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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is Going On
+In It, Vol. 1, No. 58, December 16, 1897, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 58, December 16, 1897
+       A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop
+
+Release Date: August 8, 2005 [EBook #16475]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND
+WORLD
+AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.]
+
+    VOL. 1   DECEMBER 16, 1897.   NO. 58
+
+=Copyright, 1897, by THE GREAT ROUND WORLD Publishing Company.=
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+When we take up our history books and read the accounts of the great
+deeds that have been done, we are very apt to wonder how the people felt
+in those times, and if it was not much more exciting to _live_ history
+than it is to learn it.
+
+We have an opportunity of judging for ourselves how it feels, for we are
+now living through a very important chapter of history.
+
+Cuba, Turkey, Haiti, and Hawaii are all making history for us that will
+make very stirring reading for the scholars that come after us, and now
+Austria has joined in the procession, and is giving us an episode that
+will make one of the most exciting pages in that country's history.
+
+The present occurrences in Austria are of the utmost importance to the
+world. They show that the time has passed when kings can rule as
+absolute monarchs, and that the voice of the people must be listened to.
+
+We told you of the anger of the Austrian people against Count Badeni and
+his Government, and how the Emperor approved of him and his work, and
+was determined to uphold him in spite of the opposition.
+
+We also told you that there is a clause in the Austrian constitution
+which gives the Emperor power to act on his own authority without
+consulting the people, in case of emergency.
+
+But Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, backed by
+this powerful clause, has not been strong enough to protect his Prime
+Minister, and in the face of the anger of the people has not dared to
+use the privilege which the constitution gives him.
+
+This is a great chapter in history. It all happened in this way:
+
+We told you in the last number how the Government rushed a resolution
+through the Reichsrath, which gave the President of the House the power
+to suspend unruly members and prevent them from entering the chamber.
+
+As soon as the Reichsrath reassembled, it became evident to the
+opposition that the Government considered the resolution legally passed,
+and intended to act on it.
+
+This so enraged the deputies that no sooner was the sitting declared
+open than they rushed to the President's tribune, seized the papers on
+his desk, tore them, and scattered them over the house.
+
+The attendants had not been prepared for this rush, and had allowed some
+of the angry members to pass through the gate which had been made in the
+fence around the tribune.
+
+As soon as they realized what was passing, they fought and buffeted the
+intruders, until they had expelled them from the enclosure, and the
+President declared the sitting adjourned.
+
+This had no effect on the furious mob with which the chamber was filled.
+
+One of the members again made a rush for the tribune. The gate had been
+closed, but, climbing over the fence, he made a dash for the President's
+bell and portfolio.
+
+The President, amazed at this daring, pushed him away. In an instant a
+crowd of his friends, howling and shouting, swarmed over the fence, and
+a regular fight began on the tribune itself.
+
+The deputies had by this time lost control of themselves, and proceeded
+with blows and kicks to drive the President and Vice-Presidents of the
+Reichsrath off the tribune, or raised platform, on which the President
+sits.
+
+One of the Vice-Presidents was knocked down and trampled on, and one
+account of the affray said that the President was so roughly handled
+that he fainted.
+
+Finally, the deputies drove the representatives of the Government from
+the tribune, and took possession of it themselves.
+
+What new deed of violence they might have attempted it is impossible to
+say, but at this moment a door at the end of the chamber opened, and in
+marched a force of sixty policemen.
+
+In their trim uniforms and their spiked steel helmets, they presented a
+very formidable appearance, and the effect on the house was magical.
+
+The members were astounded that the Government should dare to infringe
+on their rights and privileges by sending police into the chamber that
+was sacred to the liberties of the people.
+
+The Commissioner of Police was not in the least embarrassed. He treated
+the deputies as he would any other disorderly mob, and, marching his men
+to the foot of the tribune, ordered the deputies to come down from it.
+
+The deputies firmly refused to do any such thing, whereupon the
+Commissioner took one man by the shoulder and ordered him off.
+
+The deputy resisted, and was seized by six stalwart policemen, and
+carried bodily out of the chamber.
+
+Five others who refused to obey the Commissioner were treated in the
+same unceremonious way.
+
+Dr. Wolff, who up to this moment had been dumb with amazement, now
+called on the ministers to remove the police.
+
+Order having been partially restored, the President returned and
+reopened the session. His appearance was greeted with a storm of
+whistles, shouts, beating and slamming of desk-lids, and the usual
+uproar, led by Dr. Wolff, who, too exhausted to do anything noisier,
+contented himself with blowing a shrill cab whistle.
+
+It was impossible to restore order, for even the friends of the
+Government were indignant at the introduction of the police into the
+chamber.
+
+Relying on their privileges as members of the Reichsrath, the deputies
+had for days behaved in a shameful and unmanly manner. The people were
+indignant that their representatives should so disgrace them, and the
+sympathy was all with the Government. The calling in of the police
+changed the situation. The Government had interfered with the rights of
+the people, and every lover of liberty was in arms against the outrage.
+The riotous deputies now became heroes and martyrs instead of noisy,
+foolish men, not fit to be intrusted with parliamentary privileges.
+
+The President of the Reichsrath, having gone so far, was determined, if
+possible, to end the disturbance at once and for all. When the noisy
+demonstrations recommenced, he ordered Dr. Wolff to leave the house,
+suspending him for three days--that is to say, forbidding him to
+re-enter the Reichsrath for that space of time.
+
+Wolff, of course, refused to obey, and the aid of the police was called
+for. A shameful struggle ensued, in which the deputy's chair and desk
+were smashed to pieces.
+
+Twelve other members were seized by the police and turned out of the
+chamber.
+
+While this was going on inside the house, excited crowds had gathered
+outside. As the torn and dishevelled members were expelled, the people,
+regarding them as martyrs in the cause of liberty, began to murmur
+against the Government, and finally grew so violent that a strong force
+of police had to be fetched to disperse them.
+
+Forgetting that the foolish conduct of these deputies had blocked all
+legislation, and brought the Government and country to such a pass that
+the dissolution of the bond with Hungary was likely to occur at any
+moment, the people only realized that their liberties had been
+interfered with, and their rights had been taken from them.
+
+The people do not brook interference in their rights.
+
+In the days of King John of England, the people allowed the vicious king
+to get to a certain point, and then with their hands on their swords,
+ready to rebel if he resisted, they forced him to sign the great
+charter, Magna Charta, which has secured to Englishmen their rights from
+that day to this.
+
+It was signed by King John at Runnymede, near Windsor, in 1215.
+
+So in France, five hundred years later, when the people had stood all
+they could from their kings, they rose against Louis XVI., and were not
+satisfied until both the King and the Queen, Marie Antoinette, had paid
+the forfeit of their lives for their folly and arrogance. This happened
+in 1793.
+
+When the anger of the people is roused, there is trouble for the
+Government.
+
+In Vienna, though the Government had so far won a victory in turning the
+turbulent members out of the chamber, they felt there was danger in the
+air when the students surrounded Dr. Wolff as he was thrown out of the
+Reichsrath, and marched with him to his home, honoring him as a hero.
+
+Later, matters began to grow still more serious. Masses of workingmen
+left their work, and began to parade the streets, crying out against the
+government that had usurped their rights.
+
+Soldiers were called out to guard the principal buildings, especially
+the house of Count Badeni, the unpopular Prime Minister. Squads of
+soldiers appeared in every street, forcing the crowds to move and
+disperse.
+
+It was an almost impossible task. The crowd that was driven around one
+corner would reappear at the next. The soldiers would disperse the mob
+in front of them, and it would re-form at their heels.
+
+It seemed as if Austria were on the verge of a revolution.
+
+Realizing that nothing could stop the trouble but the resignation of
+Count Badeni, several members of the Reichsrath hurried to his home, and
+begged him to put an end to the disturbance.
+
+The Minister would not yield. His sovereign had confidence in him, and
+he would not be driven out by an ignorant mob.
+
+Another meeting of the Reichsrath was held, at which more violent scenes
+occurred. Dr. Wolff presented himself in the chamber and tried to take
+his place, whereupon he was seized and taken to prison.
+
+The feeling among the people grew stronger, and at last one of the town
+officials, Burgomaster Luegers, waited on Count Badeni, and informed him
+that the people were now so excited that there would be bloodshed if he
+did not resign.
+
+Hearing this, the Prime Minister went to the Emperor and resigned his
+office.
+
+It is reported that the Emperor at first refused to accept the
+resignation, whereupon Badeni informed him that he would not undertake
+the responsibility of holding office longer, as he had been informed
+that the people were ready to rise.
+
+The Emperor then accepted the resignation, and it soon became evident
+that the action had only just been taken in time.
+
+Crowds had assembled outside the Reichsrath, waiting for it to open,
+and the attitude of the mob had become so threatening that the hussars
+had to draw their sabres and charge the crowd to keep it in check.
+Several people were killed and many wounded.
+
+This roused the mob to fury, and matters were just developing into a
+serious riot when Burgomaster Luegers appeared on the scene.
+
+Driving through the streets at full speed, forcing his horses through
+the crowds, he hurried from mob to mob, shouting the good news that
+Badeni had resigned.
+
+The anger of the crowd at once melted away. The people who had assembled
+with rage in their hearts soon became quiet. The night, which might have
+been one of bloodshed and murder, was turned into a fête, laughter and
+song succeeded the angry murmurs, and the danger was over.
+
+The next day it was announced that Baron Gautsch von Frankenthurn, a man
+who is a great favorite with the people, had been appointed Prime
+Minister in the place of Badeni.
+
+It is said that as soon as the new cabinet is formed, Baron Gautsch will
+endeavor to bring about a meeting between the heads of the two parties
+which are so violently opposed to each other on the language question,
+and see if he cannot arrive at some understanding with them.
+
+It is also said that Baron Banffy, the Hungarian Prime Minister, insists
+that the Reichsrath must agree to the renewal of the Austro-Hungarian
+contract for one year, else Hungary will act independently of Austria,
+and a separation of the two monarchies may follow.
+
+After the news of Badeni's resignation there were still angry
+demonstrations in Vienna, but after the police had released Dr. Wolff
+peace gradually settled down on the city.
+
+      *       *       *       *       *
+
+Turkey does not seem to have taken Russia seriously about the old war
+debt.
+
+In spite of her assurance that she had no intention of increasing her
+navy or enlarging her store of war materials, she has placed an order
+for one hundred and fifty large cannon with Krupp, the famous German
+gun-maker.
+
+These cannons will cost a large sum of money, and the various European
+Powers are watching with much interest to see what Russia will have to
+say to it.
+
+It is rumored that the Turks look upon Germany as their most powerful
+friend, and are willing to defy Russia or any other nation so long as
+Germany shows a disposition to stand by them.
+
+This winter is likely to give us some more interesting chapters in
+European history.
+
+      *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Sultan of Turkey has fresh worries. The Albanians are now rebelling
+against him.
+
+Albania is on the western border of European Turkey; its shores are
+washed by the Adriatic Sea.
+
+It is a mountainous country, inhabited by a war-like race of people, who
+are much given to robbery and brigandage.
+
+The Albanians are a curious people. They claim to be descended from the
+Pelasgians, who were a people of Greece, supposed to be the most
+ancient race in Europe.
+
+They arrived and settled in Europe centuries before men began to keep
+records of the events that occurred, and so their origin is unknown. It
+is supposed they came from Asia, and probably from India.
+
+The Albanians base their claim to Pelasgian origin on their language,
+which differs from any known tongue, and cannot clearly be connected
+with any of the mother tongues. These mother tongues were the original
+languages from which the various modern languages are derived.
+
+More than one thousand languages are spoken on the globe, and these are
+so different that each is unintelligible to the speakers of the other.
+
+The study of these languages is an especial science. Students of this
+science, philologists, as they are called, have traced, classed, and
+grouped these thousand languages, until they have divided them into six
+main groups, or mother tongues.
+
+The formations of the verbs, the plurals, and the declensions are the
+main guides to the identification of a language.
+
+The study of philology is an intensely interesting one, and while it is
+very difficult, its pleasures are easily within the reach of every young
+scholar who is beginning the study of Latin, French, and German.
+
+Our own English language is one of the most interesting with which to
+begin the study.
+
+The ancient Britons were Celts, and spoke Celtic; when they were
+conquered by the Romans, Latin words crept into the tongue; and as
+Romans gave place to the Saxons, and the Saxons to the Danes, words
+from the German and Norse tongues were added to the language. Finally,
+came the Norman Conquest, and with it a flood of French words. The
+English we speak to-day is a mixture of Celtic, Latin, Saxon, Danish,
+and French.
+
+As you learn your foreign languages you will be interested to find how
+many Latin words and forms you are using every day; and as for German
+and French, there are so many words in these languages resembling our
+own that you are constantly meeting old friends in the course of your
+new studies.
+
+For instance:
+
+    ENGLISH.     FRENCH.     ENGLISH.     GERMAN.
+
+    Papa         Papa        Father       Vater
+    Mamma        Maman       Mother       Mutter
+    Table        Table       Brother      Bruder
+    Chair        Chaise      Sister       Schwester
+    Boot         Bottine     Hat          Hut
+
+Some of these words have a common Latin root. The word "table," for
+instance, is derived from the Latin word "_tabula_."
+
+If the Albanians do indeed speak a tongue that cannot be closely
+connected with any of the known languages, it is more than probable that
+they are a remnant of some ancient and world-forgotten people.
+
+Albania is under Turkish rule, but the Albanians do not seem a very
+pleasant people to govern.
+
+If they are not satisfied with those who are set in authority over them,
+their fierce qualities rise to the surface, and they are apt to do
+violent things.
+
+The last governor of Albania made himself so objectionable to the
+people, and they in turn made things so unpleasant for him, that he
+sought safety in flight.
+
+A new governor was appointed, but he in turn found no greater favor with
+these mountaineers than his predecessor. Annoyed that they should have
+had two obnoxious officials sent to them one after the other, the
+Albanians have become restless and are threatening to revolt.
+
+A Turkish commissioner has been sent to try and calm them, but further
+trouble is feared.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Haitian matter, about which we told you last week, promises to
+arrive at a peaceful settlement.
+
+At first, however, it assumed such a threatening aspect that it seemed
+as if serious trouble must follow.
+
+The Haitian Government was very much disturbed when it was learned that
+a German warship was to be sent to bombard the capital city,
+Port-au-Prince, in case the indemnity, or damages, demanded for Herr
+Emil Lueders was not paid.
+
+The Haitian Government immediately asked the United States to use its
+good offices, and endeavor to bring about a peaceful settlement with
+Germany.
+
+Our Government began to make inquiries into the matter, and learned the
+Haitian side of the story.
+
+It seems that Lueders is not a German citizen, after all. He is the son
+of a German father and a Haitian mother, was born on Haitian soil, and
+is, according to the laws of the country, a citizen of Haiti.
+
+He had, therefore, no right to appeal to Germany for protection, and
+President Simon Sam will not listen to Germany's protest.
+
+In addition to this, it seems that Lueders is a tiresome fellow, and
+that this is the second time he has been arrested for resisting and
+attacking officers in the performance of their duty.
+
+The Haitian ministry looks upon this demand from Germany as a mere cloak
+to enable her to seize some territory, and establish a German colony in
+the West Indies.
+
+With this belief in mind, Haiti has appealed to the United States to
+interfere and protect them, on the ground of the Monroe Doctrine.
+
+We told you about this in the supplement following page 210. It says
+that the United States shall forcibly resist any attempt to extend the
+European political systems in America.
+
+Our Government was in a slight quandary over this appeal from Haiti.
+
+We have no quarrel with Germany, and we do not want to have one, but
+still it was clearly our duty to do what we could to assist a weaker
+sister republic.
+
+After much consultation and thought, the heads of the Government decided
+that our ambassador in Berlin, Mr. White, should be instructed to ask
+what Germany's intentions were in the matter.
+
+It was cabled back that the German minister had given a satisfactory
+reply to Mr. White, and so the United States has decided not to
+interfere actively in the matter unless Germany attempts to seize
+territory.
+
+In the mean while, Haiti has sent a very dignified letter to Germany.
+
+The republic declares itself willing to discuss the matter with Germany,
+but objects to the German method of judging and settling the whole
+affair without first inquiring as to both sides of the trouble.
+
+The demands of Germany are considered excessive, and in any case Haiti
+will not consent to pay any such sums as those asked.
+
+In her answer, Haiti complains of the conduct of Count Schwerin, the
+German representative in Port-au-Prince.
+
+It declares that he forced himself into the presence of President Simon
+Sam, and in an angry and insulting manner demanded Lueders' release,
+threatening many things if Haiti dared to oppose him.
+
+Because of these circumstances, President Simon Sam refuses to have
+anything more to do with Count Schwerin, and declares that the further
+discussion of the matter must take place in Berlin.
+
+The latest news says that Germany has changed her mind about sending a
+warship to Port-au-Prince, and that the vessel intended for Haiti will
+go to China. Two German school-ships are to call at the West Indies
+during the winter, and to them will be intrusted the settlement of the
+Lueders matter.
+
+It is probable, however, that the whole matter will be settled by
+arbitration.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+From the fact that an extra ship is to be sent into Chinese waters, it
+would seem that the Germans do not intend to give up the Bay of Kiao
+Chou.
+
+Telegrams from China have given us further details.
+
+It seems that the German minister to China has presented a string of
+claims to the Chinese Government which are so absurdly large in
+comparison to the amount of damage done, that people do not scruple to
+say that they are only offered as a means of enabling the Kaiser to keep
+the territory he has seized.
+
+Here are the damages demanded by Germany for the murder of her two
+missionaries:
+
+The murderers must be discovered and punished.
+
+The officials concerned in the murder must be punished.
+
+The mission buildings which were destroyed must be rebuilt.
+
+The sum of six hundred thousand taels must be paid to the relations of
+the dead missionaries. A tael is worth $1.40, so you can see for
+yourselves what a big sum this is.
+
+A heavy sum of money must be paid to defray the expenses of the German
+naval expedition to China, and money must be paid to keep the German
+force in the Bay of Kiao Chou, which they have seized.
+
+The Chinese Government, on hearing these demands, said that the Bay of
+Kiao Chou must be given up before they could even be discussed.
+
+The German minister replied that Germany would not give up Kiao Chou,
+and there the matter rests.
+
+The representatives of the other foreign powers think these terms are
+unreasonable, and that China shall not think of accepting them.
+
+China has expressed her willingness to rebuild the mission-houses and
+punish the criminals. She hopes to be able to settle the difficulty by
+diplomacy, as she is not in a position to go to war.
+
+The cowardly governor who gave up the forts without firing a shot has
+been condemned to death.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Queen Regent has signed the decree giving home rule to Cuba.
+
+The plan, in brief, is that the island shall be governed by the
+Captain-General (who is to represent the mother country) and two
+chambers of Congress, the Council Chamber and the House of
+Representatives.
+
+There will be thirty-five members in the Council Chamber, eighteen of
+whom will be appointed by the crown, and the other seventeen elected by
+the people. All of the members of the House of Representatives will be
+elected by the people.
+
+This Congress is to settle all the affairs of the island, with the
+exception of the foreign policy, the question of relations with other
+countries, which will be arranged by Spain.
+
+The supreme authority will be vested in the Captain-General, who will
+have to give his consent to all the acts of the Congress before they can
+become laws.
+
+The army and navy will be under his sole control and direction.
+
+Congress will have the right, subject to certain restrictions imposed by
+the home Government, to fix the tariff duties.
+
+The mayor and all the city officials will be elected by the people, and
+while the Spanish Government keeps to itself the right to the final
+voice in all decisions, the prospect offered the Cubans seems fair home
+rule.
+
+Porto Rico, another Spanish possession in the West Indies, is to enjoy
+the same privileges as Cuba.
+
+The insurgents, however, will have none of this.
+
+Both Gomez and Garcia have published proclamations, so severe in tone,
+that there can be no doubt that the insurgent leaders are sincere in
+their declaration that they will have nothing from Spain but
+independence.
+
+Here is Gomez's proclamation:
+
+     "HEADQUARTERS OF THE GENERAL-IN-CHIEF OF THE  }
+      CUBAN ARMY, SANCTI-SPIRITUS, NOVEMBER 15th,  }
+      1897, THIRD YEAR OF THE INDEPENDENCE.        }
+
+     "The news I have received of the establishment of autonomy
+     in Cuba by the Spanish Government compels me to remind the
+     military and civil leaders of the revolution once more that
+     our only aim is independence. Therefore,
+
+     "Article 1.--Any military commander of the Cuban army
+     accepting proposals of autonomy from the Spanish Government,
+     or even conferring with Spanish envoys for any arrangement
+     of peace, shall be immediately put under arrest, summarily
+     court-martialled, and, if declared guilty of such acts,
+     sentenced to death as a traitor to his flag.
+
+     "Article 2.--Any envoy from the Spanish Government, or from
+     any Spanish or military commander, or from any political
+     party favoring the Spanish dominion in Cuba, who shall
+     approach our lines and confer or try to confer with any
+     military or civil representative of the republic of Cuba,
+     and propose to him the acceptance of autonomy from Spain,
+     shall be immediately put under arrest, summarily
+     court-martialled as a spy, and, if declared guilty, hanged
+     according to our military laws.
+
+     "These articles shall be enforced by all the generals and
+     subordinates of the Cuban army in the West and Santa Clara,
+     the general commander of the East already having orders to
+     enforce our laws on the matter. For country and liberty.
+
+                                               "MAXIMO GOMEZ."
+
+
+It is said that the publication of these proclamations has created a
+deep impression in Havana.
+
+Under these proclamations, any person who seeks the Cuban lines to offer
+home rule to the soldiers will be hanged as a spy, and any Cuban
+listening to such proposals will be shot as a traitor.
+
+The two brave commanders have therefore made it very difficult for
+Spanish agents to approach their soldiers and corrupt them.
+
+Very few battles are reported from Cuba. It is said that the Spanish
+troops are massed in such large numbers that the Cubans do not dare to
+attack them. It is also rumored that the present season being the one in
+which the supply of vegetables is scarcest in the island, the insurgents
+are not well enough supplied with food to venture on any long marches.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The _Dauntless_ has again succeeded in conveying an expedition to Cuba.
+
+She left Jacksonville with a schooner, the _Jenny Thomas_, in tow. When
+she reached the mouth of the St. Johns River, she was overhauled by the
+cruiser _Vesuvius_. Nothing contraband being found on her, she was
+allowed to go on her way after an hour's delay.
+
+Unfortunately, it never occurred to the officers to search the vessel in
+tow, and so the daring little vessel got safely away.
+
+It now appears that the contraband material was on board the schooner,
+and that after the cruiser was safely passed, the _Dauntless_ cast
+anchor in some convenient spot, took her forbidden cargo on board, and
+sailed away to Cuba without further hindrance.
+
+The Spanish authorities are much annoyed over this incident, and think
+the United States is not showing a proper regard for Spain in allowing
+filibustering expeditions to leave her shores at a time when Spain is
+trying to pacify the Cubans with such liberal reforms.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Don Carlos is said to be showing some activity again.
+
+Realizing that the new decree giving Home Rule to Cuba will be very
+objectionable to many Spaniards, he has called a consultation of the
+leaders of his party, and asked them to go about among the people, and
+rouse them against the Government.
+
+He promises that if he is called to the throne, he will not show any
+such mercy to the rebellious Cubans, but will compel them, by force of
+arms, to obey the will of the Spanish sovereign.
+
+The leaders of the Carlist party do not, however, seem to be in any
+great hurry to act.
+
+Such a revolution as Don Carlos is anxious to begin means life or death
+to the nobles and men of position who support him. If the rising fails,
+these men will be regarded as traitors to their country, and shot or
+exiled. In any case they will lose everything that they own or that the
+Government can discover and take from them.
+
+With so much at stake it is but natural that the nobles should wish to
+be sure that their reward in case of success will be as great as their
+punishment in case of failure.
+
+They are therefore anxious to secure certain pledges from Don Carlos,
+before they openly join themselves to an enterprise so full of peril.
+
+Don Carlos does not seem willing to give these assurances, and so the
+rebellion is at a standstill at present.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There was a little excitement during the past week over the announcement
+that the English and French armies had met in battle in West Africa.
+
+The story was not, however, believed, because the English Government had
+given orders to her soldiers that they were to avoid any conflict with
+the French, and the same directions had been given to the French by
+their Government.
+
+It is, however, felt that trouble is pretty sure to come ere long, and
+so England has been sending more soldiers to the Niger territory, and
+now has a force of four thousand men there.
+
+A commission was appointed to examine into this vexed boundary question,
+and it has been sitting in Paris for many weeks.
+
+Unfortunately, neither party seems willing to wait until the commission
+has finished its work.
+
+The French, maintaining that they have a right to seize any city or land
+that is not occupied by an armed force belonging to any other nation,
+have been sending out armed parties to take possession of any territory
+they can get. They have already taken possession of several places that
+England has long looked upon as her property.
+
+The British are naturally not going to submit to this, and so they, in
+their turn, are trying to seize land wherever possible.
+
+It is feared that in some of their various raids the British and French
+may meet, and a serious conflict ensue.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+From India it is reported that the Ameer of Afghanistan has refused to
+listen to the envoys from the Afridi tribes, and that they are about to
+submit to the English rule.
+
+They will be forced to give up the rifles and plunder they have taken,
+and hostages will be demanded of them as a guarantee of further good
+behavior.
+
+The allowance made by the English Government to the Afridis will be
+stopped. The Khyber Pass, which was held by them, will be reopened, and
+matters will proceed much the same as if no rising had occurred.
+
+A state durbar will shortly be held, at which the chiefs of the Afridis
+will do homage, and submit to the English rule.
+
+A durbar is, as you no doubt remember, a levee or reception.
+
+It is rumored that the results of this campaign are very unsatisfactory
+to the English people. The hill-fighting, however, turned out to be so
+much more severe than the English expected, and the tribesmen proved
+such formidable foes, that they were glad to make peace on whatever
+terms they could.
+
+To punish the natives as they had intended would have taken such a large
+sum of money, and employed such a number of troops, that the Government
+finally decided that the wisest thing was to put a speedy end to the
+difficulty.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Soudan campaign has also been brought to a close.
+
+The English people are also indignant about this.
+
+They think that the Government ought not to have allowed such a good
+opportunity for punishing the Mahdists to slip through its fingers.
+
+With a little more perseverance, the lower Soudan would have been opened
+up to the world and Gordon avenged.
+
+As it was, no decisive battle was fought; the Mahdists, under Osman
+Digna, steadily retreated before the advance of the British.
+
+After the brilliant reconnoitring trip to Khartoum, and the shelling of
+the city by the two little gunboats, it was expected that something
+decisive was about to be done. But no advance has been made by the main
+army, and now it is positively stated that no further steps will be
+taken until January.
+
+People are wondering why the soldiers were sent to the Soudan, if they
+are only to camp on the banks of the Nile and contemplate the Mahdists
+from a distance.
+
+After building their railroad, and making such excellent preparations
+for a brilliant campaign, it seems astonishing that the troops should be
+allowed to sit down and wait, without striking a blow.
+
+It is, however, rumored that the English Government does not wish to
+spend more money pushing the campaign further, and that more troops are
+needed to bring the campaign to a successful termination.
+
+Whatever the reason, nothing more is likely to be done in the Soudan for
+the present.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The committee which was appointed to find out just how much it would
+cost to make armor-plate, has sent in a report which will be presented
+to Congress at the earliest opportunity.
+
+It appears that it will cost over three and a half million dollars to
+build an armor-plate factory capable of making the amount of armor
+required by the Government.
+
+It has not yet been decided whether the factory shall be built, but the
+Secretary of the Navy is going to advertise for offers to build it so
+that he can lay the whole matter before Congress at one time.
+
+The Carnegie and Bethlehem steel companies have not been idle while the
+Government has been making its inquiries.
+
+Krupp, the German gun-maker, has recently invented a process for
+manufacturing armor-plate which is said to make a plate that is still
+more durable and better than that manufactured by the Harvey process.
+
+The Carnegie and Bethlehem companies no sooner heard of the Krupp
+process, than they sent experts to examine it, and finding it to be all
+that was represented, they purchased the sole right to use the process
+in this country.
+
+The Government, of course, wants the best possible armor for its ships,
+and if the Krupp is the best, they must have Krupp armor-plate.
+
+The cleverness of these two firms has, however, made it impossible for
+the Government to manufacture this kind of armor for itself. If it is to
+be used, it must be bought from the Carnegie or Bethlehem people.
+
+The Secretary of the Navy does not approve of the Government spending so
+much money in building a factory of its own. It is said that when he
+lays the matter before Congress, he will recommend that the armor be
+bought of the Carnegie or Bethlehem firms.
+
+It is stated that he expects to get the armor for $425 a ton.
+
+The Carnegie Company are, however, masters of the situation. With the
+Bethlehem works, they own the right to manufacture this new and
+excellent armor, and if the Government must have it for its ships, the
+company will ask what price they please. Their excuse will no doubt be
+that they have had to pay so much money for the right that they are
+obliged to make the price high.
+
+                                             G.H. ROSENFELD.
+
+
+
+
+WANTED--A RECIPE FOR A BOOK.
+
+
+Your editor had an interesting talk a few days ago with one of our
+best-known naturalists, who said: "Boys and girls are the keenest
+observers, if they are interested in anything. We naturalists get much
+of our most valuable information through their quick eyes and minds."
+
+"And," he added, "the more they see, the more they want to see and know,
+and they are constantly coming to me for facts, asking me why I do not
+write good books."
+
+"Well, why don't you?"
+
+"I'll tell you why. It is because I want to write a book which will tell
+them _just_ what they want to know, and I do not know what our boys and
+girls are interested in. If I write about pets, what kind of pets are
+they most interested in--dogs or cats, horses or birds, squirrels or
+fishes? If I write about wild animals, must it be about their homes and
+what they do, or about the best ways to hunt and trap them? Then, again,
+I am not sure if they are not more interested in hunting for beautiful
+and curious things on the seashore--shells, crabs, sea-anemones, and
+such things."
+
+Your editor believes in asking the boys and girls to say for themselves
+what they want, and then to give that to them in the best possible way.
+Therefore he answered: "Ask the boys and girls what they want. Do not
+ask one or two, but just ask one or two thousand, and give them just
+what they ask for--no more and no less." As he cannot write a letter to
+you all, will you not, each one of you, write a letter addressed to
+"Naturalist, care of Editor of GREAT ROUND WORLD, 5 West 18th Street,"
+and in this letter say just what you would like: a book about birds,
+pets, bees, wild animals, shells, fishes, or snakes--for he knows all
+about these things, and can write a book on any or all of these
+subjects, or, indeed, anything that has to do with woods, fields, or
+ocean, and the wonderful and interesting things found in them. We hope
+that our promise to this naturalist, that our boys and girls can and
+will tell him what he wants to know, will not lead to a disappointment.
+
+
+
+
+INVENTION AND DISCOVERY.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+If any of our boys and girls have found their bicycle saddles as
+uncomfortable as your editor has found his, they will be delighted to
+learn that there is to be had a sensible as well as most comfortable
+saddle. The pleasure of riding your wheel for miles without feeling your
+saddle can only be appreciated by those who happen to have a saddle
+which fits; the great trouble is that very few people fit the average
+saddle; and as the saddle cannot be adjusted, perfect comfort is not
+obtainable. With this new saddle the case is different, for it can be
+adjusted to fit a large or small person exactly. It also has a
+contrivance which permits the parts to move up and down so that there is
+no friction whatever. Our attention was called to it by one of the
+officers of the navy, who has proved himself an expert in wheel
+contrivances, and a careful test bears out all of his statements. The
+saddle is well made and inexpensive ($3.50).
+
+
+
+
+BOOKS RECEIVED.
+
+
+We have received a very attractive little book called "Uncle Robert's
+Visit," which is the third part of the series of books called "Uncle
+Robert's Geography." It is published by the Messrs. Appleton in their
+series of Home-Reading Books, and presents nature study and geographical
+knowledge in the most attractive form, being woven in a story of "Uncle
+Robert's Visit" to the farm. This particular uncle, like some others we
+have known, was a fund of information and a source of delight to the
+nephews and nieces. He went about with them in the fields and woods,
+and, without forcing it on them in any way, so ordered the conversation
+that they learned much of nature on each trip. These uncles are
+treasures, and to those who cannot have them always with them, to read
+of some one else's uncle in this attractive form is charming.
+
+The book is well made, a handy size, with a colored frontispiece showing
+the farmhouse; it is illustrated throughout in a practical way which
+cannot fail to interest children.
+
+("Uncle Robert's Visit," Home Reading Books: D. Appleton & Co., 1897; 50
+cents.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We wish to acknowledge the receipt of a new and illustrated edition of
+the old favorite, "Gypsy Year at the Golden Crescent," by Elizabeth
+Stuart Phelps, illustrated by Mary Fairman Clarke.
+
+(Dodd, Mead & Co., $1.50.)
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is
+Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 58, December 16, 1897, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD ***
+
+***** This file should be named 16475-8.txt or 16475-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
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+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 58, December 16, 1897, by Julia Truitt Bishop.
+    </title>
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is Going On
+In It, Vol. 1, No. 58, December 16, 1897, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 58, December 16, 1897
+       A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop
+
+Release Date: August 8, 2005 [EBook #16475]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net)
+
+
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+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+<p><a name="Page_1623" id="Page_1623"></a></p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="./images/title.png" alt="THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" title="THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" /></p>
+
+<div class='center'><b><span class='smcap'>Vol.</span> 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class='smcap'>December</span> 16, 1897.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class='smcap'>No.</span> 58</b></div>
+
+<div class='center'><b>Copyright, 1897, by <span class="smcap">The Great Round World</span> Publishing Company.</b></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>When we take up our history books and read the accounts of the great
+deeds that have been done, we are very apt to wonder how the people felt
+in those times, and if it was not much more exciting to <i>live</i> history
+than it is to learn it.</p>
+
+<p>We have an opportunity of judging for ourselves how it feels, for we are
+now living through a very important chapter of history.</p>
+
+<p>Cuba, Turkey, Haiti, and Hawaii are all making history for us that will
+make very stirring reading for the scholars that come after us, and now
+Austria has joined in the procession, and is giving us an episode that
+will make one of the most exciting pages in that country's history.</p>
+
+<p>The present occurrences in Austria are of the utmost importance to the
+world. They show that the time has passed when kings can rule as
+absolute monarchs, and that the voice of the people must be listened to.</p>
+
+<p>We told you of the anger of the Austrian people against Count Badeni and
+his Government, and how the Emperor approved of him and his work, and<a name="Page_1624" id="Page_1624"></a>
+was determined to uphold him in spite of the opposition.</p>
+
+<p>We also told you that there is a clause in the Austrian constitution
+which gives the Emperor power to act on his own authority without
+consulting the people, in case of emergency.</p>
+
+<p>But Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, backed by
+this powerful clause, has not been strong enough to protect his Prime
+Minister, and in the face of the anger of the people has not dared to
+use the privilege which the constitution gives him.</p>
+
+<p>This is a great chapter in history. It all happened in this way:</p>
+
+<p>We told you in the last number how the Government rushed a resolution
+through the Reichsrath, which gave the President of the House the power
+to suspend unruly members and prevent them from entering the chamber.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the Reichsrath reassembled, it became evident to the
+opposition that the Government considered the resolution legally passed,
+and intended to act on it.</p>
+
+<p>This so enraged the deputies that no sooner was the sitting declared
+open than they rushed to the President's tribune, seized the papers on
+his desk, tore them, and scattered them over the house.</p>
+
+<p>The attendants had not been prepared for this rush, and had allowed some
+of the angry members to pass through the gate which had been made in the
+fence around the tribune.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as they realized what was passing, they fought and buffeted the
+intruders, until they had expelled them from the enclosure, and the<a name="Page_1625" id="Page_1625"></a>
+President declared the sitting adjourned.</p>
+
+<p>This had no effect on the furious mob with which the chamber was filled.</p>
+
+<p>One of the members again made a rush for the tribune. The gate had been
+closed, but, climbing over the fence, he made a dash for the President's
+bell and portfolio.</p>
+
+<p>The President, amazed at this daring, pushed him away. In an instant a
+crowd of his friends, howling and shouting, swarmed over the fence, and
+a regular fight began on the tribune itself.</p>
+
+<p>The deputies had by this time lost control of themselves, and proceeded
+with blows and kicks to drive the President and Vice-Presidents of the
+Reichsrath off the tribune, or raised platform, on which the President
+sits.</p>
+
+<p>One of the Vice-Presidents was knocked down and trampled on, and one
+account of the affray said that the President was so roughly handled
+that he fainted.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, the deputies drove the representatives of the Government from
+the tribune, and took possession of it themselves.</p>
+
+<p>What new deed of violence they might have attempted it is impossible to
+say, but at this moment a door at the end of the chamber opened, and in
+marched a force of sixty policemen.</p>
+
+<p>In their trim uniforms and their spiked steel helmets, they presented a
+very formidable appearance, and the effect on the house was magical.</p>
+
+<p>The members were astounded that the Government should dare to infringe
+on their rights and privileges by sending police into the chamber that<a name="Page_1626" id="Page_1626"></a>
+was sacred to the liberties of the people.</p>
+
+<p>The Commissioner of Police was not in the least embarrassed. He treated
+the deputies as he would any other disorderly mob, and, marching his men
+to the foot of the tribune, ordered the deputies to come down from it.</p>
+
+<p>The deputies firmly refused to do any such thing, whereupon the
+Commissioner took one man by the shoulder and ordered him off.</p>
+
+<p>The deputy resisted, and was seized by six stalwart policemen, and
+carried bodily out of the chamber.</p>
+
+<p>Five others who refused to obey the Commissioner were treated in the
+same unceremonious way.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Wolff, who up to this moment had been dumb with amazement, now
+called on the ministers to remove the police.</p>
+
+<p>Order having been partially restored, the President returned and
+reopened the session. His appearance was greeted with a storm of
+whistles, shouts, beating and slamming of desk-lids, and the usual
+uproar, led by Dr. Wolff, who, too exhausted to do anything noisier,
+contented himself with blowing a shrill cab whistle.</p>
+
+<p>It was impossible to restore order, for even the friends of the
+Government were indignant at the introduction of the police into the
+chamber.</p>
+
+<p>Relying on their privileges as members of the Reichsrath, the deputies
+had for days behaved in a shameful and unmanly manner. The people were
+indignant that their representatives should so disgrace them, and the
+sympathy was all with the Government. The calling in of the police
+changed the <a name="Page_1627" id="Page_1627"></a>situation. The Government had interfered with the rights of
+the people, and every lover of liberty was in arms against the outrage.
+The riotous deputies now became heroes and martyrs instead of noisy,
+foolish men, not fit to be intrusted with parliamentary privileges.</p>
+
+<p>The President of the Reichsrath, having gone so far, was determined, if
+possible, to end the disturbance at once and for all. When the noisy
+demonstrations recommenced, he ordered Dr. Wolff to leave the house,
+suspending him for three days&mdash;that is to say, forbidding him to
+re-enter the Reichsrath for that space of time.</p>
+
+<p>Wolff, of course, refused to obey, and the aid of the police was called
+for. A shameful struggle ensued, in which the deputy's chair and desk
+were smashed to pieces.</p>
+
+<p>Twelve other members were seized by the police and turned out of the
+chamber.</p>
+
+<p>While this was going on inside the house, excited crowds had gathered
+outside. As the torn and dishevelled members were expelled, the people,
+regarding them as martyrs in the cause of liberty, began to murmur
+against the Government, and finally grew so violent that a strong force
+of police had to be fetched to disperse them.</p>
+
+<p>Forgetting that the foolish conduct of these deputies had blocked all
+legislation, and brought the Government and country to such a pass that
+the dissolution of the bond with Hungary was likely to occur at any
+moment, the people only realized that their liberties had been
+interfered with, and their rights had been taken from them.<a name="Page_1628" id="Page_1628"></a></p>
+
+<p>The people do not brook interference in their rights.</p>
+
+<p>In the days of King John of England, the people allowed the vicious king
+to get to a certain point, and then with their hands on their swords,
+ready to rebel if he resisted, they forced him to sign the great
+charter, Magna Charta, which has secured to Englishmen their rights from
+that day to this.</p>
+
+<p>It was signed by King John at Runnymede, near Windsor, in 1215.</p>
+
+<p>So in France, five hundred years later, when the people had stood all
+they could from their kings, they rose against Louis XVI., and were not
+satisfied until both the King and the Queen, Marie Antoinette, had paid
+the forfeit of their lives for their folly and arrogance. This happened
+in 1793.</p>
+
+<p>When the anger of the people is roused, there is trouble for the
+Government.</p>
+
+<p>In Vienna, though the Government had so far won a victory in turning the
+turbulent members out of the chamber, they felt there was danger in the
+air when the students surrounded Dr. Wolff as he was thrown out of the
+Reichsrath, and marched with him to his home, honoring him as a hero.</p>
+
+<p>Later, matters began to grow still more serious. Masses of workingmen
+left their work, and began to parade the streets, crying out against the
+government that had usurped their rights.</p>
+
+<p>Soldiers were called out to guard the principal buildings, especially
+the house of Count Badeni, the unpopular Prime Minister. Squads of
+soldiers appeared in every street, forcing the crowds to move and
+disperse.<a name="Page_1629" id="Page_1629"></a></p>
+
+<p>It was an almost impossible task. The crowd that was driven around one
+corner would reappear at the next. The soldiers would disperse the mob
+in front of them, and it would re-form at their heels.</p>
+
+<p>It seemed as if Austria were on the verge of a revolution.</p>
+
+<p>Realizing that nothing could stop the trouble but the resignation of
+Count Badeni, several members of the Reichsrath hurried to his home, and
+begged him to put an end to the disturbance.</p>
+
+<p>The Minister would not yield. His sovereign had confidence in him, and
+he would not be driven out by an ignorant mob.</p>
+
+<p>Another meeting of the Reichsrath was held, at which more violent scenes
+occurred. Dr. Wolff presented himself in the chamber and tried to take
+his place, whereupon he was seized and taken to prison.</p>
+
+<p>The feeling among the people grew stronger, and at last one of the town
+officials, Burgomaster Luegers, waited on Count Badeni, and informed him
+that the people were now so excited that there would be bloodshed if he
+did not resign.</p>
+
+<p>Hearing this, the Prime Minister went to the Emperor and resigned his
+office.</p>
+
+<p>It is reported that the Emperor at first refused to accept the
+resignation, whereupon Badeni informed him that he would not undertake
+the responsibility of holding office longer, as he had been informed
+that the people were ready to rise.</p>
+
+<p>The Emperor then accepted the resignation, and it soon became evident
+that the action had only just been taken in time.</p>
+
+<p>Crowds had assembled outside the Reichsrath, wait<a name="Page_1630" id="Page_1630"></a>ing for it to open,
+and the attitude of the mob had become so threatening that the hussars
+had to draw their sabres and charge the crowd to keep it in check.
+Several people were killed and many wounded.</p>
+
+<p>This roused the mob to fury, and matters were just developing into a
+serious riot when Burgomaster Luegers appeared on the scene.</p>
+
+<p>Driving through the streets at full speed, forcing his horses through
+the crowds, he hurried from mob to mob, shouting the good news that
+Badeni had resigned.</p>
+
+<p>The anger of the crowd at once melted away. The people who had assembled
+with rage in their hearts soon became quiet. The night, which might have
+been one of bloodshed and murder, was turned into a f&ecirc;te, laughter and
+song succeeded the angry murmurs, and the danger was over.</p>
+
+<p>The next day it was announced that Baron Gautsch von Frankenthurn, a man
+who is a great favorite with the people, had been appointed Prime
+Minister in the place of Badeni.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that as soon as the new cabinet is formed, Baron Gautsch will
+endeavor to bring about a meeting between the heads of the two parties
+which are so violently opposed to each other on the language question,
+and see if he cannot arrive at some understanding with them.</p>
+
+<p>It is also said that Baron Banffy, the Hungarian Prime Minister, insists
+that the Reichsrath must agree to the renewal of the Austro-Hungarian
+contract for one year, else Hungary will act independently of Austria,
+and a separation of the two monarchies may follow.<a name="Page_1631" id="Page_1631"></a></p>
+
+<p>After the news of Badeni's resignation there were still angry
+demonstrations in Vienna, but after the police had released Dr. Wolff
+peace gradually settled down on the city.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>Turkey does not seem to have taken Russia seriously about the old war
+debt.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of her assurance that she had no intention of increasing her
+navy or enlarging her store of war materials, she has placed an order
+for one hundred and fifty large cannon with Krupp, the famous German
+gun-maker.</p>
+
+<p>These cannons will cost a large sum of money, and the various European
+Powers are watching with much interest to see what Russia will have to
+say to it.</p>
+
+<p>It is rumored that the Turks look upon Germany as their most powerful
+friend, and are willing to defy Russia or any other nation so long as
+Germany shows a disposition to stand by them.</p>
+
+<p>This winter is likely to give us some more interesting chapters in
+European history.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>The Sultan of Turkey has fresh worries. The Albanians are now rebelling
+against him.</p>
+
+<p>Albania is on the western border of European Turkey; its shores are
+washed by the Adriatic Sea.</p>
+
+<p>It is a mountainous country, inhabited by a war-like race of people, who
+are much given to robbery and brigandage.</p>
+
+<p>The Albanians are a curious people. They claim to be descended from the
+Pelasgians, who were a <a name="Page_1632" id="Page_1632"></a>people of Greece, supposed to be the most
+ancient race in Europe.</p>
+
+<p>They arrived and settled in Europe centuries before men began to keep
+records of the events that occurred, and so their origin is unknown. It
+is supposed they came from Asia, and probably from India.</p>
+
+<p>The Albanians base their claim to Pelasgian origin on their language,
+which differs from any known tongue, and cannot clearly be connected
+with any of the mother tongues. These mother tongues were the original
+languages from which the various modern languages are derived.</p>
+
+<p>More than one thousand languages are spoken on the globe, and these are
+so different that each is unintelligible to the speakers of the other.</p>
+
+<p>The study of these languages is an especial science. Students of this
+science, philologists, as they are called, have traced, classed, and
+grouped these thousand languages, until they have divided them into six
+main groups, or mother tongues.</p>
+
+<p>The formations of the verbs, the plurals, and the declensions are the
+main guides to the identification of a language.</p>
+
+<p>The study of philology is an intensely interesting one, and while it is
+very difficult, its pleasures are easily within the reach of every young
+scholar who is beginning the study of Latin, French, and German.</p>
+
+<p>Our own English language is one of the most interesting with which to
+begin the study.</p>
+
+<p>The ancient Britons were Celts, and spoke Celtic; when they were
+conquered by the Romans, Latin words crept into the tongue; and as
+Romans gave place to the Saxons, and the Saxons to the Danes, <a name="Page_1633" id="Page_1633"></a>words
+from the German and Norse tongues were added to the language. Finally,
+came the Norman Conquest, and with it a flood of French words. The
+English we speak to-day is a mixture of Celtic, Latin, Saxon, Danish,
+and French.</p>
+
+<p>As you learn your foreign languages you will be interested to find how
+many Latin words and forms you are using every day; and as for German
+and French, there are so many words in these languages resembling our
+own that you are constantly meeting old friends in the course of your
+new studies.</p>
+
+<p>For instance:</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">English</span>.</td>
+<td align='left'><span class="smcap">French</span>.</td>
+<td align='left'><span class="smcap">English</span>.</td>
+<td align='left'><span class="smcap">German</span>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Papa</td>
+<td align='left'>Papa</td>
+<td align='left'>Father</td>
+<td align='left'>Vater</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Mamma</td>
+<td align='left'>Maman</td>
+<td align='left'>Mother</td>
+<td align='left'>Mutter</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Table</td>
+<td align='left'>Table</td>
+<td align='left'>Brother</td>
+<td align='left'>Bruder</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Chair</td>
+<td align='left'>Chaise</td>
+<td align='left'>Sister</td>
+<td align='left'>Schwester</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Boot</td>
+<td align='left'>Bottine</td>
+<td align='left'>Hat</td>
+<td align='left'>Hut</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>Some of these words have a common Latin root. The word "table," for
+instance, is derived from the Latin word "<i>tabula</i>."</p>
+
+<p>If the Albanians do indeed speak a tongue that cannot be closely
+connected with any of the known languages, it is more than probable that
+they are a remnant of some ancient and world-forgotten people.</p>
+
+<p>Albania is under Turkish rule, but the Albanians do not seem a very
+pleasant people to govern.</p>
+
+<p>If they are not satisfied with those who are set in authority over them,
+their fierce qualities rise to the surface, and they are apt to do
+violent things.</p>
+
+<p>The last governor of Albania made himself so objectionable to the
+people, and they in turn made <a name="Page_1634" id="Page_1634"></a>things so unpleasant for him, that he
+sought safety in flight.</p>
+
+<p>A new governor was appointed, but he in turn found no greater favor with
+these mountaineers than his predecessor. Annoyed that they should have
+had two obnoxious officials sent to them one after the other, the
+Albanians have become restless and are threatening to revolt.</p>
+
+<p>A Turkish commissioner has been sent to try and calm them, but further
+trouble is feared.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Haitian matter, about which we told you last week, promises to
+arrive at a peaceful settlement.</p>
+
+<p>At first, however, it assumed such a threatening aspect that it seemed
+as if serious trouble must follow.</p>
+
+<p>The Haitian Government was very much disturbed when it was learned that
+a German warship was to be sent to bombard the capital city,
+Port-au-Prince, in case the indemnity, or damages, demanded for Herr
+Emil Lueders was not paid.</p>
+
+<p>The Haitian Government immediately asked the United States to use its
+good offices, and endeavor to bring about a peaceful settlement with
+Germany.</p>
+
+<p>Our Government began to make inquiries into the matter, and learned the
+Haitian side of the story.</p>
+
+<p>It seems that Lueders is not a German citizen, after all. He is the son
+of a German father and a Haitian mother, was born on Haitian soil, and
+is, according to the laws of the country, a citizen of Haiti.</p>
+
+<p>He had, therefore, no right to appeal to Germany <a name="Page_1635" id="Page_1635"></a>for protection, and
+President Simon Sam will not listen to Germany's protest.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to this, it seems that Lueders is a tiresome fellow, and
+that this is the second time he has been arrested for resisting and
+attacking officers in the performance of their duty.</p>
+
+<p>The Haitian ministry looks upon this demand from Germany as a mere cloak
+to enable her to seize some territory, and establish a German colony in
+the West Indies.</p>
+
+<p>With this belief in mind, Haiti has appealed to the United States to
+interfere and protect them, on the ground of the Monroe Doctrine.</p>
+
+<p>We told you about this in the supplement following page 210. It says
+that the United States shall forcibly resist any attempt to extend the
+European political systems in America.</p>
+
+<p>Our Government was in a slight quandary over this appeal from Haiti.</p>
+
+<p>We have no quarrel with Germany, and we do not want to have one, but
+still it was clearly our duty to do what we could to assist a weaker
+sister republic.</p>
+
+<p>After much consultation and thought, the heads of the Government decided
+that our ambassador in Berlin, Mr. White, should be instructed to ask
+what Germany's intentions were in the matter.</p>
+
+<p>It was cabled back that the German minister had given a satisfactory
+reply to Mr. White, and so the United States has decided not to
+interfere actively in the matter unless Germany attempts to seize
+territory.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean while, Haiti has sent a very dignified letter to Germany.<a name="Page_1636" id="Page_1636"></a></p>
+
+<p>The republic declares itself willing to discuss the matter with Germany,
+but objects to the German method of judging and settling the whole
+affair without first inquiring as to both sides of the trouble.</p>
+
+<p>The demands of Germany are considered excessive, and in any case Haiti
+will not consent to pay any such sums as those asked.</p>
+
+<p>In her answer, Haiti complains of the conduct of Count Schwerin, the
+German representative in Port-au-Prince.</p>
+
+<p>It declares that he forced himself into the presence of President Simon
+Sam, and in an angry and insulting manner demanded Lueders' release,
+threatening many things if Haiti dared to oppose him.</p>
+
+<p>Because of these circumstances, President Simon Sam refuses to have
+anything more to do with Count Schwerin, and declares that the further
+discussion of the matter must take place in Berlin.</p>
+
+<p>The latest news says that Germany has changed her mind about sending a
+warship to Port-au-Prince, and that the vessel intended for Haiti will
+go to China. Two German school-ships are to call at the West Indies
+during the winter, and to them will be intrusted the settlement of the
+Lueders matter.</p>
+
+<p>It is probable, however, that the whole matter will be settled by
+arbitration.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>From the fact that an extra ship is to be sent into Chinese waters, it
+would seem that the Germans do not intend to give up the Bay of Kiao
+Chou.</p>
+
+<p>Telegrams from China have given us further details.<a name="Page_1637" id="Page_1637"></a></p>
+
+<p>It seems that the German minister to China has presented a string of
+claims to the Chinese Government which are so absurdly large in
+comparison to the amount of damage done, that people do not scruple to
+say that they are only offered as a means of enabling the Kaiser to keep
+the territory he has seized.</p>
+
+<p>Here are the damages demanded by Germany for the murder of her two
+missionaries:</p>
+
+<p>The murderers must be discovered and punished.</p>
+
+<p>The officials concerned in the murder must be punished.</p>
+
+<p>The mission buildings which were destroyed must be rebuilt.</p>
+
+<p>The sum of six hundred thousand taels must be paid to the relations of
+the dead missionaries. A tael is worth $1.40, so you can see for
+yourselves what a big sum this is.</p>
+
+<p>A heavy sum of money must be paid to defray the expenses of the German
+naval expedition to China, and money must be paid to keep the German
+force in the Bay of Kiao Chou, which they have seized.</p>
+
+<p>The Chinese Government, on hearing these demands, said that the Bay of
+Kiao Chou must be given up before they could even be discussed.</p>
+
+<p>The German minister replied that Germany would not give up Kiao Chou,
+and there the matter rests.</p>
+
+<p>The representatives of the other foreign powers think these terms are
+unreasonable, and that China shall not think of accepting them.</p>
+
+<p>China has expressed her willingness to rebuild the mission-houses and
+punish the criminals. She hopes <a name="Page_1638" id="Page_1638"></a>to be able to settle the difficulty by
+diplomacy, as she is not in a position to go to war.</p>
+
+<p>The cowardly governor who gave up the forts without firing a shot has
+been condemned to death.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Queen Regent has signed the decree giving home rule to Cuba.</p>
+
+<p>The plan, in brief, is that the island shall be governed by the
+Captain-General (who is to represent the mother country) and two
+chambers of Congress, the Council Chamber and the House of
+Representatives.</p>
+
+<p>There will be thirty-five members in the Council Chamber, eighteen of
+whom will be appointed by the crown, and the other seventeen elected by
+the people. All of the members of the House of Representatives will be
+elected by the people.</p>
+
+<p>This Congress is to settle all the affairs of the island, with the
+exception of the foreign policy, the question of relations with other
+countries, which will be arranged by Spain.</p>
+
+<p>The supreme authority will be vested in the Captain-General, who will
+have to give his consent to all the acts of the Congress before they can
+become laws.</p>
+
+<p>The army and navy will be under his sole control and direction.</p>
+
+<p>Congress will have the right, subject to certain restrictions imposed by
+the home Government, to fix the tariff duties.</p>
+
+<p>The mayor and all the city officials will be elected by the people, and
+while the Spanish Government <a name="Page_1639" id="Page_1639"></a>keeps to itself the right to the final
+voice in all decisions, the prospect offered the Cubans seems fair home
+rule.</p>
+
+<p>Porto Rico, another Spanish possession in the West Indies, is to enjoy
+the same privileges as Cuba.</p>
+
+<p>The insurgents, however, will have none of this.</p>
+
+<p>Both Gomez and Garcia have published proclamations, so severe in tone,
+that there can be no doubt that the insurgent leaders are sincere in
+their declaration that they will have nothing from Spain but
+independence.</p>
+
+<p>Here is Gomez's proclamation:</p>
+
+<div>
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"</span><span class="smcap">Headquarters of the General-in-Chief of the</span>&nbsp; }<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">C</span><span class="smcap">uban Army, Sancti-Spiritus, November</span> 15th,&nbsp;&nbsp; }<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">1897,</span> <span class="smcap">Third Year of the Independence.</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; }<br />
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The news I have received of the establishment of autonomy
+in Cuba by the Spanish Government compels me to remind the
+military and civil leaders of the revolution once more that
+our only aim is independence. Therefore,</p>
+
+<p>"Article 1.&mdash;Any military commander of the Cuban army
+accepting proposals of autonomy from the Spanish Government,
+or even conferring with Spanish envoys for any arrangement
+of peace, shall be immediately put under arrest, summarily
+court-martialled, and, if declared guilty of such acts,
+sentenced to death as a traitor to his flag.</p>
+
+<p>"Article 2.&mdash;Any envoy from the Spanish Government, or from
+any Spanish or military commander, or from any political
+party favoring the Spanish dominion in Cuba, who shall
+approach our lines and confer or try to confer with any
+military or civil repre<a name="Page_1640" id="Page_1640"></a>sentative of the republic of Cuba,
+and propose to him the acceptance of autonomy from Spain,
+shall be immediately put under arrest, summarily
+court-martialled as a spy, and, if declared guilty, hanged
+according to our military laws.</p>
+
+<p>"These articles shall be enforced by all the generals and
+subordinates of the Cuban army in the West and Santa Clara,
+the general commander of the East already having orders to
+enforce our laws on the matter. For country and liberty. </p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 28em;">"</span><span class="smcap">Maximo Gomez.</span>"<br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>It is said that the publication of these proclamations has created a
+deep impression in Havana.</p>
+
+<p>Under these proclamations, any person who seeks the Cuban lines to offer
+home rule to the soldiers will be hanged as a spy, and any Cuban
+listening to such proposals will be shot as a traitor.</p>
+
+<p>The two brave commanders have therefore made it very difficult for
+Spanish agents to approach their soldiers and corrupt them.</p>
+
+<p>Very few battles are reported from Cuba. It is said that the Spanish
+troops are massed in such large numbers that the Cubans do not dare to
+attack them. It is also rumored that the present season being the one in
+which the supply of vegetables is scarcest in the island, the insurgents
+are not well enough supplied with food to venture on any long marches.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The <i>Dauntless</i> has again succeeded in conveying an expedition to Cuba.</p>
+
+<p>She left Jacksonville with a schooner, the <i>Jenny<a name="Page_1641" id="Page_1641"></a> Thomas</i>, in tow. When
+she reached the mouth of the St. Johns River, she was overhauled by the
+cruiser <i>Vesuvius</i>. Nothing contraband being found on her, she was
+allowed to go on her way after an hour's delay.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, it never occurred to the officers to search the vessel in
+tow, and so the daring little vessel got safely away.</p>
+
+<p>It now appears that the contraband material was on board the schooner,
+and that after the cruiser was safely passed, the <i>Dauntless</i> cast
+anchor in some convenient spot, took her forbidden cargo on board, and
+sailed away to Cuba without further hindrance.</p>
+
+<p>The Spanish authorities are much annoyed over this incident, and think
+the United States is not showing a proper regard for Spain in allowing
+filibustering expeditions to leave her shores at a time when Spain is
+trying to pacify the Cubans with such liberal reforms.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Don Carlos is said to be showing some activity again.</p>
+
+<p>Realizing that the new decree giving Home Rule to Cuba will be very
+objectionable to many Spaniards, he has called a consultation of the
+leaders of his party, and asked them to go about among the people, and
+rouse them against the Government.</p>
+
+<p>He promises that if he is called to the throne, he will not show any
+such mercy to the rebellious Cubans, but will compel them, by force of
+arms, to obey the will of the Spanish sovereign.</p>
+
+<p>The leaders of the Carlist party do not, however, seem to be in any
+great hurry to act.<a name="Page_1642" id="Page_1642"></a></p>
+
+<p>Such a revolution as Don Carlos is anxious to begin means life or death
+to the nobles and men of position who support him. If the rising fails,
+these men will be regarded as traitors to their country, and shot or
+exiled. In any case they will lose everything that they own or that the
+Government can discover and take from them.</p>
+
+<p>With so much at stake it is but natural that the nobles should wish to
+be sure that their reward in case of success will be as great as their
+punishment in case of failure.</p>
+
+<p>They are therefore anxious to secure certain pledges from Don Carlos,
+before they openly join themselves to an enterprise so full of peril.</p>
+
+<p>Don Carlos does not seem willing to give these assurances, and so the
+rebellion is at a standstill at present.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>There was a little excitement during the past week over the announcement
+that the English and French armies had met in battle in West Africa.</p>
+
+<p>The story was not, however, believed, because the English Government had
+given orders to her soldiers that they were to avoid any conflict with
+the French, and the same directions had been given to the French by
+their Government.</p>
+
+<p>It is, however, felt that trouble is pretty sure to come ere long, and
+so England has been sending more soldiers to the Niger territory, and
+now has a force of four thousand men there.</p>
+
+<p>A commission was appointed to examine into this vexed boundary question,
+and it has been sitting in Paris for many weeks.<a name="Page_1643" id="Page_1643"></a></p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, neither party seems willing to wait until the commission
+has finished its work.</p>
+
+<p>The French, maintaining that they have a right to seize any city or land
+that is not occupied by an armed force belonging to any other nation,
+have been sending out armed parties to take possession of any territory
+they can get. They have already taken possession of several places that
+England has long looked upon as her property.</p>
+
+<p>The British are naturally not going to submit to this, and so they, in
+their turn, are trying to seize land wherever possible.</p>
+
+<p>It is feared that in some of their various raids the British and French
+may meet, and a serious conflict ensue.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>From India it is reported that the Ameer of Afghanistan has refused to
+listen to the envoys from the Afridi tribes, and that they are about to
+submit to the English rule.</p>
+
+<p>They will be forced to give up the rifles and plunder they have taken,
+and hostages will be demanded of them as a guarantee of further good
+behavior.</p>
+
+<p>The allowance made by the English Government to the Afridis will be
+stopped. The Khyber Pass, which was held by them, will be reopened, and
+matters will proceed much the same as if no rising had occurred.</p>
+
+<p>A state durbar will shortly be held, at which the chiefs of the Afridis
+will do homage, and submit to the English rule.</p>
+
+<p>A durbar is, as you no doubt remember, a levee or reception.</p>
+
+<p>It is rumored that the results of this campaign are <a name="Page_1644" id="Page_1644"></a>very unsatisfactory
+to the English people. The hill-fighting, however, turned out to be so
+much more severe than the English expected, and the tribesmen proved
+such formidable foes, that they were glad to make peace on whatever
+terms they could.</p>
+
+<p>To punish the natives as they had intended would have taken such a large
+sum of money, and employed such a number of troops, that the Government
+finally decided that the wisest thing was to put a speedy end to the
+difficulty.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Soudan campaign has also been brought to a close.</p>
+
+<p>The English people are also indignant about this.</p>
+
+<p>They think that the Government ought not to have allowed such a good
+opportunity for punishing the Mahdists to slip through its fingers.</p>
+
+<p>With a little more perseverance, the lower Soudan would have been opened
+up to the world and Gordon avenged.</p>
+
+<p>As it was, no decisive battle was fought; the Mahdists, under Osman
+Digna, steadily retreated before the advance of the British.</p>
+
+<p>After the brilliant reconnoitring trip to Khartoum, and the shelling of
+the city by the two little gunboats, it was expected that something
+decisive was about to be done. But no advance has been made by the main
+army, and now it is positively stated that no further steps will be
+taken until January.</p>
+
+<p>People are wondering why the soldiers were sent to the Soudan, if they
+are only to camp on the banks of the Nile and contemplate the Mahdists
+from a distance.<a name="Page_1645" id="Page_1645"></a></p>
+
+<p>After building their railroad, and making such excellent preparations
+for a brilliant campaign, it seems astonishing that the troops should be
+allowed to sit down and wait, without striking a blow.</p>
+
+<p>It is, however, rumored that the English Government does not wish to
+spend more money pushing the campaign further, and that more troops are
+needed to bring the campaign to a successful termination.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever the reason, nothing more is likely to be done in the Soudan for
+the present.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The committee which was appointed to find out just how much it would
+cost to make armor-plate, has sent in a report which will be presented
+to Congress at the earliest opportunity.</p>
+
+<p>It appears that it will cost over three and a half million dollars to
+build an armor-plate factory capable of making the amount of armor
+required by the Government.</p>
+
+<p>It has not yet been decided whether the factory shall be built, but the
+Secretary of the Navy is going to advertise for offers to build it so
+that he can lay the whole matter before Congress at one time.</p>
+
+<p>The Carnegie and Bethlehem steel companies have not been idle while the
+Government has been making its inquiries.</p>
+
+<p>Krupp, the German gun-maker, has recently invented a process for
+manufacturing armor-plate which is said to make a plate that is still
+more durable and better than that manufactured by the Harvey process.</p>
+
+<p>The Carnegie and Bethlehem companies no sooner heard of the Krupp
+process, than they sent experts <a name="Page_1646" id="Page_1646"></a>to examine it, and finding it to be all
+that was represented, they purchased the sole right to use the process
+in this country.</p>
+
+<p>The Government, of course, wants the best possible armor for its ships,
+and if the Krupp is the best, they must have Krupp armor-plate.</p>
+
+<p>The cleverness of these two firms has, however, made it impossible for
+the Government to manufacture this kind of armor for itself. If it is to
+be used, it must be bought from the Carnegie or Bethlehem people.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary of the Navy does not approve of the Government spending so
+much money in building a factory of its own. It is said that when he
+lays the matter before Congress, he will recommend that the armor be
+bought of the Carnegie or Bethlehem firms.</p>
+
+<p>It is stated that he expects to get the armor for $425 a ton.</p>
+
+<p>The Carnegie Company are, however, masters of the situation. With the
+Bethlehem works, they own the right to manufacture this new and
+excellent armor, and if the Government must have it for its ships, the
+company will ask what price they please. Their excuse will no doubt be
+that they have had to pay so much money for the right that they are
+obliged to make the price high.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 28em;">G.</span><span class="smcap">H. Rosenfeld.</span><br />
+<a name="Page_1647" id="Page_1647"></a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>WANTED&mdash;A RECIPE FOR A BOOK.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Your editor had an interesting talk a few days ago with one of our
+best-known naturalists, who said: "Boys and girls are the keenest
+observers, if they are interested in anything. We naturalists get much
+of our most valuable information through their quick eyes and minds."</p>
+
+<p>"And," he added, "the more they see, the more they want to see and know,
+and they are constantly coming to me for facts, asking me why I do not
+write good books."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, why don't you?"</p>
+
+<p>"I'll tell you why. It is because I want to write a book which will tell
+them <i>just</i> what they want to know, and I do not know what our boys and
+girls are interested in. If I write about pets, what kind of pets are
+they most interested in&mdash;dogs or cats, horses or birds, squirrels or
+fishes? If I write about wild animals, must it be about their homes and
+what they do, or about the best ways to hunt and trap them? Then, again,
+I am not sure if they are not more interested in hunting for beautiful
+and curious things on the seashore&mdash;shells, crabs, sea-anemones, and
+such things."</p>
+
+<p>Your editor believes in asking the boys and girls to say for themselves
+what they want, and then to give that to them in the best possible way.
+Therefore he answered: "Ask the boys and girls what they want. Do not
+ask one or two, but just ask one or two thousand, and give them just
+what they ask for&mdash;no more and no less." As he cannot write a letter to
+you all, <a name="Page_1648" id="Page_1648"></a>will you not, each one of you, write a letter addressed to
+"Naturalist, care of Editor of <span class="smcap">Great Round World</span>, 5 West 18th
+Street," and in this letter say just what you would like: a book about
+birds, pets, bees, wild animals, shells, fishes, or snakes&mdash;for he knows
+all about these things, and can write a book on any or all of these
+subjects, or, indeed, anything that has to do with woods, fields, or
+ocean, and the wonderful and interesting things found in them. We hope
+that our promise to this naturalist, that our boys and girls can and
+will tell him what he wants to know, will not lead to a disappointment.<a name="Page_1649" id="Page_1649"></a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>INVENTION AND DISCOVERY.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="./images/27.png"><img src="./images/27-tb.png" alt="Bicycle Saddle" title="Bicycle Saddle" /></a></div>
+
+<p>If any of our boys and girls have found their bicycle saddles as
+uncomfortable as your editor has found his, they will be delighted to
+learn that there is to be had a sensible as well as most comfortable
+saddle. The pleasure of riding your wheel for miles without feeling your
+saddle can only be appreciated by those who happen to have a saddle
+which fits; the great trouble is that very few people fit the average
+saddle; and as the saddle cannot be adjusted, perfect comfort is not
+obtainable. With this new saddle the case is different, for it can be
+adjusted to fit a large or small person exactly. It also has a
+contrivance which permits the parts to move up and down so that there is
+no friction whatever. Our attention was called to it by one of the
+officers of the navy, who has proved himself an expert in wheel
+contrivances, and a careful test bears out all of his statements. The
+saddle is well made and inexpensive ($3.50).<a name="Page_1650" id="Page_1650"></a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="BOOKS_RECEIVED" id="BOOKS_RECEIVED"></a>BOOKS RECEIVED.</h2>
+
+
+<p>We have received a very attractive little book called "Uncle Robert's
+Visit," which is the third part of the series of books called "Uncle
+Robert's Geography." It is published by the Messrs. Appleton in their
+series of Home-Reading Books, and presents nature study and geographical
+knowledge in the most attractive form, being woven in a story of "Uncle
+Robert's Visit" to the farm. This particular uncle, like some others we
+have known, was a fund of information and a source of delight to the
+nephews and nieces. He went about with them in the fields and woods,
+and, without forcing it on them in any way, so ordered the conversation
+that they learned much of nature on each trip. These uncles are
+treasures, and to those who cannot have them always with them, to read
+of some one else's uncle in this attractive form is charming.</p>
+
+<p>The book is well made, a handy size, with a colored frontispiece showing
+the farmhouse; it is illustrated throughout in a practical way which
+cannot fail to interest children.</p>
+
+<p>("Uncle Robert's Visit," Home Reading Books: D. Appleton &amp; Co., 1897; 50
+cents.)</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>We wish to acknowledge the receipt of a new and illustrated edition of
+the old favorite, "Gypsy Year at the Golden Crescent," by Elizabeth
+Stuart Phelps, illustrated by Mary Fairman Clarke.</p>
+
+<p>(Dodd, Mead &amp; Co., $1.50.)<br /><br /></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is
+Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 58, December 16, 1897, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD ***
+
+***** This file should be named 16475-h.htm or 16475-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
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+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is Going On
+In It, Vol. 1, No. 58, December 16, 1897, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 58, December 16, 1897
+       A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop
+
+Release Date: August 8, 2005 [EBook #16475]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND
+WORLD
+AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.]
+
+    VOL. 1   DECEMBER 16, 1897.   NO. 58
+
+=Copyright, 1897, by THE GREAT ROUND WORLD Publishing Company.=
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+When we take up our history books and read the accounts of the great
+deeds that have been done, we are very apt to wonder how the people felt
+in those times, and if it was not much more exciting to _live_ history
+than it is to learn it.
+
+We have an opportunity of judging for ourselves how it feels, for we are
+now living through a very important chapter of history.
+
+Cuba, Turkey, Haiti, and Hawaii are all making history for us that will
+make very stirring reading for the scholars that come after us, and now
+Austria has joined in the procession, and is giving us an episode that
+will make one of the most exciting pages in that country's history.
+
+The present occurrences in Austria are of the utmost importance to the
+world. They show that the time has passed when kings can rule as
+absolute monarchs, and that the voice of the people must be listened to.
+
+We told you of the anger of the Austrian people against Count Badeni and
+his Government, and how the Emperor approved of him and his work, and
+was determined to uphold him in spite of the opposition.
+
+We also told you that there is a clause in the Austrian constitution
+which gives the Emperor power to act on his own authority without
+consulting the people, in case of emergency.
+
+But Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, backed by
+this powerful clause, has not been strong enough to protect his Prime
+Minister, and in the face of the anger of the people has not dared to
+use the privilege which the constitution gives him.
+
+This is a great chapter in history. It all happened in this way:
+
+We told you in the last number how the Government rushed a resolution
+through the Reichsrath, which gave the President of the House the power
+to suspend unruly members and prevent them from entering the chamber.
+
+As soon as the Reichsrath reassembled, it became evident to the
+opposition that the Government considered the resolution legally passed,
+and intended to act on it.
+
+This so enraged the deputies that no sooner was the sitting declared
+open than they rushed to the President's tribune, seized the papers on
+his desk, tore them, and scattered them over the house.
+
+The attendants had not been prepared for this rush, and had allowed some
+of the angry members to pass through the gate which had been made in the
+fence around the tribune.
+
+As soon as they realized what was passing, they fought and buffeted the
+intruders, until they had expelled them from the enclosure, and the
+President declared the sitting adjourned.
+
+This had no effect on the furious mob with which the chamber was filled.
+
+One of the members again made a rush for the tribune. The gate had been
+closed, but, climbing over the fence, he made a dash for the President's
+bell and portfolio.
+
+The President, amazed at this daring, pushed him away. In an instant a
+crowd of his friends, howling and shouting, swarmed over the fence, and
+a regular fight began on the tribune itself.
+
+The deputies had by this time lost control of themselves, and proceeded
+with blows and kicks to drive the President and Vice-Presidents of the
+Reichsrath off the tribune, or raised platform, on which the President
+sits.
+
+One of the Vice-Presidents was knocked down and trampled on, and one
+account of the affray said that the President was so roughly handled
+that he fainted.
+
+Finally, the deputies drove the representatives of the Government from
+the tribune, and took possession of it themselves.
+
+What new deed of violence they might have attempted it is impossible to
+say, but at this moment a door at the end of the chamber opened, and in
+marched a force of sixty policemen.
+
+In their trim uniforms and their spiked steel helmets, they presented a
+very formidable appearance, and the effect on the house was magical.
+
+The members were astounded that the Government should dare to infringe
+on their rights and privileges by sending police into the chamber that
+was sacred to the liberties of the people.
+
+The Commissioner of Police was not in the least embarrassed. He treated
+the deputies as he would any other disorderly mob, and, marching his men
+to the foot of the tribune, ordered the deputies to come down from it.
+
+The deputies firmly refused to do any such thing, whereupon the
+Commissioner took one man by the shoulder and ordered him off.
+
+The deputy resisted, and was seized by six stalwart policemen, and
+carried bodily out of the chamber.
+
+Five others who refused to obey the Commissioner were treated in the
+same unceremonious way.
+
+Dr. Wolff, who up to this moment had been dumb with amazement, now
+called on the ministers to remove the police.
+
+Order having been partially restored, the President returned and
+reopened the session. His appearance was greeted with a storm of
+whistles, shouts, beating and slamming of desk-lids, and the usual
+uproar, led by Dr. Wolff, who, too exhausted to do anything noisier,
+contented himself with blowing a shrill cab whistle.
+
+It was impossible to restore order, for even the friends of the
+Government were indignant at the introduction of the police into the
+chamber.
+
+Relying on their privileges as members of the Reichsrath, the deputies
+had for days behaved in a shameful and unmanly manner. The people were
+indignant that their representatives should so disgrace them, and the
+sympathy was all with the Government. The calling in of the police
+changed the situation. The Government had interfered with the rights of
+the people, and every lover of liberty was in arms against the outrage.
+The riotous deputies now became heroes and martyrs instead of noisy,
+foolish men, not fit to be intrusted with parliamentary privileges.
+
+The President of the Reichsrath, having gone so far, was determined, if
+possible, to end the disturbance at once and for all. When the noisy
+demonstrations recommenced, he ordered Dr. Wolff to leave the house,
+suspending him for three days--that is to say, forbidding him to
+re-enter the Reichsrath for that space of time.
+
+Wolff, of course, refused to obey, and the aid of the police was called
+for. A shameful struggle ensued, in which the deputy's chair and desk
+were smashed to pieces.
+
+Twelve other members were seized by the police and turned out of the
+chamber.
+
+While this was going on inside the house, excited crowds had gathered
+outside. As the torn and dishevelled members were expelled, the people,
+regarding them as martyrs in the cause of liberty, began to murmur
+against the Government, and finally grew so violent that a strong force
+of police had to be fetched to disperse them.
+
+Forgetting that the foolish conduct of these deputies had blocked all
+legislation, and brought the Government and country to such a pass that
+the dissolution of the bond with Hungary was likely to occur at any
+moment, the people only realized that their liberties had been
+interfered with, and their rights had been taken from them.
+
+The people do not brook interference in their rights.
+
+In the days of King John of England, the people allowed the vicious king
+to get to a certain point, and then with their hands on their swords,
+ready to rebel if he resisted, they forced him to sign the great
+charter, Magna Charta, which has secured to Englishmen their rights from
+that day to this.
+
+It was signed by King John at Runnymede, near Windsor, in 1215.
+
+So in France, five hundred years later, when the people had stood all
+they could from their kings, they rose against Louis XVI., and were not
+satisfied until both the King and the Queen, Marie Antoinette, had paid
+the forfeit of their lives for their folly and arrogance. This happened
+in 1793.
+
+When the anger of the people is roused, there is trouble for the
+Government.
+
+In Vienna, though the Government had so far won a victory in turning the
+turbulent members out of the chamber, they felt there was danger in the
+air when the students surrounded Dr. Wolff as he was thrown out of the
+Reichsrath, and marched with him to his home, honoring him as a hero.
+
+Later, matters began to grow still more serious. Masses of workingmen
+left their work, and began to parade the streets, crying out against the
+government that had usurped their rights.
+
+Soldiers were called out to guard the principal buildings, especially
+the house of Count Badeni, the unpopular Prime Minister. Squads of
+soldiers appeared in every street, forcing the crowds to move and
+disperse.
+
+It was an almost impossible task. The crowd that was driven around one
+corner would reappear at the next. The soldiers would disperse the mob
+in front of them, and it would re-form at their heels.
+
+It seemed as if Austria were on the verge of a revolution.
+
+Realizing that nothing could stop the trouble but the resignation of
+Count Badeni, several members of the Reichsrath hurried to his home, and
+begged him to put an end to the disturbance.
+
+The Minister would not yield. His sovereign had confidence in him, and
+he would not be driven out by an ignorant mob.
+
+Another meeting of the Reichsrath was held, at which more violent scenes
+occurred. Dr. Wolff presented himself in the chamber and tried to take
+his place, whereupon he was seized and taken to prison.
+
+The feeling among the people grew stronger, and at last one of the town
+officials, Burgomaster Luegers, waited on Count Badeni, and informed him
+that the people were now so excited that there would be bloodshed if he
+did not resign.
+
+Hearing this, the Prime Minister went to the Emperor and resigned his
+office.
+
+It is reported that the Emperor at first refused to accept the
+resignation, whereupon Badeni informed him that he would not undertake
+the responsibility of holding office longer, as he had been informed
+that the people were ready to rise.
+
+The Emperor then accepted the resignation, and it soon became evident
+that the action had only just been taken in time.
+
+Crowds had assembled outside the Reichsrath, waiting for it to open,
+and the attitude of the mob had become so threatening that the hussars
+had to draw their sabres and charge the crowd to keep it in check.
+Several people were killed and many wounded.
+
+This roused the mob to fury, and matters were just developing into a
+serious riot when Burgomaster Luegers appeared on the scene.
+
+Driving through the streets at full speed, forcing his horses through
+the crowds, he hurried from mob to mob, shouting the good news that
+Badeni had resigned.
+
+The anger of the crowd at once melted away. The people who had assembled
+with rage in their hearts soon became quiet. The night, which might have
+been one of bloodshed and murder, was turned into a fete, laughter and
+song succeeded the angry murmurs, and the danger was over.
+
+The next day it was announced that Baron Gautsch von Frankenthurn, a man
+who is a great favorite with the people, had been appointed Prime
+Minister in the place of Badeni.
+
+It is said that as soon as the new cabinet is formed, Baron Gautsch will
+endeavor to bring about a meeting between the heads of the two parties
+which are so violently opposed to each other on the language question,
+and see if he cannot arrive at some understanding with them.
+
+It is also said that Baron Banffy, the Hungarian Prime Minister, insists
+that the Reichsrath must agree to the renewal of the Austro-Hungarian
+contract for one year, else Hungary will act independently of Austria,
+and a separation of the two monarchies may follow.
+
+After the news of Badeni's resignation there were still angry
+demonstrations in Vienna, but after the police had released Dr. Wolff
+peace gradually settled down on the city.
+
+      *       *       *       *       *
+
+Turkey does not seem to have taken Russia seriously about the old war
+debt.
+
+In spite of her assurance that she had no intention of increasing her
+navy or enlarging her store of war materials, she has placed an order
+for one hundred and fifty large cannon with Krupp, the famous German
+gun-maker.
+
+These cannons will cost a large sum of money, and the various European
+Powers are watching with much interest to see what Russia will have to
+say to it.
+
+It is rumored that the Turks look upon Germany as their most powerful
+friend, and are willing to defy Russia or any other nation so long as
+Germany shows a disposition to stand by them.
+
+This winter is likely to give us some more interesting chapters in
+European history.
+
+      *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Sultan of Turkey has fresh worries. The Albanians are now rebelling
+against him.
+
+Albania is on the western border of European Turkey; its shores are
+washed by the Adriatic Sea.
+
+It is a mountainous country, inhabited by a war-like race of people, who
+are much given to robbery and brigandage.
+
+The Albanians are a curious people. They claim to be descended from the
+Pelasgians, who were a people of Greece, supposed to be the most
+ancient race in Europe.
+
+They arrived and settled in Europe centuries before men began to keep
+records of the events that occurred, and so their origin is unknown. It
+is supposed they came from Asia, and probably from India.
+
+The Albanians base their claim to Pelasgian origin on their language,
+which differs from any known tongue, and cannot clearly be connected
+with any of the mother tongues. These mother tongues were the original
+languages from which the various modern languages are derived.
+
+More than one thousand languages are spoken on the globe, and these are
+so different that each is unintelligible to the speakers of the other.
+
+The study of these languages is an especial science. Students of this
+science, philologists, as they are called, have traced, classed, and
+grouped these thousand languages, until they have divided them into six
+main groups, or mother tongues.
+
+The formations of the verbs, the plurals, and the declensions are the
+main guides to the identification of a language.
+
+The study of philology is an intensely interesting one, and while it is
+very difficult, its pleasures are easily within the reach of every young
+scholar who is beginning the study of Latin, French, and German.
+
+Our own English language is one of the most interesting with which to
+begin the study.
+
+The ancient Britons were Celts, and spoke Celtic; when they were
+conquered by the Romans, Latin words crept into the tongue; and as
+Romans gave place to the Saxons, and the Saxons to the Danes, words
+from the German and Norse tongues were added to the language. Finally,
+came the Norman Conquest, and with it a flood of French words. The
+English we speak to-day is a mixture of Celtic, Latin, Saxon, Danish,
+and French.
+
+As you learn your foreign languages you will be interested to find how
+many Latin words and forms you are using every day; and as for German
+and French, there are so many words in these languages resembling our
+own that you are constantly meeting old friends in the course of your
+new studies.
+
+For instance:
+
+    ENGLISH.     FRENCH.     ENGLISH.     GERMAN.
+
+    Papa         Papa        Father       Vater
+    Mamma        Maman       Mother       Mutter
+    Table        Table       Brother      Bruder
+    Chair        Chaise      Sister       Schwester
+    Boot         Bottine     Hat          Hut
+
+Some of these words have a common Latin root. The word "table," for
+instance, is derived from the Latin word "_tabula_."
+
+If the Albanians do indeed speak a tongue that cannot be closely
+connected with any of the known languages, it is more than probable that
+they are a remnant of some ancient and world-forgotten people.
+
+Albania is under Turkish rule, but the Albanians do not seem a very
+pleasant people to govern.
+
+If they are not satisfied with those who are set in authority over them,
+their fierce qualities rise to the surface, and they are apt to do
+violent things.
+
+The last governor of Albania made himself so objectionable to the
+people, and they in turn made things so unpleasant for him, that he
+sought safety in flight.
+
+A new governor was appointed, but he in turn found no greater favor with
+these mountaineers than his predecessor. Annoyed that they should have
+had two obnoxious officials sent to them one after the other, the
+Albanians have become restless and are threatening to revolt.
+
+A Turkish commissioner has been sent to try and calm them, but further
+trouble is feared.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Haitian matter, about which we told you last week, promises to
+arrive at a peaceful settlement.
+
+At first, however, it assumed such a threatening aspect that it seemed
+as if serious trouble must follow.
+
+The Haitian Government was very much disturbed when it was learned that
+a German warship was to be sent to bombard the capital city,
+Port-au-Prince, in case the indemnity, or damages, demanded for Herr
+Emil Lueders was not paid.
+
+The Haitian Government immediately asked the United States to use its
+good offices, and endeavor to bring about a peaceful settlement with
+Germany.
+
+Our Government began to make inquiries into the matter, and learned the
+Haitian side of the story.
+
+It seems that Lueders is not a German citizen, after all. He is the son
+of a German father and a Haitian mother, was born on Haitian soil, and
+is, according to the laws of the country, a citizen of Haiti.
+
+He had, therefore, no right to appeal to Germany for protection, and
+President Simon Sam will not listen to Germany's protest.
+
+In addition to this, it seems that Lueders is a tiresome fellow, and
+that this is the second time he has been arrested for resisting and
+attacking officers in the performance of their duty.
+
+The Haitian ministry looks upon this demand from Germany as a mere cloak
+to enable her to seize some territory, and establish a German colony in
+the West Indies.
+
+With this belief in mind, Haiti has appealed to the United States to
+interfere and protect them, on the ground of the Monroe Doctrine.
+
+We told you about this in the supplement following page 210. It says
+that the United States shall forcibly resist any attempt to extend the
+European political systems in America.
+
+Our Government was in a slight quandary over this appeal from Haiti.
+
+We have no quarrel with Germany, and we do not want to have one, but
+still it was clearly our duty to do what we could to assist a weaker
+sister republic.
+
+After much consultation and thought, the heads of the Government decided
+that our ambassador in Berlin, Mr. White, should be instructed to ask
+what Germany's intentions were in the matter.
+
+It was cabled back that the German minister had given a satisfactory
+reply to Mr. White, and so the United States has decided not to
+interfere actively in the matter unless Germany attempts to seize
+territory.
+
+In the mean while, Haiti has sent a very dignified letter to Germany.
+
+The republic declares itself willing to discuss the matter with Germany,
+but objects to the German method of judging and settling the whole
+affair without first inquiring as to both sides of the trouble.
+
+The demands of Germany are considered excessive, and in any case Haiti
+will not consent to pay any such sums as those asked.
+
+In her answer, Haiti complains of the conduct of Count Schwerin, the
+German representative in Port-au-Prince.
+
+It declares that he forced himself into the presence of President Simon
+Sam, and in an angry and insulting manner demanded Lueders' release,
+threatening many things if Haiti dared to oppose him.
+
+Because of these circumstances, President Simon Sam refuses to have
+anything more to do with Count Schwerin, and declares that the further
+discussion of the matter must take place in Berlin.
+
+The latest news says that Germany has changed her mind about sending a
+warship to Port-au-Prince, and that the vessel intended for Haiti will
+go to China. Two German school-ships are to call at the West Indies
+during the winter, and to them will be intrusted the settlement of the
+Lueders matter.
+
+It is probable, however, that the whole matter will be settled by
+arbitration.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+From the fact that an extra ship is to be sent into Chinese waters, it
+would seem that the Germans do not intend to give up the Bay of Kiao
+Chou.
+
+Telegrams from China have given us further details.
+
+It seems that the German minister to China has presented a string of
+claims to the Chinese Government which are so absurdly large in
+comparison to the amount of damage done, that people do not scruple to
+say that they are only offered as a means of enabling the Kaiser to keep
+the territory he has seized.
+
+Here are the damages demanded by Germany for the murder of her two
+missionaries:
+
+The murderers must be discovered and punished.
+
+The officials concerned in the murder must be punished.
+
+The mission buildings which were destroyed must be rebuilt.
+
+The sum of six hundred thousand taels must be paid to the relations of
+the dead missionaries. A tael is worth $1.40, so you can see for
+yourselves what a big sum this is.
+
+A heavy sum of money must be paid to defray the expenses of the German
+naval expedition to China, and money must be paid to keep the German
+force in the Bay of Kiao Chou, which they have seized.
+
+The Chinese Government, on hearing these demands, said that the Bay of
+Kiao Chou must be given up before they could even be discussed.
+
+The German minister replied that Germany would not give up Kiao Chou,
+and there the matter rests.
+
+The representatives of the other foreign powers think these terms are
+unreasonable, and that China shall not think of accepting them.
+
+China has expressed her willingness to rebuild the mission-houses and
+punish the criminals. She hopes to be able to settle the difficulty by
+diplomacy, as she is not in a position to go to war.
+
+The cowardly governor who gave up the forts without firing a shot has
+been condemned to death.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Queen Regent has signed the decree giving home rule to Cuba.
+
+The plan, in brief, is that the island shall be governed by the
+Captain-General (who is to represent the mother country) and two
+chambers of Congress, the Council Chamber and the House of
+Representatives.
+
+There will be thirty-five members in the Council Chamber, eighteen of
+whom will be appointed by the crown, and the other seventeen elected by
+the people. All of the members of the House of Representatives will be
+elected by the people.
+
+This Congress is to settle all the affairs of the island, with the
+exception of the foreign policy, the question of relations with other
+countries, which will be arranged by Spain.
+
+The supreme authority will be vested in the Captain-General, who will
+have to give his consent to all the acts of the Congress before they can
+become laws.
+
+The army and navy will be under his sole control and direction.
+
+Congress will have the right, subject to certain restrictions imposed by
+the home Government, to fix the tariff duties.
+
+The mayor and all the city officials will be elected by the people, and
+while the Spanish Government keeps to itself the right to the final
+voice in all decisions, the prospect offered the Cubans seems fair home
+rule.
+
+Porto Rico, another Spanish possession in the West Indies, is to enjoy
+the same privileges as Cuba.
+
+The insurgents, however, will have none of this.
+
+Both Gomez and Garcia have published proclamations, so severe in tone,
+that there can be no doubt that the insurgent leaders are sincere in
+their declaration that they will have nothing from Spain but
+independence.
+
+Here is Gomez's proclamation:
+
+     "HEADQUARTERS OF THE GENERAL-IN-CHIEF OF THE  }
+      CUBAN ARMY, SANCTI-SPIRITUS, NOVEMBER 15th,  }
+      1897, THIRD YEAR OF THE INDEPENDENCE.        }
+
+     "The news I have received of the establishment of autonomy
+     in Cuba by the Spanish Government compels me to remind the
+     military and civil leaders of the revolution once more that
+     our only aim is independence. Therefore,
+
+     "Article 1.--Any military commander of the Cuban army
+     accepting proposals of autonomy from the Spanish Government,
+     or even conferring with Spanish envoys for any arrangement
+     of peace, shall be immediately put under arrest, summarily
+     court-martialled, and, if declared guilty of such acts,
+     sentenced to death as a traitor to his flag.
+
+     "Article 2.--Any envoy from the Spanish Government, or from
+     any Spanish or military commander, or from any political
+     party favoring the Spanish dominion in Cuba, who shall
+     approach our lines and confer or try to confer with any
+     military or civil representative of the republic of Cuba,
+     and propose to him the acceptance of autonomy from Spain,
+     shall be immediately put under arrest, summarily
+     court-martialled as a spy, and, if declared guilty, hanged
+     according to our military laws.
+
+     "These articles shall be enforced by all the generals and
+     subordinates of the Cuban army in the West and Santa Clara,
+     the general commander of the East already having orders to
+     enforce our laws on the matter. For country and liberty.
+
+                                               "MAXIMO GOMEZ."
+
+
+It is said that the publication of these proclamations has created a
+deep impression in Havana.
+
+Under these proclamations, any person who seeks the Cuban lines to offer
+home rule to the soldiers will be hanged as a spy, and any Cuban
+listening to such proposals will be shot as a traitor.
+
+The two brave commanders have therefore made it very difficult for
+Spanish agents to approach their soldiers and corrupt them.
+
+Very few battles are reported from Cuba. It is said that the Spanish
+troops are massed in such large numbers that the Cubans do not dare to
+attack them. It is also rumored that the present season being the one in
+which the supply of vegetables is scarcest in the island, the insurgents
+are not well enough supplied with food to venture on any long marches.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The _Dauntless_ has again succeeded in conveying an expedition to Cuba.
+
+She left Jacksonville with a schooner, the _Jenny Thomas_, in tow. When
+she reached the mouth of the St. Johns River, she was overhauled by the
+cruiser _Vesuvius_. Nothing contraband being found on her, she was
+allowed to go on her way after an hour's delay.
+
+Unfortunately, it never occurred to the officers to search the vessel in
+tow, and so the daring little vessel got safely away.
+
+It now appears that the contraband material was on board the schooner,
+and that after the cruiser was safely passed, the _Dauntless_ cast
+anchor in some convenient spot, took her forbidden cargo on board, and
+sailed away to Cuba without further hindrance.
+
+The Spanish authorities are much annoyed over this incident, and think
+the United States is not showing a proper regard for Spain in allowing
+filibustering expeditions to leave her shores at a time when Spain is
+trying to pacify the Cubans with such liberal reforms.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Don Carlos is said to be showing some activity again.
+
+Realizing that the new decree giving Home Rule to Cuba will be very
+objectionable to many Spaniards, he has called a consultation of the
+leaders of his party, and asked them to go about among the people, and
+rouse them against the Government.
+
+He promises that if he is called to the throne, he will not show any
+such mercy to the rebellious Cubans, but will compel them, by force of
+arms, to obey the will of the Spanish sovereign.
+
+The leaders of the Carlist party do not, however, seem to be in any
+great hurry to act.
+
+Such a revolution as Don Carlos is anxious to begin means life or death
+to the nobles and men of position who support him. If the rising fails,
+these men will be regarded as traitors to their country, and shot or
+exiled. In any case they will lose everything that they own or that the
+Government can discover and take from them.
+
+With so much at stake it is but natural that the nobles should wish to
+be sure that their reward in case of success will be as great as their
+punishment in case of failure.
+
+They are therefore anxious to secure certain pledges from Don Carlos,
+before they openly join themselves to an enterprise so full of peril.
+
+Don Carlos does not seem willing to give these assurances, and so the
+rebellion is at a standstill at present.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There was a little excitement during the past week over the announcement
+that the English and French armies had met in battle in West Africa.
+
+The story was not, however, believed, because the English Government had
+given orders to her soldiers that they were to avoid any conflict with
+the French, and the same directions had been given to the French by
+their Government.
+
+It is, however, felt that trouble is pretty sure to come ere long, and
+so England has been sending more soldiers to the Niger territory, and
+now has a force of four thousand men there.
+
+A commission was appointed to examine into this vexed boundary question,
+and it has been sitting in Paris for many weeks.
+
+Unfortunately, neither party seems willing to wait until the commission
+has finished its work.
+
+The French, maintaining that they have a right to seize any city or land
+that is not occupied by an armed force belonging to any other nation,
+have been sending out armed parties to take possession of any territory
+they can get. They have already taken possession of several places that
+England has long looked upon as her property.
+
+The British are naturally not going to submit to this, and so they, in
+their turn, are trying to seize land wherever possible.
+
+It is feared that in some of their various raids the British and French
+may meet, and a serious conflict ensue.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+From India it is reported that the Ameer of Afghanistan has refused to
+listen to the envoys from the Afridi tribes, and that they are about to
+submit to the English rule.
+
+They will be forced to give up the rifles and plunder they have taken,
+and hostages will be demanded of them as a guarantee of further good
+behavior.
+
+The allowance made by the English Government to the Afridis will be
+stopped. The Khyber Pass, which was held by them, will be reopened, and
+matters will proceed much the same as if no rising had occurred.
+
+A state durbar will shortly be held, at which the chiefs of the Afridis
+will do homage, and submit to the English rule.
+
+A durbar is, as you no doubt remember, a levee or reception.
+
+It is rumored that the results of this campaign are very unsatisfactory
+to the English people. The hill-fighting, however, turned out to be so
+much more severe than the English expected, and the tribesmen proved
+such formidable foes, that they were glad to make peace on whatever
+terms they could.
+
+To punish the natives as they had intended would have taken such a large
+sum of money, and employed such a number of troops, that the Government
+finally decided that the wisest thing was to put a speedy end to the
+difficulty.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Soudan campaign has also been brought to a close.
+
+The English people are also indignant about this.
+
+They think that the Government ought not to have allowed such a good
+opportunity for punishing the Mahdists to slip through its fingers.
+
+With a little more perseverance, the lower Soudan would have been opened
+up to the world and Gordon avenged.
+
+As it was, no decisive battle was fought; the Mahdists, under Osman
+Digna, steadily retreated before the advance of the British.
+
+After the brilliant reconnoitring trip to Khartoum, and the shelling of
+the city by the two little gunboats, it was expected that something
+decisive was about to be done. But no advance has been made by the main
+army, and now it is positively stated that no further steps will be
+taken until January.
+
+People are wondering why the soldiers were sent to the Soudan, if they
+are only to camp on the banks of the Nile and contemplate the Mahdists
+from a distance.
+
+After building their railroad, and making such excellent preparations
+for a brilliant campaign, it seems astonishing that the troops should be
+allowed to sit down and wait, without striking a blow.
+
+It is, however, rumored that the English Government does not wish to
+spend more money pushing the campaign further, and that more troops are
+needed to bring the campaign to a successful termination.
+
+Whatever the reason, nothing more is likely to be done in the Soudan for
+the present.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The committee which was appointed to find out just how much it would
+cost to make armor-plate, has sent in a report which will be presented
+to Congress at the earliest opportunity.
+
+It appears that it will cost over three and a half million dollars to
+build an armor-plate factory capable of making the amount of armor
+required by the Government.
+
+It has not yet been decided whether the factory shall be built, but the
+Secretary of the Navy is going to advertise for offers to build it so
+that he can lay the whole matter before Congress at one time.
+
+The Carnegie and Bethlehem steel companies have not been idle while the
+Government has been making its inquiries.
+
+Krupp, the German gun-maker, has recently invented a process for
+manufacturing armor-plate which is said to make a plate that is still
+more durable and better than that manufactured by the Harvey process.
+
+The Carnegie and Bethlehem companies no sooner heard of the Krupp
+process, than they sent experts to examine it, and finding it to be all
+that was represented, they purchased the sole right to use the process
+in this country.
+
+The Government, of course, wants the best possible armor for its ships,
+and if the Krupp is the best, they must have Krupp armor-plate.
+
+The cleverness of these two firms has, however, made it impossible for
+the Government to manufacture this kind of armor for itself. If it is to
+be used, it must be bought from the Carnegie or Bethlehem people.
+
+The Secretary of the Navy does not approve of the Government spending so
+much money in building a factory of its own. It is said that when he
+lays the matter before Congress, he will recommend that the armor be
+bought of the Carnegie or Bethlehem firms.
+
+It is stated that he expects to get the armor for $425 a ton.
+
+The Carnegie Company are, however, masters of the situation. With the
+Bethlehem works, they own the right to manufacture this new and
+excellent armor, and if the Government must have it for its ships, the
+company will ask what price they please. Their excuse will no doubt be
+that they have had to pay so much money for the right that they are
+obliged to make the price high.
+
+                                             G.H. ROSENFELD.
+
+
+
+
+WANTED--A RECIPE FOR A BOOK.
+
+
+Your editor had an interesting talk a few days ago with one of our
+best-known naturalists, who said: "Boys and girls are the keenest
+observers, if they are interested in anything. We naturalists get much
+of our most valuable information through their quick eyes and minds."
+
+"And," he added, "the more they see, the more they want to see and know,
+and they are constantly coming to me for facts, asking me why I do not
+write good books."
+
+"Well, why don't you?"
+
+"I'll tell you why. It is because I want to write a book which will tell
+them _just_ what they want to know, and I do not know what our boys and
+girls are interested in. If I write about pets, what kind of pets are
+they most interested in--dogs or cats, horses or birds, squirrels or
+fishes? If I write about wild animals, must it be about their homes and
+what they do, or about the best ways to hunt and trap them? Then, again,
+I am not sure if they are not more interested in hunting for beautiful
+and curious things on the seashore--shells, crabs, sea-anemones, and
+such things."
+
+Your editor believes in asking the boys and girls to say for themselves
+what they want, and then to give that to them in the best possible way.
+Therefore he answered: "Ask the boys and girls what they want. Do not
+ask one or two, but just ask one or two thousand, and give them just
+what they ask for--no more and no less." As he cannot write a letter to
+you all, will you not, each one of you, write a letter addressed to
+"Naturalist, care of Editor of GREAT ROUND WORLD, 5 West 18th Street,"
+and in this letter say just what you would like: a book about birds,
+pets, bees, wild animals, shells, fishes, or snakes--for he knows all
+about these things, and can write a book on any or all of these
+subjects, or, indeed, anything that has to do with woods, fields, or
+ocean, and the wonderful and interesting things found in them. We hope
+that our promise to this naturalist, that our boys and girls can and
+will tell him what he wants to know, will not lead to a disappointment.
+
+
+
+
+INVENTION AND DISCOVERY.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+If any of our boys and girls have found their bicycle saddles as
+uncomfortable as your editor has found his, they will be delighted to
+learn that there is to be had a sensible as well as most comfortable
+saddle. The pleasure of riding your wheel for miles without feeling your
+saddle can only be appreciated by those who happen to have a saddle
+which fits; the great trouble is that very few people fit the average
+saddle; and as the saddle cannot be adjusted, perfect comfort is not
+obtainable. With this new saddle the case is different, for it can be
+adjusted to fit a large or small person exactly. It also has a
+contrivance which permits the parts to move up and down so that there is
+no friction whatever. Our attention was called to it by one of the
+officers of the navy, who has proved himself an expert in wheel
+contrivances, and a careful test bears out all of his statements. The
+saddle is well made and inexpensive ($3.50).
+
+
+
+
+BOOKS RECEIVED.
+
+
+We have received a very attractive little book called "Uncle Robert's
+Visit," which is the third part of the series of books called "Uncle
+Robert's Geography." It is published by the Messrs. Appleton in their
+series of Home-Reading Books, and presents nature study and geographical
+knowledge in the most attractive form, being woven in a story of "Uncle
+Robert's Visit" to the farm. This particular uncle, like some others we
+have known, was a fund of information and a source of delight to the
+nephews and nieces. He went about with them in the fields and woods,
+and, without forcing it on them in any way, so ordered the conversation
+that they learned much of nature on each trip. These uncles are
+treasures, and to those who cannot have them always with them, to read
+of some one else's uncle in this attractive form is charming.
+
+The book is well made, a handy size, with a colored frontispiece showing
+the farmhouse; it is illustrated throughout in a practical way which
+cannot fail to interest children.
+
+("Uncle Robert's Visit," Home Reading Books: D. Appleton & Co., 1897; 50
+cents.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We wish to acknowledge the receipt of a new and illustrated edition of
+the old favorite, "Gypsy Year at the Golden Crescent," by Elizabeth
+Stuart Phelps, illustrated by Mary Fairman Clarke.
+
+(Dodd, Mead & Co., $1.50.)
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is
+Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 58, December 16, 1897, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD ***
+
+***** This file should be named 16475.txt or 16475.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/4/7/16475/
+
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+
+
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+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
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