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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/17039-h.zip b/17039-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4198d83 --- /dev/null +++ b/17039-h.zip diff --git a/17039-h/17039-h.htm b/17039-h/17039-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..204aa7d --- /dev/null +++ b/17039-h/17039-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1356 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Salmon Fishery of Penobscot Bay and River in 1895-96, by Hugh M. Smith</title> +<style type="text/css"> + body {background:#fdfdfd; + color:black; + font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; + font-size: medium; + margin-top:100px; + margin-left:8%; + margin-right:8%; + text-align:justify; } + hr { width: 100%; + height: 5px; } + hr.narrow { width: 50%; + height: 1px; } + blockquote { font-size: 14pt; } + blockquote.footnote { font-size: 14pt; } + .smallcaps { font-variant: small-caps } + p.footnote { margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 0; + text-indent: 0; + font-size: 14pt; } + table {font-size: medium} + table.caption {font-size: small} + p {text-indent: 4% } + p.noindent {text-indent: 0% } + a:link {color:blue; + text-decoration:none} + link {color:blue; + text-decoration:none} + a:visited {color:blue; + text-decoration:none} + a:hover {color:red} + pre {font-size:x-small;} +</style> +</head> +<body> +<h1 align="center">The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Salmon Fishery of Penobscot Bay and River +in 1895-96, by Hugh M. Smith</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: The Salmon Fishery of Penobscot Bay and River in 1895-96</p> +<p>Author: Hugh M. Smith</p> +<p>Release Date: November 10, 2005 [eBook #17039]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SALMON FISHERY OF PENOBSCOT BAY AND RIVER IN 1895-96***</p> +<br><br><center> +<h3>E-text prepared by Ronald Calvin Huber<br> + while serving as Penobscot Bay Watch, Rockland, Maine,<br> + with technical assistance from Joseph E. Loewenstein, M.D.</h3> +</center><br><br> +<hr noshade> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h2 align="center">THE SALMON FISHERY<br> + OF PENOBSCOT BAY AND RIVER<br> + IN 1895-96</h2> +<h3 align="center">By HUGH M. SMITH</h3> + +<h4 align="center"><i>Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission</i>, 1898, +Pages 113-124</h4> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<center> +<h3>Contents</h3> +<br> +<table border=0 cellpadding=2> +<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#1">Introduction</a></td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#2">Extent and condition of the fishery in 1895 and 1896</a></td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#3">Detailed statistics for 1895 and 1896</a></td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#4">Comparative data relative to the salmon fishery</a></td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#5">Apparatus and methods of the fishery</a></td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#6">Salmon at Matinicus and Ragged islands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#7">Salmon at the Cranberry Isles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#8">Salmon caught with hook off Maine coast</a></td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#9">Destruction of salmon by seals</a></td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#10">Evidences of results of propagation</a></td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#11">Extension of salmon-hatching operations on the Penobscot</a></td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top"><a href="#12">Planting of quinnat salmon and steelhead trout in Maine streams</a></td></tr> +</table> +</center> +<br> +<br> +<a name="1"></a> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<p>During the months of August and September, 1896, the writer visited +the shores of Penobscot River and Bay in the interests of the United +States Fish Commission, for the purpose of securing data regarding +the condition and extent of the salmon, shad, and alewife fisheries. +Special attention was given to the salmon fishery, as the Penobscot +is now the only important salmon stream on the Atlantic coast of the +United States and has been the field for very extensive fish-cultural +operations on the part of the Fish Commission. A large majority of the +owners of the salmon weirs and nets along both sides of the bay and +river were interviewed and accurate accounts of their fishing obtained, +together with their observations as to the effect of artificial +propagation on the supply. + +<p>The history and methods of the salmon fishery of this basin have been +well presented in papers by Mr. Charles G. Atkins, superintendent of +the Government hatchery at Craig Brook, Maine. <a id="footnotetag1" +name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1">[1</a>, +<a id="footnotetag2" +name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2">2]</a> +The present paper +is primarily intended to show the extent and condition of the salmon +fishery of Penobscot Bay and River in 1895 and 1896 and the influence +of artificial propagation on the supply. The methods and apparatus of +the fishery are briefly considered. A chart of the Penobscot region, +giving the location of salmon weirs and traps in use in 1896, is +appended, and illustrations of some of the types of salmon apparatus +are shown. +<br> +<br> +<a name="2"></a> +<br> +<br> +<h3><i>Extent and condition of the fishery in 1895 and 1896.</i></h3> + + +<p>While the number of nets operated in these two years was practically +the same, the catch in 1896 was much greater than in 1895, and was one +of the largest in the recent history of the fishery. A comparatively +large number of fishermen reported that they took more salmon than in +any previous year. The salmon, however, were smaller than usual, and +their market value was but little more in 1896 than in 1895. + +<p>The traps set especially for salmon, or in which salmon were taken, +numbered 193 in 1895 and 184 in 1896. These, with the accessories, +had a value of $12,474 and $13,146, respectively. The boats and scows +required in the construction and operation of the nets numbered 188 +in 1895, the same in 1896, and were valued at $3,576 and $3,599, +respectively. The number of men engaged in the fishery was 127 in +1895 and 126 in 1896. In the comparatively unimportant branch of the +fishery carried on with gill nets in the vicinity of Bangor, 10 nets, +valued at $189, were used in 1895, and 11 nets, worth $199, in 1896; +these were set by 6 men in the first year and 7 in the next. The boats +numbered 4 in 1895 and 5 in 1896, and were valued at $29 and $37, +respectively. + +<p>The total number of salmon caught in 1895 was 4,395; these weighed +65,011 pounds and yielded the fishermen $11,356; in gill nets 117 +salmon were caught, weighing 1,985 pounds and valued at $323. In 1896 +the result of the fishery was 6,403 salmon, weighing 80,175 pounds, +with a market value of $12,716; the gill-net catch this year was 246 +salmon, with a weight of 3,444 pounds and a value of $492. + +<p>The outcome of the fishery in 1896 exceeded that of 1895 by 2,008 +salmon; increase in weight was 15,164 pounds, and in value $1,360. The +percentage of increase in these items was as follows: Fish taken, 46 +per cent; weight of catch, 23 per cent; value of catch, 12 per cent. + +<p>As an illustration of the uniform increase in the number of salmon +taken in 1896, the following facts may be cited: The nets that were set +in both years numbered 162; of these, 146 nets, or 90 per cent, took +more salmon in 1896 than in 1895; and only 16, or 10 per cent, took the +same number or less. The comparative figures for the nets that secured +more fish in 1896 were 3,449 salmon in 1895 and 5,681 in 1896. The nets +whose catch was the same or less in 1896 caught 295 fish in 1895 and +289 in 1896. + +<p>The largest number of salmon taken by one fisherman in 1895 was 408; +these were caught in 3 nets on the lower side of Sears Island, in the +township of Searsport. Other catches by single fishermen in 1895 were +104 salmon in 4 nets in Stockton, 102 in 5 nets in Northport, 150 in 3 +nets in Islesboro, and 150 in 3 nets in Verona. + +<p>In 1896 the 3 Searsport nets first mentioned took 426 salmon, and a +large number of fishermen secured between 100 and 200 fish in 2 to 5 +nets. Thus, in Stockton 100 fish were caught in 2 nets, 105 in 3 nets, +and 110 in 1 net; in Penobscot 192 salmon were taken in 2 nets, 105 in +2 nets, and 127 in 2 nets; in Northport 5 nets obtained 204 fish and 4 +nets 125 fish; in Islesboro 3 nets took 130 fish, 3 nets 150 fish, 4 +nets 190 fish, and 2 nets 100 fish; in Verona 3 nets caught 174 fish, 2 +nets 106 fish, 3 nets 150 fish, 1 net 100 fish, and 2 nets 170 fish. + +<p>About 80 per cent of the fishing is done in that part of the river +between the northern end of Whitmore Island and Islesboro. While single +weirs in that part of the river between Bucksport and Bangor may take +as many as 50 or 60 salmon some seasons, the average was only 14 in +1895 and 26 in 1896, and the aggregate is comparatively small. In the +townships of Lincolnville and Camden, which are the lowest points in +the Penobscot region at which salmon fishing is done, the average catch +to a net in 1895 was only 16 salmon and in 1896 only 19 salmon. +<br> +<br> +<a name="3"></a> +<br> +<br> +<h3><i>Detailed statistics for 1895 and 1896.</i></h3> + + +<p> The following tables show, by townships, the extent of the salmon +fishery of Penobscot Bay and River in 1895 and 1896: +<br> +<br> +<br> +<center> +<b><span class="smallcaps">Table</span>. Persons Employed</b><br> +<a href="images/pensalm1a.png"> +<img src="images/pensalm1a.png" width="100%" border=0 +alt="Persons Employed"></a> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<b><span class="smallcaps">Table</span>. Apparatus, boats, etc.</b><br> +<a href="images/pensalmtraps_a.png"> +<img src="images/pensalmtraps_a.png" width="100%" border=0 +alt="Apparatus, boats, etc."></a> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<b><span class="smallcaps">Table</span>. Catch</b><br> +<a href="images/pensalm01a.png"> +<img src="images/pensalm01a.png" width="100%" border=0 +alt="Catch"></a> +</center> +<br> +<br> +<a name="4"></a> +<br> +<br> +<h3><i>Comparative data relative to the salmon fishery.</i></h3> + + +<p>In 1880 the catch of salmon in Penobscot Bay and River and their +tributaries was 10,016, having an estimated weight of 110,176 pounds. +The weirs and traps used numbered 230; the gill nets, 36. The fishery +yielded 169,894 pounds, valued at $32,800, in 1887; 192,177 pounds, +worth $38,049, in 1888; 140,469 pounds, valued at $31,156, in 1889, +and 92,282 pounds, worth $19,124, in 1892. + +<p>As previously shown, in 1895 193 traps and 10 gill nets took 4,395 +salmon, weighing 65,011 pounds, valued at $11,356, and in 1896, 184 +traps and 11 gill nets caught 6,403 salmon, weighing 80,175 pounds, +valued at $12,716. + +<p>Comparing 1896 with 1880, it appears that there was a reduction of 27 +per cent in the number of nets used and a decrease of 36 per cent in +the number of salmon caught. A relatively large catch was made in 1887 +to 1889, inclusive, and the decrease in 1896, as compared with those +years, was marked. From 1892 to 1895 the output declined nearly 30 per +cent, and the general tendency for the past eight years has been toward +a decrease, 1896 presenting a very pleasing contrast, of which the +fishermen all make mention. + +<p>Following is a continuous record from 1874 to 1896 of two of the most +successful salmon weirs. These are located on the east side of the +river, in the town of Penobscot, a short distance from the southern end +of Whitmore Island. The number of salmon taken in 1896 was 20 per cent +greater than in any previous year and over 93 per cent greater than the +average for the preceding 22 years. Similar comparative statements for +other nets are at hand, showing the increase in 1896 over previous +seasons. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<center> +<b><span class="smallcaps">Table</span>. Record of two Penobscot +River salmon weirs,<br>from 1874 to 1896, inclusive</b><br> +<a href="images/pensalm4a.png"> +<img src="images/pensalm4a.png" width="100%" border=0 +alt="Record of two Penobscot River salmon weirs, from 1874 to 1896, inclusive"></a> +</center> +<br> +<br> +<a name="5"></a> +<br> +<br> +<h3><i>Apparatus and methods of the fishery.</i></h3> + + +<p>There is probably no other river in the United States in which a +fishery of such magnitude has undergone so few changes with respect to +methods, number of traps operated, and sites where nets are set, as the +Penobscot. This is chiefly owing (1) to the character of the bottom, +(2) to the fact that the fishing is a riparian privilege enjoyed only +by those who own land fronting on the water, (3) to the circumstance +that the fishing is almost entirely of a semi-professional character, +and has been taken up by generation after generation as a part of the +regular duties connected with the small farms, and (4) to the small +number of food-fishes occurring in the river, and the preponderating +importance of two of them--the salmon and the alewife--for which the +nets are exclusively set. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<center> +<h3>Salmon Net Types</h3> + +<table class="caption" border=0 cellpadding=4> + <tr> + <td align="center"> + <img src="images/pensalm5_L.png" border=0 + alt="Salmon weir, Penobscot"> + </td> + <td align="center"> + <img src="images/pensalm5_C.png" border=0 + alt="Salmon weir, Bucksport"> + </td> + <td align="center"> + <img src="images/pensalm5_R.png" border=0 + alt="Salmon weir, Orland"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"> + Salmon weir, Penobscot. Leader of stakes interwoven with + brush, 175 yards long. "Great pond" brush, 42 feet long. + "Middle pond" and "back pond," netting with board floor, + each 10 feet long. Outer entrance, 16 feet wide; middle, + 2 feet; inner, 1 foot. Value, $75. + </td> + <td valign="top"> + Salmon weir, Bucksport. Leader, brush, 4 to 8 rods long. + Middle pond, 40 feet long, 8-foot entrance; inner side, + brush; outer side, twine. Pockets, twine, 10 feet long, + 10-inch entrances, wooden floor. Value, $25. Some weirs + have only one (upstream) pocket. + </td> + <td valign="top"> + "Hook weir," Orland. A brush hook, about 50 feet long and + extending down stream, is built on some of the weirs. It + serves the purpose of leading the fish into the net. + Value, $35. + </td> +</table> +</center> +<br> +<br> +<br> + +<p>The salmon fishery of the Penobscot basin is carried on with +practically a single type of apparatus, namely, the brush weir. In most +parts of the region this trap is used in the same form that it had in +the primitive days of the fishery, but in some sections the weir has +undergone evolution into a combination brush and twine trap, and in +places into a trap made wholly of netting. + +<p>Some of the types of salmon nets used in this region are illustrated +and described by the accompanying figures. In addition to these, which +are wholly or partly of brush, a common apparatus is the floating trap, +constructed entirely of twine, such as is now generally employed in the +New England States. This is the only salmon net in use at Islesboro and +in some other sections. The local and individual variations in the form +of the nets depend on the topography of the bottom and shore and the +habits of the salmon, and are the result of long experience. + +<p>The fishing begins as soon as the ice moves out in spring and continues +until some time in July. Fish are rarely taken before the last two +weeks in April. May and June are the best months. In that part of the +river adjacent to Bangor there is a small fishery prosecuted with set +gill nets. The nets are from 100 to 200 feet long and have a 6-inch +mesh. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<center> +<table class="caption" border=0 cellpadding=4> + <tr> + <td align="center"> + <img src="images/pensalm7_L.png" border=0 + alt="Salmon weir, Castine"> + </td> + <td align="center"> + <img src="images/pensalm7_C.png" border=0 + alt="Salmon weir, Stockton"> + </td> + <td align="center"> + <img src="images/pensalm7_R.png" border=0 + alt="Salmon weir, Stockton"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"> + Salmon weir, Castine. Hedge 200 feet long, made of stakes + driven in mud interwoven with brush to low-water mark, + covered with netting beyond. Great pound, 30 feet long, + 30 feet wide at base, made of netting; entrance 8 feet + wide. Inner pounds, 10 feet wide, with board floors; + outer entrance 2 feet wide, inner 1 foot. Value, $70. + </td> + <td valign="top"> + Salmon weir, Stockton. Leader or hedge, 400 yards long, all + brush except 20 yards next to head, which piece is netting + above low-water mark and brush below. Main compartment or + great pound 80 feet long and 25 feet wide, with 10-foot + entrance on each aide of leader. Smaller compartments, + directed downstream, 21 feet long; with 2-foot entrance to + first and 8-inch entrance to second. Value, $100. + </td> + <td valign="top"> + Salmon weir, Stockton. Leader 200 feet long; brush from shore + to low-water mark; remainder brush at bottom, netting at top. + Head 60 feet long; outer pound 40 feet, middle pound 12 feet, + inner pound 8 feet; brush below low-water line, netting + above; plank floors in two smaller compartments. Value, $40. + </td> +</table> +</center> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<center> +<table class="caption" border=0 cellpadding=4> + <tr> + <td align="center"> + <img src="images/pensalm8_L.png" border=0 + alt="Salmon weir, Castine"> + </td> + <td align="center"> + <img src="images/pensalm8_C.png" border=0 + alt="Salmon weir, Stockton"> + </td> + <td align="center"> + <img src="images/pensalm8_R.png" border=0 + alt="Salmon weir, Stockton"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top"> + Salmon weir, Winterport. Leader, brush, 6 rods long. Heart, + brush or netting, 40 feet long, 20 feet wide, with 8-foot + entrance on each side of leader. Pockets, netting, 10 feet + in diameter, 9-inch entrance, wooden floor. Value, $50. + </td> + <td valign="top"> + "Upanddown" Salmon weirs, Orland. Constructed of brush + except final compartments, which are of netting with + wooden floors. Value of set, $65 + </td> + <td valign="top"> + Salmon weir, built at Verona in 1889. The most elaborate + net used in the Penobscot region. + </td> +</table> +</center> +<br> +<br> +<a name="6"></a> +<br> +<br> +<h3><i>Salmon at Matinicus and Ragged islands.</i></h3> + + +<p>Matinicus is a small island located south of Penobscot Bay and about 15 +miles southeast of the nearest mainland (Thomaston). It is in the route +of salmon coming in from the sea to ascend the river, and nets set in +favorable positions would naturally be expected to intercept the fish. +On the western side of the island Messrs. R. Crie & Sons have operated +a trap for mackerel and herring for four years, and during that time +have incidentally taken a number of salmon. Between May 20 and July 10 +marketable fish are caught, while in August and September salmon too +small to utilize are taken in considerable quantities; in the opinion +of the Messrs. Crie these small fish were on their way to sea from the +Penobscot River. It has been observed that when an easterly wind is +blowing very few salmon are taken, but during a westerly wind salmon +are always obtained in the months named, and the quantity of salmon +secured in any given year bears a close relation to the direction of +the prevailing winds. In 1895 the number of marketable salmon caught +was 65; in 1896 the catch was 167. The largest fish taken in the two +years weighed 30 pounds, the smallest ½ pound. The largest daily +catch was 31 salmon, in 1896; the next largest, 27, in 1894. + +<p>Mr. W. B. Young, of Matinicus Island, has a herring weir on the +southwestern part of Ragged Island, which lies a short distance south +of Matinicus Island. In 1896 this weir during June and July caught 15 +salmon with an aggregate weight of 200 pounds. The largest weighed +24½ pounds. No small, unmarketable ones were obtained. +<br> +<br> +<a name="7"></a> +<br> +<br> +<h3><i>Salmon at the Cranberry Isles.</i></h3> + +<p>The Cranberry Isles lie a few miles south of Mount Desert Island +and about 25 miles east of Penobscot Bay. They are in the track of +migrating salmon, as a few herring weirs set around the islands have +for several years taken one or more salmon almost annually. +<a id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a +href="#footnote3">[3]</a> Mr. W. +I. Mayo, a correspondent at the islands, reports that in June, 1895, +Colonel Hadlock took a 17-pound salmon in a weir, and on May 5 of the +same year Mr. Mayo caught one weighing 19 pounds. None had been taken, +however, in 1896 up to September 1. +<br> +<br> +<a name="8"></a> +<br> +<br> +<h3><i>Salmon caught with hook off Maine coast.</i></h3> + +<p>Instances are multiplying of the taking of salmon at sea on trawl lines +on the New England coast. The salmon are usually taken during the time +when the fish are running in the rivers, but occasionally one has been +caught in midwinter. The following data relate to fish that probably +belonged to the Penobscot school. + +<p>On June 19, 1896 a Gloucester fishing vessel brought into Rockland a +10-pound salmon that had been caught on a cod trawl 20 miles southeast +of Matinicus. The fish was sent home to Gloucester by the captain of +the vessel, through Mr. Charles E. Weeks, a Rockland fish-dealer. + +<p>Several salmon have been taken on hooks off Frenchman Bay within a few +years. One 25-pound fish was caught on a cod trawl 3 miles off +Gouldsboro, in 20 fathoms of water, and another was taken southeast of +Mount Desert Island in 35 fathoms. + +<p>Some years ago, on May 22, one of the crew of the schooner +<i>Telephone</i>, of Orland, Me., while fishing for cod on German Bank, +caught a 10-pound salmon. German Bank lies about 50 miles southeast of +Mount Desert Island and has 65 to 100 fathoms of water. +<br> +<br> +<a name="9"></a> +<br> +<br> +<h3><i>Destruction of salmon by seals.</i></h3> + + +<p>Seals are known to kill a great many salmon in Penobscot Bay and +the lower river. They enter and leave the weirs and traps without +difficulty and cause great annoyance to the fishermen. When a seal +enters a net, the fish are frightened and usually become meshed; the +seal may then devour them at its leisure. The initial bite usually +includes the salmon's head. + +<p>Fishermen in some places report a noticeable increase in seals in the +past few years, and a consequent increase in damage done to the salmon +fishery. The State pays a bounty of $1 each for seal scalps, which +serves to keep the seals somewhat in check, although the sagacity of +the animals makes it difficult to approach them with a rifle and to +secure them when shot. Within a few years some weir fishermen have been +obliged at times to patrol the waters in the vicinity of their nets, in +order to prevent depredations. In the Cape Rosier region, where some +salmon trap fishing is done, seals were very troublesome in the early +part of the season of 1896. Mr. George Ames, who set three traps in +1896 and took about 100 salmon, had knowledge of 13 other salmon that +were destroyed by seals while in his nets. Similar instances of +relatively large numbers of salmon killed by seals might be given. With +salmon worth 20 to 50 cents a pound the loss of 10 or 12 salmon by +seals, in a total catch of 75 or 100, is a matter of importance to the +fisherman. +<br> +<br> +<a name="10"></a> +<br> +<br> +<h3><i>Evidences of results of propagation.</i></h3> + + +<p>The opinion is now practically unanimous among the salmon fishermen of +Penobscot River and Bay that the artificial hatching of salmon by the +U.S. Fish Commission is producing beneficial results. About the same +arguments in support of their opinions are presented by all, and these +accord well in the main with the observations of other persons who have +given this matter attention: + +<p class="noindent">(1) The opportunities for natural reproduction are exceedingly limited, +owing to the obstructions to the passage of the fish to their spawning +grounds in the headwaters of the Penobscot basin. + +<p class="noindent">(2) The salmon that are naturally hatched are, even under the most +favorable conditions prevailing at the present time, not numerous +enough to keep up the supply of market and brood fish, with the +fatalities incident to the long residence at sea and to the passage of +immature fish down from the spawning grounds to the sea. + +<p class="noindent">(3) The remarkable run in May and June, 1896, of fish of comparatively +small size that had apparently just reached maturity and the relative +scarcity of large fish that had evidently been in the river during one +or two previous seasons seemed to show a tendency toward the depletion +of the run of old fish and the substitution of a run of young, +artificially hatched fish. + +<p class="noindent">(4) A feature of the salmon supply in recent years, on which the +fishermen nearly all lay considerable stress, is that the runs in +April and July, which in former years were often quite important and +remunerative, have of late been very poor, although the fish +constituting them are of large size, while the runs in May and June +have kept up, but have consisted chiefly of comparatively small fish. +In this the fishermen believe they see evidence of the work of the +hatchery, for the young salmon artificially hatched have been from eggs +of May and June fish, and the fishermen think that such young fish, +when they return to the river to spawn, will come at about the same +time that their parents did. + +<p>Many salmon fishermen might be quoted on the question of results of +propagation. A few sample statements and records of salmon taken will +be given covering different parts of the bay and river. + +<p>Mr. Francis French, an experienced salmon fisherman of Stockton, on the +western side of Penobscot Bay, reports that of the 61 salmon taken in +his weir in 1896, 56 were under 11 pounds in weight, and all evidently +belonged to the same year's brood. In 1895 the 29 salmon obtained by +Mr. French averaged 20 pounds each. According to his observations, a +very large percentage of the salmon in the Penobscot region in 1896 +were hatchery fish that then entered the river for the first time. + +<p>Mr. A. H. Whitmore, a salmon fisherman of over thirty years' +experience, who fishes three weirs off the southern end of Whitmore +Island, states that in that part of the river the catch in 1896 was the +largest in thirty years, with the exception of one season. He thinks +there is no doubt whatever of the beneficial results of artificial +propagation, as shown by the maintenance of the supply when +obstructions to the passage of salmon to the upper waters must greatly +curtail natural spawning. + +<p>Mr. Joseph Hurd, of Winterport, has two weirs at Oak Point, which is +the upper limit of weir fishing for salmon on the west side of the +river; the nets are about 12 miles below Bangor; 25 salmon were taken +in 1895, and 60 in the following year. The catch was better in 1896 +than in a number of years. Eight years before, Mr. Hurd took 140 +salmon, which was the best season in his experience; since then the +fish have been decreasing until 1896. He thinks very few fish get to +their spawning-grounds, owing to dams and other obstructions in the +river above Bangor, and has no doubt the small fish which were so +conspicuous in 1896 were from the Government hatchery. + +<p>Mr. William F. Abbott, of Verona, who has two weirs on Whitmore Island, +caught 41 salmon in 1895, and 80 in 1896. He makes the following +statement: + +<blockquote> +<p>"In my opinion, there would not enough salmon come into the river to +pay for building weirs if there had been no salmon artificially hatched; +and I hope the Government will continue to keep the salmon fishing up, +so it will pay to build our weirs. No person that knows anything about +it can doubt that it is a good thing for the fishermen." +</blockquote> + +<p>Mr. Harvey Heath, of Verona, has two weirs on the eastern side of the +southern end of Whitmore Island. He caught 62 salmon in 1895, and 100 +in 1896. He thinks that the removal of obstructions to the passage of +fish to their spawning-grounds would be all that is necessary to secure +a good run of fish in the river, but believes that under present +conditions the salmon-cultural work of the Government is very useful in +sustaining the fishery. + +<p>Three weirs of Mr. E. A. Bowden, located on the eastern side of +Whitmore Island, above those of Mr. Heath, took, 31 salmon in 1895, and +85 in 1896. Mr. Bowden says: + +<blockquote> +<p>"I think that if it was not for the hatchery we would not have any +salmon to speak of, for all the school we have is in June. April, May, +and July salmon are very scarce." +</blockquote> + +<p>Mr. Charles G. Atkins, superintendent of the government salmon hatchery +in Orland, Me., informs the writer that he has been inclined to believe +that each year a great many salmon succeed in reaching their spawning +grounds; but recent observations have caused him to change his mind, +and he is now of the opinion that only relatively few salmon elude the +traps, weirs, and gill nets, surmount the dams and fishways, escape the +poachers, and succeed in depositing their eggs under conditions +favorable to their development. The dam at Bangor, while certainly a +formidable obstruction to the passage of fish, is probably passable at +high water. It is provided with a fishway, and some fish are known to +surmount the dam by this means. Above Bangor, in the main river, there +are dams at Great Works and Montague, the dam at Montague being an +especially serious obstruction, although it is provided with a good +fishway. Below the dam at Bangor there is little poaching, but below +the other dams--especially at Montague--comparatively large numbers of +salmon are sacrificed by the illegal use of the spear and drift net. In +1896 all the salmon below Montague were at the mercy of poachers after +July 15, when all wardens on the river were laid off. The supply of +spawning fish was thus greatly reduced. The people above +Bangor have no interest in preserving the salmon supply of the river, +as they receive none of the benefits from fishing which are enjoyed by +fishermen of the lower river. + +<p>This year Mr. Atkins, having this matter under consideration, visited +the east branch of the Penobscot River. A certain tributary of the east +branch, which was said to be one of the best spawning-grounds for +salmon in the Penobscot basin, was obstructed by a dam in the spawning +region. The dam was impassable to fish in July, and had been so during +the previous months. In a deep pool below the dam, which was reported +to be a favorite resort for salmon each season, no salmon were found. +In other words, if the salmon had reached this stream they could not +have gotten above the dam, and would undoubtedly have congregated in +the pool mentioned and been noticed, but no fish had ascended even that +far. +<br> +<br> +<a name="11"></a> +<br> +<br> +<h3><i>Extension of salmon-hatching operations on the Penobscot.</i></h3> + + +<p>The establishment of branch hatcheries has been suggested in order to +utilize the spawning salmon in the region which lies above commercial +fishing, and thus increase by artificial means the production of young +fish. It is well known that even under the best conditions now +prevailing in our streams the eggs of anadromous fishes like the salmon +and shad are liable to numerous destructive agencies; that only a small +percentage of the eggs laid under natural surroundings ever hatch, and +that the young are subject to heavy mortality up to the time when they +leave the river and enter the salt water. Probably 5 per cent would +be much too large an estimate of the number +of salmon eggs which in a state of nature produce fish that reach the +ocean. Fish-culture, on the other hand, hatches 95 per cent of the eggs +and raises 75 per cent of the fry to the age of yearlings. Of 206,350 +Atlantic salmon eggs obtained in 1895 at the government station at +Craig Brook, 206,109 were hatched and 151,761 yearling fish were +liberated in the fall. The percentage of eggs hatched was thus 99.88 +and the percentage of yearlings raised was 78.39. This is sufficient +ground for interfering with the salmon even after they have reached +their spawning-beds, and justifies the establishment of hatcheries in +the headwaters of the Penobscot, provided the supply of fish in any +section is large enough to insure a reasonable take of eggs. + +<p>No examinations of the upper tributaries of the Penobscot thus far made +have disclosed the existence of any stream on which the construction of +a branch salmon hatchery is warranted, owing to the few salmon +obtainable. The matter deserves further investigation, however, and +will receive due consideration at an early date. It is thought that a +satisfactory supply of fish may be secured by constructing a dam or +rack which will intercept fish in the main stream and lead practically +the entire run into one tributary, where they may be retained. + +<p>The operation of a branch salmon hatchery in the river above Bangor +would of course depend on the successful working of the fishways and +the enforcement by the State of the anti-poaching laws. +<br> +<br> +<a name="12"></a> +<br> +<br> +<h3><i>Planting of quinnat salmon and steelhead trout in Maine +streams.</i></h3> + + +<p>The United States Fish Commission is making the experiment of planting +large numbers of non-indigenous salmon in the Penobscot Basin and other +Maine waters with a view to test whether the fishes are adapted to +those streams. The species with which trials have thus far been made +are the quinnat or chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tschawytscha</i>) and +the steelhead trout (<i>Salmo gairdneri</i>). It is intended to plant +sufficiently large numbers of yearling fish to fully test the feasibility +of the project; and in the event of success two extremely valuable species +will have been added to the fishery resources of the Maine streams. + +<p>During the years 1896 and 1897 over 2,000,000 young quinnat salmon and +steelheads were deposited by the Commission in the Penobscot River and +adjacent waters, several hundred thousand of which were four to six +months old. The planting of additional fry and yearlings is +contemplated in order to thoroughly demonstrate whether their +introduction is possible. + +<p>The quinnat salmon ranges along practically the entire Pacific Coast of +North America north of Mexico, entering all suitable streams. It is +the most valuable member of the salmon family, and is taken in very +large quantities for canning, salting, and fresh consumption. Its flesh +is very rich and of a deep-red color. It is caught in the rivers with +gill nets, seines, pound nets, traps, weirs, wheels, and other +appliances. In Monterey Bay, California, large numbers are taken with +trolling hooks baited with small fish, and, although the fish abstains +from food after entering the fresh waters, it may often be lured with +artificial or other baits. The chinook salmon begins to enter the +California rivers in February, the Columbia in March, and the Alaskan +rivers in May and June. The spawning season covers six months, +extending from June to December, although the spawning period in any +given basin is more limited, seldom exceeding one or two months. The +highest accessible positions in the streams are sought by the spawning +fish, which make rounded excavations in gravelly bottoms, in which the +eggs are deposited. The vitality of the fish rapidly decreases after +spawning, their bodies become mutilated and diseased, and in a short +time they die. + +<p>The steelhead (<i>Salmo gairdneri</i>) also known by the names of +salmon trout, winter salmon, and Gairdner's trout, closely resembles +the Atlantic salmon in size, form, and habits. It is found from +southern California to Alaska, and enters the coast rivers in large +numbers. Its flesh is light-colored, but is of excellent flavor, being +not inferior to the eastern salmon. It is caught in large quantities +with gill nets and traps, for canning and use in a fresh condition. As +a game fish the steelhead enjoys a high reputation in the Pacific +States. Its principal run in the rivers is during the fall and winter +months, when it ascends the streams long distances, spawning in late +winter or early spring. + +<p>In order that anglers, fishermen, fish-dealers, and others may be +able to distinguish from the Atlantic salmon and from each other +any specimens of quinnat salmon and steelhead that come to their +notice, the following key <a id="footnotetag4" +name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4">[4]</a> has been prepared +to cover the principal differential characters, and illustrations of +the three species are shown: + +<br> +<br> +<br> +<center> +<table width="90%" class="caption" border=0 cellpadding=8> + <tr> + <td align="center" valign="top"> + I. + </td> + <td align="justify"> + Anal fin elongate, with 16 rays; gillrakers 9 + 14; + branchiostegals 15 to 19; pyloric cœca 140 to 180; caudal fin + considerably forked; average weight about 20 pounds, maximum + 100 pounds. + </td> + <td width="30%" valign="top" align="right"> + <b><i>Quinnat salmon</i></b> + </td> + </tr> +</table> +<a href="images/quinnat.png"> +<img src="images/quinnat.png" width=500 border=0 + alt="Quinnat salmon"></a> +<br> +<br> +<table width="90%" class="caption" border=0 cellpadding=8> + <tr> + <td align="center" valign="top"> + II. + </td> + <td align="justify"> + Anal fin short, with 9 to 12 rays; gillrakers 8 + 12: + branchiostegals 11; pyloric cœca less than 70. + </td> + </tr> +</table> +<table width="90%" class="caption" border=0 cellpadding=8> + <tr> + <td align="center" valign="top"> + + </td> + <td align="center" valign="top"> + 1. + </td> + <td align="justify"> + Teeth on vomer little developed, those on shaft few and + deciduous; scales large, about 120 in lateral series; + pyloric cœca 65; caudal fin emarginate; average weight + 15 pounds, maximum 40 pounds. + </td> + <td width="30%" valign="top" align="right"> + <b><i>Atlantic salmon</i></b> + </td> + </tr> +</table> +<a href="images/atlantic.png"> +<img src="images/atlantic.png" width=500 border=0 + alt="Atlantic salmon"></a> +<br> +<br> +<table width="90%" class="caption" border=0 cellpadding=8> + <tr> + <td align="center" valign="top"> + + </td> + <td align="center" valign="top"> + 2. + </td> + <td align="justify"> + Teeth on vomer well developed, those on shaft of bone + numerous and persistent in a zigzag row or two alternating + series; scales about 150 (130 to 180) in lateral series; + pyloric cœca 42; caudal fin squarely emarginate; average + weight 10 pounds, maximum 20 pounds. + </td> + <td width="30%" valign="top" align="right"> + <b><i>Steelhead trout</i></b> + </td> + </tr> +</table> +<a href="images/steelhead.png"> +<img src="images/steelhead.png" width=500 border=0 + alt="Steelhead trout"></a> +</center> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<center> +<hr class="narrow"> +<br> +<br> +<h2>Footnotes</h2> +</center> + +<blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a> <b>Footnote 1</b>: + + <p class="footnote">On the Salmon of Eastern North America, and + its artificial culture. In Report of Commissioner of Fish + and Fisheries 1872-3, pp. 226-337, 9 plates of apparatus and + methods, and <a href="#map">map</a> showing location of salmon + weirs in Penobscot region. + <br><a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a> +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a> <b>Footnote 2</b>: + + <p class="footnote">The River Fisheries of Maine. In The Fisheries + and Fishery Industries of the United States, section V, vol. + I, pp. 673-728. + <br><a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a> +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a> <b>Footnote 3</b>: + + <p class="footnote">See paper entitled "Notes on the capture + of Atlantic salmon at sea and in the coast waters of + the Eastern States," Bull. U.S.F.C. 1894. + <br><a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a> +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a> <b>Footnote 4</b>: + + <p class="footnote">The parts referred to in the key may be defined + as follows: Anal fin, the single fin on the median line of + the body, between the vent and the tail; gillrakers, bony + protuberances on the concave side of the bones supporting + the gills; branchiostegals, small bones supporting the + lower margin of the gill cover; pyloric coeca, worm-like + appendages of the lower end of the stomach; vomer, a bone in + the front part of the roof of the mouth. + <br><a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a> +</blockquote> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<center> +<hr class="narrow"> +<br> +<a name="map"></a> +<br> +<h3>Map showing the location of the salmon weirs<br> + and traps fished in Penobscot River and Bay in 1896</h3> + +<a href="images/map.png"> +<img src="images/map.png" width="50%" border=0 +alt="Persons Employed"></a> +</center> + +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<hr noshade> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SALMON FISHERY OF PENOBSCOT BAY AND RIVER IN 1895-96***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 17039-h.txt or 17039-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/7/0/3/17039">https://www.gutenberg.org/1/7/0/3/17039</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Smith + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: The Salmon Fishery of Penobscot Bay and River in 1895-96 + + +Author: Hugh M. Smith + + + +Release Date: November 10, 2005 [eBook #17039] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SALMON FISHERY OF PENOBSCOT +BAY AND RIVER IN 1895-96*** + + +E-text prepared by Ronald Calvin Huber while serving as Penobscot Bay +Watch, Rockland, Maine, with technical assistance from Joseph E. +Loewenstein, M.D. + + + +THE SALMON FISHERY OF PENOBSCOT BAY AND RIVER IN 1895-96 + +by + +HUGH M. SMITH + +_Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission_, 1898 +Pages 113-124 + + + + + + + +Contents + + Introduction + + Extent and condition of the fishery in 1895 and 1896 + + Detailed statistics for 1895 and 1896 + + Comparative data relative to the salmon fishery + + Apparatus and methods of the fishery + + Salmon at Matinicus and Ragged islands + + Salmon at the Cranberry Isles + + Salmon caught with hook off Maine coast + + Destruction of salmon by seals + + Evidences of results of propagation + + Extension of salmon-hatching operations on the Penobscot + + Planting of quinnat salmon and steelhead trout in Maine streams + + + + + +During the months of August and September, 1896, the writer visited +the shores of Penobscot River and Bay in the interests of the United +States Fish Commission, for the purpose of securing data regarding +the condition and extent of the salmon, shad, and alewife fisheries. +Special attention was given to the salmon fishery, as the Penobscot +is now the only important salmon stream on the Atlantic coast of the +United States and has been the field for very extensive fish-cultural +operations on the part of the Fish Commission. A large majority of the +owners of the salmon weirs and nets along both sides of the bay and +river were interviewed and accurate accounts of their fishing obtained, +together with their observations as to the effect of artificial +propagation on the supply. + +The history and methods of the salmon fishery of this basin have been +well presented in papers by Mr. Charles G. Atkins, superintendent of +the Government hatchery at Craig Brook, Maine. [1,2] The present paper +is primarily intended to show the extent and condition of the salmon +fishery of Penobscot Bay and River in 1895 and 1896 and the influence +of artificial propagation on the supply. The methods and apparatus of +the fishery are briefly considered. A chart of the Penobscot region, +giving the location of salmon weirs and traps in use in 1896, is +appended, and illustrations of some of the types of salmon apparatus +are shown. + + [Footnote 1: On the Salmon of Eastern North America, and + its artificial culture. In Report of Commissioner of Fish + and Fisheries 1872-3, pp. 226-337, 9 plates of apparatus and + methods, and map showing location of salmon weirs in + Penobscot region.] + + [Footnote 2: The River Fisheries of Maine. In The Fisheries + and Fishery Industries of the United States, section V, vol. + I, pp. 673-728.] + + + +Extent and condition of the fishery in 1895 and 1896. + +While the number of nets operated in these two years was practically +the same, the catch in 1896 was much greater than in 1895, and was one +of the largest in the recent history of the fishery. A comparatively +large number of fishermen reported that they took more salmon than in +any previous year. The salmon, however, were smaller than usual, and +their market value was but little more in 1896 than in 1895. + +The traps set especially for salmon, or in which salmon were taken, +numbered 193 in 1895 and 184 in 1896. These, with the accessories, +had a value of $12,474 and $13,146, respectively. The boats and scows +required in the construction and operation of the nets numbered 188 +in 1895, the same in 1896, and were valued at $3,576 and $3,599, +respectively. The number of men engaged in the fishery was 127 in +1895 and 126 in 1896. In the comparatively unimportant branch of the +fishery carried on with gill nets in the vicinity of Bangor, 10 nets, +valued at $189, were used in 1895, and 11 nets, worth $199, in 1896; +these were set by 6 men in the first year and 7 in the next. The boats +numbered 4 in 1895 and 5 in 1896, and were valued at $29 and $37, +respectively. + +The total number of salmon caught in 1895 was 4,395; these weighed +65,011 pounds and yielded the fishermen $11,356; in gill nets 117 +salmon were caught, weighing 1,985 pounds and valued at $323. In 1896 +the result of the fishery was 6,403 salmon, weighing 80,175 pounds, +with a market value of $12,716; the gill-net catch this year was 246 +salmon, with a weight of 3,444 pounds and a value of $492. + +The outcome of the fishery in 1896 exceeded that of 1895 by 2,008 +salmon; increase in weight was 15,164 pounds, and in value $1,360. The +percentage of increase in these items was as follows: Fish taken, 46 +per cent; weight of catch, 23 per cent; value of catch, 12 per cent. + +As an illustration of the uniform increase in the number of salmon +taken in 1896, the following facts may be cited: The nets that were +set in both years numbered 162; of these, 146 nets, or 90 per cent, +took more salmon in 1896 than in 1895; and only 16, or 10 per cent, +took the same number or less. The comparative figures for the nets +that secured more fish in 1896 were 3,449 salmon in 1895 and 5,681 in +1896. The nets whose catch was the same or less in 1896 caught 295 +fish in 1895 and 289 in 1896. + +The largest number of salmon taken by one fisherman in 1895 was 408; +these were caught in 3 nets on the lower side of Sears Island, in the +township of Searsport. Other catches by single fishermen in 1895 were +104 salmon in 4 nets in Stockton, 102 in 5 nets in Northport, 150 in 3 +nets in Islesboro, and 150 in 3 nets in Verona. + +In 1896 the 3 Searsport nets first mentioned took 426 salmon, and a +large number of fishermen secured between 100 and 200 fish in 2 to 5 +nets. Thus, in Stockton 100 fish were caught in 2 nets, 105 in 3 nets, +and 110 in 1 net; in Penobscot 192 salmon were taken in 2 nets, 105 in +2 nets, and 127 in 2 nets; in Northport 5 nets obtained 204 fish and 4 +nets 125 fish; in Islesboro 3 nets took 130 fish, 3 nets 150 fish, 4 +nets 190 fish, and 2 nets 100 fish; in Verona 3 nets caught 174 fish, +2 nets 106 fish, 3 nets 150 fish, 1 net 100 fish, and 2 nets 170 fish. + +About 80 per cent of the fishing is done in that part of the river +between the northern end of Whitmore Island and Islesboro. While +single weirs in that part of the river between Bucksport and Bangor +may take as many as 50 or 60 salmon some seasons, the average was only +14 in 1895 and 26 in 1896, and the aggregate is comparatively small. +In the townships of Lincolnville and Camden, which are the lowest +points in the Penobscot region at which salmon fishing is done, the +average catch to a net in 1895 was only 16 salmon and in 1896 only 19 +salmon. + + + +Detailed statistics for 1895 and 1896. + +The following tables show, by townships, the extent of the salmon +fishery of Penobscot Bay and River in 1895 and 1896: + + + +TABLE. Persons Employed + +Towns | 1895 1896 | +--------------------------| ---- ---- | +Brooksville (Cape Rosier) | 4 2 | +Bucksport | 10 9 | +Camden | 2 2 | +Castine | 3 2 | +Hampden | 1 1 | +Islesboro | 7 6 | +Lincolnville | 7 7 | +Matinicus & Ragged Islands| 4 8 | +Northport | 7 6 | +Orland | 17 22 | +Orrington | 5 5 | +Penobscot | 16 15 | +Searsport | 3 2 | +South Brewer | 2 2 | +Stockton and Prospect | 17 15 | +Verona | 21 21 | +Winterport | 7 8 | + | --- --- | + Total | 133 133 | + + + +TABLE. Apparatus, boats, etc. + + | Weirs and traps.* | Gill nets. | + | | | + | 1895 1896 | 1895 1896 | + | --------- --------- | --------- --------- | + | No. Value No. Value | No. Value No. Value | + | --- ----- --- ----- | --- ----- --- ----- | +Brooksville (Cape Rosier)| 7 $420 4 $240 | 0 | +Bucksport | 13 511 11 455 | | +Camden | 5 200 5 200 | | +Castine | 4 252 3 201 | | +Hampden | | 2 $26 2 $26 | +Islesboro | 17 925 16 875 | | +Lincolnville | 12 650 14 700 | | +Matinicus and | | | + Ragged Islands | 1 1,000 2 2,500 | | +Northport | 15 1,155 12 1,005 | | +Orland | 19 664 26 888 | | +Orrington | 2 99 2 99 | 5 58 5 58 | +Penobscot | 24 1,587 22 1,421 | | +Searsport | 4 213 3 152 | | +South Brewer | | 3 105 3 105 | +Stockton and Prospect | 26 1,530 20 1,183 | | +Verona | 37 2,801 37 2,760 | | +Winterport | 7 467 7 467 | 1 10 | + | --- ------ --- ------ | -- --- -- --- | +Total | 193 12,474 184 13,146 | 10 189 11 199 | + + *Includes accessories + + + | Boats and scows. | Total | + | | investment. | + | 1895 1896 | | + | --------- --------- | 1895 1896 | + | No. Value No. Value | | + | --- ----- --- ----- | ---- ---- | +Brooksville (Cape Rosier)| 3 $30 2 $20 | $450 $260 | +Bucksport | 16 270 14 238 | 781 693 | +Camden | 2 45 2 45 | 245 245 | +Castine | 5 25 4 20 | 277 221 | +Hampden | 1 12 1 12 | 38 38 | +Islesboro | 7 94 6 79 | 1,019 954 | +Lincolnville | 7 132 7 117 | 782 817 | +Matinicus and | | | + Ragged Islands | 2 75 5 195 | 1,075 2,695 | +Northport | 8 163 7 138 | 1,318 1,143 | +Orland | 25 467 32 535 | 1,131 1,423 | +Orrington | 2 11 2 11 | 168 168 | +Penobscot | 30 436 28 413 | 2,023 1,834 | +Searsport | 6 145 4 125 | 358 277 | +South Brewer | 1 6 1 6 | 111 111 | +Stockton and Prospect | 33 413 31 383 | 1,943 1,566 | +Verona | 35 1,100 36 1,110 | 3,901 3,870 | +Winterport | 10 181 11 189 | 648 666 | + | --- ------ --- ------ | -- --- -- --- | +Total | 192 3,605 193 3,636 | 16,268 16,981 | + + + +TABLE. Catch + | 1895 | 1896 | + |-----------------------|-----------------------| + | No. of Weight | No. of Weight | +Towns | salmon (pounds) Value | salmon (pounds) Value | +--------------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------| +Brooksville (Cape Rosier) | 163 2,092 $283 | 146 1,626 $190 | +Bucksport | 205 2,885 448 | 245 2,729 471 | +Camden | 64 964 136 | 71 990 139 | +Castine | 77 1,150 207 | 93 1,166 156 | +Hampden | 30 510 102 | 32 448 90 | +Islesboro | 474 6,551 1,042 | 643 8,265 1,313 | +Lincolnville | 205 3,240 583 | 297 3,503 525 | +Matinicus & Ragged Islands| 65 780 109 | 182 1,627 175 | +Northport | 286 4,066 697 | 418 5,401 810 | +Orland | 78 1,077 202 | 152 1,802 306 | +Orrington | 65 1,101 165 | 82 1,150 161 | +Penobscot | 485 7,270 1,313 | 959 12,483 1,992 | +Searsport | 458 7,278 1,456 | 426 5,112 818 | +South Brewer | 63 1,071 161 | 170 2,380 309 | +Stockton and Prospect | 629 10,067 1,713 | 829 10,471 1,590 | +Verona | 908 12,555 2,337 | 1,421 17,761 3,172 | +Winterport | 140 2,354 402 | 237 3,311 499 | + | ----- ------ ----- | ----- ------ ------ | +Total | 4,395 65,011 11,356 6,403 80.175 12,716 | + + + + + +Comparative data relative to the salmon fishery. + +In 1880 the catch of salmon in Penobscot Bay and River and their +tributaries was 10,016, having an estimated weight of 110,176 pounds. +The weirs and traps used numbered 230; the gill nets, 36. The fishery +yielded 169,894 pounds, valued at $32,800, in 1887; 192,177 pounds, +worth $38,049, in 1888; 140,469 pounds, valued at $31,156, in 1889, +and 92,282 pounds, worth $19,124, in 1892. + +As previously shown, in 1895 193 traps and 10 gill nets took 4,395 +salmon, weighing 65,011 pounds, valued at $11,356, and in 1896, 184 +traps and 11 gill nets caught 6,403 salmon, weighing 80,175 pounds, +valued at $12,716. + +Comparing 1896 with 1880, it appears that there was a reduction of 27 +per cent in the number of nets used and a decrease of 36 per cent in +the number of salmon caught. A relatively large catch was made in 1887 +to 1889, inclusive, and the decrease in 1896, as compared with those +years, was marked. From 1892 to 1895 the output declined nearly 30 +per cent, and the general tendency for the past eight years has been +toward a decrease, 1896 presenting a very pleasing contrast, of which +the fishermen all make mention. + +Following is a continuous record from 1874 to 1896 of two of the most +successful salmon weirs. These are located on the east side of the +river, in the town of Penobscot, a short distance from the southern +end of Whitmore Island. The number of salmon taken in 1896 was 20 per +cent greater than in any previous year and over 93 per cent greater +than the average for the preceding 22 years. Similar comparative +statements for other nets are at hand, showing the increase in 1896 +over previous seasons. + + + +TABLE. Record of two Penobscot River salmon weirs, from 1874 to 1896, +inclusive. + + | Date | Date of | Date of | Total | Aggre- | Avg | + | when ice | catching| catching | number | gate | weight | + | ice left | first | largest no. | of |weight of| of | +Year | river | salmon | of salmon | salmon | salmon | salmon | +--------------------------------------------------------------------| +1874 | Apr. 20 | Apr. 30 | June 10 | 86 | 1,253 | 14.57 | +1875 | Apr. 18 | May 13 | June 15 | 70 | 908 | 12.97 | +1876 | Apr. 14 | Apr. 25 | June 17 | 68 | 1,027 | 15.10 | +1877 | Mar. 30 | Apr. 24 | June 9 | 72 | 1,002 | 13.92 | +1878 | Apr. 4 | Apr. 21 | June 26 | 151 | 2,052 | 13.52 | +1879 | Apr. 25 | May 12 | June 20 | 147 | 1,756 | 11.95 | +1880 | Apr. 9 | May 7 | May 31 | 86 | 1,111 | 12.92 | +1881 | Mar. 21 | Apr. 17 | June 9 | 85 | 1,480 | 17.41 | +1882 | Apr. 10 | May 1 | May 29 | 154 | 1,711 | 11.11 | +1883 | Apr. 13 | do | June 12 | 98 | 1,643 | 16.77 | +1884 | Apr. 9 | Apr. 29 | June 28 | 95 | 911 | 9.59 | +1885 | Apr. 19 | May 8 | June 4 | 91 | 1,104 | 12.13 | +1886 | Apr. 16 | Apr. 21 | June 2 | 100 | 1,631 | 16.31 | +1887 | Apr. 23 | May 8 | June 25 | 150 | 2.020 | 13.47 | +1888 | Apr. 15 | Apr. 29 | June 9 | 159 | 2,196 | 13.81 | +1889 | Apr. 2 | Apr. 21 | June 6 | 85 | 1,246 | 14.66 | +1890 | Apr. 7 | Apr. 20 | May 30 | 41 | 641 | 15.63 | +1891 | Apr. 2 | Apr. 28 | June 9 & 16| 117 | 1,199 | 10.25 | +1892 | do | Apr. 9 | June 5 | 65 | 989 | 15.22 | +1893 | Apr. 15 | Apr. 23 | June 10 | 102 | 1,384 | 13.57 | +1894 | Apr. 12 | Apr. 19 | June 1 & 3 | 88 | 1,160 | 13.19 | +1895 | Apr. 6 | Apr. 21 | June 3 | 75 | 1,191 | 15.88 | +1896 | Apr. 12 | Apr. 16 | June 6 | 192 | 2,524 | 13.15 | + + Note.--The weirs are set one or two days after the ice moves + out. Occasionally they are put in place before the ice leaves. + + + + +Apparatus and methods of the fishery. + +There is probably no other river in the United States in which a +fishery of such magnitude has undergone so few changes with respect +to methods, number of traps operated, and sites where nets are set, +as the Penobscot. This is chiefly owing (1) to the character of the +bottom, (2) to the fact that the fishing is a riparian privilege +enjoyed only by those who own land fronting on the water, +(3) to the circumstance that the fishing is almost entirely of a +semi-professional character, and has been taken up by generation after +generation as a part of the regular duties connected with the small +farms, and (4) to the small number of food-fishes occurring in the +river, and the preponderating importance of two of them--the salmon +and the alewife--for which the nets are exclusively set. + + + +Salmon Net Types + + + Salmon weir, Penobscot. Leader of stakes interwoven with + brush, 175 yards long. "Great pond" brush, 42 feet long. + "Middle pond" and "back pond," netting with board floor, + each 10 feet long. Outer entrance, 16 feet wide; middle, + 2 feet; inner, 1 foot. Value, $75. + + + x + x x + x x + x x + x / \ x + x/ \x + | | + | | + | | + | / \ | + |/ \| + x x + x x + x x + x x + x x + x x + x x + x x + x x + x x + x | x + x x | x x + x | x + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + + + | + | + | + | + | + ----+---- + + + + Salmon weir, Bucksport. Leader, brush, 4 to 8 rods long. + Middle pond, 40 feet long, 8-foot entrance; inner side, + brush; outer side, twine. Pockets, twine, 10 feet long, + 10-inch entrances, wooden floor. Value, $25. Some weirs + have only one (upstream) pocket. + + + x x + x x + x x + x x x x x x + x xx xx x + x x + x x x | x x + x x x x | x x x + x x | x + x | x + |xx + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + + + + | + | + | + | + | + ----+---- + + + + "Hook weir," Orland. A brush hook, about 50 feet long and + extending down stream, is built on some of the weirs. It + serves the purpose of leading the fish into the net. + Value, $35. + + + +-------+ + | | + | | + | | + | x x | + __ |x x| + ( \ x x + \ \ x x + \ x x + \ x x + \ x x + \ x x + \ x x + \ x x + \ x x + \x x + x | x + x x | x x + x | x + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + + + + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + ----+---- + + + + +The salmon fishery of the Penobscot basin is carried on with +practically a single type of apparatus, namely, the brush weir. In +most parts of the region this trap is used in the same form that it +had in the primitive days of the fishery, but in some sections the +weir has undergone evolution into a combination brush and twine trap, +and in places into a trap made wholly of netting. + +Some of the types of salmon nets used in this region are illustrated +and described by the accompanying figures. In addition to these, which +are wholly or partly of brush, a common apparatus is the floating +trap, constructed entirely of twine, such as is now generally employed +in the New England States. This is the only salmon net in use at +Islesboro and in some other sections. The local and individual +variations in the form of the nets depend on the topography of the +bottom and shore and the habits of the salmon, and are the result of +long experience. + +The fishing begins as soon as the ice moves out in spring and +continues until some time in July. Fish are rarely taken before +the last two weeks in April. May and June are the best months. In +that part of the river adjacent to Bangor there is a small fishery +prosecuted with set gill nets. The nets are from 100 to 200 feet long +and have a 6-inch mesh. + + + + Salmon weir, Castine. Hedge 200 feet long, made of stakes + driven in mud interwoven with brush to low-water mark, + covered with netting beyond. Great pound, 30 feet long, + 30 feet wide at base, made of netting; entrance 8 feet + wide. Inner pounds, 10 feet wide, with board floors; + outer entrance 2 feet wide, inner 1 foot. Value, $70. + + + +-------+ + | | + | / \ | + |/ \| + | | + | | + | / \ | + |/ \| + / \ + / \ + / / \ \ + / / \ \ + / / | \ \ + // | \\ + / | \ + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + + + | + | + | + | + ----+---- + + + + Salmon weir, Stockton. Leader or hedge, 400 yards long, all + brush except 20 yards next to head, which piece is netting + above low-water mark and brush below. Main compartment or + great pound 80 feet long and 25 feet wide, with 10-foot + entrance on each aide of leader. Smaller compartments, + directed downstream, 21 feet long; with 2-foot entrance to + first and 8-inch entrance to second. Value, $100. + + + xxxxx xx xxx + x x x x x x + x xx x x + x x x x + x x x x + x x + x x + x x + x x x x + x x | x x x x + x x | x x x x + xx | xx x x x x + | xx xxx + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + + + | + | + | + | + | + ----+---- + + + + Salmon weir, Stockton. Leader 200 feet long; brush from shore + to low-water mark; remainder brush at bottom, netting at top. + Head 60 feet long; outer pound 40 feet, middle pound 12 feet, + inner pound 8 feet; brush below low-water line, netting + above; plank floors in two smaller compartments. Value, $40. + + + +-------+ + | | + | | + | | + | / \ | + |/ \| + | | + | / \ | + |/ \| + / \ + / \ + / \ + / \ + / \ + / \ + / / | \ \ + \ / | \ / + \/ | \/ + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + + + | + | + | + | + ----+---- + + + + Salmon weir, Winterport. Leader, brush, 6 rods long. Heart, + brush or netting, 40 feet long, 20 feet wide, with 8-foot + entrance on each side of leader. Pockets, netting, 10 feet + in diameter, 9-inch entrance, wooden floor. Value, $50. + + + xxx + x x + xx x x xx + x x x x x x + x x x x + x x + x x + x x x x + x x x x | x x x x + xx x x | x x xx + x | x + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + + + | + | + | + | + ----+---- + + + + "Upanddown" Salmon weirs, Orland. Constructed of brush + except final compartments, which are of netting with + wooden floors. Value of set, $65 + + + xxxxx + x x + x x-------\----------+ + x \ \ | + x \ \ | + x \ \ | + x | + x | + x / / | + x x | x / / | + x x | x / / | + xx | x/-------/----------+ + | + | + | + | + + + | + | + | + | + | + xxxxx + x x + x x-------\----------+ + x \ \ | + x \ \ | + x \ \ | + x | + x | + x / / | + x x | x / / | + x x | x / / | + xx | x/-------/----------+ + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + + + | + | + | + | + | + ----+---- + + + + Salmon weir, built at Verona in 1889. The most elaborate + net used in the Penobscot region. + + + xx xx + x x x x + x x x x + x + | + | + | + | + | + xx | xx + x x | x x + xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx x | x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx + x x x x | x x x x + x x x x | x x x x + x x x x | x x x x + x | x + x -------+------- x + x | x + x x x x | x x x x + x x x x | x x x x + x x x x | x x x x + xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx x | x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx + x x | x x + xx | xx + | + | + | + | + xx | xx + x x | x x + xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx x | x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx + x x x x | x x x x + x x x x | x x x x + x x x x | x x x x + x | x + x -------+------- x + x | x + x x x x | x x x x + x x x x | x x x x + x x x x | x x x x + xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx x | x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx + x x | x x + xx | xx + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + + + | + | + | + ----+---- + + + + +Salmon at Matinicus and Ragged islands. + +Matinicus is a small island located south of Penobscot Bay and about 15 +miles southeast of the nearest mainland (Thomaston). It is in the route +of salmon coming in from the sea to ascend the river, and nets set in +favorable positions would naturally be expected to intercept the fish. +On the western side of the island Messrs. R. Crie & Sons have operated +a trap for mackerel and herring for four years, and during that time +have incidentally taken a number of salmon. Between May 20 and July 10 +marketable fish are caught, while in August and September salmon too +small to utilize are taken in considerable quantities; in the opinion +of the Messrs. Crie these small fish were on their way to sea from the +Penobscot River. It has been observed that when an easterly wind is +blowing very few salmon are taken, but during a westerly wind salmon +are always obtained in the months named, and the quantity of salmon +secured in any given year bears a close relation to the direction of +the prevailing winds. In 1895 the number of marketable salmon caught +was 65; in 1896 the catch was 167. The largest fish taken in the two +years weighed 30 pounds, the smallest 1/2 pound. The largest daily +catch was 31 salmon, in 1896; the next largest, 27, in 1894. + +Mr. W. B. Young, of Matinicus Island, has a herring weir on the +southwestern part of Ragged Island, which lies a short distance south +of Matinicus Island. In 1896 this weir during June and July caught 15 +salmon with an aggregate weight of 200 pounds. The largest weighed +24 1/2 pounds. No small, unmarketable ones were obtained. + + + + +Salmon at the Cranberry Isles. + +The Cranberry Isles lie a few miles south of Mount Desert Island +and about 25 miles east of Penobscot Bay. They are in the track of +migrating salmon, as a few herring weirs set around the islands have +for several years taken one or more salmon almost annually. [3] Mr. W. +I. Mayo, a correspondent at the islands, reports that in June, 1895, +Colonel Hadlock took a 17-pound salmon in a weir, and on May 5 of the +same year Mr. Mayo caught one weighing 19 pounds. None had been taken, +however, in 1896 up to September 1. + + [Footnote 3: See paper entitled "Notes on the capture + of Atlantic salmon at sea and in the coast waters of + the Eastern States," Bull. U.S.F.C. 1894.] + + + + +Salmon caught with hook off Maine coast. + +Instances are multiplying of the taking of salmon at sea on trawl lines +on the New England coast. The salmon are usually taken during the time +when the fish are running in the rivers, but occasionally one has been +caught in midwinter. The following data relate to fish that probably +belonged to the Penobscot school. + +On June 19, 1896 a Gloucester fishing vessel brought into Rockland a +10-pound salmon that had been caught on a cod trawl 20 miles southeast +of Matinicus. The fish was sent home to Gloucester by the captain of +the vessel, through Mr. Charles E. Weeks, a Rockland fish-dealer. + +Several salmon have been taken on hooks off Frenchman Bay within a few +years. One 25-pound fish was caught on a cod trawl 3 miles off +Gouldsboro, in 20 fathoms of water, and another was taken southeast of +Mount Desert Island in 35 fathoms. + +Some years ago, on May 22, one of the crew of the schooner _Telephone_, +of Orland, Me., while fishing for cod on German Bank, caught a 10-pound +salmon. German Bank lies about 50 miles southeast of Mount Desert +Island and has 65 to 100 fathoms of water. + + + + +Destruction of salmon by seals. + +Seals are known to kill a great many salmon in Penobscot Bay and +the lower river. They enter and leave the weirs and traps without +difficulty and cause great annoyance to the fishermen. When a seal +enters a net, the fish are frightened and usually become meshed; the +seal may then devour them at its leisure. The initial bite usually +includes the salmon's head. + +Fishermen in some places report a noticeable increase in seals in the +past few years, and a consequent increase in damage done to the salmon +fishery. The State pays a bounty of $1 each for seal scalps, which +serves to keep the seals somewhat in check, although the sagacity of +the animals makes it difficult to approach them with a rifle and to +secure them when shot. Within a few years some weir fishermen have been +obliged at times to patrol the waters in the vicinity of their nets, in +order to prevent depredations. In the Cape Rosier region, where some +salmon trap fishing is done, seals were very troublesome in the early +part of the season of 1896. Mr. George Ames, who set three traps in +1896 and took about 100 salmon, had knowledge of 13 other salmon that +were destroyed by seals while in his nets. Similar instances of +relatively large numbers of salmon killed by seals might be given. With +salmon worth 20 to 50 cents a pound the loss of 10 or 12 salmon by +seals, in a total catch of 75 or 100, is a matter of importance to the +fisherman. + + + + +Evidences of results of propagation. + +The opinion is now practically unanimous among the salmon fishermen of +Penobscot River and Bay that the artificial hatching of salmon by the +U.S. Fish Commission is producing beneficial results. About the same +arguments in support of their opinions are presented by all, and these +accord well in the main with the observations of other persons who have +given this matter attention: + +(1) The opportunities for natural reproduction are exceedingly limited, +owing to the obstructions to the passage of the fish to their spawning +grounds in the headwaters of the Penobscot basin. + +(2) The salmon that are naturally hatched are, even under the most +favorable conditions prevailing at the present time, not numerous +enough to keep up the supply of market and brood fish, with the +fatalities incident to the long residence at sea and to the passage of +immature fish down from the spawning grounds to the sea. + +(3) The remarkable run in May and June, 1896, of fish of comparatively +small size that had apparently just reached maturity and the relative +scarcity of large fish that had evidently been in the river during one +or two previous seasons seemed to show a tendency toward the depletion +of the run of old fish and the substitution of a run of young, +artificially hatched fish. + +(4) A feature of the salmon supply in recent years, on which the +fishermen nearly all lay considerable stress, is that the runs in +April and July, which in former years were often quite important and +remunerative, have of late been very poor, although the fish +constituting them are of large size, while the runs in May and June +have kept up, but have consisted chiefly of comparatively small fish. +In this the fishermen believe they see evidence of the work of the +hatchery, for the young salmon artificially hatched have been from eggs +of May and June fish, and the fishermen think that such young fish, +when they return to the river to spawn, will come at about the same +time that their parents did. + +Many salmon fishermen might be quoted on the question of results of +propagation. A few sample statements and records of salmon taken will +be given covering different parts of the bay and river. + +Mr. Francis French, an experienced salmon fisherman of Stockton, on the +western side of Penobscot Bay, reports that of the 61 salmon taken in +his weir in 1896, 56 were under 11 pounds in weight, and all evidently +belonged to the same year's brood. In 1895 the 29 salmon obtained by +Mr. French averaged 20 pounds each. According to his observations, a +very large percentage of the salmon in the Penobscot region in 1896 +were hatchery fish that then entered the river for the first time. + +Mr. A. H. Whitmore, a salmon fisherman of over thirty years' +experience, who fishes three weirs off the southern end of Whitmore +Island, states that in that part of the river the catch in 1896 was the +largest in thirty years, with the exception of one season. He thinks +there is no doubt whatever of the beneficial results of artificial +propagation, as shown by the maintenance of the supply when +obstructions to the passage of salmon to the upper waters must greatly +curtail natural spawning. + +Mr. Joseph Hurd, of Winterport, has two weirs at Oak Point, which is +the upper limit of weir fishing for salmon on the west side of the +river; the nets are about 12 miles below Bangor; 25 salmon were taken +in 1895, and 60 in the following year. The catch was better in 1896 +than in a number of years. Eight years before, Mr. Hurd took 140 +salmon, which was the best season in his experience; since then the +fish have been decreasing until 1896. He thinks very few fish get to +their spawning-grounds, owing to dams and other obstructions in the +river above Bangor, and has no doubt the small fish which were so +conspicuous in 1896 were from the Government hatchery. + +Mr. William F. Abbott, of Verona, who has two weirs on Whitmore Island, +caught 41 salmon in 1895, and 80 in 1896. He makes the following +statement: + +"In my opinion, there would not enough salmon come into the river to +pay for building weirs if there had been no salmon artificially hatched; +and I hope the Government will continue to keep the salmon fishing up, +so it will pay to build our weirs. No person that knows anything about +it can doubt that it is a good thing for the fishermen." + +Mr. Harvey Heath, of Verona, has two weirs on the eastern side of the +southern end of Whitmore Island. He caught 62 salmon in 1895, and 100 +in 1896. He thinks that the removal of obstructions to the passage of +fish to their spawning-grounds would be all that is necessary to secure +a good run of fish in the river, but believes that under present +conditions the salmon-cultural work of the Government is very useful in +sustaining the fishery. + +Three weirs of Mr. E. A. Bowden, located on the eastern side of +Whitmore Island, above those of Mr. Heath, took, 31 salmon in 1895, and +85 in 1896. Mr. Bowden says: + +"I think that if it was not for the hatchery we would not have any +salmon to speak of, for all the school we have is in June. April, May, +and July salmon are very scarce." + +Mr. Charles G. Atkins, superintendent of the government salmon hatchery +in Orland, Me., informs the writer that he has been inclined to believe +that each year a great many salmon succeed in reaching their spawning +grounds; but recent observations have caused him to change his mind, +and he is now of the opinion that only relatively few salmon elude the +traps, weirs, and gill nets, surmount the dams and fishways, escape the +poachers, and succeed in depositing their eggs under conditions +favorable to their development. The dam at Bangor, while certainly a +formidable obstruction to the passage of fish, is probably passable at +high water. It is provided with a fishway, and some fish are known to +surmount the dam by this means. Above Bangor, in the main river, there +are dams at Great Works and Montague, the dam at Montague being an +especially serious obstruction, although it is provided with a good +fishway. Below the dam at Bangor there is little poaching, but below +the other dams--especially at Montague--comparatively large numbers of +salmon are sacrificed by the illegal use of the spear and drift net. In +1896 all the salmon below Montague were at the mercy of poachers after +July 15, when all wardens on the river were laid off. The supply of +spawning fish was thus greatly reduced. The people above Bangor have no +interest in preserving the salmon supply of the river, as they receive +none of the benefits from fishing which are enjoyed by fishermen of the +lower river. + +This year Mr. Atkins, having this matter under consideration, visited +the east branch of the Penobscot River. A certain tributary of the east +branch, which was said to be one of the best spawning-grounds for +salmon in the Penobscot basin, was obstructed by a dam in the spawning +region. The dam was impassable to fish in July, and had been so during +the previous months. In a deep pool below the dam, which was reported +to be a favorite resort for salmon each season, no salmon were found. +In other words, if the salmon had reached this stream they could not +have gotten above the dam, and would undoubtedly have congregated in +the pool mentioned and been noticed, but no fish had ascended even that +far. + + + + +Extension of salmon-hatching operations on the Penobscot. + +The establishment of branch hatcheries has been suggested in order to +utilize the spawning salmon in the region which lies above commercial +fishing, and thus increase by artificial means the production of young +fish. It is well known that even under the best conditions now +prevailing in our streams the eggs of anadromous fishes like the salmon +and shad are liable to numerous destructive agencies; that only a small +percentage of the eggs laid under natural surroundings ever hatch, and +that the young are subject to heavy mortality up to the time when they +leave the river and enter the salt water. Probably 5 per cent would +be much too large an estimate of the number of salmon eggs which in a +state of nature produce fish that reach the ocean. Fish-culture, on +the other hand, hatches 95 per cent of the eggs and raises 75 per cent +of the fry to the age of yearlings. Of 206,350 Atlantic salmon eggs +obtained in 1895 at the government station at Craig Brook, 206,109 +were hatched and 151,761 yearling fish were liberated in the fall. +The percentage of eggs hatched was thus 99.88 and the percentage of +yearlings raised was 78.39. This is sufficient ground for interfering +with the salmon even after they have reached their spawning-beds, and +justifies the establishment of hatcheries in the headwaters of the +Penobscot, provided the supply of fish in any section is large enough +to insure a reasonable take of eggs. + +No examinations of the upper tributaries of the Penobscot thus far made +have disclosed the existence of any stream on which the construction of +a branch salmon hatchery is warranted, owing to the few salmon +obtainable. The matter deserves further investigation, however, and +will receive due consideration at an early date. It is thought that a +satisfactory supply of fish may be secured by constructing a dam or +rack which will intercept fish in the main stream and lead practically +the entire run into one tributary, where they may be retained. + +The operation of a branch salmon hatchery in the river above Bangor +would of course depend on the successful working of the fishways and +the enforcement by the State of the anti-poaching laws. + + + + +Planting of quinnat salmon and steelhead trout in Maine streams. + +The United States Fish Commission is making the experiment of planting +large numbers of non-indigenous salmon in the Penobscot Basin and other +Maine waters with a view to test whether the fishes are adapted to +those streams. The species with which trials have thus far been made +are the quinnat or chinook salmon (_Oncorhynchus tschawytscha_) and +the steelhead trout (_Salmo gairdneri_). It is intended to plant +sufficiently large numbers of yearling fish to fully test the +feasibility of the project; and in the event of success two extremely +valuable species will have been added to the fishery resources of the +Maine streams. + +During the years 1896 and 1897 over 2,000,000 young quinnat salmon and +steelheads were deposited by the Commission in the Penobscot River and +adjacent waters, several hundred thousand of which were four to six +months old. The planting of additional fry and yearlings is +contemplated in order to thoroughly demonstrate whether their +introduction is possible. + +The quinnat salmon ranges along practically the entire Pacific Coast +of North America north of Mexico, entering all suitable streams. It is +the most valuable member of the salmon family, and is taken in very +large quantities for canning, salting, and fresh consumption. Its +flesh is very rich and of a deep-red color. It is caught in the rivers +with gill nets, seines, pound nets, traps, weirs, wheels, and other +appliances. In Monterey Bay, California, large numbers are taken with +trolling hooks baited with small fish, and, although the fish abstains +from food after entering the fresh waters, it may often be lured with +artificial or other baits. The chinook salmon begins to enter the +California rivers in February, the Columbia in March, and the Alaskan +rivers in May and June. The spawning season covers six months, +extending from June to December, although the spawning period in any +given basin is more limited, seldom exceeding one or two months. The +highest accessible positions in the streams are sought by the spawning +fish, which make rounded excavations in gravelly bottoms, in which the +eggs are deposited. The vitality of the fish rapidly decreases after +spawning, their bodies become mutilated and diseased, and in a short +time they die. + +The steelhead (_Salmo gairdneri_) also known by the names of salmon +trout, winter salmon, and Gairdner's trout, closely resembles the +Atlantic salmon in size, form, and habits. It is found from southern +California to Alaska, and enters the coast rivers in large numbers. +Its flesh is light-colored, but is of excellent flavor, being not +inferior to the eastern salmon. It is caught in large quantities with +gill nets and traps, for canning and use in a fresh condition. As +a game fish the steelhead enjoys a high reputation in the Pacific +States. Its principal run in the rivers is during the fall and winter +months, when it ascends the streams long distances, spawning in late +winter or early spring. + +In order that anglers, fishermen, fish-dealers, and others may be +able to distinguish from the Atlantic salmon and from each other +any specimens of quinnat salmon and steelhead that come to their +notice, the following key [4] has been prepared to cover the principal +differential characters, and illustrations of the three species are +shown: + + [Footnote 4: The parts referred to in the key may be defined + as follows: Anal fin, the single fin on the median line of + the body, between the vent and the tail; gillrakers, bony + protuberances on the concave side of the bones supporting + the gills; branchiostegals, small bones supporting the + lower margin of the gill cover; pyloric coeca, worm-like + appendages of the lower end of the stomach; vomer, a bone in + the front part of the roof of the mouth.] + +I. Anal fin elongate, with 16 rays; gillrakers 9 + 14; branchiostegals + 15 to 19; pyloric coeca 140 to 180; caudal fin considerably + forked; average weight about 20 pounds, maximum 100 pounds. + Quinnat salmon. + + [Illustration: Chinook or quinnat salmon (_Oncorhynchus + tschawytscha_)] + +II. Anal fin short, with 9 to 12 rays; gillrakers 8 + 12: + branchiostegals 11; pyloric coeca less than 70. + + 1. Teeth on vomer little developed, those on shaft few and + deciduous; scales large, about 120 in lateral series; + pyloric coeca 65; caudal fin emarginate; average weight + 15 pounds, maximum 40 pounds. + Atlantic salmon. + + [Illustration: Atlantic salmon (_Salmo salar_)] + + 2. Teeth on vomer well developed, those on shaft of bone + numerous and persistent in a zigzag row or two alternating + series; scales about 150 (130 to 180) in lateral series; + pyloric coeca 42; caudal fin squarely emarginate; average + weight 10 pounds, maximum 20 pounds. + Steelhead trout. + + [Illustration: Steelhead trout (_Salmo gairdneri_)] + + + [Illustration: Map showing the location of the salmon + weirs and traps fished in Penobscot River and Bay in + 1896] + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SALMON FISHERY OF PENOBSCOT BAY +AND RIVER IN 1895-96*** + + +******* This file should be named 17039.txt or 17039.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/7/0/3/17039 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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