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@@ -453,13 +453,13 @@ depicted by the anecdotes I am now collecting. I shall premise, however,
 that Charles was a mere instrument in the hands of his mother, the
 political and cruel Catherine of Medicis.
 
-Dr. Cayet, with honest _naïveté_, thus relates what he knew to have
+Dr. Cayet, with honest _naïveté_, thus relates what he knew to have
 passed a few hours before his death.
 
 "King Charles, feeling himself near his end, after having passed some
 time without pronouncing a word, said, as he turned himself on one side,
 and as if he seemed to awake, 'Call my brother!' The queen mother was
-present, who immediately sent for the Duke of Alençon. The king
+present, who immediately sent for the Duke of Alençon. The king
 perceiving him, turned his back, and again said, 'Let my brother come!'
 The queen, his mother, replied, 'Sir, I do not know whom you mean; here
 is your brother.' The king was displeased, and said, 'Let them bring my
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@ with a pension, after ruining the finances of his country.
 
 The Duke of Luynes was originally a country lad, who insinuated himself
 into the favour of Louis XIII. then young, by making bird-traps
-(pies-grièches) to catch sparrows. It was little expected (says
+(pies-grièches) to catch sparrows. It was little expected (says
 Voltaire) that these puerile amusements were to be terminated by a most
 sanguinary revolution. De Luynes, after causing his patron, the Marshal
 D'Ancre, to be assassinated, and the queen-mother to be imprisoned,
@@ -733,7 +733,7 @@ embrace in snapping three times the middle finger.
 
 Barbarous nations frequently imprint on their salutations the
 dispositions of their character. When the inhabitants of Carmena (says
-Athenæus) would show a peculiar mark of esteem, they breathed a vein,
+Athenæus) would show a peculiar mark of esteem, they breathed a vein,
 and presented for the beverage of their friend the flowing blood. The
 Franks tore the hair from their head, and presented it to the person
 they saluted. The slave cut his hair, and offered it to his master.
@@ -799,7 +799,7 @@ FIREWORKS were not known to antiquity.--It is certainly a modern
 invention. If ever the ancients employed fires at their festivals, it
 was only for religious purposes.
 
-Fire, in primæval ages, was a symbol of respect, or an instrument of
+Fire, in primæval ages, was a symbol of respect, or an instrument of
 terror. In both these ways God manifested himself to man. In the holy
 writings he compares himself sometimes to an ardent fire, to display his
 holiness and his purity; sometimes he renders himself visible under the
@@ -884,7 +884,7 @@ number of beautiful effects, which even give pleasure to those who read
 the descriptions without having beheld them.[6]
 
 A pleasing account of decorated fireworks is given in the Secret Memoirs
-of France. In August, 1764, Torré, an Italian artist, obtained
+of France. In August, 1764, Torré, an Italian artist, obtained
 permission to exhibit a pyrotechnic operation.--The Parisians admired
 the variety of the colours, and the ingenious forms of his fire. But his
 first exhibition was disturbed by the populace, as well as by the
@@ -902,7 +902,7 @@ announced a more perfect exhibition:
     Les vents, les frimats, les orages,
       Eteindront ces FEUX, pour un tems;
     Mais, ainsi que les FLEURS, avec plus d'avautage,
-      Ils renaîtront dans le printems.
+      Ils renaîtront dans le printems.
 
                  IMITATED.
 
@@ -1006,7 +1006,7 @@ overloaded with prettinesses, and all the ornaments of false taste. Of
 the noble simplicity of the Scripture he seems not to have had the
 remotest conception.
 
-But an attempt by Père Berruyer is more extraordinary; in his _Histoire
+But an attempt by Père Berruyer is more extraordinary; in his _Histoire
 du Peuple de Dieu_, he has recomposed the Bible as he would have written
 a fashionable novel. He conceives that the great legislator of the
 Hebrews is too barren in his descriptions, too concise in the events he
@@ -1014,7 +1014,7 @@ records, nor is he careful to enrich his history by pleasing reflections
 and interesting conversation pieces, and hurries on the catastrophes, by
 which means he omits much entertaining matter: as for instance, in the
 loves of Joseph and the wife of Potiphar, Moses is very dry and concise,
-which, however, our Père Berruyer is not. His histories of Joseph, and
+which, however, our Père Berruyer is not. His histories of Joseph, and
 of King David, are relishing morsels, and were devoured eagerly in all
 the boudoirs of Paris. Take a specimen of the style. "Joseph combined,
 with a regularity of features and a brilliant complexion, an air of the
@@ -1034,7 +1034,7 @@ are made to speak in the tone of the tenderest lovers; Judith is a
 Parisian coquette, Holofernes is rude as a German baron; and their
 dialogues are tedious with all the reciprocal politesse of metaphysical
 French lovers! Moses in the desert, it was observed, is precisely as
-pedantic as Père Berruyer addressing his class at the university. One
+pedantic as Père Berruyer addressing his class at the university. One
 cannot but smile at the following expressions:--"By the easy manner in
 which God performed miracles, one might easily perceive they cost no
 effort." When he has narrated an "Adventure of the Patriarchs," he
@@ -1059,7 +1059,7 @@ Shakspeare_, in the same spirit may present us with a _Family Bible_.
 
 In these attempts to recompose the Bible, the broad vulgar colloquial
 diction, which has been used by our theological writers, is less
-tolerable than the quaintness of Castalion and the floridity of Père
+tolerable than the quaintness of Castalion and the floridity of Père
 Berruyer.
 
 The style now noticed long disgraced the writings of our divines; and we
@@ -1188,7 +1188,7 @@ When they wrote on softer materials, they employed _reeds_ and _canes_
 split like our _pens_ at the points, which the orientalists still use to
 lay their colour or ink neater on the paper.
 
-Naudé observes, that when he was in Italy, about 1642, he saw some of
+Naudé observes, that when he was in Italy, about 1642, he saw some of
 those waxen tablets, called Pugillares, so called because they were held
 in one hand; and others composed of the barks of trees, which the
 ancients employed in lieu of paper.
@@ -1421,9 +1421,9 @@ sung was terminated by this charming burthen, _Hihan, hihan_! Their
 prose, half Latin and half French, explained the fine qualities of the
 animal. Every strophe finished by this delightful invitation:--
 
-    Hez, sire Ane, ça chantez,
+    Hez, sire Ane, ça chantez,
     Belle bouche rechignez,
-    Vous aurés du foin assez,
+    Vous aurés du foin assez,
     Et de l'avoine si plantez.
 
 They at length exhorted him, in making a devout genuflexion, to forget
@@ -1480,7 +1480,7 @@ to the great scandal of all Christianity."
 
 The following anecdotes relate to a period which is sufficiently remote
 to excite curiosity; yet not so distant as to weaken the interest we
-feel in those minutiæ of the times.
+feel in those minutiæ of the times.
 
 The present one may serve as a curious specimen of the despotism and
 simplicity of an age not literary, in discovering the author of a libel.
@@ -1504,10 +1504,10 @@ criminal.
 
 Our hours of refection are singularly changed in little more than two
 centuries. In the reign of Francis I. (observes the author of
-Récréations Historiques) they were accustomed to say,--
+Récréations Historiques) they were accustomed to say,--
 
-    Lever à cinq, dîner à neuf,
-    Souper à cinq, coucher à neuf,
+    Lever à cinq, dîner à neuf,
+    Souper à cinq, coucher à neuf,
     Fait vivre d'ans nonante et neuf.
 
 Historians observe of Louis XII. that one of the causes which
@@ -1524,7 +1524,7 @@ fifteenth century. Of the dauphin Louis, son of Charles VI., who died at
 the age of twenty, we are told, "that he knew the Latin and French
 languages; that he had many musicians in his chapel; passed the night in
 vigils; dined at three in the afternoon, supped at midnight, went to bed
-at the break of day, and thus was _ascertené_ (that is threatened) with
+at the break of day, and thus was _ascertené_ (that is threatened) with
 a short life." Froissart mentions waiting upon the Duke of Lancaster at
 five o'clock in the afternoon, when he _had supped_.
 
@@ -1780,7 +1780,7 @@ The state of the theatre was even then very rude; the most lascivious
 embraces were publicly given and taken; and Rotrou even ventured to
 introduce a naked page in the scene, who in this situation holds a
 dialogue with one of his heroines. In another piece, "_Scedase, ou
-l'hospitalité violée_," Hardi makes two young Spartans carry off
+l'hospitalité violée_," Hardi makes two young Spartans carry off
 Scedase's two daughters, ravish them on the stage, and, violating them
 in the side scenes, the spectators heard their cries and their
 complaints. Cardinal Richelieu made the theatre one of his favourite
@@ -1789,7 +1789,7 @@ encouragement of the drama gradually gave birth to genius. Scudery was
 the first who introduced the twenty-four hours from Aristotle; and
 Mairet studied the construction of the fable, and the rules of the
 drama. They yet groped in the dark, and their beauties were yet only
-occasional; Corneille, Racine, Molière, Crebillon, and Voltaire
+occasional; Corneille, Racine, Molière, Crebillon, and Voltaire
 perfected the French drama.
 
 In the infancy of the tragic art in our country, the bowl and dagger
@@ -1894,7 +1894,7 @@ excessively rare, and extraordinarily high-priced among collectors.
 It may be exhibited as one of the most extravagant inventions of a
 pedant. Who but a pedant could have conceived the dull fancy of forming
 a comedy, of five acts, on the subject of _marrying the Arts_! They are
-the dramatis personæ of this piece, and the bachelor of arts describes
+the dramatis personæ of this piece, and the bachelor of arts describes
 their intrigues and characters. His actors are Polites, a
 magistrate;--Physica;--Astronomia, daughter to Physica;--Ethicus, an old
 man;--Geographus, a traveller and courtier, in love with
@@ -2069,7 +2069,7 @@ understand much of the lawyer's part, which in the opinion of all is the
 most divertising in the comedy; but when this ridiculous way of speaking
 is familiar with him, it will render the part more pleasant."
 
-One hardly expects so curious a piece of orthoëpy in the preface to a
+One hardly expects so curious a piece of orthoëpy in the preface to a
 comedy. It may have required great observation and ingenuity to have
 discovered the cause of old toothless men mumbling their words. But as a
 piece of comic humour, on which the author appears to have prided
@@ -2143,14 +2143,14 @@ must plunge a hundred into despair. Sestiane, only passionate for
 comedy, cannot consent to any marriage, and tells her father, in very
 lively verses,
 
-    Je ne veux point, mon père, espouser un censeur;
+    Je ne veux point, mon père, espouser un censeur;
     Puisque vous me souffrez recevoir la douceur
-    Des plaisirs innocens que le théâtre apporte,
+    Des plaisirs innocens que le théâtre apporte,
     Prendrais-je le hasard de vivre d'autre sorte?
     Puis on a des enfans, qui vous sont sur les bras,
-    Les mener an théâtre, O Dieux! quel embarras!
-    Tantôt couche ou grossesse, on quelque maladie;
-    Pour jamais vous font dire, adieu la comédie!
+    Les mener an théâtre, O Dieux! quel embarras!
+    Tantôt couche ou grossesse, on quelque maladie;
+    Pour jamais vous font dire, adieu la comédie!
 
     IMITATED.
 
@@ -2357,9 +2357,9 @@ dropping some querulous expression on the solitude of genius. In his
 "Epistle to his Muse," he exquisitely paints the situation of men of
 genius:
 
-    ----Je les vois, victimes du génie,
-    Au foible prix d'un éclat passager,
-    Vivre isolés, sans jouir de la vie!
+    ----Je les vois, victimes du génie,
+    Au foible prix d'un éclat passager,
+    Vivre isolés, sans jouir de la vie!
 
 And afterwards he adds,
 
@@ -2414,7 +2414,7 @@ presents a pleasing picture of the employments of two young students:--
 
     Say, for you saw us, ye immortal lights,
     How oft unwearied have we spent the nights!
-    Till the Ledæan stars, so famed for love,
+    Till the Ledæan stars, so famed for love,
     Wondered at us from above.
     We spent them not in toys, in lust, or wine,
        But search of deep philosophy,
@@ -2442,12 +2442,12 @@ tones of gratitude:
 
     C'est toi qui me cherchant au sein de l'infortune,
       Relevas mon sort abattu,
-    Et sus me rendre chère une vie importune.
+    Et sus me rendre chère une vie importune.
 
         * * * *
 
     Qu'importent ces pleurs--
-    O douleur impuissante! ô regrets superflus!
+    O douleur impuissante! ô regrets superflus!
     Je vis, helas! Je vis, et mon ami n'est plus!
 
                        IMITATED.
@@ -2483,7 +2483,7 @@ their limited fortune; and some have remained attached to their friend
 in the cold season of adversity.
 
 Jurieu denounced Bayle as an impious writer, and drew his conclusions
-from the "Avis aux Réfugiés." This work is written against the
+from the "Avis aux Réfugiés." This work is written against the
 Calvinists, and therefore becomes impious in Holland. Bayle might have
 exculpated himself with facility, by declaring the work was composed by
 La Roque; but he preferred to be persecuted rather than to ruin his
@@ -2498,12 +2498,12 @@ Sciences" had been much indebted to his aid. Fugere, who knew his friend
 to be past recovery, preserved a mute despair, during the slow and
 painful disease; and on the death of Goguet, the victim of sensibility
 perished amidst the manuscripts which his friend had in vain bequeathed
-to prepare for publication. The Abbé de Saint Pierre gave an interesting
+to prepare for publication. The Abbé de Saint Pierre gave an interesting
 proof of literary friendship. When he was at college he formed a union
 with Varignon, the geometrician. They were of congenial dispositions.
 When he went to Paris he invited Varignon to accompany him; but Varignon
-had nothing, and the Abbé was far from rich. A certain income was
-necessary for the tranquil pursuits of geometry. Our Abbé had an income
+had nothing, and the Abbé was far from rich. A certain income was
+necessary for the tranquil pursuits of geometry. Our Abbé had an income
 of 1800 livres; from this he deducted 300, which he gave to the
 geometrician, accompanied by a delicacy which few but a man of genius
 could conceive. "I do not give it to you," he said, "as a salary, but an
@@ -2535,7 +2535,7 @@ affectionate biographer. Sepulvueda entitles his Treatise on Glory by
 the name of his friend Gonsalves. Lociel to his Dialogues on the Lawyers
 of Paris prefixes the name of the learned Pasquier. Thus Plato
 distinguishes his Dialogues by the names of certain persons; the one on
-Lying is entitled Hippius; on Rhetoric, Gorgias; and on Beauty, Phædrus.
+Lying is entitled Hippius; on Rhetoric, Gorgias; and on Beauty, Phædrus.
 
 Luther has perhaps carried this feeling to an extravagant point. He was
 so delighted by his favourite "Commentary on the Epistle to the
@@ -2648,13 +2648,13 @@ commemorated the circumstance in the following interesting sonnet:--
     In lor, (folle ch' io son!) prendo tal parte
     Che del mal che inventai piango, e mi sdegno.
     Ma forse allor che non m' inganna l'arte,
-    Più saggio io sono e l'agitato ingegno
-    Forse allo più tranquillo? O forse parte
-    Da più salda cagion l'amor, lo sdegno?
+    Più saggio io sono e l'agitato ingegno
+    Forse allo più tranquillo? O forse parte
+    Da più salda cagion l'amor, lo sdegno?
     Ah che non sol quelle, ch'io canto, o scrivo
     Favole son; ma quanto temo, o spero,
-    Tutt' è manzogna, e delirando io vivo!
-    Sogno della mia vita è il corso intero.
+    Tutt' è manzogna, e delirando io vivo!
+    Sogno della mia vita è il corso intero.
     Deh tu, Signor, quando a destarmi arrivo
     Fa, ch'io trovi riposo in sen del VERO.
 
@@ -2715,12 +2715,12 @@ turnings, those folds of the human heart, which require so nice a touch,
 was a problem which the mathematician could never solve. There is no
 other demonstration in the human heart, but an appeal to its feelings:
 and what are the calculating feelings of an arithmetician of lines and
-curves? He therefore declared of Richardson that "La Nature est bonne à
-imiter, mais non pas jusqu'à l'ennui."
+curves? He therefore declared of Richardson that "La Nature est bonne à
+imiter, mais non pas jusqu'à l'ennui."
 
 But thus it was not with the other two congenial geniuses! The fervent
 opinion of Rousseau must be familiar to the reader; but Diderot, in his
-éloge on Richardson, exceeds even Rousseau in the enthusiasm of his
+éloge on Richardson, exceeds even Rousseau in the enthusiasm of his
 feelings. I extract some of the most interesting passages. Of Clarissa
 he says, "I yet remember with delight the first time it came into my
 hands. I was in the country. How deliciously was I affected! At every
@@ -2947,11 +2947,11 @@ possible." So true is it, as the caustic Boileau exclaims of an epic
 poet of his days, who had shown some dexterity in cacophony, when he
 chose his hero--
 
-    O le plaisant projet d'un poète ignorant,
+    O le plaisant projet d'un poète ignorant,
     Qui de tant de heros va choisir _Childebrand_!
     D'un seul nom quelquefois le son dur et bizarre
-    Bend un poème entier, ou burlesque ou barbare.
-                                _Art Poétique_, c. iii. v. 241.
+    Bend un poème entier, ou burlesque ou barbare.
+                                _Art Poétique_, c. iii. v. 241.
 
     In such a crowd the Poet were to blame
     To choose _King Chilperic_ for his hero's name.
@@ -3079,9 +3079,9 @@ being brother to a great poet, and his own merits have been considerably
 injured by the involuntary comparison. The son of Racine has written
 with an amenity not unworthy of his celebrated father; amiable and
 candid, he had his portrait painted, with the works of his father in
-his hand, and his eye fixed on this verse from Phædra,--
+his hand, and his eye fixed on this verse from Phædra,--
 
-    Et moi, fils inconnu d'un si glorieux père!
+    Et moi, fils inconnu d'un si glorieux père!
 
 But even his modesty only served to whet the dart of epigram. It was
 once bitterly said of the son of an eminent literary character,--
@@ -3116,11 +3116,11 @@ emperor, merely from the royal sound of his name, and _Jovian_ was
 elected because his name approached nearest to the beloved one of the
 philosophic _Julian_. This fanciful superstition was even carried so far
 that some were considered as auspicious, and others as unfortunate. The
-superstitious belief in _auspicious names_ was so strong, that Cæsar,
+superstitious belief in _auspicious names_ was so strong, that Cæsar,
 in his African expedition, gave a command to an obscure and distant
 relative of the Scipios, to please the popular prejudice that the
 Scipios were invincible in Africa. Suetonius observes that all those of
-the family of Cæsar who bore the surname of Caius perished by the sword.
+the family of Cæsar who bore the surname of Caius perished by the sword.
 
 The Emperor Severus consoled himself for the licentious life of his
 empress Julia, from the fatality attending those of her _name_. This
@@ -3198,7 +3198,7 @@ superstition, fondness, and piety, have invented _names_. It was a
 common and whimsical custom among the ancients, (observes Larcher) to
 give as _nicknames_ the _letters_ of the alphabet. Thus a lame girl was
 called _Lambda_, on account of the resemblance which her lameness made
-her bear to the letter λ, or _lambda_! Æsop was called _Theta_ by his
+her bear to the letter λ, or _lambda_! Æsop was called _Theta_ by his
 master, from his superior acuteness. Another was called _Beta_, from his
 love of beet. It was thus Scarron, with infinite good temper, alluded to
 his zig-zag body, by comparing himself to the letter s or z.
@@ -3475,7 +3475,7 @@ they entered a temple. When Apuleius mentions Psyche, he says, she was
 so beautiful that they adored her as Venus, in kissing the right hand.
 
 The ceremonial action rendered respectable the earliest institutions of
-Christianity. It was a custom with the primæval bishops to give their
+Christianity. It was a custom with the primæval bishops to give their
 hands to be kissed by the ministers who served at the altar.
 
 This custom, however, as a religious rite, declined with Paganism.
@@ -3565,7 +3565,7 @@ _had erred_, and _never should err_. It was thus this prerogative of his
 holiness became received, till 1313, when John XXII. abrogated decrees
 made by three popes his predecessors, and declared that what was done
 _amiss_ by one pope or council might be _corrected_ by another; and
-Gregory XI., 1370, in his will deprecates, _si quid in catholicâ fide
+Gregory XI., 1370, in his will deprecates, _si quid in catholicâ fide
 erasset_. The university of Vienna protested against it, calling it a
 contempt of God, and an idolatry, if any one in matters of faith should
 appeal from a _council_ to the _Pope_; that is, from _God_ who presides
@@ -3660,7 +3660,7 @@ however, these ostrich-eggs have proved to be addled.
 
 A habit of correctness in the lesser parts of composition will assist
 the higher. It is worth recording that the great Milton was anxious for
-correct punctuation, and that Addison was solicitous after the minutiæ
+correct punctuation, and that Addison was solicitous after the minutiæ
 of the press. Savage, Armstrong, and others, felt tortures on similar
 objects. It is said of Julius Scaliger, that he had this peculiarity in
 his manner of composition: he wrote with such accuracy that his MSS. and
@@ -3759,8 +3759,8 @@ works, and noted them in this manner:--
 And of favourite authors there are also favourite works, which we love
 to be familiarised with. Bartholinus has a dissertation on reading
 books, in which he points out the superior performances of different
-writers. Of St. Austin, his City of God; of Hippocrates, _Coacæ
-Prænotiones_; of Cicero, _De Officiis_; of Aristotle, _De Animalibus_;
+writers. Of St. Austin, his City of God; of Hippocrates, _Coacæ
+Prænotiones_; of Cicero, _De Officiis_; of Aristotle, _De Animalibus_;
 of Catullus, _Coma Berenices_; of Virgil, the sixth book of the Æneid,
 &c. Such judgments are indeed not to be our guides; but such a mode of
 reading is useful, by condensing our studies.
@@ -3789,7 +3789,7 @@ not connected with his history, but were afterwards inserted in some of
 his other works.
 
 Even Gibbon tells us of his Roman History, "at the outset all was dark
-and doubtful; even the title of the work, the true æra of the decline
+and doubtful; even the title of the work, the true æra of the decline
 and fall of the empire, the limits of the introduction, the division of
 the chapters, and the order of the narration; and I was often tempted to
 cast away the labour of seven years." Akenside has exquisitely described
@@ -3880,7 +3880,7 @@ He calculates an alarming extent of historical ground.
      Modern History                                        24 do.
      To this may be added for recurrences and re-perusals  48 do.
                                                           ____
-                                  The total will amount to 10½ years.
+                                  The total will amount to 10½ years.
 
 Thus, in _ten years and a half_, a student in history has obtained an
 universal knowledge, and this on a plan which permits as much leisure as
@@ -3889,9 +3889,9 @@ every student would choose to indulge.
 As a specimen of Du Fresnoy's calculations, take that of Sacred
 History.
 
-     For reading Père Calmet's learned dissertations in the}
+     For reading Père Calmet's learned dissertations in the}
        order he points out                                 }  12 days
-     For Père Calmet's History, in 2 vols. 4to (now in 4)     12
+     For Père Calmet's History, in 2 vols. 4to (now in 4)     12
      For Prideaux's History                                   10
      For Josephus                                             12
      For Basnage's History of the Jews                        20
@@ -3983,7 +3983,7 @@ and Roman classics:"
 This learned editor was little conversant with modern literature, as he
 proved by his memorable editions of Gray and Pope. The expression is
 evidently borrowed not from Hesiod, nor from Lucretius, but from a
-brother at home.κἑεν αυδἡν
+brother at home.
 
     Is it for thee, the Linnet POURS HER THROAT?
                             _Essay on Man_, Ep. iii, v. 33.
@@ -4406,7 +4406,7 @@ Young remembered the antithesis when he said,
 Voltaire, a great reader of Pope, seems to have borrowed part of the
 expression:--
 
-    _Scandale_ d'Eglise, et des rois le modèle.
+    _Scandale_ d'Eglise, et des rois le modèle.
 
 De Caux, an old French poet, in one of his moral poems on an hour-glass,
 inserted in modern collections, has many ingenious thoughts. That this
@@ -4415,7 +4415,7 @@ seems to indicate. De Caux, comparing the world to his hour-glass, says
 beautifully,
 
                          _C'est un verre qui luit,
-    Qu'un souffle peut détruire, et qu'un souffle a produit._
+    Qu'un souffle peut détruire, et qu'un souffle a produit._
 
 Goldsmith applies the thought very happily--
 
@@ -4537,14 +4537,14 @@ indicate that the author of the _Castle Spectre_ lighted his torch at
 the altar of the French muse. Athalia thus narrates her dream, in which
 the spectre of Jezabel, her mother, appears:
 
-    C'étoit pendant l'horreur d'une profonde nuit,
-    Ma mère Jezabel devant moi s'est montrée,
+    C'étoit pendant l'horreur d'une profonde nuit,
+    Ma mère Jezabel devant moi s'est montrée,
     Comme au jour de sa mort, pompeusement paree.--
     ---- En achevant ces mots epouvantables,
     Son ombre vers mon lit a paru se baisser,
     Et moi, je lui tendois les mains pour l'embrasser,
-    Mais _je n'ai plus trouvé qu'un horrible mélange
-    D'os et de chair meurtris_, et trainée dans la fange,
+    Mais _je n'ai plus trouvé qu'un horrible mélange
+    D'os et de chair meurtris_, et trainée dans la fange,
     _Des lambeaux pleins de sang et des membres affreux_.
                                RACINE'S _Athalie_, Acte ii. s. 5.
 
@@ -4583,8 +4583,8 @@ by old Regnier, the first French satirist, in the dedication of his
 Satires to the French king. Louis XIV. supplies the place of nature to
 the courtly satirist. These are his words:--"On lit qu'en Ethiope il y
 avoit une statue qui rendoit un son harmonieux, toutes les fois que le
-soleil levant la regardoit. Ce même miracle, Sire, avez vous fait en
-moi, qui touché de l'astre de Votre Majesté, ai reçu la voix et la
+soleil levant la regardoit. Ce même miracle, Sire, avez vous fait en
+moi, qui touché de l'astre de Votre Majesté, ai reçu la voix et la
 parole."
 
 In that sublime passage in "Pope's Essay on Man," Epist. i. v. 237,
@@ -4643,8 +4643,8 @@ view of their WATERS in the SPRING not equally experienced in the
 British roughness of our skies. The fluency and softness of the water
 are thus described by Lucretius:--
 
-    ----Tibi suaveis Dædala tellus
-    Submittit flores: _tibi_ RIDENT _æquora ponti_.
+    ----Tibi suaveis Dædala tellus
+    Submittit flores: _tibi_ RIDENT _æquora ponti_.
 
 Inelegantly rendered by Creech,
 
@@ -4707,7 +4707,7 @@ And Tasso, in describing his hero Godfrey, says, Heaven
 
 Both Gray and Tasso copied Virgil, where Venus gives to her son Æneas--
 
-    ----_Lumenque_ Juventæ
+    ----_Lumenque_ Juventæ
     _Purpureum_.
 
 Dryden has omitted the _purple light_ in his version, nor is it given by
@@ -4965,7 +4965,7 @@ they chose to adopt. The public were long harassed by a fantastic race,
 who called themselves Ciceronian, of whom are recorded many ridiculous
 practices, to strain out the words of Cicero into their hollow
 verbosities. They were routed by the facetious Erasmus. Then followed
-the brilliant æra of epigrammatic points; and good sense, and good
+the brilliant æra of epigrammatic points; and good sense, and good
 taste, were nothing without the spurious ornaments of false wit.
 Another age was deluged by a million of sonnets; and volumes were for a
 long time read, without their readers being aware that their patience
@@ -5053,16 +5053,16 @@ dividing it into its periods of _fashionable literature_.
 THE PANTOMIMICAL CHARACTERS.
 
 
-        Il est des gens de qui l'esprit guindé
-        Sous un front jamais déridé
+        Il est des gens de qui l'esprit guindé
+        Sous un front jamais déridé
         Ne souffre, n'approuve, et n'estime
         Que le pompeux, et le sublime;
         Pour moi j'ose poser en fait
         Qu'en de certains momens l'esprit le plus parfait
         Peut aimer sans rougir jusqu'aux marionettes;
         Et qu'il est des tems et des lieux,
-        Où le grave, et le sérieux,
-        Ne valent pas d'agréables sornettes.
+        Où le grave, et le sérieux,
+        Ne valent pas d'agréables sornettes.
                                   Peau d'Ane.
 
         People there are who never smile;
@@ -5081,12 +5081,12 @@ received from amusements which disturb the gravity of some, who are apt,
 however, to be more entertained by them than they choose to acknowledge.
 Don Quixote thus dismisses a troop of merry strollers--"_Andad con Dios,
 buena gente, y hazad vuestra fiesta, porque desde muchacho fui
-aficionado a la_ Carátula, _y en mi mocedad se ne ivan los ojos tras la_
-Farándula." In a literal version the passage may run thus:--"Go, good
+aficionado a la_ Carátula, _y en mi mocedad se ne ivan los ojos tras la_
+Farándula." In a literal version the passage may run thus:--"Go, good
 people, God be with you, and keep your merry making! for from childhood
-I was in love with the _Carátula_, and in my youth my eyes would lose
-themselves amidst the _Farándula_." According to Pineda, _La Carátula_
-is an actor masked, and _La Farándula_ is a kind of farce.[30]
+I was in love with the _Carátula_, and in my youth my eyes would lose
+themselves amidst the _Farándula_." According to Pineda, _La Carátula_
+is an actor masked, and _La Farándula_ is a kind of farce.[30]
 
 Even the studious Bayle, wrapping himself in his cloak, and hurrying to
 the market-place to Punchinello, would laugh when the fellow had humour
@@ -5320,7 +5320,7 @@ this excellent actor."[42] In France Harlequin was improved into a wit,
 and even converted into a moralist; he is the graceful hero of Florian's
 charming compositions, which please even in the closet. "This imaginary
 being, invented by the Italians, and adopted by the French," says the
-ingenious Goldoni, "has the exclusive right of uniting _naïveté_ with
+ingenious Goldoni, "has the exclusive right of uniting _naïveté_ with
 _finesse_, and no one ever surpassed Florian in the delineation of this
 amphibious character. He has even contrived to impart sentiment,
 passion, and morality to his pieces."[43] Harlequin must be modelled as
@@ -5358,8 +5358,8 @@ Bologna. _Scapin_ was a livery servant who spoke the dialect of Bergamo,
 a province proverbially abounding with rank intriguing knaves, who, like
 the slaves in Plautus and Terence, were always on the watch to further
 any wickedness; while Calabria furnished the booby Giangurgello with his
-grotesque nose. Molière, it has been ascertained, discovered in the
-Italian theatre at Paris his "Médecin malgré lui," his "Etourdi," his
+grotesque nose. Molière, it has been ascertained, discovered in the
+Italian theatre at Paris his "Médecin malgré lui," his "Etourdi," his
 "L'Avare," and his "Scapin." Milan offered a pimp in the _Brighella_;
 Florence an ape of fashion in _Gelsomino_. These and other pantomimic
 characters, and some ludicrous ones, as the _Tartaglia_, a spectacled
@@ -5387,18 +5387,18 @@ Crowds followed him in the streets, and a King of Poland ennobled him.
 The Wit and Harlequin Dominic sometimes dined at the table of Louis
 XIV.--Tiberio Fiorillo, who invented the character of Scaramouch, had
 been the amusing companion of the boyhood of Louis XIV.; and from him
-Molière learnt much, as appears by the verses under his portrait:--
+Molière learnt much, as appears by the verses under his portrait:--
 
-    Cet illustre comédien
-    De son art traça la carrière:
-    Il fut le maître de Molière,
+    Cet illustre comédien
+    De son art traça la carrière:
+    Il fut le maître de Molière,
     Et la Nature fut le sien.
 
 The last lines of an epitaph on one of these pantomimic actors may be
 applied to many of them during their flourishing period:--
 
     Toute sa vie il a fait rire;
-    Il a fait pleurer à sa mort.
+    Il a fait pleurer à sa mort.
 
 Several of these admirable actors were literary men, who have written on
 their art, and shown that it was one. The Harlequin Cecchini composed
@@ -5464,7 +5464,7 @@ has, indeed, recorded some miracles of this sort. A celebrated
 Scaramouch, without uttering a syllable, kept the audience for a
 considerable time in a state of suspense by a scene of successive
 terrors; and exhibited a living picture of a panic-stricken man.
-Gherardi in his "Théâtre Italien," conveys some idea of the scene.
+Gherardi in his "Théâtre Italien," conveys some idea of the scene.
 Scaramouch, a character usually represented in a fright, is waiting for
 his master Harlequin in his apartment; having put everything in order,
 according to his confused notions, he takes the guitar, seats himself in
@@ -5537,8 +5537,8 @@ of genius delighted in their representation.
 The inspiration of national genius alone could produce this phenomenon;
 and these Extemporal Comedies were, indeed, indigenous to the soil.
 Italy, a land of _Improvisatori_, kept up from the time of their old
-masters, the Romans, the same fervid fancy. The ancient _Atellanæ
-Fabulæ_, or Atellane Farces, originated at Atella, a town in the
+masters, the Romans, the same fervid fancy. The ancient _Atellanæ
+Fabulæ_, or Atellane Farces, originated at Atella, a town in the
 neighbourhood of ancient Naples; and these, too, were extemporal
 Interludes, or, as Livy terms them, _Exodia_. We find in that historian
 a little interesting narrative of the theatrical history of the Romans;
@@ -5551,7 +5551,7 @@ and raillery among themselves for their own diversion.[47] These Atellan
 Farces were probably not so low in humour as they have been
 represented;[48] or at least the Roman youth, on their revival,
 exercised a chaster taste, for they are noticed by Cicero in a letter to
-his literary friend Papyrius Pætus. "But to turn from the serious to the
+his literary friend Papyrius Pætus. "But to turn from the serious to the
 jocose part of your letter--the strain of pleasantry you break into,
 immediately after having quoted the tragedy of Oenomaus, puts me in mind
 of the _modern method_ of introducing at the _end_ of these _graver
@@ -5603,9 +5603,9 @@ actors. He proposed, for relieving themselves of the extreme heats and
 _ennui_, that they should make a comedy, and all agreed. Formica then
 spoke these exact words:
 
-"_Non boglio già, che facimmo commedie come cierti, che tagliano li
+"_Non boglio già, che facimmo commedie come cierti, che tagliano li
 panni aduosso a chisto, o a chillo; perche co lo tiempo se fa vedere
-chiù veloce lo taglio de no rasuolo, che la penna de no poeta; e ne
+chiù veloce lo taglio de no rasuolo, che la penna de no poeta; e ne
 manco boglio, che facimmo venire nella scena porta, citazioni,
 acquavitari, e crapari, e ste schifenze che tengo spropositi da aseno._"
 
@@ -5771,16 +5771,16 @@ difficult point in Massinger, which has baffled even the keen spirit of
 Mr. Gifford.
 
 A passage in Massinger bears a striking resemblance with one in
-Molière's "Malade Imaginaire." It is in "The Emperor of the East," vol.
+Molière's "Malade Imaginaire." It is in "The Emperor of the East," vol.
 iii. 317. The Quack or "Empiric's" humorous notion is so closely that of
-Molière's, that Mr. Gifford, agreeing with Mr. Gilchrist, "finds it
+Molière's, that Mr. Gifford, agreeing with Mr. Gilchrist, "finds it
 difficult to believe the coincidence accidental;" but the greater
-difficulty is, to conceive that "Massinger ever fell into Molière's
+difficulty is, to conceive that "Massinger ever fell into Molière's
 hands." At that period, in the infancy of our literature, our native
 authors and our own language were as insulated as their country. It is
-more than probable that Massinger and Molière had drawn from the same
+more than probable that Massinger and Molière had drawn from the same
 source--the Italian Comedy. Massinger's "Empiric," as well as the
-acknowledged copy of Molière's "Médecin," came from the "Dottore" of the
+acknowledged copy of Molière's "Médecin," came from the "Dottore" of the
 Italian Comedy. The humour of these old Italian pantomimes was often as
 traditionally preserved as proverbs. Massinger was a student of Italian
 authors; and some of the lucky hits of their theatre, which then
@@ -5840,7 +5840,7 @@ these "Platts," which I shall now venture to call "Scenarios," they
 surprise by their bareness, conveying no notion of the piece itself,
 though quite sufficient for the actors. They consist of mere exits and
 entrances of the actors, and often the real names of the actors are
-familiarly mixed with those of the _dramatis personæ_. Steevens has
+familiarly mixed with those of the _dramatis personæ_. Steevens has
 justly observed, however, on these skeletons, that although "the drift
 of these dramatic pieces cannot be collected from the mere outlines
 before us, yet we must not charge them with absurdity. Even the scenes
@@ -5878,7 +5878,7 @@ also the "Empiric" of Massinger might have reached us from the Bolognese
 "Dottore."
 
 The late Mr. Hole, the ingenious writer on the Arabian Nights, observed
-to me that _Molière_, it must be presumed, never read _Fletcher's_
+to me that _Molière_, it must be presumed, never read _Fletcher's_
 plays, yet his "Bourgeois Gentilhomme" and the other's "Noble Gentleman"
 bear in some instances a great resemblance. Both may have drawn from the
 same Italian source of comedy which I have here indicated.
@@ -5899,7 +5899,7 @@ Kyd's Spanish Tragedy the extemporal art is described:---
     They would perform anything in action.
 
 These extemporal players were witnessed much nearer than in Italy--at
-the Théâtre des Italiens at Paris--for one of the characters replies--
+the Théâtre des Italiens at Paris--for one of the characters replies--
 
     I have seen the like,
     In Paris, among the French tragedians.
@@ -5941,11 +5941,11 @@ therefore, be said that the _Walls of Thebes_ were built at the sound of
 the only musical instrument then in use; because, according to the
 _custom of the country_, the lyre was necessary for the accomplishment
 of the work."[57] The same custom appears to exist in Africa. Lander
-notices at Yàoorie that the "labourers in their plantations were
+notices at Yàoorie that the "labourers in their plantations were
 attended by a drummer, that they might be excited by the sound of his
 instrument to work well and briskly."[58]
 
-Athenæus[59] has preserved the Greek names of different songs as sung by
+Athenæus[59] has preserved the Greek names of different songs as sung by
 various trades, but unfortunately none of the songs themselves. There
 was a song for the corn-grinders; another for the workers in wool;
 another for the weavers. The reapers had their carol; the herdsmen had a
@@ -5958,7 +5958,7 @@ and Charles Cotton, still retain their freshness.
 
 Among the Greeks, observed Bishop Heber, the hymn which placed Harmodius
 in the green and flowery island of the Blessed, was chanted by the
-potter to his wheel, and enlivened the labours of the Piræan mariner.
+potter to his wheel, and enlivened the labours of the Piræan mariner.
 
 Dr. Johnson is the only writer I recollect who has noticed something of
 this nature which he observed in the Highlands. "The strokes of the
@@ -6087,8 +6087,8 @@ The most delightful songs of this nature would naturally be found among
 a people whose climate and whose labours alike inspire a general
 hilarity; and the vineyards of France have produced a class of songs, of
 excessive gaiety and freedom, called _Chansons de Vendange_. Le
-Grand-d'Assoucy describes them in his _Histoire de la Vie privée des
-Français_. "The men and women, each with a basket on their arm, assemble
+Grand-d'Assoucy describes them in his _Histoire de la Vie privée des
+Français_. "The men and women, each with a basket on their arm, assemble
 at the foot of the hill; there stopping, they arrange themselves in a
 circle. The chief of this band tunes up a joyous song, whose burthen is
 chorused: then they ascend, and, dispersed in the vineyard, they work
@@ -6118,8 +6118,8 @@ laughing days of Lord Chesterfield.
 These are the old French _Vaudevilles_, formerly sung at meals by the
 company. Count de Grammont is mentioned by Hamilton as being
 
-    Agréable et vif en propos;
-    Célèbre diseur de bon mots,
+    Agréable et vif en propos;
+    Célèbre diseur de bon mots,
     _Recueil vivant d'antiques Vaudevilles_.
 
 These _Vaudevilles_ were originally invented by a fuller of _Vau de
@@ -6129,8 +6129,8 @@ composed on some incident or adventure of the day. At first these gay
 playful effusions were called the songs of _Vau de Vire_, till they
 became known as _Vaudevilles_. Boileau has well described them:--
 
-    La liberté franchise en ses vers se déploie;
-    Cet enfant de plaisir veut naître dans la joie.
+    La liberté franchise en ses vers se déploie;
+    Cet enfant de plaisir veut naître dans la joie.
 
 It is well known how the attempt ended, of James I. and his unfortunate
 son, by the publication of their "Book of Sports," to preserve the
@@ -6161,17 +6161,17 @@ was sung to the gay tune of Lorenzo de' Medici,
     Ben venga Maggio,
     E 'l gonfalon selvaggio.
 
-Athenæus notices what we call slang or flash songs. He tells us that
+Athenæus notices what we call slang or flash songs. He tells us that
 there were poets who composed songs in the dialect of the mob; and who
 succeeded in this kind of poetry, adapted to their various characters.
-The French call such songs _Chansons à la Vadé_; the style of the
+The French call such songs _Chansons à la Vadé_; the style of the
 _Poissardes_ is ludicrously applied to the gravest matters of state, and
 convey the popular feelings in the language of the populace. This sort
 of satirical song is happily defined,
 
     Il est l'esprit de ceux qui n'en ont pas.
 
-Athenæus has also preserved songs, sung by petitioners who went about on
+Athenæus has also preserved songs, sung by petitioners who went about on
 holidays to collect alms. A friend of mine, with taste and learning, has
 discovered in his researches "The Crow Song" and "The Swallow Song," and
 has transfused their spirit in a happy version. I preserve a few
@@ -6321,7 +6321,7 @@ patriot encountered the hostility of the prime minister, and the hasty
 prejudices of the populace in his own day, yet his name at this moment
 is fresh in the hearts of his fellow-citizens; for I have just received
 a medal, the gift of a literary friend from Paris, which bears his
-portrait, with the reverse, "_Société de Agriculture du Département de
+portrait, with the reverse, "_Société de Agriculture du Département de
 la Seine_." It was struck in 1807. The same honour is the right of
 Evelyn from the British nation.
 
@@ -6459,7 +6459,7 @@ where the name of the transplanter, or rearer, has been preserved in
 this sort of creation. Peter Collinson, the botanist, to "whom the
 English gardens are indebted for many new and curious species which he
 acquired by means of an extensive correspondence in America," was highly
-gratified when Linnæus baptized a plant with his name; and with great
+gratified when Linnæus baptized a plant with his name; and with great
 spirit asserts his honourable claim: "Something, I think, was due to me
 for the great number of plants and seeds I have annually procured from
 abroad, and you have been so good as to pay it, by giving me a species
@@ -6517,8 +6517,8 @@ agree with the divines, nor the college philosophers; they were
 straining at a more liberal interpretation of this odious term "Usury."
 Lord Bacon declared, that the suppression of Usury is only fit for an
 Utopian government; and Audley must have agreed with the learned Cowell,
-who in his "Interpreter" derives the term ab _usu_ et _ære_, quasi _usu
-æra_, which in our vernacular style was corrupted into _Usury_. Whatever
+who in his "Interpreter" derives the term ab _usu_ et _ære_, quasi _usu
+æra_, which in our vernacular style was corrupted into _Usury_. Whatever
 the _sin_ might be in the eye of some, it had become at least a
 _controversial sin_, as Sir Symonds D'Ewes calls it, in his manuscript
 Diary, who, however, was afraid to commit it.[73] Audley, no doubt,
@@ -6582,8 +6582,8 @@ some latent quibble, or some irregularity in the payments, usually ended
 in Audley's obtaining the treble forfeiture. He could at all times
 out-knave a knave. One of these incidents has been preserved. A draper,
 of no honest reputation, being arrested by a merchant for a debt of
-£200, Audley bought the debt at £40, for which the draper immediately
-offered him £50. But Audley would not consent, unless the draper
+£200, Audley bought the debt at £40, for which the draper immediately
+offered him £50. But Audley would not consent, unless the draper
 indulged a sudden whim of his own: this was a formal contract, that the
 draper should pay within twenty years, upon twenty certain days, a penny
 doubled. A knave, in haste to sign, is no calculator; and, as the
@@ -6596,9 +6596,9 @@ the draper eagerly compounded. He afterwards "grew rich." Audley,
 silently watching his victim, within two years, claims his doubled
 pennies, every month during twenty months. The pennies had now grown up
 to pounds. The knave perceived the trick, and preferred paying the
-forfeiture of his bond for £500, rather than to receive the visitation
+forfeiture of his bond for £500, rather than to receive the visitation
 of all the little generation of compound interest in the last descendant
-of £2000, which would have closed with the draper's shop. The inventive
+of £2000, which would have closed with the draper's shop. The inventive
 genius of Audley might have illustrated that popular tract of his own
 times, Peacham's "Worth of a Penny;" a gentleman who, having scarcely
 one left, consoled himself by detailing the numerous comforts of life it
@@ -6699,13 +6699,13 @@ citizen who is ready to sell a commodity." The tumbler in his first
 course usually returned in despair, pretending to have out-wearied
 himself by hunting, and swears that the city ferrets are so coaped (that
 is, have their lips stitched up close) that he can't get them to open to
-so great a sum as £500, which the warren wants. "This herb being chewed
+so great a sum as £500, which the warren wants. "This herb being chewed
 down by the rabbit-suckers, almost kills their hearts. It irritates
 their appetite, and they keenly bid the tumbler, if he can't fasten on
 plate, or cloth, or silks, to lay hold of _brown paper_, _Bartholomew
 babies_, _lute-strings_, or _hob-nails_. It hath been verily reported,"
-says Decker, "that one gentleman of great hopes took up £100 in
-hobby-horses, and sold them for £30; and £16 in joints of mutton and
+says Decker, "that one gentleman of great hopes took up £100 in
+hobby-horses, and sold them for £30; and £16 in joints of mutton and
 quarters of lamb, ready roasted, and sold them for three pounds." Such
 commodities were called _purse-nets_.--The tumbler, on his second hunt,
 trots up and down again; and at last lights on a _ferret_ that will
@@ -6729,7 +6729,7 @@ suck blood from him that is left. Serjeants, marshalmen, and bailiffs
 are sent forth, who lie scenting at every corner, and with terrible paws
 haunt every walk. The bird is seized upon by these hawks, his estate
 looked into, his wings broken, his lands made over to a stranger. He
-pays £500, who never had but £60, or to prison; or he seals any bond,
+pays £500, who never had but £60, or to prison; or he seals any bond,
 mortgages any lordship, does anything, yields anything. A little way in,
 he cares not how far he wades; the greater his possessions are, the
 apter he is to take up and to be trusted--thus gentlemen are _ferretted_
@@ -6908,7 +6908,7 @@ that if they fail, they lose nothing but what was lost long since--their
 credit."
 
 The career of Audley's ambition closed with the extinction of the "court
-of wards," by which he incurred the loss of above £100,000. On that
+of wards," by which he incurred the loss of above £100,000. On that
 occasion he observed that "His ordinary losses were as the shavings of
 his beard, which only grew the faster by them; but the loss of this
 place was like the cutting off of a member, which was irrecoverable."
@@ -6918,7 +6918,7 @@ a story of an old rat, who having acquainted the young rats that he
 would at length retire to his hole, desiring none to come near him;
 their curiosity, after some days, led them to venture to look into the
 hole; and there they discovered the old rat sitting in the midst of a
-rich Parmesan cheese. The loss of the last £100,000 may have disturbed
+rich Parmesan cheese. The loss of the last £100,000 may have disturbed
 his digestion, for he did not long survive his court of wards.
 
 Such was this man, converting wisdom into cunning, invention into
@@ -7026,7 +7026,7 @@ beneath the picture this verse:--
 But as this verse was considered by some of less heated fancies as much
 too open and intelligible, they put one more ambiguous:--
 
-              Quorsum hæc alio properantibus?
+              Quorsum hæc alio properantibus?
     What are these things to men hastening to another purpose?
 
 This extraordinary collection of personages must have occasioned many
@@ -8156,7 +8156,7 @@ Sir John now imagined that all was happily concluded, and was retiring
 with the sweetness of a dove, and the quietness of a mouse, to fly to
 the lord chamberlain, when behold the Venetian would not relinquish his
 hold, but turned on him "with the reading of another scruple, _et hinc
-illæ lachrymæ!_ asking whether the archduke's ambassador was also
+illæ lachrymæ!_ asking whether the archduke's ambassador was also
 invited?" Poor Sir John, to keep himself clear "from categorical
 asseverations," declared "he could not resolve him." Then the Venetian
 observed, "Sir John was dissembling! and he hoped and imagined that Sir
@@ -8178,7 +8178,7 @@ seated alone on the opposite side. The Venetian declared that this would
 be a diminution of his quality; _the first place of an inferior degree
 being ever held worse than the last of a superior_. This refined
 observation delighted Sir John, who dignifies it as an axiom, yet
-afterwards came to doubt it with a _sed de hoc quære_--query this! If it
+afterwards came to doubt it with a _sed de hoc quære_--query this! If it
 be true in politics, it is not so in common sense, according to the
 proverbs of both nations; for the honest English declares, that "Better
 be the _head_ of the yeomanry than the _tail_ of the gentry;" while the
@@ -8202,7 +8202,7 @@ _legate_ (the legate himself sitting at the table's end), the French
 ambassador being offered the choice of the next place, he took that at
 the legate's left hand, leaving the second at the right hand to the
 Spanish, who, taking it, persuaded himself to have the better of it;
-_sed de hoc quære_." How modestly, yet how shrewdly insinuated!
+_sed de hoc quære_." How modestly, yet how shrewdly insinuated!
 
 So much, if not too much, of the Diary of a Master of the Ceremonies;
 where the important personages strangely contrast with the frivolity and
@@ -8286,7 +8286,7 @@ hand to hand, than by the honester pages of a volume reserved only for
 solitary contemplation; or to be a future relic of ourselves, when we
 shall no more hear of ourselves.
 
-Marcus Antoninus's celebrated work entitled Των εις εαυτον, _Of the
+Marcus Antoninus's celebrated work entitled Των εις εαυτον, _Of the
 things which concern himself_, would be a good definition of the use and
 purpose of a diary. Shaftesbury calls a diary, "A fault-book," intended
 for self-correction; and a Colonel Harwood, in the reign of Charles the
@@ -8625,7 +8625,7 @@ exhortations to young students have been aptly compared to the sound of
 a trumpet in the field of battle, marked down every night, before going
 to sleep, what had been done during the studious day. Of this class of
 diaries, Gibbon has given us an illustrious model: and there is an
-unpublished quarto of the late Barré Roberts, a young student of genius,
+unpublished quarto of the late Barré Roberts, a young student of genius,
 devoted to curious researches, which deserves to meet the public
 eye.[106] I should like to see a little book published with this title,
 "_Otium delitiosum in quo objecta vel in actione, vel in lectione, vel
@@ -9062,7 +9062,7 @@ who find, by crooked ways, an easier admittance into court, than by a
 straight line. Consider their number!" This seems, however, to be an
 excellent joke. At this moment the censors in Austria appear singularly
 inept; for, not long ago, they condemned as heretical, two books; one of
-which, entitled "_Principes de la Trigonométrie_," the censor would not
+which, entitled "_Principes de la Trigonométrie_," the censor would not
 allow to be printed, because the _Trinity_, which he imagined to be
 included in trigonometry, was not permitted to be discussed: and the
 other, on the "Destruction of Insects," he insisted had a covert
@@ -9077,8 +9077,8 @@ let into the secret, printed the work without these essential marks: by
 which means the enraged author saw his own peculiar opinions overturned
 in the very work written to maintain them!
 
-These appear trifling minutiæ; and yet, like a hair in a watch, which
-utterly destroys its progress, these little ineptiæ obliged writers to
+These appear trifling minutiæ; and yet, like a hair in a watch, which
+utterly destroys its progress, these little ineptiæ obliged writers to
 have recourse to foreign presses; compelled a Montesquieu to write with
 concealed ambiguity, and many to sign a recantation of principles which
 they could never change. The recantation of Selden, extorted from his
@@ -9210,8 +9210,8 @@ character and qualities of a man with his name anagrammatised may often
 have instigated to the choice of a vocation, or otherwise affected his
 imagination.
 
-Lycophron has left some on record,--two on Ptolemæus Philadelphus, King
-of Egypt, and his Queen Arsinöe. The king's name was thus
+Lycophron has left some on record,--two on Ptolemæus Philadelphus, King
+of Egypt, and his Queen Arsinöe. The king's name was thus
 anagrammatised:--
 
      ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΣ,
@@ -9236,19 +9236,19 @@ which is historically just.
 
 In the assassin of Henry the Third,
 
-     _Frère Jacques Clement_,
+     _Frère Jacques Clement_,
 
 they discovered
 
-     C'EST L'ENFER QUI M'A CRÃCRÉEE.
+     C'EST L'ENFER QUI M'A CRÉE.
 
 I preserve a few specimens of some of our own anagrams. The mildness of
 the government of Elizabeth, contrasted with her intrepidity against the
 Iberians, is thus picked out of her title; she is made the English
 ewe-lamb, and the lioness of Spain:--
 
-     _Elizabetha Regina Angliæ_.
-     ANGLIS AGNA, HIBERIÆ  LEA.
+     _Elizabetha Regina Angliæ_.
+     ANGLIS AGNA, HIBERIÆ LEA.
 
 The unhappy history of Mary Queen of Scots, the deprivation of her
 kingdom, and her violent death, were expressed in this Latin anagram:--
@@ -9277,7 +9277,7 @@ The anagram on Monk, afterwards Duke of Albemarle, on the restoration
 of Charles the Second, included an important date in our history:--
 
     _Georgius Monke, Dux de Aumarle.
-    Ego regem reduxi An°Sa_. MDCLVV.
+    Ego regem reduxi An°Sa_. MDCLVV.
 
 A slight reversing of the letters in a name produced a happy compliment;
 as in _Vernon_ was found _Renoun_; and the celebrated Sir Thomas _Wiat_
@@ -9374,7 +9374,7 @@ one day sent his mistress, whose name was _Magdelaine_, three dozen of
 anagrams on her single name!
 
 Even old Camden, who lived in the golden age of anagrams, notices the
-_difficilia quæ pulchra_, the charming difficulty, "as a whetstone of
+_difficilia quæ pulchra_, the charming difficulty, "as a whetstone of
 patience to them that shall practise it. For some have been seen to bite
 their pen, scratch their heads, bend their brows, bite their lips, beat
 the board, tear their paper, when their names were fair for somewhat,
@@ -9387,7 +9387,7 @@ When the mania of making ANAGRAMS prevailed, the little persons at court
 flattered the great ones at inventing anagrams for them; and when the
 wit of the maker proved to be as barren as the letters of the name, they
 dropped or changed them, raving with the alphabet, and racking their
-wits. Among the manuscripts of the grave Sir Julius Cæsar, one cannot
+wits. Among the manuscripts of the grave Sir Julius Cæsar, one cannot
 but smile at a bundle emphatically endorsed "Trash." It is a collection
 of these court-anagrams; a remarkable evidence of that ineptitude to
 which mere fashionable wit can carry the frivolous.
@@ -9538,7 +9538,7 @@ instrument is indorsed Mr. _Shackspere's_ will. He himself has written
 his name in two different ways, _Shakspeare_ and _Shakspere_. Mr. Colman
 says, the poet's name in his own county is pronounced with the first _a_
 short, which accounts for this mode of writing the name, and proves that
-the orthoëpy rather than the orthography of a person's name was most
+the orthoëpy rather than the orthography of a person's name was most
 attended to; a very questionable and uncertain standard.[119]
 
 Another remarkable instance of this sort is the name of Sir Walter
@@ -9553,7 +9553,7 @@ to a copy of verses, prefixed to a satire called the Steel-Glass, in
 George Gascoigne's Works, 1576. Sir Walter was then a young student, and
 these verses, both by their spirit and signature, cannot fail to be his;
 however, this matter is doubtful, for the critics have not met elsewhere
-with his name thus written. The orthoëpy of the name of this great man I
+with his name thus written. The orthoëpy of the name of this great man I
 can establish by the following fact. When Sir Walter was first
 introduced to James the First, on the King's arrival in England, with
 whom, being united with an opposition party, he was no favourite, the
@@ -9679,7 +9679,7 @@ called _Hangmen's-gains_; the traders of _Hammes_ and _Guynes_, in
 France, anciently resorted there; thence the strange corruption.
 
 _Smithfield_ is a corruption of _Smoothfield_; smith signifies smooth,
-from the Saxon ʃmeð. An antiquarian friend has seen it designated in a
+from the Saxon ʃmeð. An antiquarian friend has seen it designated in a
 deed as _campus planus_, which confirms the original meaning. It is
 described in Fitz Stephen's account of London, written before the
 twelfth century, as a plain field, both in reality and name, where
@@ -9759,7 +9759,7 @@ Aubrey to A. Wood, dated July 15, 1689. "A poor man asked Mr. Hill, his
 lordship's steward, once to give him sixpence, or a shilling, for an
 alms. 'What dost say, if I give thee ten pounds?' 'Ten pounds! _that
 would make a man of me_!' Hill gave it him, and put down in his account,
-'£10 _for making a man_,' which his lordship inquiring about for the
+'£10 _for making a man_,' which his lordship inquiring about for the
 oddness of the expression, not only allowed, but was pleased with it."
 
 This philosophical humorist was the steward of Edward Vere, Earl of
@@ -9816,7 +9816,7 @@ ANCIENT COOKERY, AND COOKS.
 The memorable grand dinner given by the classical doctor in Peregrine
 Pickle, has indisposed our tastes for the cookery of the ancients; but,
 since it is often "the cooks who spoil the broth," we cannot be sure but
-that even "the black Lacedæmonian," stirred by the spear of a Spartan,
+that even "the black Lacedæmonian," stirred by the spear of a Spartan,
 might have had a poignancy for him, which did not happen at the more
 recent classical banquet.
 
@@ -9837,22 +9837,22 @@ of birds. The humorous Dr. King, who has touched on this subject,
 suspects that many of the Greek dishes appear charming from their
 mellifluous terminations, resounding with a _floios_ and _toios_. Dr.
 King's description of the Virtuoso Bentivoglio or Bentley, with his
-"Bill of Fare" out of Athenæus, probably suggested to Smollett his
+"Bill of Fare" out of Athenæus, probably suggested to Smollett his
 celebrated scene.
 
-The numerous descriptions of ancient cookery which Athenæus has
+The numerous descriptions of ancient cookery which Athenæus has
 preserved indicate an unrivalled dexterity and refinement: and the
 ancients, indeed, appear to have raised the culinary art into a science,
 and dignified cooks into professors. They had writers who exhausted
 their erudition and ingenuity in verse and prose; while some were proud
 to immortalise their names by the invention of a poignant sauce, or a
-popular _gâteau_. Apicius, a name immortalised, and now synonymous with
+popular _gâteau_. Apicius, a name immortalised, and now synonymous with
 a gorger, was the inventor of cakes called Apicians; and one
 Aristoxenes, after many unsuccessful combinations, at length hit on a
 peculiar manner of seasoning hams, thence called Aristoxenians. The name
 of a late nobleman among ourselves is thus invoked every day.
 
-Of these _Eruditæ gultæ_ Archestratus, a culinary philosopher, composed
+Of these _Eruditæ gultæ_ Archestratus, a culinary philosopher, composed
 an epic or didactic poem on good eating. His "Gastrology" became the
 creed of the epicures, and its pathos appears to have made what is so
 expressively called "their mouths water." The idea has been recently
@@ -9890,7 +9890,7 @@ ameliorate the imperfect state of society.
 
 A philosopher worthy to bear the title of cook, or a cook worthy to be a
 philosopher, according to the numerous curious passages scattered in
-Athenæus, was an extraordinary genius, endowed not merely with a natural
+Athenæus, was an extraordinary genius, endowed not merely with a natural
 aptitude, but with all acquired accomplishments. The philosophy, or the
 metaphysics, of cookery appears in the following passage:--
 
@@ -10184,9 +10184,9 @@ skill, treads under foot the best meat in the world; and sometimes the
 best way of dressing it is least costly.
 
 The gastric art must have reached to its last perfection, when we find
-that it had its history; and that they knew how to ascertain the æra of
+that it had its history; and that they knew how to ascertain the æra of
 a dish with a sort of chronological exactness. The philosophers of
-Athenæus at table dissert on every dish, and tell us of one called
+Athenæus at table dissert on every dish, and tell us of one called
 _maati_, that there was a treatise composed on it; that it was first
 introduced at Athens, at the epocha of the Macedonian empire, but that
 it was undoubtedly a Thessalian invention; the most sumptuous people of
@@ -10200,7 +10200,7 @@ art were as great enthusiasts as its professors.
 
 We see they had writers who exhausted their genius on these professional
 topics; and books of cookery were much read: for a comic poet, quoted by
-Athenæus, exhibits a character exulting in having procured "The New
+Athenæus, exhibits a character exulting in having procured "The New
 Kitchen of Philoxenus, which," says he, "I keep for myself to read in my
 solitude." That these devotees to the culinary art undertook journeys to
 remote parts of the world, in quest of these discoveries, sufficient
@@ -10298,7 +10298,7 @@ where slaves are masters.
 
 The Roman Saturnalia were latterly prolonged to a week's debauchery and
 folly; and a diary of that week's words and deeds would have furnished a
-copious chronicle of _Facetiæ_. Some notions we acquire from the laws of
+copious chronicle of _Facetiæ_. Some notions we acquire from the laws of
 the Saturnalia of Lucian, an Epistle of Seneca's,[128] and from Horace,
 who from his love of quiet, retired from the city during this noisy
 season.
@@ -10350,7 +10350,7 @@ is only by tracing them to the Roman Saturnalia that we can at all
 account for these grotesque sports--that extraordinary mixture of
 libertinism and profaneness, so long continued under Christianity.
 
-Such were the feasts of the ass, the feast of fools or madmen, _fête des
+Such were the feasts of the ass, the feast of fools or madmen, _fête des
 fous_--the feast of the bull--of the Innocents--and that of the
 _soudiacres_, which, perhaps, in its original term, meant only
 sub-deacons, but their conduct was expressed by the conversion of a pun
@@ -10410,8 +10410,8 @@ neither sing hymns, nor psalms, nor masses; but mumble a certain
 gibberish, as shrill and squeaking as a herd of pigs whipped on to
 market. The nonsense verses they chant are singularly barbarous:--
 
-    Hæc est clara dies, clararum clara dierum,
-    Hæc est festa dies, festarum festa dierum.[131]
+    Hæc est clara dies, clararum clara dierum,
+    Hæc est festa dies, festarum festa dierum.[131]
 
 These are scenes which equal any which the humour of the Italian
 burlesque poets have invented, and which might have entered with effect
@@ -10782,7 +10782,7 @@ were found in her handwriting, which could not fail to attract, and,
 perhaps, astonish their readers, with the maturity of thought and the
 vast capacity which had composed them. These reliques of genius were
 collected together, methodised under heads, and appeared with the title
-of "Reliquiæ Gethinianæ; or some remains of Grace Lady Gethin, lately
+of "Reliquiæ Gethinianæ; or some remains of Grace Lady Gethin, lately
 deceased: being a collection of choice discourses, pleasant apothegms,
 and witty sentences; written by her for the most part by way of essay,
 and at spare hours; published by her nearest relations, to preserve her
@@ -10835,7 +10835,7 @@ was alive, and still has of everything that is the genuine product of
 her pen, they must be told that this _was written for the most part in
 haste_, were her _first conceptions_ and overflowings of her luxuriant
 fancy, noted with _her pencil at spare hours_, or _as she was dressing_,
-as her Πἁρεργον only; and _set down just as they came into her mind_."
+as her Πἁρεργον only; and _set down just as they came into her mind_."
 
 All this will serve as a memorable example of the cant and mendacity of
 an editor! and that total absence of critical judgment that could assert
@@ -10844,7 +10844,7 @@ such matured reflection, in so exquisite a style, could ever have been
 she was dressing."
 
 The truth is, that Lady Gethin may have had little concern in all these
-"Reliquiæ Gethinianæ." They indeed might well have delighted their
+"Reliquiæ Gethinianæ." They indeed might well have delighted their
 readers; but those who had read Lord Bacon's Essays, and other writers,
 such as Owen Feltham and Osborne, from whom these relics are chiefly
 extracted, might have wondered that Bacon should have been so little
@@ -11285,7 +11285,7 @@ pantomimes: they even quoted classical authority to prove that a
 "stage-player" was considered infamous by the Romans; among whom,
 however, Roscius, the admiration of Rome, received the princely
 remuneration of a thousand denarii per diem; the tragedian, Æsopus,
-bequeathed about £150,000 to his son;[148] remunerations which show the
+bequeathed about £150,000 to his son;[148] remunerations which show the
 high regard in which the great actors were held among the Roman people.
 
 A series of writers might be collected of these anti-dramatists.[149]
@@ -11401,7 +11401,7 @@ seats whatsoever, that so there might be no more plaies acted." "Those
 proud parroting players" are described as "a sort of superbious
 ruffians; and, because sometimes the asses are clothed in lions' skins,
 the dolts imagine themselves somebody, and walke in as great state as
-Cæsar." This ordinance against "boxes, stages, and seats," was, without
+Cæsar." This ordinance against "boxes, stages, and seats," was, without
 a metaphor, a war of extermination. They passed their ploughshare over
 the land of the drama, and sowed it with their salt; and the spirit
 which raged in the governing powers appeared in the deed of one of their
@@ -11869,7 +11869,7 @@ drinking the king's health on their knees; and, among various kinds of
 "ranting cavalierism," the cavaliers during Cromwell's usurpation
 usually put a crumb of bread into their glass, and before they drank it
 off, with cautious ambiguity exclaimed, "God send this _crum well_
-down!" which by the way preserves the orthoëpy of that extraordinary
+down!" which by the way preserves the orthoëpy of that extraordinary
 man's name, and may be added to the instances adduced in our present
 volume "On the orthography of proper names." We have a curious account
 of a drunken bout by some royalists, told by Whitelocke in his
@@ -11953,7 +11953,7 @@ whether he frequently turned from his very uneasy attitude. Somebody
 informs us, that Guy Patin resembled Cicero, whose statue is preserved
 at Rome; on which he enters into a comparison of Patin with Cicero; but
 a man may resemble a _statue_ of Cicero, and yet not be Cicero. Baillet
-loads his life of Descartes with a thousand minutiæ, which less disgrace
+loads his life of Descartes with a thousand minutiæ, which less disgrace
 the philosopher than the biographer. Was it worth informing the public,
 that Descartes was very particular about his wigs; that he had them
 manufactured at Paris; and that he always kept four? That he wore green
@@ -12042,7 +12042,7 @@ the agonies of his literary egotism.
 
 He declares that it is absurd to condemn a piece which they can only
 know by the title, for heard it had never been! And yet he observes,
-with infinite _naïveté_, "My piece is as generally condemned as if the
+with infinite _naïveté_, "My piece is as generally condemned as if the
 world had it all by heart."
 
 One of the great objections against this tragedy was its monstrous plan
@@ -12110,7 +12110,7 @@ words from the full chant which accompanied them. They objected
 perpetually to the use of the word _Madame_ between two female rivals,
 as too comic; one of the pit, when an actress said _Madame_, cried out
 'Say _Princesse!_' This disconcerted the actress. They also objected to
-the words _àpropos_ and _mal-àpropos_. Yet, after all, how are there too
+the words _àpropos_ and _mal-àpropos_. Yet, after all, how are there too
 many _Madames_ in the piece, since they do not amount to forty-six in
 the course of forty-four scenes? Of these, however, I have erased half."
 
@@ -12213,7 +12213,7 @@ here openly ridicules, and dares his protector and his judge. This
 hazardous attack was successful, and the author soon acquired the
 reputation which he afterwards maintained, of being a writer who little
 respected the common prejudices of the world. Freron replied by a long
-criticism, entitled "Réponse du Public à l'Auteur d'Acajou;" but its
+criticism, entitled "Réponse du Public à l'Auteur d'Acajou;" but its
 severity was not discovered in its length; so that the public, who had
 been so keenly ridiculed, and so hardily braved in the light and
 sparkling page of the haughty Du Clos, preferred the caustic truths and
@@ -12265,7 +12265,7 @@ others from me, in that case,
 
 The caustic pleasantry of this "Epistle Dedicatory" was considered by
 some mawkish critics so offensive, that when the editor of the "Cabinet
-de Fées," a vast collection of fairy tales, republished this little
+de Fées," a vast collection of fairy tales, republished this little
 playful satire and whimsical fancy-piece, he thought proper to cancel
 the "Epistle:" concluding that it was entirely wanting in that respect
 with which the public ought to be addressed! This editor, of course, was
@@ -12528,7 +12528,7 @@ the nations of Europe, and have been anathematised by the terrors and
 the fictions of some of the learned. Yet this seems to have happened.
 Patin, who wrote so furiously against the introduction of antimony,
 spread the same alarm at the use of tea, which he calls "l'impertinente
-nouveauté du siècle." In Germany, Hanneman considered tea-dealers as
+nouveauté du siècle." In Germany, Hanneman considered tea-dealers as
 immoral members of society, lying in wait for men's purses and lives;
 and Dr. Duncan, in his Treatise on Hot Liquors, suspected that the
 virtues attributed to tea were merely to encourage the importation.[182]
@@ -12623,7 +12623,7 @@ the said leaf, and daily resort to his house to drink the drink thereof.
 He sells tea from 16s. to 50s. a pound."
 
 Probably, tea was not in general use domestically so late as in 1687;
-for in the diary of Henry, Earl of Clarendon, he registers that "Père
+for in the diary of Henry, Earl of Clarendon, he registers that "Père
 Couplet supped with me, and after supper we had tea, which he said was
 really as good as any he had drank in China." Had his lordship been in
 the general habit of drinking tea, he had not probably made it a subject
@@ -12635,7 +12635,7 @@ French. Yet an Italian intended to have occupied the place of honour:
 that admirable traveller Pietro della Valle, writing from
 Constantinople, 1615, to a Roman, his fellow-countryman, informing him
 that he should teach Europe in what manner the Turks took what he calls
-"_Cahué_," or as the word is written in an Arabic and English pamphlet,
+"_Cahué_," or as the word is written in an Arabic and English pamphlet,
 printed at Oxford, in 1659, on "the nature of the drink _Kauhi_ or
 Coffee." As this celebrated traveller lived to 1652, it may excite
 surprise that the first cup of coffee was not drank at Rome; this
@@ -12645,7 +12645,7 @@ well knew what was "_Coffa_," which "they drank as hot as they can
 endure it; it is as black as soot, and tastes not much unlike it; good
 they say for digestion and mirth."
 
-It appears by Le Grand's "Vie privée des François," that the celebrated
+It appears by Le Grand's "Vie privée des François," that the celebrated
 Thevenot, in 1658, gave coffee after dinner; but it was considered as
 the whim of a traveller; neither the thing itself, nor its appearance,
 was inviting: it was probably attributed by the gay to the humour of a
@@ -12820,8 +12820,8 @@ so violent an inflamer of the passions, that Joan. Fran. Rauch published
 a treatise against it, and enforced the necessity of forbidding the
 _monks_ to drink it; and adds, that if such an interdiction had existed,
 that scandal with which that holy order had been branded might have
-proved more groundless. This _Disputatio medico-diætetica de aëre et
-esculentis, necnon de potû_, Vienna, 1624, is a _rara avis_ among
+proved more groundless. This _Disputatio medico-diætetica de aëre et
+esculentis, necnon de potû_, Vienna, 1624, is a _rara avis_ among
 collectors. This attack on the monks, as well as on chocolate, is said
 to be the cause of its scarcity; for we are told that they were so
 diligent in suppressing this treatise, that it is supposed not a dozen
@@ -12867,7 +12867,7 @@ I think, to the prince. I suppose you don't know what became of this
 seal, but would be surprised to find it afterwards in the Court of
 Persia. Yet there Tavernier certainly carried it, and offered it for
 sale, as I certainly collect from these words of vol. i. p. 541.--'Me
-souvenant de ce qui etoit arrivé au Chevalier de Reville,' &c. He tells
+souvenant de ce qui etoit arrivé au Chevalier de Reville,' &c. He tells
 us he told the prime minister what was engraved on the diamond was the
 arms of a prince of Europe, but, says he, I would not be more
 particular, remembering the case of Reville. Reville's case was this: he
@@ -12906,7 +12906,7 @@ entertainments, which combined all the picture of ballet dances with the
 voice of music; the charms of the verse of Jonson, the scenic machinery
 of Inigo Jones, and the variety of fanciful devices of Gerbier, the
 duke's architect, the bosom friend of Rubens.[188] There was a costly
-magnificence in the _fêtes_ at York House, the residence of Buckingham,
+magnificence in the _fêtes_ at York House, the residence of Buckingham,
 of which few but curious researchers are aware: they eclipsed the
 splendour of the French Court; for Bassompiere, in one of his
 despatches, declares he had never witnessed a similar magnificence. He
@@ -12916,7 +12916,7 @@ changes, and those of the tables, and the music; the duke's own
 contrivance, to prevent the inconvenience of pressure, by having a
 turning door made like that of the monasteries, which admitted only one
 person at a time. The following extract from a manuscript letter of the
-time conveys a lively account of one of those _fêtes._
+time conveys a lively account of one of those _fêtes._
 
 "Last Sunday, at night, the duke's grace entertained their majesties and
 the French ambassador at York House with great feasting and show, where
@@ -12994,9 +12994,9 @@ emulation between our Charles and Philip the Fourth of Spain, who was
 touched with the same elegant passion." When the rulers of fanaticism
 began their reign, "all the king's furniture was put to sale; his
 pictures, disposed of at very low prices, enriched all the collections
-in Europe; the cartoons when complete were only appraised at £300,
+in Europe; the cartoons when complete were only appraised at £300,
 though the whole collection of the king's curiosities were sold at above
-£50,000.[191] Hume adds, "the very library and medals at St. James's
+£50,000.[191] Hume adds, "the very library and medals at St. James's
 were intended by the generals to be brought to auction, in order to pay
 the arrears of some regiments of cavalry; but Selden, apprehensive of
 this loss, engaged his friend Whitelocke, then lord-keeper of the
@@ -13037,9 +13037,9 @@ to the Mint; and assuredly many fine works of art were valued by the
 ounce. The names of the purchasers appear; they are usually English, but
 probably many were the agents for foreign courts. The coins or medals
 were thrown promiscuously into drawers; one drawer having twenty-four
-medals, was valued at £2 10_s_.; another of twenty, at £1; another of
-twenty-four, at £1; and one drawer, containing forty-six silver coins
-with the box, was sold for £5. On the whole the medals seem not to have
+medals, was valued at £2 10_s_.; another of twenty, at £1; another of
+twenty-four, at £1; and one drawer, containing forty-six silver coins
+with the box, was sold for £5. On the whole the medals seem not to have
 been valued at much more than a shilling a-piece. The appraiser was
 certainly no antiquary.
 
@@ -13047,13 +13047,13 @@ The king's curiosities in the Tower Jewel-house generally fetched above
 the price fixed; the toys of art could please the unlettered minds that
 had no conception of its works.
 
-The Temple of Jerusalem, made of ebony and amber, fetched £25.
+The Temple of Jerusalem, made of ebony and amber, fetched £25.
 
 A fountain of silver, for perfumed waters, artificially made to play of
-itself, sold for £30.
+itself, sold for £30.
 
 A chess-board, said to be Queen Elizabeth's, inlaid with gold, silver,
-and pearls, £23.
+and pearls, £23.
 
 A conjuring drum from Lapland, with an almanac cut on a piece of wood.
 
@@ -13061,19 +13061,19 @@ Several sections in silver of a Turkish galley, a Venetian gondola, an
 Indian canoe, and a first-rate man-of-war.
 
 A Saxon king's mace used in war, with a ball full of spikes, and the
-handle covered with gold plates, and enamelled, sold for £37 8_s_.
+handle covered with gold plates, and enamelled, sold for £37 8_s_.
 
 A gorget of massy gold, chased with the manner of a battle, weighing
-thirty-one ounces, at £3 10_s_. per ounce, was sent to the Mint.
+thirty-one ounces, at £3 10_s_. per ounce, was sent to the Mint.
 
 A Roman shield of buff leather, covered with a plate of gold, finely
 chased with a Gorgon's head, set round the rim with rubies, emeralds,
-turquoise stones, in number 137, £132 12_s_.
+turquoise stones, in number 137, £132 12_s_.
 
 The pictures, taken from Whitehall, Windsor, Wimbledon, Greenwich,
 Hampton-Court, &c., exhibit, in number, an unparalleled collection. By
 what standard they were valued, it would perhaps be difficult to
-conjecture; from £50 to £100 seems to have been the limits of the
+conjecture; from £50 to £100 seems to have been the limits of the
 appraiser's taste and imagination. Some whose price is whimsically low
 may have been thus rated from a political feeling respecting the
 portrait of the person; there are, however, in this singular appraised
@@ -13081,46 +13081,46 @@ catalogue two pictures, which were rated at, and sold for, the
 remarkable sums of one and of two thousand pounds. The one was a
 sleeping Venus by Correggio, and the other a Madonna by Raphael. There
 was also a picture by Julio Romano, called "The great piece of the
-Nativity," at £500. "The little Madonna and Christ," by Raphael, at
-£800. "The great Venus and Parde," by Titian, at £600. These seem to
+Nativity," at £500. "The little Madonna and Christ," by Raphael, at
+£800. "The great Venus and Parde," by Titian, at £600. These seem to
 have been the only pictures, in this immense collection, which reached a
 picture's prices. The inventory-writer had, probably, been instructed by
 the public voice of their value; which, however, would, in the present
 day, be considered much under a fourth. Rubens' "Woman taken in
-Adultery," described as a large picture, sold for £20; and his "Peace
-and Plenty, with many figures big as the life," for £100. Titian's
-pictures seem generally valued at £100.[194] "Venus dressed by the
-Graces," by Guido, reached to £200.
+Adultery," described as a large picture, sold for £20; and his "Peace
+and Plenty, with many figures big as the life," for £100. Titian's
+pictures seem generally valued at £100.[194] "Venus dressed by the
+Graces," by Guido, reached to £200.
 
 The Cartoons of Raphael, here called "The Acts of the Apostles,"
 notwithstanding their subject was so congenial to the popular feelings,
-and only appraised at £300, could find no purchaser![195]
+and only appraised at £300, could find no purchaser![195]
 
 The following full-lengths of celebrated personages were rated at these
 whimsical prices:
 
-Queen Elizabeth in her parliament robes, valued £1.
+Queen Elizabeth in her parliament robes, valued £1.
 
-The Queen-mother in mourning habit, valued £3.
+The Queen-mother in mourning habit, valued £3.
 
-Buchanan's picture, valued £3 10s.
+Buchanan's picture, valued £3 10s.
 
-The King, when a youth in coats, valued £2.
+The King, when a youth in coats, valued £2.
 
 The picture of the Queen when she was with child, sold for five
 shillings.
 
 King Charles on horseback, by Sir Anthony Vandyke, was purchased by Sir
-Balthazar Gerbier, at the appraised price of £200.[196]
+Balthazar Gerbier, at the appraised price of £200.[196]
 
 The greatest sums were produced by the tapestry and arras hangings,
 which were chiefly purchased for the service of the Protector. Their
-amount exceeds £30,000. I note a few.
+amount exceeds £30,000. I note a few.
 
 At Hampton-Court, ten pieces of arras hangings of Abraham, containing
-826 yards at £10 a yard, £8260.
+826 yards at £10 a yard, £8260.
 
-Ten pieces of Julius Cæsar, 717 ells at £7, £5019.[197]
+Ten pieces of Julius Cæsar, 717 ells at £7, £5019.[197]
 
 One of the cloth of estates is thus described:
 
@@ -13129,7 +13129,7 @@ having the arms of England within a garter, with all the furniture
 suitable thereunto. The state containing these stones following: two
 cameos or agates, twelve chrysolites, twelve ballases or garnets, one
 sapphire seated in chases of gold, one long pearl pendant, and many
-large and small pearls, valued at £500 sold for £602 10s. to Mr. Oliver,
+large and small pearls, valued at £500 sold for £602 10s. to Mr. Oliver,
 4 February, 1649."
 
 Was plain Mr. Oliver, in 1649, who we see was one of the earlier
@@ -13367,7 +13367,7 @@ while the king, bending over her, wrapped her in his arms, and kissed
 her with many kisses. This royal and youthful pair, unusual with those
 of their rank, met with the eagerness of lovers, and the first words of
 Henrietta were those of devotion; _Sire! je suis venue en ce pays de
-votre majesté pour être usée et commandée de vous._[206] It had been
+votre majesté pour être usée et commandée de vous._[206] It had been
 rumoured that she was of a very short stature, but, reaching to the
 king's shoulder, his eyes were cast down to her feet, seemingly
 observing whether she used art to increase her height. Anticipating his
@@ -13531,7 +13531,7 @@ inconceivably ludicrous in the notions of the English, of a bishop
 hardly of age, and the gravity of whose character was probably tarnished
 by French gesture and vivacity. This French establishment was daily
 growing in expense and number; a manuscript letter of the times states
-that it cost the king £240 a day, and had increased from threescore
+that it cost the king £240 a day, and had increased from threescore
 persons to four hundred and forty, besides children!
 
 It was one evening that the king suddenly appeared, and, summoning the
@@ -13549,18 +13549,18 @@ jewels; they did not leave her, it appears, a change of linen, since it
 was with difficulty she procured one as a favour, according to some
 manuscript letters of the times. One of their extraordinary expedients
 was that of inventing bills, for which they pretended they had engaged
-themselves on account of the queen, to the amount of £10,000, which the
+themselves on account of the queen, to the amount of £10,000, which the
 queen at first owned to, but afterwards acknowledged the debts were
-fictitious ones. Among these items was one of £400 for necessaries for
-her majesty; an apothecary's bill for drugs of £800; and another of
-£150 for "the bishop's unholy water," as the writer expresses it. The
+fictitious ones. Among these items was one of £400 for necessaries for
+her majesty; an apothecary's bill for drugs of £800; and another of
+£150 for "the bishop's unholy water," as the writer expresses it. The
 young French bishop attempted by all sorts of delays to avoid this
 ignominious expulsion; till the king was forced to send his yeomen of
 the guards to turn them out from Somerset-house, where the juvenile
 French bishop, at once protesting against it, and mounting the steps of
 the coach, took his departure "head and shoulders."[215] It appears that
 to pay the debts and the pensions, besides sending the French troops
-free home, cost £50,000.
+free home, cost £50,000.
 
 In a long procession of nearly forty coaches, after four days' tedious
 travelling, they reached Dover; but the spectacle of these impatient
@@ -13778,7 +13778,7 @@ and it would be a pity to divide the head from the body."
 One more anecdote of this good father Joseph, the favourite instrument
 of the most important and covert designs of this minister, has been
 preserved in the _Memorie Recondite_ of Vittorio Siri,[222] an Italian
-Abbé, the Procopius of France, but afterwards pensioned by Mazarin.
+Abbé, the Procopius of France, but afterwards pensioned by Mazarin.
 Richelieu had in vain tried to gain over Colonel Ornano, a man of
 talents, the governor of Monsieur, the only brother of Louis XIII.; not
 accustomed to have his offers refused, he resolved to ruin him. Joseph
@@ -13988,7 +13988,7 @@ stability of the protestant interests. James the First was most bitterly
 run down at home for his civil pacific measures, but the truth is, by
 Gerbier's account, that James could not depend on one single ally, who
 had all taken fright, although some of the Germans were willing enough
-to be subsidised at £30,000 a month from England; this James had not to
+to be subsidised at £30,000 a month from England; this James had not to
 give, and which he had been a fool had he given; for though this war for
 the protestant interests was popular in England, it was by no means
 general among the German Princes: the Prince Elector of Treves, and
@@ -14143,7 +14143,7 @@ which he lived, when he was sober, prophesied that he should fall one
 day by the hands from which he received his death; and it was said he
 was as positive about his patron's. At the age of eighty, he was torn to
 pieces in the city; and the city was imprudently heavily fined
-£6000[236] for not delivering up those who, in murdering this hoary
+£6000[236] for not delivering up those who, in murdering this hoary
 culprit, were heard to say, that they would handle his master worse, and
 would have minced his flesh, and have had every one a bit of him. This
 is one more instance of the political cannibalism of the mob. The fate
@@ -14317,7 +14317,7 @@ unfortunate attempts.
 
     If idle trav'llers ask who lieth here,
     Let the duke's tomb this for inscription bear;
-    Paint Cales and Rhé, make French and Spanish laugh;
+    Paint Cales and Rhé, make French and Spanish laugh;
     Mix England's shame--and there's his epitaph!
 
 Before his last fatal expedition, among the many libels which abounded,
@@ -14332,7 +14332,7 @@ minister, no favourite with the people.
     'Tis not your threats shall take me from the king!--
     Nor questioning my counsels and commands,
     How with the honour of the state it stands;
-    That I lost Rhé and with such loss of men,
+    That I lost Rhé and with such loss of men,
     As scarcely time can e'er repair again;
     Shall aught affright me; or the care to see
     The narrow seas from Dunkirk clear and free;
@@ -14785,7 +14785,7 @@ paradise,--like "pigs in a drawing-room."
      DUNCIAD.
 
      The line on Phillips borrowed from another poem. Pope did not
-     increase the difficulties of writing. _Poetæpulorum_.
+     increase the difficulties of writing. _Poetæpulorum_.
 
 
 
@@ -14802,7 +14802,7 @@ careful to preserve what is precious. Bayle is the inventor of a work
 which dignified a collection of facts constituting his text, by the
 argumentative powers and the copious illustrations which charm us in his
 diversified commentary. Conducting the humble pursuits of an Aulus
-Gellius and an Athenæus with a high spirit, he showed us the _philosophy
+Gellius and an Athenæus with a high spirit, he showed us the _philosophy
 of Books_, and communicated to such limited researches a value which
 they had otherwise not possessed.
 
@@ -14810,7 +14810,7 @@ This was introducing a study perfectly distinct from what is
 pre-eminently distinguished as "classical learning," and the subjects
 which had usually entered into philological pursuits. Ancient
 literature, from century to century, had constituted the sole labours of
-the learned; and "variæ lectiones" were long their pride and their
+the learned; and "variæ lectiones" were long their pride and their
 reward. Latin was the literary language of Europe. The vernacular idiom
 in Italy was held in such contempt that their youths were not suffered
 to read Italian books, their native productions. Varchi tells a curious
@@ -14861,7 +14861,7 @@ accomplished. The very term "classical," so long limited to the ancient
 authors, is now equally applicable to the most elegant writers of every
 literary people; and although Latin and Greek were long characterised as
 "the learned languages," yet we cannot in truth any longer concede that
-those are the most learned who are "inter Græcos Græcissimi, inter
+those are the most learned who are "inter Græcos Græcissimi, inter
 Latinos Latinissimi," any more than we can reject from the class of "the
 learned," those great writers, whose scholarship in the ancient classics
 may he very indifferent. The modern languages now have also become
@@ -14993,7 +14993,7 @@ avail? Apologies only account for the evil which they cannot alter!
 
 Bayle is reproached for carrying his speculations too far into the wilds
 of scepticism--he wrote in distempered times; he was witnessing the
-_dragonades_ and the _révocations_ of the Romish church; and he lived
+_dragonades_ and the _révocations_ of the Romish church; and he lived
 amidst the Reformed, or the French prophets, as we called them when they
 came over to us, and in whom Sir Isaac Newton more than half believed.
 These testify that they had heard angels singing in the air, while our
@@ -15001,7 +15001,7 @@ philosopher was convinced that he was living among men for whom no angel
 would sing! Bayle had left persecutors to fly to fanatics, both equally
 appealing to the Gospel, but alike untouched by its blessedness! His
 impurities were a taste inherited from his favourite old writers, whose
-_naïveté_ seemed to sport with the grossness which it touched, and
+_naïveté_ seemed to sport with the grossness which it touched, and
 neither in France nor at home had the age then attained to our moral
 delicacy: Bayle himself was a man without passions! His trivial matters
 were an author's compliance with his bookseller's taste, which is always
@@ -15072,7 +15072,7 @@ An instance occurred of those social affections in which a stoic is
 sometimes supposed to be deficient, which might have afforded a
 beautiful illustration to one of our most elegant poets. The remembrance
 of the happy moments which Bayle spent when young on the borders of the
-river Auriège, a short distance from his native town of Carlat, where he
+river Auriège, a short distance from his native town of Carlat, where he
 had been sent to recover from a fever occasioned by an excessive
 indulgence in reading, induced him many years afterwards to devote an
 article to it in his "Critical Dictionary," for the sake of quoting the
@@ -15143,7 +15143,7 @@ desire. By such means an author makes a great progress in a few years."
 Bayle, at Rotterdam, was appointed to a professorship of philosophy and
 history; the salary was a competence to his frugal life, and enabled him
 to publish his celebrated Review, which he dedicates "to the glory of
-the city," for _illa nobis hæc otia fecit_.
+the city," for _illa nobis hæc otia fecit_.
 
 After this grateful acknowledgment, he was unexpectedly deprived of the
 professorship. The secret history is curious. After a tedious war, some
@@ -15204,7 +15204,7 @@ books, for he acknowledges that there was no book so bad by which we
 might not profit.
 
 Bayle's peculiar vein of research and skill in discussion first
-appeared in his "Pensées sur la Comète." In December, 1680, a comet had
+appeared in his "Pensées sur la Comète." In December, 1680, a comet had
 appeared, and the public yet trembled at a portentous meteor, which they
 still imagined was connected with some forthcoming and terrible event!
 Persons as curious as they were terrified teased Bayle by their
@@ -15225,7 +15225,7 @@ account of comets; but when it was discovered that Bayle's comet had a
 number of fiery tales concerning the French and the Austrians, it soon
 became as terrific as the comet itself, and was prohibited!
 
-Bayle's "Critique générale de l'Histoire du Calvinisme par le Père
+Bayle's "Critique générale de l'Histoire du Calvinisme par le Père
 Maimbourg," had more pleasantry than bitterness, except to the palate of
 the vindictive Father, who was of too hot a constitution to relish the
 delicacy of our author's wit. Maimbourg stirred up all the intrigues he
@@ -15241,7 +15241,7 @@ In this curious proclamation, which has been preserved as a literary
 curiosity, Bayle's "Critique" is declared to be defamatory and
 calumnious, abounding with seditious forgeries, pernicious to all good
 subjects, and therefore is condemned to be torn to pieces, and burnt at
-the _Place de Grêve_. All printers and booksellers are forbidden to
+the _Place de Grêve_. All printers and booksellers are forbidden to
 print, or to sell, or disperse the said abominable book, under _pain of
 death_; and all other persons, of what quality or condition soever, are
 to undergo the penalty of exemplary punishment. De la Reynie must have
@@ -15252,7 +15252,7 @@ dispersed three thousand copies of this proclamation to be posted up
 through Paris; the alarm and the curiosity were simultaneous; but the
 latter prevailed. Every book collector hastened to procure a copy so
 terrifically denounced, and at the same time so amusing. The author of
-the "Livres condamnés au Feu" might have inserted this anecdote in his
+the "Livres condamnés au Feu" might have inserted this anecdote in his
 collection. It may be worth adding, that Maimbourg always affected to
 say that he had never read Bayle's work, but he afterwards confessed to
 Menage, that he could not help valuing a book of such curiosity. Jurieu
@@ -15270,14 +15270,14 @@ were the seed-plots; but his great Dictionary opened the forest.
 It is curious, however, to detect the difficulties of early attempts,
 and the indifferent success which sometimes attends them in their first
 state. Bayle, to lighten the fatigue of correcting the second edition of
-his Dictionary, wrote the first volume of "Réponses aux Questions d'un
+his Dictionary, wrote the first volume of "Réponses aux Questions d'un
 Provincial," a supposititious correspondence with a country gentleman.
 It was a work of mere literary curiosity, and of a better description of
 miscellaneous writing than that of the prevalent fashion of giving
 thoughts and maxims, and fanciful characters, and idle stories, which
 had satiated the public taste: however, the book was not well received.
 He attributes the public caprice to his prodigality of literary
-anecdotes, and other _minutiæ literariæ_, and his frequent quotations!
+anecdotes, and other _minutiæ literariæ_, and his frequent quotations!
 but he defends himself with skill: "It is against the nature of things
 to pretend that in a work to prove and clear up facts, an author should
 only make use of his own thoughts, or that he ought to quote very
@@ -15288,8 +15288,8 @@ which men of letters fill their books are useless to the public; and we
 ought to consider them as only a kind of frothy nourishment in
 themselves; but which, however, gratify the curiosity of many readers,
 according to the diversity of their tastes. What is there, for example,
-less interesting to the public than the _Bibliothèque Choisie_ of
-Colomiés (a small bibliographical work); yet is that work looked on as
+less interesting to the public than the _Bibliothèque Choisie_ of
+Colomiés (a small bibliographical work); yet is that work looked on as
 excellent in its kind. I could mention other works which are read,
 though containing nothing which interests the public." Two years after,
 when he resumed these letters, he changed his plan; he became more
@@ -15428,7 +15428,7 @@ gladiators, whom he let out, and also charged interest for the use of
 his money; circumstances which Cornelius Nepos, who gives an account of
 his landed property, has omitted, as, perhaps, not well adapted to
 heighten the interesting picture which he gives of Atticus, but which
-the Abbé Mongault has detected in his curious notes on Cicero's letters
+the Abbé Mongault has detected in his curious notes on Cicero's letters
 to Atticus. It is certain that he employed his slaves, who, "to the
 foot-boy," as Middleton expresses himself, were all literary and skilful
 scribes, in copying the works of the best authors for his own use: but
@@ -15485,7 +15485,7 @@ in the same picture, the mingled labour of three painters seemed to
 proceed from one palette, as their works exhibit which adorn the
 churches of Bologna. They still dispute about a picture, to ascertain
 which of the Caracci painted it; and still one prefers Lodovico for his
-_grandiosità_, another Agostino for his invention, and another Annibale
+_grandiosità_, another Agostino for his invention, and another Annibale
 for his vigour or his grace.[266]
 
 What has been told of others, happened to Lodovico Caracci in his youth;
@@ -15530,13 +15530,13 @@ preoccupied; but the secret of breaking the bonds of servile imitation
 was a new art: of mingling into one school the charms of every school,
 adapting them with freedom; and having been taught by all, to remain a
 model for all; or, as Lanzi expresses it, _dopo avere appresso da tutte
-insegnò a tutte_. To restore Art in its decline, Lodovico pressed all
+insegnò a tutte_. To restore Art in its decline, Lodovico pressed all
 the sweets from all the flowers; or, melting together all his rich
 materials, formed one Corinthian brass. This school is described by Du
 Fresnoy in the character of Annibale,
 
              ---- Quos sedulus Hannibal omnes
-    In PROPRIAM MENTEM atque morem mirâ arte COEGIT.
+    In PROPRIAM MENTEM atque morem mirâ arte COEGIT.
 
 Paraphrased by Mason,
 
@@ -15629,7 +15629,7 @@ transmitted to us, where Agostino, like the ancient legislators,
 compresses his new laws into a few verses, easily to be remembered. The
 sonnet is now well known, since Fuseli and Barry have preserved it in
 their lectures. This singular production has, however, had the hard fate
-of being unjustly depreciated: Lanzi calls it _pittoresco veramente più
+of being unjustly depreciated: Lanzi calls it _pittoresco veramente più
 che poetico_; Fuseli sarcastically compares it to "a medical
 prescription." It delighted Barry, who calls it "a beautiful poem.
 Considered as a didactic and descriptive poem, no lover of art who has
@@ -15740,7 +15740,7 @@ brought together with great difficulty, and neither distinguished for
 their ability nor their rank.
 
 The opponents to the establishment of an academy in this country may
-urge, and find Bruyère on their side, that no corporate body generates a
+urge, and find Bruyère on their side, that no corporate body generates a
 single man of genius. No Milton, no Hume, no Adam Smith, will spring out
 of an academical community, however they may partake of one common
 labour. Of the fame, too, shared among the many, the individual feels
@@ -15799,7 +15799,7 @@ rational life, can yield of whatever softens and charms."
 They were happy, and they resolved to be silent; nor was this bond and
 compact of friendship violated till one of them, Malleville, secretary
 of Marshal Bassompierre, being anxious that his friend Faret, who had
-just printed his _L'Honnête Homme_, which he had drawn from the famous
+just printed his _L'Honnête Homme_, which he had drawn from the famous
 "Il Cortigiano" of Castiglione, should profit by all their opinions,
 procured his admission to one of their conferences; Faret presented them
 with his book, heard a great deal concerning the nature of his work, was
@@ -15843,15 +15843,15 @@ own magistrates and citizens in this infant and illustrious republic of
 literature. The history of the farther establishment of the French
 Academy is elegantly narrated by Pelisson. The usual difficulty occurred
 of fixing on a title; and they appear to have changed it so often, that
-the Academy was at first addressed by more than one title; Académie _des
-beaux Esprits_; Académie _de l'Eloquence_; Académie _Eminente_, in
+the Academy was at first addressed by more than one title; Académie _des
+beaux Esprits_; Académie _de l'Eloquence_; Académie _Eminente_, in
 allusion to the quality of the cardinal, its protector. Desirous of
 avoiding the extravagant and mystifying titles of the Italian
-academies,[275] they fixed on the most unaffected, "_L'Académie
-Française_; but though the national genius may disguise itself for a
+academies,[275] they fixed on the most unaffected, "_L'Académie
+Française_; but though the national genius may disguise itself for a
 moment, it cannot be entirely got rid of, and they assumed a vaunting
-device of a laurel wreath, including their epigraph, "_Ã
-l'Immortalité_." The Academy of Petersburgh has chosen a more
+device of a laurel wreath, including their epigraph, "_à
+l'Immortalité_." The Academy of Petersburgh has chosen a more
 enlightened inscription, _Paulatim_ ("little by little"), so expressive
 of the great labours of man--even of the inventions of genius!
 
@@ -15922,7 +15922,7 @@ itself had been raised by the munificence of a citizen, who endowed it
 liberally, and presented a noble example to the individuals now
 assembled under its roof. The society afterwards derived its title from
 a sort of accident. The warm loyalty of Evelyn in the first hopeful days
-of the Restoration, in his dedicatory epistle of Naudé's treatise on
+of the Restoration, in his dedicatory epistle of Naudé's treatise on
 libraries, called that philosophical meeting THE ROYAL SOCIETY. These
 learned men immediately voted their thanks to Evelyn for the happy
 designation, which was so grateful to Charles the Second, who was
@@ -15956,14 +15956,14 @@ mode of proceeding has even been preserved. At every meeting they
 proposed a question or two respecting the history or the antiquities of
 the English nation, on which each member was expected, at the subsequent
 meeting, to deliver a dissertation or an opinion. They also "supped
-together." From the days of Athenæus to those of Dr. Johnson, the
+together." From the days of Athenæus to those of Dr. Johnson, the
 pleasures of the table have enlivened those of literature. A copy of
 each question and a summons for the place of conference were sent to the
 absent members. The opinions were carefully registered by the secretary,
 and the dissertations deposited in their archives. One of these
 summonses to Stowe, the antiquary, with his memoranda on the back,
 exists in the Ashmolean Museum. I shall preserve it with all its verbal
-_ærugo_.
+_ærugo_.
 
                        "SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES.
 
@@ -16033,7 +16033,7 @@ never extinct; it survived in some shape under Charles the Second, for
 Ashmole in his Diary notices "the Antiquaries' Feast," as well as "the
 Astrologers'," and another of "the Freemasons'."[278] The present
 society was only incorporated in 1751. There are two sets of their
-Memoirs; for besides the modern _Archæologia_, we have two volumes of
+Memoirs; for besides the modern _Archæologia_, we have two volumes of
 "Curious Discourses," written by the Fathers of the Antiquarian Society
 in the age of Elizabeth, collected from their dispersed manuscripts,
 which Camden preserved with a parental hand.
@@ -16085,7 +16085,7 @@ the proofs may be found. We quote to screen ourselves from the odium of
 doubtful opinions, which the world would not willingly accept from
 ourselves; and we may quote from the curiosity which only a quotation
 itself can give, when in our own words it would be divested of that tint
-of ancient phrase, that detail of narrative, and that _naïveté_ which we
+of ancient phrase, that detail of narrative, and that _naïveté_ which we
 have for ever lost, and which we like to recollect once had an
 existence.
 
@@ -16105,7 +16105,7 @@ collecting Addison's papers, and carefully omitting Steele's.
 
 Quotation, like much better things, has its abuses. One may quote till
 one compiles. The ancient lawyers used to quote at the bar till they had
-stagnated their own cause. "Retournons à nos moutons," was the cry of
+stagnated their own cause. "Retournons à nos moutons," was the cry of
 the client. But these vagrant prowlers must be consigned to the beadles
 of criticism. Such do not always understand the authors whose names
 adorn their barren pages, and which are taken, too, from the third or
@@ -16184,7 +16184,7 @@ while time and truth can meet together. A well-read writer, with good
 taste, is one who has the command of the wit of other men;[280] he
 searches where knowledge is to be found; and though he may not himself
 excel in invention, his ingenuity may compose one of those agreeable
-books, the _deliciæ_ of literature, that will outlast the fading meteors
+books, the _deliciæ_ of literature, that will outlast the fading meteors
 of his day. Epicurus is said to have borrowed from no writer in his
 three hundred inspired volumes, while Plutarch, Seneca, and the elder
 Pliny made such free use of their libraries; and it has happened that
@@ -16266,7 +16266,7 @@ then awake to these awful themes.
 
 The mode of writing visions has been imperfectly detected by several
 modern inquirers. It got into the Fabliaux of the Jongleurs, or
-Provençal bards, before the days of Dante; they had these visions or
+Provençal bards, before the days of Dante; they had these visions or
 pilgrimages to Hell; the adventures were no doubt solemn to them--but it
 seemed absurd to attribute the origin of a sublime poem to such
 inferior, and to us even ludicrous, inventions. Every one, therefore,
@@ -16463,13 +16463,13 @@ and they see nothing in the redeeming spirit of genius, nor the secret
 purpose of these curious documents of the age.
 
 The Vision of Charles the Bald may be found in the ancient chronicles of
-Saint Denis, which were written under the eye of the Abbé Suger, the
+Saint Denis, which were written under the eye of the Abbé Suger, the
 learned and able minister of Louis the Young, and which were certainly
 composed before the thirteenth century. The learned writer of the fourth
-volume of the _Mélanges tirés d'une grande Bibliothèque_, who had as
+volume of the _Mélanges tirés d'une grande Bibliothèque_, who had as
 little taste for these mysterious visions as the other French critic,
-apologises for the venerable Abbé Suger's admission of such visions:
-"Assuredly," he says, "the Abbé Suger was too wise and too enlightened
+apologises for the venerable Abbé Suger's admission of such visions:
+"Assuredly," he says, "the Abbé Suger was too wise and too enlightened
 to believe in similar visions; but if he suffered its insertion, or if
 he inserted it himself in the chronicle of Saint Denis, it is because he
 felt that such a fable offered an excellent lesson to kings, to
@@ -16642,7 +16642,7 @@ broken, could not fly; their own multitude pressed themselves together,
 and the Christian sword mowed down the Mahometans. Abderam was found
 dead in a vast heap, unwounded, stifled by his own multitude. Historians
 record that three hundred and sixty thousand Saracens perished on _la
-journée de Tours_; but their fears and their joy probably magnified
+journée de Tours_; but their fears and their joy probably magnified
 their enemies. Thus Charles saved his own country, and, at that moment,
 all the rest of Europe, from this deluge of people, which had poured
 down from Asia and Africa. Every Christian people returned a solemn
@@ -16671,7 +16671,7 @@ had the personal feelings of Luther been respected, and had his personal
 interest been consulted. Guicciardini, whose veracity we cannot suspect,
 has preserved a fact which proves how very nearly some important events
 which have taken place, might not have happened! I transcribe the
-passage from his thirteenth book: "Cæsar (the Emperor Charles the
+passage from his thirteenth book: "Cæsar (the Emperor Charles the
 Fifth), after he had given an hearing in the Diet of Worms to Martin
 Luther, and caused his opinions to be examined by a number of divines,
 who reported that his doctrine was erroneous and pernicious to the
@@ -16708,7 +16708,7 @@ conduct of Constantine the Great, in the alliance of the Christian faith
 with his government, are far more obvious than any one of those
 qualities with which the panegyric of Eusebius so vainly cloaks over the
 crimes and unchristian life of this polytheistical Christian. In
-adopting a new faith as a _coup-d'état,_ and by investing the church
+adopting a new faith as a _coup-d'état,_ and by investing the church
 with temporal power, at which Dante so indignantly exclaims, he founded
 the religion of Jesus, but corrupted its guardians. The same occurrence
 took place in France under Clovis. The fabulous religion of Paganism was
@@ -16720,7 +16720,7 @@ the victory! St. Remi found no difficulty in persuading Clovis, after
 the fortunate event, to adopt the Christian creed. Political reasons for
 some time suspended the king's open conversion. At length the Franks
 followed their sovereign to the baptismal fonts. According to Pasquier,
-Naudé, and other political writers, these recorded miracles,[285] like
+Naudé, and other political writers, these recorded miracles,[285] like
 those of Constantine, were but inventions to authorise the change of
 religion. Clovis used the new creed as a lever by whose machinery he
 would be enabled to crush the petty princes his neighbours; and, like
@@ -16741,7 +16741,7 @@ Henry with the protestant Jane Seymour. This changed the whole policy.
 The despatch from Rome came a day too late! From such a near disaster
 the English Reformation escaped! The catholic Ward, in his singular
 Hudibrastic poem of "England's Reformation," in some odd rhymes, has
-characterised it by a _naïveté_, which we are much too delicate to
+characterised it by a _naïveté_, which we are much too delicate to
 repeat. The catholic writers censure Philip for recalling the Duke of
 Alva from the Netherlands. According to these humane politicians, the
 unsparing sword, and the penal fires of this resolute captain, had
@@ -16771,7 +16771,7 @@ interfered lest fuel should become too scarce at the approaching
 winter--Gustavus fell--the fit hero for one of those great events which
 have never happened!
 
-On the first publication of the "Icon Basiliké," of Charles the First,
+On the first publication of the "Icon Basiliké," of Charles the First,
 the instantaneous effect produced on the nation was such, fifty
 editions, it is said, appearing in one year, that Mr. Malcolm Laing
 observes, that "had this book," a sacred volume to those who considered
@@ -16882,7 +16882,7 @@ OF FALSE POLITICAL REPORTS.
 
 "A false report, if believed during three days, may be of great service
 to a government." This political maxim has been ascribed to Catharine
-de' Medici, an adept in _coups d'état_, the _arcana imperii_! Between
+de' Medici, an adept in _coups d'état_, the _arcana imperii_! Between
 solid lying and disguised truth there is a difference known to writers
 skilled in "the art of governing mankind by deceiving them;" as
 politics, ill-understood, have been defined, and as, indeed, all
@@ -16911,7 +16911,7 @@ an _arranged_ battle, and a defeat concealed in an account of the
 killed and wounded, while victory has been claimed by both parties!
 Villeroy, in all his encounters with Marlborough, always sent home
 despatches by which no one could suspect that he was discomfited.
-Pompey, after his fatal battle with Cæsar, sent letters to all the
+Pompey, after his fatal battle with Cæsar, sent letters to all the
 provinces and cities of the Romans, describing with greater courage than
 he had fought, so that a report generally prevailed that Caesar had lost
 the battle: Plutarch informs us, that three hundred writers had
@@ -16952,8 +16952,8 @@ some memoirs, in which he appears to have registered public events
 without scrutinising their truth, says, "I chronicled this account
 according as the first reports gave out; when at length the real fact
 reached them, the party did not like to lose their pretended victory."
-Père Londel, who published a register of the times, which is favourably
-noticed in the "Nouvelles de la République des Lettres," for 1699, has
+Père Londel, who published a register of the times, which is favourably
+noticed in the "Nouvelles de la République des Lettres," for 1699, has
 recorded the event in this deceptive manner: "The Battle of the Boyne in
 Ireland; Schomberg is killed there at the head of the English." This is
 "an equivocator!" The writer resolved to conceal the defeat of James's
@@ -17040,7 +17040,7 @@ waiting for his expected succours: Scipio was careful to show the utmost
 civility to these ambassadors, and ostentatiously treated them with
 presents, that his soldiers might believe they were only returning to
 hasten the army of Syphax to join the Romans. Livy censures the Roman
-consul, who, after the defeat at Cannæ, told the deputies of the allies
+consul, who, after the defeat at Cannæ, told the deputies of the allies
 the whole loss they had sustained: "This consul," says Livy, "by giving
 too faithful and open an account of his defeat, made both himself and
 his army appear still more contemptible." The result of the simplicity
@@ -17131,8 +17131,8 @@ Gladly would he have annihilated the original, but this was impossible!
 It was some consolation that the manuscript was totally unknown--for
 having got mixed with others, it had accidentally been passed over, and
 not entered into the catalogue; his own diligent eye only had detected
-its existence. "_Nessuno fin ora sa, fuori di me, se vi sia, nè dove
-sia, e cosi non potrà darsi alia luce_," &c. But in the true spirit of a
+its existence. "_Nessuno fin ora sa, fuori di me, se vi sia, nè dove
+sia, e cosi non potrà darsi alia luce_," &c. But in the true spirit of a
 collector, avaricious of all things connected with his pursuits, Serassi
 cautiously, but completely, transcribed the precious manuscript, with an
 intention, according to his memorandum, to unravel all its sophistry.
@@ -17238,7 +17238,7 @@ occurred, perhaps more frequently, on the continent. I shall furnish one
 considerable fact. A French canon, Claude Joly, a bold and learned
 writer, had finished an ample life of Erasmus, which included a history
 of the restoration of literature at the close of the fifteenth and the
-beginning of the sixteenth century. Colomiés tells us, that the author
+beginning of the sixteenth century. Colomiés tells us, that the author
 had read over the works of Erasmus seven times; we have positive
 evidence that the MS. was finished for the press: the Cardinal do
 Noailles would examine the work himself; this important history was not
@@ -17296,7 +17296,7 @@ and not a few might be noticed which subsequent editors have restored to
 their original state, by uniting their dislocated limbs. Unquestionably
 Passion has sometimes annihilated manuscripts, and tamely revenged
 itself on the papers of hated writers! Louis the Fourteenth, with his
-own hands, after the death of Fénélon, burnt all the manuscripts which
+own hands, after the death of Fénélon, burnt all the manuscripts which
 the Duke of Burgundy had preserved of his preceptor.
 
 As an example of the suppressors and dilapidators of manuscripts, I
@@ -17312,9 +17312,9 @@ was for many years equally zealous and industrious; and, among other
 useful attempts, composed an elaborate "Discours" for the dauphin for
 his future conduct. The king gave his manuscript to Pelisson to revise;
 but after the revision our royal writer frequently inserted additional
-paragraphs. The work first appeared in an anonymous "Récueil d'Opuscules
-Littéraires, Amsterdam, 1767," which Barbier, in his "Anonymes," tells
-us was "rédigé par Pelisson; le tout publié par l'Abbé Olivet." When at
+paragraphs. The work first appeared in an anonymous "Récueil d'Opuscules
+Littéraires, Amsterdam, 1767," which Barbier, in his "Anonymes," tells
+us was "rédigé par Pelisson; le tout publié par l'Abbé Olivet." When at
 length the printed work was collated with the manuscript original,
 several suppressions of the royal sentiments appeared; and the editors,
 too catholic, had, with more particular caution, thrown aside what
@@ -17347,7 +17347,7 @@ perusing some unpublished letters of Lady Mary's, I discovered that "she
 had been in the habit of reading seven hours a day for many years")
 would undoubtedly have exhibited a fine statue, instead of the torso we
 now possess; and we might have lived with her ladyship, as we do with
-Madame de Sévigné. This I have mentioned elsewhere; but I have since
+Madame de Sévigné. This I have mentioned elsewhere; but I have since
 discovered that a considerable correspondence of Lady Mary's, for more
 than twenty years, with the widow of Colonel Forrester, who had retired
 to Rome, has been stifled in the birth. These letters, with other MSS.
@@ -17377,7 +17377,7 @@ shameful indifference of the possessors.
 
 Mr. Mathias, in his Essay on Gray, tells us, that "in addition to the
 valuable manuscripts of Mr. Gray, there is reason to think that there
-were some other papers, _folia Sibyllæ_, in the possession of Mr. Mason;
+were some other papers, _folia Sibyllæ_, in the possession of Mr. Mason;
 but though a very diligent and anxious inquiry has been made after them,
 they cannot be discovered since his death. There was, however, one
 fragment, by Mr. Mason's own description of it, of very great value,
@@ -17407,7 +17407,7 @@ national advantage; and, like some wand of divination, it might have
                                                   DRYDEN.
 
 I suspect that I could point out the place in which these precious
-"folia Sibyllæ" of Gray's lie interred; they would no doubt be found
+"folia Sibyllæ" of Gray's lie interred; they would no doubt be found
 among other Sibylline leaves of Mason, in two large boxes, which he left
 to the care of his executors. These gentlemen, as I am informed, are so
 extremely careful of them, as to have intrepidly resisted the
@@ -17465,7 +17465,7 @@ PARODIES.
 
 
 A Lady of _bas bleu_ celebrity (the term is getting odious, particularly
-to our _sçavantes_) had two friends, whom she equally admired--an
+to our _sçavantes_) had two friends, whom she equally admired--an
 elegant poet and his parodist. She had contrived to prevent their
 meeting as long as her stratagems lasted, till at length she apologised
 to the serious bard for inviting him when his mock _umbra_ was to be
@@ -17576,12 +17576,12 @@ his Cid, makes one of his personages remark,
     Ils peuvent se tromper comme les autres hommes.
 
 A slight alteration became a fine parody in Boileau's Chapelain
-Décoiffé,
+Décoiffé,
 
     Pour grands que soient les rois ils sont ce que nous sommes,
     Us fee trompent _en vers_ comme les autres hommes.
 
-We find in Athenæus the name of the inventor of a species of parody
+We find in Athenæus the name of the inventor of a species of parody
 which more immediately engages our notice--DRAMATIC PARODIES. It appears
 this inventor was a satirist, so that the lady-critic, whose opinion we
 had the honour of noticing, would be warranted by appealing to its
@@ -17662,10 +17662,10 @@ the mysterious obstinacy of Pierrot the son, in persisting to refuse the
 hand of the daughter of his mother-in-law, Madame _la Baillive_, is thus
 discovered by her to Monsieur _le Baillif_:--
 
-    Mon mari, pour le coup j'ai découvert l'affaire,
-    Ne vous étonnez plus qu'à nos désirs contraire,
-    Pour ma fille Pierrot ne montre que mépris:
-    Voilà l'unique objet dont son coeur est épris.
+    Mon mari, pour le coup j'ai découvert l'affaire,
+    Ne vous étonnez plus qu'à nos désirs contraire,
+    Pour ma fille Pierrot ne montre que mépris:
+    Voilà l'unique objet dont son coeur est épris.
                    [_Pointing to Agnes de Chaillot_.
 
 The Baillif exclaims,
@@ -18060,7 +18060,7 @@ formal and formidable dose.
 Camus, a French physician, who combined literature with science, the
 author of "Abdeker, or the Art of Cosmetics," which he discovered in
 exercise and temperance, produced another fanciful work, written in
-1753, "La Médecine de l'Esprit." His conjectural cases are at least as
+1753, "La Médecine de l'Esprit." His conjectural cases are at least as
 numerous as his more positive facts; for he is not wanting in
 imagination. He assures us, that having reflected on the physical
 causes, which, by differently modifying the body, varied also the
@@ -18081,7 +18081,7 @@ and body to act together, the defects of the intellectual operations
 depend on those of the organisation, which may be altered or destroyed
 by physical causes; and he properly adds, that we are to consider that
 the soul is material, while existing in matter, because it is operated
-on by matter. Such is the theory of "La Médecine de l'Esprit," which,
+on by matter. Such is the theory of "La Médecine de l'Esprit," which,
 though physicians will never quote, may perhaps contain some facts worth
 their attention.
 
@@ -18130,7 +18130,7 @@ body. Plutarch, in his essays, has a familiar illustration, which he
 borrows from some philosopher more ancient than himself:--"Should the
 body sue the mind before a court of judicature for damages, it would be
 found that the mind would prove to have been a ruinous tenant to its
-landlord." The sage of Cheronæa did not foresee the hint of Descartes
+landlord." The sage of Cheronæa did not foresee the hint of Descartes
 and the discovery of Camus, that by medicine we may alleviate or remove
 the diseases of the mind; a practice which indeed has not yet been
 pursued by physicians, though the moralists have been often struck by
@@ -18239,22 +18239,22 @@ probably to reclaim a perpetual sinner from profane rhymes, as Marot was
 suspected of heresy (confession and meagre days being his abhorrence),
 suggested the new project of translating the Psalms into _French verse_,
 and no doubt assisted the bard; for they are said to be "traduitz en
-rithme Français selon la verité Hébraique." The famous Theodore Beza was
+rithme Français selon la verité Hébraique." The famous Theodore Beza was
 also his friend and prompter, and afterwards his continuator. Marot
 published fifty-two Psalms, written in a variety of measures, with the
 same style he had done his ballads and rondeaux. He dedicated his work
 to the King of France, comparing him with the royal Hebrew, and with a
 French compliment!
 
-    Dieu le _donna_ aux peuples Hébraïques;
-    Dieu te _devoit_, ce pensé-je, aux Galliques.
+    Dieu le _donna_ aux peuples Hébraïques;
+    Dieu te _devoit_, ce pensé-je, aux Galliques.
 
 He insinuates that in his version he had received assistance
 
                ---- par les divins esprits
     Qui ont sous toy Hebrieu langage apris,
-    Nous sont jettés les Pseaumes en lumière
-    Clairs, et au sens de la forme première.
+    Nous sont jettés les Pseaumes en lumière
+    Clairs, et au sens de la forme première.
 
 This royal dedication is more solemn than usual; yet Marot, who was
 never grave but in prison, soon recovered from this dedication to the
@@ -18279,7 +18279,7 @@ never please you, here are some composed by love itself; all here is
 love, but more than mortal! Sing these at all times.
 
     Et les convertir et muer
-    Faisant vos lèvres rémuer,
+    Faisant vos lèvres rémuer,
     Et vos doigts sur les espinettes
     Pour dire saintes chansonettes.
 
@@ -18289,18 +18289,18 @@ successfully adopted, and whose influence we are still witnessing.
 
     O bien heureux qui voir pourra
     Fleurir le temps, que l'on orra
-    Le laboureur à sa charrue
+    Le laboureur à sa charrue
     Le charretier parmy la rue,
     Et l'artisan en sa boutique
     Avecques un PSEAUME ou cantique,
     En son labeur se soulager;
     Heureux qui orra le berger
-    Et la bergère en bois estans
+    Et la bergère en bois estans
     Faire que rochers et estangs
-    Après eux chantent la hauteur
+    Après eux chantent la hauteur
     Du saint nom de leurs Createur.
       Commencez, dames, commencez
-    Le siecle doré! avancez!
+    Le siecle doré! avancez!
     En chantant d'un cueur debonnaire,
     Dedans ce saint cancionnaire.
 
@@ -18339,7 +18339,7 @@ be found to account for this discordance; perhaps the painter, or the
 lady herself, chose to adopt the favourite psalm of her royal lover,
 proudly to designate the object of her love, besides its double allusion
 to her name. Diane, however, in the first stage of their mutual
-attachment, took _Du fond de ma pensée_, or, "From the depth of my
+attachment, took _Du fond de ma pensée_, or, "From the depth of my
 heart." The queen's favourite was
 
     _Ne veuilles pas, o sire,
@@ -18528,9 +18528,9 @@ the sacred erudition of antiquity might for ever be present among these
 shepherds.[305] Goldoni, in his Memoirs, has given an amusing account of
 these honours. He says "He was presented with two diplomas; the one was
 my charter of aggregation to the _Arcadi_ of Rome, under the name of
-_Polisseno_, the other gave me the investiture of the _Phlegræan_
+_Polisseno_, the other gave me the investiture of the _Phlegræan_
 fields. I was on this saluted by the whole assembly in chorus, under the
-name of _Polisseno Phlegræio,_ and embraced by them as a fellow-shepherd
+name of _Polisseno Phlegræio,_ and embraced by them as a fellow-shepherd
 and brother. The _Arcadians_ are very rich, as you may perceive, my dear
 reader: we possess estates in Greece; we water them with our labours for
 the sake of reaping laurels, and the Turks sow them with grain, and
@@ -18562,10 +18562,10 @@ verses--we must not look for that dry matter of fact--the event
 predicted!
 
     Il vostro seme eterno
-    Occuperà la terra, ed i confini
+    Occuperà la terra, ed i confini
     D'Arcadia oltrapassando,
-    Di non più visti gloriosi germi
-    L'aureo feconderà lito del Gange
+    Di non più visti gloriosi germi
+    L'aureo feconderà lito del Gange
     E de' Cimmeri l'infeconde arene.
 
 Mr. Mathias has recently with warmth defended the original _Arcadia_;
@@ -18605,7 +18605,7 @@ them to a dinner entirely composed of their little brothers, in all the
 varieties of cookery; the members, after a hearty laugh, assumed the
 title of the _Colombaria_, invented a device consisting of the top of a
 turret, with several pigeons flying about it, bearing an epigraph from
-Dante, _Quanto veder si può_, by which they expressed their design not
+Dante, _Quanto veder si può_, by which they expressed their design not
 to apply themselves to any single object. Such facts sufficiently prove
 that some of the absurd or facetious denominations of these literary
 societies originated in accidental circumstances or in mere pleasantry;
@@ -18662,7 +18662,7 @@ a Pomponius, or a Julius, or any other rusty name unwashed by baptism.
 This frenzy for the ancient republic not only menaced the pontificate,
 but their Platonic or their pagan ardours seemed to be striking at the
 foundation of Christianity itself. Such were Marcellus Ficinus, and that
-learned society who assembled under the Medici. Pomponius Lætus, who
+learned society who assembled under the Medici. Pomponius Lætus, who
 lived at the close of the fifteenth century, not only celebrated by an
 annual festival the foundation of Rome, and raised altars to Romulus,
 but openly expressed his contempt for the Christian religion, which this
@@ -18676,7 +18676,7 @@ concealed in these changes of names.
 
 At this period these literary societies first appear: one at Rome had
 the title of "Academy," and for its chief this very Pomponius; for he is
-distinguished as "Romanæ Princeps Academiæ," by his friend Politian, in
+distinguished as "Romanæ Princeps Academiæ," by his friend Politian, in
 the "Miscellanea" of that elegant scholar. This was under the
 pontificate of Paul the Second. The regular meetings of "the Academy"
 soon excited the jealousy and suspicions of Paul, and gave rise to one
@@ -18794,8 +18794,8 @@ persecution.
 From all these facts I am inclined to draw an inference. It is
 remarkable that the first Italian academies were only distinguished by
 the simple name of their founders. One was called the Academy of
-Pomponius Lætus, another of Panormita, &c. It was after the melancholy
-fate of the Roman academy of Lætus, which could not, however, extinguish
+Pomponius Lætus, another of Panormita, &c. It was after the melancholy
+fate of the Roman academy of Lætus, which could not, however, extinguish
 that growing desire of creating literary societies in the Italian
 cities, from which the members derived both honour and pleasure, that
 suddenly we discover these academies bearing the most fantastical
@@ -18898,7 +18898,7 @@ calling his poem _Hudibras_ was, because the name of the old tutelar
 saint of Devonshire was _Hugh de Bras_." I find this in the Grubstreet
 Journal, January, 1731, a periodical paper conducted by two eminent
 literary physicians, under the appropriate names of Bavius and
-Mævius,[312] and which for some time enlivened the town with the
+Mævius,[312] and which for some time enlivened the town with the
 excellent design of ridiculing silly authors and stupid critics.
 
 It is unquestionably proved, by the confession of several friends of
@@ -19068,7 +19068,7 @@ which comprehends the larger part of the critical tribe, will
 unavoidably despise it. I have been at some pains to recover myself from
 A. Phi**** misfortune of mere _childishness_, 'Little charm of placid
 mien,' &c. I have added a _ludicrous index_ purely to show (fools) that
-I am in jest; and my motto, 'O, quà sol habitabiles illustrat oras,
+I am in jest; and my motto, 'O, quà sol habitabiles illustrat oras,
 maxima principum!' is calculated for the same purpose. You cannot
 conceive how large the number is of those that mistake burlesque for the
 very foolishness it exposes; which observation I made once at the
@@ -20453,7 +20453,7 @@ circumstance that hitherto he had contrived to pair his labours with her
 own, but that now he was a book behindhand.
 
 I fix on four celebrated _Scribleri_ to give their secret history; our
-Prynne, Gaspar Barthius, the Abbé de Marolles, and the Jesuit Theophilus
+Prynne, Gaspar Barthius, the Abbé de Marolles, and the Jesuit Theophilus
 Raynaud, who will all show that a book might be written on "authors
 whose works have ruined their booksellers."
 
@@ -20506,7 +20506,7 @@ very striking one is the case of Gaspar Barthius, whose "Adversaria,"
 in two volumes folio, are in the collections of the curious.
 
 Barthius was born to literature, for Baillet has placed him among his
-"Enfans Célèbres." At nine years of age he recited by heart all the
+"Enfans Célèbres." At nine years of age he recited by heart all the
 comedies of Terence, without missing a line. The learned admired the
 puerile prodigy, while the prodigy was writing books before he had a
 beard. He became, unquestionably, a student of very extensive
@@ -20572,7 +20572,7 @@ Didymus, of whom Quintilian records, that on hearing a certain history,
 he treated it as utterly unworthy of credit; on which the teller called
 for one of Didymus's own books, and showed where he might read it at
 full length! That the work failed, we have the evidence of Clement in
-his "Bibliothèque curieuse de Livres difficiles à trouver," under the
+his "Bibliothèque curieuse de Livres difficiles à trouver," under the
 article _Barthius_, where we discover the winding up of the history of
 this book. Clement mentions more than one edition of the Adversaria; but
 on a more careful inspection he detected that the old title-pages had
@@ -20590,7 +20590,7 @@ the memorable fate of one of that race of writers who imagine that their
 capacity extends with their volume. Their land seems covered with
 fertility, but in shaking their wheat no ears fall.
 
-Another memorable brother of this family of the Scribleri is the Abbé de
+Another memorable brother of this family of the Scribleri is the Abbé de
 Marolles, who with great ardour as a man of letters, and in the
 enjoyment of the leisure and opulence so necessary to carry on his
 pursuits, from an entire absence of judgment, closed his life with the
@@ -20604,7 +20604,7 @@ Gibbon was struck by the honesty of his pen, for he says in his life,
 "The dulness of Michael de Marolles and Anthony Wood[351] acquires some
 value from the faithful representation of men and manners."
 
-I have elsewhere shortly noticed the Abbé de Marolles in the character
+I have elsewhere shortly noticed the Abbé de Marolles in the character
 of "a literary sinner;" but the extent of his sins never struck me so
 forcibly as when I observed his delinquencies counted up in
 chronological order in Niceron's "Hommes Illustres." It is extremely
@@ -20615,18 +20615,18 @@ a season were dragged into his slaughter-house. Of about seventy works,
 fifty were versions of the classical writers of antiquity, accompanied
 with notes. But some odd circumstances happened to our extraordinary
 translator in the course of his life. De l'Etang, a critic of that day,
-in his "Règles de bien traduire," drew all his examples of bad
-translation from our abbé, who was more angry than usual, and among his
+in his "Règles de bien traduire," drew all his examples of bad
+translation from our abbé, who was more angry than usual, and among his
 circle the cries of our Marsyas resounded. De l'Etang, who had done this
 not out of malice, but from urgent necessity to illustrate his
 principles, seemed very sorry, and was desirous of appeasing the angried
-translator. One day in Easter, finding the abbé in church at prayers,
+translator. One day in Easter, finding the abbé in church at prayers,
 the critic fell on his knees by the side of the translator: it was an
 extraordinary moment, and a singular situation to terminate a literary
 quarrel. "You are angry with me," said De l'Etang, "and I think you have
 reason; but this is a season of mercy, and I now ask your pardon."--"In
-the manner," replied the abbé, "which you have chosen, I can no longer
-defend myself. Go, sir! I pardon you." Some days after, the abbé again
+the manner," replied the abbé, "which you have chosen, I can no longer
+defend myself. Go, sir! I pardon you." Some days after, the abbé again
 meeting De l'Etang, reproached him with duping him out of a pardon,
 which he had no desire to have bestowed on him. The last reply of the
 critic was caustic: "Do not be so difficult; when one stands in need of
@@ -20636,7 +20636,7 @@ kneel by him on an Easter Sunday. Besides these fifty translations, of
 which the notes are often curious, and even the sense may be useful to
 consult, his love of writing produced many odd works. His volumes were
 richly bound, and freely distributed, but they found no readers! In a
-"Discours pour servir de Préface sur les Poëtes, traduits par Michel de
+"Discours pour servir de Préface sur les Poëtes, traduits par Michel de
 Marolles," he has given an imposing list of "illustrious persons and
 contemporary authors who were his friends," and has preserved many
 singular facts concerning them. He was indeed for so long a time
@@ -20644,26 +20644,26 @@ convinced that he had struck off the true spirit of his fine originals,
 that I find he at several times printed some critical treatise to back
 his last, or usher in his new version; giving the world reasons why the
 versions which had been given of that particular author, "soit en prose,
-soit en vers, ont été si pen approuvées jusqu'ici." Among these numerous
+soit en vers, ont été si pen approuvées jusqu'ici." Among these numerous
 translations he was the first who ventured on the Deipnosophists of
-Athenæus, which still bears an excessive price. He entitles his work,
-"Les quinze Livres de Deipnosophists d'Athenée, Ouvrage delicieux,
-agréablement diversifié et rempli de Narrations, sçavantes sur toutes
-Sortes de Matières et de Sujets." He has prefixed various preliminary
+Athenæus, which still bears an excessive price. He entitles his work,
+"Les quinze Livres de Deipnosophists d'Athenée, Ouvrage delicieux,
+agréablement diversifié et rempli de Narrations, sçavantes sur toutes
+Sortes de Matières et de Sujets." He has prefixed various preliminary
 dissertations; yet, not satisfied with having performed this great
 labour, it was followed by a small quarto of forty pages, which might
-now be considered curious; "Analyse, en Déscription succincte des Choses
-conténues dans les quinzes Livres de Deipnosophistes." He wrote,
+now be considered curious; "Analyse, en Déscription succincte des Choses
+conténues dans les quinzes Livres de Deipnosophistes." He wrote,
 "Quatrains sur les Personnes de la Cour et les Gens de Lettres," which
 the curious would now be glad to find. After having plundered the
 classical geniuses of antiquity by his barbarous style, when he had
 nothing more left to do, he committed sacrilege in translating the
 Bible; but, in the midst of printing, he was suddenly stopped by
 authority, for having inserted in his notes the reveries of the
-Pre-Adamite Isaac Peyrère. He had already revelled on the New Testament,
+Pre-Adamite Isaac Peyrère. He had already revelled on the New Testament,
 to his version of which he had prefixed so sensible an introduction,
 that it was afterwards translated into Latin. Translation was the mania
-of the Abbé de Marolles. I doubt whether he ever fairly awoke out of the
+of the Abbé de Marolles. I doubt whether he ever fairly awoke out of the
 heavy dream of the felicity of his translations; for late in life I find
 him observing, "I have employed much time in study, and I have
 translated many books; considering this rather as an innocent amusement
@@ -20683,7 +20683,7 @@ translations of authors who, living so many ages past, are rarely read
 from the difficulty of understanding them; and why should they imagine
 that a translation is injurious to them, or would occasion the utter
 neglect of the originals? "We do not think so highly of our own works,"
-says the indefatigable and modest abbé; "but neither do I despair that
+says the indefatigable and modest abbé; "but neither do I despair that
 they may he useful even to these scrupulous persons. I will not suppress
 the truth, while I am noticing these ungrateful labours; if they have
 given me much pain by my assiduity, they have repaid me by the fine
@@ -20695,7 +20695,7 @@ contemporaries will not pay; but in these cases, as the bill is
 certainly lost before it reaches acceptance, why should we deprive the
 drawers of pleasing themselves with the ideal capital?
 
-Let us not, however, imagine that the Abbé de Marolles was nothing but
+Let us not, however, imagine that the Abbé de Marolles was nothing but
 the man he appears in the character of a voluminous translator; though
 occupied all his life on these miserable labours, he was evidently an
 ingenious and nobly-minded man, whose days were consecrated to literary
@@ -20713,7 +20713,7 @@ another collection, of which he has also given a catalogue in 1672, in
 12mo. Both these catalogues of prints are of extreme rarity, and are yet
 so highly valued by the connoisseurs, that when in France I could never
 obtain a copy. A long life may be passed without even a sight of the
-"Catalogue des Livres d'Estampes" of the Abbé de Marolles.[352]
+"Catalogue des Livres d'Estampes" of the Abbé de Marolles.[352]
 
 Such are the lessons drawn from this secret history of voluminous
 writers. We see one venting his mania in scrawling on his prison walls;
@@ -20750,13 +20750,13 @@ publishing under a fictitious name. A remarkable evidence of this is the
 entire twentieth volume of his works. It consists of the numerous
 writings published anonymously, or to which were prefixed _noms de
 guerre_. This volume is described by the whimsical title of
-_Apopompæus_; explained to us as the name given by the Jews to the
+_Apopompæus_; explained to us as the name given by the Jews to the
 scape-goat, which, when loaded with all their maledictions on its head,
 was driven away into the desert. These contain all Raynaud's numerous
 _diatribes_; for whenever he was refuted, he was always refuting; he did
 not spare his best friends. The title of a work against Arnauld will
-show how he treated his adversaries. "Arnauldus redivivus natus Brixiæ
-seculo xii. renatus in Galliæ ætate nostra." He dexterously applies the
+show how he treated his adversaries. "Arnauldus redivivus natus Brixiæ
+seculo xii. renatus in Galliæ ætate nostra." He dexterously applies the
 name of Arnauld by comparing him with one of the same name in the
 twelfth century, a scholar of Abelard's, and a turbulent enthusiast, say
 the Romish writers, who was burnt alive for having written against the
@@ -20798,7 +20798,7 @@ Virgin, with observations on these names. Another on the devotion of the
 scapulary, and its wonderful effects, written against De Launoi, and for
 which the order of the Carmes, when he died, bestowed a solemn service
 and obsequies on him. Another of these "Mariolia" is mentioned by
-Gallois in the Journal des Sçavans, 1667, as a proof of his fertility;
+Gallois in the Journal des Sçavans, 1667, as a proof of his fertility;
 having to preach on the seven solemn anthems which the Church sings
 before Christmas, and which begin by an O! he made this _letter only_
 the subject of his sermons, and barren as the letter appears, he has
@@ -20820,13 +20820,13 @@ the mark of goodness and dignity; and as Jesus perfectly resembled his
 mother, he infers that he must have had such a nose.
 
 A treatise entitled _Heteroclita spiritualia et anomala Pietatis
-Cælestium, Terrestrium, et Infernorum_, contains many singular practices
+Cælestium, Terrestrium, et Infernorum_, contains many singular practices
 introduced into devotion, which superstition, ignorance, and remissness,
 have made a part of religion.
 
 A treatise directed against the new custom of hiring chairs in churches,
 and being seated during the sacrifice of the mass. Another on the
-Cæsarean operation, which he stigmatises as an act against nature.
+Cæsarean operation, which he stigmatises as an act against nature.
 Another on eunuchs. Another entitled _Hipparchus de Religioso
 Negotiatore_, is an attack on those of his own company; the monk turned
 merchant; the Jesuits were then accused of commercial traffic with the
@@ -20845,7 +20845,7 @@ nocent." His immense reading appears here to advantage, and his
 Ritsonian feature is prominent; for he asserts, that when writing
 against heretics all mordacity is innoxious; and an alphabetical list of
 abusive names, which the fathers have given to the heterodox is entitled
-_Alphabetum bestialitatis Hæretici, ex Patrum Symbolis_.
+_Alphabetum bestialitatis Hæretici, ex Patrum Symbolis_.
 
 After all, Raynaud was a man of vast acquirement, with a great flow of
 ideas, but tasteless, and void of all judgment. An anecdote may be
@@ -20877,7 +20877,7 @@ writers, for De Bure thinks he generously printed them to distribute
 among his friends. Such endless writers, provided they do not print
 themselves into an alms-house, may be allowed to print themselves out;
 and we would accept the apology which Monsieur Catherinot has framed for
-himself, which I find preserved in _Beyeri Memoriæ Librorum Rariorum_.
+himself, which I find preserved in _Beyeri Memoriæ Librorum Rariorum_.
 "I must be allowed my freedom in my studies, for I substitute my
 writings for a game at the tennis-court, or a club at the tavern; I
 never counted among my honours these _opuscula_ of mine, but merely as
@@ -21184,7 +21184,7 @@ learning cannot divine." The gesture to signify love, employed by the
 ancients and modern Neapolitans, was joining the tips of the thumb and
 fore-finger of the left hand; an imputation or asseveration by holding
 forth the right hand; a denial by raising the same hand, extending the
-fingers. In mediæval works of art, a particular attitude of the fingers
+fingers. In mediæval works of art, a particular attitude of the fingers
 is adopted to exhibit malicious hate: it is done by crossing the
 fore-finger of each hand, and is generally seen in figures of Herod or
 Judas Iscariot.]
@@ -21212,10 +21212,10 @@ pantomimic action of a grand ballet at the opera.]
 [Footnote 35: L'Antiq. Exp. v. 63.]
 
 [Footnote 36: Louis Riccoboni, in his curious little treatise, "Du
-Théâtre Italien," illustrated by seventeen prints of the Italian
+Théâtre Italien," illustrated by seventeen prints of the Italian
 pantomimic characters, has duly collected the authorities. I give them,
 in the order quoted above, for the satisfaction of more grave inquirers.
-Vossius, Instit. Poet, lib. ii. 32, § 4. The Mimi blackened their faces.
+Vossius, Instit. Poet, lib. ii. 32, § 4. The Mimi blackened their faces.
 Diomedes, de Orat. lib. iii. Apuleius, in Apolog. And further, the
 patched dress was used by the ancient peasants of Italy, as appears by a
 passage in Varro, De Re Rust, lib. i. c. 8; and Juvenal employs the term
@@ -21295,7 +21295,7 @@ they say Zmyrna and Zambuco, for Smyrna and Sambuco; and thus they
 turned _Sannio_ into _Zanno_, and then into _Zanni_, and we caught the
 echo in our _Zany_.]
 
-[Footnote 39: Riccoboni, Histoire du Théàtre Italien, p. 53; Gimma,
+[Footnote 39: Riccoboni, Histoire du Théàtre Italien, p. 53; Gimma,
 Italia Letterata, p. 196.]
 
 [Footnote 40: There is an earlier and equally whimsical series bearing
@@ -21345,21 +21345,21 @@ subject, nothing more."]
 
 [Footnote 47: The passage in Livy is, "Juventus, histrionibus fabellarum
 actu relicto, ipsa inter se, more antiquo, ridicula intexta versibus
-jactitare cæpit." Lib. vii. cap. 2.]
+jactitare cæpit." Lib. vii. cap. 2.]
 
-[Footnote 48: As these _Atellanæ Fabulæ_ were never written, they have
+[Footnote 48: As these _Atellanæ Fabulæ_ were never written, they have
 not descended to us in any shape. It has, indeed, been conjectured that
 Horace, in the fifth Satire of his first Book, v. 51, has preserved a
 scene of this nature between two practised buffoons in the "Pugnam
-Sarmenti Scurræ," who challenges his brother Cicerrus, equally ludicrous
+Sarmenti Scurræ," who challenges his brother Cicerrus, equally ludicrous
 and scurrilous. But surely these were rather the low humour of the
 Mimes, than of the Atellan Farcers.]
 
 [Footnote 49: Melmoth's Letters of Cicero, B. viii. lett. 20; in
-Grævius's edition, Lib. ix. ep. 16.]
+Grævius's edition, Lib. ix. ep. 16.]
 
 [Footnote 50: This passage also shows that our own custom of annexing a
-Farce, or _petite pièce_, or Pantomime, to a tragic Drama, existed among
+Farce, or _petite pièce_, or Pantomime, to a tragic Drama, existed among
 the Romans: the introduction of the practice in our country seems not to
 be ascertained; and it is conjectured not to have existed before the
 Restoration. Shakspeare and his contemporaries probably were spectators
@@ -21498,10 +21498,10 @@ roses, lilies, sunflowers, violets, poppies, and the narcissus. A large
 variety of roses were introduced between the fourteenth and sixteenth
 centuries. The Provence rose is thought to have been introduced by
 Margaret of Anjou, wife to Henry VI. The periwinkle was common in
-mediæval gardens, and so was the gilly-flower or clove-pink. The late
+mediæval gardens, and so was the gilly-flower or clove-pink. The late
 Mr. Hudson Turner contributed an interesting paper on the state of
 horticulture in England in early times to the fifth volume of the
-"Archæological Journal." Among other things, he notes the contents of
+"Archæological Journal." Among other things, he notes the contents of
 the Earl of Lincoln's garden, in Holborn, from the bailiff's account, in
 the twenty-fourth year of Edward I.--"We learn from this curious
 document that apples, pears, nuts, and cherries were produced in
@@ -21517,7 +21517,7 @@ It is mentioned by Necham in the twelfth century, and was cultivated in
 the Earl of Lincoln's garden in the thirteenth."]
 
 [Footnote 69: The _quince_ comes from Sydon, a town of Crete, we are
-told by Le Grand, in his Vie privée des François, vol. i. p. 143; where
+told by Le Grand, in his Vie privée des François, vol. i. p. 143; where
 may be found a list of the origin of most of our fruits.]
 
 [Footnote 70: Peacham has here given a note. "_The filbert_, so named of
@@ -21575,7 +21575,7 @@ Conjuring," 1607, we read of another who "cozen'd young gentlemen of
 their land, had acres mortgaged to him by wiseacres for three hundred
 pounds, payde in hobby-horses, dogges, bells, and lutestrings; which, if
 they had been sold by the drum, or at an outrop (public auction), with
-the cry of 'No man better,' would never have yielded £50."]
+the cry of 'No man better,' would never have yielded £50."]
 
 [Footnote 75: "The Meeting of Gallants at an Ordinarie, or the Walkes in
 Powles," 1603, is the title of a rare tract in the Malone collection,
@@ -21715,7 +21715,7 @@ the Lansdowne MSS., vol. xvi. art. 69.]
 s'estendoit despuis Londres jusques au pays d'West."]
 
 [Footnote 88: This term is remarkable. In the original, "La Royne ayant
-_impetré,"_ which in Congrave's Dictionary, a contemporary work, is
+_impetré,"_ which in Congrave's Dictionary, a contemporary work, is
 explained by,--"To get by praier, obtain by suit, compass by intreaty,
 procure by request." This significant expression conveys the real notion
 of this venerable Whig, before Whiggism had received a denomination, and
@@ -21864,7 +21864,7 @@ and severe character he draws of the Presbyterian administration."]
 [Footnote 113: Southey, in his "Doctor," has a whimsical chapter on
 Anagrams, which, he says, "are not likely ever again to hold so high a
 place among the prevalent pursuits of literature as they did in the
-seventeenth century, when Louis XIII. appointed the Provençal, Thomas
+seventeenth century, when Louis XIII. appointed the Provençal, Thomas
 Billen, to be his royal anagrammatist, and granted him a salary of
 12,000 livres."]
 
@@ -21942,7 +21942,7 @@ Dr. Moffet's "Regiment of Diet," an exceeding curious writer of the
 reign of Elizabeth, republished by Oldys, may be found an ample account
 of the "sea-fish" used by the ancients.--Whatever the _Glociscus_ was,
 it seems to have been of great size, and a shell-fish, as we may infer
-from the following curious passage in Athenæus. A father, informed that
+from the following curious passage in Athenæus. A father, informed that
 his son is leading a dissolute life, enraged, remonstrates with his
 pedagogue:--"Knave! thou art the fault! hast thou ever known a
 philosopher yield himself so entirely to the pleasures thou tellest me
@@ -21986,19 +21986,19 @@ lively picture of this circumstance. Lib. ii. Sat. 7.]
 
 [Footnote 130: A large volume might be composed on these grotesque,
 profane, and licentious feasts. Du Cange notices several under different
-terms in his Glossary--Festum Asinorum, Kaleudæ, Cervula. A curious
-collection has been made by the Abbé Artigny, in the fourth and seventh
-volumes of his "Mémoires d'Histoire," &c. Du Radier, in his "Récréations
+terms in his Glossary--Festum Asinorum, Kaleudæ, Cervula. A curious
+collection has been made by the Abbé Artigny, in the fourth and seventh
+volumes of his "Mémoires d'Histoire," &c. Du Radier, in his "Récréations
 Historiques," vol. i. p. 109, has noticed several writers on the
 subject, and preserves one on the hunting of a man, called Adam, from
 Ash-Wednesday to Holy-Thursday, and treating him with a good supper at
-night, peculiar to a town in Saxony. See "Ancillon's Mélange Critique,"
+night, peculiar to a town in Saxony. See "Ancillon's Mélange Critique,"
 &c., i. 39, where the passage from Raphael de Volterra is found at
 length. In my learned friend Mr. Turner's second volume of his "History
 of England," p. 367, will be found a copious and a curious note on this
 subject.]
 
-[Footnote 131: Thiers. Traite des Jeux, p. 449. The _fête Dieu_ in this
+[Footnote 131: Thiers. Traite des Jeux, p. 449. The _fête Dieu_ in this
 city of Aix, established by the famous _Rene d'Anjou_, the Troubadour
 king, was re markable for the absurd mixture of the sacred and profane.
 There is a curious little volume devoted to an explanation of those
@@ -22073,8 +22073,8 @@ eccentricities of the election, will find an excellent account in Hone's
 same, drawn by an artist who attended the great mock election of 1781.]
 
 [Footnote 140: Their "brevets," &c., are collected in a little volume,
-"Recueil des Pièces du Regiment de la Calotte; à Paris, chez Jaques
-Colombat, Imprimeur privilégié du Regiment. L'an de l'Ere Calotine
+"Recueil des Pièces du Regiment de la Calotte; à Paris, chez Jaques
+Colombat, Imprimeur privilégié du Regiment. L'an de l'Ere Calotine
 7726." From the date, we infer that the true _calotine_ is as old as the
 creation.]
 
@@ -22306,7 +22306,7 @@ edition.]
 
 [Footnote 169: It first appeared in a review of his "Memoirs."]
 
-[Footnote 170: The words are, "Une derrière la scène." I am not sure of
+[Footnote 170: The words are, "Une derrière la scène." I am not sure of
 the-meaning, but an _Act behind the scenes_ would be perfectly in
 character with this dramatic bard.]
 
@@ -22337,7 +22337,7 @@ re-established on a much larger scale in Moorfields.]
 
 [Footnote 177: "The Academy of Armory," Book ii. c. 3, p. 161. This is a
 singular work, where the writer has contrived to turn the barren
-subjects of heraldry into an entertaining Encyclopædia, containing much
+subjects of heraldry into an entertaining Encyclopædia, containing much
 curious knowledge on almost every subject; but this folio more
 particularly exhibits the most copious vocabulary of old English terms.
 It has been said that there are not more than twelve copies extant of
@@ -22365,7 +22365,7 @@ or "Poor Tom's flock of wild geese." Decker has preserved their "Maund,"
 or begging--"Good worship master, bestow your reward on a poor man that
 hath been in Bedlam without Bishopsgate, three years, four months, and
 nine days, and bestow one piece of small silver towards his fees, which
-he is indebted there, of 3_l._ 13_s._ 7½_d._" (or to such effect).
+he is indebted there, of 3_l._ 13_s._ 7½_d._" (or to such effect).
 
 Or, "Now dame, well and wisely, what will you give poor Tom? One pound
 of your sheep's-feathers to make poor Tom a blanket? or one cutting of
@@ -22433,7 +22433,7 @@ and he narrates how Farr "was presented by the Inquest of St.
 Dunstan's-in-the-West, for making and selling a sort of liquor called
 coffee, as a great nuisance and prejudice to the neighbourhood." The
 words of the presentment are, that "in making the same he annoyeth his
-neighbours by evill smells." Hatton adds, with _naïveté_, "Who would
+neighbours by evill smells." Hatton adds, with _naïveté_, "Who would
 then have thought London would ever have had near 3000 such nuisances,
 and that coffee would have been (as now) so much drank by the best of
 quality and physicians." It is, however, proper to note that
@@ -22484,12 +22484,12 @@ gallery at Hampton Court expressly for their exhibition.]
 Castle.]
 
 [Footnote 197: These would appear to be copies of Andrea Mantegna's
-"Triumphs of Julius Cæsar," the cartoons of which are still in the
+"Triumphs of Julius Cæsar," the cartoons of which are still in the
 galleries of Hampton Court.]
 
 [Footnote 198: Some may be curious to learn the price of gold and silver
 about 1650. It appears by this manuscript inventory that the silver sold
-at 4s. 11d. per oz. and gold at £3 10s.; so that the value of these
+at 4s. 11d. per oz. and gold at £3 10s.; so that the value of these
 metals has little varied during the last century and a half.]
 
 [Footnote 199: This poem is omitted in the great edition of the king's
@@ -22545,7 +22545,7 @@ go with them."]
 
 [Footnote 204: Harl. MSS. 646.]
 
-[Footnote 205: Ambassades du Maréchal de Bassompierre, vol. iii. p. 49.]
+[Footnote 205: Ambassades du Maréchal de Bassompierre, vol. iii. p. 49.]
 
 [Footnote 206: A letter from Dr. Meddus to Mr. Mead, 17th Jan. 1625.
 Sloane MSS. 4177.]
@@ -22610,7 +22610,7 @@ of reciprocity of attention, and silly squabbles in favour of her
 servants.]
 
 [Footnote 218: Clarendon details the political coquetries of Monsieur La
-Ferté; his "notable familiarity with those who governed most in the two
+Ferté; his "notable familiarity with those who governed most in the two
 houses;" ii. 93.]
 
 [Footnote 219: Hume seems to have discovered in "Estrades' Memoirs" the
@@ -22633,7 +22633,7 @@ rebellious subjects, as the forces she employed for that purpose both in
 France, Flanders, and Scotland, are an undeniable proof." The
 recriminations of politicians are the confessions of great sinners.]
 
-[Footnote 220: "Grotii Epistolæ," 375 and 380, fo. Ams. 1687. A volume
+[Footnote 220: "Grotii Epistolæ," 375 and 380, fo. Ams. 1687. A volume
 which contains 2500 letters of this great man.]
 
 [Footnote 221: "La Vie du Cardinal Duc de Richelieu," anonymous, but
@@ -22663,8 +22663,8 @@ character of this extraordinary man: those anecdotes are of a lighter
 and satirical nature; they touch on "the follies of the wise."]
 
 [Footnote 226: In "The Disparity." to accompany "The Parallel" of Sir
-Henry Wotton; two exquisite cabinet-pictures, preserved in the _Reliquiæ
-Wottonianæ;_ and at least equal to the finest "Parallels" of Plutarch.]
+Henry Wotton; two exquisite cabinet-pictures, preserved in the _Reliquiæ
+Wottonianæ;_ and at least equal to the finest "Parallels" of Plutarch.]
 
 [Footnote 227: The singular openness of his character was not
 statesmanlike. He was one of those whose ungovernable sincerity "cannot
@@ -22826,7 +22826,7 @@ duke's: it was not recollected generally, that the favourite was both
 admiral and general; and that the duke was at once Neptune and Mars,
 ruling both sea and land.]
 
-[Footnote 241: This machine seems noticed in _Le Mercure François_,
+[Footnote 241: This machine seems noticed in _Le Mercure François_,
 2627, p. 803.]
 
 [Footnote 242: Gerbier, a foreigner, scarcely ever writes an English
@@ -22869,7 +22869,7 @@ Another declares of his assassin:--
 
 ]
 
-[Footnote 248: The fine, fixed originally at £2000, was mitigated, and
+[Footnote 248: The fine, fixed originally at £2000, was mitigated, and
 the corporal punishment remitted, at the desire of the Bishop of
 London.]
 
@@ -23148,22 +23148,22 @@ The original lies at the British Museum.]
 [Footnote 290: I have seen a transcript, by the favour of a gentleman
 who sent it to me, of Gray's "Directions for Heading History." It had
 its merit, at a time when our best histories had not been published, but
-it is entirely superseded by the admirable "Méthode" of Lenglet du
+it is entirely superseded by the admirable "Méthode" of Lenglet du
 Fresnoy.]
 
 [Footnote 291: Henry Stephen appears first to have started this subject
-of _parody_; his researches have been borrowed by the Abbé Sallier, to
+of _parody_; his researches have been borrowed by the Abbé Sallier, to
 whom, in my turn, I am occasionally indebted. His little dissertation is
-in the French Academy's "Mémoires," tome vii. 398.]
+in the French Academy's "Mémoires," tome vii. 398.]
 
 [Footnote 292: See a specimen in Aulus Gellius, where this parodist
 reproaches Plato for having given a high price for a book, whence he
-drew his noble dialogue of the Timæus. Lib. iii. c. 17.]
+drew his noble dialogue of the Timæus. Lib. iii. c. 17.]
 
-[Footnote 293: See Spanheim Les Césars de L'Empéreur Julien in his
+[Footnote 293: See Spanheim Les Césars de L'Empéreur Julien in his
 "Preuves," Remarque 8. Sallier judiciously observes, "Il peut nous
-donner une juste idée de cette sorte d'ouvrage, mais nous ne savons pas
-précisement en quel tems il a été composé;" no more truly than the Iliad
+donner une juste idée de cette sorte d'ouvrage, mais nous ne savons pas
+précisement en quel tems il a été composé;" no more truly than the Iliad
 itself!]
 
 [Footnote 294: The first edition of this play is a solemn parody
@@ -23176,8 +23176,8 @@ thought and expression which I have quoted from them proceeded from an
 agreement in their way of thinking, or whether they have borrowed from
 our author, I leave the reader to determine!"]
 
-[Footnote 295: Les Parodies du Nouveau Théâtre Italien, 4 vols. 1738.
-Observations sur la Comédie et sur le Génie de Molière, par Louis
+[Footnote 295: Les Parodies du Nouveau Théâtre Italien, 4 vols. 1738.
+Observations sur la Comédie et sur le Génie de Molière, par Louis
 Riccoboni. Liv. iv.]
 
 [Footnote 296: _The Tailors; a Tragedy for Warm Weather_, was originally
@@ -23287,7 +23287,7 @@ in the churchyard, and rooted in it. He looks like the visible tie of
 Æneas bolstering up his father, or some beggarwoman endorsed with her
 whole litter, and with a child behind."]
 
-[Footnote 312: Bavius and Mævius were Dr. Martyn, the well-known author
+[Footnote 312: Bavius and Mævius were Dr. Martyn, the well-known author
 of tha dissertation on the Æneid of Virgil, and Dr. Russel, another
 learned physician, as his publications attest. It does great credit to
 their taste, that they were the hebdomadal defenders of Pope from the
@@ -23405,7 +23405,7 @@ queen of James the First.]
 
 [Footnote 330: Two letters of Arabella, on distress of money, are
 preserved by Ballard. The discovery of a _pension_ I made in Sir Julius
-Cæsar's manuscripts; where one is mentioned of 1600_l._ to the Lady
+Cæsar's manuscripts; where one is mentioned of 1600_l._ to the Lady
 Arabella.--_Sloane MSS_. 4160. Mr. Lodge has shown that the king once
 granted her the duty on oats.]
 
@@ -23437,11 +23437,11 @@ expressive symbol of _a gallows prepared with a halter_, which could not
 be well misunderstood by the most illiterate of Mercuries, thus
 
      --------
-     ¦   }   ¦
-     ¦   {   ¦
-     ¦   }   ¦
-     ¦       ¦
-     ¦       ¦
+     ¦   }   ¦
+     ¦   {   ¦
+     ¦   }   ¦
+     ¦       ¦
+     ¦       ¦
 
 [Footnote 339: Lodge says she "was remanded to the Tower, where she soon
 afterwards sank into helpless idiocy, surviving in that wretched state
@@ -23482,7 +23482,7 @@ history is rarely discovered in printed books.]
 [Footnote 343: These particulars I find in the manuscript letters of J.
 Chamberlain. Sloane MSS. 4172, (1616). In the quaint style of the times,
 the common speech ran, that Lord Coke had been overthrown by four
-P's--PRIDE, Prohibitions, _Præmunire_, and Prerogative. It is only with
+P's--PRIDE, Prohibitions, _Præmunire_, and Prerogative. It is only with
 his moral quality, and not with his legal controversies, that his
 personal character is here concerned.]