleman of fine education, a graduate of Oneida Institute,
+and educated himself entirely by his own industry, having the aid of but
+fifty dollars during the whole period. The Professor is a talented
+Lecturer on Ancient History, and much of a gentleman.</p>
+
+<p>Martin H. Freeman, A.B., a young gentleman, graduate of Rutland College,
+in Vermont, is "Junior Professor," in Allegheny Institute, Allegheny
+county, Pa. The Professor is a gentleman of talents, and doing much good
+in his position.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Molliston Madison Clark, a gentleman of great talents, a noble
+speaker, educated at Jefferson College, Pa., sailed to Europe in 1846,
+and was a member of the Evangelical Alliance. Mr. Clark kept a regular
+Journal of his travels through the United Kingdom of England, Scotland
+and Ireland. As well as a Greek and Latin, he is also a French and
+Spanish Linguist. He has all the eccentricity of Rowland Hill,
+manifested only in a very different manner.</p>
+
+<p>William C. Nell, of Rochester, N.Y., formerly of Boston, has long been
+known as a gentleman of chaste and lofty sentiments, and a pure
+philanthropist. Mr. Nell, in company with Mr. Frederick Douglass, was
+present by invitation, and took his seat at table, at the celebration of
+Franklin's Birth Day, by the Typographical and Editorial corps of
+Rochester. In 1850, being again residing in Boston, he was nominated and
+ran for the Legislature of Massachusetts, by the Free Soil party of
+Essex county. Mr. Nell stood even with his party vote in the District.</p>
+
+<p>He recently issued from the Boston press a Pamphlet, on the colored men
+who served in the wars of the United States of 1776, and 1812. This
+pamphlet is very useful as a book of reference on this subject, and Mr.
+Nell, of course does not aim at a full historical view. The
+circumstances under which it was got out, justify this belief. He was
+collecting materials in the winter of 1850-51, when he was taken down to
+his bed with a severe attack of disease of one of his lungs, with which
+he lingered, unable to leave his room for weeks. In the Spring,
+recovering somewhat his health, so as to go out&mdash;during this time, he
+had the little pamphlet published, as a means of pecuniary aid,
+promising another part to be forthcoming some subsequent period, which
+the writer hopes may soon be issued. Mr. Nell, is an excellent man, and
+deserves the patronage of the public.</p>
+
+<p>Joseph G. Anderson, successor to Captain Frank Johnson, of Philadelphia,
+is now one of the most distinguished musicians in the country. Mr.
+Anderson is an artist professionally and practically, mastering various
+instruments, a composer of music, and a gentleman of fine
+accomplishments in other respects. His musical fame will grow with his
+age, which one day must place him in the front ranks of his profession,
+among the master in the world.</p>
+
+<p>William Jackson, is among the leading musicians of New York city, and
+ranks among the most skillful violinists of America. This gentleman is a
+master of his favorite instrument, executing with ease the most
+difficult and critical composition. He is generally preferred in social
+and private parties, among the first families of the city, where the
+amateur and gentleman is more regarded than the mere services of the
+musician. Mr. Jackson is a teacher of music, and only requires a more
+favorable opportunity to vie with Ole Bull or Paganini.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Daniel A. Payne, commenced his literary career in Charleston,
+South Carolina, where he taught school for some time. In 1833 or 1834,
+he came North, placing himself in the Lutheran Theological Seminary, at
+Gettysburg, under the tutorage of the learned and distinguished Dr.
+Schmucker, where he finished his education as a Lutheran clergyman. To
+extend his usefulness, he joined the African Methodist Connexion, and
+for several years resided in Baltimore, where he taught an Academy for
+colored youth and maidens, gaining the respect and esteem of all who had
+the fortune to become acquainted with him. He is now engaged travelling
+and collecting information, for the publication of a history of one of
+the colored Methodist denominations in the United States. Mr. Payne is a
+pure and chaste poet, having published a small volume of his productions
+in 1850, under the title of "Pleasures and other Miscellaneous Poems, by
+Daniel A. Payne," issued from the press of Sherwood and Company,
+Baltimore, Maryland.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. William T. Catto, a clergyman of fine talents, finished his
+education in the Theological Seminary in Charleston, South Carolina. He
+was ordained by the Presbytery of Charleston, and in 1848, under the
+best recommendations for piety, acquirements, and all the qualifications
+necessary to his high mission as a clergyman, was sent out as a
+missionary to preach the Gospel to all who needed it; but to make
+himself more useful, he joined the African Methodist Episcopal Church
+Connexion, and is now a useful and successful preacher in Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>The musical profession of Philadelphia has long had a valuable votary in
+the person of William Appo, an accomplished pianist. Mr. Appo has been a
+teacher of the piano forte, for more than twenty years, alternately in
+the cities of New York and Philadelphia, and sometimes in Baltimore.
+His profession extends amongst the citizens generally, from the more
+moderate in circumstances, to the ladies and daughters of the most
+wealthy gentlemen in community. This gentleman is a fine scholar, and as
+well as music, teaches the French language successfully. His young
+daughter, Helen, a miss of fourteen years of age, inherits the musical
+talents of her father, and is now organist in the central Presbyterian
+Church. The name of William Appo, is generally known as a popular
+teacher of music, but few who are not personally acquainted with him,
+know that he is a colored gentleman.</p>
+
+<p>Augustus Washington, an artist of fine taste and perception, is numbered
+among the most successful Daguerreotypists in Hartford, Connecticut. His
+establishment is said to be visited daily by large numbers of the
+citizens of all classes; and this gallery is perhaps, the only one in
+the country, that keeps a female attendant, and dressing-room for
+ladies. He recommends, in his cards, black dresses to be worn for
+sitting; and those who go unsuitably dressed, are supplied with drapery,
+and properly enrobed.</p>
+
+<p>John Newton Templeton, A.M., for fifteen years an upright, active, and
+very useful citizen of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, was a graduate of Athens
+College, in the State of Ohio. Mr. Templeton, after an active life of
+more than twenty years, principally spent in school teaching, died in
+Pittsburg, in July, 1851, leaving an amiable widow and infant son.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Paul, A.B., of Boston, a gentleman of fine talents and amiable
+disposition, whose life has been mainly devoted to teaching, is a
+graduate of Bowdoin College, in Maine. Mr. Paul is now the recipient of
+a salary of fifteen hundred dollars a year as teacher of a school in
+Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Benjamin Franklin Templeton, pastor of St. Mary street Church,
+Philadelphia, was educated at Hanover College, near Madison, Indiana. In
+1838, Mr. Templeton was ordained a minister of the Ripley Presbytery, in
+Ohio; subsequently, in 1841, established a church, the Sixth
+Presbyterian, in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, from which place he was
+called, in 1844, to take charge of his present pastorate. Mr. Templeton
+is a beautiful speaker, and an amiable gentleman.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>John B. Russworm, a gentleman of splendid talents, graduated at Bowdoin
+College, many years ago. Mr. Russworm was a class-mate of Honorable John
+P. Hale, United States Senator, and after leaving College as his first
+public act, commenced the publication of a newspaper, for the elevation
+of colored Americans, called "Freedom's Journal." Subsequently to the
+publication of his paper, Mr. Russworm became interested in the
+Colonization scheme, then in its infancy, and went to Liberia; after
+which he went to Bassa Cove, of which place he was made governor, where
+he died in 1851.</p>
+
+<p>Benjamin Coker, a colored Methodist clergyman, forty years ago, wrote
+and issued, in the city of Baltimore, Maryland, a pamphlet, setting
+forth in glowing terms, the evils of American slavery, and the wrongs
+inflicted on the colored race. Rev. Daniel A. Payne, a talented
+clergyman, mentioned in this work, has now in his possession a copy of
+the pamphlet, and informs us, that the whole ground assumed by the
+modern abolitionists, was taken and reviewed in this pamphlet, by Daniel
+Coker. We may reasonably infer, that the ideas of Anti-Slavery, as
+taught by the friends of the black race at the present day, were
+borrowed from Mr. Coker; though, perhaps, policy forbade due credit to
+the proper source. Coker, like Russworm, became interested in the cause
+of African Colonization, and went to Africa; where he subsequently
+became an extensive coast trader, having several vessels, one of which
+he commanded in person, taking up his residence on the island of
+Sherbro, where he is said to have lived in great splendor. He died in
+1845 or 1846, at an advanced age, leaving a family of sons and
+daughters.</p>
+
+<p>Henry Bibb, an eloquent speaker, for several years, was the principal
+traveling lecturer for the Liberty Party of Michigan. Mr. Bibb, with
+equal advantages, would equal many of those who fill high places in the
+country, and now assume superiority over him and his kindred. He fled an
+exile from the United States, in 1850, to Canada, to escape the terrible
+consequences of the Republican Fugitive Slave Law, which threatened him
+with a total destruction of liberty. Mr. Bibb established the "Voice of
+the Fugitive," a newspaper, in Sandwich, Canada West, which is managed
+and conducted with credit.</p>
+
+<p>Titus Basfield, graduated at Franklin College, New Athens, Ohio,
+receiving his religious instruction from the late Dr. Jonathan Walker,
+of that place, a physician and Covenanter clergyman. He afterwards
+graduated in theology at the Theological Seminary of Cannonsburg,
+Pennsylvania, was ordained, and traveled preaching and lecturing to the
+people of his peculiar faith and the public, for several years. He went
+to New London, Canada West, where he has charge of a Scotch congregation
+of religious votaries to that ancient doctrine of salvation.</p>
+
+<p>Mary Ann Shadd, a very intelligent young lady, peculiarly eccentric,
+published an excellent pamphlet, issued from the press in Wilmington,
+Delaware, in 1849, on the elevation of the colored people. The writer of
+this work, was favored with an examination of it before publication,
+which he then highly approved of, as an excellent introduction to a
+great subject, fraught with so much interest. Miss Shadd has traveled
+much, and now has charge of a school in Sandwich, Canada West.</p>
+
+<p>James McCrummill, of Philadelphia, is a skillful surgeon-dentist, and
+manufacturer of porcelain teeth, having practised the profession for
+many years in that city. He is said to be equal to the best in the city,
+and probably only requires an undivided attention to establish the
+reality.</p>
+
+<p>Joseph Wilson, Thomas Kennard, and William Nickless, are also practising
+dentists in the city of Philadelphia. Mr. Kennard is said to be one of
+the best <i>workmen</i> in the manufacture of artificial teeth, and <i>gums</i>&mdash;a
+new discovery, and very valuable article, in this most beautiful and
+highly useful art. He devotes several hours a day, to the manufacture of
+these articles for one of the principal surgeon-dentists of Arch street.</p>
+
+<p>James M. Whitfield, of Buffalo, New York, though in an humble position,
+(for which we think he is somewhat reprehensible), is one of the purest
+poets in America. He has written much for different newspapers; and, by
+industry and application&mdash;being already a good English scholar&mdash;did he
+but place himself in a favorable situation in life, would not be second
+to John Greenleaf Whittier, nor the late Edgar A. Poe.</p>
+
+<p>Mary Elizabeth Miles, in accordance with the established rules,
+graduated as a teacher, in the Normal School, at Albany, New York,
+several years ago. Miss Miles (now Mrs. Bibb) was a very talented young
+lady and successful teacher. She spent several years of usefulness in
+Massachusetts, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, after which she went to
+Cincinnati, as assistant-teacher in Gilmore's "High School for Colored
+Children," which ended her public position in life. She now resides in
+Sandwich, Canada West.</p>
+
+<p>Lucy Stanton, of Columbus, Ohio, is a graduate of Oberlin Collegiate
+Institute, in that State. She is now engaged in teaching school in that
+city, in which she is reputed to be successful. She is quite a young
+lady, and has her promise of life all before her, and bids fair to
+become a woman of much usefulness in society.</p>
+
+<p>Doctor Bias, of Philadelphia, spoken of in another place, graduated at
+the close of the session of 1851-52, in the Eclectic Medical College, in
+that city. The doctor is highly esteemed by the physicians of his
+system, who continually interchange calls with him. He is also a
+practical phrenologist,&mdash;which profession he does not now attend to,
+giving his undivided attention to the practice of medicine,&mdash;and has
+written a pamphlet on that subject, entitled, "Synopsis of Phrenology,
+and the Phrenological Developments, as given by J.J. Gould Bias." No man
+perhaps, in the community of Philadelphia, possesses more self-will, and
+determination of character, than Dr. James Joshua Gould Bias. Mr.
+Whipper says of him, that he is "a Napoleon in character." The sterling
+trait in his character is, that he grasps after <i>originality</i>, and
+grapples with every difficulty. Such a man, must and will succeed in his
+undertakings.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> During the last twenty years, there have been, at different
+periods, published among the colored people of the United States, twenty
+odd newspapers, some of which were conducted with ability. Among them,
+the "Colored American," in New York city; Samuel E. Cornish, Philip A.
+Bell, and Charles B. Ray, at different times, Editors. "The Demosthenian
+Shield," issued from a Literary Society of young colored men, in the
+city of Philadelphia. "The Straggler," by Philip A. Bell, New York, out
+of which the Colored American took its origin. The "National Reformer,"
+an able monthly periodical, in pamphlet form, in Philadelphia; William
+Whipper, Editor. "The Northern Star," a Temperance monthly newspaper,
+published in Albany, N.Y.; Stephen Myers, Editor, still in
+existence&mdash;changed to &mdash;&mdash;. "The Mystery," of Pittsburg, Pa.; Martin
+Robison Delany, Editor&mdash;succeeded by a committee of colored gentlemen as
+Editors. The "Palladium of Liberty," issued in Columbus, O., by a
+committee of colored gentlemen; David Jenkins, Editor. "The
+Disfranchised American," by a committee of colored gentlemen,
+Cincinnati, O.; A.M. Sumner, Editor&mdash;succeeded by the "Colored Citizen";
+Rev. Thomas Woodson, and William Henry Yancey, Editors. The "National
+Watchman," Troy, N.Y.; William H. Allen and Henry Highland Garnett,
+Editors. Another issued in New York city, the name of which, we cannot
+now remember; James William Charles Pennington, D.D., and James McCune
+Smith, M.D., Editors: the issue being alternately at Hartford, the then
+residence of Dr. Pennington&mdash;and New York city, the residence of Dr.
+Smith. The "Excelsior," an ephemeral issue, which appeared but once, in
+Detroit, Mich.; William H. Day, Editor.
+</p><p>
+The "Christian Herald," the organ of the A.M. Episcopal Church,
+published under the auspices of the General Conference of that body;
+Augustus Richardson Green, Editor, and General Book Steward. This
+gentleman has, also, written and published several small volumes of a
+religious character; a pamphlet on the Episcopacy and Infant Baptism,
+and the Lives of Reverends Fayette Davis and David Canyou. The
+"Elevator," of Philadelphia; James McCrummill, Editor. The "Ram's Horn,"
+New York city; Thomas Vanrensellear, Editor. There is now a little
+paper, the name of which we cannot recollect, issued at Newark, N.J.,
+merely a local paper, very meager in appearance. "The Farmer and
+Northern Star," in Courtland, N.Y., afterwards changed to the "Impartial
+Citizen," and published in Boston; Samuel Ringgold Ward, Editor. "The
+North Star," published in Rochester, N.Y.; Frederick Douglass, and
+Martin Robinson Delany, Editors&mdash;subsequently changed to the "Frederick
+Douglass' Paper"; Frederick Douglass, Editor.
+</p><p>
+A number of gentlemen have been authors of narratives, written by
+themselves, some of which are masterly efforts, manifesting great force
+of talents. Of such, are those by Frederick Douglass, William Wells
+Brown, and Henry Bibb.
+</p><p>
+Of the various churches and clergy we have nothing to say, as these do
+not come within our province; except where individuals, from position,
+come within the sphere of our arrangement.
+</p><p>
+There have been several inventors among the colored people. The youth
+Henry Blair, of Maryland, some years ago, invented the Corn-Planter, and
+Mr. Roberts of Philadelphia, 1842, a machine for lifting cars off the
+railways.
+</p><p>
+It may be expected that we should say something about a book issued in
+Boston, purporting to be a history of ancient great men of African
+descent, by one Mr. Lewis, entitled "Light and Truth." This book is
+nothing more than a compilation of selected portions of Rollin's,
+Goldsmith's, Furguson's, Hume's, and other ancient histories; added to
+which, is a tissue of historical absurdities and literary blunders,
+shamefully palpable, for which the author or authors should mantle their
+faces.
+</p><p>
+If viewed in the light of a "Yankee trick," simply by which to make
+money, it may, peradventure, be a very clever trick; but the publisher
+should have recollected, that the ostensible object of his work was, the
+edification and enlightenment of the public in general and the colored
+people in particular, upon a great and important subject of truth; and
+that those who must be the most injured by it, will be the very class of
+people, whom he professes a desire to benefit. We much regret the fact,
+that there are but too many of our brethren, who undertake to dabble in
+literary matters, in the shape of newspaper and book-making, who are
+wholly unqualified for the important work. This, however, seems to be
+called forth by the palpable neglect, and indifference of those who have
+had the educational advantages, but neglected to make such use of them.
+</p><p>
+There is one redeeming quality about "Light and Truth." It is a capital
+offset to the pitiable literary blunders of Professor George R. Gliddon,
+late Consul to Egypt, from the United States, Lecturer on Ancient
+Egyptian Literature, &amp;c., &amp;c., who makes all ancient black men, <i>white</i>;
+and asserts the Egyptians and Ethiopians to have been of the <i>Caucasian</i>
+or white race!&mdash;So, also, this colored gentleman, makes all ancient
+great white men, black&mdash;as Diogenes, Socrates, Themistocles, Pompey,
+Caesar, Cato, Cicero, Horace, Virgil, et cetera. Gliddon's idle nonsense
+has found a capital match in the production of Mr. Lewis' "Light and
+Truth," and both should be sold together. We may conclude by expressing
+our thanks to our brother Lewis, as we do not think that Professor
+Gliddon's learned ignorance, would have ever met an equal but for "Light
+and Truth." Reverends D.A. Payne, M.M. Clark, and other learned colored
+gentlemen, agree with us in the disapproval of this
+book.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Editor</span>.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="XII" id="XII"></a>XII</h2>
+
+<h2>STUDENTS OF VARIOUS PROFESSIONS</h2>
+
+<p>There are a number of young gentlemen who have finished their literary
+course, who are now studying for the different learned professions, in
+various parts of the country.</p>
+
+<p>Jonathan Gibbs, A.B., a very talented young gentleman, and fine speaker,
+is now finishing his professional studies in the Theological School at
+Dartmouth University. Mr. Gibbs also studied in the Scientific
+Department of the same Institution.</p>
+
+<p>William H. Day, Esq., A.B., a graduate of Oberlin Collegiate Institute,
+is now in Cleveland Ohio, preparing for the Bar. Mr. Day is, perhaps,
+the most eloquent young gentleman of his age in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>John Mercer Langston, A.B., of Chillicothe, Ohio, also a graduate of
+Oberlin College, a talented young gentleman, and promising orator, is
+completing a Theological course at the School of Divinity at Oberlin. It
+is said, that Mr. Langston intends also to prepare for the Bar. He
+commenced the study of Law previous to that of Theology, under Judge
+Andrews of Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>Charles Dunbar, of New York city, a promising, very intelligent young
+gentleman, is now in the office of Dr. Childs, and having attended one
+course of Lectures at Bowdoin Medical School in Maine, will finish next
+fall and winter, for the practice of his profession.</p>
+
+<p>Isaac Humphrey Snowden, a promising young gentleman of talents, is now
+reading Medicine under Dr. Clarke of Boston, and attended the session of
+the Medical School of Harvard University, of 1850-51.</p>
+
+<p>Daniel Laing, Jr., Esq., a fine intellectual young gentleman of Boston,
+a student also of Dr. Clarke of that city, one of the Surgeons of the
+Massachusetts General Hospital, who attended the course of Lectures the
+session of 1850-51, at the Medical School of Harvard University, is now
+in Paris, to spend two years in the hospitals, and attend the Medical
+Lectures of that great seat of learning. Mr. Laing, like most medical
+students, has ever been an admirer, and anxious to sit under the
+teachings of that great master in Surgery, Velpeau.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. James J. Gould Bias, a Botanic Physician, and talented gentleman of
+Philadelphia, is a member of the class of 1851-52, of the Eclectic
+Medical School of that city. Dr. Bias deserves the more credit for his
+progress in life, as he is entirely self-made.</p>
+
+<p>Robert B. Leach, of Cleveland, Ohio, a very intelligent young gentleman,
+is a member of the medical class for 1851-52, of the Homeopathic
+College, in that City. Mr. Leach, when graduated, will be the <i>First
+Colored Homeopathic</i> Physician in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. John Degrass, of New York city, named in another place, spent two
+years in Paris Hospitals, under the teaching of the great lecturer and
+master of surgery, Velpeau, to whom he was assistant and dresser, in the
+hospital&mdash;the first position&mdash;for advantages, held by a student. The
+Doctor has subsequently been engaged as surgeon on a Havre packet, where
+he discharged the duties of his office with credit.</p>
+
+<p>Also Dr. Peter Ray, of Brooklyn, named on the same page, graduated at
+Castleton Medical School, Vermont, spent some time at the Massachusetts
+General Hospital, Boston, where he held the position of assistant and
+dresser to Surgeon Parkman, in his ward of the hospital.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. John P. Reynolds, has for a number of years been one of the most
+popular and successful physicians in Vincennes, Indiana. We believe Dr.
+Reynolds, was not of the "regular" system, but some twenty-three or-four
+years ago, studied under an "Indian physician," after which, he
+practised very successfully in Zanesville, Ohio, subsequently removing
+to Vincennes, where he has for the last sixteen years, supported an
+enviable reputation as a physician. We understand Doctor Reynolds has
+entered into all the scientific improvements of the "eclectic school" of
+medicine, which has come into being in the United States, long since his
+professional career commenced. His popularity is such, that he has
+frequently been entrusted, with public confidence, and on one occasion,
+in 1838, was appointed by the court, sole executor of a very valuable
+orphans' estate. The Doctor has grown quite wealthy it is said,
+commanding a considerable influence in the community.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. McDonough, a skillful young physician, graduated at the Institute,
+Easton, Pennsylvania, and finished his medical education at the
+University of New York. The Doctor is one of the most thorough of the
+young physicians; has been attached to the greater part of the public
+institutions of the city of New York, and is a good practical chemist.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, there are many others, but as we have taken no measures
+whatever, to collect facts or information from abroad, only getting such
+as was at hand, and giving the few sketches here, according to our own
+recollection of them, we close this short chapter at this point.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="XIII" id="XIII"></a>XIII</h2>
+
+<h2>A SCAN AT PAST THINGS</h2>
+
+<p>It may not be considered in good taste to refer to those still living,
+who formerly occupied prominent business positions, and by dint of
+misfortune or fortune, have withdrawn. Nevertheless, we shall do so,
+since our simple object in this hasty sketch of things, is to show that
+the colored people of the country have not as has been charged upon
+them, always been dregs on the community and excrescences on the body
+politic, wherever they may have lived. We only desire to show that they
+have been, all things considered, just like other people.</p>
+
+<p>Several years ago, there lived in the city of St. Louis, Missouri, Mr.
+Berry Mechum. This gentleman was very wealthy, and had at one time, two
+fine steamers plying on the Mississippi, all under the command and
+management of white men, to whom he trusted altogether. As late as 1836,
+he sent two sons to the Oberlin Collegiate Institute, desiring that they
+might become educated, in order to be able to manage his business; who,
+although he could read and write, was not sufficiently qualified and
+skilled in the arts of business to vie with the crafty whites of the
+Valley. But before his sons were fitted for business though reputed very
+wealthy, which there is no doubt he was, his whole property was seized
+and taken: and as he informed the writer himself, he did not know what
+for, as he had no debts that he knew of, until these suits were
+entered. Mr. Mechum was an energetic, industrious, persevering old
+gentleman&mdash;a baptist clergyman, and published a small pamphlet on the
+condition of the colored race. And although, it evinces great deficiency
+of literary qualifications, yet, does credit to the good old man, for
+the sound thoughts therein contained.</p>
+
+<p>Also in the city of St. Louis, David Desara, who was a Mississippi pilot
+for many years. He made much money at his business, and owned at one
+time, a steamboat, which he piloted himself. Mr. Desara also failed, in
+consequence of having his business all in the hands of white men, as
+most of the slave state colored people have, entrusting to them
+entirely, without knowing anything of their own concerns.</p>
+
+<p>Charles Moore, long and familiarly known as "Chancy Moore the Pilot,"
+was for many years, one of the most popular pilots on the Ohio and
+Mississippi rivers. Mr. Moore made much money, and withdrew from his old
+business, purchasing a large tract of land in Mercer County, Ohio, where
+he has for the last ten or twelve years been farming.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Moore was an honest man, and we believe upon him originated the
+purely Western phrase, "Charley Moore the fair thing"; he always in his
+dealings saying "gentlemen, do the <i>fair</i> thing."</p>
+
+<p>Abner H. Francis and James Garrett were formerly extensive clothes
+dealers in Buffalo, N.Y., doing business to the amount of sixty thousand
+dollars annually. They were energetic, industrious, persevering
+gentlemen, commencing business under very unfavorable circumstances, in
+fact, commencing on but <i>seventy-five</i> dollars, as the writer has been
+authentically informed by the parties.</p>
+
+<p>They continued successfully for years, where their paper and
+endorsements were good for any amount they wanted&mdash;highly respected and
+esteemed; Mr. Francis sitting at one time as juryman in the court of
+quarter sessions. These gentlemen failed in business in 1849, but since
+then, have nearly adjusted the claims against them. Mr. Francis has
+since settled in Oregon Territory, Portland City, where he is again
+doing a fair mercantile business. They bid fair again to rank among the
+"merchant princes" of the times.</p>
+
+<p>Robert Banks was for many years, a highly esteemed and extensive clothes
+dealer, on Jefferson Avenue, in Detroit, Mich. No man was more highly
+respected for unswerving integrity, and uprightness of purpose, than
+Robert Banks, of Detroit. Mr. Banks, had much enlarged his business,
+immediately succeeding a fire in which he was burnt out two years
+previous to closing, which ensued in July, 1851, being the second time
+he had lost his store by fire. He might have, had he done as merchants
+usually do under such circumstances, continued his business; but
+instead, he made an assignment, with few preferred creditors, rather as
+he expressed it, ruin his business, than wilfully wrong a creditor. What
+speaks volumes in his behalf, every person, even his greatest creditors
+say, "He is an honest man"; and while settling the business of the late
+concern, those to whom he was indebted, offered him assistance to
+commence business again. But this he thankfully declined, preferring to
+take his chance with others in the land of gold, California, where he
+now is, than commence again under the circumstances. Doubtless, if no
+special prevention ensue, Mr. Banks will be fully able to redeem his
+present obligations, and once more be found prospering and happy.</p>
+
+<p>Henry Knight, of Chicago, commenced business in that city without
+capital; but by industry, soon gained the esteem and confidence of the
+public, making many friends. He fast rose in prosperity, until he became
+the proprietor of the most extensive livery establishment in the city,
+in which he had much capital invested. Determined to be equal to the
+times, the growing prosperity of the city, and the demands of the
+increasing pride of the place, he extended his possessions&mdash;erecting
+costly buildings, besides increasing his stock and livery extensively.
+He was burnt out&mdash;a pressure came upon him&mdash;he sold out his stock, staid
+suits against himself; went to California, returned in a year and a
+half&mdash;paid off old claims, saved his property&mdash;went back; opened a
+California hotel, returned in less than one year with several thousand
+dollars, and now stands entirely clear of all debt&mdash;and all this done in
+the space of two and a half years. Mr. Knight is a man of business, and
+will hold his position with others if he have but half a chance. With
+such a man, there is "no such a thing as fail"&mdash;he could not again, if
+he desired, because, his friends would not permit him.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="XIV" id="XIV"></a>XIV</h2>
+
+<h2>LATE MEN OF LITERARY, PROFESSIONAL AND ARTISTIC NOTE</h2>
+
+<p>Late Captain Frank Johnson, of Philadelphia, the most renowned band
+leader ever known in the United States, was a man of science, and master
+of his profession. In 1838, Captain Johnson went to England with his
+noble band of musicians, where he met with great success&mdash;played to Her
+Majesty Queen Victoria and His Royal Highness Prince Albert&mdash;Captain
+Johnson receiving a handsome French bugle, by order of her Majesty,
+valued at five hundred dollars&mdash;returning, he held throughout the
+Eastern, Northern, and Western States, grand concerts, known as "Soirees
+Musicales." He was a great composer and teacher of music, and some of
+the finest Marches and Cotillions now extant, have been originally
+composed by Captain Frank Johnson. On his Western tour, by some
+awkwardness of management, he lost at Buffalo, original music in
+manuscript, which never had been published&mdash;as much of his composition
+had been; valued at one thousand dollars, which, although advertised, he
+never got. But his name was sufficient to give additional value to the
+prize; and there is no doubt, but the world is now being benefited by
+the labors of Captain Johnson, the credit being given to others than
+himself. This was an unfortunate circumstance, and had his amiable and
+excellent widow, Mrs. Helen Johnson of Philadelphia, now this
+composition, she could support herself in ease, by the sale of the
+published work. Captain Frank Johnson, died in Philadelphia in 1844,
+universally respected, and regretted as an irreparable loss to society.
+At his death the band divided, different members taking a leadership.</p>
+
+<p>Andrew J. Conner, one of the members of Captain Johnson's band, also
+became a distinguished composer and teacher of music. Mr. Conner taught
+the piano forte in the best families in the city of Philadelphia&mdash;among
+merchants, bankers, and professional men. He contributed to the popular
+literary Magazines of the day, and very many who have read in Graham's
+and other literary issues, "Music composed by A.J. Conner," did not for
+a moment think that the author was a colored gentleman. Mr. Conner died
+in Philadelphia in 1850.</p>
+
+<p>James Ulett, formerly of New York, became quite celebrated a few years
+since, as a comedian. He played several times in the old "Richmond Hill"
+Theatre, and quite successfully in Europe. Mr. Ulett was not well
+educated, and consequently, labored under considerable inconvenience in
+reading, frequently making grammatical blunders, as the writer noticed
+in a private rehearsal, in 1836, in the city of New York. He, however,
+possessed great intellectual powers, and his success depended more upon
+that, than his accuracy in reading. Of course, he was a great delineator
+of character, which being the principal feature in a comedian, his
+language was lost sight of in common conversation. Mr. Ulett died in New
+York a few years ago.</p>
+
+<p>Doctor Lewis G. Wells was a most talented orator and man of literary
+qualifications. Residing in Baltimore, Maryland, he raised himself high
+in the estimation of all who knew him. He studied medicine, and was
+admitted into the Washington Medical College, attending the regular
+courses, and would have graduated, but for some misunderstanding
+between himself and the professors, which prevented it. He was a most
+successful practitioner, and effected more cures during the prevalence
+of the cholera in 1832, than any other physician in the city. Doctor
+Wells was also a most successful practical phrenologist, and lectured to
+large and fashionable houses of the first class ladies and gentlemen of
+Baltimore, and other cities. Being a great wit, he kept his audiences in
+uproars of laughter. Mr. Wells was also an ordained minister of the
+Gospel, belonging to the white Methodist connexion; and was author of
+several productions, among them, a large Methodist hymn book, containing
+several fine original poems. Dr. Wells died the same year of cholera,
+after successfully saving many others, because there was no physician at
+that time who understood the treatment of the disease.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="XV" id="XV"></a>XV</h2>
+
+<h2>FARMERS AND HERDSMEN</h2>
+
+<p>Little need be said about farmers; there are hundreds of them in all
+parts of the country, especially in the Western States; still these may
+not be considered of a conspicuous or leading character&mdash;albeit, they
+are contributing largely to the wants of community, and wealth of the
+country at large. Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, and
+Indiana, all, are largely represented by the farming interests of
+colored men. We shall name but a sufficient number to show the character
+of their enterprise in this department of American industry.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. William Watson, of Cincinnati, Ohio, is the owner of a fine farm in
+Mercer county, and six hundred acres of additional land.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Richard Phillips, of the same city, is owner of a fine farm in the
+same county, and three hundred and fifty additional acres of land.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Reuben P. Graham, of Cincinnati, owns a finely cultivated farm in
+Mercer county, three hundred acres of adjoining land; and one near
+Cincinnati.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. John Woodson, of Jackson county, is one of the most successful
+farmers in the State of Ohio. Having a large tract of land, he has one
+of the best cultivated farms in the West, in a most productive state,
+raising grains, fruits, and livestock. In the year 1842, his farm
+produced that season, three thousand bushels of wheat, several hundred
+bushels of rye, eleven hundred bushels of oats, large crops of corn,
+potatoes, and other vegetables; large quantities of fruits, three
+hundred stacks of hay, with a large stock of several hundred heads of
+cattle on the place. Mr. Woodson has for many years, been a highly
+respectable man in his neighborhood, and continues his farming interests
+with unabated success.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Charles Henry Langston, of Columbus, Ohio, is also the proprietor of
+a very fine farm of eleven hundred acres, in Jackson county, upon which
+he has a white tenant. This gentleman is a surgeon-dentist by
+profession, educated at Oberlin College, making his home in Columbus.</p>
+
+<p>Robert Purvis, Esq., a gentleman of collegiate education, is proprietor
+of one of the best improved farms in Philadelphia county, fifteen miles
+from Philadelphia. His cattle consist of the finest English breed.</p>
+
+<p>Joseph Purvis, Esq., of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, a gentleman also of
+education and wealth, is an amateur stock farmer. Every animal on Mr.
+Purvis' farm is of the very best breed&mdash;Godolphin horses, Durham cattle,
+Leicestershire sheep, Berkshire swine, even English bull-terrier dogs,
+and whatever else pertains to the blooded breeds of brutes, may be found
+on the farm of Joseph Purvis. Mr. Purvis supplies a great many farmers
+with choice breeds of cattle, and it is said that he spends ten thousand
+dollars annually, in the improvement of his stocks.</p>
+
+<p>Robert Briges Forten, also of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, is an amateur
+farmer. Mr. Forten is a gentleman of fine education, a pure, chaste
+poet, and attends to farming for the love of nature. He is a valuable
+member of the farming enterprise in the country.</p>
+
+<p>If such evidence of industry and interest, as has been exhibited in the
+various chapters on the different pursuits and engagements of colored
+Americans, do not entitle them to equal rights and privileges in our
+common country, then indeed, is there nothing to justify the claims of
+any portion of the American people to the common inheritance of Liberty.</p>
+
+<p>We proceed to another view of our condition in the United States.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="XVI" id="XVI"></a>XVI</h2>
+
+<h2>NATIONAL DISFRANCHISEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE</h2>
+
+<p>We give below the Act of Congress, known as the "Fugitive Slave Law,"
+for the benefit of the reader, as there are thousands of the American
+people of all classes, who have never read the provisions of this
+enactment; and consequently, have no conception of its enormity. We had
+originally intended, also, to have inserted here, the Act of Congress of
+1793, but since this Bill includes all the provisions of that Act, in
+fact, although called a "supplement," is a substitute, <i>de facto</i>, it
+would be superfluous; therefore, we insert the Bill alone, with
+explanations following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class='center'>AN ACT</p>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">To Amend, and Supplementary to the Act, Entitled, "An Act
+Respecting Fugitives from Justice, and Persons Escaping from the
+Service of Their Masters," Approved February 12, 1793.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
+United States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That the persons
+who have been, or may hereafter be, appointed commissioners, in
+virtue of any act of Congress, by the circuit courts of the United
+States, and who, in consequence of such appointment, are authorized
+to exercise the powers that any justice of the peace or other
+magistrate of any of the United States may exercise in respect to
+offenders for any crime or offence against the United States, by
+arresting, imprisoning, or bailing the same under and by virtue of
+the thirty-third section of the act of the twenty-fourth of
+September, seventeen hundred and eighty-nine, entitled "An act to
+establish the judicial courts of the United States," shall be, and
+are hereby authorized and required to exercise and discharge all
+the powers and duties conferred by this act.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec.</span> 2. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the superior
+court of each organized territory of the United States shall have
+the same power to appoint commissioners to take acknowledgments of
+bail and affidavit, and to take depositions of witnesses in civil
+causes, which is now possessed by the circuit courts of the United
+States; and all commissioners who shall hereafter be appointed for
+such purposes by the superior court of any organized territory of
+the United States shall possess all the powers and exercise all the
+duties conferred by law upon the commissioners appointed by the
+circuit courts of the United States for similar purposes, and shall
+moreover exercise and discharge all the powers and duties conferred
+by this act.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec.</span> 3. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the circuit
+courts of the United States, and the superior courts of each
+organized territory of the United States, shall from time to time
+enlarge the number of commissioners, with a view to afford
+reasonable facilities to reclaim fugitives from labor, and to the
+prompt discharge of the duties imposed by this act.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec.</span> 4. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the
+commissioners above named shall have concurrent jurisdiction with
+the judges of the circuit and district courts of the United States,
+in their respective circuits and districts within the several
+States, and the judges of the superior courts of the Territories,
+severally and collectively, in term time and vacation; and shall
+grant certificates to such claimants, upon satisfactory proof being
+made, with authority to take and remove such fugitives from service
+or labor, under the restrictions herein contained, to the State or
+territory from which such persons may have escaped or fled.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec.</span> 5. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That it shall be the
+duty of all marshals and deputy marshals to obey and execute all
+warrants and precepts issued under the provisions of this act, when
+to them directed; and should any marshal or deputy marshal refuse
+to receive such warrant or other process, when tendered, or to use
+all proper means diligently to execute the same, he shall, on
+conviction thereof, be fined in the sum of one thousand dollars to
+the use of such claimant, on the motion of such claimant, by the
+circuit or district court for the district of such marshal; and
+after arrest of such fugitive by such marshal or his deputy, or
+whilst at any time in his custody, under the provisions of this
+act, should such fugitive escape, whether with or without the
+assent of such marshal or his deputy, such marshal shall be liable,
+on his official bond, to be prosecuted, for the benefit of such
+claimant for the full value of the service or labor of said
+fugitive in the State, Territory, or district whence he escaped;
+and the better to enable the said commissioners, when thus
+appointed, to execute their duties faithfully and efficiently, in
+conformity with the requirements of the constitution of the United
+States and of this art, they are hereby authorized and empowered,
+within their counties respectively, to appoint in writing under
+their hands, any one or more suitable persons, from time to time,
+to execute all such warrants and other process as may be issued by
+them in the lawful performance of their respective duties; with an
+authority to such commissioners, or the persons to be appointed by
+them, to execute process as aforesaid, to summon and call to their
+aid the bystanders, or <i>posse comitatus</i> of the proper county,
+when necessary to insure a faithful observance of the clause of the
+constitution referred to, in conformity with the provisions of this
+act: and all good citizens are hereby commanded to aid and assist
+in the prompt and efficient execution of this law, whenever their
+services may be required, as aforesaid, for that person; and said
+warrants shall run and be executed by said officers anywhere in the
+State within which they are issued.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec.</span> 6. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That when a person
+held to service or labor in any State or Territory of the United
+States has heretofore or shall hereafter escape into another State
+or Territory of the United States, the person or persons to whom
+such service or labor may be due, or his, her, or their agent or
+attorney, duly authorized, by power of attorney, in writing,
+acknowledged and certified under the seal of some legal office or
+court of the State or Territory in which the game may be executed,
+may pursue and reclaim such fugitive person, either by procuring a
+warrant from some one of the courts, judges, or commissioners
+aforesaid, of the proper circuit, district or county, for the
+apprehension of such fugitive from service or labor, or by seizing
+and arresting such fugitive, where the same can be done without
+process, and by taking and causing such person to be taken
+forthwith before such court, judge or commissioner, whose duty it
+shall be to hear and determine the case of such claimant in a
+summary manner; and upon satisfactory proof being made, by
+deposition or affidavit, in writing, to be taken and certified by
+such court, judge, or commissioner, or by other satisfactory
+testimony, duly taken and certified by some court, magistrate,
+justice of the peace, or other legal officer authorized to
+administer an oath, and take depositions under the laws of the
+State or Territory from which such person owing service or labor
+may have escaped, with a certificate of such magistracy or other
+authority, as aforesaid, with the seal of the proper court or
+officer thereto attached, which seal shall be sufficient to
+establish the competency of the proof, and with proof, also by
+affidavit, of the identity of the person whose service or labor is
+claimed to be due as aforesaid, that the person so arrested does in
+fact owe service or labor to the person or persons claiming him or
+her, in the State or Territory from which such fugitive may have
+escaped as aforesaid, and that said person escaped, to make out and
+deliver to such claimant, his or her agent or attorney, a
+certificate setting forth the substantial facts as to the service
+or labor due from such fugitive to the claimant, and of his or her
+escape from the State or Territory in which such service or labor
+was due to the State or Territory in which he or she was arrested,
+with authority to such claimant, or his or her agent or attorney to
+use such reasonable force and restraint as may be necessary under
+the circumstances of the case, to take and remove such fugitive
+person back to the State or Territory from whence he or she may
+have escaped as aforesaid. In no trial or hearing under this act
+shall the testimony of such alleged fugitive be admitted in
+evidence; and the certificates in this and the first section
+mentioned shall be conclusive of the right of the person or persons
+in whose favor granted to remove such fugitive to the State or
+Territory from which he escaped, and shall prevent all molestation
+of said person or persons by any process issued by any court,
+judge, magistrate, or other person whomsoever.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec.</span> 7. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That any person who
+shall knowingly and willingly obstruct, hinder, or prevent such
+claimant, his agent or attorney, or any person or persons lawfully
+assisting him, her, or them, from arresting such a fugitive from
+service or labor, either with or without process as aforesaid; or
+shall rescue, or attempt to rescue such fugitive from service or
+labor, from the custody of such claimant, his or her agent or
+attorney or other person or persons lawfully assisting as
+aforesaid, when so arrested, pursuant to the authority herein given
+and declared: or shall aid, abet, or assist such person, so owing
+service or labor as aforesaid, directly or indirectly, to escape
+from such claimant, his agent or attorney, or other person or
+persons, legally authorized as aforesaid; or shall harbor or
+conceal such fugitive, so as to prevent the discovery and arrest of
+such person, after notice or knowledge of the fact that such person
+was a fugitive from service or labor as aforesaid, shall, for
+either of said offences, be subject to a fine not exceeding one
+thousand dollars, and imprisonment not exceeding six months, by
+indictment and conviction before the district court of the United
+States for the district in which such offence may have been
+committed, or before the proper court of criminal jurisdiction, if
+committed within any one of the organized territories of the United
+States; and shall moreover forfeit and pay, by way of civil damages
+to the party injured by such illegal conduct, the sum of one
+thousand dollars for each fugitive so lost as aforesaid, to be
+recovered by action of debt in any of the district or territorial
+courts aforesaid, within whose jurisdiction the said offence may
+have been committed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec.</span> 8. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the marshals,
+their deputies, and the clerks of the said district and territorial
+courts, shall be paid for their services the like fees as may be
+allowed to them for similar services in other cases; and where such
+services rendered exclusively in the arrest, custody, and delivery
+of the fugitive to the claimant, his or her agent or attorney, or
+where such supposed fugitive may be discharged out of custody for
+the want of sufficient proof as aforesaid, then such fees are to be
+paid in the whole by such claimant, his agent or attorney; and in
+all cases where the proceedings are before a commissioner, he shall
+be entitled to a fee of ten dollars in full for his services in
+each case, upon delivery of the said certificate to the claimant,
+his or her agent or attorney; or a fee of five dollars in cases
+where the proof shall not, in the opinion of such commissioner,
+warrant such certificate and delivery, inclusive of all services
+incident to such arrest and examination, to be paid in either case,
+by the claimant, his or her agent or attorney. The person or
+persons authorized to execute the process to be issued by such
+commissioners for the arrest and detention of fugitives from
+service or labor as aforesaid, shall also be entitled to a fee of
+five dollars each for each person he or they may arrest and take
+before any such commissioner as aforesaid at the instance and
+request of such claimant, with such other fees as may be deemed
+reasonable by such commissioner for such other additional services
+as may be necessarily performed by him or them: such as attending
+to the examination, keeping the fugitive in custody, and providing
+him with food and lodging during his detention, and until the final
+determination of such commissioner; and in general for performing
+such other duties as may be required by such claimant, his or her
+attorney or agent, or commissioner in the premises; such fees to be
+made up in conformity with the fees usually charged by the officers
+of the courts of justice within the proper district or county, as
+near as may be practicable, and paid by such claimants, their
+agents or attorneys, whether such supposed fugitive from service or
+labor be ordered to be delivered to such claimants by the final
+determination of such commissioners or not.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec.</span> 9. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That upon affidavit
+made by the claimant of such fugitive, his agent or attorney, after
+such certificate has been issued, that he has reason to apprehend
+that such fugitive will be rescued by force from his or their
+possession before he can be taken beyond the limits of the State in
+which the arrest is made, it shall be the duty of the officer
+making the arrest to retain such fugitive in his custody, and to
+remove him to the State whence he fled, and there to deliver him to
+said claimant, his agent or attorney. And to this end the officer
+aforesaid is hereby authorized and required to employ so many
+persons as he may deem necessary, to overcome such force, and to
+retain them in his service so long as circumstances may require;
+the said officer and his assistants, while so employed, to receive
+the same compensation, and to be allowed the same expenses as are
+now allowed by law for the transportation of criminals, to be
+certified by the judge of the district within which the arrest is
+made, and paid out of the treasury of the United States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec.</span> 10. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That when any person
+held to service or labor in any State or Territory, or in the
+District of Columbia, shall escape therefrom, the party to whom
+such service or labor shall be due, his, her, or their agent or
+attorney may apply to any court of record therein, or judge
+thereof, in vacation, and make satisfactory proof to such court, or
+judge, in vacation, of the escape aforesaid, and that the person
+escaping owed service or labor to such party. Whereupon the court
+shall cause a record to be made of the matters so proved, and also
+a general description of the person so escaping, with such
+convenient certainty as may be; and a transcript of such record
+authenticated by the attestation of the clerk, and of the seal of
+the said court, being produced in any other State, Territory, or
+District in which the person so escaping may be found, and being
+exhibited to any judge, commissioner, or other officer, authorized
+by the law of the United States to cause persons escaping from
+service or labor to be delivered up, shall be held and taken to be
+full and conclusive evidence of the fact of escape, and that the
+service or labor of the person escaping is due to the party in such
+record mentioned. And upon the production by the said party of
+other and further evidence, if necessary, either oral or by
+affidavit, in addition to what is contained in the said record of
+the identity of the person escaping, he or she shall be delivered
+up to the claimant. And the said court, commissioner, judge or
+other person authorized by this act to grant certificates to
+claimants of fugitives, shall, upon the production of the record
+and other evidences aforesaid, grant to such claimant a certificate
+of his right to take any such person identified and proved to be
+owing service or labor as aforesaid, which certificate shall
+authorize such claimant to seize or arrest and transport such
+person to the State or Territory from which he escaped: <i>Provided</i>,
+That nothing herein contained shall be construed as requiring the
+production of a transcript of such record as evidence as aforesaid;
+but in its absence, the claim shall be heard and determined upon
+other satisfactory proofs competent in law.</p>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Howell Cobb,</span><br />
+<i>Speaker of the House of Representatives</i>.</p>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">William R. King,</span><br />
+<i>President of the Senate, pro tempore</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Approved September 18, 1850.</p>
+
+<p class='right'><span class="smcap">Millard Fillmore.</span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The most prominent provisions of the Constitution of the United States,
+and those which form the fundamental basis of personal security, are
+they which provide, that every person shall be secure in their person
+and property: that no person may be deprived of liberty without due
+process of law, and that for crime or misdemeanor; that there may be no
+process of law that shall work corruption of blood. By corruption of
+blood is meant, that process, by which a person is <i>degraded</i> and
+deprived of rights common to the enfranchised citizen&mdash;of the rights of
+an elector, and of eligibility to the office of a representative, of the
+people; in a word, that no person nor their posterity, may ever be
+debased beneath the level of the recognised basis of American
+citizenship. This debasement and degradation is "corruption of blood";
+politically understood&mdash;a legal acknowledgement of inferiority of birth.</p>
+
+<p>Heretofore, it ever has been denied, that the United States recognised
+or knew any difference between the people&mdash;that the Constitution makes
+no distinction, but includes in its provisions, all the people alike.
+This is not true, and certainly is blind absurdity in us at least, who
+have suffered the dread consequences of this delusion, not now to see
+it.</p>
+
+<p>By the provisions of this bill, the colored people of the United States
+are positively degraded beneath the level of the whites&mdash;are made liable
+at any time, in any place, and under all circumstances, to be
+arrested&mdash;and upon the claim of any white person, without the privilege,
+even of making a defence, sent into endless bondage. Let no visionary
+nonsense about <i>habeas corpus</i>, or a <i>fair trial</i>, deceive us; there are
+no such rights granted in this bill, and except where the commissioner
+is too ignorant to understand when reading it, or too stupid to enforce
+it when he does understand, there is no earthly chance&mdash;no hope under
+heaven for the colored person who is brought before one of these
+officers of the law. Any leniency that may be expected, must proceed
+from the whims or caprice of the magistrate&mdash;in fact, it is optional
+with them; and <i>our</i> rights and liberty entirely at their disposal.</p>
+
+<p>We are slaves in the midst of freedom, waiting patiently, and
+unconcernedly&mdash;indifferently and stupidly, for masters to come and lay
+claim to us, trusting to their generosity, whether or not they will own
+us and carry us into endless bondage.</p>
+
+<p>The slave is more secure than we; he knows who holds the heel upon his
+bosom&mdash;we know not the wretch who may grasp us by the throat. His master
+may be a man of some conscientious scruples; ours may be unmerciful.
+Good or bad, mild or harsh, easy or hard, lenient or severe, saint or
+satan&mdash;whenever that master demands any one of us&mdash;even our affectionate
+wives and darling little children, <i>we must go into slavery</i>&mdash;there is
+<i>no alternative</i>. The <i>will</i> of the man who sits in judgment on our
+liberty, is the law. To him is given <i>all power</i> to say, whether or not
+we have a right to enjoy freedom. This is the power over the slave in
+the South&mdash;this is now extended to the North. The will of the man who
+sits in judgment over us is the law; because it is explicitly provided
+that the <i>decision</i> of the commissioner shall be final, from which there
+can be no appeal.</p>
+
+<p>The freed man of the South is even more secure than the freeborn of the
+North; because such persons usually have their records in the slave
+states, bringing their "papers" with them; and the slaveholders will be
+faithful to their own acts. The Northern freeman knows no records; he
+despises the "papers."</p>
+
+<p>Depend upon no promised protection of citizens in any quarter. Their own
+property and liberty are jeopardised, and they will not sacrifice them
+for us. This we may not expect them to do.</p>
+
+<p>Besides, there are no people who ever lived, love their country and obey
+their laws as the Americans.</p>
+
+<p>Their country is their Heaven&mdash;their Laws their Scriptures&mdash;and the
+decrees of their Magistrates obeyed as the fiat of God. It is the most
+consummate delusion and misdirected confidence to depend upon them for
+protection; and for a moment suppose even our children safe while
+walking in the streets among them.</p>
+
+<p>A people capable of originating and sustaining such a law as this, are
+not the people to whom we are willing to entrust our liberty at
+discretion.</p>
+
+<p>What can we do? What shall we do? This is the great and important
+question:&mdash;Shall we submit to be dragged like brutes before heartless
+men, and sent into degradation and bondage?&mdash;Shall we fly, or shall we
+resist? Ponder well and reflect.</p>
+
+<p>A learned jurist in the United States, (Chief Justice John Gibson of
+Pennsylvania,) lays down this as a fundamental right in the United
+States: that "Every man's house is his castle, and he has the right to
+defend it unto the taking of life, against any attempt to enter it
+against his will, except for crime," by well authenticated process.</p>
+
+<p>But we have no such right. It was not intended for us, any more than any
+other provision of the law, intended for the protection of Americans.
+The policy is against us&mdash;it is useless to contend against it.</p>
+
+<p>This is the law of the land and must be obeyed; and we candidly advise
+that it is useless for us to contend against it. To suppose its repeal,
+is to anticipate an overthrow of the Confederative Union; and we must be
+allowed an expression of opinion, when we say, that candidly we believe,
+the existence of the Fugitive Slave Law <i>necessary</i> to the continuance
+of the National Compact. This Law is the foundation of the
+Compromise&mdash;remove it, and the consequences are easily determined. We
+say necessary to the continuance of the National Compact: certainly we
+will not be understood as meaning that the enactment of such a Law was
+<i>really</i> necessary, or as favoring in the least this political
+monstrosity of the <span class="smcap">Thirty-First Congress</span> of the <span class="smcap">United
+States of America</span>&mdash;surely not at all; but we speak logically and
+politically, leaving morality and right out of the question&mdash;taking our
+position on the acknowledged popular, basis of American Policy; arguing
+from premise to conclusion. We must abandon all vague theory, and look
+at <i>facts</i> as they really are; viewing ourselves in our true political
+position in the body politic. To imagine ourselves to be included in the
+body politic, except by express legislation, is at war with common
+sense, and contrary to fact. Legislation, the administration of the laws
+of the country, and the exercise of rights by the people, all prove to
+the contrary. We are politically, not of them, but aliens to the laws
+and political privileges of the country. These are truths&mdash;fixed facts,
+that quaint theory and exhausted moralising, are impregnable to, and
+fall harmlessly before.</p>
+
+<p>It is useless to talk about our rights in individual States: we can have
+no rights here as citizens, not recognised in our common country; as the
+citizens of one State, are entitled to all the rights and privileges of
+an American citizen in all the States&mdash;the nullity of the one
+necessarily implying the nullity of the other. These provisions then do
+not include the colored people of the United States; since there is no
+power left in them, whereby they may protect us as their own citizens.
+Our descent, by the laws of the country, stamps us with
+inferiority&mdash;upon us has this law worked <i>corruption of blood</i>. We are
+in the hands of the General Government, and no State can rescue us. The
+Army and Navy stand at the service of our enslavers, the whole force of
+which, may at any moment&mdash;even in the dead of night, as has been
+done&mdash;when sunk in the depth of slumber, called out for the purpose of
+forcing our mothers, sisters, wives, and children, or ourselves, into
+hopeless servitude, there to weary out a miserable life, a relief from
+which, death would be hailed with joy. Heaven and earth&mdash;God and
+Humanity!&mdash;are not these sufficient to arouse the most worthless among
+mankind, of whatever descent, to a sense of their true position? These
+laws apply to us&mdash;shall we not be aroused?</p>
+
+<p>What then shall we do?&mdash;what is the remedy&mdash;is the important question to
+be answered?</p>
+
+<p>This important inquiry we shall answer, and find a remedy in when
+treating of the emigration of the colored people.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="XVII" id="XVII"></a>XVII</h2>
+
+<h2>EMIGRATION OF THE COLORED PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES</h2>
+
+<p>That there have been people in all ages under certain circumstances,
+that may be benefited by emigration, will be admitted; and that there
+are circumstances under which emigration is absolutely necessary to
+their political elevation, cannot be disputed.</p>
+
+<p>This we see in the Exodus of the Jews from Egypt to the land of Judea;
+in the expedition of Dido and her followers from Tyro to Mauritania; and
+not to dwell upon hundreds of modern European examples&mdash;also in the ever
+memorable emigration of the Puritans, in 1620, from Great Britain, the
+land of their birth, to the wilderness of the New World, at which may be
+fixed the beginning of emigration to this continent as a permanent
+residence.</p>
+
+<p>This may be acknowledged; but to advocate the emigration of the colored
+people of the United States from their native homes, is a new feature in
+our history, and at first view, may be considered objectionable, as
+pernicious to our interests. This objection is at once removed, when
+reflecting on our condition as incontrovertibly shown in a foregoing
+part of this work. And we shall proceed at once to give the advantages
+to be derived from emigration, to us as a people, in preference to any
+other policy that we may adopt. This granted, the question will then be,
+Where shall we go? This we conceive to be all important&mdash;of paramount
+consideration, and shall endeavor to show the most advantageous
+locality; and premise the recommendation, with the strictest advice
+against any countenance whatever, to the emigration scheme of the so
+called Republic of Liberia.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="XVIII" id="XVIII"></a>XVIII</h2>
+
+<h2>"REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA"</h2>
+
+<p>That we desire the civilization and enlightenment of Africa&mdash;the high
+and elevated position of Liberia among the nations of the earth, may not
+be doubted, as the writer was among the first, seven or eight years ago,
+to make the suggestion and call upon the Liberians to hold up their
+heads like men; take courage, having confidence in their own capacity to
+govern themselves, and come out from their disparaging position, by
+formally declaring their Independence.</p>
+
+<p>As our desire is to impart information, and enlighten the minds of our
+readers on the various subjects herein contained, we present below a
+large extract from the "First Annual Report of the Trustees of Donations
+for Education in Liberia." This Extract will make a convenient statistic
+reference for matters concerning Liberia. We could only wish that many
+of our readers possessed more historical and geographical information of
+the world, and there could be little fears of their going anywhere that
+might be incongenial and unfavorable to their success. We certainly do
+intend to deal fairly with Liberia, and give the reader every
+information that may tend to enlighten them. What the colored people
+most need, is <i>intelligence</i>; give them this, and there is no danger of
+them being duped into anything they do not desire. This Board was
+incorporated by the Legislature of Massachusetts, March 19th,
+1850&mdash;Ensign H. Kellogg, Speaker of the House, Marshall P. Wilder,
+President of the Senate. Trustees of the Board&mdash;Hon. George N. Briggs,
+LL.D., Hon. Simon Greenleaf, LL.D., Hon. Stephen Fairbanks, Hon. William
+J. Hubbard, Hon. Joel Giles, Hon. Albert Fearing, Amos A. Lawrence, Esq.
+Officers of the Board&mdash;Hon. G.N. Briggs, President; Hon. S. Fairbanks,
+Treasurer; Rev. J. Tracy, Secretary. The conclusion of the Report
+says:&mdash;"In view of such considerations, the Trustees cannot doubt the
+patrons of learning will sustain them in their attempt to plant the
+<span class="smcap">First College</span> on the <i>only</i> continent which yet remains
+<i>without</i> one." In this, the learned Trustees have fallen into a
+statistical and geographical error, which we design to correct. The
+<i>continent</i> is <i>not without</i> a College. There are now in Egypt, erected
+under the patronage of that singularly wonderful man, Mehemet Ahi, four
+colleges conducted on the European principle&mdash;Scientific, Medical,
+Legal, and Military.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> These are in successful operation; the Military
+College having an average of eleven hundred students annually. The
+continent of Africa then, is not without a college, but though benighted
+enough, even to an apparent hopeless degeneration, she is still the seat
+of learning, and must some day rise, in the majesty of ancient grandeur,
+and vindicate the rights and claims of her own children, against the
+incalculable wrongs perpetrated through the period of sixty ages by
+professedly enlightened Christians, against them.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A glance at the map will show a sharp bend in this coast at Cape
+Palmas, from which it extends, on time one side, about 1,100 miles
+north-west and north, and on the other, about 1,200 or 1,300 almost
+directly east. In this bend is the Maryland Colony of Cape Palmas,
+with a jurisdiction extending nearly 100 miles eastward. This
+Colony is bounded on the north-west by the Republic of Liberia,
+which extends along the coast about 400 miles to Sherbro. These two
+governments will ultimately be united in one Republic, and may be
+considered as one, for all the purposes of this inquiry. The extent
+of their united sea-coast is about 520 miles. The jurisdiction of
+the Republic over the four hundred miles or more which it claims,
+has been formally acknowledged by several of the leading powers of
+Europe, and is questioned by none. To almost the whole of it, the
+native title has been extinguished; the natives, however, still
+occupying, as citizens, such portions of it as they need.</p>
+
+<p>The civilized population of these governments, judging from the
+census of 1843, and other information, is some 7,000 or 8,000. Of
+the heathen population, no census has ever been taken; but it
+probably exceeds 300,000.</p>
+
+<p>The grade of Liberian civilization may be estimated from the fact,
+that the people have formed a republican government, and so
+administer it, as to secure the confidence of European governments
+in its stability. The native tribes who have merged themselves in
+the Republic, have all bound themselves to receive and encourage
+teachers; and some of them have insisted on the insertion, in their
+treaties of annexation, of pledges that teachers and other means of
+civilization shall be furnished.</p>
+
+<p>Our accounts of churches, clergy and schools are defective, but
+show the following significant facts:</p>
+
+<p>The clergy of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Liberia are nearly
+all Liberian citizens, serving as missionaries of the Methodist
+Missionary Society in the United States. The last Report of that
+Society gives the names of fifteen missionaries, having in charge
+nine circuits, in which are 882 members in full communion, and 235
+probationers; total, 1,117. They have 20 Sabbath Schools, with 114
+officers and teachers, 810 scholars, and 507 volumes in their
+libraries. They have a Manual Labor School and Female Academy. The
+number of Day Schools is not reported; but seven of the
+missionaries are reported as superintendents of schools, and the
+same number have under their charge several "native towns," in some
+of which there are schools. The late superintendent of the missions
+writes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"It appears plain to my mind, that nothing can now retard the
+progress of our missions in this land, unless it be the want of a
+good high school, in which to rear up an abundant supply of well
+qualified teachers, to supply, as they shall rapidly increase in
+number, all your schools."</p>
+
+<p>The Baptists are next in number to the Methodists. The Northern
+Baptist Board, having its seat in Boston, has in Liberia one
+mission, two out-stations, one boarding school, and two day
+schools, with about twenty scholars each, one native preacher, and
+four native assistants. The whole mission is in the hands of
+converted natives. The Southern Board operates more extensively.
+More than a year since, the Rev. John Day, its principal agent
+there, reported to the Rev. R.R. Gurley, United States Commissioner
+to Liberia, as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"In our schools are taught, say, 330 children, 92 of whom are
+natives. To more than 10,000 natives, the Word of Life is statedly
+preached; and in every settlement in these colonies, we have a
+church, to whom the means of grace are administered; and in every
+village we have an interesting Sunday school, where natives as well
+as colonists are taught the truths of God's word. Say, in our
+Sunday schools, are taught 400 colonists, and 200 natives.... We
+have this year baptized 18 natives and 7 colonists, besides what
+have been baptized by Messrs. Murray and Drayton, from whom I have
+had no report."</p>
+
+<p>The missionaries are all, or nearly all, Liberian citizens.</p>
+
+<p>The Board of Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United
+States has five missionaries at four stations in Liberia. The first
+is at Monrovia, under the care of the Rev. Harrison W. Ellis, well
+known as "the Learned Black Blacksmith." While a slave in Alabama,
+and working at his trade as a blacksmith, he acquired all the
+education, in English, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Theology, which is
+required for ordination as a Presbyterian minister. The
+Presbyterians of that region then bought him, and sent him out as a
+missionary. His assistant, Mr. B.V.R. James, a colored man, was for
+some years a printer in the service of the American Board at their
+mission at Cape Palmas and the Gaboon River. He first went to
+Liberia as a teacher, supported by a society of ladies in New York.
+In the Presbyterian Church under the care of Mr. Ellis are 39
+communicants. During the year, 24 had been added, and 8 had been
+dismissed to form a new church in another place. Mr. Ellis also has
+charge of the "Alexander High School," which is intended mainly for
+teaching the rudiments of a classical education. This institution
+has an excellent iron school-house, given by a wealthy citizen of
+New York, at the cost of one thousand dollars, and a library and
+philosophical apparatus, which cost six hundred dollars, given by a
+gentleman in one of the southern States. The library contains a
+supply of classical works, probably equal to the wants of the
+school for some years. The land needed for the accommodation of the
+school was given by the government of Liberia. The number of
+scholars appears to be between twenty and thirty, a part of whom
+support themselves by their daily labor. The English High School
+under the care of Mr. James, had, according to the last Annual
+Report, 52 scholars. At a later date, the number in both schools
+was 78. Mr. James has also a large Sabbath school; but the number
+of pupils is not given.</p>
+
+<p>The second station is at the new settlement of Kentucky, on the
+right or north bank of the St. Paul's, about fifteen miles from
+Monrovia, and six miles below Millsburgh. The missionary is a
+Liberian, Mr. H.W. Erskine. On a lot of ten acres, given by the
+government, buildings on an economical scale have been erected, in
+which is a school of twenty scholars. A church was organized in
+November, 1849, with eight members from the church in Monrovia.
+They have since increased to fourteen. Here, too, is a flourishing
+Sabbath school. The citizens, and especially the poor natives in
+the neighbourhood, are extremely anxious that a boarding school
+should be established. To this the Committee having charge of this
+mission objects, as the expense for buildings and for the support
+of pupils would be great, and would absorb funds that can be more
+profitably expended on day schools.</p>
+
+<p>The third station is on the Sinou river, 150 miles down the coast
+from Monrovia, where, at the mouth of the river, is the town of
+Greenville, and a few miles higher up, the newer settlements of
+Readville and Rossville. It is under the care of the Rev. James M.
+Priest. The number of communicants, at the latest date, was thirty,
+and the field of labor was rapidly enlarging by immigration. The
+station is new, and it does not appear that any mission school had
+yet been organized.</p>
+
+<p>The fourth station is at Settra Kroo, where there are five or six
+miles of coast, to which the native title has not yet been
+extinguished. This station has been maintained for some years, at a
+lamentable expense of the lives and health of white missionaries.
+About 200 boys and a few girls have been taught to read. The
+station is now under the care of Mr. Washington McDonogh, formerly
+a slave of the late John McDonogh, of Louisiana, so well known for
+the immense estate which he has bequeathed to benevolent purposes.
+He was well educated, and with more than eighty others, sent out
+some years since at his master's expense. He has a school of
+fifteen scholars, with the prospect of a large increase.</p>
+
+<p>The mission of the Protestant Episcopal Church is located in the
+Maryland Colony at Cape Palmas. Its last Report specifies seven
+schools, and alludes to several others, in actual operation; all
+containing from 200 to 300 scholars, of whom about 100 are in one
+Sabbath school. Five other schools had been projected, and have
+probably gone into operation since that time. The greater part of
+the pupils are from native families. The Report states the number
+of communicants at sixty-seven, of whom forty are natives. A High
+school was opened January 1, 1850.</p>
+
+<p>The laws of the Republic of Liberia provide for a common school in
+every town. It is supposed, however, that where there is a mission
+school, accessible to all children of suitable age, no other school
+exists; so that, in fact, nearly all the common schools in Liberia
+are connected with the different missions, the missionaries have
+the superintendence of their studies, and the Missionary Societies
+defray a large portion of the expense. Yet it must be remembered
+that a large majority of the missionaries are citizens of the
+Republic, and some of them native Africans; so that the immediate
+control of the schools is not generally in foreign hands. A
+portion, also, of the missionary funds, is contributed in Liberia;
+and something is paid by parents for the tuition of their children.
+Yet the Republic evidently needs an educational system more
+independent of missionary aid and control; and for that purpose,
+needs a supply of teachers who are not raised up in mission
+schools. And we have it in testimony, that the missions themselves
+might be more efficient for good, if well supplied with teachers of
+higher qualifications.</p>
+
+<p>Here, then, we have a Republic of some 300,000 inhabitants, of whom
+7,000 or 8,000 may be regarded as civilized, and the remainder as
+having a right to expect, and a large part of them actually
+expecting and demanding the means of civilization and Christianity.
+We have,&mdash;supplying as well as we can by estimate, the numbers not
+definitely given,&mdash;more than 2,000 communicants in Christian
+churches, and more than 1,500 children in Sabbath Schools; some 40
+day schools containing, exclusive of the Methodists, who are the
+most numerous, and of whose numbers in school we have no report,
+about 635 scholars. The whole number in day schools, therefore, is
+probably not less than 1,200. We have the Alexander High School at
+Monrovia, where instruction is given to some extent in the
+classics; the English High School, at the same place, under Mr.
+James; the Methodist Manual Labor School and Female Academy at
+Millsburg; the Baptist Boarding School at Bexley; and the
+Protestant Episcopal High School at Cape Palmas. These institutions
+must furnish some students for a higher seminary, such as we
+propose to establish; and such a population must need their labors
+when educated.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>However foreign to the designs of the writer of ever making that country
+or any other out of America, his home; had this been done, and honorably
+maintained, the Republic of Liberia would have met with words of
+encouragement, not only from himself, an humble individual, but we dare
+assert, from the leading spirits among, if not from the whole colored
+population of the United States. Because they would have been willing to
+overlook the circumstances under which they went there, so that in the
+end, they were willing to take their stand as men, and thereby throw off
+the degradation of slaves, still under the control of American
+slave-holders, and American slave-ships. But in this, we were
+disappointed&mdash;grievously disappointed, and proceed to show in short, our
+objections to Liberia.</p>
+
+<p><i>Its geographical position</i>, in the first place, is objectionable,
+being located in the <i>sixth degree</i> of latitude North of the equator, in
+a district signally unhealthy, rendering it objectionable as a place of
+destination for the colored people of the United States. We shall say
+nothing about other parts of the African coast, and the reasons for its
+location where it is: it is enough for us to know the facts as they are,
+to justify an unqualified objection to Liberia.</p>
+
+<p>In the second place, it originated in a deep laid scheme of the
+slaveholders of the country, to <i>exterminate</i> the free colored of the
+American continent; the origin being sufficient to justify us in
+impugning the motives.</p>
+
+<p>Thirdly and lastly&mdash;Liberia is not an Independent Republic: in fact, <i>it
+is not</i> an independent nation at all; but a poor <i>miserable mockery</i>&mdash;a
+<i>burlesque</i> on a government&mdash;a pitiful dependency on the American
+Colonizationists, the Colonization Board at Washington city, in the
+District of Columbia, being the Executive and Government, and the
+principal man, called President, in Liberia, being the echo&mdash;a mere
+parrot of Rev. Robert R. Gurley, Elliot Cresson, Esq., Governor Pinney,
+and other leaders of the Colonization scheme&mdash;to do as they bid, and say
+what they tell him. This we see in all of his doings.</p>
+
+<p>Does he go to France and England, and enter into solemn treaties of an
+honorable recognition of the independence of his country; before his own
+nation has any knowledge of the result, this man called President,
+dispatches an official report to the Colonizationists of the United
+States, asking their gracious approval? Does king Grando, or a party of
+fishermen besiege a village and murder some of the inhabitants, this
+same "President," dispatches an official report to the American
+Colonization Board, asking for instructions&mdash;who call an Executive
+Session of the Board, and immediately decide that war must be waged
+against the enemy, placing ten thousand dollars at his disposal&mdash;and war
+<i>actually declared in Liberia</i>, by virtue of the <i>instructions</i> of the
+<i>American Colonization Society</i>. A mockery of a government&mdash;a disgrace
+to the office pretended to be held&mdash;a parody on the position assumed.
+Liberia in Africa, is a mere dependency of Southern slaveholders, and
+American Colonizationists, and unworthy of any respectful consideration
+from us.</p>
+
+<p>What would be thought of the people of Hayti, and their heads of
+government, if their instructions emanated from the American
+Anti-Slavery Society, or the British Foreign Missionary Board? Should
+they be respected at all as a nation? Would they be worthy of it?
+Certainly not. We do not expect Liberia to be all that Hayti is; but we
+ask and expect of her, to have a decent respect for herself&mdash;to endeavor
+to be freemen instead of voluntary slaves. Liberia is no place for the
+colored freemen of the United States; and we dismiss the subject with a
+single remark of caution against any advice contained in a pamphlet,
+which we have not seen, written by Hon. James G. Birney, in favor of
+Liberian emigration. Mr. Birney is like the generality of white
+Americans, who suppose that we are too ignorant to understand what we
+want; whenever they wish to get rid of us, would drive us any where, so
+that we left them. Don't adhere to a word therein contained; we will
+think for ourselves. Let Mr. Birney go his way, and we will go ours.
+This is one of those confounded gratuities that is forced in our faces
+at every turn we make. We dismiss it without further comment&mdash;and with
+it Colonization <i>in toto</i>&mdash;and Mr. Birney <i>de facto</i>.</p>
+
+<p>But to return to emigration: Where shall we go? We must not leave this
+continent; America is our destination and our home.</p>
+
+<p>That the continent of America seems to have been designed by Providence
+as an asylum for all the various nations of the earth, is very apparent.
+From the earliest discovery, various nations sent a representation here,
+either as adventurers and speculators, or employed seamen and soldiers,
+hired to do the work of their employers. And among the earliest and most
+numerous class who found their way to the New World, were those of the
+African race. And it is now ascertained to our mind, beyond a
+peradventure, that when the continent was discovered, there were found
+in Central America, a tribe of the black race, of fine looking people,
+having characteristics of color and hair, identifying them originally of
+the African race&mdash;no doubt being a remnant of the Africans who, with the
+Carthaginian expedition, were adventitiously cast upon this continent,
+in their memorable excursion to the "Great Island," after sailing many
+miles distant to the West of the Pillars of Hercules.</p>
+
+<p>We are not inclined to be superstitious, but say, that we can see the
+"finger of God" in all this; and if the European race may with
+propriety, boast and claim, that this continent is better adapted to
+their development, than their own father-land; surely, it does not
+necessarily detract from our father-land, to claim the superior
+advantages to the African race, to be derived from this continent. But
+be that as it may, the world belongs to mankind&mdash;his common Father
+created it for his common good&mdash;his temporal destiny is here; and our
+present warfare, is not upon European rights, nor for European
+countries; but for the common rights of man, based upon the great
+principles of common humanity&mdash;taking our chance in the world of rights,
+and claiming to have originally more right to this continent, than the
+European race. And had we no other claims than those set forth in a
+former part of this work, they are sufficient to cause every colored
+man on the continent, to stand upon the soil unshaken and unmoved. The
+aboriginee of the continent, is more closely allied to us by
+consanguinity, than to the European&mdash;being descended from the Asiatic,
+whose alliance in matrimony with the African is very common&mdash;therefore,
+we have even greater claims to this continent on that account, and
+should unite and make common cause in elevation, with our similarly
+oppressed brother, the Indian.</p>
+
+<p>The advantages of this continent are superior, because it presents every
+variety of climate, soil, and production of the earth, with every
+variety of mineral production, with all kinds of water privileges, arid
+ocean coast on all sides, presenting every commercial advantage. Upon
+the American continent we are determined to stay, in spite of every odds
+against us. What part of the great continent shall our destination
+be&mdash;shall we emigrate to the North or South?</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> It may be, that the Medical and Legal Schools, are adjunct
+departments of the Scientific College, which would make the number of
+Colleges in Egypt but two: as we are certain that the Military is
+separate entirely from the Scientific School, and spoken of by travelers
+as a splendid College.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="XIX" id="XIX"></a>XIX</h2>
+
+<h2>THE CANADAS</h2>
+
+<p>This is one of the most beautiful portions of North America. Canada
+East, formerly known as Lower Canada, is not quite so favorable, the
+climate being cold and severe in winter, the springs being late, the
+summers rather short, and the soil not so productive. But Canada West,
+formerly called Upper Canada, is equal to any portion of the Northern
+States. The climate being milder than that of the Northern portions of
+New York, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, or any of the States
+bordering on the lakes, the soil is prolific in productions of every
+description. Grains, vegetables, fruits, and cattle, are of the very
+best kind; from a short tour by the writer, in that country in the fall,
+1851, one year ago, he prefers Canada West to any part of North America,
+as a destination for the colored people. But there is a serious
+objection to the Canadas&mdash;a political objection. The Canadians are
+descended from the same common parentage as the Americans on this side
+of the Lakes&mdash;and there is a manifest tendency on the part of the
+Canadians generally, to Americanism. That the Americans are determined
+to, and will have the Canadas, to a close observer, there is not a
+shadow of doubt; and our brethren should know this in time. This there
+would be no fear of, were not the Canadian people in favor of the
+project, neither would the Americans attempt an attack upon the
+provinces, without the move being favored by the people of those places.</p>
+
+<p>Every act of the Americans, ostensibly as courtesy and friendship, tend
+to that end. This is seen in the policy pursued during the last two or
+three years, in the continual invitations, frequently reciprocated, that
+pass from the Americans to their "Canadian brethren"&mdash;always couched in
+affectionate language&mdash;to join them in their various celebrations, in
+different parts of the States. They have got them as far as Boston, and
+we may expect to hear of them going to New York, Philadelphia,
+Baltimore&mdash;and instead of the merrymaking over the beginning or ending
+of internal improvements, we may expect to see them ere long, wending
+their way to the seat of the federal government&mdash;it may be with William
+McKenzie, the memorable <i>patriot</i> and present member of the Colonial
+parliament, bearing in his hand the stars and stripes as their
+ensign&mdash;there to blend their voices in the loud shout of jubilee, in
+honor of the "bloodless victory," of Canadian annexation. This we
+forewarn the colored people, in time, is the inevitable and not far
+distant destiny of the Canadas. And let them come into the American
+Republic when they may, the fate of the colored man, however free
+before, is doomed, doomed, forever doomed. Disfranchisement,
+degradation, and a delivery up to slave catchers and kidnappers, are
+their only fate, let Canadian annexation take place when it will. The
+odious infamous fugitive slave law, will then be in full force with all
+of its terrors; and we have no doubt that fully in anticipation of this
+event, was the despicable law created.</p>
+
+<p>Let not colored people be deceived and gulled by any visionary argument
+about original rights, or those of the people remaining the same as they
+were previous to secession of the territory. The people can claim no
+rights than such as are known to exist previous to their annexation.
+This is manifestly the case with a large class of the former
+inhabitants of Mexico, who though citizens before, in the full exercise
+of their rights as such, so soon as the cession of the territory took
+place, lost them entirely, as they could claim only such as were enjoyed
+by the people of a similar class, in the country to which they made
+their union. The laudatories heaped upon the Americans, within the
+hearing of the writer, while traveling the provinces the last fall, by
+one of the Canadian officiaries, in comparing their superior
+intelligence to what he termed the "stupid aristocracy," then returning
+from the Boston celebration, where there was a fair opportunity of
+comparing the intellect of their chief magistrate, his excellency, Lord
+Elgin, governor-general of the Canadas, and Sir Allen Napier McNab,
+knight baronet with that of some of the "plain republicans" who were
+present on the occasion, were extravagant. The Canadians generally were
+perfectly carried away with delight at their reception. They reminded us
+of some of our poor brethren, who had just made their escape from
+Southern bondage, and for the first time in their life, had been taken
+by the hand by a white man, who acknowledged them as equals. They don't
+know when to stop talking about it, they really annoy one with
+extravagant praises of them. This was the way with those gentlemen; and
+we dare predict, that from what we heard on that occasion, that Mr.
+McKenzie nor Big Bill Johnson, hero of the Forty Islands, are no greater
+<i>patriots</i> than these Canadian visitors to the Boston husa! We are
+satisfied that the Canadas are no place of safety for the colored people
+of the United States; otherwise we should have no objection to them.</p>
+
+<p>But to the fugitive&mdash;our enslaved brethren flying from Southern
+despotism&mdash;we say, until we have a more preferable place&mdash;go on to
+Canada. Freedom, always; liberty any place and ever&mdash;before slavery.
+Continue to fly to the Canadas, and swell the number of the twenty-five
+thousand already there. Surely the British cannot, they will not look
+with indifference upon such a powerful auxiliary as these brave, bold,
+daring men&mdash;the very flower of the South, who have hazarded every
+consequence, many of whom have come from Arkansas and Florida in search
+of freedom. Worthy surely to be free, when gained at such a venture. Go
+on to the North, till the South is ready to receive you&mdash;for surely, he
+who can make his way from Arkansas to Canada, can find his way from
+Kentucky to Mexico. The moment his foot touches this land South, he is
+free. Let the bondman but be assured that he can find the same freedom
+South that there is in the North; the same liberty in Mexico, as in
+Canada, and he will prefer going South to going North. His risk is no
+greater in getting there. Go either way, and he in the majority of
+instances must run the gauntlet of the slave states.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="XX" id="XX"></a>XX</h2>
+
+<h2>CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES</h2>
+
+
+<p>Central and South America, are evidently the ultimate destination and
+future home of the colored race on this continent; the advantages of
+which in preference to all others, will be apparent when once pointed
+out.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<p>Geographically, from the Northern extremity of Yucatan, down through
+Central and South America, to Cape Horn, there is a variation of climate
+from the twenty-second degree of North latitude, passing through the
+equatorial region; nowhere as warm as it is in the same latitude in
+Africa; to the <i>fifty-fifth degree</i> of South latitude, including a
+climate as cold as that of the Hudson Bay country in British America,
+colder than that of Maine, or any part known to the United States of
+North America; so that there is every variety of climate in South, as
+well as North America.</p>
+
+<p>In the productions of grains, fruits, and vegetables, Central and South
+America are also prolific; and the best of herds are here raised.
+Indeed, the finest Merino sheep, as well as the principal trade in rice,
+sugar, cotton, and wheat, which is now preferred in California to any
+produced in the United States&mdash;the Chilian flour&mdash;might be carried on by
+the people of this most favored portion of God's legacy to man. The
+mineral productions excel all other parts of this continent; the rivers
+present the greatest internal advantages, and the commercial prospects,
+are without a parallel on the coast of the new world.</p>
+
+<p>The advantages to the colored people of the United States, to be derived
+from emigration to Central, South America, and the West Indies, are
+incomparably greater than that of any other parts of the world at
+present.</p>
+
+<p>In the first place, there never have existed in the policy of any of the
+nations of Central or South America, an inequality on account of race or
+color, and any prohibition of rights, has generally been to the white,
+and not to the colored races.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> To the whites, not because they were
+white, not on account of their color, but because of the policy pursued
+by them towards the people of other races than themselves. The
+population of Central and South America, consist of fifteen millions two
+hundred and forty thousand, adding the ten millions of Mexico;
+twenty-five millions two hundred and forty thousand, of which vast
+population, but <i>one-seventh</i> are whites, or the pure European race.
+Allowing a deduction of one-seventh of this population for the European
+race that may chance to be in those countries, and we have in South and
+Central America alone, the vast colored population of <i>thirteen millions
+one hundred and seventy-seven thousand</i>; and including Mexico, a
+<i>colored</i> population on this glorious continent of <i>twenty-one millions,
+six hundred and forty thousand</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This vast number of people, our brethren&mdash;because they are precisely the
+same people as ourselves and share the same fate with us, as the case of
+numbers of them have proven, who have been adventitiously thrown among
+us&mdash;stand ready and willing to take us by the hand&mdash;nay, are anxiously
+waiting, and earnestly importuning us to come, that they may make common
+cause with us, and we all share the same fate. There is nothing under
+heaven in our way&mdash;the people stand with open arms ready to receive us.
+The climate, soil, and productions&mdash;the vast rivers and beautiful
+sea-coast&mdash;the scenery of the landscape, and beauty of the starry
+heavens above&mdash;the song of the birds&mdash;the voice of the people say
+come&mdash;and God our Father bids us go.&mdash;Will we go? Go we must, and go we
+will, as there is no alternative. To remain here in North America, and
+be crushed to the earth in vassalage and degradation, we never will.</p>
+
+<p>Talk not about religious biases&mdash;we have but one reply to make. We had
+rather be a Heathen <i>freeman</i>, than a Christian <i>slave</i>.</p>
+
+<p>There need be no fear of annexation in these countries&mdash;the prejudices
+of the people are all against it, and with our influences infused among
+them, the aversion would be ten-fold greater. Neither need there be any
+fears of an attempt on the part of the United States, at a subjugation,
+of these countries. Policy is against it, because the United States has
+too many colored slaves in their midst, to desire to bring under their
+government, twenty-one millions of disfranchised people, whom it would
+cost them more to keep under subjection, than ten-fold the worth of the
+countries they gained. Besides, let us go to whatever parts of Central
+and South America we may, we shall make common cause with the people,
+and shall hope, by one judicious and signal effort, to assemble one
+day&mdash;and a glorious day it will be&mdash;in a great representative
+convention, and form a glorious union of South American States,
+"inseparably connected one and forever."</p>
+
+<p>This can be done, easily done, if the proper course be pursued, and
+necessity will hold them together as it holds together the United States
+of North America&mdash;self-preservation. As the British nation serves to
+keep in check the Americans; so would the United States serve to keep in
+Union the South American States.</p>
+
+<p>We should also enter into solemn treaties with Great Britain, and like
+other free and independent nations, take our chance, and risk
+consequences. Talk not of consequences; we are now in chains; shall we
+shake them off and go to a land of liberty? shall our wives and children
+be protected, secure, and affectionately cherished, or shall they be
+debased and degraded as our mothers and fathers were? By the light of
+heaven, no! By the instincts of nature, no!</p>
+
+<p>Talk not about consequences. White men seek responsibilities; shall we
+shun them? They brave dangers and risk consequences; shall we shrink
+from them? What are consequences, compared in the scale of value, with
+liberty and freedom; the rights and privileges of our wives and
+children? In defence of our liberty&mdash;the rights of my wife and children;
+had we the power, we would command the vault of a volcano, charged with
+the wrath of heaven, and blast out of existence, every thing that dared
+obstruct our way.</p>
+
+<p>The time has now fully arrived, when the colored race is called upon by
+all the ties of common humanity, and all the claims of consummate
+justice, to go forward and take their position, and do battle in the
+struggle now being made for the redemption of the world. Our cause is a
+just one; the greatest at present that elicits the attention of the
+world. For it there is a remedy; that remedy is now at hand. God himself
+as assuredly as he rules the destinies of nations, and entereth measures
+into the "hearts of men," has presented these measures to us. Our race
+is to be redeemed; it is a great and glorious work, and we are the
+instrumentalities by which it is to be done. But we must go from among
+our oppressors; it never can be done by staying among them. God has, as
+certain as he has ever designed any thing, has designed this great
+portion of the New World, for us, the colored races; and as certain as
+we stubborn our hearts, and stiffen our necks against it, his protecting
+arm and fostering care will be withdrawn from us.</p>
+
+<p>Shall we be told that we can live nowhere, but under the will of our
+North American oppressors; that this (the United States,) is the country
+most favorable to our improvement and progress? Are we incapable of
+self-government, and making such improvements for ourselves as we
+delight to enjoy after American white men have made them for themselves?
+No, it is not true. Neither is it true that the United States is the
+best country for our improvement. That country is the best, in which our
+manhood can be best developed; and that is Central and South America,
+and the West Indies&mdash;all belonging to this glorious Continent.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever may be our pretended objections to any place, whenever and
+wherever our oppressors go, there will our people be found in
+proportionate numbers. Even now could they get possession of the
+equatorial region of South America, there would colored men be found
+living on their boats and in their houses to do their menial services;
+but talk to them about going there and becoming men, and a thousand
+excuses and objections are at once raised against the climate or
+whatever else.</p>
+
+<p>The writer, within the past few years, and as early as seventeen years
+ago, then being quite young, and flushed with geographical and
+historical speculations, introduced in a Literary Institution of Young
+Men, the subject of Mexican, Californian, and South American Emigration.
+He was always hooted at, and various objections raised: one on account
+of distance, and another that of climate.</p>
+
+<p>He has since seen some of the same persons engage themselves to their
+white American oppressors&mdash;officers in the war against Mexico, exposing
+themselves to the chances of the heat of day and the damp of
+night&mdash;risking the dangers of the battle-field, in the capacity of
+servants. And had the Americans taken Mexico, no people would have
+flocked there faster than the colored people from the United States. The
+same is observed of California.</p>
+
+<p>In conversation, in the city of New York, a few weeks ago, with a
+colored lady of intelligence, one of the "first families," the
+conversation being the elevation of the colored people, we introduced
+emigration as a remedy, and Central America as the place. We were
+somewhat surprised, and certainly unprepared to receive the rebuking
+reply&mdash;"Do you suppose that I would go in the woods to live for the sake
+of freedom? no, indeed! if you wish to do so, go and do it. I am free
+enough here!" Remarking at the same time, that her husband was in San
+Francisco, and she was going to him, as she learned that that city was
+quite a large and handsome place.</p>
+
+<p>We reminded her, that the industry of white men and women, in four
+years' time, had made San Francisco what it is. That in 1846, before the
+American emigration, the city contained about seven hundred people,
+surrounded by a dense wilderness; and that we regretted to contrast her
+conduct or disposition with that of the lady of Col. Fremont, a daughter
+of Senator Benton, who tenderly and indulgently raised, in the spring
+after his arduous adventure across the mountains, and almost miraculous
+escape, while the country was yet a wilderness, left her comfortable
+home in Missouri, and braved the dangers of the ocean, to join her
+husband and settle in the wilderness. That she was going now to San
+Francisco, because it was a populous and "fine city"&mdash;that Mrs. Fremont
+went, when it was a wilderness, to help to <i>make</i> a populous and fine
+city.</p>
+
+<p>About two hours previous to the writing of the following fact, two
+respectable colored ladies in conversation, pleasantly disputing about
+the superiority of the two places, Philadelphia and New York, when one
+spoke of the uniform cleanliness of the streets of Philadelphia, and the
+dirtiness of those of New York; when the other triumphantly
+replied,&mdash;"The reason that our streets are so dirty is, that we do more
+business in one day, than you do in a month." The other acknowledged the
+fact with some degree of reluctance, and explained, with many "buts" as
+an excuse in extenuation. Here was a seeming appreciation of business
+and enterprise; but the query flashed through our mind in an instant, as
+to whether they thought for a moment, of the fact, that <i>they</i> had no
+interest in either city, nor its <i>business</i>. It brought forcibly to our
+mind, the scene of two of our oppressed brethren South, fighting each
+other, to prove his <i>master</i> the greatest gentleman of the two.</p>
+
+<p>Let no objections be made to emigration on the ground of the difficulty
+of the fugitive slave, in reaching us; it is only necessary for him to
+know, that he has safety South, and he will find means of reaching the
+South, as easily as he now does the North. Have no fears about that&mdash;his
+redemption draws nigh, the nearer we draw to him. Central and South
+America, <i>must be our future homes</i>. Our oppressors will not want us to
+go there. They will move heaven and earth to prevent us&mdash;they will talk
+about us getting our rights, and offer us a territory here, and all
+that. It is of no use. They have pressed us to the last retreat&mdash;the die
+is cast&mdash;the Rubicon must be crossed&mdash;go we will, in defiance of all the
+slave-power in the Union. And we shall not go there, to be idle&mdash;passive
+spectators to an invasion of South American rights. No&mdash;go when we will,
+and where we may, we shall hold ourselves amenable to defend and protect
+the country that embraces us. We are fully able to defend ourselves,
+once concentrated, against any odds&mdash;and by the help of God, we will do
+it. We do not go, without counting the cost, cost what it may; all that
+it may cost, it is worth to be free.</p>
+
+<p>In going, let us have but one object&mdash;to become elevated men and women,
+worthy of freedom&mdash;the worthy citizens of an adopted country. What to us
+will be adopted&mdash;to our children will be legitimate. Go not with an
+anxiety of political aspirations; but go with the fixed intention&mdash;as
+Europeans come to the United States&mdash;of cultivating the soil, entering
+into the mechanical operations, keeping of shops, carrying on
+merchandise, trading on land and water, improving property&mdash;in a word,
+to become the producers of the country, instead of the consumers.</p>
+
+<p>Let young men who go, have a high object in view; and not go with a
+view of becoming servants to wealthy gentlemen there; for be assured,
+that they place themselves beneath all respectful consideration.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> The native language of these countries, as well as the
+greater part of South America, is <i>Spanish</i>, which is the easiest of all
+foreign languages to learn. It is very remarkable and worthy of note,
+that with a view of going to Mexico or South America, the writer several
+years ago paid some attention to the Spanish language; and now, a most
+singular coincidence, without preunderstanding, in almost every town,
+where there is any intelligence among them, there are some <i>colored
+persons</i> of both sexes, who are studying the Spanish language. Even the
+Methodist and other clergymen, among them. And we earnestly entreat all
+colored persons who can, to study, and have their children taught
+Spanish. No foreign language will be of such <i>import</i> to colored people,
+in a very short time, as the Spanish. Mexico, Central and South America,
+importune us to speak their language; and if nothing else, the silent
+indications of Cuba, urge us to learn the Spanish tongue.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> The Brazilians have formed a Colonization Society, for the
+purpose of colonizing free blacks to Africa. The Brazilians are
+Portuguese, the only nation that can be termed white, and the only one
+that is a real slave holding nation in South America. Even the black and
+colored men have equal privileges with whites; and the action of this
+society will probably extend only to the sending back of such captives
+as may be taken from piratical slavers. Colonization in Brazil, has
+doubtless been got up under the influence of United States slave holders
+and their abettors, such as the consuls and envoys, who are sent out to
+South America, by the government. Chevalier Niteroi, <i>charge de
+affaires</i> from Brazil near the government of Liberia, received by the
+President on the 28th of last January, is also charged with the mission
+of establishing a colony of free blacks in Liberia. The Chevalier was
+once a Captain in the Brazilian navy on the coast of Africa; and no
+doubt is conversant with the sentiments of Roberts, who was charged with
+the slave trade at one time. The scheme of United States slaveholders
+and President J.J. Roberts, their agent of Liberia, will not succeed, in
+establishing prejudice against the <i>black</i> race; not even in
+slaveholding Brazil.
+</p><p>
+We have no confidence in President Roberts of Liberia, believing him to
+be wholly without principle&mdash;seeking only self-aggrandizement; even
+should it be done, over the ruined prospects of his staggering infant
+country. The people of Liberia, should beware of this man. His <i>privy
+councillors</i> are to be found among <i>slaveholders</i> in the United States.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="XXI" id="XXI"></a>XXI</h2>
+
+<h2>NICARAGUA AND NEW GRENADA</h2>
+
+<p>As it is not reasonable to suppose, that all who read this
+volume&mdash;especially those whom it is intended most to benefit&mdash;understand
+geography; it is deemed advisable, to name some particular places, as
+locality of destination.</p>
+
+<p>We consequently, to begin with, select <span class="smcap">Nicaragua</span>, in Central
+America, North, and <span class="smcap">New Grenada</span>, the Northern part of South
+America, South of Nicaragua, as the most favorable points at present, in
+every particular, for us to emigrate to.</p>
+
+<p>In the first place, they are the nearest points to be reached, and
+countries at which the California adventurers are now touching, on their
+route to that distant land, and not half the distance of California.</p>
+
+<p>In the second place, the advantages for all kinds of enterprise, are
+equal if not superior, to almost any other points&mdash;the climate being
+healthy and highly favorable.</p>
+
+<p>In the third place, and by no means the least point of importance, the
+British nation is bound by solemn treaty, to protect both of those
+nations from foreign imposition, until they are able to stand alone.</p>
+
+<p>Then there is nothing in the way, but every thing in favor, and
+opportunities for us to rise to the full stature of manhood. Remember
+this fact, that in these countries, colored men now fill the highest
+places in the country: and colored people have the same chances there,
+that white people have in the United States. All that is necessary to
+do, is to go, and the moment your foot touches the soil, you have all
+the opportunities for elevating yourselves as the highest, according to
+your industry and merits.</p>
+
+<p>Nicaragua and New Grenada, are both Republics, having a President,
+Senate, and Representatives of the people. The municipal affairs are
+well conducted; and remember, however much the customs of the country
+may differ, and appear strange to those you have left behind&mdash;remember
+that you are free; and that many who, at first sight, might think that
+they could not become reconciled to the new order of things, should
+recollect, that they were once in a situation in the United States, (in
+<i>slavery</i>,) where they were compelled to be content with customs
+infinitely more averse to their feelings and desires. And that customs
+become modified, just in proportion as people of different customs from
+different parts, settle in the same communities together. All we ask is
+Liberty&mdash;the rest follows as a matter of course.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="XXII" id="XXII"></a>XXII</h2>
+
+<h2>THINGS AS THEY ARE</h2>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class='stanza'><div>"And if thou boast <span class="smcap">Truth</span> to utter,</div>
+<div><span class="smcap">Speak</span>, and leave the rest to God."</div></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>In presenting this work, we have but a single object in view, and that
+is, to inform the minds of the colored people at large, upon many things
+pertaining to their elevation, that but few among us are acquainted
+with. Unfortunately for us, as a body, we have been taught to believe,
+that we must have some person to think for us, instead of thinking for
+ourselves. So accustomed are we to submission and this kind of training,
+that it is with difficulty, even among the most intelligent of the
+colored people, an audience may be elicited for any purpose whatever, if
+the expounder is to be a colored person; and the introduction of any
+subject is treated with indifference, if not contempt, when the
+originator is a colored person. Indeed, the most ordinary white person,
+is almost revered, while the most qualified colored person is totally
+neglected. Nothing from them is appreciated.</p>
+
+<p>We have been standing comparatively still for years, following in the
+footsteps of our friends, believing that what they promise us can be
+accomplished, just because they say so, although our own knowledge
+should long since, have satisfied us to the contrary. Because even were
+it possible, with the present hate and jealousy that the whites have
+towards us in this country, for us to gain equality of rights with them;
+we never could have an equality of the exercise and enjoyment of those
+rights&mdash;because, the great odds of numbers are against us. We might
+indeed, as some at present, have the right of the elective
+franchise&mdash;nay, it is not the elective franchise, because the <i>elective
+franchise</i> makes the enfranchised, <i>eligible</i> to any position
+attainable; but we may exercise the right of <i>voting</i> only, which to us,
+is but poor satisfaction; and we by no means care to cherish the
+privilege of voting somebody into office, to help to make laws to
+degrade us.</p>
+
+<p>In religion&mdash;because they are both <i>translators</i> and <i>commentators</i>, we
+must believe nothing, however absurd, but what our oppressors tell us.
+In Politics, nothing but such as they promulge; in Anti-Slavery, nothing
+but what our white brethren and friends say we must; in the mode and
+manner of our elevation, we must do nothing, but that which may be laid
+down to be done by our white brethren from some quarter or other; and
+now, even on the subject of emigration, there are some colored people to
+be found, so lost to their own interest and self-respect, as to be
+gulled by slave owners and colonizationists, who are led to believe
+there is no other place in which they can become elevated, but Liberia,
+a government of American slave-holders, as we have shown&mdash;simply,
+because white men have told them so.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the possibility, means, mode and manner, of our Elevation in the
+United States&mdash;Our Original Rights and Claims as Citizens&mdash;Our
+Determination not to be Driven from our Native Country&mdash;the Difficulties
+in the Way of our Elevation&mdash;Our Position in Relation to our
+Anti-Slavery Brethren&mdash;the Wicked Design and Injurious Tendency of the
+American Colonization Society&mdash;Objections to Liberia&mdash;Objections to
+Canada&mdash;Preferences to South America, &amp;c., &amp;c., all of which we have
+treated without reserve; expressing our mind freely, and with candor, as
+we are determined that as far as we can at present do so, the minds of
+our readers shall be enlightened. The custom of concealing information
+upon vital and important subjects, in which the interest of the people
+is involved, we do not agree with, nor favor in the least; we have
+therefore, laid this cursory treatise before our readers, with the hope
+that it may prove instrumental in directing the attention of our people
+in the right way, that leads to their Elevation. Go or stay&mdash;of course
+each is free to do as he pleases&mdash;one thing is certain; our Elevation is
+the work of our own hands. And Mexico, Central America, the West Indies,
+and South America, all present now, opportunities for the individual
+enterprise of our young men, who prefer to remain in the United States,
+in preference to going where they can enjoy real freedom, and equality
+of rights. Freedom of Religion, as well as of politics, being tolerated
+in all of these places.</p>
+
+<p>Let our young men and women, prepare themselves for usefulness and
+business; that the men may enter into merchandise, trading, and other
+things of importance; the young women may become teachers of various
+kinds, and otherwise fill places of usefulness. Parents must turn their
+attention more to the education of their children. We mean, to educate
+them for useful practical business purposes. Educate them for the Store
+and the Counting House&mdash;to do every-day practical business. Consult the
+children's propensities, and direct their education according to their
+inclinations. It may be, that there is too great a desire on the part of
+parents, to give their children a professional education, before the
+body of the people, are ready for it. A people must be a business
+people, and have more to depend upon than mere help in people's houses
+and Hotels, before they are either able to support, or capable of
+properly appreciating the services of professional men among them. This
+has been one of our great mistakes&mdash;we have gone in advance of
+ourselves. We have commenced at the superstructure of the building,
+instead of the foundation&mdash;at the top instead of the bottom. We should
+first be mechanics and common tradesmen, and professions as a matter of
+course would grow out of the wealth made thereby. Young men and women,
+must now prepare for usefulness&mdash;the day of our Elevation is at
+hand&mdash;all the world now gazes at us&mdash;and Central and South America, and
+the West Indies, bid us come and be men and women, protected, secure,
+beloved and Free.</p>
+
+<p>The branches of Education most desirable for the preparation of youth,
+for practical useful every-day life, are Arithmetic and good Penmanship,
+in order to be Accountants; and a good rudimental knowledge of
+Geography&mdash;which has ever been neglected, and under estimated&mdash;and of
+Political Economy; which without the knowledge of the first, no people
+can ever become adventurous&mdash;nor of the second, never will be an
+enterprising people. Geography, teaches a knowledge of the world, and
+Political Economy, a knowledge of the wealth of nations; or how to make
+money. These are not abstruse sciences, or learning not easily acquired
+or understood; but simply, common School Primer learning, that every
+body may get. And, although it is the very key to prosperity and success
+in common life, but few know any thing about it. Unfortunately for our
+people, so soon as their children learn to read a Chapter in the New
+Testament, and scribble a miserable hand, they are pronounced to have
+"Learning enough"; and taken away from School, no use to themselves, nor
+community. This is apparent in our Public Meetings, and Official Church
+Meetings; of the great number of men present, there are but few capable
+of filling a Secretaryship. Some of the large cities may be an exception
+to this. Of the multitudes of Merchants, and Businessmen throughout this
+country, Europe, and the world, few are qualified, beyond the branches
+here laid down by us as necessary for business. What did John Jacob
+Astor, Stephen Girard, or do the millionaires and the greater part of
+the merchant princes, and mariners, know about Latin and Greek, and the
+Classics? Precious few of them know any thing. In proof of this, in
+1841, during the Administration of President Tyler, when the mutiny was
+detected on board of the American Man of War Brig Somers, the names of
+the Mutineers, were recorded by young S&mdash;&mdash; a Midshipman in Greek.
+Captain Alexander Slidell McKenzie, Commanding, was unable to read them;
+and in his despatches to the Government, in justification of his policy
+in executing the criminals, said that he "discovered some curious
+characters which he was unable to read," &amp;c.; showing thereby, that that
+high functionary, did not understand even the Greek Alphabet, which was
+only necessary, to have been able to read proper names written in Greek.</p>
+
+<p>What we most need then, is a good business practical Education; because,
+the Classical and Professional education of so many of our young men,
+before their parents are able to support them, and community ready to
+patronize them, only serves to lull their energy, and cripple the
+otherwise, praiseworthy efforts they would make in life. A Classical
+education, is only suited to the wealthy, or those who have a prospect
+of gaining a livelihood by it. The writer does not wish to be
+understood, as underrating a Classical and Professional education; this
+is not his intention; he fully appreciates them, having had some such
+advantages himself; but he desires to give a proper guide, and put a
+check to the extravagant idea that is fast obtaining, among our people
+especially, that a Classical, or as it is termed, a "finished
+education," is necessary to prepare one for usefulness in life. Let us
+have an education, that shall practically develope our thinking
+faculties and manhood; and then, and not until then, shall we be able to
+vie with our oppressors, go where we may. We as heretofore, have been on
+the extreme; either no qualification at all, or a Collegiate education.
+We jumped too far; taking a leap from the deepest abyss to the highest
+summit; rising from the ridiculous to the sublime; without medium or
+intermission.</p>
+
+<p>Let our young women have an education; let their minds be well informed;
+well stored with useful information and practical proficiency, rather
+than the light superficial acquirements, popularly and fashionably
+called accomplishments. We desire accomplishments, but they must be
+<i>useful</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Our females must be qualified, because they are to be the mothers of our
+children. As mothers are the first nurses and instructors of children;
+from them children consequently, get their first impressions, which
+being always the most lasting, should be the most correct. Raise the
+mothers above the level of degradation, and the offspring is elevated
+with them. In a word, instead of our young men, transcribing in their
+blank books, recipes for <i>Cooking</i>; we desire to see them making the
+transfer of <i>Invoices of Merchandise</i>. Come to our aid then; the
+<i>morning</i> of our <i>Redemption</i> from degradation, adorns the horizon.</p>
+
+<p>In our selection of individuals, it will be observed, that we have
+confined ourself entirely to those who occupy or have occupied positions
+among the whites, consequently having a more general bearing as useful
+contributors to society at large. While we do not pretend to give all
+such worthy cases, we gave such as we possessed information of, and
+desire it to be understood, that a large number of our most intelligent
+and worthy men and women, have not been named, because from their more
+private position in community, it was foreign to the object and design
+of this work. If we have said aught to offend, "take the will for the
+deed," and be assured, that it was given with the purest of motives, and
+best intention, from a true hearted man and brother; deeply lamenting
+the sad fate of his race in this country, and sincerely desiring the
+elevation of man, and submitted to the serious consideration of all, who
+favor the promotion of the cause of God and humanity.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="XXIII" id="XXIII"></a>XXIII</h2>
+
+<h2>A GLANCE AT OURSELVES&mdash;CONCLUSION</h2>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class='stanza'><div>With broken hopes&mdash;sad devastation;</div>
+<div>A race <i>resigned</i> to <span class="smcap">Degradation</span>!</div></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>We have said much to our young men and women, about their vocation and
+calling; we have dwelt much upon the menial position of our people in
+this country. Upon this point we cannot say too much, because there is a
+seeming satisfaction and seeking after such positions manifested on
+their part, unknown to any other people. There appears to be, a want of
+a sense of propriety or <i>self-respect</i>, altogether inexplicable; because
+young men and women among us, many of whom have good trades and homes,
+adequate to their support, voluntarily leave them, and seek positions,
+such as servants, waiting maids, coachmen, nurses, cooks in gentlemens'
+kitchen, or such like occupations, when they can gain a livelihood at
+something more respectable, or elevating in character. And the worse
+part of the whole matter is, that they have become so accustomed to it,
+it has become so "fashionable," that it seems to have become second
+nature, and they really become offended, when it is spoken against.</p>
+
+<p>Among the German, Irish, and other European peasantry who come to this
+country, it matters not what they were employed at before and after they
+come; just so soon as they can better their condition by keeping shops,
+cultivating the soil, the young men and women going to night-schools,
+qualifying themselves for usefulness, and learning trades&mdash;they do so.
+Their first and last care, object and aim is, to better their condition
+by raising themselves above the condition that necessity places them in.
+We do not say too much, when we say, as an evidence of the deep
+degradation of our race, in the United States, that there are those
+among us, the wives and daughters, some of the <i>first ladies</i>, (and who
+dare say they are not the "first," because they belong to the "first
+class" and associate where any body among us can?) whose husbands are
+industrious, able and willing to support them, who voluntarily leave
+home, and become chamber-maids, and stewardesses, upon vessels and
+steamboats, in all probability, to enable them to obtain some more fine
+or costly article of dress or furniture.</p>
+
+<p>We have nothing to say against those whom <i>necessity</i> compels to do
+these things, those who can do no better; we have only to do with those
+who can, and will not, or do not do better. The whites are always in the
+advance, and we either standing still or retrograding; as that which
+does not go forward, must either stand in one place or go back. The
+father in all probability is a farmer, mechanic, or man of some
+independent business; and the wife, sons and daughters, are
+chamber-maids, on vessels, nurses and waiting-maids, or coachmen and
+cooks in families. This is retrogradation. The wife, sons, and daughters
+should be elevated above this condition as a necessary consequence.</p>
+
+<p>If we did not love our race superior to others, we would not concern
+ourself about their degradation; for the greatest desire of our heart
+is, to see them stand on a level with the most elevated of mankind. No
+people are ever elevated above the condition of their <i>females</i>; hence,
+the condition of the <i>mother</i> determines the condition of the child. To
+know the position of a people, it is only necessary to know the
+<i>condition</i> of their <i>females</i>; and despite themselves, they cannot rise
+above their level. Then what is our condition? Our <i>best ladies</i> being
+washerwomen, chambermaids, children's traveling nurses, and common house
+servants, and menials, we are all a degraded, miserable people, inferior
+to any other people as a whole, on the face of the globe.</p>
+
+<p>These great truths, however unpleasant, must be brought before the minds
+of our people in its true and proper light, as we have been too delicate
+about them, and too long concealed them for fear of giving offence. It
+would have been infinitely better for our race, if these facts had been
+presented before us half a century ago&mdash;we would have been now
+proportionably benefitted by it.</p>
+
+<p>As an evidence of the degradation to which we have been reduced, we dare
+premise, that this chapter will give offence to many, very many, and
+why? Because they may say, "He dared to say that the occupation of a
+<i>servant</i> is a degradation." It is not necessarily degrading; it would
+not be, to one or a few people of a kind; but a <i>whole race of servants</i>
+are a degradation to that people.</p>
+
+<p>Efforts made by men of qualifications for the toiling and degraded
+millions among the whites, neither gives offence to that class, nor is
+it taken unkindly by them; but received with manifestations of
+gratitude; to know that they are thought to be, equally worthy of, and
+entitled to stand on a level with the elevated classes; and they have
+only got to be informed of the way to raise themselves, to make the
+effort and do so as far as they can. But how different with us. Speak of
+our position in society, and it at once gives insult. Though we are
+servants; among ourselves we claim to be <i>ladies</i> and <i>gentlemen</i>, equal
+in standing, and as the popular expression goes, "Just as good as any
+body"&mdash;and so believing, we make no efforts to raise above the common
+level of menials; because the <i>best</i> being in that capacity, all are
+content with the position. We cannot at the same time, be domestic and
+lady; servant and gentleman. We must be the one or the other. Sad, sad
+indeed, is the thought, that hangs drooping in our mind, when
+contemplating the picture drawn before us. Young men and women, "we
+write these things unto you, because ye are strong," because the writer,
+a few years ago, gave unpardonable offence to many of the young people
+of Philadelphia and other places, because he dared tell them, that he
+thought too much of them, to be content with seeing them the servants of
+other people. Surely, she that could be the mistress, would not be the
+maid; neither would he that could be the master, be content with being
+the servant; then why be offended, when we point out to you, the way
+that leads from the menial to the mistress or the master. All this we
+seem to reject with fixed determination, repelling with anger, every
+effort on the part of our intelligent men and women to elevate us, with
+true Israelitish degradation, in reply to any suggestion or proposition
+that may be offered, "Who made thee a ruler and judge?"</p>
+
+<p>The writer is no "Public Man," in the sense in which this is understood
+among our people, but simply an humble individual, endeavoring to seek a
+livelihood by a profession obtained entirely by his own efforts, without
+relatives and friends able to assist him; except such friends as he
+gained by the merit of his course and conduct, which he here gratefully
+acknowledges; and whatever he has accomplished, other young men may, by
+making corresponding efforts, also accomplish.</p>
+
+<p>We have advised an emigration to Central and South America, and even to
+Mexico and the West Indies, to those who prefer either of the last named
+places, all of which are free countries, Brazil being the only real
+slave-holding State in South America&mdash;there being nominal slavery in
+Dutch Guiana, Peru, Buenos Ayres, Paraguay, and Uraguay, in all of which
+places colored people have equality in social, civil, political, and
+religious privileges; Brazil making it punishable with death to import
+slaves into the empire.</p>
+
+<p>Our oppressors, when urging us to go to Africa, tell us that we are
+better adapted to the climate than they&mdash;that the physical condition of
+the constitution of colored people better endures the heat of warm
+climates than that of the whites; this we are willing to <i>admit</i>,
+without argument, without adducing the physiological reason why, that
+colored people can and do stand warm climates better than whites; and
+find an answer fully to the point in the fact, that they also stand <i>all
+other</i> climates, cold, temperate, and modified, that white people can
+stand; therefore, according to our oppressors' own showing, we are a
+<i>superior race</i>, being endowed with properties fitting us for <i>all
+parts</i> of the earth, while they are only adapted to <i>certain</i> parts. Of
+course, this proves our right and duty to live wherever we may <i>choose</i>;
+while the white race may only live where they <i>can</i>. We are content with
+the fact, and have ever claimed it. Upon this rock, they and we shall
+ever agree.</p>
+
+<p>Of the West India Islands, Santa Cruz, belonging to Denmark; Porto Rico,
+and Cuba with its little adjuncts, belonging to Spain, are the only
+slaveholding Islands among them&mdash;three-fifths of the whole population of
+Cuba being colored people, who cannot and will not much longer endure
+the burden and the yoke. They only want intelligent leaders of their own
+color, when they are ready at any moment to charge to the conflict&mdash;to
+liberty or death. The remembrance of the noble mulatto,
+<span class="smcap">Placido</span>, the gentleman, scholar, poet, and intended Chief
+Engineer of the Army of Liberty and Freedom in Cuba; and the equally
+noble black, <span class="smcap">Charles Blair</span>, who was to have been
+Commander-in-Chief, who were shamefully put to death in 1844, by that
+living monster, Captain General O'Donnell, is still fresh and indelible
+to the mind of every bondman of Cuba.</p>
+
+<p>In our own country, the United States, there are <i>three million five
+hundred thousand slaves</i>; and we, the nominally free colored people, are
+<i>six hundred thousand</i> in number; estimating one-sixth to be men, we
+have <i>one hundred thousand</i> able bodied freemen, which will make a
+powerful auxiliary in any country to which we may become adopted&mdash;an
+ally not to be despised by any power on earth. We love our country,
+dearly love her, but she don't love us&mdash;she despises us, and bids us
+begone, driving us from her embraces; but we shall not go where she
+desires us; but when we do go, whatever love we have for her, we shall
+love the country none the less that receives us as her adopted children.</p>
+
+<p>For the want of business habits and training, our energies have become
+paralyzed; our young men never think of business, any more than if they
+were so many bondmen, without the right to pursue any calling they may
+think most advisable. With our people in this country, dress and good
+appearances have been made the only test of gentleman and ladyship, and
+that vocation which offers the best opportunity to dress and appear
+well, has generally been preferred, however menial and degrading, by our
+young people, without even, in the majority of cases, an effort to do
+better; indeed, in many instances, refusing situations equally
+lucrative, and superior in position; but which would not allow as much
+display of dress and personal appearance. This, if we ever expect to
+rise, must be discarded from among us, and a high and respectable
+position assumed.</p>
+
+<p>One of our great temporal curses is our consummate poverty. We are the
+poorest people, as a class, in the world of civilized mankind&mdash;abjectly,
+miserably poor, no one scarcely being able to assist the other. To this,
+of course, there are noble exceptions; but that which is common to, and
+the very process by which white men exist, and succeed in life, is
+unknown to colored men in general. In any and every considerable
+community may be found, some one of our white fellow-citizens, who is
+worth more than all the colored people in that community put together.
+We consequently have little or no efficiency. We must have means to be
+practically efficient in all the undertakings of life; and to obtain
+them, it is necessary that we should be engaged in lucrative pursuits,
+trades, and general business transactions. In order to be thus engaged,
+it is necessary that we should occupy positions that afford the
+facilities for such pursuits. To compete now with the mighty odds of
+wealth, social and religious preferences, and political influences of
+this country, at this advanced stage of its national existence, we never
+may expect. A new country, and new beginning, is the only true,
+rational, politic remedy for our disadvantageous position; and that
+country we have already pointed out, with triple golden advantages, all
+things considered, to that of any country to which it has been the
+province of man to embark.</p>
+
+<p>Every other than we, have at various periods of necessity, been a
+migratory people; and all when oppressed, shown a greater abhorrence of
+oppression, if not a greater love of liberty, than we. We cling to our
+oppressors, as the objects of our love. It is true that our enslaved
+brethren are here, and we have been led to believe that it is necessary
+for us to remain, on that account. Is it true, that all should remain in
+degradation, because a part are degraded? We believe no such thing. We
+believe it to be the duty of the Free, to elevate themselves in the most
+speedy and effective manner possible; as the redemption of the bondman
+depends entirely upon the elevation of the freeman; therefore, to
+elevate the free colored people of America, anywhere upon this
+continent; forebodes the speedy redemption of the slaves. We shall hope
+to hear no more of so fallacious a doctrine&mdash;the necessity of the free
+remaining in degradation, for the sake of the oppressed. Let us apply,
+first, the lever to ourselves; and the force that elevates us to the
+position of manhood's considerations and honors, will cleft the manacle
+of every slave in the land.</p>
+
+<p>When such great worth and talents&mdash;for want of a better sphere&mdash;of men
+like Rev. Jonathan Robinson, Robert Douglass, Frederick A. Hinton, and a
+hundred others that might be named, were permitted to expire in a
+barber-shop; and such living men as may be found in Boston, New York,
+Philadelphia, Baltimore, Richmond, Washington City, Charleston, (S.C.)
+New Orleans, Cincinnati, Louisville, St. Louis, Pittsburg, Buffalo,
+Rochester, Albany, Utica, Cleveland, Detroit, Milwaukie, Chicago,
+Columbus, Zanesville, Wheeling, and a hundred other places, confining
+themselves to Barber-shops and waiter-ships in Hotels; certainly the
+necessity of such a course as we have pointed out, must be cordially
+acknowledged; appreciated by every brother and sister of oppression; and
+not rejected as heretofore, as though they preferred inferiority to
+equality. These minds must become "unfettered," and have "space to
+rise." This cannot be in their present positions. A continuance in any
+position, becomes what is termed "Second Nature"; it begets an
+<i>adaptation</i>, and <i>reconciliation</i> of <i>mind</i> to such condition. It
+changes the whole physiological condition of the system, and adapts man
+and woman to a higher or lower sphere in the pursuits of life. The
+offsprings of slaves and peasantry, have the general characteristics of
+their parents; and nothing but a different course of training and
+education, will change the character.</p>
+
+<p>The slave may become a lover of his master, and learn to forgive him for
+continual deeds of maltreatment and abuse; just as the Spaniel would
+couch and fondle at the feet that kick him; because he has been taught
+to reverence them, and consequently, becomes adapted in body and mind to
+his condition. Even the shrubbery-loving Canary, and lofty-soaring
+Eagle, may be tamed to the cage, and learn to love it from habit of
+confinement. It has been so with us in our position among our
+oppressors; we have been so prone to such positions; that we have
+learned to love them. When reflecting upon this all important, and to
+us, all absorbing subject; we feel in the agony and anxiety of the
+moment, as though we could cry out in the language of a Prophet of old:
+"Oh that my head were waters, and mine eyes a fountain of tears, that I
+might weep day and night for the" degradation "of my people! Oh that I
+had in the wilderness a lodging place of way-faring men; that I might
+leave my people, and go from them!"</p>
+
+<p>The Irishman and German in the United States, are very different persons
+to what they were when in Ireland and Germany, the countries of their
+nativity. There their spirits were depressed and downcast; but the
+instant they set their foot upon unrestricted soil; free to act and
+untrammeled to move; their physical condition undergoes a change, which
+in time becomes physiological, which is transmitted to the offspring,
+who when born under such circumstances, is a decidedly different being
+to what it would have been, had it been born under different
+circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>A child born under oppression, has all the elements of servility in its
+constitution; who when born under favorable circumstances, has to the
+contrary, all the elements of freedom and independence of feeling. Our
+children then, may not be expected, to maintain that position and manly
+bearing; born under the unfavorable circumstances with which we are
+surrounded in this country; that we so much desire. To use the language
+of the talented Mr. Whipper, "they cannot be raised in this country,
+without being stoop shouldered." Heaven's pathway stands unobstructed,
+which will lead us into a Paradise of bliss. Let us go on and possess
+the land, and the God of Israel will be our God.</p>
+
+<p>The lessons of every school book, the pages of every history, and
+columns of every newspaper, are so replete with stimuli to nerve us on
+to manly aspirations, that those of our young people, who will now
+refuse to enter upon this great theatre of Polynesian adventure, and
+take their position on the stage of Central and South America, where a
+brilliant engagement, of certain and most triumphant success, in the
+drama of human equality awaits them; then, with the blood of <i>slaves</i>,
+write upon the lintel of every door in sterling Capitals, to be gazed
+and hissed at by every passer by&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class='stanza'><div>Doomed by the Creator</div>
+<div>To servility and degradation;</div>
+<div>The <span class="smcap">servant</span> of the <i>white man</i>,</div>
+<div>And despised of every nation!</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a>APPENDIX</h2>
+
+<h2>A PROJECT FOR AN EXPEDITION OF ADVENTURE, TO THE EASTERN COAST OF AFRICA</h2>
+
+<p>Every people should be the originators of their own designs, the
+projector of their own schemes, and creators of the events that lead to
+their destiny&mdash;the consummation of their desires.</p>
+
+<p>Situated as we are, in the United States, many, and almost
+insurmountable obstacles present themselves. We are four-and-a-half
+millions in numbers, free and bond; six hundred thousand free, and
+three-and-a-half millions bond.</p>
+
+<p>We have native hearts and virtues, just as other nations; which in their
+pristine purity are noble, potent, and worthy of example. We are a
+nation within a nation;&mdash;as the Poles in Russia, the Hungarians in
+Austria, the Welsh, Irish, and Scotch in the British dominions.</p>
+
+<p>But we have been, by our oppressors, despoiled of our purity, and
+corrupted in our native characteristics, so that we have inherited their
+vices, and but few of their virtues, leaving us in character, really a
+<i>broken people</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Being distinguished by complexion, we are still singled out&mdash;although
+having merged in the habits and customs of our oppressors&mdash;as a distinct
+nation of people; as the Poles, Hungarians, Irish, and others, who still
+retain their native peculiarities, of language, habits, and various
+other traits. The claims of no people, according to established policy
+and usage, are respected by any nation, until they are presented in a
+national capacity.</p>
+
+<p>To accomplish so great and desirable an end, there should be held, a
+great representative gathering of the colored people of the United
+States; not what is termed a National Convention, represented en masse,
+such as have been, for the last few years, held at various times and
+places; but a true representation of the intelligence and wisdom of the
+colored freemen; because it will be futile and an utter failure, to
+attempt such a project without the highest grade of intelligence.</p>
+
+<p>No great project was ever devised without the consultation of the most
+mature intelligence, and discreet discernment and precaution.</p>
+
+<p>To effect this, and prevent intrusion and improper representation, there
+should be a <span class="smcap">Confidential Council</span> held; and circulars issued,
+only to such persons as shall be <i>known</i> to the projectors to be equal
+to the desired object.</p>
+
+<p>The authority from whence the call should originate, to be in this
+wise:&mdash;The originator of the scheme, to impart the contemplated
+Confidential Council, to a limited number of known, worthy gentlemen,
+who agreeing with the project, endorse at once the scheme, when becoming
+joint proprietors in interest, issue a <i>Confidential Circular</i>, leaving
+blanks for <i>date</i>, <i>time</i>, and <i>place</i> of <i>holding</i> the Council; sending
+them to trusty, worthy, and suitable colored freemen, in all parts of
+the United States, and the Canadas, inviting them to attend; who when
+met in Council, have the right to project any scheme they may think
+proper for the general good of the whole people&mdash;provided, that the
+project is laid before them after its maturity.</p>
+
+<p>By this Council to be appointed, a Board of Commissioners, to consist of
+three, five, or such reasonable number as may be decided upon, one of
+whom shall be chosen as Principal or Conductor of the Board, whose duty
+and business shall be, to go on an expedition to the <span class="smcap">Eastern
+Coast</span> of <span class="smcap">Africa</span>, to make researches for a suitable
+location on that section of the coast, for the settlement of colored
+adventurers from the United States, and elsewhere. Their mission should
+be to all such places as might meet the approbation of the people; as
+South America, Mexico, the West Indies, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>The Commissioners all to be men of decided qualifications; to embody
+among them, the qualifications of physician, botanist, chemist,
+geologist, geographer, and surveyor,&mdash;having a sufficient knowledge of
+these sciences, for practical purposes.</p>
+
+<p>Their business shall be, to make a topographical, geographical,
+geological, and botanical examination, into such part or parts as they
+may select, with all other useful information that may be obtained; to
+be recorded in a journal kept for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p>The Council shall appoint a permanent Board of Directors, to manage and
+supervise the doings of the Commissioners, and to whom they shall be
+amenable for their doings, who shall hold their office until successors
+shall be appointed.</p>
+
+<p>A National Confidential Council, to be held once in three years; and
+sooner, if necessity or emergency should demand it; the Board of
+Directors giving at least three months' notice, by circulars and
+newspapers. And should they fail to perform their duty, twenty-five of
+the representatives from any six States, of the former Council, may
+issue a call, authentically bearing their names, as sufficient authority
+for such a call. But when the Council is held for the reception of the
+report of the Commissioners, a general mass convention should then take
+place, by popular representation.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Manner of Raising Funds</span>.</p>
+
+<p>The National Council shall appoint one or two Special Commissioners, to
+England and France, to solicit, in the name of the Representatives of a
+Broken Nation, of four-and-a-half millions, the necessary outfit and
+support, for any period not exceeding three years, of such an
+expedition. Certainly, what England and France would do, for a little
+nation&mdash;mere nominal nation, of five thousand civilized Liberians, they
+would be willing and ready to do, for five millions; if they be but
+authentically represented, in a national capacity. What was due to
+Greece, enveloped by Turkey, should be due to <span class="smcap">us</span>, enveloped by
+the United States; and we believe would be respected, if properly
+presented. To England and France, we should look for sustenance, and the
+people of those two nations&mdash;as they would have every thing to gain from
+such an adventure and eventual settlement on the EASTERN COAST OF
+AFRICA&mdash;the opening of an immense trade being the consequence. The whole
+Continent is rich in minerals, and the most precious metals, as but a
+superficial notice of the topographical and geological reports from that
+country, plainly show to any mind versed in the least, in the science of
+the earth.</p>
+
+<p>The Eastern Coast of Africa has long been neglected, and never but
+little known, even to the ancients; but has ever been our choice part of
+the Continent. Bounded by the Red Sea, Arabian Sea, and Indian Ocean, it
+presents the greatest facilities for an immense trade, with China,
+Japan, Siam, Hindoostan, in short, all the East Indies&mdash;of any other
+country in the world. With a settlement of enlightened freemen, who with
+the immense facilities, must soon grow into a powerful nation. In the
+Province of Berbera, south of the Strait of Babelmandel, or the great
+pass, from the Arabian to the Red Sea, the whole commerce of the East
+must touch this point.</p>
+
+<p>Also, a great rail road could be constructed from here, running with
+the Mountains of the Moon, clearing them entirely, except making one
+mountain pass, at the western extremity of the Mountains of the Moon,
+and the southeastern terminus of the Kong Mountains; entering the
+Province of Dahomey, and terminating on the Atlantic Ocean West; which
+would make the GREAT THOROUGHFARE for all the trade with the East Indies
+and Eastern Coast of Africa, and the Continent of America. All the world
+would pass through Africa upon this rail road, which would yield a
+revenue infinitely greater than any other investment in the world.</p>
+
+<p>The means for prosecuting such a project&mdash;as stupendous as it may
+appear&mdash;will be fully realised in the prosecution of the work. Every
+mile of the road, will thrice pay for itself, in the development of the
+rich treasures that now lie hidden in the bowels of the earth. There is
+no doubt, that in some one section of twenty-five miles, the
+developments of gold would more than pay the expenses of any one
+thousand miles of the work. This calculation may, to those who have
+never given this subject a thought, appear extravagant, and visionary;
+but to one who has had his attention in this direction for years, it is
+clear enough.</p>
+
+<p>But a few years will witness a development of gold, precious metals, and
+minerals in Eastern Africa, the Moon and Kong Mountains, ten-fold
+greater than all the rich productions of California.</p>
+
+<p>There is one great physiological fact in regard to the colored
+race&mdash;which, while it may not apply to all colored persons, is true of
+those having black skins&mdash;that they can bear <i>more different</i> climates
+than the white race. They bear <i>all</i> the temperates and extremes, while
+the other can only bear the temperates and <i>one</i> of the extremes. The
+black race is endowed with natural properties, that adapt and fit them
+for temperate, cold, and hot climates; while the white race is only
+endowed with properties that adapt them to temperate and cold climates;
+being unable to stand the warmer climates; in them, the white race
+cannot work, but become perfectly indolent, requiring somebody to work
+for them&mdash;and these, are always people of the black race.</p>
+
+<p>The black race may be found, inhabiting in healthful improvement, every
+part of the globe where the white race reside; while there are parts of
+the globe where the black race reside, that the white race cannot live
+in health.</p>
+
+<p>What part of mankind is the "denizen of every soil, and the lord of
+terrestrial creation," if it be not the black race? The Creator has
+indisputably adapted us for the "denizens of <i>every soil</i>," all that is
+left for us to do, is to <i>make</i> ourselves the "<i>lords</i> of terrestrial
+creation." The land is ours&mdash;there it lies with inexhaustible resources;
+let us go and possess it. In Eastern Africa must rise up a nation, to
+whom all the world must pay commercial tribute.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Condition, Elevation, Emigration,
+and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States, by Martin R. Delany
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and
+Destiny of the Colored People of the United States, by Martin R. Delany
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States
+
+Author: Martin R. Delany
+
+Release Date: November 26, 2005 [EBook #17154]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CONDITION, ELEVATION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzanne Shell, Martin Pettit and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE CONDITION, ELEVATION, EMIGRATION, AND DESTINY OF THE COLORED PEOPLE
+OF THE UNITED STATES
+
+Published 1852.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and Destiny of the Colored People
+                         of the United States
+
+      Preface.                                                        35
+
+    Chapter I. Condition of Many Classes in Europe Considered         41
+
+   Chapter II. Comparative Condition of the
+               Colored People of the United States                    44
+
+  Chapter III. American Colonization                                  58
+
+   Chapter IV. Our Elevation in the United States                     63
+
+    Chapter V. Means of Elevation                                     67
+
+   Chapter VI. The United States Our Country                          74
+
+  Chapter VII. Claims of Colored Men as Citizens of the United States 75
+
+ Chapter VIII. Colored American Warriors                              91
+
+   Chapter IX. Capacity of Colored Men and Women
+               as Citizen Members of Community                       106
+
+    Chapter X. Practical Utility of Colored People of the Present
+               Day as Members of Society--Business Men and Mechanics 113
+
+   Chapter XI. Literary and Professional Colored Men and Women       128
+
+  Chapter XII. Students of Various Professions                       148
+
+ Chapter XIII. A Scan at Past Things                                 151
+
+  Chapter XIV. Late Men of Literary, Professional and Artistic Note  155
+
+   Chapter XV. Farmers and Herdsmen                                  158
+
+  Chapter XVI. National Disfranchisement of Colored People           161
+
+ Chapter XVII. Emigration of the Colored People of the United States 175
+
+Chapter XVIII. "Republic of Liberia"                                 177
+
+  Chapter XIX. The Canadas                                           189
+
+   Chapter XX. Central and South America and the West Indies         193
+
+  Chapter XXI. Nicaragua and New Grenada                             202
+
+ Chapter XXII. Things as They Are                                    204
+
+Chapter XXIII. A Glance at Ourselves--Conclusion                     211
+
+     Appendix. A Project for an Expedition of Adventure,
+               to the Eastern Coast of Africa                        221
+
+
+
+
+_Sincerely dedicated to the American People, North and South._
+
+
+_By Their Most Devout, and Patriotic Fellow Citizen, the Author_
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+The author of this little volume has no other apology for offering it to
+the public, than the hurried manner in which it has been composed. Being
+detained in the city of New York on business, he seized the opportunity
+of a tedious delay, and wrote the work in the inside of one month,
+attending to other business through the day, and lecturing on physiology
+sometimes in the evening. The reader will therefore not entertain an
+idea of elegance of language and terseness of style, such as should rule
+the sentences of every composition, by whomsoever written.
+
+His sole object has been, to place before the public in general, and the
+colored people of the United States in particular, great truths
+concerning this class of citizens, which appears to have been heretofore
+avoided, as well by friends as enemies to their elevation. By opponents,
+to conceal information, that they are well aware would stimulate and
+impel them on to bold and adventurous deeds of manly daring; and by
+friends, who seem to have acted on the principle of the zealous
+orthodox, who would prefer losing the object of his pursuit to changing
+his policy.
+
+There are also a great many colored people in the United States, who
+have independence of spirit, who desire to, and do, think for
+themselves; but for the want of general information, and in consequence
+of a prevailing opinion that has obtained, that no thoughts nor opinions
+must be expressed, even though it would eventuate in their elevation,
+except it emanate from some old, orthodox, stereotyped doctrine
+concerning them; therefore, such a work as this, which is but a mere
+introduction to what will henceforth emanate from the pen of colored men
+and women, appeared to be in most anxious demand, in order to settle
+their minds entirely, and concentrate them upon an effective and
+specific course of procedure. We have never conformed with that class of
+philosophers who would keep the people in ignorance, lest they might
+change their opinion from former predilections. This we shall never do,
+except pressing necessity demands it, and then only as a measure to
+prevent bad consequences, for the time.
+
+The colored people of to-day are not the colored people of a quarter of
+a century ago, and require very different means and measures to satisfy
+their wants and demands, and to effect their advancement. No wise
+statesman presumes the same measures for the satisfaction of the
+American people now, that may have been with propriety adopted
+twenty-five years ago; neither is it wisdom to presume, that the
+privileges which satisfied colored people twenty years ago, they will be
+reconciled with now. That with which the father of the writer may have
+been satisfied, even up to the present day, the writer cannot be content
+with; the one lived in times antecedent to the birth of the other; that
+which answered then, does not answer now: so is it with the whole class
+of colored people in the United States. Their feelings, tastes,
+predilections, wants, demands, and sympathies, are identical, and
+homogeneous with those of all other Americans.
+
+     "Fleecy locks and black complexions,
+         Cannot alter nature's claim;
+     Skins may differ, but affections,
+         Dwell in black and white the same."
+
+Many of the distinguished characters referred to in this work, who lived
+in former days, for which there is no credit given, have been obtained
+from various sources--as fragments of history, pamphlets, files of
+newspapers, obsolete American history, and some from Mrs. Child's
+Collection. Those of modern date, are living facts known to the writer
+in his travels through the United States, having been from Canada and
+Maine to Arkansas and Texas. The origin of the breast-works of cotton
+bales on Chalmet Plains, at the battle of New Orleans, the writer
+learned in that city, from old colored men in 1840, and subsequently,
+from other sources; as well as much useful information concerning that
+battle, from _Julien Bennoit_, spoken of in the work. He has before
+referred to it some five or six years ago, through the columns of a
+paper, of which he was then editor, and not until subsequently to his
+narrating the same facts in these columns, was he aware that it was ever
+mentioned in print, when he saw, on the 3d day of March, on looking over
+the contributions of the "Liberty Bell," a beautiful annual of Boston,
+the circumstances referred to by DAVID LEE CHILD, Esq., the particulars
+of which will be found in our version.
+
+The original intention was to make this a pamphlet of a few pages, the
+writer commencing with that view; but finding that he could not thus
+justify the design of the work, will fully explain the cause of its
+present volume. The subject of this work is one that the writer has
+given thought for years, and the only regret that he has now in placing
+it before the public is, that his circumstances and engagements have
+not afforded him such time and opportunity as to do justice to it. But,
+should he succeed in turning the attention of the colored people, in
+general, in this direction--he shall have been amply compensated for the
+labor bestowed. An appendix will be found giving the plan of the author,
+laid out at twenty-four years of age, but subsequently improved on, for
+the elevation of the colored race. That plan of course, as this work
+will fully show, has been abandoned for a far more glorious one; albeit,
+we as a race, still lay claim to the project, which one day must be
+added to our dashing strides in national advancement, successful
+adventure, and unsurpassed enterprise.
+
+One part of the American people, though living in near proximity and
+together, are quite unacquainted with the other; and one of the great
+objects of the author is, to make each acquainted. Except the character
+of an individual is known, there can be no just appreciation of his
+worth; and as with individuals, so is it with classes.
+
+The colored people are not yet known, even to their most professed
+friends among the white Americans; for the reason, that politicians,
+religionists, colonizationists, and abolitionists, have each and all, at
+different times, presumed to _think_ for, dictate to, and _know_ better
+what suited colored people, than they knew for themselves; and
+consequently, there has been no other knowledge of them obtained, than
+that which has been obtained through these mediums. Their history--past,
+present, and future, has been written by them, who, for reasons well
+known, which are named in this volume, are not their representatives,
+and, therefore, do not properly nor fairly present their wants and
+claims among their fellows. Of these impressions, we design disabusing
+the public mind, and correcting the false impressions of all classes
+upon this great subject. A moral and mental, is as obnoxious as a
+physical servitude, and not to be tolerated; as the one may, eventually,
+lead to the other. Of these we feel the direful effects.
+
+     "If I'm designed your lordling's slave,
+         By nature's law designed;
+     Why was an independent wish
+         E'er planted in my mind!"
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+CONDITION OF MANY CLASSES IN EUROPE CONSIDERED
+
+
+That there have been in all ages and in all countries, in every quarter
+of the habitable globe, especially among those nations laying the
+greatest claim to civilization and enlightenment, classes of people who
+have been deprived of equal privileges, political, religious and social,
+cannot be denied, and that this deprivation on the part of the ruling
+classes is cruel and unjust, is also equally true. Such classes have
+even been looked upon as inferior to their oppressors, and have ever
+been mainly the domestics and menials of society, doing the low offices
+and drudgery of those among whom they lived, moving about and existing
+by mere sufferance, having no rights nor privileges but those conceded
+by the common consent of their political superiors. These are historical
+facts that cannot be controverted, and therefore proclaim in tones more
+eloquently than thunder, the listful attention of every oppressed man,
+woman, and child under the government of the people of the United States
+of America.
+
+In past ages there were many such classes, as the Israelites in Egypt,
+the Gladiators in Rome, and similar classes in Greece; and in the
+present age, the Gipsies in Italy and Greece, the Cossacs in Russia and
+Turkey, the Sclaves and Croats in the Germanic States, and the Welsh and
+Irish among the British, to say nothing of various other classes among
+other nations.
+
+That there have in all ages, in almost every nation, existed a nation
+within a nation--a people who although forming a part and parcel of the
+population, yet were from force of circumstances, known by the peculiar
+position they occupied, forming in fact, by the deprivation of political
+equality with others, no part, and if any, but a restricted part of the
+body politic of such nations, is also true.
+
+Such then are the Poles in Russia, the Hungarians in Austria, the
+Scotch, Irish, and Welsh in the United Kingdom, and such also are the
+Jews, scattered throughout not only the length and breadth of Europe,
+but almost the habitable globe, maintaining their national
+characteristics, and looking forward in high hopes of seeing the day
+when they may return to their former national position of
+self-government and independence, let that be in whatever part of the
+habitable world it may. This is the lot of these various classes of
+people in Europe, and it is not our intention here, to discuss the
+justice or injustice of the causes that have contributed to their
+degradation, but simply to set forth the undeniable facts, which are as
+glaring as the rays of a noonday's sun, thereby to impress them
+indelibly on the mind of every reader of this pamphlet.
+
+It is not enough, that these people are deprived of equal privileges by
+their rulers, but, the more effectually to succeed, the equality of
+these classes must be denied, and their inferiority by nature as
+distinct races, actually asserted. This policy is necessary to appease
+the opposition that might be interposed in their behalf. Wherever there
+is arbitrary rule, there must be necessity, on the part of the dominant
+classes, superiority be assumed. To assume superiority, is to deny the
+equality of others, and to deny their equality, is to premise their
+incapacity for self-government. Let this once be conceded, and there
+will be little or no sympathy for the oppressed, the oppressor being
+left to prescribe whatever terms at discretion for their government,
+suits his own purpose.
+
+Such then is the condition of various classes in Europe; yes, nations,
+for centuries within nations, even without the hope of redemption among
+those who oppress them. And however unfavorable their condition, there
+is none more so than that of the colored people of the United States.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+COMPARATIVE CONDITION OF THE COLORED PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES
+
+
+The United States, untrue to her trust and unfaithful to her professed
+principles of republican equality, has also pursued a policy of
+political degradation to a large portion of her native born countrymen,
+and that class is the Colored People. Denied an equality not only of
+political but of natural rights, in common with the rest of our fellow
+citizens, there is no species of degradation to which we are not
+subject.
+
+Reduced to abject slavery is not enough, the very thought of which
+should awaken every sensibility of our common nature; but those of their
+descendants who are freemen even in the non-slaveholding States, occupy
+the very same position politically, religiously, civilly and socially,
+(with but few exceptions,) as the bondman occupies in the slave States.
+
+In those States, the bondman is disfranchised, and for the most part so
+are we. He is denied all civil, religious, and social privileges, except
+such as he gets by mere sufferance, and so are we. They have no part nor
+lot in the government of the country, neither have we. They are ruled
+and governed without representation, existing as mere nonentities among
+the citizens, and excrescences on the body politic--a mere dreg in
+community, and so are we. Where then is our political superiority to the
+enslaved? none, neither are we superior in any other relation to
+society, except that we are defacto masters of ourselves and joint
+rulers of our own domestic household, while the bondman's self is
+claimed by another, and his relation to his family denied him. What the
+unfortunate classes are in Europe, such are we in the United States,
+which is folly to deny, insanity not to understand, blindness not to
+see, and surely now full time that our eyes were opened to these
+startling truths, which for ages have stared us full in the face.
+
+It is time that we had become politicians, we mean, to understand the
+political economy and domestic policy of nations; that we had become as
+well as moral theorists, also the practical demonstrators of equal
+rights and self-government. Except we do, it is idle to talk about
+rights, it is mere chattering for the sake of being seen and heard--like
+the slave, saying something because his so called "master" said it, and
+saying just what he told him to say. Have we not now sufficient
+intelligence among us to understand our true position, to realise our
+actual condition, and determine for ourselves what is best to be done?
+If we have not now, we never shall have, and should at once cease
+prating about our equality, capacity, and all that.
+
+Twenty years ago, when the writer was a youth, his young and yet
+uncultivated mind was aroused, and his tender heart made to leap with
+anxiety in anticipation of the promises then held out by the prime
+movers in the cause of our elevation.
+
+In 1830 the most intelligent and leading spirits among the colored men
+in the United States, such as James Forten, Robert Douglass, I. Bowers,
+A.D. Shadd, John Peck, Joseph Cassey, and John B. Vashon of
+Pennsylvania; John T. Hilton, Nathaniel and Thomas Paul, and James G.
+Barbodoes of Massachusetts; Henry Sipkins, Thomas Hamilton, Thomas L.
+Jennings, Thomas Downing, Samuel E. Cornish, and others of New York; R.
+Cooley and others of Maryland, and representatives from other States
+which cannot now be recollected, the data not being at hand, assembled
+in the city of Philadelphia, in the capacity of a National Convention,
+to "devise ways and means for the bettering of our condition." These
+Conventions determined to assemble annually, much talent, ability, and
+energy of character being displayed; when in 1831 at a sitting of the
+Convention in September, from their previous pamphlet reports, much
+interest having been created throughout the country, they were favored
+by the presence of a number of whites, some of whom were able and
+distinguished men, such as Rev. R.R. Gurley, Arthur Tappan, Elliot
+Cresson, John Rankin, Simeon Jocelyn and others, among them William
+Lloyd Garrison, then quite a young man, all of whom were staunch and
+ardent Colonizationists, young Garrison at that time, doing his
+mightiest in his favorite work.
+
+Among other great projects of interest brought before the convention at
+a previous sitting, was that of the expediency of a general emigration,
+as far as it was practicable, of the colored people to the British
+Provinces of North America. Another was that of raising sufficient means
+for the establishment and erection of a College for the proper education
+of the colored youth. These gentlemen long accustomed to observation and
+reflection on the condition of their people saw at once, that there must
+necessarily be means used adequate to the end to be attained--that end
+being an unqualified equality with the ruling class of their fellow
+citizens. He saw that as a class, the colored people of the country were
+ignorant, degraded and oppressed, by far the greater portion of them
+being abject slaves in the South, the very condition of whom was almost
+enough, under the circumstances, to blast the remotest hope of success,
+and those who were freemen, whether in the South or North, occupied a
+subservient, servile, and menial position, considering it a favor to get
+into the service of the whites, and do their degrading offices. That the
+difference between the whites and themselves, consisted in the superior
+advantages of the one over the other, in point of attainments. That if a
+knowledge of the arts and sciences, the mechanical occupations, the
+industrial occupations, as farming, commerce, and all the various
+business enterprises, and learned professions were necessary for the
+superior position occupied by their rulers, it was also necessary for
+them. And very reasonably too, the first suggestion which occurred to
+them was, the advantages of a location, then the necessity of a
+qualification. They reasoned with themselves, that all distinctive
+differences made among men on account of their origin, is wicked,
+unrighteous, and cruel, and never shall receive countenance in any shape
+from us, therefore, the first acts of the measure entered into by them,
+was to protest, solemnly protest, against every unjust measure and
+policy in the country, having for its object the proscription of the
+colored people, whether state, national, municipal, social, civil, or
+religious.
+
+But being far-sighted, reflecting, discerning men, they took a political
+view of the subject, and determined for the good of their people to be
+governed in their policy according to the facts as they presented
+themselves. In taking a glance at Europe, they discovered there, however
+unjustly, as we have shown in another part of this pamphlet, that there
+are and have been numerous classes proscribed and oppressed, and it was
+not for them to cut short their wise deliberations, and arrest their
+proceedings in contention, as to the cause, whether on account of
+language, the color of eyes, hair, skin, or their origin of
+country--because all this is contrary to reason, a contradiction to
+common sense, at war with nature herself, and at variance with facts as
+they stare us every day in the face, among all nations, in every
+country--this being made the pretext as a matter of _policy_ alone--a
+fact worthy of observation, that wherever the objects of oppression are
+the most easily distinguished by any peculiar or general
+characteristics, these people are the more easily oppressed, because the
+war of oppression is the more easily waged against them. This is the
+case with the modern Jews and many other people who have
+strongly-marked, peculiar, or distinguishing characteristics. This
+arises in this wise. The policy of all those who proscribe any people,
+induces them to select as the objects of proscription, those who
+differed as much as possible, in some particulars, from themselves. This
+is to ensure the greater success, because it engenders the greater
+prejudice, or in other words, elicits less interest on the part of the
+oppressing class, in their favor. This fact is well understood in
+national conflicts, as the soldier or civilian, who is distinguished by
+his dress, mustache, or any other peculiar appendage, would certainly
+prove himself a madman, if he did not take the precaution to change his
+dress, remove his mustache, and conceal as much as possible his peculiar
+characteristics, to give him access among the repelling party.
+
+This is mere policy, nature having nothing to do with it. Still, it is a
+fact, a great truth well worthy of remark, and as such as adduce it for
+the benefit of those of our readers, unaccustomed to an enquiry into the
+policy of nations.
+
+In view of these truths, our fathers and leaders in our elevation,
+discovered that as a policy, we the colored people were selected as the
+subordinate class in this country, not on account of any actual or
+supposed inferiority on their part, but simply because, in view of all
+the circumstances of the case, they were the very best class that could
+be selected. They would have as readily had any other class as
+subordinates in the country, as the colored people, but the condition of
+society _at the time_, would not admit of it. In the struggle for
+American Independence, there were among those who performed the most
+distinguished parts, the most common-place peasantry of the Provinces.
+English, Danish, Irish, Scotch, and others, were among those whose names
+blazoned forth as heroes in the American Revolution. But a single
+reflection will convince us, that no course of policy could have induced
+the proscription of the parentage and relatives of such men as Benjamin
+Franklin the printer, Roger Sherman the cobbler, the tinkers, and others
+of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. But as they were
+determined to have a subservient class, it will readily be conceived,
+that according to the state of society at the time, the better policy on
+their part was, to select some class, who from their political
+position--however much they may have contributed their aid as we
+certainly did, in the general struggle for liberty by force of arms--who
+had the least claims upon them, or who had the _least chance_, or was
+the _least potent_ in urging their claims. This class of course was the
+colored people and Indians.
+
+The Indians who in the early settlement of the continent, before an
+African captive had ever been introduced thereon, were reduced to the
+most abject slavery, toiling day and night in the mines, under the
+relentless hands of heartless Spanish taskmasters, but being a race of
+people raised to the sports of fishing, the chase, and of war, were
+wholly unaccustomed to labor, and therefore sunk under the insupportable
+weight, two millions and a half having fallen victims to the cruelty of
+oppression and toil suddenly placed upon their shoulders. And it was
+only this that prevented their farther enslavement as a class, after the
+provinces were absolved from the British Crown. It is true that their
+general enslavement took place on the islands and in the mining
+districts of South America, where indeed, the Europeans continued to
+enslave them, until a comparatively recent period; still, the design,
+the feeling, and inclination from policy, was the same to do so here, in
+this section of the continent.
+
+Nor was it until their influence became too great, by the political
+position occupied by their brethren in the new republic, that the German
+and Irish peasantry ceased to be sold as slaves for a term of years
+fixed by law, for the repayment of their passage-money, the descendants
+of these classes of people for a long time being held as inferiors, in
+the estimation of the ruling class, and it was not until they assumed
+the rights and privileges guaranteed to them by the established policy
+of the country, among the leading spirits of whom were their relatives,
+that the policy towards them was discovered to be a bad one, and
+accordingly changed. Nor was it, as is frequently very erroneously
+asserted, by colored as well as white persons, that it was on account of
+hatred to the African, or in other words, on account of hatred to his
+color, that the African was selected as the subject of oppression in
+this country. This is sheer nonsense; being based on policy and nothing
+else, as shown in another place. The Indians, who being the most foreign
+to the sympathies of the Europeans on this continent, were selected in
+the first place, who, being unable to withstand the hardships, gave way
+before them.
+
+But the African race had long been known to Europeans, in all ages of
+the worlds history, as a long-lived, hardy race, subject to toil and
+labor of various kinds, subsisting mainly by traffic, trade, and
+industry, and consequently being as foreign to the sympathies of the
+invaders of the continent as the Indians, they were selected, captured,
+brought here as a laboring class, and as a matter of policy held as
+such. Nor was the absurd idea of natural inferiority of the African ever
+dreamed of, until recently adduced by the slave-holders and their
+abettors, in justification of the policy. This, with contemptuous
+indignation, we fling back into their face, as a scorpion to a vulture.
+And so did our patriots and leaders in the cause of regeneration know
+better, and never for a moment yielded to the base doctrine. But they
+had discovered the great fact, that a cruel policy was pursued towards
+our people, and that they possessed distinctive characteristics which
+made them the objects of proscription. These characteristics being
+strongly marked in the colored people, as in the Indians, by color,
+character of hair and so on, made them the more easily distinguished
+from other Americans, and the policies more effectually urged against
+us. For this reason they introduced the subject of emigration to Canada,
+and a proper institution for the education of the youth.
+
+At this important juncture of their proceedings, the afore named white
+gentlemen were introduced to the notice of the Convention, and after
+gaining permission to speak, expressed their gratification and surprise
+at the qualification and talent manifested by different members of the
+Convention, all expressing their determination to give the cause of the
+colored people more serious reflection. Mr. Garrison, the youngest of
+them all, and none the less honest on account of his youthfulness, being
+but 26 years of age at the time, (1831) expressed his determination to
+change his course of policy at once, and espouse the cause of the
+elevation of the colored people here in their own country. We are not at
+present well advised upon this point, it now having escaped our memory,
+but we are under the impression that Mr. Jocelyn also, at once changed
+his policy.
+
+During the winter of 1832, Mr. Garrison issued his "Thoughts on African
+Colonization," and near about the same time or shortly after, issued the
+first number of the "Liberator," in both of which, his full convictions
+of the enormity of American slavery, and the wickedness of their policy
+towards the colored people, were fully expressed. At the sitting of the
+Convention in this year, a number, perhaps all of these gentlemen were
+present, and those who had denounced the Colonization scheme, and
+espoused the cause of the elevation of the colored people in this
+country, or the Anti-Slavery cause, as it was now termed, expressed
+themselves openly and without reserve.
+
+Sensible of the high-handed injustice done to the colored people in the
+United States, and the mischief likely to emanate from the unchristian
+proceedings of the deceptious Colonization scheme, like all honest
+hearted penitents, with the ardor only known to new converts, they
+entreated the Convention, whatever they did, not to entertain for a
+moment, the idea of recommending emigration to their people, nor the
+establishment of separate institutions of learning. They earnestly
+contended, and doubtless honestly meaning what they said, that they (the
+whites) had been our oppressors and injurers, they had obstructed our
+progress to the high positions of civilization, and now, it was their
+bounden duty to make full amends for the injuries thus inflicted on an
+unoffending people. They exhorted the Convention to cease; as they had
+laid on the burden, they would also take it off; as they had obstructed
+our pathway, they would remove the hindrance. In a word, as they had
+oppressed and trampled down the colored people, they would now elevate
+them. These suggestions and promises, good enough to be sure, after they
+were made, were accepted by the Convention--though some gentlemen were
+still in favor of the first project as the best policy, Mr. A.D. Shadd
+of West Chester, Pa., as we learn from himself, being one among that
+number--ran through the country like wild-fire, no one thinking, and if
+he thought, daring to speak above his breath of going any where out of
+certain prescribed limits, or of sending a child to school, if it should
+but have the name of "colored" attached to it, without the risk of being
+termed a "traitor" to the cause of his people, or an enemy to the
+Anti-Slavery cause.
+
+At this important point in the history of our efforts, the colored men
+stopped suddenly, and with their hands thrust deep in their
+breeches-pockets, and their mouths gaping open, stood gazing with
+astonishment, wonder, and surprise, at the stupendous moral colossal
+statues of our Anti-Slavery friends and brethren, who in the heat and
+zeal of honest hearts, from a desire to make atonement for the many
+wrongs inflicted, promised a great deal more than they have ever been
+able half to fulfill, in thrice the period in which they expected it.
+And in this, we have no fault to find with our Anti-Slavery friends, and
+here wish it to be understood, that we are not laying any thing to their
+charge as blame, neither do we desire for a moment to reflect on them,
+because we heartily believe that all that they did at the time, they did
+with the purest and best of motives, and further believe that they now
+are, as they then were, the truest friends we have among the whites in
+this country. And hope, and desire, and request, that our people should
+always look upon _true_ anti-slavery people, Abolitionists we mean, as
+their friends, until they have just cause for acting otherwise. It is
+true, that the Anti-Slavery, like all good causes, has produced some
+recreants, but the cause itself is no more to be blamed for that, than
+Christianity is for the malconduct of any professing hypocrite, nor the
+society of Friends, for the conduct of a broad-brimmed hat and
+shad-belly coated horsethief, because he spoke _thee_ and _thou_ before
+stealing the horse. But what is our condition even amidst our
+Anti-Slavery friends? And here, as our sole intention is to contribute
+to the elevation of our people, we must be permitted to express our
+opinion freely, without being thought uncharitable.
+
+In the first place, we should look at the objects for which the
+Anti-Slavery cause was commenced, and the promises or inducements it
+held out at the commencement. It should be borne in mind, that
+Anti-Slavery took its rise among _colored men_, just at the time they
+were introducing their greatest projects for their own elevation, and
+that our Anti-Slavery brethren were converts of the colored men, in
+behalf of their elevation. Of course, it would be expected that being
+baptized into the new doctrines, their faith would induce them to
+embrace the principles therein contained, with the strictest possible
+adherence.
+
+The cause of dissatisfaction with our former condition, was, that we
+were proscribed, debarred, and shut out from every respectable position,
+occupying the places of inferiors and menials.
+
+It was expected that Anti-Slavery, according to its professions, would
+extend to colored persons, as far as in the power of its adherents,
+those advantages nowhere else to be obtained among white men. That
+colored boys would get situations in their shops and stores, and every
+other advantage tending to elevate them as far as possible, would be
+extended to them. At least, it was expected, that in Anti-Slavery
+establishments, colored men would have the preference. Because, there
+was no other ostensible object in view, in the commencement of the
+Anti-Slavery enterprise, than the _elevation_ of the _colored man_, by
+facilitating his efforts in attaining to equality with the white man. It
+was urged, and it was true, that the colored people were susceptible of
+all that the whites were, and all that was required was to give them a
+fair opportunity, and they would prove their capacity. That it was
+unjust, wicked, and cruel, the result of an unnatural prejudice, that
+debarred them from places of respectability, and that public opinion
+could and should be corrected upon this subject. That it was only
+necessary to make a sacrifice of feeling, and an innovation on the
+customs of society, to establish a different order of things,--that as
+Anti-Slavery men, they were willing to make these sacrifices, and
+determined to take the colored man by the hand, making common cause with
+him in affliction, and bear a part of the odium heaped upon him. That
+his cause was the cause of God--that "In as much as ye did it not unto
+the least of these my little ones, ye did it not unto me," and that as
+Anti-Slavery men, they would "do right if the heavens fell." Thus, was
+the cause espoused, and thus did we expect much. But in all this, we
+were doomed to disappointment, sad, sad disappointment. Instead of
+realising what we had hoped for, we find ourselves occupying the very
+same position in relation to our Anti-Slavery friends, as we do in
+relation to the pro-slavery part of the community--a mere secondary,
+underling position, in all our relations to them, and any thing more
+than this, is not a matter of course affair--it comes not by established
+anti-slavery custom or right, but like that which emanates from the
+pro-slavery portion of the community by mere sufferance.
+
+It is true, that the "Liberator" office, in Boston, has got Elijah
+Smith, a colored youth, at the cases--the "Standard," in New York, a
+young colored man, and the "Freeman," in Philadelphia, William Still,
+another, in the publication office, as "packing clerk"; yet these are
+but three out of the hosts that fill these offices in their various
+departments, all occupying places that could have been, and as we once
+thought, would have been, easily enough, occupied by colored men.
+Indeed, we can have no other idea about anti-slavery in this country,
+than that the legitimate persons to fill any and every position about an
+anti-slavery establishment are colored persons. Nor will it do to argue
+in extenuation, that white men are as justly entitled to them as colored
+men; because white men do not from _necessity_ become anti-slavery men
+in order to get situations; they being white men, may occupy any
+position they are capable of filling--in a word, their chances are
+endless, every avenue in the country being opened to them. They do not
+therefore become abolitionists, for the sake of employment--at least, it
+is not the song that anti-slavery sung, in the first love of the new
+faith, proclaimed by its disciples.
+
+And if it be urged that colored men are incapable as yet to fill these
+positions, all that we have to say is, that the cause has fallen far
+short; almost equivalent to a failure, of a tithe, of what it promised
+to do in half the period of its existence, to this time, if it have not
+as yet, now a period of twenty years, raised up colored men enough, to
+fill the offices within its patronage. We think it is not unkind to say,
+if it had been half as faithful to itself, as it should have been--its
+professed principles we mean; it could have reared and tutored from
+childhood, colored men enough by this time, for its own especial
+purpose. These we know could have been easily obtained, because colored
+people in general, are favorable to the anti-slavery cause, and wherever
+there is an adverse manifestation, it arises from sheer ignorance; and
+we have now but comparatively few such among us. There is one thing
+certain, that no colored person, except such as would reject education
+altogether, would be adverse to putting their child with an anti-slavery
+person, for educational advantages. This then could have been done. But
+it has not been done, and let the cause of it be whatever it may, and
+let whoever may be to blame, we are willing to let all that pass, and
+extend to our anti-slavery brethren the right-hand of fellowship,
+bidding them God-speed in the propagation of good and wholesome
+sentiments--for whether they are practically carried out or not, the
+profession are in themselves all right and good. Like Christianity, the
+principles are holy and of divine origin. And we believe, if ever a man
+started right, with pure and holy motives, Mr. Garrison did; and that,
+had he the power of making the cause what it should be, it would all be
+right, and there never would have been any cause for the remarks we have
+made, though in kindness, and with the purest of motives. We are
+nevertheless, still occupying a miserable position in the community,
+wherever we live; and what we most desire is, to draw the attention of
+our people to this fact, and point out what, in our opinion, we conceive
+to be a proper remedy.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+AMERICAN COLONIZATION
+
+
+When we speak of colonization, we wish distinctly to be understood, as
+speaking of the "American Colonization Society"--or that which is under
+its influence--commenced in Richmond, Virginia, in 1817, under the
+influence of Mr. Henry Clay of Ky., Judge Bushrod Washington of Va., and
+other Southern slaveholders, having for their express object, as their
+speeches and doings all justify us in asserting in good faith, the
+removal of the free colored people from the land of their birth, for the
+security of the slaves, as property to the slave propagandists.
+
+This scheme had no sooner been propagated, than the old and leading
+colored men of Philadelphia, Pa., with Richard Allen, James Forten, and
+others at their head, true to their trust and the cause of their
+brethren, summoned the colored people together, and then and there, in
+language and with voices pointed and loud, protested against the scheme
+as an outrage, having no other object in view, than the benefit of the
+slave-holding interests of the country, and that as freemen, they would
+never prove recreant to the cause of their brethren in bondage, by
+leaving them without hope of redemption from their chains. This
+determination of the colored patriots of Philadelphia was published in
+full, authentically, and circulated throughout the length and breadth of
+the country by the papers of the day. The colored people every where
+received the news, and at once endorsed with heart and soul, the doings
+of the Anti-Colonization Meeting of colored freemen. From that time
+forth, the colored people generally have had no sympathy with the
+colonization scheme, nor confidence in its leaders, looking upon them
+all, as arrant hypocrites, seeking every opportunity to deceive them. In
+a word, the monster was crippled in its infancy, and has never as yet
+recovered from the stroke. It is true, that like its ancient sire, that
+was "more subtile than all the beasts of the field," it has inherited a
+large portion of his most prominent characteristic--an idiosyncrasy with
+the animal--that enables him to entwine himself into the greater part of
+the Church and other institutions of the country, which having once
+entered there, leaves his venom, which put such a spell on the
+conductors of those institutions, that is only on condition that a
+colored person consents to go to the neighborhood of his kindred brother
+monster the boa, that he may find admission in the one or the other. We
+look upon the American Colonization Society as one of the most arrant
+enemies of the colored man, ever seeking to discomfit him, and envying
+him of every privilege that he may enjoy. We believe it to be
+anti-Christian in its character, and misanthropic in its pretended
+sympathies. Because if this were not the case, men could not be found
+professing morality and Christianity--as to our astonishment we have
+found them--who unhesitatingly say, "I know it is right"--that is in
+itself--"to do" so and so, "and I am willing and ready to do it, but
+only on condition, that you go to Africa." Indeed, a highly talented
+clergyman, informed us in November last (three months ago) in the city
+of Philadelphia, that he was present when the Rev. Doctor J.P. Durbin,
+late President of Dickinson College, called on Rev. Mr. P. or B., to
+consult him about going to Liberia, to take charge of the literary
+department of an University in contemplation, when the following
+conversation ensued: Mr. P.--"Doctor, I have as much and more than I can
+do here, in educating the youth of our own country, and preparing them
+for usefulness here at home." Dr. D.--"Yes, but do as you may, you can
+never be elevated here." Mr. P.--"Doctor, do you not believe that the
+religion of our blessed Redeemer Jesus Christ, has morality, humanity,
+philanthropy, and justice enough in it to elevate us, and enable us to
+obtain our rights in this our own country?" Dr. D.--"No, indeed, sir, I
+do not, and if you depend upon that, your hopes are vain!" Mr.
+P.--Turning to Doctor Durbin, looking him solemnly, though
+affectionately in the face, remarked--"Well, Doctor Durbin, we both
+profess to be ministers of Christ; but dearly as I love the cause of my
+Redeemer, if for a moment, I could entertain the opinion you do about
+Christianity, I would not serve him another hour!" We do not know, as we
+were not advised, that the Rev. Doctor added in fine,--"Well, you may
+quit now, for all your serving him will not avail against the power of
+the god (hydra) of Colonization." Will any one doubt for a single
+moment, the justice of our strictures on colonization, after reading the
+conversation between the Rev. Dr. Durbin and the colored clergyman?
+Surely not. We can therefore make no account of it, but that of setting
+it down as being the worst enemy of the colored people.
+
+Recently, there has been a strained effort in the city of New York on
+the part of the Rev. J.B. Pinney and others, of the leading white
+colonizationists, to get up a movement among some poor pitiable colored
+men--we say pitiable, for certainly the colored persons who are at this
+period capable of loaning themselves to the enemies of their race,
+against the best interest of all that we hold sacred to that race, are
+pitiable in the lowest extreme, far beneath the dignity of an enemy,
+and therefore, we pass them by with the simple remark, that this is the
+hobby that colonization is riding all over the country, as the
+"tremendous" access of colored people to their cause within the last
+twelve months. We should make another remark here perhaps, in
+justification of governor Pinney's New York allies--that is, report
+says, that in the short space of some three or five months, one of his
+confidants, benefited himself to the "reckoning" of from eleven to
+fifteen hundred dollars, or "such a matter," while others were benefited
+in sums "pretty considerable" but of a less "reckoning." Well, we do not
+know after all, that they may not have quite as good a right, to pocket
+part of the spoils of this "grab game," as any body else. However, they
+are of little consequence, as the ever watchful eye of those excellent
+gentlemen and faithful guardians of their people's rights--the
+_Committee of Thirteen_, consisting of Messrs. John J. Zuille,
+_Chairman_, T. Joiner White, Philip A. Bell, _Secretaries_, Robert
+Hamilton, George T. Downing, Jeremiah Powers, John T. Raymond, Wm.
+Burnett, James McCune Smith, Ezekiel Dias, Junius C. Morel, Thomas
+Downing, and Wm. J. Wilson, have properly chastised this pet-slave of
+Mr. Pinney, and made it "know its place," by keeping within the bounds
+of its master's enclosure.
+
+In expressing our honest conviction of the designedly injurious
+character of the Colonization Society, we should do violence to our own
+sense of individual justice, if we did not express the belief, that
+there are some honest hearted men, who not having seen things in the
+proper light, favor that scheme, simply as a means of elevating the
+colored people. Such persons, so soon as they become convinced of their
+error, immediately change their policy, and advocate the elevation of
+the colored people, anywhere and everywhere, in common with other men.
+Of such were the early abolitionists as before stated; and the great and
+good Dr. F.J. Lemoyne, Gerrit Smith, and Rev. Charles Avery, and a host
+of others, who were Colonizationists, before espousing the cause of our
+elevation, here at home, and nothing but an honorable sense of justice,
+induces us to make these exceptions, as there are many good persons
+within our knowledge, whom we believe to be well wishers of the colored
+people, who may favor colonization.[1] But the animal itself is the same
+"hydra-headed monster," let whomsoever may fancy to pet it. A serpent is
+a serpent, and none the less a viper, because nestled in the bosom of an
+honest hearted man. This the colored people must bear in mind, and keep
+clear of the hideous thing, lest its venom may be test upon them. But
+why deem any argument necessary to show the unrighteousness of
+colonization? Its very origin as before shown--the source from whence it
+sprung, being the offspring of slavery--is in itself, sufficient to
+blast it in the estimation of every colored person in the United States,
+who has sufficient intelligence to comprehend it.
+
+We dismiss this part of the subject, and proceed to consider the mode
+and means of our elevation in the United States.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[1] Benjamin Coates, Esq., a merchant of Philadelphia, we believe to be
+an honest hearted man, and real friend of the colored people, and a
+true, though as yet, rather undecided philanthropist. Mr. Coates, to our
+knowledge, has supported three or four papers published by colored men,
+for the elevation of colored people in the United States, and given, as
+he continues to do, considerable sums to their support. We have recently
+learned from himself, that, though he still advocates Colonization,
+simply as a means of elevating the colored race of the United States,
+that he has _left_ the Colonization Society, and prefers seeing colored
+people located on this continent, to going to Liberia, or elsewhere off
+of it--though his zeal for the enlightenment of Africa, is unabated, as
+every good man's should be; and we are satisfied, that Mr. Coates is
+neither well understood, nor rightly appreciated by the friends of our
+cause. One thing we do know, that he left the Colonization Society,
+because he could not conscientiously subscribe to its measures.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+OUR ELEVATION IN THE UNITED STATES
+
+
+That very little comparatively as yet has been done, to attain a
+respectable position as a class in this country, will not be denied, and
+that the successful accomplishment of this end is also possible, must
+also be admitted; but in what manner, and by what means, has long been,
+and is even now, by the best thinking minds among the colored people
+themselves, a matter of difference of opinion.
+
+We believe in the universal equality of man, and believe in that
+declaration of God's word, in which it is there positively said, that
+"God has made of one blood all the nations that dwell on the face of the
+earth." Now of "the nations that dwell on the face of the earth," that
+is, all the people--there are one thousand millions of souls, and of
+this vast number of human beings, two-thirds are colored, from black,
+tending in complexion to the olive or that of the Chinese, with all the
+intermediate and admixtures of black and white, with the various
+"crosses" as they are physiologically, but erroneously termed, to white.
+We are thus explicit in stating these points, because we are determined
+to be understood by all. We have then, two colored to one white person
+throughout the earth, and yet, singular as it may appear, according to
+the present geographical and political history of the world, the white
+race predominates over the colored; or in other words, wherever there is
+one white person, that one rules and governs two colored persons. This
+is a living undeniable truth, to which we call the especial attention of
+the colored reader in particular. Now there is a cause for this, as
+there is no effect without a cause, a comprehensible remediable cause.
+We all believe in the justice of God, that he is impartial, "looking
+upon his children with an eye of care," dealing out to them all, the
+measure of his goodness; yet, how can we reconcile ourselves to the
+difference that exists between the colored and the white races, as they
+truthfully present themselves before our eyes? To solve this problem, is
+to know the remedy; and to know it, is but necessary, in order
+successfully to apply it. And we shall but take the colored people of
+the United States, as a fair sample of the colored races everywhere of
+the present age, as the arguments that apply to the one, will apply to
+the other, whether Christians, Mahomedans, or pagans.
+
+The colored races are highly susceptible of religion; it is a
+constituent principle of their nature, and an excellent trait in their
+character. But unfortunately for them, they carry it too far. Their hope
+is largely developed, and consequently, they usually stand still--hope
+in God, and really expect Him to do that for them, which it is necessary
+they should do themselves. This is their great mistake, and arises from
+a misconception of the character and ways of Deity. We must know God,
+that is understand His nature and purposes, in order to serve Him; and
+to serve Him well, is but to know him rightly. To depend for assistance
+upon God, is a _duty_ and right; but to know when, how, and in what
+manner to obtain it, is the key to this great Bulwark of Strength, and
+Depository of Aid.
+
+God himself is perfect; perfect in all his works and ways. He has means
+for every end; and every means used must be adequate to the end to be
+gained. God's means are laws--fixed laws of nature, a part of His own
+being, and as immutable, as unchangeable as Himself. Nothing can be
+accomplished but through the medium of, and conformable to these laws.
+
+They are _three_--and like God himself, represented in the three persons
+in the God-head--the _Spiritual_, _Moral_ and _Physical_ Laws.
+
+That which is Spiritual, can only be accomplished through the medium of
+the Spiritual law; that which is Moral, through the medium of the Moral
+law; and that which is Physical, through the medium of the Physical law.
+Otherwise than this, it is useless to expect any thing. Does a person
+want a spiritual blessing, he must apply through the medium of the
+spiritual law--_pray_ for it in order to obtain it. If they desire to do
+a moral good, they must apply through the medium of the moral
+law--exercise their sense and feeling of _right_ and _justice_, in order
+to effect it. Do they want to attain a physical end, they can only do so
+through the medium of the physical law--go to _work_ with muscles,
+hands, limbs, might and strength, and this, and nothing else will attain
+it.
+
+The argument that man must pray for what he receives, is a mistake, and
+one that is doing the colored people especially, incalculable injury.
+That man must pray in order to get to Heaven, every Christian will
+admit--but a great truth we have yet got to learn, that he can live on
+earth whether he is religious or not, so that he conforms to the great
+law of God, regulating the things of earth; the great physical laws. It
+is only necessary, in order to convince our people of their error and
+palpable mistake in this matter, to call their attention to the fact,
+that there are no people more religious in this Country, than the
+colored people, and none so poor and miserable as they. That prosperity
+and wealth, smiles upon the efforts of wicked white men, whom we know to
+utter the name of God with curses, instead of praises. That among the
+slaves, there are thousands of them religious, continually raising
+their voices, sending up their prayers to God, invoking His aid in their
+behalf, asking for a speedy deliverance; but they are still in chains,
+although they have thrice suffered out their three score years and ten.
+That "God sendeth rain upon the just and unjust," should be sufficient
+to convince us that our success in life, does not depend upon our
+religious character, but that the physical laws governing all earthly
+and temporary affairs, benefit equally the just and the unjust. Any
+other doctrine than this, is downright delusion, unworthy of a free
+people, and only intended for slaves. That all men and women, should be
+moral, upright, good and religious--we mean _Christians_--we would not
+utter a word against, and could only wish that it were so; but, what we
+here desire to do is, to correct the long standing error among a large
+body of the colored people in this country, that the cause of our
+oppression and degradation, is the displeasure of God towards us,
+because of our unfaithfulness to Him. This is not true; because if God
+is just--and he is--there could be no justice in prospering white men
+with his fostering care, for more than two thousand years, in all their
+wickedness, while dealing out to the colored people, the measure of his
+displeasure, for not half the wickedness as that of the whites. Here
+then is our mistake, and let it forever henceforth be corrected. We are
+no longer slaves, believing any interpretation that our oppressors may
+give the word of God, for the purpose of deluding us to the more easy
+subjugation; but freemen, comprising some of the first minds of
+intelligence and rudimental qualifications, in the country. What then is
+the remedy, for our degradation and oppression? This appears now to be
+the only remaining question--the means of successful elevation in this
+our own native land? This depends entirely upon the application of the
+means of Elevation.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+MEANS OF ELEVATION
+
+
+Moral theories have long been resorted to by us, as a means of effecting
+the redemption of our brethren in bonds, and the elevation of the free
+colored people in this country. Experience has taught us, that
+speculations are not enough; that the _practical_ application of
+principles adduced, the thing carried out, is the only true and proper
+course to pursue.
+
+We have speculated and moralised much about equality--claiming to be as
+good as our neighbors, and every body else--all of which, may do very
+well in ethics--but not in politics. We live in society among men,
+conducted by men, governed by rules and regulations. However arbitrary,
+there are certain policies that regulate all well organized institutions
+and corporate bodies. We do not intend here to speak of the legal
+political relations of society, for those are treated on elsewhere. The
+business and social, or voluntary and mutual policies, are those that
+now claim our attention. Society regulates itself--being governed by
+mind, which like water, finds its own level. "Like seeks like," is a
+principle in the laws of matter, as well as of mind. There is such a
+thing as inferiority of things, and positions; at least society has made
+them so; and while we continue to live among men, we must agree to all
+_just_ measures--all those we mean, that do not necessarily infringe on
+the rights of others. By the regulations of society, there is no
+equality of attainments. By this, we do not wish to be understood as
+advocating the actual equal attainments of every individual; but we mean
+to say, that if these attainments be necessary for the elevation of the
+white man, they are necessary for the elevation of the colored man. That
+some colored men and women, in a like proportion to the whites, should
+be qualified in all the attainments possessed by them. It is one of the
+regulations of society the world over, and we shall have to conform to
+it, or be discarded as unworthy of the associations of our fellows.
+
+Cast our eyes about us and reflect for a moment, and what do we behold!
+every thing that presents to view gives evidence of the skill of the
+white man. Should we purchase a pound of groceries, a yard of linen, a
+vessel of crockery-ware, a piece of furniture, the very provisions that
+we eat,--all, all are the products of the white man, purchased by us
+from the white man, consequently, our earnings and means, are all given
+to the white man.
+
+Pass along the avenues of any city or town, in which you live--behold
+the trading shops--the manufacturies--see the operations of the various
+machinery--see the stage-coaches coming in, bringing the mails of
+intelligence--look at the railroads interlining every section, bearing
+upon them their mighty trains, flying with the velocity of the swallow,
+ushering in the hundreds of industrious, enterprising travellers. Cast
+again your eyes widespread over the ocean--see the vessels in every
+direction with their white sheets spread to the winds of heaven,
+freighted with the commerce, merchandise and wealth of many nations.
+Look as you pass along through the cities, at the great and massive
+buildings--the beautiful and extensive structures of
+architecture--behold the ten thousand cupolas, with their spires all
+reared up towards heaven, intersecting the territory of the clouds--all
+standing as mighty living monuments, of the industry, enterprise, and
+intelligence of the white man. And yet, with all these living truths,
+rebuking us with scorn, we strut about, place our hands akimbo,
+straighten up ourselves to our greatest height, and talk loudly about
+being "as good as any body." How do we compare with them? Our fathers
+are their coachmen, our brothers their cookmen, and ourselves their
+waiting-men. Our mothers their nurse-women, our sisters their
+scrub-women, our daughters their maid-women, and our wives their
+washer-women. Until colored men, attain to a position above permitting
+their mothers, sisters, wives, and daughters, to do the drudgery and
+menial offices of other men's wives and daughters; it is useless, it is
+nonsense, it is pitiable mockery, to talk about equality and elevation
+in society. The world is looking upon us, with feelings of
+commiseration, sorrow, and contempt. We scarcely deserve sympathy, if we
+peremptorily refuse advice, bearing upon our elevation.
+
+We will suppose a case for argument: In this city reside, two colored
+families, of three sons and three daughters each. At the head of each
+family, there is an old father and mother. The opportunities of these
+families, may or may not be the same for educational advantages--be that
+as it may, the children of the one go to school, and become qualified
+for the duties of life. One daughter becomes school-teacher, another a
+mantua-maker, and a third a fancy shop-keeper; while one son becomes a
+farmer, another a merchant, and a third a mechanic. All enter into
+business with fine prospects, marry respectably, and settle down in
+domestic comfort--while the six sons and daughters of the other family,
+grow up without educational and business qualifications, and the highest
+aim they have, is to apply to the sons and daughters of the first named
+family, to hire for domestics! Would there be an equality here between
+the children of these two families? Certainly not. This, then, is
+precisely the position of the colored people generally in the United
+States, compared with the whites. What is necessary to be done, in order
+to attain an equality, is to change the condition, and the person is at
+once changed. If, as before stated, a knowledge of all the various
+business enterprises, trades, professions, and sciences, is necessary
+for the elevation of the white, a knowledge of them also is necessary
+for the elevation of the colored man; and he cannot be elevated without
+them.
+
+White men are producers--we are consumers. They build houses, and we
+rent them. They raise produce, and we consume it. They manufacture
+clothes and wares, and we garnish ourselves with them. They build
+coaches, vessels, cars, hotels, saloons, and other vehicles and places
+of accommodation, and we deliberately wait until they have got them in
+readiness, then walk in, and contend with as much assurance for a
+"right," as though the whole thing was bought by, paid for, and belonged
+to us. By their literary attainments, they are the contributors to,
+authors and teachers of, literature, science, religion, law, medicine,
+and all other useful attainments that the world now makes use of. We
+have no reference to ancient times--we speak of modern things.
+
+These are the means by which God intended man to succeed: and this
+discloses the secret of the white man's success with all of his
+wickedness, over the head of the colored man, with all of his religion.
+We have been pointed and plain, on this part of the subject, because we
+desire our readers to see persons and things in their true position.
+Until we are determined to change the condition of things, and raise
+ourselves above the position in which we are now prostrated, we must
+hang our heads in sorrow, and hide our faces in shame. It is enough to
+know that these things are so; the causes we care little about. Those we
+have been examining, complaining about, and moralising over, all our
+life time. This we are weary of. What we desire to learn now is, how to
+effect a _remedy_; this we have endeavored to point out. Our elevation
+must be the result of _self-efforts_, and work of our _own hands_. No
+other human power can accomplish it. If we but determine it shall be so,
+it will be so. Let each one make the case his own, and endeavor to rival
+his neighbor, in honorable competition.
+
+These are the proper and only means of elevating ourselves and attaining
+equality in this country or any other, and it is useless, utterly
+futile, to think about going any where, except we are determined to use
+these as the necessary means of developing our manhood. The means are at
+hand, within our reach. Are we willing to try them? Are we willing to
+raise ourselves superior to the condition of slaves, or continue the
+meanest underlings, subject to the beck and call of every creature
+bearing a pale complexion? If we are, we had as well remained in the
+South, as to have come to the North in search of more freedom. What was
+the object of our parents in leaving the south, if it were not for the
+purpose of attaining equality in common with others of their fellow
+citizens, by giving their children access to all the advantages enjoyed
+by others? Surely this was their object. They heard of liberty and
+equality here, and they hastened on to enjoy it, and no people are more
+astonished and disappointed than they, who for the first time, on
+beholding the position we occupy here in the free north--what is called,
+and what they expect to find, the free States. They at once tell us,
+that they have as much liberty in the south as we have in the
+north--that there as free people, they are protected in their
+rights--that we have nothing more--that in other respects they have the
+same opportunity, indeed the preferred opportunity, of being their
+maids, servants, cooks, waiters, and menials in general, there, as we
+have here--that had they known for a moment, before leaving, that such
+was to be the only position they occupied here, they would have remained
+where they were, and never left. Indeed, such is the disappointment in
+many cases, that they immediately return back again, completely insulted
+at the idea, of having us here at the north, assume ourselves to be
+their superiors. Indeed, if our superior advantages of the free States,
+do not induce and stimulate us to the higher attainments in life, what
+in the name of degraded humanity will do it? Nothing, surely nothing.
+If, in fine, the advantages of free schools in Massachusetts, New York,
+Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, and wherever else we may have them, do not
+give us advantages and pursuits superior to our slave brethren, then are
+the unjust assertions of Messrs. Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Theodore
+Frelinghuysen, late Governor Poindexter of Mississippi, George McDuffy,
+Governor Hammond of South Carolina, Extra Billy (present Governor)
+Smith, of Virginia, and the host of our oppressors, slave-holders and
+others, true, that we are insusceptible and incapable of elevation to
+the more respectable, honorable, and higher attainments among white men.
+But this we do not believe--neither do you, although our whole life and
+course of policy in this country are such, that it would seem to prove
+otherwise. The degradation of the slave parent has been entailed upon
+the child, induced by the subtle policy of the oppressor, in regular
+succession handed down from father to son--a system of regular
+submission and servitude, menialism and dependence, until it has become
+almost a physiological function of our system, an actual condition of
+our nature. Let this no longer be so, but let us determine to equal the
+whites among whom we live, not by declarations and unexpressed
+self-opinion, for we have always had enough of that, but by actual proof
+in acting, doing, and carrying out practically, the measures of
+equality. Here is our nativity, and here have we the natural right to
+abide and be elevated through the measures of our own efforts.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+THE UNITED STATES OUR COUNTRY
+
+
+Our common country is the United States. Here were we born, here raised
+and educated; here are the scenes of childhood; the pleasant
+associations of our school going days; the loved enjoyments of our
+domestic and fireside relations, and the sacred graves of our departed
+fathers and mothers, and from here will we not be driven by any policy
+that may be schemed against us.
+
+We are Americans, having a birthright citizenship--natural claims upon
+the country--claims common to all others of our fellow citizens--natural
+rights, which may, by virtue of unjust laws, be obstructed, but never
+can be annulled. Upon these do we place ourselves, as immovably fixed as
+the decrees of the living God. But according to the economy that
+regulates the policy of nations, upon which rests the basis of
+justifiable claims to all freeman's rights, it may be necessary to take
+another view of, and enquire into the political claims of colored men.
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+CLAIMS OF COLORED MEN AS CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES
+
+
+The political basis upon which rests the establishment of all free
+nations, as the first act in their organization, is the security by
+constitutional provisions, of the fundamental claims of citizenship.
+
+The legitimate requirement, politically considered, necessary to the
+justifiable claims for protection and full enjoyment of all the rights
+and privileges of an unqualified freeman, in all democratic countries
+is, that each person so endowed, shall have made contributions and
+investments in the country. Where there is no investment there can be
+but little interest; hence an adopted citizen is required to reside a
+sufficient length of time, to form an attachment and establish some
+interest in the country of his adoption, before he can rightfully lay
+any claims to citizenship. The pioneer who leads in the discovery or
+settlement of a country, as the first act to establish a right therein,
+erects a building of whatever dimensions, and seizes upon a portion of
+the soil. The soldier, who braves the dangers of the battle-field, in
+defence of his country's rights, and the toiling laborer and husbandman,
+who cuts down and removes the forest, levels and constructs post-roads
+and other public highways--the mechanic, who constructs and builds up
+houses, villages, towns, and cities, for the conveniency of
+inhabitants--the farmer, who cultivates the soil for the production of
+breadstuffs and forage, as food and feed for man and beast--all of
+these are among the first people of a democratic state, whose claims are
+legitimate as freemen of the commonwealth. A freeman in a political
+sense, is a citizen of unrestricted rights in the state, being eligible
+to the highest position known to their civil code. They are the
+preferred persons in whom may be invested the highest privileges, and to
+whom may be entrusted fundamentally the most sacred rights of the
+country; because, having made the greatest investments, they necessarily
+have the greatest interests; and consequently, are the safest hands into
+which to place so high and sacred a trust. Their interest being the
+country's, and the interest of the country being the interest of the
+people; therefore, the protection of their own interests necessarily
+protects the interests of the whole country and people. It is this
+simple but great principle of primitive rights, that forms the
+fundamental basis of citizenship in all free countries, and it is upon
+this principle, that the rights of the colored man in this country to
+citizenship are fixed.
+
+The object of this volume is, to enlighten the minds of a large class of
+readers upon a subject with which they are unacquainted, expressed in
+comprehensible language, therefore we have studiously avoided using
+political and legal phrases, that would serve more to perplex than
+inform them. To talk about the barons, King John, and the Magna Charta,
+would be foreign to a work like this, and only destroy the interest that
+otherwise might be elicited in the subject. Our desire is, to arrest the
+attention of the American people in general, and the colored people in
+particular, to great truths as heretofore but little thought of. What
+claims then have colored men, based upon the principles set forth, as
+fundamentally entitled to citizenship? Let the living records of history
+answer the enquiry.
+
+When Christopher Columbus, in 1492, discovered America, natives were
+found to pay little or no attention to cultivation, being accustomed by
+hereditary pursuit, to war, fishing, and the sports of the chase. The
+Spaniards and Portuguese, as well as other Europeans who ventured here,
+came as mineral speculators, and not for the purpose of improving the
+country.
+
+As the first objects of speculation are the developments of the mineral
+wealth of every newly discovered country, so was it with this. Those who
+came to the new world, were not of the common people, seeking in a
+distant land the means of livelihood, but moneyed capitalists, the
+grandees and nobles, who reduced the natives to servitude by confining
+them to the mines. To have brought large numbers of the peasantry at
+that early period, from the monarchies of Europe, to the wilds of
+America, far distant from the civil and military powers of the home
+governments, would have been to place the means of self-control into
+their own hands, and invite them to rebellion against the crowns. The
+capitalist miners were few, compared to the number of laborers required;
+and the difficulty at that time of the transportation of suitable
+provisions for their sustenance, conduced much to the objection of
+bringing them here. The natives were numerous, then easily approached by
+the wily seductions of the Europeans, easily yoked and supported, having
+the means of sustenance at hand, the wild fruits and game of the forest,
+the fish of the waters and birds of the country. All these as naturally
+enough, European adventurers would be cautious against introducing into
+common use among hundreds of thousands of laborers, under all the
+influences incident of a foreign climate in a foreign country, in its
+primitive natural state. The Indians were then preferred for many
+reasons, as the common laborers on the continent, where nothing but the
+mining interests were thought of or carried on. This noble race of
+Aborigines, continued as the common slaves of the new world, to bear the
+yoke of foreign oppression, until necessity induced a substitute for
+them. They sunk by scores under the heavy weight of oppression, and were
+fast passing from the shores of time. At this, the foreigners grew
+alarmed, and of necessity, devised ways and means to obtain an adequate
+substitute. A few European laborers were brought into the country, but
+the influence of climate and mode of living, operated entirely against
+them. They were as inadequate to stand the climate, as the nobles were
+themselves.
+
+From the earliest period of the history of nations, the African race had
+been known as an industrious people, cultivators of the soil. The grain
+fields of Ethiopia and Egypt were the themes of the poet, and their
+garners, the subject of the historian. Like the present America, all the
+world went to Africa, to get a supply of commodities. Their massive
+piles of masonry, their skilful architecture, their subterranean vaults,
+their deep and mysterious wells, their extensive artificial channels,
+their mighty sculptured solid rocks, and provinces of stone quarries;
+gave indisputable evidence, of the hardihood of that race of people.
+
+Nor was Africa then, without the evidence of industry, as history will
+testify. All travelers who had penetrated towards the interior of the
+continent, have been surprised at the seeming state of civilization and
+evidences of industry among the inhabitants of that vast country. These
+facts were familiar to Europeans, who were continually trading on the
+coast of Africa, as it was then the most important part of adventure and
+research, known to the world. In later periods still, the history of
+African travelers, confirm all the former accounts concerning the
+industry of the people.
+
+John and Richard Lander, two young English noblemen, in 1828, under the
+patronage of the English government, sailed to the western coast of
+Africa, on an expedition of research. In their voyage up the river
+Niger, their description of the scenes is extravagant. They represent
+the country on each side of the river, for several hundred miles up the
+valley, as being not only beautiful and picturesque, but the fields as
+in a high state of cultivation, clothed in the verdure of husbandry,
+waving before the gentle breezes, with the rich products of
+industry--maize, oats, rye, millet, and wheat, being among the fruits of
+cultivation. The fences were of various descriptions: hedge, wicker,
+some few pannel, and the old fashioned zig-zag, known as the "Virginia
+worm fence"--the hedge and worm fence being the most common. Their
+cattle were fine and in good order, looking in every particular, except
+perhaps in size, as well as European cattle on the best managed farms.
+The fruit groves were delightful to the eye of the beholder. Every
+variety common to the country, were there to be seen in a high state of
+cultivation. Their roads and public highways were in good condition, and
+well laid out, as by the direction of skillful supervising surveyors.
+The villages, towns, and cities, many of them, being a credit to the
+people. Their cities were well laid out, and presented evidence of
+educated minds and mechanical ingenuity. In many of the workshops in
+which they went, they found skillful workmen, in iron, copper, brass,
+steel, and gold; and their implements of husbandry and war, were as well
+manufactured by African sons of toil, as any in the English
+manufactories, save that they had not quite so fine a finish, garnish
+and embellishment. This is a description, given of the industry and
+adaptedness of the people of Africa, to labor and toil of every kind. As
+it was very evident, that where there were manufactories of various
+metals, the people must of necessity be inured to mining operations, so
+it was also very evident, that this people must be a very hardy and
+enduring people.
+
+In 1442, fifty years previous to the sailing of Columbus in search of a
+new world, Anthony Gonzales, Portuguese, took from the gold coast of
+Guinea, ten Africans and a quantity of gold dust, which he carried back
+to Lisbon with him. These Africans were set immediately to work in the
+gardens of the emperor, which so pleased his queen, that the number were
+much augmented, all of whom were found to be skillful and industrious in
+agriculture.
+
+In 1481, eleven years prior to the discovery by Columbus, the Portuguese
+built a fort on the Gold Coast, and there commenced mining in search of
+gold. During this time until the year 1502, a period of ten years, had
+there been no other evidence, there was sufficient time and opportunity,
+to give full practical demonstrations of the capacity of this people to
+endure toil, especially in the mining operations, and for this cause and
+this alone, were they selected in preference to any other race of men,
+to do the labor of the New World. They had proven themselves physically
+superior either to the European or American races--in fact, superior
+physically to any living race of men--enduring fatigue, hunger and
+thirst--enduring change of climate, habits, manners and customs, with
+infinitely far less injury to their physical and mental system, than any
+other people on the face of God's earth.
+
+     The following extract shows, that even up to the year 1676, the
+     Indians were enslaved--but that little value were attached to them
+     as laborers, as the price at which they were disposed and sold to
+     purchasers, fully shows:
+
+     SLAVERY IN PROVIDENCE, R.I.--Immediately after the struggle between
+     the natives and some of the New England settlers, known as "King
+     Philip's war," it became necessary to dispose of certain Indian
+     captives then in Providence. The method adopted was common in that
+     day, but to us remarkable, as also the names of those who figured
+     prominently therein. Only think of ROGER WILLIAMS sharing in the
+     proceeds of a slave sale. The following is from the "Annals of
+     Providence."
+
+     "A town meeting was held before Thomas Field's house, under a tree,
+     by the water side, on the 14th of August, 1676. A committee was
+     appointed to determine in what manner the Indians should be
+     disposed of. They reported as follows:
+
+     "Inhabitants wanting, can have Indians at the price they sell at
+     the Island of Rhode Island or elsewhere. All under five, to serve
+     till thirty; above five and under ten, till twenty-eight; above ten
+     to fifteen, till twenty-seven; above fifteen to twenty, till
+     twenty-six; from twenty to thirty, shall serve eight years; all
+     above thirty, seven years.
+
+     "We whose names are underwritten, being chosen by the town to see
+     the disposal of the Indians now in town, we agree that Roger
+     Williams, N. Waterman, T. Fenner, H. Ashton, J. Morey, D. Abbot, J.
+     Olney, V. Whitman, J. Whipple, sen., E. Pray, J. Pray, J. Angell,
+     Jas. Angell, T. Arnold, A. Man, T. Field, E. Bennett, T. Clemence,
+     W. Lancaster, W. Hopkins, W. Hawkins, W. Harris, Z. Field, S.
+     Winsor, and Capt. Fenner, shall each have a whole share in the
+     product. I. Woodward and R. Pray, three-fourths of a share each. J.
+     Smith, E. Smith, S. Whipple, N. Whipple, and T. Walling each half a
+     share."
+
+     Signed, "Roger Williams, Thomas Harris, sen., Thomas X Angell,
+     Thomas Field, John Whipple, Jr."
+
+     To gratify curiosity as to the price of Indians on those terms, the
+     following extracts are made from an account of sales about this
+     time;
+
+     "To Anthony Low, five Indians, great and small, L8.
+
+     "To James Rogers, two, for twenty bushels of Indian corn.
+
+     "To Philip Smith, two, in silver, $4 10.
+
+     "To Daniel Allen, one, in silver, $2 10.
+
+     "To C. Carr, one, twelve bushels of Indian corn.
+
+     "To Elisha Smith, one, in wool, 100 lbs.
+
+     "To Elisha Smith, one, for three fat sheep."
+
+From 1492, the discovery of Hispaniola, to 1502, the short space of but
+four years, such was the mortality among the natives, that the Spaniards
+then holding rule there, "began to employ a few" Africans in the mines
+of the Island. The experiment was effective--a successful one. The
+Indian and African were enslaved together, when the Indian sunk, and the
+African stood. It was not until June the 24th of the year 1498, that the
+Continent was discovered by John Cabot, a Venetian, who sailed in August
+of the previous year 1497, from Bristol, under the patronage of Henry
+VII., King of England, with two vessels, "freighted by the merchants of
+London and Bristol, with articles of traffic," his son Sebastian, and
+300 men. In 1517, but the short period of thirteen years from the date
+of their first introduction, Carolus V., King of Spain, by the right of
+a patent, granted permission to a number of persons, annually, to supply
+to the Islands of Hispaniola, (St. Domingo,) Cuba, Jamaica, and Porto
+Rico, natives of Africa, to the number of four thousand annually. John
+Hawkins, an unprincipled Englishman--whose name should be branded with
+infamy--was the first person known to have engaged in so inhuman a
+traffic, and that living monster his mistress, Queen Elizabeth, engaged
+with him and shared in the profits.
+
+The natives of Africa, on their introduction into a foreign country,
+soon discovered the loss of their accustomed food, and mode and manner
+of living. The Aborigines subsisted mainly by game and fish, with a few
+patches of maize or Indian corn near their wigwams, which were generally
+attended by the women, while the men were absent. The grains and
+fruits, such as they had been accustomed to, were not to be had among
+the Aborigines of the country, and this first induced the African to
+cultivate patches of ground in the neighborhood of the mines, for the
+raising of food for his own sustenance. This trait in their character
+was observed, and regarded by the Spaniards with considerable interest;
+and when on contracting with the English slave-dealer, Captain Hawkins,
+and others for new supplies of slaves, they were careful to request them
+to secure a quantity of the seeds and different products of the country,
+to bring with them to the New World. Many of these were cultivated to
+some extent, while those indigenous to America, were cultivated by them
+with considerable success. And up to this day, it is a custom on many of
+the slave plantations of the South, to allow the slave his "patch," and
+Saturday afternoon or Sabbath day, to cultivate it.
+
+Shortly after the commencement of the shameful traffic in the blood and
+bones of men--the destiny and chastity of women by Captain Hawkins, and
+what was termed England's "Virgin Queen"; Elizabeth gave a license to
+Sir Walter Raleigh, to search for uninhabited lands, and seize upon all
+uninhabited by Christians. Sir Walter discovered the coast of North
+Carolina and Virginia, assigning the name of "Virginia" to the whole
+coast now composing the old state. A feeble colony was settled here,
+which did not avail, and it was not until the month of April, 1607, that
+the first permanent settlement was made in Virginia, under the patronage
+of letters patent from James I, King of England, to Thomas Gates and his
+associates.
+
+This was the first settling of North America, and thirteen years
+anterior to the landing of the Pilgrims.
+
+"No permanent settlement was effected in what is now called the United
+States, till the reign of James the First."--_Ramsay's Hist. U.S._, vol.
+I., p. 38.
+
+"The month of April, 1607, is the epoch of the first permanent
+settlement on the coast of Virginia; the name then given to all that
+extent of country which forms thirteen States."--_Ibid._, p. 39. The
+whole coast of the country was now explored, not for the purpose of
+trade and agriculture--because there were no products in the
+country--the natives not producing sufficient provisions to supply
+present wants, and, consequently, nothing to trade for; but like the
+speculations of their Spanish and Portuguese predecessors, on the
+islands and in South America, but for that of mining gold. Trade and the
+cultivation of the soil was foreign to their designs and intention on
+coming to the continent of the new world, and they were consequently,
+disappointed when failing of success. "At a time when the precious
+metals were conceived to be the peculiar and only valuable productions
+of the new world, when every mountain was supposed to contain a
+treasure, and every rivulet was searched for its golden sands, this
+appearance was fondly considered as an infallible indication of the
+mine. Every hand was eager to dig."...
+
+"There was now," says Smith, "no talk, no hope, no work; but dig gold,
+wash gold, refine gold. With this imaginary wealth, the first vessel
+returning to England was loaded, while the _culture of the land_, and
+every useful occupation was _totally neglected_."...
+
+The colonists, thus left, were in miserable circumstances for want of
+provisions. The remainder of what they had brought with them, was so
+small in quantity, as to be soon expended--and so damaged in the course
+of a long voyage, as to be a source of disease.... In their expectation
+of getting gold, the people were disappointed, the glittering substance
+they had sent to England, proving to be a valueless mineral. "Smith, on
+his return to Jamestown, found the colony reduced to thirty-eight
+persons, who, in despair, were preparing to abandon the country. He
+employed caresses, threats, and even violence, in order to prevent them
+from executing this fatal resolution." _Ibid._, pp. 45-46. In November,
+1620, the Pilgrims or Puritans made the harbor of Cape Cod, and after
+solemn vows and organization previous to setting foot on shore, they
+landed safely on "Plymouth Rock," December the 20th, about one month
+after. They were one hundred and one in number, and from the toils and
+hardships consequent to a severe season, in a strange country, in less
+than six months after their arrival, "forty-four persons, nearly
+one-half of their original number," had died.
+
+... "In 1618, in the reign of James I, the British government
+established a regular trade on the coast of Africa. In the year 1620,
+negro slaves began to be imported into Virginia: a Dutch ship bringing
+twenty of them for sale."--_Sampson's Hist. Dict._, p. 348. The Dutch
+ship landed her cargo at New Bedford, (now Massachusetts,) as it will be
+remembered, that the whole coast, now comprising the "Old Thirteen," and
+original United States, was then called Virginia, so named by Sir Walter
+Raleigh, in honor of his royal Mistress and patron, Elizabeth, the
+Virgin Queen, under whom he received his royal patent commission of
+adventure and expedition.
+
+Beginning their preparation in the slave-trade in 1618, just two years
+previous, giving time for successfully carrying out the project against
+the landing of the first emigrant settlers, it will be observed that the
+African captain, and the "Puritan" emigrants, landed upon the same
+section of the continent at the same time, 1620--the Pilgrims at
+Plymouth, and the captives at New Bedford, but a few miles
+comparatively south.
+
+The country at this period, was one vast wilderness. "The continent of
+North America was then one continued forest."... There were no horses,
+cattle, sheep, hogs, or tame beasts of any kind.... There were no
+domestic poultry.... There were no gardens, orchards, public roads,
+meadows, or cultivated fields.... They "often burned the woods that they
+could advantageously plant their corn."... They had neither spice, salt,
+bread, butter, cheese, nor milk.... They had no set meals, but eat when
+they were hungry, and could find any thing to satisfy the cravings of
+nature.... Very little of their food was derived from the earth, except
+what it spontaneously produced.... The ground was both their seat and
+table.... Their best bed was a skin.... They had neither steel, iron,
+nor any metallic instruments....--_Ramsay's Hist._, pp. 39-40.
+
+We adduce not these historical extracts to disparage our brother the
+Indian--far be it: whatever he may think of our race, according to the
+manner in which he has been instructed to look upon it, by our mutual
+oppressor the American nation; we admire his, for the many deeds of
+noble daring, for which the short history of his liberty-loving people
+are replete: we sympathise with them, because our brethren are the
+successors of their fathers in the degradation of American bondage--but
+we adduce them in evidence against the many aspersions charged against
+the African race, that their inferiority to the other races caused them
+to be reduced to servitude. For the purpose of proving that their
+superiority, and not inferiority, alone was the cause which first
+suggested to Europeans the substitution of Africans for that of
+aboriginal or Indian laborers in the mines; and that their superior
+skill and industry, first suggested to the colonists, the propriety of
+turning their attention to agricultural and other industrial pursuits,
+than that of mining.
+
+It is very evident, from what has been adduced, the settlement of
+Captain John Smith, being in the course of a few months, reduced to
+thirty-eight, and that of Plymouth, from one hundred and one, to that of
+fifty-seven in six months--it is evident, that the whites nor the
+Indians were equal to the hard and almost insurmountable difficulties,
+that now stood wide-spread before them.
+
+An endless forest, the impenetrable earth; the one to be removed, and
+the other to be excavated. Towns and cities to be built, and farms to be
+cultivated--all these presented difficulties too arduous for the
+European then here, and unknown to the Indian.
+
+It is very evident, that at a period such as this, when the natives
+themselves had fallen victims to tasks imposed upon them by their
+usurpers, and the Europeans were sinking beneath the weight of climate
+and hardships; when food could not be had nor the common conveniences of
+life procured--when arduous duties of life were to be performed and none
+capable of doing them, but those who had previously by their labors, not
+only in their native country, but in the new, so proven themselves--as
+the most natural consequence, the Africans were resorted to, for the
+performance of every duty common to domestic life.
+
+There were no laborers known to the colonists from Cape Cod to Cape Look
+Out, than those of the African race. They entered at once into the
+mines, extracting therefrom, the rich treasures that for a thousand ages
+lay hidden in the earth. And from their knowledge of cultivation, the
+farming interests in the North, and planting in the South, were
+commenced with a prospect never dreamed of before the introduction of
+this most extraordinary, hardy race of men: though pagans, yet skilled
+in all the useful duties of life. Farmers, herdsmen, and laborers in
+their own country, they required not to be taught to work, and how to do
+it--but it was only necessary to tell them to go to work, and they at
+once knew what to do, and how it should be done.
+
+It is notorious, that in the planting States, the blacks themselves are
+the only skillful cultivators--the proprietor knowing little or nothing
+about the art, save that which he learns from the African husbandman,
+while his ignorant white overseer, who is merely there to see that the
+work is attended to, knows a great deal less. Tobacco, cotton, rice,
+hemp, indigo, the improvement in Indian corn, and many other important
+products, are all the result of African skill and labor in this country.
+And the introduction of the zigzag, or "Virginia Worm Fence," is purely
+of African origin. Nor was their skill as herdsmen inferior to their
+other attainments, being among the most accomplished trainers and
+horsemen in the world. Indeed, to this class of men may be indebted the
+entire country for the improvement South in the breed of horses. And any
+one who has travelled South, could not fail to have observed, that all
+of the leading trainers, jockies, and judges of horses, as well as
+riders, are men of African descent.
+
+In speaking of the Bornouese, a people from among whom a great many
+natives have been enslaved by Arabian traders, and sold into foreign
+bondage, and of course many into this country, "It is said that Bornou
+can muster 15,000 Shonaas in the field mounted. They are the greatest
+breeders of cattle in the country, and annually supply Soudan with from
+two to three thousand horses."... "Our road lying along one of them,
+gave me an excellent view of beautiful villages all round, and herds of
+cattle grazing in the open country."... "Plantations of cotton or indigo
+now occupy the place where the houses formerly stood."... "The Souga
+market is well supplied with every necessary and luxury in request among
+the people of the interior." "The country still open and well
+cultivated, and the villages numerous. We met crowds of people coming
+from Karro with goods. Some carried them on their heads, others had
+asses or bullocks, according to their wealth."... "The country still
+highly cultivated."... "We also passed several walled towns, quite
+deserted, the inhabitants having been sold by their conquerors, the
+Felatohs." "Women sat spinning cotton by the road side, offering for
+sale to the passing caravans, gussub water, roast-meat, sweet potatoes,
+coshen nuts," &c. (_Dunham and Clapperton's Travels and Discoveries in
+North and Central Africa_, vol. 2, pp. 140, 230, 332, 333, 353.)
+
+The forests gave way before them, and extensive verdant fields, richly
+clothed with produce, rose up as by magic before these hardy sons of
+toil. In the place of the unskillful and ill-constructed wigwam, houses,
+villages, towns and cities quickly were reared up in their stead. Being
+farmers, mechanics, laborers and traders in their own country, they
+required little or no instruction in these various pursuits. They were
+in fact, then, to the whole continent, what they are in truth now to the
+whole Southern section of the Union--the bone and sinews of the country.
+And even now, the existence of the white man, South, depends entirely on
+the labor of the black man--the idleness of the one, is sustained by the
+industry of the other. Public roads and highways are the result of their
+labor, as are also the first public works, as wharves, docks, forts, and
+all such improvements. Are not these legitimate investments in the
+common stock of the nation, which should command a proportionate
+interest?
+
+We shall next proceed to review the contributions of colored men to
+other departments of the nation, and as among the most notorious and
+historical, we refer to colored American warriors.
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+COLORED AMERICAN WARRIORS
+
+
+Among the highest claims that an inhabitant has upon his country, is
+that of serving in its cause, and assisting to fight its battles. There
+is no responsibility attended with more personal hazard, and
+consequently, none for which the country owes a greater debt of
+gratitude. _Amor patria_, or love of country, is the first requisition
+and highest attribute of every citizen; and he who voluntarily ventures
+his own safety for that of his country, is a patriot of the purest
+character.
+
+When the country's attention is arrested--her fears aroused--her peace
+disturbed, and her independence endangered--when in the dread and
+momentous hour, the tap of the drum, the roll of the reveille, the
+shrill sound of the bugler's trumpet, or the thunders of the cannon's
+roar, summons the warrior on to the pending conflict--upon whom then do
+the citizens place their dependence, and in whom the country her trust?
+Upon him who braves the consequences, and fights his country's battles
+for his country's sake. Upon whom does the country look, as the most
+eligible of her favored sons? Upon none more so than he, who shoulders
+his musket, girds on his sword, and faces the enemy on to the charge.
+The hero and the warrior, have long been estimated, the favorite sons of
+a favored people.
+
+In the Convention for the formation of the national compact, when the
+question arose on the priority of citizen's rights, an honorable
+member--Mr. Jefferson, if we mistake not--arose and stated, that for the
+purpose of henceforward settling a question of such moment to the
+American people, that nativity of birth, and the descendants of all who
+had borne arms in their country's struggle for liberty, should be always
+entitled to all the rights and privileges to which an American citizen
+could be eligible. This at once, enfranchised the native citizen, and
+the posterity of all those at the time, who may have been so fortunate
+as to have been born on the American continent. The question was at once
+settled, as regards American citizenship. And if we establish our right
+of equal claims to citizenship with other American people, we shall have
+done all that is desirable in this view of our position in the country.
+But if in addition to this, we shall be able to prove, that colored men,
+not only took part in the great scene of the first act for independence,
+but that they were the actors--a colored man was really the hero in the
+great drama, and actually the first victim in the revolutionary
+tragedy--then indeed, shall we have more than succeeded, and have reared
+a monument of fame to the history of our deeds, more lasting than the
+pile that stands on Bunker Hill.
+
+For a concise historical arrangement of colored men, who braved the
+dangers of the battlefield, we are much indebted to William C. Nell,
+Esq., formerly of Boston, now of Rochester, N.Y., for a pamphlet,
+published by him during the last year, which should be read by every
+American the country through.
+
+For ten years previous, a dissatisfaction had prevailed among the
+colonists, against the mother country, in consequence of the excessive
+draughts of supplies, and taxation, made upon them, for the support of
+the wars carried on in Europe. The aspect began to change, the light
+grew dim, the sky darkened, the clouds gathered lower and lower, the
+lightning glimmered through the black elements around--the storm
+advanced, until on the fifth of March, 1773, it broke out in terrible
+blasts, drenching the virgin soil of America, with the blood of her own
+native sons--Crispus Attuck, a colored man, was the first who headed,
+the first who commanded, the first who charged, who struck the first
+blow, and the first whose blood was spilt, and baptized the colony, as a
+peace-offering on the altar of American liberty. "The people were
+greatly exasperated. The multitude, armed with clubs, ran towards King
+street, crying, 'Let us drive out the ribalds; they have no business
+here!' The rioters rushed furiously towards the Custom House; they
+approached the sentinel crying, 'Kill him, kill him!' They assaulted him
+with snowballs, pieces of ice, and whatever they could lay their hands
+upon. They encountered a band of the populace led by a mulatto named
+Attucks, who brandished their clubs and pelted them with snow-balls. The
+maledictions, the imprecations, the execrations of the multitudes were
+horrible. In the midst of a torrent of invectives from every quarter,
+the military were challenged to fire. The populace advanced to the
+points of the bayonets; the soldiers appeared like statues; the cries,
+the howlings, the menaces, the violent din of bells still sounding the
+alarm, increased the confusion and the horrors of these moments: at
+length the mulatto and twelve of his companions, pressing forward
+environed the soldiers, and striking their muskets with their clubs
+cried to the multitude: 'Be not afraid, they dare not fire; why do you
+hesitate, why do you not kill them, why not crush them at once?' The
+mulatto lifted his arm against Captain Preston, having turned one of the
+muskets, he seized the bayonet with his left hand, as if he intended to
+execute his threat. At this moment confused cries were heard: 'The
+wretches dare not fire!' Firing succeeds. Attucks is slain. Two other
+discharges follow. Three were killed, five severely wounded, and several
+others slightly." Attucks was killed by Montgomery, one of Captain
+Preston's soldiers. He had been foremost in resisting, and was first
+slain; as proof of front and close engagement, received two balls, one
+in each breast." "John Adams, counsel for the soldier, admitted that
+Attucks appeared to have undertaken to be the hero of the night, and to
+lead the army with banners. John Hancock, in 1774, invokes the injured
+shades of Maverick, Gray, Caldwell, _Attucks_ and Carr." _Nell's Wars_,
+1776 and 1812, pp. 5, 6.--RHODE ISLAND also contributes largely to the
+capital stock of citizenship. "In Rhode Island, the blacks formed an
+entire regiment, and they discharged their duty with zeal and fidelity.
+The gallant defence of Red Bank, in which the black regiment bore a
+part, is among the proofs of their valor." In this contest it will be
+recollected, that four hundred men met and repulsed, after a terrible
+sanguinary struggle, fifteen hundred Hessian troops, headed by count
+Donop." _Ibid._, p. 10. CONNECTICUT next claims to be heard and given
+credit on the nation's books. In speaking of the patriots who bore the
+standard of their country's glory, Judge Goddard, who held the office of
+commissioner of pensions for nineteen colored soldiers, says, "I cannot
+refrain from mentioning one aged black man, Primus Babcock, who proudly
+presented to me an honorable discharge from service during the war,
+dated at the close of it, wholly in the hand-writing of GEORGE
+WASHINGTON. Nor can I forget the expression of his feelings, when
+informed that, after his discharge had been sent to the department, that
+it could not be returned. At his request it was written for, as he
+seemed to spurn the pension and reclaim the discharge." It is related of
+Babcock, that when the British in a successful charge took a number of
+the Americans prisoners, they were ordered to deliver up their arms by
+the British officer of the detachment, which demand was readily conceded
+to by all the prisoners except Babcock, who looking at the officer
+sternly--at the margin of a mud pond foot of Bunker Hill--turned his
+musket bayonet downwards, thrusting it into the mire up to the armpit,
+drawing out his muddy arm, turned to the British officer, and said, "Now
+dirty your silk glove, and take it--you red coat!" The officer raised
+his sword as if to cut him down for the impertinence, then replied, "You
+are too brave a soldier to be killed, you black devil!" A few years
+since, a musket evidently a relic of the Revolution, was found near the
+same spot in the singular position of that thrust down by Babcock, no
+doubt being the same, which was deposited among the relics in the
+archives at Washington. Babcock died but a few years ago, aged we
+believe 101 years.
+
+"When Major Montgomery, one of the leaders in the expedition against the
+colonists, was lifted upon the walls of the fort by his soldiers,
+flourishing his sword and calling on them to follow him, Jordan Freeman
+received him on the point of a pike and pinned him dead to the earth."
+"NEW HAMPSHIRE gives her testimony to the deposit of colored interest.
+There was a regiment of blacks in the same situation, a regiment of
+negroes fighting for our liberty and independence, not a white man among
+them but the officers, in the same dangerous and responsible position.
+Had they been unfaithful, or given way before the enemy all would have
+been lost. Three times in succession were they attacked with most
+desperate fury by well disciplined and veteran troops, and three times
+did they successfully repel the assault, and thus preserve the army.
+They fought thus through the war. They were brave and hearty troops."
+_Nell_, pp. 11, 13.
+
+NEW YORK comes bravely to the call, and sends her investments by land
+and sea. In the convention of 1821, for revising the constitution of the
+State, the question of equal rights having been introduced, Doctor
+Clarke among other things said, "In the war of the Revolution, these
+people helped to fight our battles by land and by sea. Some of your
+states were glad to turn out corps of colored men, and to stand
+'shoulder to shoulder' with them. In your late war, they contributed
+largely towards some of your most splendid victories. On lakes Erie and
+Champlain, where your fleets triumphed over a foe superior in numbers
+and engines of death, they were manned in a large proportion with men of
+color. And in this very house, in the fall of 1814, a bill passed
+receiving all the branches of your government, authorising the governor
+to accept the services of a corps of two thousand free people of color.
+These were times when a man who shouldered his musket did not know but
+he bared his bosom to receive a death wound from the enemy ere he laid
+it aside; and in these times these people were found as ready and as
+willing to volunteer in your service as any other. They were not
+compelled to go; they were not draughted.... They were volunteers...."
+Said Martindale of New York in congress 22 of first month 1828: "Slaves,
+or negroes who had been slaves, were enlisted as soldiers in the War of
+the Revolution; and I myself saw a battalion of them, as fine martial
+looking men as I ever saw, attached to the northern army in the last
+war, on its march from Plattsburg to Sackett's Harbor."
+
+PENNSYLVANIA contributes an important share in the stock of
+Independence, as will be seen by the following historical reminiscence:
+"On the capture of Washington by the British forces, it was judged
+expedient to fortify without delay, the principal towns and cities
+exposed to similar attacks. The Vigilance Committee of Philadelphia
+waited upon three of the principal Colored citizens, namely, James
+Forten, Bishop Allen, and Absalom Jones, soliciting the aid of the
+people of Color in erecting suitable defences for the city. Accordingly
+two thousand five hundred Colored men assembled in the State House yard,
+and from thence marched to Gray's Ferry, where they labored for two
+days, almost without intermission. Their labors were so faithful and
+efficient, that a vote of thanks was tendered them by the Committee. A
+battalion of Colored troops were at the same time organized in the city,
+under an officer of the United States army; and they were on the point
+of marching to the frontier when peace was proclaimed."--_Ibid._, pp.
+14-17-18.[2]
+
+And even in the slave States, where might reasonably be expected,
+nothing but bitter hate and burning revenge to exist--where the
+displeasure of Heaven and anger of God was invoked--where it is thought
+the last glimmering spark of patriotic fire has been quenched, and every
+aid withheld--even there, in the hour of their country's danger, did
+they lay aside every consideration of the ten thousand wrongs
+inflicted--throw in their contributions, and make common cause.
+
+Says Mr. Nell, "The celebrated Charles Pinkney, of South Carolina, in
+his speech on the Missouri question, in defence of the Slave
+representation of the South, made the following admission:--They (the
+colored people) were in numerous instances the pioneers, and in all the
+labors of our army. To their hands we are owing the greatest part of the
+fortifications raised for the protection of the country. Fort Moultrie
+gave, at an early period of inexperience and untried valor of our
+citizens, immortality to the American arms." And were there no other
+proof on record, the testimony given to the brave followers of the
+renowned hero of Chalmet Plains, would of itself be sufficient to
+establish the right of the colored man to eligibility in his native
+country. "In 1814," continues Mr. Nell, "when New Orleans was in danger,
+and the proud criminal distinctions of caste were again demolished by
+one of those emergencies in which nature puts to silence for the moment
+the base partialities of art, the free colored people were called into
+the field in common with the whites; and the importance of their
+services was thus acknowledged by General Jackson:--
+
+
+                                         "HEAD-QUARTERS SEVENTH MILITARY
+                                   DISTRICT, MOBILE, SEPTEMBER 21, 1814.
+
+     "_To the Free Colored Inhabitants of Louisiana:_
+
+
+     "Through a mistaken policy, you have heretofore been deprived of a
+     participation in the glorious struggle for national rights, in
+     which _our_ country is engaged. This no longer shall exist. As
+     sons of Freedom you are now called upon to defend your most
+     estimable blessings. _As Americans_, your country looks with
+     confidence to her adopted children, for a valorous support, as a
+     faithful return for the advantages enjoyed under her mild and
+     equitable government. As fathers, husbands, and brothers, you are
+     summoned to rally round the standard of the Eagle, to defend all
+     which is dear in existence.
+
+     "_Your country_, although calling for your exertions, does not wish
+     you to engage in her cause, without remunerating you for the
+     services rendered. Your intelligent minds are not to be led away by
+     false representations--your love of honor would cause you to
+     despise the man who should attempt to deceive you. In the sincerity
+     of a soldier, and the language of truth I address you.
+
+     "To every noble hearted free man of color, volunteering to serve
+     during the present contest with Great Britain, and no longer, there
+     will be paid the same bounty in money and lands now received by
+     white soldiers of the United States, namely, one hundred and
+     twenty-four dollars in money and one hundred and sixty acres in
+     land. The non-commissioned officers and privates will also be
+     entitled to the same monthly pay and daily rations and clothes
+     furnished to any American soldiers.
+
+     "On enrolling yourselves in companies, the Major General commanding
+     will select officers for your government from your white
+     fellow-citizens. Your non-commissioned officers will be appointed
+     from among yourselves.
+
+     "Due regard will be paid to the feelings of free men and soldiers.
+
+     "You will not, by being associated with white men in the same
+     corps, be exposed to improper comparison, or unjust sarcasm. As a
+     distinct, independent battalion or regiment, pursuing the path of
+     glory, you will, undivided, receive the applause and gratitude of
+     your countrymen.
+
+     "To assure you of the sincerity of my intentions, and my anxiety to
+     engage your invaluable services to our country, I have communicated
+     my wish to the Governor of Louisiana, who is fully informed as to
+     the manner of enrollments, and will give you every necessary
+     information on the subject of this address.
+
+                                                        "ANDREW JACKSON,
+                                             "Major General Commanding."
+
+
+On the 18th of December, 1814, through his Aid-de-camp, Colonel Butler,
+the General issued another address to the colored soldiers, who had
+proven themselves, in every particular, worthy of their country's trust,
+and in every way worthy of the proudest position of enfranchised
+freemen. To deny to men and their descendants, who are capable of such
+deeds as are acknowledged in this proclamation, equal rights with other
+men, is a moral homicide--as assassination, which none but the most
+malicious and obdurate are capable of perpetrating. Surely, surely, it
+cannot be, that our fellow-citizens, who control the destiny of the
+country, one fully advised of the claims of their brethren in
+adversity--we cannot be persuaded that a people, claiming the
+self-respect and consideration of the American people, can be satisfied
+that the perils of war be encountered by them--their country's rights
+sustained--and their liberty, the liberty of their wives and children
+defended and protected; then, with a cool deliberation, unknown to any
+uncivilized people on the face of the earth, deny them a right--withhold
+their consent to their having equal enjoyment of human rights with other
+citizens, with those who have never contributed aid to our country--but
+we give the proclamation and let it speak for itself. Of it Mr. Nell
+says:--
+
+"The second proclamation is one of the highest compliments ever paid by
+a military chief to his soldiers."
+
+"SOLDIERS! When on the banks of the Mobile, I called you to take up
+arms, inviting you to partake the perils and glory of your _white
+fellow-citizens, I expected much_ from you; for I was not ignorant that
+you possessed qualities most formidable to an invading enemy. I knew
+with what fortitude you could endure hunger and thirst, and all the
+fatigues of a campaign. _I knew well how you love your native country_,
+and that you, as well as ourselves, had to defend what _man_ holds most
+dear--his parents, wife, children, and property. _You have done more
+than I expected._ In addition to the previous qualities I before knew
+you to possess, I found among you noble enthusiasm, which leads to the
+performance of great things.
+
+
+     "Soldiers! The President of the United States shall hear how
+     praise-worthy was your conduct in the hour of danger; and the
+     representatives of the American people will give you the praise
+     your exploits entitle you to. The General anticipates them in
+     applauding your noble ardor.
+
+     "The enemy approaches; his vessels cover our lakes; our brave
+     citizens are united, and all contentions have ceased among them.
+     Their only dispute is, who shall win the prize of valor, or who the
+     most glory, its noblest reward.
+
+                               "By order,
+                    "THOMAS BUTLER, Aid-de-camp."
+
+
+A circumstance that reflects as well upon the devisor, as upon the
+commander, or the engineer of the army, is not generally known to the
+American people. The redoubt of cotton bales, has ever been attributed
+to the judgment, skill, quick perception, and superior tact of Major
+General Andrew Jackson; than whom, a braver heart, never beat in the
+breast of man. But this is a mistake. The suggestion of the cotton
+bales was made by a colored man, at the instant, when the city of New
+Orleans was put under martial law. The colored troops were gathering,
+and their recruiting officers (being colored,) were scouring the city in
+every direction, and particularly on the Levee, where the people throng
+for news--to hear, see, and be seen. At such times in particular, the
+blacks are found in great numbers. The cotton shipped down the
+Mississippi in large quantities to the city, is landed and piled in
+regular terrace walls, several thousand feet long, sometimes double
+rows--and fifteen or twenty feet high. When the sun shines in winter,
+the days become warm and pleasant after the morning passes off, and at
+such times, there may be found many of the idle blacks, lying upon the
+top, and in comfortable positions between or behind those walls of
+cotton bales. On the approach of the recruiting officer, a number of
+persons were found stretched out upon the bales, lying scattered upon
+the ground. On addressing them, they were found to be slaves, which the
+pride of the recently promoted free colored soldiers, nor the policy of
+the proclamation, then, justified them in enrolling. On questioning them
+respecting their fears of the approaching contest--they expressed
+themselves as perfectly satisfied and _safe_, while permitted to lie
+_behind_ the bales. The idea was at once impressed--Chalmet Plain, the
+battle field, being entirely barren without trees, brush, or stone, and
+the ingenuity of the General-in-chief and engineer of the army, having
+been for several days taxed, without successful device; the officer
+determined that he would muster courage, and hazard the consequences of
+an approach to the General, and suggest the idea suggested to him, by
+the observation of a slave, who was indifferent to the safety of others,
+so that he was secure--and perhaps justly so--whether conscious or not
+of the importance of its bearing. General Jackson, whatever may be said
+to the contrary, though firm and determined, was pleasant, affable, and
+easily approached, and always set equal estimate upon the manhood of a
+colored man; believing every thing of him, that he expressed in his
+proclamation to the colored freemen of Louisiana. He did not pretend to
+justify the holding of slaves, especially on the assumed unjust plea of
+their incapacity for self-government--he always hooted at the idea;
+never would become a member of the Colonization Society, always saying
+"Let the colored people be--they were quiet now, in comparative
+satisfaction--let them be." But he held them as a policy, by which to
+make money--and would just as readily have held a white man, had it been
+the policy of the country, as a black one in slavery. The General was
+approached--the suggestion made--slaves set to work--the bales conveyed
+down--the breast-works raised--the Americans protected, as the musketry
+and artillery proved powerless against the elastic cushion-wall of
+cotton bales; the battle fought--the British vanquished--the Americans
+victorious, and Major General Andrew Jackson "all covered with glory,"
+as the most distinguished and skillful captain of the age. It has always
+been thought by colored men familiar with this circumstance, that the
+reference of the General is directed to this, when he expresses himself
+in his last proclamation to them: "_You have done more than I
+expected_." Doubtless this was the case. Whatever valor and capacity to
+endure hardships, the General knew colored men to possess, it _was_ more
+than he expected of them, to bring skill to his aid, and assist in
+counseling plans for the defence of the army.
+
+On the _Eighth_ of January, 1851, the celebration of the Battle of New
+Orleans, in that city one year ago, "Ninety of the colored veterans who
+bore a conspicuous part in the dangers of the day," (the day of battle,)
+held "a conspicuous place in the procession," in exaltation of their
+country's glory. Nor was the NAVY without the representative of colored
+interest in the liberty of the country. In speaking of the war of 1812,
+a colored veteran of Philadelphia, the late James Forten, who had
+himself enlisted and was imprisoned on board of a British man-of-war,
+the "Old Jersey Prison Ship," affirms: "The vessels of war of that
+period were all, to a greater or less extent, manned with colored men."
+The father-in-law of the writer, has often related to him that he saw
+the three hundred and sixty colored marines, in military pomp and naval
+array, when passing through Pittsburg in 1812 on their way to the
+frigate Constitution, then on lake Erie under command of the gallant
+Commodore Perry. And we cannot close this view of our subject, without
+reference to one of the living veterans of the battle of New Orleans,
+now residing where he has for many years, in the city of Pittsburg, Pa.,
+to whom we are indebted for more oral information concerning that
+memorable conflict, than to any other living person. MR. JOHN JULIUS,
+was a member of the valiant regiment of colored soldiers, who held so
+conspicuous a place in the estimation of their General, their country's
+struggles for Liberty and Independence. He is a tall, good-looking,
+brown skin creole of Louisiana, now about sixty-three years of age,
+bearing the terrible gashes of the bayonet still conspicuously in his
+neck. He was one of the few Americans who encountered the British in
+single-handed charges on top of the breast-works. _Julien Bennoit_,
+(pronounced _ben wah_,) for such is his name, though commonly known as
+John Julius, is a man of uprightness and strict integrity of character,
+having all the delicate sensibility and pride of character known to the
+Frenchman; and laments more at the injustice done him, in the neglect of
+the authorities to grant him his claims of money and land, according to
+the promises set forth in the Proclamation, than at any reverse of
+fortune with which he has ever met. He is enthusiastic on the subject of
+the battle scenes of Chalmet Plains, and anxious that all who converse
+with him may know that he is one of the actors. Not so much for his own
+notoriety--as all soldiers have a right to--as for the purpose of making
+known and exposing the wrongs done to him and hundreds of his fellows,
+who fought shoulder to shoulder with him, in the conflict with Sir
+Edward Packenham. Mr. Julius is the only person in whose possession we
+have ever seen a complete draught of the plan of the battle fought on
+the 8th of January, 1815, drawn on the field, by the U.S. Engineer.
+
+This consists of two charts, one quite large, and the other smaller; the
+larger giving the whole plan of battle, and the other being the key,
+which shows the position of the different battalions and regiments of
+troops, with the several officers of command, in which the Colored
+Regiment is beautifully and conspicuously displayed. He sets great
+estimate upon them. Col. Marshall John M. Davis, who was an officer
+under General Jackson at the battle of New Orleans, now still residing
+in Allegheny Co., near Pittsburg, bears testimony to the truthfulness of
+Mr. Julien Bennoit having been a soldier in the Army of the Mississippi
+in 1814. The deeds of these tried and faithful daring sons of Liberty,
+and defenders of their country, shall live triumphantly, long after the
+nation shall have repented her wrongs towards them and their
+descendants, and hung her head with shame, before the gaze of manhood's
+stern rebuke.
+
+Mr. John B. Vashon, of Pittsburg, embarked in the service of the United
+States, and in an engagement of the American squadron in South America,
+was imprisoned, with Major Henry Bears, a respectable white citizen,
+still living in that city.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[2] Captain Jonathan Tudas, who led the 500 brave blacks out to build
+the Redoubt, is now living in Philadelphia, and since the commencement
+of this publication, we learned the following particulars: When the news
+arrived of the approach of the British under Major General Ross, upon
+Baltimore, the expectation ran high, that the city would be taken, and
+forced marches made, immediately upon Philadelphia. The whole City
+consequently was thrown into great alarm, when Captain Tudas, applied to
+the United States Engineer, and offered the services of colored men, who
+during the week, were summoned to meet at the African Methodist
+Episcopal Church, on the following Sabbath; when from the pulpit, the
+Right Rev. Richard Allen, Bishop of the Connexion, made known to the
+people the peril of the Country, and demands of the Commonwealth; when,
+the next day, Monday, five hundred volunteered, working incessantly
+during that day, and on Tuesday, six hundred more were added, swelling
+the number to eleven hundred men. William Stansberry, arrested and tried
+a few years ago, as a fugitive slave from Maryland, and Mr. Ignatius
+Beck, an old respectable colored man, who appeared as a witness, and by
+whose testimony alone, Mr. Stansberry was released from the grasp of the
+oppression of his Country, and thereby saved from endless bondage, were
+both under Captain Tudas, and belong to the faithful eleven hundred
+Philadelphia black warriors. He farther informs us, that the Engineer
+gave them credit for having thrown up superior works to any other men
+employed in the service, and having done more work in the same time, and
+_drank less_, by four-fifth, than twice their number of "Old
+Countrymen." The relics of the breastworks, still stand on or near the
+banks of the Schuylkill, as a living monument of the fidelity of the
+black race to their State and Country. Mr. Stansberry, is still living,
+and Captain Tudas, now quite an old man, about "turning the corner," as
+he expresses it, is a very intelligent old gentleman, and a living
+history of facts. There are few white men of his age and opportunities,
+that equal him at all in intelligence on any subject. He is a kind of
+living synoptic-historical Encyclopedia.
+
+
+
+
+IX
+
+CAPACITY OF COLORED MEN AND WOMEN AS CITIZEN MEMBERS OF COMMUNITY
+
+
+The utility of men in their private capacity as citizens, is of no less
+import than that of any other department of the community in which they
+live; indeed, the fitness of men for positions in the body politic, can
+only be justly measured by their qualification as citizens. And we may
+safely venture the declaration, that in the history of the world, there
+has never been a nation, that among the oppressed class of
+inhabitants--a class entirely ineligible to any political position of
+honor, profit or trust--wholly discarded from the recognition of
+citizens' rights--not even permitted to carry the mail, nor drive a mail
+coach--there never has, in the history of nations, been any people thus
+situated, who has made equal progress in attainments with the colored
+people of the United States. It would be as unnecessary as it is
+impossible, to particularize all the individuals; we shall therefore be
+satisfied, with a classification and a few individual cases. Our history
+in this country is well known, and quite sufficiently treated on in
+these pages already, without the necessity of repetition here; it is
+enough to know that by the most cruel acts of injustice and crime, our
+forefathers were forced by small numbers, and enslaved in the
+country--the great body now to the number of three millions and a half,
+still groaning in bondage--that the half million now free, are the
+descendants of the few who by various means, are fortunate enough to
+gain their liberty from Southern bondage--that no act of general
+emancipation has ever taken place, and no chance as yet for a general
+rebellion--we say in view of all these facts, we proceed to give a
+cursory history of the attainments--the civil, social, business and
+professional, and literary attainments of colored men and women, and
+challenge comparison with the world--according to circumstances--in
+times past and present.
+
+Though shorn of their strength, disarmed of manhood, and stripped of
+every right, encouraged by the part performed by their brethren and
+fathers in the Revolutionary struggle--with no records of their deeds in
+history, and no means of knowing them save orally, as overheard from the
+mouths of their oppressors, and tradition as kept up among
+themselves--that memorable event, had not yet ceased its thrill through
+the new-born nation, until a glimmer of hope--a ray of light had beamed
+forth, and enlightened minds thought to be in total darkness. Minds of
+no ordinary character, but those which embraced business, professions,
+and literature--minds, which at once grasped the earth, encompassed the
+seas, soared into the air, and mounted the skies. And it is none the
+less creditable to the colored people, that among those who have stood
+the most conspicuous and shone the brightest in the earliest period of
+our history, there are those of pure and unmixed African blood. A
+credit--but that which is creditable to the African, cannot disgrace any
+into whose veins his blood may chance to flow. The elevation of the
+colored man can only be completed by the elevation of the pure
+descendants of Africa; because to deny his equality, is to deny in a
+like proportion, the equality of all those mixed with the African
+organization; and to establish his inferiority, will be to degrade every
+person related to him by consanguinity; therefore, to establish the
+equality of the African with the European race, establishes the
+equality of every person intermediate between the two races. This
+established beyond contradiction, the general equality of men.
+
+In the year 1773, though held in servitude, and without the advantages
+or privileges of the schools of the day, accomplishing herself by her
+own perseverance; Phillis Wheatley appeared in the arena, the brilliancy
+of whose genius, as a poetess, delighted Europe and astonished America,
+and by a special act of the British Parliament, 1773, her productions
+were published for the Crown. She was an admirer of President
+Washington, and addressed to him lines, which elicited from the Father
+of his country, a complimentary and courteous reply. In the absence of
+the poem addressed to General Washington, which was not written until
+after her work was published, we insert a stanza from one addressed
+(intended for the students) "To the University at Cambridge." We may
+further remark, that the poems were originally written, not with the
+most distant idea of publication, but simply for the amusement and
+during the leisure moments of the author.
+
+     "Improve your privileges while they stay,
+     Ye pupils, and each hour redeem, that bears
+     Or good or bad report of you to heav'n.
+     Let sin, that baneful evil of the soul,
+     By you be shunn'd, nor once remit your guard;
+     Suppress the deadly serpent in its egg.
+     Ye blooming plants of human race divine,
+     An _Ethiop_ tells you 'tis your greatest foe;
+     Its transient sweetness turns to endless pain,
+     And in immense perdition sinks the soul."
+
+
+                                          "CAMBRIDGE, FEBRUARY 28, 1776.
+     "MISS PHILLIS:
+
+     "Your favor of the 26th of October, did not reach my hands till the
+     middle of December. Time enough, you will say, to have given an
+     answer ere this. Granted. But a variety of important occurrences,
+     continually interposing to divert the mind and withdraw the
+     attention, I hope will apologise for the delay, and plead my excuse
+     for the seeming, but not real neglect. I thank you most sincerely
+     for your polite notice of me, in the elegant lines you enclosed;
+     and however undeserving I may be of such encomium and panegyric,
+     the style and manner exhibit a striking proof of your poetic
+     talents; in honor of which, and as a tribute justly due to you, I
+     would have published the poem, had I not been apprehensive, that,
+     while I only meant to give the world this new instance of your
+     genius, I might have incurred the imputation of vanity. This, and
+     nothing else, determined me not to give it place in the public
+     prints.
+
+     "If you should ever come to Cambridge, or near head-quarters, I
+     shall be happy to see a person so favored by the Muses, and to whom
+     Nature has been so liberal and beneficent in her dispensations.
+
+     "I am, with great respect, your obedient servant,
+                                                     "GEORGE WASHINGTON.
+     "Miss Phillis Wheatley."
+
+
+The tenor, style, and manner of President Washington's letter to Miss
+Wheatley--the publication of her works, together with an accompanying
+likeness of the author, and her inscription and dedication of the volume
+to the "Right Honorable the Countess of Huntingdon," show, that she,
+though young, was a person of no ordinary mind, no common attainments;
+but at the time, one of the brightest ornaments among the American
+literati. She also was well versed in Latin, in which language she
+composed several pieces. Miss Wheatley died in 1780, at the age of 26
+years, being seven years of age when brought to this country in 1761.
+
+Doctor Peter, who married Miss Wheatley, 1775, was a man of business,
+tact, and talents--being first a grocer, and afterwards studied law,
+which he practised with great success, becoming quite wealthy by
+defending the cause of the oppressed before the different tribunals of
+the country. And who shone brighter in his day, than Benjamin Bannaker,
+of Baltimore county, Maryland, who by industry and force of character,
+became a distinguished mathematician and astronomer,--"for many years,"
+says Davenport's Biographical Dictionary, "calculated and published the
+Maryland Ephemerides." He was a correspondent of the Honorable Thomas
+Jefferson, Secretary of State of the United States, taking the earliest
+opportunity of his acquaintanceship, to call his attention to the evils
+of American slavery, and doubtless his acquaintance with the apostle of
+American Democracy, had much to do with his reflections on that most
+pernicious evil in this country. Mr. Bannaker was also a naturalist, and
+wrote a treatise on locusts. He was invited by the Commission of United
+States Civil Engineers, to assist in the survey of the Ten Miles Square,
+for the District of Columbia. He assisted the Board, who, it is thought,
+could not have succeeded without him. His Almanac was preferred to that
+of Leadbeater, or any other calculator cotemporary with himself. He had
+no family, and resided in a house alone, but principally made his home
+with the Elliott family. He was upright, honorable, and virtuous;
+entertaining religious scruples similar to the Friends. He died in 1807,
+near Baltimore. Honorable John H.B. Latrobe, Esq., of Baltimore, is his
+biographer.
+
+In 1812, Captain Paul Cuffy was an extensive trader and mariner,
+sailing out of Boston, to the West Indies and Europe, by which
+enterprise, he amassed an immense fortune. He was known to the
+commercial world of his day, and, if not so wealthy, stood quite as
+fair, and as much respected, as Captain George Laws or Commodore
+Vanderbilt, the Cunards of America. Captain Cuffy went to Africa, where
+he died in a few years.
+
+James Durham, originally of Philadelphia, in 1778, at the early age of
+twenty-one, was the most learned physician in New Orleans. He spoke
+English, French and Spanish, learnedly, and the great Dr. Rush said of
+him, "I conversed with him on medicine, and found him very learned. I
+thought I could give him information concerning the treatment of
+diseases; but I learned from him more than he could expect from me." And
+it must be admitted, he must have been learned in his profession, to
+have elicited such an encomium from Dr. Rush, who stood then at the head
+of his profession in the country.
+
+We have designed nothing here, but merely to give an individual case of
+the various developments of talents and acquirements in the several
+departments of respectability, discarding generalization, and name none
+but the Africo-American of unmixed extraction, who rose into note
+subsequent to the American Revolution. In the persons of note and
+distinction hereafter to be given, we shall not confine ourselves to any
+such narrow selections, but shall name persons, male and female,
+regardless of their extraction, so that they are colored persons, which
+is quite enough for our purpose. And our only excuse for the policy in
+the above course is, that we desire to disarm the vilifiers of our race,
+who disparage us, giving themselves credit for whatever is commendable
+that may emanate from us, if there be the least opportunity of claiming
+it by "blood." We shall now proceed to review the attainments of colored
+men and women of the present day.
+
+
+
+
+X
+
+PRACTICAL UTILITY OF COLORED PEOPLE OF THE PRESENT DAY AS MEMBERS OF
+SOCIETY--BUSINESS MEN AND MECHANICS
+
+
+In calling attention to the practical utility of colored people of the
+present day, we shall not be general in our observations, but simply,
+direct attention to a few particular instances, in which colored persons
+have been responsibly engaged in extensive business, or occupying useful
+positions, thus contributing to the general welfare of community at
+large, filling their places in society as men and women.
+
+It will studiously be borne in mind, that our sole object in giving
+these cases publicity, is to refute the objections urged against us,
+that we are not useful members of society. That we are consumers and
+non-producers--that we contribute nothing to the general progress of
+man. No people who have enjoyed no greater opportunity for improvement,
+could possibly have made greater progress in the same length of time
+than have done the colored people of the present day.
+
+A people laboring under many disadvantages, may not be expected to
+present at once, especially before they have become entirely
+untrammeled, evidence of entire equality with more highly favored
+people.
+
+When Mr. Jefferson, the great American Statesman and philosopher, was
+questioned by an English gentleman, on the subject of American
+greatness, and referred to their literature as an evidence of
+inferiority to the more highly favored and long-existing European
+nations; Mr. Jefferson's reply was--"When the United States have existed
+as long as a nation, as Greece before she produced her Homer and
+Socrates; Rome, before she produced her Virgil, Horace, and Cicero; and
+England, before she produced her Pope, Dryden, and Bacon"; then he might
+consider the comparison a just one. And all we shall ask, is not to wait
+so long as this, not to wait until we become a nation at all, so far as
+the United States are concerned, but only to unfetter our brethren, and
+give us, the freemen, an equal chance for emulation, and we will admit
+any comparison you may please to make in a quarter of a century after.
+
+For a number of years, the late James Forten, of Philadelphia, was the
+proprietor of one of the principal sail manufactories, constantly
+employing a large number of men, black and white, supplying a large
+number of masters and owners of vessels, with full rigging for their
+crafts.
+
+On the failure of an extensive house, T. & Co., in that city, during the
+pressure which followed a removal of the deposits of the United States
+Treasury in 1837, Mr. Forten lost by that firm, nine thousand dollars.
+Being himself in good circumstances at the time, hearing of the failure
+of old constant patrons, he called at the house; one of the proprietors,
+Mr. T., on his entering the warehouse door, came forward, taking him by
+the hand observed, "Ah! Mr. Forten, it is useless to call on us--we are
+gone--we can do nothing!" at which Mr. Forten remarked, "Sir, I hope you
+think better of me than to suppose me capable of calling on a friend to
+torture him in adversity! I came, sir, to express my regret at your
+misfortune, and if possible, to cheer you by words of encouragement. If
+your liabilities were all in my hands, you should never be under the
+necessity of closing business." Mr. Forten exchanged paper and
+signatures with some of the first business men in Philadelphia, and
+raised and educated a large and respectable family of sons and
+daughters, leaving an excellent widow.
+
+Joseph Cassey, recently deceased, was the "architect of his own
+fortune," and by industry and application to business, became a money
+broker in the city of Philadelphia; who becoming indisposed from a
+chronic affection, was obliged to retire from business for many years
+previous to his death. Had Mr. Cassey been favored with health, he
+doubtless would have become a very wealthy man. His name and paper was
+good in any house in the city, and there was no banker of moderate
+capital, of more benefit to the business community than was Joseph
+Cassey. He also left a young and promising family of five sons, one
+daughter, a most excellent widow, and a fortune of seventy-five thousand
+dollars, clear of all encumbrance.
+
+Stephen Smith, of the firm of Smith and Whipper, is a remarkable man in
+many respects, and decidedly the most wealthy colored man in the United
+States. Mr. Smith commenced business after he was thirty years of age,
+without the advantages of a good business education, but by application,
+qualified himself for the arduous duties of his vocation. For many
+years, he has been known as the principal lumber merchant in Columbia,
+Lancaster Co., Pa., and for several years past associated with W.
+Whipper, a gentleman of great force of character, talents, and business
+qualifications, Mr. Smith residing in Philadelphia. Smith and Whipper,
+are very extensive business men, and very valuable members of the
+community, both of Lancaster and Philadelphia counties. By the judicious
+investment of their capital, they keep in constant employment a large
+number of persons; purchasing many rafts at a time, and many thousand
+bushels of coal. It is not only the laborer in "drawing boards," and the
+coal hauler and heaver, that are here benefitted by their capital, but
+the original owners of the lumber and coal purchased by them, and the
+large number of boatmen and raftsmen employed in bringing these
+commodities to market.
+
+In the winter of 1849, these gentlemen had in store, several thousand
+bushels of coal, two million two hundred and fifty thousand feet of
+lumber; twenty-two of the finest merchantmen cars running on the railway
+from Philadelphia to Baltimore; nine thousand dollars' worth of stock in
+the Columbia Bridge; eighteen thousand dollars in stock in the Columbia
+Bank; and besides this, Mr. Smith was then the reputed owner of
+fifty-two good brick houses of various dimensions in the city of
+Philadelphia, besides several in the city of Lancaster, and the town of
+Columbia. Mr. Smith's paper, or the paper of the firm, is good for any
+amount wherever they are known; and we have known gentlemen to present
+the paper of some of the best men in the city, which was cashed by him
+at sight. The principal active business attended to by Mr. S. in person,
+is that of buying good negotiable and other paper, and speculating in
+real estate. The business of the firm is attended to by Mr. Whipper, who
+is a relative. Take Smith and Whipper from Lancaster and Philadelphia
+counties, and the business community will experience a hiatus in its
+connexion, that may not be easily filled.
+
+Samuel T. Wilcox, of Cincinnati, Ohio, also stands conspicuously among
+the most respectable business men of the day. Being yet a young man,
+just scanning forty, he is one among the extraordinary men of the times.
+Born, like the most of colored men in this country, in obscurity, of
+poor parents, raised without the assistance of a father, and to a
+commonplace business, without the advantages of schools, by his own
+perseverance, he qualified himself to the extent that gave him an
+inclination to traffic, which he did for several years on the
+Mississippi and Ohio rivers, investing his gains in real estate, until
+he acquired a considerable property. For the purpose of extending his
+usefulness, and at the same time pursuing a vocation more in accordance
+with his own desires, a few years since, he embarked in the wholesale
+and retail Family Grocery business, and now has the best general
+assortment and most extensive business house of the kind, in the city of
+Cincinnati. The establishment is really beautiful, having the appearance
+more of an apothecary store, than a Grocery House. Mr. Wilcox has a
+Pickling and Preserving establishment besides, separate from his
+business house, owning a great deal of first class real estate. There is
+no man in the community in which he lives, that turns money to a greater
+advantage than Mr. Wilcox, and none by whom the community is more
+benefited for the amount of capital invested. He makes constant and
+heavy bills in eastern houses, and there are doubtless now many
+merchants in New York, Boston, and Baltimore cities, who have been
+dealing with S.T. Wilcox, and never until the reading of this notice of
+him, knew that he was a colored man. He has never yet been east after
+his goods, but pursuing a policy which he has adopted, orders them; but
+if deceived in an article, never deals with the same house again. He
+always gets a good article. The paper of Mr. Wilcox, is good for any
+amount.
+
+Henry Boyd, is also a man of great energy of character, the proprietor
+of an extensive Bedstead manufactory, with a large capital invested,
+giving constant employment to eighteen or twenty-five men, black and
+white. Some of the finest and handsomest articles of the bedstead in the
+city, are at the establishment of Mr. Boyd. He fills orders from all
+parts of the West and South, his orders from the South being very heavy.
+He is the patentee, or holds the right of the Patent Bedsteads, and like
+Mr. Wilcox, there are hundreds who deal with Mr. Boyd at a distance,
+who do not know that he is a colored man. Mr. Boyd is a useful member of
+society, and Cincinnati would not, if she could, be without him. He
+fills a place that every man is not capable of supplying, of whatever
+quarter of the globe his forefathers may have been denizens.
+
+Messrs. Knight and Bell of the same place, Cincinnati, Ohio, are very
+successful and excellent mechanics. In the spring of 1851, (one year
+ago) they put in their "sealed proposal" for the plastering of the
+public buildings of the county of Hamilton--alms-house, &c.--and got the
+contract, which required ten thousand dollars' security. The work was
+finished in fine artistic style, in which a large number of mechanics
+and laborers were employed, while at the same time, they were carrying
+on many other contracts of less extent, in the city--the public
+buildings being some four miles out. They are men of stern integrity,
+and highly respected in the community.
+
+David Jenkins of Columbus, Ohio, a good mechanic, painter, glazier, and
+paper-hanger by trade, also received by contract, the painting, glazing,
+and papering of some of the public buildings of the State, in autumn
+1847. He is much respected in the capital city of his state, being
+extensively patronised, having on contract, the great "Neill House," and
+many of the largest gentlemen's residences in the city and neighborhood,
+to keep in finish. Mr. Jenkins is a very useful man and member of
+society.
+
+John C. Bowers, for many years, has been the proprietor of a fashionable
+merchant tailor house, who has associated with him in business, his
+brother Thomas Bowers, said to be one of the best, if not the very best,
+mercers in the city. His style of cutting and fitting, is preferred by
+the first business men, and other gentlemen of Philadelphia, in whom
+their patrons principally consist.
+
+Mr. Cordovell, for more than twenty-five years, was the leading mercer
+and tailor, reporter and originator of fashions in the city of New
+Orleans, Louisiana. The reported fashions of Cordovell, are said to have
+frequently become the leading fashions of Paris; and the writer was
+informed, by Mr. B., a leading merchant tailor in a populous city, that
+many of the eastern American reports were nothing more than a copy, in
+some cases modified, of those of Cordovell. Mr. Cordovell, has for the
+last four or five years, been residing in France, living on a handsome
+fortune, the fruits of his genius; and though "retired from business,"
+it is said, that he still invents fashions for the Parisian reporters,
+which yields him annually a large income.
+
+William H. Riley, of Philadelphia, has been for years, one of the
+leading fashionable gentlemen's boot-makers. Riley's style and cut of
+boots, taking the preeminence in the estimation of a great many of the
+most fashionable, and business men in the city. Mr. Riley is much of a
+gentleman, and has acquired considerable means.
+
+James Prosser, Sen., of Philadelphia, has long been the popular
+proprietor of a fashionable restaurant in the city. The name of James
+Prosser, among the merchants of Philadelphia, is inseparable with their
+daily hours of recreation, and pleasure. Mr. Prosser, is withal, a most
+gentlemanly man, and has the happy faculty of treating his customers in
+such a manner, that those who call once, will be sure to call at his
+place again. His name and paper is good among the business men of the
+city.
+
+Henry Minton also is the proprietor of a fashionable restaurant and
+resort of business men and gentlemen of the city. The tables of Mr.
+Henry Minton are continually laden with the most choice offerings to
+epicures, and the saloon during certain hours of the day, presents the
+appearance of a bee hive, such is the stir, din, and buz, among the
+throng of Chesnut street gentlemen, who flock in there to pay tribute at
+the shrine of bountifulness. Mr. Minton has acquired a notoriety, even
+in that proud city, which makes his house one of the most popular
+resorts.
+
+Mr. Hill, of Chillicothe, Ohio, was for years, the leading tanner and
+currier in that section of country, buying up the hides of the
+surrounding country, and giving employment to large numbers of men. Mr.
+Hill kept in constant employment, a white clerk, who once a year took
+down, as was then the custom, one or more flatboats loaded with leather
+and other domestic produce, by which he realised large profits,
+accumulating a great deal of wealth. By endorsement, failure, and other
+mistransactions, Mr. Hill became reduced in circumstances, and died in
+Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1845. He gave his children a liberal
+business education.
+
+Benjamin Richards, Sen., of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, forty years ago,
+was one of the leading business men of the place. Being a butcher by
+trade, he carried on the business extensively, employing a white clerk,
+and held a heavy contract with the United States, supplying the various
+military posts with provisions. Mr. Richards possessed a large property
+in real estate, and was at one time reputed very wealthy, he and the
+late general O'H. being considered the most wealthy individuals of the
+place,--Mr. Richards taking the precedence; the estate of general O'H.
+now being estimated at seven millions of dollars. Mr. Richards has been
+known, to buy up a drove of cattle at one time. By mismanagement, he
+lost his estate, upon which many gentlemen are now living at ease in the
+city.
+
+William H. Topp, of Albany, N.Y., has for several years been one of the
+leading merchant tailors of the city. Starting in the world without aid,
+he educated and qualified himself for business; and now has orders from
+all parts of the state, the city of New York not excepted, for "Topp's
+style of clothing." Mr. Topp stands high in his community as a business
+man, and a useful and upright member of society. His paper or
+endorsement is good at any time.
+
+Henry Scott & Co., of New York city, have for many years been engaged
+extensively in the pickling business, keeping constantly in warehouse, a
+very heavy stock of articles in their line. He, like the most of others,
+had no assistance at the commencement, but by manly determination and
+perseverance, raised himself to what he is. His business is principally
+confined to supplying vessels with articles and provisions in his line
+of business, which in this great metropolis is very great. There have
+doubtless been many a purser, who cashed and filed in his office the
+bill of Henry Scott, without ever dreaming of his being a colored man.
+Mr. Scott is extensively known in the great City, and respected as an
+upright, prompt, energetic business man, and highly esteemed by all who
+know him.
+
+Mr. Hutson, for years, kept in New York, an intelligence office. At his
+demise, he was succeeded by Philip A. Bell, who continues to keep one of
+the leading offices in the city. Mr. Bell is an excellent business man,
+talented, prompt, shrewd, and full of tact. And what seems to be a trait
+of character, only to be found associated with talent, Mr. Bell is
+highly sensitive, and very eccentric. A warm, good hearted man, he has
+not only enlisted the friendship of all his patrons, but also endeared
+himself to the multitude of persons who continually throng his office
+seeking situations. One of his usual expressions to the young women and
+men in addressing himself to them is, "My child"--this is kind, and
+philanthropic, and has a tendency to make himself liked. His business is
+very extensive, being sought from all parts of the city, by the first
+people of the community. It is said to be not unusual, for the
+peasantry of Liverpool, to speak of Mr. Bell, as a benefactor of the
+emigrant domestics. Mr. Bell is extensively known in the business
+community--none more so--and highly esteemed as a valuable citizen.
+
+Thomas Downing, for thirty years, in the city of New York, has been
+proprietor of one of the leading restaurants. His establishment situated
+in the midst of the Wall street bankers, the business has always been of
+a leading and profitable character. Mr. Downing has commanded great
+influence, and much means, and it is said of him that he has made "three
+fortunes." Benevolent, kind, and liberal minded, his head was always
+willing, his heart ready, and his hands open to "give." Mr. Downing is
+still very popular, doing a most excellent business, and highly
+respected throughout New York. Indeed, you scarcely hear any other
+establishment of the kind spoken of than Downing's.
+
+Henry M. Collins, of the City of Pittsburg, stands among the men of
+note; and we could not complete this list of usefulness, without the
+name of Mr. Collins. Raised a poor boy, thrown upon the uncertainties of
+chance, without example of precept, save such as the public at large
+presents; Mr. Collins quit his former vocation of a riverman, and
+without means, except one hundred and fifty dollars, and no assistance
+from any quarter, commenced speculating in real estate. And though only
+rising forty, has done more to improve the Sixth Ward of Pittsburg, than
+any other individual, save one, Captain W., who built on Company
+capital. Mr. Collins was the first person who commenced erecting an
+improved style of buildings; indeed, there was little else than old
+trees in that quarter of the city when Mr. Collins began. He continued
+to build, and dispose of handsome dwellings, until a different class of
+citizens entirely, was attracted to that quarter of the town, among
+them, one of the oldest and most respectable and wealthy citizens, an
+ex-Alderman. After this, the wealthy citizens turned their attention to
+the District; and now, it is one of the most fashionable quarters of the
+City, and bids fair to become, the preferred part for family residences.
+Mr. Collins' advice and counsel was solicited by some of the first
+lawyers, and land speculators, in matters of real estate. He has left or
+contemplates leaving Pittsburg, in April, for California, where he
+intends entering extensively into land speculation, and doubtless, with
+the superior advantages of this place, if his success is but half what
+it was in the former, but a few years will find him counted among the
+wealthy. Mr. Collins is a highly valuable man in any community in which
+he may live, and he leaves Pittsburg much to the regret of the leading
+citizens. Without capital, he had established such a reputation, that
+his name and paper were good in some of the first Banking houses.
+
+Owen A. Barrett of Pittsburg, Pa., is the original proprietor of "B.A.
+Fahnestock's Celebrated Vermifuge." Mr. Fahnestock raised Mr. Barrett
+from childhood, instructing him in all the science of practical
+pharmacy, continuing him in his employment after manhood, when Mr.
+Barrett discovered the "sovereign remedy" for _lumbricalii_, and as an
+act of gratitude to his benefactor, he communicated it to him, but not
+until he had fully tested its efficacy. The proprietor of the house,
+finding the remedy good, secured his patent, or copy right, or whatever
+is secured, and never in the history of remedies in the United States,
+has any equaled, at least in sale, this of "B.A. Fahnestock's
+Vermifuge." Mr. Fahnestock, like a gentleman and Christian, has kept Mr.
+Barrett in his extensive House, compounding this and other medicines,
+for sixteen or eighteen years.
+
+In 1840 it was estimated, that of this article alone, the concern had
+realized eighty-five thousand dollars. Doubtless, this is true, and
+certainly proves Mr. Barrett to be of benefit, not only in his
+community, but like many others we have mentioned, to the country and
+the world.
+
+Lewis Hayden, of Boston, is well deserving a place among the examples of
+character here given. But eight years ago, having emerged from bondage,
+he raised by his efforts, as an act of gratitude and duty, six hundred
+and fifty dollars, the amount demanded by mutual agreement, by the
+authorities in Kentucky, as a ransom for Calvin Fairbanks, then in the
+State Prison, at Frankfort, accused for assisting him in effecting his
+escape. In 1848, he went to Boston, and having made acquaintance, and
+gained confidence with several business men, Mr. Hayden opened a
+fashionable Clothing House in Cambridge street, where he has within the
+last year, enlarged his establishment, being patronized by some of the
+most respectable citizens of that wealthy Metropolis. Mr. Hayden has
+made considerable progress, considering his disadvantages, in his
+educational improvements. He has great energy of character, and
+extensive information. Lewis Hayden by perseverance, may yet become a
+very wealthy man. He is generally esteemed by the Boston people--all
+seeming to know him.
+
+George T. Downing, a gentleman of education and fine business
+attainments, is proprietor of one of the principal Public houses and
+places of resort, at Newport, Rhode Island, during the watering Season.
+This fashionable establishment is spoken of as among the best conducted
+places in the country--the Proprietor among the most gentlemanly.
+
+Edward V. Clark, is among the most deserving and active business men in
+New York, and but a few years are required, to place Mr. Clark in point
+of business importance, among the first men in the city. His stock
+consists of Jewelry and Silver Wares, and consequently, are always
+valuable, requiring a heavy capital to keep up business. His name and
+paper, has a respectable credit, even among the urbane denizens of Wall
+street.
+
+John Julius and Lady, were for several years, the Proprietors of Concert
+Hall, a _Caffe_, then the most fashionable resort for ladies and
+gentlemen in Pittsburg. Mr. and Mrs. Julius, held Assemblies and Balls,
+attended by the first people of the city--being himself a fine violinist
+and dancing master, he superintended the music and dancing. When General
+William Henry Harrison in 1840, then the President elect of the United
+States, visited that city, his levee to and reception of the Ladies were
+held at Concert Hall, under the superintendence of Monsieur John and
+Madame Edna Julius, the colored host and hostess. No House was ever
+better conducted than under their fostering care, and excellent
+management, and the citizens all much regretted their retirement from
+the establishment.
+
+In Penyan, Western New York, Messrs. William Platt and Joseph C. Cassey,
+are said to be the leading Lumber Merchants of the place. Situated in
+the midst of a great improving country, their business extends, and
+increases in importance every year. The latter gentleman was raised to
+the business by Smith and Whipper, the great Lumber Merchants of
+Columbia, Pa., where he was principal Book-Keeper for several years. Mr.
+Cassey has the credit of being one of the best Accountants, and Business
+Men in the United States of his age. Doubtless, a few years'
+perseverance, and strict application to business, will find them ranked
+among the most influential men of their neighborhood.
+
+Anthony Weston, of Charleston, South Carolina, has acquired an
+independent fortune, by his mechanical ingenuity, and skillful
+workmanship. About the year 1831, William Thomas Catto, mentioned in
+another place, commenced an improvement on a Thrashing Machine, when on
+taking sick, Mr. Weston improved on it, to the extent of thrashing a
+thousand bushels a day. This Thrashing Mill, was commenced by a Yankee,
+by the name of Emmons, who failing to succeed, Mr. Catto, then a
+Millwright--since a Minister--improved it to the extent of thrashing
+five hundred bushels a day; when Mr. Weston, took it in hand, and
+brought it to the perfection stated, for the use of Col. Benjamin
+Franklin Hunt, a distinguished lawyer of Charleston, upon whose
+plantation, the machine was built, and to whom it belonged. Anthony
+Weston, is the greatest Millwright in the South, being extensively
+employed far and near, and by Southern people, thought the best in the
+United States.
+
+Dereef and Howard, are very extensive Wood-Factors, keeping a large
+number of men employed, a regular Clerk and Book-Keeper, supplying the
+citizens, steamers, vessels, and factories of Charleston with fuel. In
+this business a very heavy capital is invested: besides which, they are
+the owners and proprietors of several vessels trading on the coast. They
+are men of great business habits, and command a great deal of respect
+and influence in the city of Charleston.
+
+There is nothing more common in the city of New Orleans, than Colored
+Clerks, Salesmen and Business men. In many stores on Chartier, Camp and
+other business streets, there may always be seen colored men and women,
+as salesmen, and saleswomen, behind the counter. Several of the largest
+Cotton-Press houses, have colored Clerks in them; and on the arrival of
+steamers at the Levees, among the first to board them, and take down the
+Manifestos to make their transfers, are colored Clerks. In 1839-40, one
+of the most respectable Brokers and Bankers of the City, was a black
+gentleman.
+
+Mr. William Goodrich of York, Pennsylvania, has considerable interest
+in the branch of the Baltimore Railroad, from Lancaster. In 1849, he had
+a warehouse in York, and owned ten first-rate merchandise cars on the
+Road, doing a fine business. His son, Glenalvon G. Goodrich, a young man
+of good education, is a good artist, and proprietor of a Daguerreo-type
+Gallery.
+
+Certainly, there need be no further proofs required, at least in this
+department, to show the claims and practical utility of colored people
+as citizen members of society. We have shown, that in proportion to
+their numbers, they vie and compare favorably in point of means and
+possessions, with the class of citizens who from chance of superior
+advantages, have studiously contrived to oppress and deprive them of
+equal rights and privileges, in common with themselves.
+
+
+
+
+XI
+
+LITERARY AND PROFESSIONAL COLORED MEN AND WOMEN
+
+
+Dr. James McCune Smith, a graduate of the Scientific and Medical Schools
+of the University of Glasgow, has for the last fifteen years, been a
+successful practitioner of medicine and surgery in the city of New York.
+Dr. Smith is a man of no ordinary talents, and stands high as a scholar
+and gentleman in the city, amidst the _literati_ of a hundred seats of
+learning.
+
+In 1843, when the character of the colored race was assailed to
+disparagement, by the representative of a combination of maligners, such
+was the influence of the Doctor, that the citizens at once agreed to
+give their presence to a fair public discussion of the subject--the
+Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the races. This discussion was
+kept up for several evenings, attended by large and fashionable
+assemblages of ladies and gentlemen, until it closed. Doctor Smith, in
+the estimation of the audience, easily triumphed over his antagonist,
+who had made this a studied subject. The Doctor is the author of several
+valuable productions, and in 1846, a very valuable scientific paper,
+issued from the press in pamphlet form, on the "Influence of Climate on
+Longevity, with special reference to Life Insurance." This paper, we may
+surmise, was produced in refutation of the attempt at a physiological
+disquisition on the part of Hon. John C. Calhoun, United States Senator,
+on the colored race, which met with considerable favor from some
+quarters, until the appearance of Dr. Smith's pamphlet--since when, we
+have heard nothing about Calhoun's learned argument. It may be well to
+remark, that Senator Calhoun read medicine before he read law, and it
+would have been well for him if he had left medical subjects remain
+where _he left_ them, for law. We extract a simple note of explanation
+without the main argument, to show with what ease the Doctor refutes an
+absurd argument: "The reason why the proportion of mortality is not a
+measure of longevity, is the following:--The proportion of mortality is
+a statement of how many persons die in a population; this, of course,
+does not state the age at which those persons die. If 1 in 45 die in
+Sweden, and 1 in 22 in Grenada, the ages of the dead might be alike in
+both countries; here the greater mortality might actually accompany the
+greater longevity."--Note to page 6.
+
+About three months since, at a public meeting of scientific gentlemen,
+for the formation of a "Statistic Institute," Doctor Smith was nominated
+as one of five gentlemen, to draught a constitution. This, of course,
+anticipated his membership to the Institution. He, for a number of
+years, has held the office of Physician to the Colored Orphan Asylum, an
+excellent institution, at which he is the only colored officer. The
+Doctor is very learned.
+
+Rev. Samuel Ringgold Ward was, for several years, pastor of a white
+congregation, in Courtlandville, N.Y., of the Congregational persuasion,
+and editor of an excellent newspaper, devoted to the religious elevation
+of that denomination. Mr. Ward is a man of great talents--his fame is
+widespread as an orator and man of learning, and needs no encomium from
+us. His name stood on nomination for two or three years, as
+Liberty-party candidate for Vice President of the United States. Mr.
+Ward has embraced the legal profession, and intends to practise law.
+Governor Seward said of him, that he "never heard true eloquence until
+he heard Samuel R. Ward speak." Mr. Ward has recently left the United
+States, for Canada West, and is destined to be a great statesman.
+
+Rev. Henry Highland Garnett, was also the pastor of a white
+congregation, in Troy, N.Y. Mr. Garnett is a graduate of Oneida
+Institute, a speaker of great pathetic eloquence, and has written
+several valuable pamphlets. In 1844, Mr. Garnett appeared before the
+Judiciary Committee of the Legislature at the capital, in behalf of the
+rights of the colored citizens of the State, and in a speech of
+matchless eloquence, he held them for four hours spell-bound.
+
+He has also been co-editor of a newspaper, which was conducted with
+ability. As a token of respect, the "Young Men's Literary Society of
+Troy," elected him a life-member--and he was frequently solicited to
+deliver lectures before different lyceums. Mr. Garnett left the United
+States in the summer of 1849, and now resides in England, where he is
+highly esteemed.
+
+Rev. James William Charles Pennington, D.D., a clergyman of New York
+city, was born in Maryland,--left when young--came to Brooklyn--educated
+himself--studied divinity--went to Hartford, Conn.;--took charge of a
+Presbyterian congregation of colored people--went to
+England--returned--went to the West Indies--returned--was called to the
+Shiloh Presbyterian Colored Congregation--was sent a Delegate to the
+Peace Congress at Paris, in 1849, preached there, and attended the
+National Levee at the mansion of the Foreign Secretary of State,
+Minister De Tocqueville; and had the degree of _Doctor of Divinity_
+conferred on him by the ancient time-honored University of Heidleburg,
+in Germany.
+
+Dr. Pennington is very learned in theology, has fine literacy
+attainments, and has written several useful pamphlets, and contributed
+to science, by the delivery of lectures before several scientific
+institutions in Europe.
+
+He has, by invitation, delivered lectures before the "Glasgow Young
+Men's Christian Association"; and "St. George's Biblical, Literary, and
+Scientific Institute," London. In one of the discourses, the following
+extract will give an idea of the style and character of the
+speaker:--"One of the chief attributes of the mind is a desire for
+freedom; but it has been the great aim of slavery to extinguish that
+desire."
+
+"To extinguish this attribute would be to extinguish mind itself. Every
+faculty which the master puts forth to subdue the slave, is met by a
+corresponding one in the latter."... "Christianity is the highest and
+most perfect form of civilization. It contains the only great standard
+of the only true and perfect standard of civilization. When tried by
+this standard, we are compelled to confess, that we have not on earth,
+one strictly civilized nation; for so long as the sword is part of a
+nation's household furniture, it cannot be called strictly civilized;
+and yet there is not a nation, great or small, black or white, that has
+laid aside the sword."--pp. 7-14. The Doctor has been editor of a
+newspaper, which was ably conducted. He belongs to the Third Presbytery
+of New York, and stands very high as a minister of the Gospel, and
+gentleman.
+
+Rev. John Francis Cook, a learned clergyman of Washington City, has
+taught an academy in the District of Columbia for years, under the
+subscribed sanction and patronage of many of the members of Congress,
+the Mayor of Washington, and some of the first men of the nation, for
+the education of colored youth of both sexes. Mr. Cook has done a great
+deal of good at the Capitol; is highly esteemed, and has set as
+Moderator of a body of Presbyterian Clergymen, assembled at Richmond,
+Va., all white, except himself.
+
+Charles L. Reason, Esq., a learned gentleman, for many years teacher in
+one of the Public Schools in New York, in 1849, was elected by the
+trustees of that institution, Professor of Mathematics and Belles
+Lettres in Centre College, at McGrawville, in the State of New York.
+After a short connection with the College, Professor Reason, for some
+cause, retired from the Institution, much to the regret of the students,
+who, though a young man, loved him as an elder brother--and contrary to
+the desire of his fellow-professors.
+
+Mr. Reason is decidedly a man of letters, a high-souled gentleman, a
+most useful citizen in any community--much respected and beloved by all
+who know him, and most scrupulously modest--a brilliant trait in the
+character of a teacher. We learn that Professor Reason, is about to be
+called to take charge of the High School for the education of colored
+youth of both sexes, now in course of completion in Philadelphia. The
+people of New York will regret to part with Professor Reason.
+
+Charles Lenox Remond, Esq., of Salem, Massachusetts, is among the most
+talented men of the country. Mr. Remond is a native of the town he
+resides in, and at an early age, evinced more than ordinary talents. At
+the age of twenty-one, at which time (1832) the cause of the colored
+people had just begun to attract public attention, he began to take an
+interest in public affairs, and was present for the first time, at the
+great convention of colored men, of that year, at which the
+distinguished colonization gentlemen named in another part of this work,
+among them, Rev. R.R. Gurley, and Elliot Cresson, Esqs., were present.
+At this convention, we think, Mr. Remond made his virgin speech. From
+that time forth he became known as an orator, and now stands second to
+no living man as a declaimer. This is his great forte, and to hear him
+speak, sends a thrill through the whole system, and a tremor through the
+brain.
+
+In 1835, he went to England, making a tour of the United Kingdom, where
+he remained for two years, lecturing with great success; and if we
+mistake not was presented the hospitality of one of the towns of
+Scotland, at which he received a token of respect, in a code of
+resolutions adopted expressive of the sentiments of the people, signed
+by the town officers, inscribed to "Charles Lenox Remond, Esq.," a form
+of address never given in the United Kingdom, only where the person is
+held in the highest esteem for their attainments; the "Mr." always being
+used instead.
+
+To C.L. Remond, are the people of Massachusetts indebted for the
+abolition of the odious distinction of caste, on account of condition.
+For up to this period, neither common white, nor genteel colored
+persons, could ride in first class cars; since which time, all who are
+able and willing to pay, go in them. In fact, there is but one class of
+cars, (except the emigrant cars which are necessary for the safety and
+comfort of other passengers) in Massachusetts.
+
+Mr. Remond, appeared at one time before the legislature of
+Massachusetts, in behalf of the rights of the people above named, where
+with peals of startling eloquence, he moved that great body of
+intelligent New Englanders, to a respectful consideration of his
+subject; which eventually resulted as stated. The distinguished Judge
+Kelley, of Philadelphia, an accomplished scholar and orator, in 1849, in
+reply to an expression that Mr. Remond spoke like himself, observed,
+that it was the greatest compliment he ever had paid to his talents.
+"Proud indeed should I feel," said the learned Jurist, "were I such an
+orator as Mr. Remond." Charles Lenox Remond is the soul of an honorable
+gentleman.
+
+Robert Morris, Jr., Esq., attorney and counsellor at law, is a member
+of the Essex county bar in Boston. Mr. Morris has also had the
+commission of magistracy conferred upon him, by his excellency George N.
+Briggs, recent governor of the commonwealth of Massachusetts, a high
+honor and compliment to an Attorney; the commission usually being
+conferred on none but the oldest or most meritorious among the members
+of the bar. He also keeps the books of one of the wealthy rail road
+companies, a business almost entirely confined to lawyers in that city.
+Mr. Morris is a talented gentleman, and stands very high at the Boston
+bar. He sometimes holds the magistrate's court in Chelsea, where his
+family resides, and is very highly esteemed by the whole community of
+both cities, and has a fine practice.
+
+Macon B. Allen, Esq., attorney and counsellor at law, is also a member
+of the Essex bar. He is spoken of as a gentleman of fine education.
+
+Robert Douglass, Jr., for many years, has kept a study and gallery of
+painting and daguerreotype in the city of Philadelphia. Mr. Douglass is
+an excellent artist--being a fine portrait and landscape painter, which
+art he practised before the discovery of daguerreotype. He is also a
+good lithographer, a gentleman of fine educational attainments, very
+clever talents, and highly esteemed in that city. Mr. Douglass has been
+twice to the West Indies and Europe.
+
+J. Presley Ball is the principal daguerreotypist of Cincinnati, Ohio.
+Mr. Ball commenced the practice of his art about seven years ago, being
+then quite young, and inexperienced, as all young beginners are,
+laboring under many difficulties. He nevertheless, persevered, until he
+made a business, and established confidence in his skill; and now he
+does more business than any other artist in the profession in that city.
+His gallery, which is very large, finely skylighted, and handsomely
+furnished, is literally crowded from morning until evening with ladies,
+gentlemen, and children. He made some valuable improvements in the art,
+all for his own convenience. There is none more of a gentleman than J.
+Presley Ball. He has a brother, Mr. Thomas Ball, and a white gentleman
+to assist him. Few go to Cincinnati, without paying the daguerrean
+gallery of Mr. Ball, a visit.
+
+The great organ of the "Liberty Party" in the United States, is now
+conducted by one who requires not a notice from such an obscure
+source--we mean Frederick Douglass, of Rochester, N.Y. His history is
+well known--it was written by more faithful hands than ours--it was
+written by himself. It stands enrolled on the reminiscences of Germany,
+and France, and in full length oil, in the academy of arts, and in bust
+of bronze or marble, in the museum of London. Mr. Douglass is also the
+sole owner of the printing establishment from which the paper is issued,
+and was promoted to this responsible position, by the power of his
+talents. He is a masterly letter writer, ably edits his paper, and as a
+speaker, and orator, let the scenes of a New York tabernacle, within two
+years, answer instead. Mr. Douglass is highly respected as a citizen and
+gentleman in Rochester.
+
+In Syracuse, N.Y., resides George Boyer Vashon, Esq., A.M., a graduate
+of Oberlin Collegiate Institute, Attorney at Law, Member of the Syracuse
+Bar. Mr. Vashon, is a ripe scholar, an accomplished Essayist, and a
+chaste classic Poet; his style running very much in the strain of
+Byron's best efforts. He probably takes Byron as his model, and Childe
+Harold, as a sample, as in his youthful days, he was a fond admirer of
+GEORGE GORDON NOEL BYRON, always calling his whole name, when he named
+him. His Preceptor in Law, was the Honorable Walter, Judge Forward, late
+Controller, subsequently, Secretary of the Treasury of the United
+States, and recently _Charge de Affaires_ to Denmark, now President of
+the Bench of the District Court of the Western District of Pennsylvania.
+
+Mr. Vashon was admitted to the Bar of the city of New York, in the fall
+of 1847, to practise in all the Courts of the State. He immediately
+subsequently, sailed to the West Indies, from whence he returned in the
+fall of 1850. He has contributed considerably to a number of the
+respectable journals of the country.
+
+Mrs. Ann Maria Johnson, of the School of Mrs. Tillman and Mrs. Johnson,
+Teachers in French Worsted Needle Work, at the Exhibition of the
+Mechanics' Institute in Chicago, Ill., 1846, took the First Prize, and
+got her Diploma, for the best embroidery in cloth. This was very
+flattering to those ladies, especially the Diplomast, considering the
+great odds they had to contend with. The ladies were very successful
+teachers--their classes were always large.
+
+In Williamsburg there is T. Joiner White, M.D.; in Brooklyn Peter Ray,
+M.D.; and in the city of New York, also, John Degrass, M.D., all young
+Physicians, who have time and experience yet before them, and promise
+fair to be good and useful members of society.
+
+Miss Eliza Greenfield the BLACK SWAN, is among the most extraordinary
+persons of the present century. Being raised in obscurity, inured to
+callings far beneath her propensity, and unsuited to her taste, she had
+a desire to cultivate her talents, but no one to encourage her. Whenever
+she made the effort, she was discouraged--perhaps ridiculed; and thus
+discouraged, she would shrink again from her anxious task. She knew she
+could sing, and knew she could sing unlike any body else; knew she sung
+better than any whom she had heard of the popular singers, but could not
+tell why others could not think with, and appreciate her. In this way it
+seems, she was thrown about for three years, never meeting with a
+person who could fully appreciate her talents; and we have it from her
+own lips, that not until after the arrival of Jenny Lind and Parodi in
+the country, was she aware of the high character of her own talents. She
+knew she possessed them, because they were inherent, inseparable with
+her being. She attended the Concerts of Mad'll. Jenny Lind, and Operas
+of Parodi, and at once saw the "secret of their success"--they possessed
+talents, that no other popular singers mastered.
+
+She went home; her heart fluttered; she stole an opportunity when no one
+listened, to mock or gossip; let out her voice, when _ecce!_ she found
+her strains _four_ notes _above_ Sweden's favored Nightingale; she
+descended when lo! she found her tones _three_ notes _below!_ she
+thanked God with a "still small voice"; and now, she ranks second in
+point of voice, to no vocalist in the world. Miss Greenfield, if she
+only be judicious and careful, may become yet, in point of popularity,
+what Miss Lind was. The Black Swan, is singing to fine fashionable
+houses, and bids fair to stand unrivalled in the world of Song.
+
+Patrick Henry Reason, a gentleman of ability and fine artist, stands
+high as an Engraver in the city of New York. Mr. Reason has been in
+business for years, in that city, and has sent out to the world, many
+beautiful specimens of his skillful hand. He was the first artist, we
+believe in the United States, who produced a plate of that beautiful
+touching little picture, the Kneeling Slave; the first picture of which
+represented a handsome, innocent little girl upon her knees, with hands
+outstretched, leaving the manacles dangling before her, anxiously
+looking and wishfully asking, "_Am I not a sister?_" It was
+beautiful--sorrowfully beautiful. He has we understand, frequently done
+Government engraving. Mr. P.H. is a brother of Professor Charles L.
+Reason.
+
+David Jones Peck, M.D., a graduate of Rush Medical College, a talented
+young gentleman, practised Medicine for two years in Philadelphia. He
+left there in 1850.
+
+William H. Allen, Esq., A.B., successor to Professor C.L. Reason, is
+Professor of Languages in Centre College, at McGrawville, N.Y. Professor
+Allen, is a gentleman of fine education, a graduate of Oneida Institute,
+and educated himself entirely by his own industry, having the aid of but
+fifty dollars during the whole period. The Professor is a talented
+Lecturer on Ancient History, and much of a gentleman.
+
+Martin H. Freeman, A.B., a young gentleman, graduate of Rutland College,
+in Vermont, is "Junior Professor," in Allegheny Institute, Allegheny
+county, Pa. The Professor is a gentleman of talents, and doing much good
+in his position.
+
+Rev. Molliston Madison Clark, a gentleman of great talents, a noble
+speaker, educated at Jefferson College, Pa., sailed to Europe in 1846,
+and was a member of the Evangelical Alliance. Mr. Clark kept a regular
+Journal of his travels through the United Kingdom of England, Scotland
+and Ireland. As well as a Greek and Latin, he is also a French and
+Spanish Linguist. He has all the eccentricity of Rowland Hill,
+manifested only in a very different manner.
+
+William C. Nell, of Rochester, N.Y., formerly of Boston, has long been
+known as a gentleman of chaste and lofty sentiments, and a pure
+philanthropist. Mr. Nell, in company with Mr. Frederick Douglass, was
+present by invitation, and took his seat at table, at the celebration of
+Franklin's Birth Day, by the Typographical and Editorial corps of
+Rochester. In 1850, being again residing in Boston, he was nominated and
+ran for the Legislature of Massachusetts, by the Free Soil party of
+Essex county. Mr. Nell stood even with his party vote in the District.
+
+He recently issued from the Boston press a Pamphlet, on the colored men
+who served in the wars of the United States of 1776, and 1812. This
+pamphlet is very useful as a book of reference on this subject, and Mr.
+Nell, of course does not aim at a full historical view. The
+circumstances under which it was got out, justify this belief. He was
+collecting materials in the winter of 1850-51, when he was taken down to
+his bed with a severe attack of disease of one of his lungs, with which
+he lingered, unable to leave his room for weeks. In the Spring,
+recovering somewhat his health, so as to go out--during this time, he
+had the little pamphlet published, as a means of pecuniary aid,
+promising another part to be forthcoming some subsequent period, which
+the writer hopes may soon be issued. Mr. Nell, is an excellent man, and
+deserves the patronage of the public.
+
+Joseph G. Anderson, successor to Captain Frank Johnson, of Philadelphia,
+is now one of the most distinguished musicians in the country. Mr.
+Anderson is an artist professionally and practically, mastering various
+instruments, a composer of music, and a gentleman of fine
+accomplishments in other respects. His musical fame will grow with his
+age, which one day must place him in the front ranks of his profession,
+among the master in the world.
+
+William Jackson, is among the leading musicians of New York city, and
+ranks among the most skillful violinists of America. This gentleman is a
+master of his favorite instrument, executing with ease the most
+difficult and critical composition. He is generally preferred in social
+and private parties, among the first families of the city, where the
+amateur and gentleman is more regarded than the mere services of the
+musician. Mr. Jackson is a teacher of music, and only requires a more
+favorable opportunity to vie with Ole Bull or Paganini.
+
+Rev. Daniel A. Payne, commenced his literary career in Charleston,
+South Carolina, where he taught school for some time. In 1833 or 1834,
+he came North, placing himself in the Lutheran Theological Seminary, at
+Gettysburg, under the tutorage of the learned and distinguished Dr.
+Schmucker, where he finished his education as a Lutheran clergyman. To
+extend his usefulness, he joined the African Methodist Connexion, and
+for several years resided in Baltimore, where he taught an Academy for
+colored youth and maidens, gaining the respect and esteem of all who had
+the fortune to become acquainted with him. He is now engaged travelling
+and collecting information, for the publication of a history of one of
+the colored Methodist denominations in the United States. Mr. Payne is a
+pure and chaste poet, having published a small volume of his productions
+in 1850, under the title of "Pleasures and other Miscellaneous Poems, by
+Daniel A. Payne," issued from the press of Sherwood and Company,
+Baltimore, Maryland.
+
+Rev. William T. Catto, a clergyman of fine talents, finished his
+education in the Theological Seminary in Charleston, South Carolina. He
+was ordained by the Presbytery of Charleston, and in 1848, under the
+best recommendations for piety, acquirements, and all the qualifications
+necessary to his high mission as a clergyman, was sent out as a
+missionary to preach the Gospel to all who needed it; but to make
+himself more useful, he joined the African Methodist Episcopal Church
+Connexion, and is now a useful and successful preacher in Philadelphia.
+
+The musical profession of Philadelphia has long had a valuable votary in
+the person of William Appo, an accomplished pianist. Mr. Appo has been a
+teacher of the piano forte, for more than twenty years, alternately in
+the cities of New York and Philadelphia, and sometimes in Baltimore.
+His profession extends amongst the citizens generally, from the more
+moderate in circumstances, to the ladies and daughters of the most
+wealthy gentlemen in community. This gentleman is a fine scholar, and as
+well as music, teaches the French language successfully. His young
+daughter, Helen, a miss of fourteen years of age, inherits the musical
+talents of her father, and is now organist in the central Presbyterian
+Church. The name of William Appo, is generally known as a popular
+teacher of music, but few who are not personally acquainted with him,
+know that he is a colored gentleman.
+
+Augustus Washington, an artist of fine taste and perception, is numbered
+among the most successful Daguerreotypists in Hartford, Connecticut. His
+establishment is said to be visited daily by large numbers of the
+citizens of all classes; and this gallery is perhaps, the only one in
+the country, that keeps a female attendant, and dressing-room for
+ladies. He recommends, in his cards, black dresses to be worn for
+sitting; and those who go unsuitably dressed, are supplied with drapery,
+and properly enrobed.
+
+John Newton Templeton, A.M., for fifteen years an upright, active, and
+very useful citizen of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, was a graduate of Athens
+College, in the State of Ohio. Mr. Templeton, after an active life of
+more than twenty years, principally spent in school teaching, died in
+Pittsburg, in July, 1851, leaving an amiable widow and infant son.
+
+Thomas Paul, A.B., of Boston, a gentleman of fine talents and amiable
+disposition, whose life has been mainly devoted to teaching, is a
+graduate of Bowdoin College, in Maine. Mr. Paul is now the recipient of
+a salary of fifteen hundred dollars a year as teacher of a school in
+Boston.
+
+Rev. Benjamin Franklin Templeton, pastor of St. Mary street Church,
+Philadelphia, was educated at Hanover College, near Madison, Indiana. In
+1838, Mr. Templeton was ordained a minister of the Ripley Presbytery, in
+Ohio; subsequently, in 1841, established a church, the Sixth
+Presbyterian, in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, from which place he was
+called, in 1844, to take charge of his present pastorate. Mr. Templeton
+is a beautiful speaker, and an amiable gentleman.[3]
+
+John B. Russworm, a gentleman of splendid talents, graduated at Bowdoin
+College, many years ago. Mr. Russworm was a class-mate of Honorable John
+P. Hale, United States Senator, and after leaving College as his first
+public act, commenced the publication of a newspaper, for the elevation
+of colored Americans, called "Freedom's Journal." Subsequently to the
+publication of his paper, Mr. Russworm became interested in the
+Colonization scheme, then in its infancy, and went to Liberia; after
+which he went to Bassa Cove, of which place he was made governor, where
+he died in 1851.
+
+Benjamin Coker, a colored Methodist clergyman, forty years ago, wrote
+and issued, in the city of Baltimore, Maryland, a pamphlet, setting
+forth in glowing terms, the evils of American slavery, and the wrongs
+inflicted on the colored race. Rev. Daniel A. Payne, a talented
+clergyman, mentioned in this work, has now in his possession a copy of
+the pamphlet, and informs us, that the whole ground assumed by the
+modern abolitionists, was taken and reviewed in this pamphlet, by Daniel
+Coker. We may reasonably infer, that the ideas of Anti-Slavery, as
+taught by the friends of the black race at the present day, were
+borrowed from Mr. Coker; though, perhaps, policy forbade due credit to
+the proper source. Coker, like Russworm, became interested in the cause
+of African Colonization, and went to Africa; where he subsequently
+became an extensive coast trader, having several vessels, one of which
+he commanded in person, taking up his residence on the island of
+Sherbro, where he is said to have lived in great splendor. He died in
+1845 or 1846, at an advanced age, leaving a family of sons and
+daughters.
+
+Henry Bibb, an eloquent speaker, for several years, was the principal
+traveling lecturer for the Liberty Party of Michigan. Mr. Bibb, with
+equal advantages, would equal many of those who fill high places in the
+country, and now assume superiority over him and his kindred. He fled an
+exile from the United States, in 1850, to Canada, to escape the terrible
+consequences of the Republican Fugitive Slave Law, which threatened him
+with a total destruction of liberty. Mr. Bibb established the "Voice of
+the Fugitive," a newspaper, in Sandwich, Canada West, which is managed
+and conducted with credit.
+
+Titus Basfield, graduated at Franklin College, New Athens, Ohio,
+receiving his religious instruction from the late Dr. Jonathan Walker,
+of that place, a physician and Covenanter clergyman. He afterwards
+graduated in theology at the Theological Seminary of Cannonsburg,
+Pennsylvania, was ordained, and traveled preaching and lecturing to the
+people of his peculiar faith and the public, for several years. He went
+to New London, Canada West, where he has charge of a Scotch congregation
+of religious votaries to that ancient doctrine of salvation.
+
+Mary Ann Shadd, a very intelligent young lady, peculiarly eccentric,
+published an excellent pamphlet, issued from the press in Wilmington,
+Delaware, in 1849, on the elevation of the colored people. The writer of
+this work, was favored with an examination of it before publication,
+which he then highly approved of, as an excellent introduction to a
+great subject, fraught with so much interest. Miss Shadd has traveled
+much, and now has charge of a school in Sandwich, Canada West.
+
+James McCrummill, of Philadelphia, is a skillful surgeon-dentist, and
+manufacturer of porcelain teeth, having practised the profession for
+many years in that city. He is said to be equal to the best in the city,
+and probably only requires an undivided attention to establish the
+reality.
+
+Joseph Wilson, Thomas Kennard, and William Nickless, are also practising
+dentists in the city of Philadelphia. Mr. Kennard is said to be one of
+the best _workmen_ in the manufacture of artificial teeth, and _gums_--a
+new discovery, and very valuable article, in this most beautiful and
+highly useful art. He devotes several hours a day, to the manufacture of
+these articles for one of the principal surgeon-dentists of Arch street.
+
+James M. Whitfield, of Buffalo, New York, though in an humble position,
+(for which we think he is somewhat reprehensible), is one of the purest
+poets in America. He has written much for different newspapers; and, by
+industry and application--being already a good English scholar--did he
+but place himself in a favorable situation in life, would not be second
+to John Greenleaf Whittier, nor the late Edgar A. Poe.
+
+Mary Elizabeth Miles, in accordance with the established rules,
+graduated as a teacher, in the Normal School, at Albany, New York,
+several years ago. Miss Miles (now Mrs. Bibb) was a very talented young
+lady and successful teacher. She spent several years of usefulness in
+Massachusetts, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, after which she went to
+Cincinnati, as assistant-teacher in Gilmore's "High School for Colored
+Children," which ended her public position in life. She now resides in
+Sandwich, Canada West.
+
+Lucy Stanton, of Columbus, Ohio, is a graduate of Oberlin Collegiate
+Institute, in that State. She is now engaged in teaching school in that
+city, in which she is reputed to be successful. She is quite a young
+lady, and has her promise of life all before her, and bids fair to
+become a woman of much usefulness in society.
+
+Doctor Bias, of Philadelphia, spoken of in another place, graduated at
+the close of the session of 1851-52, in the Eclectic Medical College, in
+that city. The doctor is highly esteemed by the physicians of his
+system, who continually interchange calls with him. He is also a
+practical phrenologist,--which profession he does not now attend to,
+giving his undivided attention to the practice of medicine,--and has
+written a pamphlet on that subject, entitled, "Synopsis of Phrenology,
+and the Phrenological Developments, as given by J.J. Gould Bias." No man
+perhaps, in the community of Philadelphia, possesses more self-will, and
+determination of character, than Dr. James Joshua Gould Bias. Mr.
+Whipper says of him, that he is "a Napoleon in character." The sterling
+trait in his character is, that he grasps after _originality_, and
+grapples with every difficulty. Such a man, must and will succeed in his
+undertakings.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[3] During the last twenty years, there have been, at different periods,
+published among the colored people of the United States, twenty odd
+newspapers, some of which were conducted with ability. Among them, the
+"Colored American," in New York city; Samuel E. Cornish, Philip A. Bell,
+and Charles B. Ray, at different times, Editors. "The Demosthenian
+Shield," issued from a Literary Society of young colored men, in the
+city of Philadelphia. "The Straggler," by Philip A. Bell, New York, out
+of which the Colored American took its origin. The "National Reformer,"
+an able monthly periodical, in pamphlet form, in Philadelphia; William
+Whipper, Editor. "The Northern Star," a Temperance monthly newspaper,
+published in Albany, N.Y.; Stephen Myers, Editor, still in
+existence--changed to ----. "The Mystery," of Pittsburg, Pa.; Martin
+Robison Delany, Editor--succeeded by a committee of colored gentlemen as
+Editors. The "Palladium of Liberty," issued in Columbus, O., by a
+committee of colored gentlemen; David Jenkins, Editor. "The
+Disfranchised American," by a committee of colored gentlemen,
+Cincinnati, O.; A.M. Sumner, Editor--succeeded by the "Colored Citizen";
+Rev. Thomas Woodson, and William Henry Yancey, Editors. The "National
+Watchman," Troy, N.Y.; William H. Allen and Henry Highland Garnett,
+Editors. Another issued in New York city, the name of which, we cannot
+now remember; James William Charles Pennington, D.D., and James McCune
+Smith, M.D., Editors: the issue being alternately at Hartford, the then
+residence of Dr. Pennington--and New York city, the residence of Dr.
+Smith. The "Excelsior," an ephemeral issue, which appeared but once, in
+Detroit, Mich.; William H. Day, Editor.
+
+The "Christian Herald," the organ of the A.M. Episcopal Church,
+published under the auspices of the General Conference of that body;
+Augustus Richardson Green, Editor, and General Book Steward. This
+gentleman has, also, written and published several small volumes of a
+religious character; a pamphlet on the Episcopacy and Infant Baptism,
+and the Lives of Reverends Fayette Davis and David Canyou. The
+"Elevator," of Philadelphia; James McCrummill, Editor. The "Ram's Horn,"
+New York city; Thomas Vanrensellear, Editor. There is now a little
+paper, the name of which we cannot recollect, issued at Newark, N.J.,
+merely a local paper, very meager in appearance. "The Farmer and
+Northern Star," in Courtland, N.Y., afterwards changed to the "Impartial
+Citizen," and published in Boston; Samuel Ringgold Ward, Editor. "The
+North Star," published in Rochester, N.Y.; Frederick Douglass, and
+Martin Robinson Delany, Editors--subsequently changed to the "Frederick
+Douglass' Paper"; Frederick Douglass, Editor.
+
+A number of gentlemen have been authors of narratives, written by
+themselves, some of which are masterly efforts, manifesting great force
+of talents. Of such, are those by Frederick Douglass, William Wells
+Brown, and Henry Bibb.
+
+Of the various churches and clergy we have nothing to say, as these do
+not come within our province; except where individuals, from position,
+come within the sphere of our arrangement.
+
+There have been several inventors among the colored people. The youth
+Henry Blair, of Maryland, some years ago, invented the Corn-Planter, and
+Mr. Roberts of Philadelphia, 1842, a machine for lifting cars off the
+railways.
+
+It may be expected that we should say something about a book issued in
+Boston, purporting to be a history of ancient great men of African
+descent, by one Mr. Lewis, entitled "Light and Truth." This book is
+nothing more than a compilation of selected portions of Rollin's,
+Goldsmith's, Furguson's, Hume's, and other ancient histories; added to
+which, is a tissue of historical absurdities and literary blunders,
+shamefully palpable, for which the author or authors should mantle their
+faces.
+
+If viewed in the light of a "Yankee trick," simply by which to make
+money, it may, peradventure, be a very clever trick; but the publisher
+should have recollected, that the ostensible object of his work was, the
+edification and enlightenment of the public in general and the colored
+people in particular, upon a great and important subject of truth; and
+that those who must be the most injured by it, will be the very class of
+people, whom he professes a desire to benefit. We much regret the fact,
+that there are but too many of our brethren, who undertake to dabble in
+literary matters, in the shape of newspaper and book-making, who are
+wholly unqualified for the important work. This, however, seems to be
+called forth by the palpable neglect, and indifference of those who have
+had the educational advantages, but neglected to make such use of them.
+
+There is one redeeming quality about "Light and Truth." It is a capital
+offset to the pitiable literary blunders of Professor George R. Gliddon,
+late Consul to Egypt, from the United States, Lecturer on Ancient
+Egyptian Literature, &c., &c., who makes all ancient black men, _white_;
+and asserts the Egyptians and Ethiopians to have been of the _Caucasian_
+or white race!--So, also, this colored gentleman, makes all ancient
+great white men, black--as Diogenes, Socrates, Themistocles, Pompey,
+Caesar, Cato, Cicero, Horace, Virgil, et cetera. Gliddon's idle nonsense
+has found a capital match in the production of Mr. Lewis' "Light and
+Truth," and both should be sold together. We may conclude by expressing
+our thanks to our brother Lewis, as we do not think that Professor
+Gliddon's learned ignorance, would have ever met an equal but for "Light
+and Truth." Reverends D.A. Payne, M.M. Clark, and other learned colored
+gentlemen, agree with us in the disapproval of this book.--EDITOR.
+
+
+
+
+XII
+
+STUDENTS OF VARIOUS PROFESSIONS
+
+
+There are a number of young gentlemen who have finished their literary
+course, who are now studying for the different learned professions, in
+various parts of the country.
+
+Jonathan Gibbs, A.B., a very talented young gentleman, and fine speaker,
+is now finishing his professional studies in the Theological School at
+Dartmouth University. Mr. Gibbs also studied in the Scientific
+Department of the same Institution.
+
+William H. Day, Esq., A.B., a graduate of Oberlin Collegiate Institute,
+is now in Cleveland Ohio, preparing for the Bar. Mr. Day is, perhaps,
+the most eloquent young gentleman of his age in the United States.
+
+John Mercer Langston, A.B., of Chillicothe, Ohio, also a graduate of
+Oberlin College, a talented young gentleman, and promising orator, is
+completing a Theological course at the School of Divinity at Oberlin. It
+is said, that Mr. Langston intends also to prepare for the Bar. He
+commenced the study of Law previous to that of Theology, under Judge
+Andrews of Cleveland.
+
+Charles Dunbar, of New York city, a promising, very intelligent young
+gentleman, is now in the office of Dr. Childs, and having attended one
+course of Lectures at Bowdoin Medical School in Maine, will finish next
+fall and winter, for the practice of his profession.
+
+Isaac Humphrey Snowden, a promising young gentleman of talents, is now
+reading Medicine under Dr. Clarke of Boston, and attended the session of
+the Medical School of Harvard University, of 1850-51.
+
+Daniel Laing, Jr., Esq., a fine intellectual young gentleman of Boston,
+a student also of Dr. Clarke of that city, one of the Surgeons of the
+Massachusetts General Hospital, who attended the course of Lectures the
+session of 1850-51, at the Medical School of Harvard University, is now
+in Paris, to spend two years in the hospitals, and attend the Medical
+Lectures of that great seat of learning. Mr. Laing, like most medical
+students, has ever been an admirer, and anxious to sit under the
+teachings of that great master in Surgery, Velpeau.
+
+Dr. James J. Gould Bias, a Botanic Physician, and talented gentleman of
+Philadelphia, is a member of the class of 1851-52, of the Eclectic
+Medical School of that city. Dr. Bias deserves the more credit for his
+progress in life, as he is entirely self-made.
+
+Robert B. Leach, of Cleveland, Ohio, a very intelligent young gentleman,
+is a member of the medical class for 1851-52, of the Homeopathic
+College, in that City. Mr. Leach, when graduated, will be the _First
+Colored Homeopathic_ Physician in the United States.
+
+Dr. John Degrass, of New York city, named in another place, spent two
+years in Paris Hospitals, under the teaching of the great lecturer and
+master of surgery, Velpeau, to whom he was assistant and dresser, in the
+hospital--the first position--for advantages, held by a student. The
+Doctor has subsequently been engaged as surgeon on a Havre packet, where
+he discharged the duties of his office with credit.
+
+Also Dr. Peter Ray, of Brooklyn, named on the same page, graduated at
+Castleton Medical School, Vermont, spent some time at the Massachusetts
+General Hospital, Boston, where he held the position of assistant and
+dresser to Surgeon Parkman, in his ward of the hospital.
+
+Dr. John P. Reynolds, has for a number of years been one of the most
+popular and successful physicians in Vincennes, Indiana. We believe Dr.
+Reynolds, was not of the "regular" system, but some twenty-three or-four
+years ago, studied under an "Indian physician," after which, he
+practised very successfully in Zanesville, Ohio, subsequently removing
+to Vincennes, where he has for the last sixteen years, supported an
+enviable reputation as a physician. We understand Doctor Reynolds has
+entered into all the scientific improvements of the "eclectic school" of
+medicine, which has come into being in the United States, long since his
+professional career commenced. His popularity is such, that he has
+frequently been entrusted, with public confidence, and on one occasion,
+in 1838, was appointed by the court, sole executor of a very valuable
+orphans' estate. The Doctor has grown quite wealthy it is said,
+commanding a considerable influence in the community.
+
+Dr. McDonough, a skillful young physician, graduated at the Institute,
+Easton, Pennsylvania, and finished his medical education at the
+University of New York. The Doctor is one of the most thorough of the
+young physicians; has been attached to the greater part of the public
+institutions of the city of New York, and is a good practical chemist.
+
+Of course, there are many others, but as we have taken no measures
+whatever, to collect facts or information from abroad, only getting such
+as was at hand, and giving the few sketches here, according to our own
+recollection of them, we close this short chapter at this point.
+
+
+
+
+XIII
+
+A SCAN AT PAST THINGS
+
+
+It may not be considered in good taste to refer to those still living,
+who formerly occupied prominent business positions, and by dint of
+misfortune or fortune, have withdrawn. Nevertheless, we shall do so,
+since our simple object in this hasty sketch of things, is to show that
+the colored people of the country have not as has been charged upon
+them, always been dregs on the community and excrescences on the body
+politic, wherever they may have lived. We only desire to show that they
+have been, all things considered, just like other people.
+
+Several years ago, there lived in the city of St. Louis, Missouri, Mr.
+Berry Mechum. This gentleman was very wealthy, and had at one time, two
+fine steamers plying on the Mississippi, all under the command and
+management of white men, to whom he trusted altogether. As late as 1836,
+he sent two sons to the Oberlin Collegiate Institute, desiring that they
+might become educated, in order to be able to manage his business; who,
+although he could read and write, was not sufficiently qualified and
+skilled in the arts of business to vie with the crafty whites of the
+Valley. But before his sons were fitted for business though reputed very
+wealthy, which there is no doubt he was, his whole property was seized
+and taken: and as he informed the writer himself, he did not know what
+for, as he had no debts that he knew of, until these suits were
+entered. Mr. Mechum was an energetic, industrious, persevering old
+gentleman--a baptist clergyman, and published a small pamphlet on the
+condition of the colored race. And although, it evinces great deficiency
+of literary qualifications, yet, does credit to the good old man, for
+the sound thoughts therein contained.
+
+Also in the city of St. Louis, David Desara, who was a Mississippi pilot
+for many years. He made much money at his business, and owned at one
+time, a steamboat, which he piloted himself. Mr. Desara also failed, in
+consequence of having his business all in the hands of white men, as
+most of the slave state colored people have, entrusting to them
+entirely, without knowing anything of their own concerns.
+
+Charles Moore, long and familiarly known as "Chancy Moore the Pilot,"
+was for many years, one of the most popular pilots on the Ohio and
+Mississippi rivers. Mr. Moore made much money, and withdrew from his old
+business, purchasing a large tract of land in Mercer County, Ohio, where
+he has for the last ten or twelve years been farming.
+
+Mr. Moore was an honest man, and we believe upon him originated the
+purely Western phrase, "Charley Moore the fair thing"; he always in his
+dealings saying "gentlemen, do the _fair_ thing."
+
+Abner H. Francis and James Garrett were formerly extensive clothes
+dealers in Buffalo, N.Y., doing business to the amount of sixty thousand
+dollars annually. They were energetic, industrious, persevering
+gentlemen, commencing business under very unfavorable circumstances, in
+fact, commencing on but _seventy-five_ dollars, as the writer has been
+authentically informed by the parties.
+
+They continued successfully for years, where their paper and
+endorsements were good for any amount they wanted--highly respected and
+esteemed; Mr. Francis sitting at one time as juryman in the court of
+quarter sessions. These gentlemen failed in business in 1849, but since
+then, have nearly adjusted the claims against them. Mr. Francis has
+since settled in Oregon Territory, Portland City, where he is again
+doing a fair mercantile business. They bid fair again to rank among the
+"merchant princes" of the times.
+
+Robert Banks was for many years, a highly esteemed and extensive clothes
+dealer, on Jefferson Avenue, in Detroit, Mich. No man was more highly
+respected for unswerving integrity, and uprightness of purpose, than
+Robert Banks, of Detroit. Mr. Banks, had much enlarged his business,
+immediately succeeding a fire in which he was burnt out two years
+previous to closing, which ensued in July, 1851, being the second time
+he had lost his store by fire. He might have, had he done as merchants
+usually do under such circumstances, continued his business; but
+instead, he made an assignment, with few preferred creditors, rather as
+he expressed it, ruin his business, than wilfully wrong a creditor. What
+speaks volumes in his behalf, every person, even his greatest creditors
+say, "He is an honest man"; and while settling the business of the late
+concern, those to whom he was indebted, offered him assistance to
+commence business again. But this he thankfully declined, preferring to
+take his chance with others in the land of gold, California, where he
+now is, than commence again under the circumstances. Doubtless, if no
+special prevention ensue, Mr. Banks will be fully able to redeem his
+present obligations, and once more be found prospering and happy.
+
+Henry Knight, of Chicago, commenced business in that city without
+capital; but by industry, soon gained the esteem and confidence of the
+public, making many friends. He fast rose in prosperity, until he became
+the proprietor of the most extensive livery establishment in the city,
+in which he had much capital invested. Determined to be equal to the
+times, the growing prosperity of the city, and the demands of the
+increasing pride of the place, he extended his possessions--erecting
+costly buildings, besides increasing his stock and livery extensively.
+He was burnt out--a pressure came upon him--he sold out his stock, staid
+suits against himself; went to California, returned in a year and a
+half--paid off old claims, saved his property--went back; opened a
+California hotel, returned in less than one year with several thousand
+dollars, and now stands entirely clear of all debt--and all this done in
+the space of two and a half years. Mr. Knight is a man of business, and
+will hold his position with others if he have but half a chance. With
+such a man, there is "no such a thing as fail"--he could not again, if
+he desired, because, his friends would not permit him.
+
+
+
+
+XIV
+
+LATE MEN OF LITERARY, PROFESSIONAL AND ARTISTIC NOTE
+
+
+Late Captain Frank Johnson, of Philadelphia, the most renowned band
+leader ever known in the United States, was a man of science, and master
+of his profession. In 1838, Captain Johnson went to England with his
+noble band of musicians, where he met with great success--played to Her
+Majesty Queen Victoria and His Royal Highness Prince Albert--Captain
+Johnson receiving a handsome French bugle, by order of her Majesty,
+valued at five hundred dollars--returning, he held throughout the
+Eastern, Northern, and Western States, grand concerts, known as "Soirees
+Musicales." He was a great composer and teacher of music, and some of
+the finest Marches and Cotillions now extant, have been originally
+composed by Captain Frank Johnson. On his Western tour, by some
+awkwardness of management, he lost at Buffalo, original music in
+manuscript, which never had been published--as much of his composition
+had been; valued at one thousand dollars, which, although advertised, he
+never got. But his name was sufficient to give additional value to the
+prize; and there is no doubt, but the world is now being benefited by
+the labors of Captain Johnson, the credit being given to others than
+himself. This was an unfortunate circumstance, and had his amiable and
+excellent widow, Mrs. Helen Johnson of Philadelphia, now this
+composition, she could support herself in ease, by the sale of the
+published work. Captain Frank Johnson, died in Philadelphia in 1844,
+universally respected, and regretted as an irreparable loss to society.
+At his death the band divided, different members taking a leadership.
+
+Andrew J. Conner, one of the members of Captain Johnson's band, also
+became a distinguished composer and teacher of music. Mr. Conner taught
+the piano forte in the best families in the city of Philadelphia--among
+merchants, bankers, and professional men. He contributed to the popular
+literary Magazines of the day, and very many who have read in Graham's
+and other literary issues, "Music composed by A.J. Conner," did not for
+a moment think that the author was a colored gentleman. Mr. Conner died
+in Philadelphia in 1850.
+
+James Ulett, formerly of New York, became quite celebrated a few years
+since, as a comedian. He played several times in the old "Richmond Hill"
+Theatre, and quite successfully in Europe. Mr. Ulett was not well
+educated, and consequently, labored under considerable inconvenience in
+reading, frequently making grammatical blunders, as the writer noticed
+in a private rehearsal, in 1836, in the city of New York. He, however,
+possessed great intellectual powers, and his success depended more upon
+that, than his accuracy in reading. Of course, he was a great delineator
+of character, which being the principal feature in a comedian, his
+language was lost sight of in common conversation. Mr. Ulett died in New
+York a few years ago.
+
+Doctor Lewis G. Wells was a most talented orator and man of literary
+qualifications. Residing in Baltimore, Maryland, he raised himself high
+in the estimation of all who knew him. He studied medicine, and was
+admitted into the Washington Medical College, attending the regular
+courses, and would have graduated, but for some misunderstanding
+between himself and the professors, which prevented it. He was a most
+successful practitioner, and effected more cures during the prevalence
+of the cholera in 1832, than any other physician in the city. Doctor
+Wells was also a most successful practical phrenologist, and lectured to
+large and fashionable houses of the first class ladies and gentlemen of
+Baltimore, and other cities. Being a great wit, he kept his audiences in
+uproars of laughter. Mr. Wells was also an ordained minister of the
+Gospel, belonging to the white Methodist connexion; and was author of
+several productions, among them, a large Methodist hymn book, containing
+several fine original poems. Dr. Wells died the same year of cholera,
+after successfully saving many others, because there was no physician at
+that time who understood the treatment of the disease.
+
+
+
+
+XV
+
+FARMERS AND HERDSMEN
+
+
+Little need be said about farmers; there are hundreds of them in all
+parts of the country, especially in the Western States; still these may
+not be considered of a conspicuous or leading character--albeit, they
+are contributing largely to the wants of community, and wealth of the
+country at large. Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, and
+Indiana, all, are largely represented by the farming interests of
+colored men. We shall name but a sufficient number to show the character
+of their enterprise in this department of American industry.
+
+Rev. William Watson, of Cincinnati, Ohio, is the owner of a fine farm in
+Mercer county, and six hundred acres of additional land.
+
+Mr. Richard Phillips, of the same city, is owner of a fine farm in the
+same county, and three hundred and fifty additional acres of land.
+
+Rev. Reuben P. Graham, of Cincinnati, owns a finely cultivated farm in
+Mercer county, three hundred acres of adjoining land; and one near
+Cincinnati.
+
+Mr. John Woodson, of Jackson county, is one of the most successful
+farmers in the State of Ohio. Having a large tract of land, he has one
+of the best cultivated farms in the West, in a most productive state,
+raising grains, fruits, and livestock. In the year 1842, his farm
+produced that season, three thousand bushels of wheat, several hundred
+bushels of rye, eleven hundred bushels of oats, large crops of corn,
+potatoes, and other vegetables; large quantities of fruits, three
+hundred stacks of hay, with a large stock of several hundred heads of
+cattle on the place. Mr. Woodson has for many years, been a highly
+respectable man in his neighborhood, and continues his farming interests
+with unabated success.
+
+Dr. Charles Henry Langston, of Columbus, Ohio, is also the proprietor of
+a very fine farm of eleven hundred acres, in Jackson county, upon which
+he has a white tenant. This gentleman is a surgeon-dentist by
+profession, educated at Oberlin College, making his home in Columbus.
+
+Robert Purvis, Esq., a gentleman of collegiate education, is proprietor
+of one of the best improved farms in Philadelphia county, fifteen miles
+from Philadelphia. His cattle consist of the finest English breed.
+
+Joseph Purvis, Esq., of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, a gentleman also of
+education and wealth, is an amateur stock farmer. Every animal on Mr.
+Purvis' farm is of the very best breed--Godolphin horses, Durham cattle,
+Leicestershire sheep, Berkshire swine, even English bull-terrier dogs,
+and whatever else pertains to the blooded breeds of brutes, may be found
+on the farm of Joseph Purvis. Mr. Purvis supplies a great many farmers
+with choice breeds of cattle, and it is said that he spends ten thousand
+dollars annually, in the improvement of his stocks.
+
+Robert Briges Forten, also of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, is an amateur
+farmer. Mr. Forten is a gentleman of fine education, a pure, chaste
+poet, and attends to farming for the love of nature. He is a valuable
+member of the farming enterprise in the country.
+
+If such evidence of industry and interest, as has been exhibited in the
+various chapters on the different pursuits and engagements of colored
+Americans, do not entitle them to equal rights and privileges in our
+common country, then indeed, is there nothing to justify the claims of
+any portion of the American people to the common inheritance of Liberty.
+
+We proceed to another view of our condition in the United States.
+
+
+
+
+XVI
+
+NATIONAL DISFRANCHISEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE
+
+
+We give below the Act of Congress, known as the "Fugitive Slave Law,"
+for the benefit of the reader, as there are thousands of the American
+people of all classes, who have never read the provisions of this
+enactment; and consequently, have no conception of its enormity. We had
+originally intended, also, to have inserted here, the Act of Congress of
+1793, but since this Bill includes all the provisions of that Act, in
+fact, although called a "supplement," is a substitute, _de facto_, it
+would be superfluous; therefore, we insert the Bill alone, with
+explanations following:--
+
+     AN ACT
+
+     TO AMEND, AND SUPPLEMENTARY TO THE ACT, ENTITLED, "AN ACT
+     RESPECTING FUGITIVES FROM JUSTICE, AND PERSONS ESCAPING FROM THE
+     SERVICE OF THEIR MASTERS," APPROVED FEBRUARY 12, 1793.
+
+     _Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
+     United States of America in Congress assembled_, That the persons
+     who have been, or may hereafter be, appointed commissioners, in
+     virtue of any act of Congress, by the circuit courts of the United
+     States, and who, in consequence of such appointment, are authorized
+     to exercise the powers that any justice of the peace or other
+     magistrate of any of the United States may exercise in respect to
+     offenders for any crime or offence against the United States, by
+     arresting, imprisoning, or bailing the same under and by virtue of
+     the thirty-third section of the act of the twenty-fourth of
+     September, seventeen hundred and eighty-nine, entitled "An act to
+     establish the judicial courts of the United States," shall be, and
+     are hereby authorized and required to exercise and discharge all
+     the powers and duties conferred by this act.
+
+     SEC. 2. _And be it further enacted_, That the superior court of
+     each organized territory of the United States shall have the same
+     power to appoint commissioners to take acknowledgments of bail and
+     affidavit, and to take depositions of witnesses in civil causes,
+     which is now possessed by the circuit courts of the United States;
+     and all commissioners who shall hereafter be appointed for such
+     purposes by the superior court of any organized territory of the
+     United States shall possess all the powers and exercise all the
+     duties conferred by law upon the commissioners appointed by the
+     circuit courts of the United States for similar purposes, and shall
+     moreover exercise and discharge all the powers and duties conferred
+     by this act.
+
+     SEC. 3. _And be it further enacted_, That the circuit courts of the
+     United States, and the superior courts of each organized territory
+     of the United States, shall from time to time enlarge the number of
+     commissioners, with a view to afford reasonable facilities to
+     reclaim fugitives from labor, and to the prompt discharge of the
+     duties imposed by this act.
+
+     SEC. 4. _And be it further enacted_, That the commissioners above
+     named shall have concurrent jurisdiction with the judges of the
+     circuit and district courts of the United States, in their
+     respective circuits and districts within the several States, and
+     the judges of the superior courts of the Territories, severally and
+     collectively, in term time and vacation; and shall grant
+     certificates to such claimants, upon satisfactory proof being made,
+     with authority to take and remove such fugitives from service or
+     labor, under the restrictions herein contained, to the State or
+     territory from which such persons may have escaped or fled.
+
+     SEC. 5. _And be it further enacted_, That it shall be the duty of
+     all marshals and deputy marshals to obey and execute all warrants
+     and precepts issued under the provisions of this act, when to them
+     directed; and should any marshal or deputy marshal refuse to
+     receive such warrant or other process, when tendered, or to use all
+     proper means diligently to execute the same, he shall, on
+     conviction thereof, be fined in the sum of one thousand dollars to
+     the use of such claimant, on the motion of such claimant, by the
+     circuit or district court for the district of such marshal; and
+     after arrest of such fugitive by such marshal or his deputy, or
+     whilst at any time in his custody, under the provisions of this
+     act, should such fugitive escape, whether with or without the
+     assent of such marshal or his deputy, such marshal shall be liable,
+     on his official bond, to be prosecuted, for the benefit of such
+     claimant for the full value of the service or labor of said
+     fugitive in the State, Territory, or district whence he escaped;
+     and the better to enable the said commissioners, when thus
+     appointed, to execute their duties faithfully and efficiently, in
+     conformity with the requirements of the constitution of the United
+     States and of this art, they are hereby authorized and empowered,
+     within their counties respectively, to appoint in writing under
+     their hands, any one or more suitable persons, from time to time,
+     to execute all such warrants and other process as may be issued by
+     them in the lawful performance of their respective duties; with an
+     authority to such commissioners, or the persons to be appointed by
+     them, to execute process as aforesaid, to summon and call to their
+     aid the bystanders, or _posse comitatus_ of the proper county,
+     when necessary to insure a faithful observance of the clause of the
+     constitution referred to, in conformity with the provisions of this
+     act: and all good citizens are hereby commanded to aid and assist
+     in the prompt and efficient execution of this law, whenever their
+     services may be required, as aforesaid, for that person; and said
+     warrants shall run and be executed by said officers anywhere in the
+     State within which they are issued.
+
+     SEC. 6. _And be it further enacted_, That when a person held to
+     service or labor in any State or Territory of the United States has
+     heretofore or shall hereafter escape into another State or
+     Territory of the United States, the person or persons to whom such
+     service or labor may be due, or his, her, or their agent or
+     attorney, duly authorized, by power of attorney, in writing,
+     acknowledged and certified under the seal of some legal office or
+     court of the State or Territory in which the game may be executed,
+     may pursue and reclaim such fugitive person, either by procuring a
+     warrant from some one of the courts, judges, or commissioners
+     aforesaid, of the proper circuit, district or county, for the
+     apprehension of such fugitive from service or labor, or by seizing
+     and arresting such fugitive, where the same can be done without
+     process, and by taking and causing such person to be taken
+     forthwith before such court, judge or commissioner, whose duty it
+     shall be to hear and determine the case of such claimant in a
+     summary manner; and upon satisfactory proof being made, by
+     deposition or affidavit, in writing, to be taken and certified by
+     such court, judge, or commissioner, or by other satisfactory
+     testimony, duly taken and certified by some court, magistrate,
+     justice of the peace, or other legal officer authorized to
+     administer an oath, and take depositions under the laws of the
+     State or Territory from which such person owing service or labor
+     may have escaped, with a certificate of such magistracy or other
+     authority, as aforesaid, with the seal of the proper court or
+     officer thereto attached, which seal shall be sufficient to
+     establish the competency of the proof, and with proof, also by
+     affidavit, of the identity of the person whose service or labor is
+     claimed to be due as aforesaid, that the person so arrested does in
+     fact owe service or labor to the person or persons claiming him or
+     her, in the State or Territory from which such fugitive may have
+     escaped as aforesaid, and that said person escaped, to make out and
+     deliver to such claimant, his or her agent or attorney, a
+     certificate setting forth the substantial facts as to the service
+     or labor due from such fugitive to the claimant, and of his or her
+     escape from the State or Territory in which such service or labor
+     was due to the State or Territory in which he or she was arrested,
+     with authority to such claimant, or his or her agent or attorney to
+     use such reasonable force and restraint as may be necessary under
+     the circumstances of the case, to take and remove such fugitive
+     person back to the State or Territory from whence he or she may
+     have escaped as aforesaid. In no trial or hearing under this act
+     shall the testimony of such alleged fugitive be admitted in
+     evidence; and the certificates in this and the first section
+     mentioned shall be conclusive of the right of the person or persons
+     in whose favor granted to remove such fugitive to the State or
+     Territory from which he escaped, and shall prevent all molestation
+     of said person or persons by any process issued by any court,
+     judge, magistrate, or other person whomsoever.
+
+     SEC. 7. _And be it further enacted_, That any person who shall
+     knowingly and willingly obstruct, hinder, or prevent such claimant,
+     his agent or attorney, or any person or persons lawfully assisting
+     him, her, or them, from arresting such a fugitive from service or
+     labor, either with or without process as aforesaid; or shall
+     rescue, or attempt to rescue such fugitive from service or labor,
+     from the custody of such claimant, his or her agent or attorney or
+     other person or persons lawfully assisting as aforesaid, when so
+     arrested, pursuant to the authority herein given and declared: or
+     shall aid, abet, or assist such person, so owing service or labor
+     as aforesaid, directly or indirectly, to escape from such claimant,
+     his agent or attorney, or other person or persons, legally
+     authorized as aforesaid; or shall harbor or conceal such fugitive,
+     so as to prevent the discovery and arrest of such person, after
+     notice or knowledge of the fact that such person was a fugitive
+     from service or labor as aforesaid, shall, for either of said
+     offences, be subject to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars,
+     and imprisonment not exceeding six months, by indictment and
+     conviction before the district court of the United States for the
+     district in which such offence may have been committed, or before
+     the proper court of criminal jurisdiction, if committed within any
+     one of the organized territories of the United States; and shall
+     moreover forfeit and pay, by way of civil damages to the party
+     injured by such illegal conduct, the sum of one thousand dollars
+     for each fugitive so lost as aforesaid, to be recovered by action
+     of debt in any of the district or territorial courts aforesaid,
+     within whose jurisdiction the said offence may have been committed.
+
+     SEC. 8. _And be it further enacted_, That the marshals, their
+     deputies, and the clerks of the said district and territorial
+     courts, shall be paid for their services the like fees as may be
+     allowed to them for similar services in other cases; and where such
+     services rendered exclusively in the arrest, custody, and delivery
+     of the fugitive to the claimant, his or her agent or attorney, or
+     where such supposed fugitive may be discharged out of custody for
+     the want of sufficient proof as aforesaid, then such fees are to be
+     paid in the whole by such claimant, his agent or attorney; and in
+     all cases where the proceedings are before a commissioner, he shall
+     be entitled to a fee of ten dollars in full for his services in
+     each case, upon delivery of the said certificate to the claimant,
+     his or her agent or attorney; or a fee of five dollars in cases
+     where the proof shall not, in the opinion of such commissioner,
+     warrant such certificate and delivery, inclusive of all services
+     incident to such arrest and examination, to be paid in either case,
+     by the claimant, his or her agent or attorney. The person or
+     persons authorized to execute the process to be issued by such
+     commissioners for the arrest and detention of fugitives from
+     service or labor as aforesaid, shall also be entitled to a fee of
+     five dollars each for each person he or they may arrest and take
+     before any such commissioner as aforesaid at the instance and
+     request of such claimant, with such other fees as may be deemed
+     reasonable by such commissioner for such other additional services
+     as may be necessarily performed by him or them: such as attending
+     to the examination, keeping the fugitive in custody, and providing
+     him with food and lodging during his detention, and until the final
+     determination of such commissioner; and in general for performing
+     such other duties as may be required by such claimant, his or her
+     attorney or agent, or commissioner in the premises; such fees to be
+     made up in conformity with the fees usually charged by the officers
+     of the courts of justice within the proper district or county, as
+     near as may be practicable, and paid by such claimants, their
+     agents or attorneys, whether such supposed fugitive from service or
+     labor be ordered to be delivered to such claimants by the final
+     determination of such commissioners or not.
+
+     SEC. 9. _And be it further enacted_, That upon affidavit made by
+     the claimant of such fugitive, his agent or attorney, after such
+     certificate has been issued, that he has reason to apprehend that
+     such fugitive will be rescued by force from his or their possession
+     before he can be taken beyond the limits of the State in which the
+     arrest is made, it shall be the duty of the officer making the
+     arrest to retain such fugitive in his custody, and to remove him to
+     the State whence he fled, and there to deliver him to said
+     claimant, his agent or attorney. And to this end the officer
+     aforesaid is hereby authorized and required to employ so many
+     persons as he may deem necessary, to overcome such force, and to
+     retain them in his service so long as circumstances may require;
+     the said officer and his assistants, while so employed, to receive
+     the same compensation, and to be allowed the same expenses as are
+     now allowed by law for the transportation of criminals, to be
+     certified by the judge of the district within which the arrest is
+     made, and paid out of the treasury of the United States.
+
+     SEC. 10. _And be it further enacted_, That when any person held to
+     service or labor in any State or Territory, or in the District of
+     Columbia, shall escape therefrom, the party to whom such service or
+     labor shall be due, his, her, or their agent or attorney may apply
+     to any court of record therein, or judge thereof, in vacation, and
+     make satisfactory proof to such court, or judge, in vacation, of
+     the escape aforesaid, and that the person escaping owed service or
+     labor to such party. Whereupon the court shall cause a record to be
+     made of the matters so proved, and also a general description of
+     the person so escaping, with such convenient certainty as may be;
+     and a transcript of such record authenticated by the attestation of
+     the clerk, and of the seal of the said court, being produced in any
+     other State, Territory, or District in which the person so escaping
+     may be found, and being exhibited to any judge, commissioner, or
+     other officer, authorized by the law of the United States to cause
+     persons escaping from service or labor to be delivered up, shall be
+     held and taken to be full and conclusive evidence of the fact of
+     escape, and that the service or labor of the person escaping is due
+     to the party in such record mentioned. And upon the production by
+     the said party of other and further evidence, if necessary, either
+     oral or by affidavit, in addition to what is contained in the said
+     record of the identity of the person escaping, he or she shall be
+     delivered up to the claimant. And the said court, commissioner,
+     judge or other person authorized by this act to grant certificates
+     to claimants of fugitives, shall, upon the production of the record
+     and other evidences aforesaid, grant to such claimant a certificate
+     of his right to take any such person identified and proved to be
+     owing service or labor as aforesaid, which certificate shall
+     authorize such claimant to seize or arrest and transport such
+     person to the State or Territory from which he escaped: _Provided_,
+     That nothing herein contained shall be construed as requiring the
+     production of a transcript of such record as evidence as aforesaid;
+     but in its absence, the claim shall be heard and determined upon
+     other satisfactory proofs competent in law.
+
+                               HOWELL COBB,
+                              _Speaker of the House of Representatives_.
+
+                               WILLIAM R. KING,
+                              _President of the Senate, pro tempore_.
+
+Approved September 18, 1850.
+                                                       MILLARD FILLMORE.
+
+
+The most prominent provisions of the Constitution of the United States,
+and those which form the fundamental basis of personal security, are
+they which provide, that every person shall be secure in their person
+and property: that no person may be deprived of liberty without due
+process of law, and that for crime or misdemeanor; that there may be no
+process of law that shall work corruption of blood. By corruption of
+blood is meant, that process, by which a person is _degraded_ and
+deprived of rights common to the enfranchised citizen--of the rights of
+an elector, and of eligibility to the office of a representative, of the
+people; in a word, that no person nor their posterity, may ever be
+debased beneath the level of the recognised basis of American
+citizenship. This debasement and degradation is "corruption of blood";
+politically understood--a legal acknowledgement of inferiority of birth.
+
+Heretofore, it ever has been denied, that the United States recognised
+or knew any difference between the people--that the Constitution makes
+no distinction, but includes in its provisions, all the people alike.
+This is not true, and certainly is blind absurdity in us at least, who
+have suffered the dread consequences of this delusion, not now to see
+it.
+
+By the provisions of this bill, the colored people of the United States
+are positively degraded beneath the level of the whites--are made liable
+at any time, in any place, and under all circumstances, to be
+arrested--and upon the claim of any white person, without the privilege,
+even of making a defence, sent into endless bondage. Let no visionary
+nonsense about _habeas corpus_, or a _fair trial_, deceive us; there are
+no such rights granted in this bill, and except where the commissioner
+is too ignorant to understand when reading it, or too stupid to enforce
+it when he does understand, there is no earthly chance--no hope under
+heaven for the colored person who is brought before one of these
+officers of the law. Any leniency that may be expected, must proceed
+from the whims or caprice of the magistrate--in fact, it is optional
+with them; and _our_ rights and liberty entirely at their disposal.
+
+We are slaves in the midst of freedom, waiting patiently, and
+unconcernedly--indifferently and stupidly, for masters to come and lay
+claim to us, trusting to their generosity, whether or not they will own
+us and carry us into endless bondage.
+
+The slave is more secure than we; he knows who holds the heel upon his
+bosom--we know not the wretch who may grasp us by the throat. His master
+may be a man of some conscientious scruples; ours may be unmerciful.
+Good or bad, mild or harsh, easy or hard, lenient or severe, saint or
+satan--whenever that master demands any one of us--even our affectionate
+wives and darling little children, _we must go into slavery_--there is
+_no alternative_. The _will_ of the man who sits in judgment on our
+liberty, is the law. To him is given _all power_ to say, whether or not
+we have a right to enjoy freedom. This is the power over the slave in
+the South--this is now extended to the North. The will of the man who
+sits in judgment over us is the law; because it is explicitly provided
+that the _decision_ of the commissioner shall be final, from which there
+can be no appeal.
+
+The freed man of the South is even more secure than the freeborn of the
+North; because such persons usually have their records in the slave
+states, bringing their "papers" with them; and the slaveholders will be
+faithful to their own acts. The Northern freeman knows no records; he
+despises the "papers."
+
+Depend upon no promised protection of citizens in any quarter. Their own
+property and liberty are jeopardised, and they will not sacrifice them
+for us. This we may not expect them to do.
+
+Besides, there are no people who ever lived, love their country and obey
+their laws as the Americans.
+
+Their country is their Heaven--their Laws their Scriptures--and the
+decrees of their Magistrates obeyed as the fiat of God. It is the most
+consummate delusion and misdirected confidence to depend upon them for
+protection; and for a moment suppose even our children safe while
+walking in the streets among them.
+
+A people capable of originating and sustaining such a law as this, are
+not the people to whom we are willing to entrust our liberty at
+discretion.
+
+What can we do? What shall we do? This is the great and important
+question:--Shall we submit to be dragged like brutes before heartless
+men, and sent into degradation and bondage?--Shall we fly, or shall we
+resist? Ponder well and reflect.
+
+A learned jurist in the United States, (Chief Justice John Gibson of
+Pennsylvania,) lays down this as a fundamental right in the United
+States: that "Every man's house is his castle, and he has the right to
+defend it unto the taking of life, against any attempt to enter it
+against his will, except for crime," by well authenticated process.
+
+But we have no such right. It was not intended for us, any more than any
+other provision of the law, intended for the protection of Americans.
+The policy is against us--it is useless to contend against it.
+
+This is the law of the land and must be obeyed; and we candidly advise
+that it is useless for us to contend against it. To suppose its repeal,
+is to anticipate an overthrow of the Confederative Union; and we must be
+allowed an expression of opinion, when we say, that candidly we believe,
+the existence of the Fugitive Slave Law _necessary_ to the continuance
+of the National Compact. This Law is the foundation of the
+Compromise--remove it, and the consequences are easily determined. We
+say necessary to the continuance of the National Compact: certainly we
+will not be understood as meaning that the enactment of such a Law was
+_really_ necessary, or as favoring in the least this political
+monstrosity of the THIRTY-FIRST CONGRESS of the UNITED STATES OF
+AMERICA--surely not at all; but we speak logically and politically,
+leaving morality and right out of the question--taking our position on
+the acknowledged popular, basis of American Policy; arguing from premise
+to conclusion. We must abandon all vague theory, and look at _facts_ as
+they really are; viewing ourselves in our true political position in the
+body politic. To imagine ourselves to be included in the body politic,
+except by express legislation, is at war with common sense, and contrary
+to fact. Legislation, the administration of the laws of the country, and
+the exercise of rights by the people, all prove to the contrary. We are
+politically, not of them, but aliens to the laws and political
+privileges of the country. These are truths--fixed facts, that quaint
+theory and exhausted moralising, are impregnable to, and fall harmlessly
+before.
+
+It is useless to talk about our rights in individual States: we can have
+no rights here as citizens, not recognised in our common country; as the
+citizens of one State, are entitled to all the rights and privileges of
+an American citizen in all the States--the nullity of the one
+necessarily implying the nullity of the other. These provisions then do
+not include the colored people of the United States; since there is no
+power left in them, whereby they may protect us as their own citizens.
+Our descent, by the laws of the country, stamps us with
+inferiority--upon us has this law worked _corruption of blood_. We are
+in the hands of the General Government, and no State can rescue us. The
+Army and Navy stand at the service of our enslavers, the whole force of
+which, may at any moment--even in the dead of night, as has been
+done--when sunk in the depth of slumber, called out for the purpose of
+forcing our mothers, sisters, wives, and children, or ourselves, into
+hopeless servitude, there to weary out a miserable life, a relief from
+which, death would be hailed with joy. Heaven and earth--God and
+Humanity!--are not these sufficient to arouse the most worthless among
+mankind, of whatever descent, to a sense of their true position? These
+laws apply to us--shall we not be aroused?
+
+What then shall we do?--what is the remedy--is the important question to
+be answered?
+
+This important inquiry we shall answer, and find a remedy in when
+treating of the emigration of the colored people.
+
+
+
+
+XVII
+
+EMIGRATION OF THE COLORED PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES
+
+
+That there have been people in all ages under certain circumstances,
+that may be benefited by emigration, will be admitted; and that there
+are circumstances under which emigration is absolutely necessary to
+their political elevation, cannot be disputed.
+
+This we see in the Exodus of the Jews from Egypt to the land of Judea;
+in the expedition of Dido and her followers from Tyro to Mauritania; and
+not to dwell upon hundreds of modern European examples--also in the ever
+memorable emigration of the Puritans, in 1620, from Great Britain, the
+land of their birth, to the wilderness of the New World, at which may be
+fixed the beginning of emigration to this continent as a permanent
+residence.
+
+This may be acknowledged; but to advocate the emigration of the colored
+people of the United States from their native homes, is a new feature in
+our history, and at first view, may be considered objectionable, as
+pernicious to our interests. This objection is at once removed, when
+reflecting on our condition as incontrovertibly shown in a foregoing
+part of this work. And we shall proceed at once to give the advantages
+to be derived from emigration, to us as a people, in preference to any
+other policy that we may adopt. This granted, the question will then be,
+Where shall we go? This we conceive to be all important--of paramount
+consideration, and shall endeavor to show the most advantageous
+locality; and premise the recommendation, with the strictest advice
+against any countenance whatever, to the emigration scheme of the so
+called Republic of Liberia.
+
+
+
+
+XVIII
+
+"REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA"
+
+
+That we desire the civilization and enlightenment of Africa--the high
+and elevated position of Liberia among the nations of the earth, may not
+be doubted, as the writer was among the first, seven or eight years ago,
+to make the suggestion and call upon the Liberians to hold up their
+heads like men; take courage, having confidence in their own capacity to
+govern themselves, and come out from their disparaging position, by
+formally declaring their Independence.
+
+As our desire is to impart information, and enlighten the minds of our
+readers on the various subjects herein contained, we present below a
+large extract from the "First Annual Report of the Trustees of Donations
+for Education in Liberia." This Extract will make a convenient statistic
+reference for matters concerning Liberia. We could only wish that many
+of our readers possessed more historical and geographical information of
+the world, and there could be little fears of their going anywhere that
+might be incongenial and unfavorable to their success. We certainly do
+intend to deal fairly with Liberia, and give the reader every
+information that may tend to enlighten them. What the colored people
+most need, is _intelligence_; give them this, and there is no danger of
+them being duped into anything they do not desire. This Board was
+incorporated by the Legislature of Massachusetts, March 19th,
+1850--Ensign H. Kellogg, Speaker of the House, Marshall P. Wilder,
+President of the Senate. Trustees of the Board--Hon. George N. Briggs,
+LL.D., Hon. Simon Greenleaf, LL.D., Hon. Stephen Fairbanks, Hon. William
+J. Hubbard, Hon. Joel Giles, Hon. Albert Fearing, Amos A. Lawrence, Esq.
+Officers of the Board--Hon. G.N. Briggs, President; Hon. S. Fairbanks,
+Treasurer; Rev. J. Tracy, Secretary. The conclusion of the Report
+says:--"In view of such considerations, the Trustees cannot doubt the
+patrons of learning will sustain them in their attempt to plant the
+FIRST COLLEGE on the _only_ continent which yet remains _without_ one."
+In this, the learned Trustees have fallen into a statistical and
+geographical error, which we design to correct. The _continent_ is _not
+without_ a College. There are now in Egypt, erected under the patronage
+of that singularly wonderful man, Mehemet Ahi, four colleges conducted
+on the European principle--Scientific, Medical, Legal, and Military.[4]
+These are in successful operation; the Military College having an
+average of eleven hundred students annually. The continent of Africa
+then, is not without a college, but though benighted enough, even to an
+apparent hopeless degeneration, she is still the seat of learning, and
+must some day rise, in the majesty of ancient grandeur, and vindicate
+the rights and claims of her own children, against the incalculable
+wrongs perpetrated through the period of sixty ages by professedly
+enlightened Christians, against them.
+
+     A glance at the map will show a sharp bend in this coast at Cape
+     Palmas, from which it extends, on time one side, about 1,100 miles
+     north-west and north, and on the other, about 1,200 or 1,300 almost
+     directly east. In this bend is the Maryland Colony of Cape Palmas,
+     with a jurisdiction extending nearly 100 miles eastward. This
+     Colony is bounded on the north-west by the Republic of Liberia,
+     which extends along the coast about 400 miles to Sherbro. These two
+     governments will ultimately be united in one Republic, and may be
+     considered as one, for all the purposes of this inquiry. The extent
+     of their united sea-coast is about 520 miles. The jurisdiction of
+     the Republic over the four hundred miles or more which it claims,
+     has been formally acknowledged by several of the leading powers of
+     Europe, and is questioned by none. To almost the whole of it, the
+     native title has been extinguished; the natives, however, still
+     occupying, as citizens, such portions of it as they need.
+
+     The civilized population of these governments, judging from the
+     census of 1843, and other information, is some 7,000 or 8,000. Of
+     the heathen population, no census has ever been taken; but it
+     probably exceeds 300,000.
+
+     The grade of Liberian civilization may be estimated from the fact,
+     that the people have formed a republican government, and so
+     administer it, as to secure the confidence of European governments
+     in its stability. The native tribes who have merged themselves in
+     the Republic, have all bound themselves to receive and encourage
+     teachers; and some of them have insisted on the insertion, in their
+     treaties of annexation, of pledges that teachers and other means of
+     civilization shall be furnished.
+
+     Our accounts of churches, clergy and schools are defective, but
+     show the following significant facts:
+
+     The clergy of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Liberia are nearly
+     all Liberian citizens, serving as missionaries of the Methodist
+     Missionary Society in the United States. The last Report of that
+     Society gives the names of fifteen missionaries, having in charge
+     nine circuits, in which are 882 members in full communion, and 235
+     probationers; total, 1,117. They have 20 Sabbath Schools, with 114
+     officers and teachers, 810 scholars, and 507 volumes in their
+     libraries. They have a Manual Labor School and Female Academy. The
+     number of Day Schools is not reported; but seven of the
+     missionaries are reported as superintendents of schools, and the
+     same number have under their charge several "native towns," in some
+     of which there are schools. The late superintendent of the missions
+     writes:--
+
+     "It appears plain to my mind, that nothing can now retard the
+     progress of our missions in this land, unless it be the want of a
+     good high school, in which to rear up an abundant supply of well
+     qualified teachers, to supply, as they shall rapidly increase in
+     number, all your schools."
+
+     The Baptists are next in number to the Methodists. The Northern
+     Baptist Board, having its seat in Boston, has in Liberia one
+     mission, two out-stations, one boarding school, and two day
+     schools, with about twenty scholars each, one native preacher, and
+     four native assistants. The whole mission is in the hands of
+     converted natives. The Southern Board operates more extensively.
+     More than a year since, the Rev. John Day, its principal agent
+     there, reported to the Rev. R.R. Gurley, United States Commissioner
+     to Liberia, as follows:
+
+     "In our schools are taught, say, 330 children, 92 of whom are
+     natives. To more than 10,000 natives, the Word of Life is statedly
+     preached; and in every settlement in these colonies, we have a
+     church, to whom the means of grace are administered; and in every
+     village we have an interesting Sunday school, where natives as well
+     as colonists are taught the truths of God's word. Say, in our
+     Sunday schools, are taught 400 colonists, and 200 natives.... We
+     have this year baptized 18 natives and 7 colonists, besides what
+     have been baptized by Messrs. Murray and Drayton, from whom I have
+     had no report."
+
+     The missionaries are all, or nearly all, Liberian citizens.
+
+     The Board of Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United
+     States has five missionaries at four stations in Liberia. The first
+     is at Monrovia, under the care of the Rev. Harrison W. Ellis, well
+     known as "the Learned Black Blacksmith." While a slave in Alabama,
+     and working at his trade as a blacksmith, he acquired all the
+     education, in English, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Theology, which is
+     required for ordination as a Presbyterian minister. The
+     Presbyterians of that region then bought him, and sent him out as a
+     missionary. His assistant, Mr. B.V.R. James, a colored man, was for
+     some years a printer in the service of the American Board at their
+     mission at Cape Palmas and the Gaboon River. He first went to
+     Liberia as a teacher, supported by a society of ladies in New York.
+     In the Presbyterian Church under the care of Mr. Ellis are 39
+     communicants. During the year, 24 had been added, and 8 had been
+     dismissed to form a new church in another place. Mr. Ellis also has
+     charge of the "Alexander High School," which is intended mainly for
+     teaching the rudiments of a classical education. This institution
+     has an excellent iron school-house, given by a wealthy citizen of
+     New York, at the cost of one thousand dollars, and a library and
+     philosophical apparatus, which cost six hundred dollars, given by a
+     gentleman in one of the southern States. The library contains a
+     supply of classical works, probably equal to the wants of the
+     school for some years. The land needed for the accommodation of the
+     school was given by the government of Liberia. The number of
+     scholars appears to be between twenty and thirty, a part of whom
+     support themselves by their daily labor. The English High School
+     under the care of Mr. James, had, according to the last Annual
+     Report, 52 scholars. At a later date, the number in both schools
+     was 78. Mr. James has also a large Sabbath school; but the number
+     of pupils is not given.
+
+     The second station is at the new settlement of Kentucky, on the
+     right or north bank of the St. Paul's, about fifteen miles from
+     Monrovia, and six miles below Millsburgh. The missionary is a
+     Liberian, Mr. H.W. Erskine. On a lot of ten acres, given by the
+     government, buildings on an economical scale have been erected, in
+     which is a school of twenty scholars. A church was organized in
+     November, 1849, with eight members from the church in Monrovia.
+     They have since increased to fourteen. Here, too, is a flourishing
+     Sabbath school. The citizens, and especially the poor natives in
+     the neighbourhood, are extremely anxious that a boarding school
+     should be established. To this the Committee having charge of this
+     mission objects, as the expense for buildings and for the support
+     of pupils would be great, and would absorb funds that can be more
+     profitably expended on day schools.
+
+     The third station is on the Sinou river, 150 miles down the coast
+     from Monrovia, where, at the mouth of the river, is the town of
+     Greenville, and a few miles higher up, the newer settlements of
+     Readville and Rossville. It is under the care of the Rev. James M.
+     Priest. The number of communicants, at the latest date, was thirty,
+     and the field of labor was rapidly enlarging by immigration. The
+     station is new, and it does not appear that any mission school had
+     yet been organized.
+
+     The fourth station is at Settra Kroo, where there are five or six
+     miles of coast, to which the native title has not yet been
+     extinguished. This station has been maintained for some years, at a
+     lamentable expense of the lives and health of white missionaries.
+     About 200 boys and a few girls have been taught to read. The
+     station is now under the care of Mr. Washington McDonogh, formerly
+     a slave of the late John McDonogh, of Louisiana, so well known for
+     the immense estate which he has bequeathed to benevolent purposes.
+     He was well educated, and with more than eighty others, sent out
+     some years since at his master's expense. He has a school of
+     fifteen scholars, with the prospect of a large increase.
+
+     The mission of the Protestant Episcopal Church is located in the
+     Maryland Colony at Cape Palmas. Its last Report specifies seven
+     schools, and alludes to several others, in actual operation; all
+     containing from 200 to 300 scholars, of whom about 100 are in one
+     Sabbath school. Five other schools had been projected, and have
+     probably gone into operation since that time. The greater part of
+     the pupils are from native families. The Report states the number
+     of communicants at sixty-seven, of whom forty are natives. A High
+     school was opened January 1, 1850.
+
+     The laws of the Republic of Liberia provide for a common school in
+     every town. It is supposed, however, that where there is a mission
+     school, accessible to all children of suitable age, no other school
+     exists; so that, in fact, nearly all the common schools in Liberia
+     are connected with the different missions, the missionaries have
+     the superintendence of their studies, and the Missionary Societies
+     defray a large portion of the expense. Yet it must be remembered
+     that a large majority of the missionaries are citizens of the
+     Republic, and some of them native Africans; so that the immediate
+     control of the schools is not generally in foreign hands. A
+     portion, also, of the missionary funds, is contributed in Liberia;
+     and something is paid by parents for the tuition of their children.
+     Yet the Republic evidently needs an educational system more
+     independent of missionary aid and control; and for that purpose,
+     needs a supply of teachers who are not raised up in mission
+     schools. And we have it in testimony, that the missions themselves
+     might be more efficient for good, if well supplied with teachers of
+     higher qualifications.
+
+     Here, then, we have a Republic of some 300,000 inhabitants, of whom
+     7,000 or 8,000 may be regarded as civilized, and the remainder as
+     having a right to expect, and a large part of them actually
+     expecting and demanding the means of civilization and Christianity.
+     We have,--supplying as well as we can by estimate, the numbers not
+     definitely given,--more than 2,000 communicants in Christian
+     churches, and more than 1,500 children in Sabbath Schools; some 40
+     day schools containing, exclusive of the Methodists, who are the
+     most numerous, and of whose numbers in school we have no report,
+     about 635 scholars. The whole number in day schools, therefore, is
+     probably not less than 1,200. We have the Alexander High School at
+     Monrovia, where instruction is given to some extent in the
+     classics; the English High School, at the same place, under Mr.
+     James; the Methodist Manual Labor School and Female Academy at
+     Millsburg; the Baptist Boarding School at Bexley; and the
+     Protestant Episcopal High School at Cape Palmas. These institutions
+     must furnish some students for a higher seminary, such as we
+     propose to establish; and such a population must need their labors
+     when educated.
+
+However foreign to the designs of the writer of ever making that country
+or any other out of America, his home; had this been done, and honorably
+maintained, the Republic of Liberia would have met with words of
+encouragement, not only from himself, an humble individual, but we dare
+assert, from the leading spirits among, if not from the whole colored
+population of the United States. Because they would have been willing to
+overlook the circumstances under which they went there, so that in the
+end, they were willing to take their stand as men, and thereby throw off
+the degradation of slaves, still under the control of American
+slave-holders, and American slave-ships. But in this, we were
+disappointed--grievously disappointed, and proceed to show in short, our
+objections to Liberia.
+
+_Its geographical position_, in the first place, is objectionable,
+being located in the _sixth degree_ of latitude North of the equator, in
+a district signally unhealthy, rendering it objectionable as a place of
+destination for the colored people of the United States. We shall say
+nothing about other parts of the African coast, and the reasons for its
+location where it is: it is enough for us to know the facts as they are,
+to justify an unqualified objection to Liberia.
+
+In the second place, it originated in a deep laid scheme of the
+slaveholders of the country, to _exterminate_ the free colored of the
+American continent; the origin being sufficient to justify us in
+impugning the motives.
+
+Thirdly and lastly--Liberia is not an Independent Republic: in fact, _it
+is not_ an independent nation at all; but a poor _miserable mockery_--a
+_burlesque_ on a government--a pitiful dependency on the American
+Colonizationists, the Colonization Board at Washington city, in the
+District of Columbia, being the Executive and Government, and the
+principal man, called President, in Liberia, being the echo--a mere
+parrot of Rev. Robert R. Gurley, Elliot Cresson, Esq., Governor Pinney,
+and other leaders of the Colonization scheme--to do as they bid, and say
+what they tell him. This we see in all of his doings.
+
+Does he go to France and England, and enter into solemn treaties of an
+honorable recognition of the independence of his country; before his own
+nation has any knowledge of the result, this man called President,
+dispatches an official report to the Colonizationists of the United
+States, asking their gracious approval? Does king Grando, or a party of
+fishermen besiege a village and murder some of the inhabitants, this
+same "President," dispatches an official report to the American
+Colonization Board, asking for instructions--who call an Executive
+Session of the Board, and immediately decide that war must be waged
+against the enemy, placing ten thousand dollars at his disposal--and war
+_actually declared in Liberia_, by virtue of the _instructions_ of the
+_American Colonization Society_. A mockery of a government--a disgrace
+to the office pretended to be held--a parody on the position assumed.
+Liberia in Africa, is a mere dependency of Southern slaveholders, and
+American Colonizationists, and unworthy of any respectful consideration
+from us.
+
+What would be thought of the people of Hayti, and their heads of
+government, if their instructions emanated from the American
+Anti-Slavery Society, or the British Foreign Missionary Board? Should
+they be respected at all as a nation? Would they be worthy of it?
+Certainly not. We do not expect Liberia to be all that Hayti is; but we
+ask and expect of her, to have a decent respect for herself--to endeavor
+to be freemen instead of voluntary slaves. Liberia is no place for the
+colored freemen of the United States; and we dismiss the subject with a
+single remark of caution against any advice contained in a pamphlet,
+which we have not seen, written by Hon. James G. Birney, in favor of
+Liberian emigration. Mr. Birney is like the generality of white
+Americans, who suppose that we are too ignorant to understand what we
+want; whenever they wish to get rid of us, would drive us any where, so
+that we left them. Don't adhere to a word therein contained; we will
+think for ourselves. Let Mr. Birney go his way, and we will go ours.
+This is one of those confounded gratuities that is forced in our faces
+at every turn we make. We dismiss it without further comment--and with
+it Colonization _in toto_--and Mr. Birney _de facto_.
+
+But to return to emigration: Where shall we go? We must not leave this
+continent; America is our destination and our home.
+
+That the continent of America seems to have been designed by Providence
+as an asylum for all the various nations of the earth, is very apparent.
+From the earliest discovery, various nations sent a representation here,
+either as adventurers and speculators, or employed seamen and soldiers,
+hired to do the work of their employers. And among the earliest and most
+numerous class who found their way to the New World, were those of the
+African race. And it is now ascertained to our mind, beyond a
+peradventure, that when the continent was discovered, there were found
+in Central America, a tribe of the black race, of fine looking people,
+having characteristics of color and hair, identifying them originally of
+the African race--no doubt being a remnant of the Africans who, with the
+Carthaginian expedition, were adventitiously cast upon this continent,
+in their memorable excursion to the "Great Island," after sailing many
+miles distant to the West of the Pillars of Hercules.
+
+We are not inclined to be superstitious, but say, that we can see the
+"finger of God" in all this; and if the European race may with
+propriety, boast and claim, that this continent is better adapted to
+their development, than their own father-land; surely, it does not
+necessarily detract from our father-land, to claim the superior
+advantages to the African race, to be derived from this continent. But
+be that as it may, the world belongs to mankind--his common Father
+created it for his common good--his temporal destiny is here; and our
+present warfare, is not upon European rights, nor for European
+countries; but for the common rights of man, based upon the great
+principles of common humanity--taking our chance in the world of rights,
+and claiming to have originally more right to this continent, than the
+European race. And had we no other claims than those set forth in a
+former part of this work, they are sufficient to cause every colored
+man on the continent, to stand upon the soil unshaken and unmoved. The
+aboriginee of the continent, is more closely allied to us by
+consanguinity, than to the European--being descended from the Asiatic,
+whose alliance in matrimony with the African is very common--therefore,
+we have even greater claims to this continent on that account, and
+should unite and make common cause in elevation, with our similarly
+oppressed brother, the Indian.
+
+The advantages of this continent are superior, because it presents every
+variety of climate, soil, and production of the earth, with every
+variety of mineral production, with all kinds of water privileges, arid
+ocean coast on all sides, presenting every commercial advantage. Upon
+the American continent we are determined to stay, in spite of every odds
+against us. What part of the great continent shall our destination
+be--shall we emigrate to the North or South?
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[4] It may be, that the Medical and Legal Schools, are adjunct
+departments of the Scientific College, which would make the number of
+Colleges in Egypt but two: as we are certain that the Military is
+separate entirely from the Scientific School, and spoken of by travelers
+as a splendid College.
+
+
+
+
+XIX
+
+THE CANADAS
+
+
+This is one of the most beautiful portions of North America. Canada
+East, formerly known as Lower Canada, is not quite so favorable, the
+climate being cold and severe in winter, the springs being late, the
+summers rather short, and the soil not so productive. But Canada West,
+formerly called Upper Canada, is equal to any portion of the Northern
+States. The climate being milder than that of the Northern portions of
+New York, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, or any of the States
+bordering on the lakes, the soil is prolific in productions of every
+description. Grains, vegetables, fruits, and cattle, are of the very
+best kind; from a short tour by the writer, in that country in the fall,
+1851, one year ago, he prefers Canada West to any part of North America,
+as a destination for the colored people. But there is a serious
+objection to the Canadas--a political objection. The Canadians are
+descended from the same common parentage as the Americans on this side
+of the Lakes--and there is a manifest tendency on the part of the
+Canadians generally, to Americanism. That the Americans are determined
+to, and will have the Canadas, to a close observer, there is not a
+shadow of doubt; and our brethren should know this in time. This there
+would be no fear of, were not the Canadian people in favor of the
+project, neither would the Americans attempt an attack upon the
+provinces, without the move being favored by the people of those places.
+
+Every act of the Americans, ostensibly as courtesy and friendship, tend
+to that end. This is seen in the policy pursued during the last two or
+three years, in the continual invitations, frequently reciprocated, that
+pass from the Americans to their "Canadian brethren"--always couched in
+affectionate language--to join them in their various celebrations, in
+different parts of the States. They have got them as far as Boston, and
+we may expect to hear of them going to New York, Philadelphia,
+Baltimore--and instead of the merrymaking over the beginning or ending
+of internal improvements, we may expect to see them ere long, wending
+their way to the seat of the federal government--it may be with William
+McKenzie, the memorable _patriot_ and present member of the Colonial
+parliament, bearing in his hand the stars and stripes as their
+ensign--there to blend their voices in the loud shout of jubilee, in
+honor of the "bloodless victory," of Canadian annexation. This we
+forewarn the colored people, in time, is the inevitable and not far
+distant destiny of the Canadas. And let them come into the American
+Republic when they may, the fate of the colored man, however free
+before, is doomed, doomed, forever doomed. Disfranchisement,
+degradation, and a delivery up to slave catchers and kidnappers, are
+their only fate, let Canadian annexation take place when it will. The
+odious infamous fugitive slave law, will then be in full force with all
+of its terrors; and we have no doubt that fully in anticipation of this
+event, was the despicable law created.
+
+Let not colored people be deceived and gulled by any visionary argument
+about original rights, or those of the people remaining the same as they
+were previous to secession of the territory. The people can claim no
+rights than such as are known to exist previous to their annexation.
+This is manifestly the case with a large class of the former
+inhabitants of Mexico, who though citizens before, in the full exercise
+of their rights as such, so soon as the cession of the territory took
+place, lost them entirely, as they could claim only such as were enjoyed
+by the people of a similar class, in the country to which they made
+their union. The laudatories heaped upon the Americans, within the
+hearing of the writer, while traveling the provinces the last fall, by
+one of the Canadian officiaries, in comparing their superior
+intelligence to what he termed the "stupid aristocracy," then returning
+from the Boston celebration, where there was a fair opportunity of
+comparing the intellect of their chief magistrate, his excellency, Lord
+Elgin, governor-general of the Canadas, and Sir Allen Napier McNab,
+knight baronet with that of some of the "plain republicans" who were
+present on the occasion, were extravagant. The Canadians generally were
+perfectly carried away with delight at their reception. They reminded us
+of some of our poor brethren, who had just made their escape from
+Southern bondage, and for the first time in their life, had been taken
+by the hand by a white man, who acknowledged them as equals. They don't
+know when to stop talking about it, they really annoy one with
+extravagant praises of them. This was the way with those gentlemen; and
+we dare predict, that from what we heard on that occasion, that Mr.
+McKenzie nor Big Bill Johnson, hero of the Forty Islands, are no greater
+_patriots_ than these Canadian visitors to the Boston husa! We are
+satisfied that the Canadas are no place of safety for the colored people
+of the United States; otherwise we should have no objection to them.
+
+But to the fugitive--our enslaved brethren flying from Southern
+despotism--we say, until we have a more preferable place--go on to
+Canada. Freedom, always; liberty any place and ever--before slavery.
+Continue to fly to the Canadas, and swell the number of the twenty-five
+thousand already there. Surely the British cannot, they will not look
+with indifference upon such a powerful auxiliary as these brave, bold,
+daring men--the very flower of the South, who have hazarded every
+consequence, many of whom have come from Arkansas and Florida in search
+of freedom. Worthy surely to be free, when gained at such a venture. Go
+on to the North, till the South is ready to receive you--for surely, he
+who can make his way from Arkansas to Canada, can find his way from
+Kentucky to Mexico. The moment his foot touches this land South, he is
+free. Let the bondman but be assured that he can find the same freedom
+South that there is in the North; the same liberty in Mexico, as in
+Canada, and he will prefer going South to going North. His risk is no
+greater in getting there. Go either way, and he in the majority of
+instances must run the gauntlet of the slave states.
+
+
+
+
+XX
+
+CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES
+
+
+Central and South America, are evidently the ultimate destination and
+future home of the colored race on this continent; the advantages of
+which in preference to all others, will be apparent when once pointed
+out.[5]
+
+Geographically, from the Northern extremity of Yucatan, down through
+Central and South America, to Cape Horn, there is a variation of climate
+from the twenty-second degree of North latitude, passing through the
+equatorial region; nowhere as warm as it is in the same latitude in
+Africa; to the _fifty-fifth degree_ of South latitude, including a
+climate as cold as that of the Hudson Bay country in British America,
+colder than that of Maine, or any part known to the United States of
+North America; so that there is every variety of climate in South, as
+well as North America.
+
+In the productions of grains, fruits, and vegetables, Central and South
+America are also prolific; and the best of herds are here raised.
+Indeed, the finest Merino sheep, as well as the principal trade in rice,
+sugar, cotton, and wheat, which is now preferred in California to any
+produced in the United States--the Chilian flour--might be carried on by
+the people of this most favored portion of God's legacy to man. The
+mineral productions excel all other parts of this continent; the rivers
+present the greatest internal advantages, and the commercial prospects,
+are without a parallel on the coast of the new world.
+
+The advantages to the colored people of the United States, to be derived
+from emigration to Central, South America, and the West Indies, are
+incomparably greater than that of any other parts of the world at
+present.
+
+In the first place, there never have existed in the policy of any of the
+nations of Central or South America, an inequality on account of race or
+color, and any prohibition of rights, has generally been to the white,
+and not to the colored races.[6] To the whites, not because they were
+white, not on account of their color, but because of the policy pursued
+by them towards the people of other races than themselves. The
+population of Central and South America, consist of fifteen millions two
+hundred and forty thousand, adding the ten millions of Mexico;
+twenty-five millions two hundred and forty thousand, of which vast
+population, but _one-seventh_ are whites, or the pure European race.
+Allowing a deduction of one-seventh of this population for the European
+race that may chance to be in those countries, and we have in South and
+Central America alone, the vast colored population of _thirteen millions
+one hundred and seventy-seven thousand_; and including Mexico, a
+_colored_ population on this glorious continent of _twenty-one millions,
+six hundred and forty thousand_.
+
+This vast number of people, our brethren--because they are precisely the
+same people as ourselves and share the same fate with us, as the case of
+numbers of them have proven, who have been adventitiously thrown among
+us--stand ready and willing to take us by the hand--nay, are anxiously
+waiting, and earnestly importuning us to come, that they may make common
+cause with us, and we all share the same fate. There is nothing under
+heaven in our way--the people stand with open arms ready to receive us.
+The climate, soil, and productions--the vast rivers and beautiful
+sea-coast--the scenery of the landscape, and beauty of the starry
+heavens above--the song of the birds--the voice of the people say
+come--and God our Father bids us go.--Will we go? Go we must, and go we
+will, as there is no alternative. To remain here in North America, and
+be crushed to the earth in vassalage and degradation, we never will.
+
+Talk not about religious biases--we have but one reply to make. We had
+rather be a Heathen _freeman_, than a Christian _slave_.
+
+There need be no fear of annexation in these countries--the prejudices
+of the people are all against it, and with our influences infused among
+them, the aversion would be ten-fold greater. Neither need there be any
+fears of an attempt on the part of the United States, at a subjugation,
+of these countries. Policy is against it, because the United States has
+too many colored slaves in their midst, to desire to bring under their
+government, twenty-one millions of disfranchised people, whom it would
+cost them more to keep under subjection, than ten-fold the worth of the
+countries they gained. Besides, let us go to whatever parts of Central
+and South America we may, we shall make common cause with the people,
+and shall hope, by one judicious and signal effort, to assemble one
+day--and a glorious day it will be--in a great representative
+convention, and form a glorious union of South American States,
+"inseparably connected one and forever."
+
+This can be done, easily done, if the proper course be pursued, and
+necessity will hold them together as it holds together the United States
+of North America--self-preservation. As the British nation serves to
+keep in check the Americans; so would the United States serve to keep in
+Union the South American States.
+
+We should also enter into solemn treaties with Great Britain, and like
+other free and independent nations, take our chance, and risk
+consequences. Talk not of consequences; we are now in chains; shall we
+shake them off and go to a land of liberty? shall our wives and children
+be protected, secure, and affectionately cherished, or shall they be
+debased and degraded as our mothers and fathers were? By the light of
+heaven, no! By the instincts of nature, no!
+
+Talk not about consequences. White men seek responsibilities; shall we
+shun them? They brave dangers and risk consequences; shall we shrink
+from them? What are consequences, compared in the scale of value, with
+liberty and freedom; the rights and privileges of our wives and
+children? In defence of our liberty--the rights of my wife and children;
+had we the power, we would command the vault of a volcano, charged with
+the wrath of heaven, and blast out of existence, every thing that dared
+obstruct our way.
+
+The time has now fully arrived, when the colored race is called upon by
+all the ties of common humanity, and all the claims of consummate
+justice, to go forward and take their position, and do battle in the
+struggle now being made for the redemption of the world. Our cause is a
+just one; the greatest at present that elicits the attention of the
+world. For it there is a remedy; that remedy is now at hand. God himself
+as assuredly as he rules the destinies of nations, and entereth measures
+into the "hearts of men," has presented these measures to us. Our race
+is to be redeemed; it is a great and glorious work, and we are the
+instrumentalities by which it is to be done. But we must go from among
+our oppressors; it never can be done by staying among them. God has, as
+certain as he has ever designed any thing, has designed this great
+portion of the New World, for us, the colored races; and as certain as
+we stubborn our hearts, and stiffen our necks against it, his protecting
+arm and fostering care will be withdrawn from us.
+
+Shall we be told that we can live nowhere, but under the will of our
+North American oppressors; that this (the United States,) is the country
+most favorable to our improvement and progress? Are we incapable of
+self-government, and making such improvements for ourselves as we
+delight to enjoy after American white men have made them for themselves?
+No, it is not true. Neither is it true that the United States is the
+best country for our improvement. That country is the best, in which our
+manhood can be best developed; and that is Central and South America,
+and the West Indies--all belonging to this glorious Continent.
+
+Whatever may be our pretended objections to any place, whenever and
+wherever our oppressors go, there will our people be found in
+proportionate numbers. Even now could they get possession of the
+equatorial region of South America, there would colored men be found
+living on their boats and in their houses to do their menial services;
+but talk to them about going there and becoming men, and a thousand
+excuses and objections are at once raised against the climate or
+whatever else.
+
+The writer, within the past few years, and as early as seventeen years
+ago, then being quite young, and flushed with geographical and
+historical speculations, introduced in a Literary Institution of Young
+Men, the subject of Mexican, Californian, and South American Emigration.
+He was always hooted at, and various objections raised: one on account
+of distance, and another that of climate.
+
+He has since seen some of the same persons engage themselves to their
+white American oppressors--officers in the war against Mexico, exposing
+themselves to the chances of the heat of day and the damp of
+night--risking the dangers of the battle-field, in the capacity of
+servants. And had the Americans taken Mexico, no people would have
+flocked there faster than the colored people from the United States. The
+same is observed of California.
+
+In conversation, in the city of New York, a few weeks ago, with a
+colored lady of intelligence, one of the "first families," the
+conversation being the elevation of the colored people, we introduced
+emigration as a remedy, and Central America as the place. We were
+somewhat surprised, and certainly unprepared to receive the rebuking
+reply--"Do you suppose that I would go in the woods to live for the sake
+of freedom? no, indeed! if you wish to do so, go and do it. I am free
+enough here!" Remarking at the same time, that her husband was in San
+Francisco, and she was going to him, as she learned that that city was
+quite a large and handsome place.
+
+We reminded her, that the industry of white men and women, in four
+years' time, had made San Francisco what it is. That in 1846, before the
+American emigration, the city contained about seven hundred people,
+surrounded by a dense wilderness; and that we regretted to contrast her
+conduct or disposition with that of the lady of Col. Fremont, a daughter
+of Senator Benton, who tenderly and indulgently raised, in the spring
+after his arduous adventure across the mountains, and almost miraculous
+escape, while the country was yet a wilderness, left her comfortable
+home in Missouri, and braved the dangers of the ocean, to join her
+husband and settle in the wilderness. That she was going now to San
+Francisco, because it was a populous and "fine city"--that Mrs. Fremont
+went, when it was a wilderness, to help to _make_ a populous and fine
+city.
+
+About two hours previous to the writing of the following fact, two
+respectable colored ladies in conversation, pleasantly disputing about
+the superiority of the two places, Philadelphia and New York, when one
+spoke of the uniform cleanliness of the streets of Philadelphia, and the
+dirtiness of those of New York; when the other triumphantly
+replied,--"The reason that our streets are so dirty is, that we do more
+business in one day, than you do in a month." The other acknowledged the
+fact with some degree of reluctance, and explained, with many "buts" as
+an excuse in extenuation. Here was a seeming appreciation of business
+and enterprise; but the query flashed through our mind in an instant, as
+to whether they thought for a moment, of the fact, that _they_ had no
+interest in either city, nor its _business_. It brought forcibly to our
+mind, the scene of two of our oppressed brethren South, fighting each
+other, to prove his _master_ the greatest gentleman of the two.
+
+Let no objections be made to emigration on the ground of the difficulty
+of the fugitive slave, in reaching us; it is only necessary for him to
+know, that he has safety South, and he will find means of reaching the
+South, as easily as he now does the North. Have no fears about that--his
+redemption draws nigh, the nearer we draw to him. Central and South
+America, _must be our future homes_. Our oppressors will not want us to
+go there. They will move heaven and earth to prevent us--they will talk
+about us getting our rights, and offer us a territory here, and all
+that. It is of no use. They have pressed us to the last retreat--the die
+is cast--the Rubicon must be crossed--go we will, in defiance of all the
+slave-power in the Union. And we shall not go there, to be idle--passive
+spectators to an invasion of South American rights. No--go when we will,
+and where we may, we shall hold ourselves amenable to defend and protect
+the country that embraces us. We are fully able to defend ourselves,
+once concentrated, against any odds--and by the help of God, we will do
+it. We do not go, without counting the cost, cost what it may; all that
+it may cost, it is worth to be free.
+
+In going, let us have but one object--to become elevated men and women,
+worthy of freedom--the worthy citizens of an adopted country. What to us
+will be adopted--to our children will be legitimate. Go not with an
+anxiety of political aspirations; but go with the fixed intention--as
+Europeans come to the United States--of cultivating the soil, entering
+into the mechanical operations, keeping of shops, carrying on
+merchandise, trading on land and water, improving property--in a word,
+to become the producers of the country, instead of the consumers.
+
+Let young men who go, have a high object in view; and not go with a
+view of becoming servants to wealthy gentlemen there; for be assured,
+that they place themselves beneath all respectful consideration.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5] The native language of these countries, as well as the greater part
+of South America, is _Spanish_, which is the easiest of all foreign
+languages to learn. It is very remarkable and worthy of note, that with
+a view of going to Mexico or South America, the writer several years ago
+paid some attention to the Spanish language; and now, a most singular
+coincidence, without preunderstanding, in almost every town, where there
+is any intelligence among them, there are some _colored persons_ of both
+sexes, who are studying the Spanish language. Even the Methodist and
+other clergymen, among them. And we earnestly entreat all colored
+persons who can, to study, and have their children taught Spanish. No
+foreign language will be of such _import_ to colored people, in a very
+short time, as the Spanish. Mexico, Central and South America, importune
+us to speak their language; and if nothing else, the silent indications
+of Cuba, urge us to learn the Spanish tongue.
+
+[6] The Brazilians have formed a Colonization Society, for the purpose
+of colonizing free blacks to Africa. The Brazilians are Portuguese, the
+only nation that can be termed white, and the only one that is a real
+slave holding nation in South America. Even the black and colored men
+have equal privileges with whites; and the action of this society will
+probably extend only to the sending back of such captives as may be
+taken from piratical slavers. Colonization in Brazil, has doubtless been
+got up under the influence of United States slave holders and their
+abettors, such as the consuls and envoys, who are sent out to South
+America, by the government. Chevalier Niteroi, _charge de affaires_ from
+Brazil near the government of Liberia, received by the President on the
+28th of last January, is also charged with the mission of establishing a
+colony of free blacks in Liberia. The Chevalier was once a Captain in
+the Brazilian navy on the coast of Africa; and no doubt is conversant
+with the sentiments of Roberts, who was charged with the slave trade at
+one time. The scheme of United States slaveholders and President J.J.
+Roberts, their agent of Liberia, will not succeed, in establishing
+prejudice against the _black_ race; not even in slaveholding Brazil.
+
+We have no confidence in President Roberts of Liberia, believing him to
+be wholly without principle--seeking only self-aggrandizement; even
+should it be done, over the ruined prospects of his staggering infant
+country. The people of Liberia, should beware of this man. His _privy
+councillors_ are to be found among _slaveholders_ in the United States.
+
+
+
+
+XXI
+
+NICARAGUA AND NEW GRENADA
+
+
+As it is not reasonable to suppose, that all who read this
+volume--especially those whom it is intended most to benefit--understand
+geography; it is deemed advisable, to name some particular places, as
+locality of destination.
+
+We consequently, to begin with, select NICARAGUA, in Central America,
+North, and NEW GRENADA, the Northern part of South America, South of
+Nicaragua, as the most favorable points at present, in every particular,
+for us to emigrate to.
+
+In the first place, they are the nearest points to be reached, and
+countries at which the California adventurers are now touching, on their
+route to that distant land, and not half the distance of California.
+
+In the second place, the advantages for all kinds of enterprise, are
+equal if not superior, to almost any other points--the climate being
+healthy and highly favorable.
+
+In the third place, and by no means the least point of importance, the
+British nation is bound by solemn treaty, to protect both of those
+nations from foreign imposition, until they are able to stand alone.
+
+Then there is nothing in the way, but every thing in favor, and
+opportunities for us to rise to the full stature of manhood. Remember
+this fact, that in these countries, colored men now fill the highest
+places in the country: and colored people have the same chances there,
+that white people have in the United States. All that is necessary to
+do, is to go, and the moment your foot touches the soil, you have all
+the opportunities for elevating yourselves as the highest, according to
+your industry and merits.
+
+Nicaragua and New Grenada, are both Republics, having a President,
+Senate, and Representatives of the people. The municipal affairs are
+well conducted; and remember, however much the customs of the country
+may differ, and appear strange to those you have left behind--remember
+that you are free; and that many who, at first sight, might think that
+they could not become reconciled to the new order of things, should
+recollect, that they were once in a situation in the United States, (in
+_slavery_,) where they were compelled to be content with customs
+infinitely more averse to their feelings and desires. And that customs
+become modified, just in proportion as people of different customs from
+different parts, settle in the same communities together. All we ask is
+Liberty--the rest follows as a matter of course.
+
+
+
+
+XXII
+
+THINGS AS THEY ARE
+
+     "And if thou boast TRUTH to utter,
+     SPEAK, and leave the rest to God."
+
+
+In presenting this work, we have but a single object in view, and that
+is, to inform the minds of the colored people at large, upon many things
+pertaining to their elevation, that but few among us are acquainted
+with. Unfortunately for us, as a body, we have been taught to believe,
+that we must have some person to think for us, instead of thinking for
+ourselves. So accustomed are we to submission and this kind of training,
+that it is with difficulty, even among the most intelligent of the
+colored people, an audience may be elicited for any purpose whatever, if
+the expounder is to be a colored person; and the introduction of any
+subject is treated with indifference, if not contempt, when the
+originator is a colored person. Indeed, the most ordinary white person,
+is almost revered, while the most qualified colored person is totally
+neglected. Nothing from them is appreciated.
+
+We have been standing comparatively still for years, following in the
+footsteps of our friends, believing that what they promise us can be
+accomplished, just because they say so, although our own knowledge
+should long since, have satisfied us to the contrary. Because even were
+it possible, with the present hate and jealousy that the whites have
+towards us in this country, for us to gain equality of rights with them;
+we never could have an equality of the exercise and enjoyment of those
+rights--because, the great odds of numbers are against us. We might
+indeed, as some at present, have the right of the elective
+franchise--nay, it is not the elective franchise, because the _elective
+franchise_ makes the enfranchised, _eligible_ to any position
+attainable; but we may exercise the right of _voting_ only, which to us,
+is but poor satisfaction; and we by no means care to cherish the
+privilege of voting somebody into office, to help to make laws to
+degrade us.
+
+In religion--because they are both _translators_ and _commentators_, we
+must believe nothing, however absurd, but what our oppressors tell us.
+In Politics, nothing but such as they promulge; in Anti-Slavery, nothing
+but what our white brethren and friends say we must; in the mode and
+manner of our elevation, we must do nothing, but that which may be laid
+down to be done by our white brethren from some quarter or other; and
+now, even on the subject of emigration, there are some colored people to
+be found, so lost to their own interest and self-respect, as to be
+gulled by slave owners and colonizationists, who are led to believe
+there is no other place in which they can become elevated, but Liberia,
+a government of American slave-holders, as we have shown--simply,
+because white men have told them so.
+
+Upon the possibility, means, mode and manner, of our Elevation in the
+United States--Our Original Rights and Claims as Citizens--Our
+Determination not to be Driven from our Native Country--the Difficulties
+in the Way of our Elevation--Our Position in Relation to our
+Anti-Slavery Brethren--the Wicked Design and Injurious Tendency of the
+American Colonization Society--Objections to Liberia--Objections to
+Canada--Preferences to South America, &c., &c., all of which we have
+treated without reserve; expressing our mind freely, and with candor, as
+we are determined that as far as we can at present do so, the minds of
+our readers shall be enlightened. The custom of concealing information
+upon vital and important subjects, in which the interest of the people
+is involved, we do not agree with, nor favor in the least; we have
+therefore, laid this cursory treatise before our readers, with the hope
+that it may prove instrumental in directing the attention of our people
+in the right way, that leads to their Elevation. Go or stay--of course
+each is free to do as he pleases--one thing is certain; our Elevation is
+the work of our own hands. And Mexico, Central America, the West Indies,
+and South America, all present now, opportunities for the individual
+enterprise of our young men, who prefer to remain in the United States,
+in preference to going where they can enjoy real freedom, and equality
+of rights. Freedom of Religion, as well as of politics, being tolerated
+in all of these places.
+
+Let our young men and women, prepare themselves for usefulness and
+business; that the men may enter into merchandise, trading, and other
+things of importance; the young women may become teachers of various
+kinds, and otherwise fill places of usefulness. Parents must turn their
+attention more to the education of their children. We mean, to educate
+them for useful practical business purposes. Educate them for the Store
+and the Counting House--to do every-day practical business. Consult the
+children's propensities, and direct their education according to their
+inclinations. It may be, that there is too great a desire on the part of
+parents, to give their children a professional education, before the
+body of the people, are ready for it. A people must be a business
+people, and have more to depend upon than mere help in people's houses
+and Hotels, before they are either able to support, or capable of
+properly appreciating the services of professional men among them. This
+has been one of our great mistakes--we have gone in advance of
+ourselves. We have commenced at the superstructure of the building,
+instead of the foundation--at the top instead of the bottom. We should
+first be mechanics and common tradesmen, and professions as a matter of
+course would grow out of the wealth made thereby. Young men and women,
+must now prepare for usefulness--the day of our Elevation is at
+hand--all the world now gazes at us--and Central and South America, and
+the West Indies, bid us come and be men and women, protected, secure,
+beloved and Free.
+
+The branches of Education most desirable for the preparation of youth,
+for practical useful every-day life, are Arithmetic and good Penmanship,
+in order to be Accountants; and a good rudimental knowledge of
+Geography--which has ever been neglected, and under estimated--and of
+Political Economy; which without the knowledge of the first, no people
+can ever become adventurous--nor of the second, never will be an
+enterprising people. Geography, teaches a knowledge of the world, and
+Political Economy, a knowledge of the wealth of nations; or how to make
+money. These are not abstruse sciences, or learning not easily acquired
+or understood; but simply, common School Primer learning, that every
+body may get. And, although it is the very key to prosperity and success
+in common life, but few know any thing about it. Unfortunately for our
+people, so soon as their children learn to read a Chapter in the New
+Testament, and scribble a miserable hand, they are pronounced to have
+"Learning enough"; and taken away from School, no use to themselves, nor
+community. This is apparent in our Public Meetings, and Official Church
+Meetings; of the great number of men present, there are but few capable
+of filling a Secretaryship. Some of the large cities may be an exception
+to this. Of the multitudes of Merchants, and Businessmen throughout this
+country, Europe, and the world, few are qualified, beyond the branches
+here laid down by us as necessary for business. What did John Jacob
+Astor, Stephen Girard, or do the millionaires and the greater part of
+the merchant princes, and mariners, know about Latin and Greek, and the
+Classics? Precious few of them know any thing. In proof of this, in
+1841, during the Administration of President Tyler, when the mutiny was
+detected on board of the American Man of War Brig Somers, the names of
+the Mutineers, were recorded by young S---- a Midshipman in Greek.
+Captain Alexander Slidell McKenzie, Commanding, was unable to read them;
+and in his despatches to the Government, in justification of his policy
+in executing the criminals, said that he "discovered some curious
+characters which he was unable to read," &c.; showing thereby, that that
+high functionary, did not understand even the Greek Alphabet, which was
+only necessary, to have been able to read proper names written in Greek.
+
+What we most need then, is a good business practical Education; because,
+the Classical and Professional education of so many of our young men,
+before their parents are able to support them, and community ready to
+patronize them, only serves to lull their energy, and cripple the
+otherwise, praiseworthy efforts they would make in life. A Classical
+education, is only suited to the wealthy, or those who have a prospect
+of gaining a livelihood by it. The writer does not wish to be
+understood, as underrating a Classical and Professional education; this
+is not his intention; he fully appreciates them, having had some such
+advantages himself; but he desires to give a proper guide, and put a
+check to the extravagant idea that is fast obtaining, among our people
+especially, that a Classical, or as it is termed, a "finished
+education," is necessary to prepare one for usefulness in life. Let us
+have an education, that shall practically develope our thinking
+faculties and manhood; and then, and not until then, shall we be able to
+vie with our oppressors, go where we may. We as heretofore, have been on
+the extreme; either no qualification at all, or a Collegiate education.
+We jumped too far; taking a leap from the deepest abyss to the highest
+summit; rising from the ridiculous to the sublime; without medium or
+intermission.
+
+Let our young women have an education; let their minds be well informed;
+well stored with useful information and practical proficiency, rather
+than the light superficial acquirements, popularly and fashionably
+called accomplishments. We desire accomplishments, but they must be
+_useful_.
+
+Our females must be qualified, because they are to be the mothers of our
+children. As mothers are the first nurses and instructors of children;
+from them children consequently, get their first impressions, which
+being always the most lasting, should be the most correct. Raise the
+mothers above the level of degradation, and the offspring is elevated
+with them. In a word, instead of our young men, transcribing in their
+blank books, recipes for _Cooking_; we desire to see them making the
+transfer of _Invoices of Merchandise_. Come to our aid then; the
+_morning_ of our _Redemption_ from degradation, adorns the horizon.
+
+In our selection of individuals, it will be observed, that we have
+confined ourself entirely to those who occupy or have occupied positions
+among the whites, consequently having a more general bearing as useful
+contributors to society at large. While we do not pretend to give all
+such worthy cases, we gave such as we possessed information of, and
+desire it to be understood, that a large number of our most intelligent
+and worthy men and women, have not been named, because from their more
+private position in community, it was foreign to the object and design
+of this work. If we have said aught to offend, "take the will for the
+deed," and be assured, that it was given with the purest of motives, and
+best intention, from a true hearted man and brother; deeply lamenting
+the sad fate of his race in this country, and sincerely desiring the
+elevation of man, and submitted to the serious consideration of all, who
+favor the promotion of the cause of God and humanity.
+
+
+
+
+XXIII
+
+A GLANCE AT OURSELVES--CONCLUSION
+
+     With broken hopes--sad devastation;
+     A race _resigned_ to DEGRADATION!
+
+
+We have said much to our young men and women, about their vocation and
+calling; we have dwelt much upon the menial position of our people in
+this country. Upon this point we cannot say too much, because there is a
+seeming satisfaction and seeking after such positions manifested on
+their part, unknown to any other people. There appears to be, a want of
+a sense of propriety or _self-respect_, altogether inexplicable; because
+young men and women among us, many of whom have good trades and homes,
+adequate to their support, voluntarily leave them, and seek positions,
+such as servants, waiting maids, coachmen, nurses, cooks in gentlemens'
+kitchen, or such like occupations, when they can gain a livelihood at
+something more respectable, or elevating in character. And the worse
+part of the whole matter is, that they have become so accustomed to it,
+it has become so "fashionable," that it seems to have become second
+nature, and they really become offended, when it is spoken against.
+
+Among the German, Irish, and other European peasantry who come to this
+country, it matters not what they were employed at before and after they
+come; just so soon as they can better their condition by keeping shops,
+cultivating the soil, the young men and women going to night-schools,
+qualifying themselves for usefulness, and learning trades--they do so.
+Their first and last care, object and aim is, to better their condition
+by raising themselves above the condition that necessity places them in.
+We do not say too much, when we say, as an evidence of the deep
+degradation of our race, in the United States, that there are those
+among us, the wives and daughters, some of the _first ladies_, (and who
+dare say they are not the "first," because they belong to the "first
+class" and associate where any body among us can?) whose husbands are
+industrious, able and willing to support them, who voluntarily leave
+home, and become chamber-maids, and stewardesses, upon vessels and
+steamboats, in all probability, to enable them to obtain some more fine
+or costly article of dress or furniture.
+
+We have nothing to say against those whom _necessity_ compels to do
+these things, those who can do no better; we have only to do with those
+who can, and will not, or do not do better. The whites are always in the
+advance, and we either standing still or retrograding; as that which
+does not go forward, must either stand in one place or go back. The
+father in all probability is a farmer, mechanic, or man of some
+independent business; and the wife, sons and daughters, are
+chamber-maids, on vessels, nurses and waiting-maids, or coachmen and
+cooks in families. This is retrogradation. The wife, sons, and daughters
+should be elevated above this condition as a necessary consequence.
+
+If we did not love our race superior to others, we would not concern
+ourself about their degradation; for the greatest desire of our heart
+is, to see them stand on a level with the most elevated of mankind. No
+people are ever elevated above the condition of their _females_; hence,
+the condition of the _mother_ determines the condition of the child. To
+know the position of a people, it is only necessary to know the
+_condition_ of their _females_; and despite themselves, they cannot rise
+above their level. Then what is our condition? Our _best ladies_ being
+washerwomen, chambermaids, children's traveling nurses, and common house
+servants, and menials, we are all a degraded, miserable people, inferior
+to any other people as a whole, on the face of the globe.
+
+These great truths, however unpleasant, must be brought before the minds
+of our people in its true and proper light, as we have been too delicate
+about them, and too long concealed them for fear of giving offence. It
+would have been infinitely better for our race, if these facts had been
+presented before us half a century ago--we would have been now
+proportionably benefitted by it.
+
+As an evidence of the degradation to which we have been reduced, we dare
+premise, that this chapter will give offence to many, very many, and
+why? Because they may say, "He dared to say that the occupation of a
+_servant_ is a degradation." It is not necessarily degrading; it would
+not be, to one or a few people of a kind; but a _whole race of servants_
+are a degradation to that people.
+
+Efforts made by men of qualifications for the toiling and degraded
+millions among the whites, neither gives offence to that class, nor is
+it taken unkindly by them; but received with manifestations of
+gratitude; to know that they are thought to be, equally worthy of, and
+entitled to stand on a level with the elevated classes; and they have
+only got to be informed of the way to raise themselves, to make the
+effort and do so as far as they can. But how different with us. Speak of
+our position in society, and it at once gives insult. Though we are
+servants; among ourselves we claim to be _ladies_ and _gentlemen_, equal
+in standing, and as the popular expression goes, "Just as good as any
+body"--and so believing, we make no efforts to raise above the common
+level of menials; because the _best_ being in that capacity, all are
+content with the position. We cannot at the same time, be domestic and
+lady; servant and gentleman. We must be the one or the other. Sad, sad
+indeed, is the thought, that hangs drooping in our mind, when
+contemplating the picture drawn before us. Young men and women, "we
+write these things unto you, because ye are strong," because the writer,
+a few years ago, gave unpardonable offence to many of the young people
+of Philadelphia and other places, because he dared tell them, that he
+thought too much of them, to be content with seeing them the servants of
+other people. Surely, she that could be the mistress, would not be the
+maid; neither would he that could be the master, be content with being
+the servant; then why be offended, when we point out to you, the way
+that leads from the menial to the mistress or the master. All this we
+seem to reject with fixed determination, repelling with anger, every
+effort on the part of our intelligent men and women to elevate us, with
+true Israelitish degradation, in reply to any suggestion or proposition
+that may be offered, "Who made thee a ruler and judge?"
+
+The writer is no "Public Man," in the sense in which this is understood
+among our people, but simply an humble individual, endeavoring to seek a
+livelihood by a profession obtained entirely by his own efforts, without
+relatives and friends able to assist him; except such friends as he
+gained by the merit of his course and conduct, which he here gratefully
+acknowledges; and whatever he has accomplished, other young men may, by
+making corresponding efforts, also accomplish.
+
+We have advised an emigration to Central and South America, and even to
+Mexico and the West Indies, to those who prefer either of the last named
+places, all of which are free countries, Brazil being the only real
+slave-holding State in South America--there being nominal slavery in
+Dutch Guiana, Peru, Buenos Ayres, Paraguay, and Uraguay, in all of which
+places colored people have equality in social, civil, political, and
+religious privileges; Brazil making it punishable with death to import
+slaves into the empire.
+
+Our oppressors, when urging us to go to Africa, tell us that we are
+better adapted to the climate than they--that the physical condition of
+the constitution of colored people better endures the heat of warm
+climates than that of the whites; this we are willing to _admit_,
+without argument, without adducing the physiological reason why, that
+colored people can and do stand warm climates better than whites; and
+find an answer fully to the point in the fact, that they also stand _all
+other_ climates, cold, temperate, and modified, that white people can
+stand; therefore, according to our oppressors' own showing, we are a
+_superior race_, being endowed with properties fitting us for _all
+parts_ of the earth, while they are only adapted to _certain_ parts. Of
+course, this proves our right and duty to live wherever we may _choose_;
+while the white race may only live where they _can_. We are content with
+the fact, and have ever claimed it. Upon this rock, they and we shall
+ever agree.
+
+Of the West India Islands, Santa Cruz, belonging to Denmark; Porto Rico,
+and Cuba with its little adjuncts, belonging to Spain, are the only
+slaveholding Islands among them--three-fifths of the whole population of
+Cuba being colored people, who cannot and will not much longer endure
+the burden and the yoke. They only want intelligent leaders of their own
+color, when they are ready at any moment to charge to the conflict--to
+liberty or death. The remembrance of the noble mulatto, PLACIDO, the
+gentleman, scholar, poet, and intended Chief Engineer of the Army of
+Liberty and Freedom in Cuba; and the equally noble black, CHARLES BLAIR,
+who was to have been Commander-in-Chief, who were shamefully put to
+death in 1844, by that living monster, Captain General O'Donnell, is
+still fresh and indelible to the mind of every bondman of Cuba.
+
+In our own country, the United States, there are _three million five
+hundred thousand slaves_; and we, the nominally free colored people, are
+_six hundred thousand_ in number; estimating one-sixth to be men, we
+have _one hundred thousand_ able bodied freemen, which will make a
+powerful auxiliary in any country to which we may become adopted--an
+ally not to be despised by any power on earth. We love our country,
+dearly love her, but she don't love us--she despises us, and bids us
+begone, driving us from her embraces; but we shall not go where she
+desires us; but when we do go, whatever love we have for her, we shall
+love the country none the less that receives us as her adopted children.
+
+For the want of business habits and training, our energies have become
+paralyzed; our young men never think of business, any more than if they
+were so many bondmen, without the right to pursue any calling they may
+think most advisable. With our people in this country, dress and good
+appearances have been made the only test of gentleman and ladyship, and
+that vocation which offers the best opportunity to dress and appear
+well, has generally been preferred, however menial and degrading, by our
+young people, without even, in the majority of cases, an effort to do
+better; indeed, in many instances, refusing situations equally
+lucrative, and superior in position; but which would not allow as much
+display of dress and personal appearance. This, if we ever expect to
+rise, must be discarded from among us, and a high and respectable
+position assumed.
+
+One of our great temporal curses is our consummate poverty. We are the
+poorest people, as a class, in the world of civilized mankind--abjectly,
+miserably poor, no one scarcely being able to assist the other. To this,
+of course, there are noble exceptions; but that which is common to, and
+the very process by which white men exist, and succeed in life, is
+unknown to colored men in general. In any and every considerable
+community may be found, some one of our white fellow-citizens, who is
+worth more than all the colored people in that community put together.
+We consequently have little or no efficiency. We must have means to be
+practically efficient in all the undertakings of life; and to obtain
+them, it is necessary that we should be engaged in lucrative pursuits,
+trades, and general business transactions. In order to be thus engaged,
+it is necessary that we should occupy positions that afford the
+facilities for such pursuits. To compete now with the mighty odds of
+wealth, social and religious preferences, and political influences of
+this country, at this advanced stage of its national existence, we never
+may expect. A new country, and new beginning, is the only true,
+rational, politic remedy for our disadvantageous position; and that
+country we have already pointed out, with triple golden advantages, all
+things considered, to that of any country to which it has been the
+province of man to embark.
+
+Every other than we, have at various periods of necessity, been a
+migratory people; and all when oppressed, shown a greater abhorrence of
+oppression, if not a greater love of liberty, than we. We cling to our
+oppressors, as the objects of our love. It is true that our enslaved
+brethren are here, and we have been led to believe that it is necessary
+for us to remain, on that account. Is it true, that all should remain in
+degradation, because a part are degraded? We believe no such thing. We
+believe it to be the duty of the Free, to elevate themselves in the most
+speedy and effective manner possible; as the redemption of the bondman
+depends entirely upon the elevation of the freeman; therefore, to
+elevate the free colored people of America, anywhere upon this
+continent; forebodes the speedy redemption of the slaves. We shall hope
+to hear no more of so fallacious a doctrine--the necessity of the free
+remaining in degradation, for the sake of the oppressed. Let us apply,
+first, the lever to ourselves; and the force that elevates us to the
+position of manhood's considerations and honors, will cleft the manacle
+of every slave in the land.
+
+When such great worth and talents--for want of a better sphere--of men
+like Rev. Jonathan Robinson, Robert Douglass, Frederick A. Hinton, and a
+hundred others that might be named, were permitted to expire in a
+barber-shop; and such living men as may be found in Boston, New York,
+Philadelphia, Baltimore, Richmond, Washington City, Charleston, (S.C.)
+New Orleans, Cincinnati, Louisville, St. Louis, Pittsburg, Buffalo,
+Rochester, Albany, Utica, Cleveland, Detroit, Milwaukie, Chicago,
+Columbus, Zanesville, Wheeling, and a hundred other places, confining
+themselves to Barber-shops and waiter-ships in Hotels; certainly the
+necessity of such a course as we have pointed out, must be cordially
+acknowledged; appreciated by every brother and sister of oppression; and
+not rejected as heretofore, as though they preferred inferiority to
+equality. These minds must become "unfettered," and have "space to
+rise." This cannot be in their present positions. A continuance in any
+position, becomes what is termed "Second Nature"; it begets an
+_adaptation_, and _reconciliation_ of _mind_ to such condition. It
+changes the whole physiological condition of the system, and adapts man
+and woman to a higher or lower sphere in the pursuits of life. The
+offsprings of slaves and peasantry, have the general characteristics of
+their parents; and nothing but a different course of training and
+education, will change the character.
+
+The slave may become a lover of his master, and learn to forgive him for
+continual deeds of maltreatment and abuse; just as the Spaniel would
+couch and fondle at the feet that kick him; because he has been taught
+to reverence them, and consequently, becomes adapted in body and mind to
+his condition. Even the shrubbery-loving Canary, and lofty-soaring
+Eagle, may be tamed to the cage, and learn to love it from habit of
+confinement. It has been so with us in our position among our
+oppressors; we have been so prone to such positions; that we have
+learned to love them. When reflecting upon this all important, and to
+us, all absorbing subject; we feel in the agony and anxiety of the
+moment, as though we could cry out in the language of a Prophet of old:
+"Oh that my head were waters, and mine eyes a fountain of tears, that I
+might weep day and night for the" degradation "of my people! Oh that I
+had in the wilderness a lodging place of way-faring men; that I might
+leave my people, and go from them!"
+
+The Irishman and German in the United States, are very different persons
+to what they were when in Ireland and Germany, the countries of their
+nativity. There their spirits were depressed and downcast; but the
+instant they set their foot upon unrestricted soil; free to act and
+untrammeled to move; their physical condition undergoes a change, which
+in time becomes physiological, which is transmitted to the offspring,
+who when born under such circumstances, is a decidedly different being
+to what it would have been, had it been born under different
+circumstances.
+
+A child born under oppression, has all the elements of servility in its
+constitution; who when born under favorable circumstances, has to the
+contrary, all the elements of freedom and independence of feeling. Our
+children then, may not be expected, to maintain that position and manly
+bearing; born under the unfavorable circumstances with which we are
+surrounded in this country; that we so much desire. To use the language
+of the talented Mr. Whipper, "they cannot be raised in this country,
+without being stoop shouldered." Heaven's pathway stands unobstructed,
+which will lead us into a Paradise of bliss. Let us go on and possess
+the land, and the God of Israel will be our God.
+
+The lessons of every school book, the pages of every history, and
+columns of every newspaper, are so replete with stimuli to nerve us on
+to manly aspirations, that those of our young people, who will now
+refuse to enter upon this great theatre of Polynesian adventure, and
+take their position on the stage of Central and South America, where a
+brilliant engagement, of certain and most triumphant success, in the
+drama of human equality awaits them; then, with the blood of _slaves_,
+write upon the lintel of every door in sterling Capitals, to be gazed
+and hissed at by every passer by--
+
+     Doomed by the Creator
+     To servility and degradation;
+     The SERVANT of the _white man_,
+     And despised of every nation!
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+A PROJECT FOR AN EXPEDITION OF ADVENTURE, TO THE EASTERN COAST OF AFRICA
+
+
+Every people should be the originators of their own designs, the
+projector of their own schemes, and creators of the events that lead to
+their destiny--the consummation of their desires.
+
+Situated as we are, in the United States, many, and almost
+insurmountable obstacles present themselves. We are four-and-a-half
+millions in numbers, free and bond; six hundred thousand free, and
+three-and-a-half millions bond.
+
+We have native hearts and virtues, just as other nations; which in their
+pristine purity are noble, potent, and worthy of example. We are a
+nation within a nation;--as the Poles in Russia, the Hungarians in
+Austria, the Welsh, Irish, and Scotch in the British dominions.
+
+But we have been, by our oppressors, despoiled of our purity, and
+corrupted in our native characteristics, so that we have inherited their
+vices, and but few of their virtues, leaving us in character, really a
+_broken people_.
+
+Being distinguished by complexion, we are still singled out--although
+having merged in the habits and customs of our oppressors--as a distinct
+nation of people; as the Poles, Hungarians, Irish, and others, who still
+retain their native peculiarities, of language, habits, and various
+other traits. The claims of no people, according to established policy
+and usage, are respected by any nation, until they are presented in a
+national capacity.
+
+To accomplish so great and desirable an end, there should be held, a
+great representative gathering of the colored people of the United
+States; not what is termed a National Convention, represented en masse,
+such as have been, for the last few years, held at various times and
+places; but a true representation of the intelligence and wisdom of the
+colored freemen; because it will be futile and an utter failure, to
+attempt such a project without the highest grade of intelligence.
+
+No great project was ever devised without the consultation of the most
+mature intelligence, and discreet discernment and precaution.
+
+To effect this, and prevent intrusion and improper representation, there
+should be a CONFIDENTIAL COUNCIL held; and circulars issued, only to
+such persons as shall be _known_ to the projectors to be equal to the
+desired object.
+
+The authority from whence the call should originate, to be in this
+wise:--The originator of the scheme, to impart the contemplated
+Confidential Council, to a limited number of known, worthy gentlemen,
+who agreeing with the project, endorse at once the scheme, when becoming
+joint proprietors in interest, issue a _Confidential Circular_, leaving
+blanks for _date_, _time_, and _place_ of _holding_ the Council; sending
+them to trusty, worthy, and suitable colored freemen, in all parts of
+the United States, and the Canadas, inviting them to attend; who when
+met in Council, have the right to project any scheme they may think
+proper for the general good of the whole people--provided, that the
+project is laid before them after its maturity.
+
+By this Council to be appointed, a Board of Commissioners, to consist of
+three, five, or such reasonable number as may be decided upon, one of
+whom shall be chosen as Principal or Conductor of the Board, whose duty
+and business shall be, to go on an expedition to the EASTERN COAST of
+AFRICA, to make researches for a suitable location on that section of
+the coast, for the settlement of colored adventurers from the United
+States, and elsewhere. Their mission should be to all such places as
+might meet the approbation of the people; as South America, Mexico, the
+West Indies, &c.
+
+The Commissioners all to be men of decided qualifications; to embody
+among them, the qualifications of physician, botanist, chemist,
+geologist, geographer, and surveyor,--having a sufficient knowledge of
+these sciences, for practical purposes.
+
+Their business shall be, to make a topographical, geographical,
+geological, and botanical examination, into such part or parts as they
+may select, with all other useful information that may be obtained; to
+be recorded in a journal kept for that purpose.
+
+The Council shall appoint a permanent Board of Directors, to manage and
+supervise the doings of the Commissioners, and to whom they shall be
+amenable for their doings, who shall hold their office until successors
+shall be appointed.
+
+A National Confidential Council, to be held once in three years; and
+sooner, if necessity or emergency should demand it; the Board of
+Directors giving at least three months' notice, by circulars and
+newspapers. And should they fail to perform their duty, twenty-five of
+the representatives from any six States, of the former Council, may
+issue a call, authentically bearing their names, as sufficient authority
+for such a call. But when the Council is held for the reception of the
+report of the Commissioners, a general mass convention should then take
+place, by popular representation.
+
+
+MANNER OF RAISING FUNDS.
+
+The National Council shall appoint one or two Special Commissioners, to
+England and France, to solicit, in the name of the Representatives of a
+Broken Nation, of four-and-a-half millions, the necessary outfit and
+support, for any period not exceeding three years, of such an
+expedition. Certainly, what England and France would do, for a little
+nation--mere nominal nation, of five thousand civilized Liberians, they
+would be willing and ready to do, for five millions; if they be but
+authentically represented, in a national capacity. What was due to
+Greece, enveloped by Turkey, should be due to US, enveloped by the
+United States; and we believe would be respected, if properly presented.
+To England and France, we should look for sustenance, and the people of
+those two nations--as they would have every thing to gain from such an
+adventure and eventual settlement on the EASTERN COAST OF AFRICA--the
+opening of an immense trade being the consequence. The whole Continent
+is rich in minerals, and the most precious metals, as but a superficial
+notice of the topographical and geological reports from that country,
+plainly show to any mind versed in the least, in the science of the
+earth.
+
+The Eastern Coast of Africa has long been neglected, and never but
+little known, even to the ancients; but has ever been our choice part of
+the Continent. Bounded by the Red Sea, Arabian Sea, and Indian Ocean, it
+presents the greatest facilities for an immense trade, with China,
+Japan, Siam, Hindoostan, in short, all the East Indies--of any other
+country in the world. With a settlement of enlightened freemen, who with
+the immense facilities, must soon grow into a powerful nation. In the
+Province of Berbera, south of the Strait of Babelmandel, or the great
+pass, from the Arabian to the Red Sea, the whole commerce of the East
+must touch this point.
+
+Also, a great rail road could be constructed from here, running with
+the Mountains of the Moon, clearing them entirely, except making one
+mountain pass, at the western extremity of the Mountains of the Moon,
+and the southeastern terminus of the Kong Mountains; entering the
+Province of Dahomey, and terminating on the Atlantic Ocean West; which
+would make the GREAT THOROUGHFARE for all the trade with the East Indies
+and Eastern Coast of Africa, and the Continent of America. All the world
+would pass through Africa upon this rail road, which would yield a
+revenue infinitely greater than any other investment in the world.
+
+The means for prosecuting such a project--as stupendous as it may
+appear--will be fully realised in the prosecution of the work. Every
+mile of the road, will thrice pay for itself, in the development of the
+rich treasures that now lie hidden in the bowels of the earth. There is
+no doubt, that in some one section of twenty-five miles, the
+developments of gold would more than pay the expenses of any one
+thousand miles of the work. This calculation may, to those who have
+never given this subject a thought, appear extravagant, and visionary;
+but to one who has had his attention in this direction for years, it is
+clear enough.
+
+But a few years will witness a development of gold, precious metals, and
+minerals in Eastern Africa, the Moon and Kong Mountains, ten-fold
+greater than all the rich productions of California.
+
+There is one great physiological fact in regard to the colored
+race--which, while it may not apply to all colored persons, is true of
+those having black skins--that they can bear _more different_ climates
+than the white race. They bear _all_ the temperates and extremes, while
+the other can only bear the temperates and _one_ of the extremes. The
+black race is endowed with natural properties, that adapt and fit them
+for temperate, cold, and hot climates; while the white race is only
+endowed with properties that adapt them to temperate and cold climates;
+being unable to stand the warmer climates; in them, the white race
+cannot work, but become perfectly indolent, requiring somebody to work
+for them--and these, are always people of the black race.
+
+The black race may be found, inhabiting in healthful improvement, every
+part of the globe where the white race reside; while there are parts of
+the globe where the black race reside, that the white race cannot live
+in health.
+
+What part of mankind is the "denizen of every soil, and the lord of
+terrestrial creation," if it be not the black race? The Creator has
+indisputably adapted us for the "denizens of _every soil_," all that is
+left for us to do, is to _make_ ourselves the "_lords_ of terrestrial
+creation." The land is ours--there it lies with inexhaustible resources;
+let us go and possess it. In Eastern Africa must rise up a nation, to
+whom all the world must pay commercial tribute.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Condition, Elevation, Emigration,
+and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States, by Martin R. Delany
+
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