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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       Volume 10, No. 277, October 13, 1827
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: May 30, 2005 [EBook #15944]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. X, NO. 277.]  SATURDAY, OCTOBER 13, 1827.  [PRICE 2d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: The Palace at Stockholm.]
+
+
+
+
+THE PALACE AT STOCKHOLM.
+
+
+The palace at Stockholm is the redeeming grace of that city.--Stockholm
+"not being able to boast any considerable place or square, nor indeed
+any street wider than an English lane; the exterior of the houses is
+dirty, the architecture shabby, and all strikes as very low and
+confined. Yet the palace must be excepted; and that is commanding, and
+in a grand and simple taste." Such is the description of Stockholm by
+Sir Robert Ker Porter; but, as he admits, he had just left the city of
+St. Petersburgh, and being probably dazzled with the freshness of its
+splendour, Stockholm suffered in the contrast.
+
+But Sir R.K. Porter is not entirely unsupported in his opinion. Mr.
+James, in his interesting "Journal of a Tour in Sweden, &c." published
+in 1816, describes the suburbs of Stockholm as "uniting every beauty of
+wild nature, with the charms attendant upon the scenes of more active
+life; but the examples of architecture within the town, if we except the
+mansions of the royal family, are not of a style at all corresponding
+with these delightful environs. The private houses make but little show;
+and the general air of the public buildings is not of the first style of
+magnitude, or in any way remarkable for good taste. One point, however,
+may be selected, that exhibits in a single prospect all that the capital
+can boast of this description. There is a long bridge of granite,
+connecting the city in the centre with the northern quarters of the
+town: immediately at one extremity rises the _royal palace_, a
+large square edifice, with extensive wings, and of the most simple and
+elegant contour; the other extremity is terminated by an equestrian
+statue of Gustavus Adolphus, forming the chief object of a square, that
+is bounded on the sides by handsome edifices of the Corinthian order;
+one the palace of the Princess Sophia, the other the Italian
+Opera-house."
+
+Mr. A. de Capell Brooke, who visited Stockholm in the summer of 1820,
+describes the palace as "a beautiful and conspicuous object, its walls
+washed by the Baltic."--It is square, on an elevated ground, has a
+spacious court in the centre, and is in every respect worthy a royal
+residence. Near the entrance are two large bronze lions, which are
+admirably executed. "The view of the palace from the water," says Sir
+R.K. Porter, "reminds us of Somerset House, though it far exceeds the
+British structure in size, magnificence, and sound architecture." It
+contains some good paintings, and a fine gallery of statues, chiefly
+antique, collected by the taste and munificence of Gustavus III. The
+_Endymion_ is a _chef d'oeuvre_ of its kind, and the Raphael
+china is of infinite value, but a splendid example of genius and talent
+misapplied.
+
+All travellers concur in their admiration of the site and environs of
+Stockholm, and in deprecating the malappropriation of the former, Porter
+says, "The situation of this capital deserves finer edifices. Like St.
+Petersburg, it is built on islands; seven, of different extent, form its
+basis; they lie between the Baltic and the Malar lake. The harbour is
+sufficiently deep, even up to the quay, to receive the largest vessels.
+At the extremity of the harbour, the streets rise one above another in
+the form of an amphitheatre, with the magnificent palace, _like a rich
+jewel in an Ęthiop's ear_, in the centre."
+
+Mr. Brooke describes the situation of the city as "singular and even
+romantic. Built on seven small rocky islands, it in this respect
+resembles Venice. A great part of the city, however, stands upon the
+steep declivity of a very high hill; houses rising over houses, so that,
+to the eye, they seem supported by one another. Below, commerce almost
+covers the clear waters of the Baltic with a tall forest of masts; while
+far above, and crowning the whole, stands the commanding church of St.
+Catherine. From the top of this the eye is at first lost in the
+boundless prospect of forest, lake, and sea, spreading all around: it
+then looks down upon Stockholm, intersected in all directions by water;
+the royal palace; and lastly, ranges over the forests of pines extending
+themselves almost down to the gates of the city, spotted with villas,
+and skirted in the most picturesque manner by the numerous beautiful
+lakes, which so pleasingly relieve the beauties of the country. The
+other objects, which will repay the curiosity of the stranger in
+inspecting them, are, the royal palace; the military academy at
+Cartberg; the arsenal; the senate house; the _Ridderholm_, where
+the kings of Sweden are interred; the cabinet of natural history; the
+annual exhibition of paintings; the fine collection of statue in the
+palace."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CROSS FELL, WESTMORELAND.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+This mountain is situate near the end of a ridge of mountains, leading
+from Stainmore or Stonemore, about sixteen miles in length. It descends
+gradually from Brough to the Grained Tree, the former boundary mark
+dividing Yorkshire from Westmoreland. Passing over several mountains, we
+arrive at Dufton Fell, of the same ridge.
+
+At the foot of this fell there is a curious little petrifying spring,
+which turns moss, or any other porous matter which may fall within its
+vortex, or the steams and vapours arising therefrom, into hard stone,
+insomuch that upon the mouth of it there is a considerable hill of such
+petrifaction.
+
+Cross Fell is the highest mountain of the whole ridge, and is bounded by
+a small rivulet stocked with trouts. This was formerly called Fiends'
+Fell, from evil spirits, which are said to have haunted its summit, "and
+to have continued their haunts and nocturnal vagaries upon it, until
+Saint Austin erected a _cross_ and _altar_, whereon he offered
+the _holy eucharist_, by which he countercharmed those hellish
+fiends, and broke their haunts."--_Robinson's History of Cumberland
+and Westmoreland_, 1709.
+
+Since the saint expelled the fiends, the mountain (it appears) has taken
+the name of Cross Fell, in commemoration of the event.
+
+There are now existent seven stones lying in a careless condition on the
+top of this mountain, as if destroyed by the hand of time. The stones,
+it is supposed, are the remains of the cross and altar. One stone is
+considerably higher than the rest, and they are overgrown with moss.
+
+I have heard many of the traditions which are very current, but all such
+hyperboles, that were I to give one, the reader would be convulsed with
+laughter. I trust, sir, if you have any travellers among your numerous
+readers, they will give this a further investigation, and I (as well as
+yourself, doubtless) shall be happy to learn the result.
+
+Your's. &c.
+
+W.H.H.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SALMON KIPPERING, IN DUMBARTONSHIRE.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+Salmon are caught in less or greater abundance in all the rivers of this
+county. The salmon-fisheries of Lochlomond and the Leven are of
+considerable value. In several parts of the county salmon are cured in a
+peculiar manner, called kippering; and throughout Scotland kippered
+salmon is a favourite dish. It is practised here in the following
+manner:--All the blood is taken from the fish immediately after it is
+killed; this is done by cutting the gills. It is then cut up the back on
+each side the bone, or chine, as it is commonly called. The bone is
+taken out, but the tail, with two or three inches of the bone, is left;
+the head is cut off; all the entrails are taken out, but the skin of the
+belly is left uncut; the fish is then laid, with the skin undermost, on
+a board, and is well rubbed and covered over with a mixture of equal
+quantities of common salt and Jamaica pepper. Some of this mixture is
+carefully spread under the fins to prevent them from corrupting, which
+they sometimes do, especially if the weather is warm. A board with a
+large stone is sometimes laid upon the fish, with a view to make the
+salt penetrate more effectually. In some places, as Dumbarton, instead
+of a flat board, a shallow wooden trough is used, by which means the
+brine is kept about the fish; sometimes two or three salmon are kippered
+together in the same vessel, one being laid upon the other. The fish,
+with the board or trough, is set in a cool place for two or three days;
+it is then removed from the board, and again rubbed with salt and
+pepper; after which it is hung up by the tail, and exposed to the rays
+of the sun or the heat of the fire. Care is previously taken to stretch
+out the fish by means of small sticks or hoops placed across it from
+side to side. After it has remained in the heat a few days, it is hung
+up in a dry place till used. Some people, in order to give the kipper a
+peculiar taste, highly relished by not a few, carefully smoke it with
+peat reek, or the reek of juniper bushes. This is commonly done by
+hanging it up so near a chimney in which peats or juniper bushes are
+burnt, as to receive the smoke; there it remains two or three weeks, by
+which time it generally acquires the required flavour.
+
+T.S.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DEBTOR AND CREDITOR.
+
+(_Concluded from page 227._)
+
+
+Debt is obligation, and "obligation," says Hobbes, "is thraldom." This
+will be evident if we once consider to what a variety of mean shifts the
+state of being in debt exposes us. It sits like fetters of iron on
+conscience; but as old offenders often whistle to the clanking of their
+chains, so rogues lighten their hearts by increasing their debts. It
+destroys freedom as much as a debtor is his creditor's slave; and, under
+certain circumstances, his range may be reduced to a few square feet,
+and his view prescribed by a few cubits of brick walls; and, humiliating
+as this may appear, it sits lightly on the majority, since, even the
+brawlers for liberty, forgetting "the air they breathe," are often to be
+found within its pale; but in this case they also forget, that being in
+legal debt is less venial than many other sins, since it cannot be
+cleared by any appeals to argument, or settled by shades of opinion.
+Subterfuge, lying, and loss of liberty, are not all the miseries of a
+conscious debtor: in the world he resembles a prisoner at large; he
+walks many circuitous miles to avoid being dunned, and would sooner meet
+a mad dog than an angry creditor. He lives in a sort of _abeyance_,
+and sinks under shame when caught enjoying an undue luxury. In short, he
+is cramped in all his enjoyments, and considers his fellow, out of debt,
+as great as the emperor of the celestial empire, after whose repast
+other kings may dine. Hence ensue repining and envy: he fancies himself
+slighted by the world, and, in return, he cares not for the opinion of
+the world; his energies waste, and he falls.
+
+These sufferings, however, appertain but to one class of debtors. There
+are others who scorn such compunctious visitations, and set all laws of
+conscience at defiance. They press into their service all the aids of
+cunning, and travel on byroads of the world till they are bronzed enough
+for its highway. Their memories are like mirrors, and their debts like
+breathings on them, which vanish the same moment they are produced. They
+look on mankind as a large family, and the world as a large storehouse,
+or open house, where they have a claim proportioned to their wants. They
+clear their consciences by maintaining, that what is parted with is not
+lost, and foster their hopes with the idea of its reversion. They think
+those who _can_ ride ought not to walk; and, therefore, that all
+men have the option of such chances of good-fortune. With this laxity of
+principle they quarter themselves on the credulity of extortionate
+tradesmen, and the good-natured simplicity of friends or associates.
+If, perchance, they possess any excellence above their society, they
+consider it as a redeeming grace for their importunities, and,
+calculating on the vulgarism _ad captandum_, that what is dearest
+bought is most prized, they make their friends pay freely for their
+admiration. Nor are such admirers willing to break the spell by which
+they are bound, since, by their unqualified approval they sanction, and
+flatter _the man_ of their party, to their mutual ruin; for, as
+Selden observes, "he who will keep a monkey should surely pay for the
+glasses he breaks."
+
+Prone as men are to the crooked path, and still more apt as the weak and
+ignorant are to indulge them in such a course, perhaps the love of
+principle is as strong in men's hearts as it ever will be. Of times gone
+by, we must not here speak; because the _amor patrię_ its has long
+since shifted to _amor nummi_, and naked honesty has learned the
+decency of dress. There have been profligates in all ages; but the
+world, though sometimes a severe master, ruins as many by its deceitful
+indulgence, as by its ill-timed severity. Good fellows are usually the
+worst treated by the world allowing them to go beyond their tether, and
+then cutting them off out of harm's way. Nothing but an earlier
+discipline can improve us; for so habitual is debt, that the boy who
+forestals his pocket-money uses it as a step-ladder to mortgaging his
+estate. The sufferers, in such cases, are generally shut up in prisons
+or poor-houses, to afflict or console each other as their sensibilities
+may direct; and thus the salutary lessons, which their condition might
+afford, is lost to the world. Neither are such scenes of real misery
+courted by mankind; the nearest semblances which they can bear being in
+the sentimentalities of the stage, encumbered as they often are by
+overstrained fiction and caricature. On the contrary, a walk through
+those receptacles of human woe, and the little histories of their
+inmates, will often furnish as many lessons of morality and
+world-knowledge as will suffice us for life. We may there see the
+rapacious creditor at the same goal with the unfortunate debtor, whom he
+has hunted through life, supplicating mercy which he never exercised,
+and vainly attempting to recant a course of cruelty and persecution, by
+mixing up his merited sufferings with the distresses of his abused
+companions.
+
+Goldsmith has said, that "every man is the architect of his own
+fortune;" and perhaps there are few men, who, in the moments of their
+deepest suffering, have not felt the force of this assertion. In high
+life, embarrassments are generally to be attributed to the love of
+gambling, prodigality, or some such sweeping vice, which no station can
+control. Bankruptcies, or failures in trade, being common occurrences,
+are seldom traced to their origin, too often found to be in expensive
+habits, and overreaching or misguided speculations, and sometimes in the
+treachery and villany of partners; and, amidst this bad system, so
+nicely is credit balanced, that a run of ill luck, or a mere idle
+whisper, is often known to destroy commercial character of a century's
+growth. But in these cases it should be recollected, that the reputation
+of the parties has probably been already endangered by some great
+stretch of enterprize, calculated to excite envy or suspicion.
+
+Debts of fashion, or those contracted in high life, are usually the most
+unjust, probably the result of honesty being more a virtue of necessity
+than of choice, and of the disgraceful system of imposing on the
+extravagant and wealthy. Experience, it is granted, is a treasure which
+fools must purchase at a high price; but however largely we may hold
+possession of that commodity, it will not excuse that scheme of
+bare-weight honesty, which some are apt to make the standard of their
+dealings with the rich. A man of family, partly from indiscretion, and
+from various other causes, becomes embarrassed; the clamours of his
+creditors soon magnify his luxuries, but not a word is said about their
+innumerable extortions, in the shape of commissions, percentages, and
+other licensed modifications of cheatery, nor are they reckoned to the
+advantage of the debtor. These may be practices of experience, custom,
+and money-getting, but they are not rules of conscience. In truth, there
+is not a more painful scene than the ruin of a young man of family.
+There is so much vice and unprincipled waste opposed to indignant and
+rapacious clamour, often accompanied with idle jests. Here again is food
+for the vitiated appetites of scandalmongers, and that miserable but
+numerous portion of mankind, who rejoice at the fall of a superior. The
+name of _debtor_ is an odium which a proud spirit can but ill
+support; cunning and avarice come in a thousand shapes, not to retrieve
+lost credit, but to swell the list of embarrassments;--friends have fled
+at the approach of the crisis, and associates appear but to pluck the
+poor victim of the wrecks of his fortune! Absenteeism, the curse of
+England, is the only alternative of wretched and humiliating
+imprisonment. An entire change of habit ensues: ease and elegance of
+manners dwindle into coldness and neglect, liberality to meanness, and
+good-natured simplicity to chicanery and cunning. In society, too, how
+changed; once the gay table companion, full of gallantry and wit, now
+solitary and dejected, with the weeds of discomfort and despair rankling
+around his heart. If fortune ever enable him to regenerate from such
+obscurity, perhaps custom may have habituated him to privation till the
+return of comfort serves little more than to awaken recollections of
+past error or obligation, and to embitter future enjoyment. Such a
+change may, however, empower him to adjust his conscience with men, of
+all satisfaction the most valuable; notwithstanding that the world is
+readier to exaggerate error, than recognise such sterling principle. It
+is alike obvious, that men who are under the stigma of debt, do not
+enjoy that ease which they are commonly thought to possess. The horrors
+of dependance, in all its afflicting shapes, are known to visit them
+hourly, although in some instances, buoyancy of spirits, and affected
+gaiety may enable them to appear happy; and ofttimes would they be
+awakened to a sense of these fallacies, and thus become reformed, were
+it not for the rigour of persecution, which renders them reckless of all
+that may ensue, and callous to the honourable distinctions of man. This
+of a truth, is tampering with human weakness, and is too often known to
+prove the upshot of industry, by sacrificing principle to vindictive
+passion.
+
+That a system of debt is identified with the existence and framework of
+all commercial republics, is well known; else, genius would cease to be
+fostered, enterprise would be cramped, and industry wither on her own
+soil. Nevertheless, the system may be so extended, as to beget
+indifference for the future and neglect of our present concerns, which
+leads to gradual ruin. Time "travels at divers paces," but with none
+more quickly than the unprepared debtor; and he who allows his debts to
+get the start of his fortune, lives upon other men's estates, and must
+accordingly become the slave of their passions and prejudices: in truth,
+he may be thus said to be parting with his existence by piece-meal.
+Hence, he becomes a kind of _convict_ in society--his debts
+resembling a log of wood chained to his body, and a brand-mark on his
+conscience. Thus pent up with fear and disquietude, his imprisonment is
+twofold, and being an enemy to his own peace, he is apt to imagine all
+men to be leagued against him. If his debts are those of youth, his old
+age will probably resemble the sequel to revelry, when appetite is fled
+to make way for disgust and spleen: and he dies--in debt. Mark the
+lamentable scenes that follow, when the pride of inheritance sinks
+before the unsparing hand of the usurer, or extortionate mortgagee.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR LUMLEY SKEFFINGTON.
+
+
+Sir Lumley St. George Skeffington was the dandy of the olden time, and a
+kinder, better-hearted man, never existed. He is a person of some taste
+in literature, and of polished manners, nor has his long intercourse
+with fashionable society at all affected that simplicity of character
+for which he has been remarkable. He was a true dandy: and much more
+than, that, he was a perfect gentleman. I remember, long long since,
+entering Covent Garden Theatre, when I observed a person holding the
+door to let me pass; deeming him to be one of the box-keepers, I was
+about to nod my thanks: when I found, to my surprise, that it was
+Skeffington, who had thus goodnaturedly honoured a stranger by his
+attention. We with some difficulty obtained seats in a box, and I was
+indebted to accident for one of the most agreeable evenings I remember
+to have passed.
+
+I remember visiting the Opera, when late dinners were the rage, and the
+hour of refection was carried far into the night. I was again placed
+near the fugleman of fashion (for to his movements were all eyes
+directed: and his sanction determined the accuracy of all conduct). He
+bowed from box to box, until recognising one of his friends in the lower
+tier, "Temple," he exclaimed, drawling out his weary words,
+"at--what--hour--do--you--dine--to-day?" It had gone half-past eleven
+when he spoke!
+
+I saw him once enter St. James's Church, having at the door taken a
+ponderous red-morocco prayer-book from his servant; but, although
+prominently placed in the centre aisle, the pew-opener never offered him
+a seat; and, stranger still, none of his many friends beckoned him to a
+place. Others, in his rank of life, might have been disconcerted at the
+position in which he was placed: but Skeffington was too much of a
+gentleman to be in any way disturbed; so he seated himself upon the
+bench between two aged female paupers, and most reverently did he go
+through the service, sharing with the ladies his book, the print of
+which was more favourable to their devotions than their own diminutive
+Liturgies.
+
+_New Monthly Magazine._
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+MARQUESS OF CLEVELAND.
+
+
+In the Gazette of September 17, 1827, is registered the grant of the
+title of _Marquess of Cleveland_ to the Earl of Darlington.
+
+The noble Earl probably selected the title of "Cleveland" in consequence
+of his representing the extinct Dukes of Cleveland. King Charles the
+Second, on the 3rd of August, 1670, created his mistress, Barbara
+Villiers, the daughter and heiress of William, second Viscount Grandison
+in Ireland, and wife of Roger Palmer, Earl of Castlemaine, Baroness
+Nonsuch, in the county of Surrey, Countess of Southampton, and
+_Duchess of Cleveland_, with remainder to two of her natural sons
+by the King, Charles Fitz Roy, and George Fitz Roy, who was created Duke
+of Northumberland in 1674, but died S.P., and to the heirs male of their
+bodies lawfully begotten respectively. The Duchess died in 1709, and was
+succeeded by her eldest son, Charles, who had been before created Duke
+of Southampton. He had issue, three sons: William, his successor in his
+honours; Charles, and Henry, who both died S.P.; and three daughters,
+Barbara, who died unmarried; Grace; and Ann; who was the wife of Francis
+Paddy, Esquire, and had issue.
+
+Grace, the Duke's second daughter, married Henry, first Earl of
+Darlington; and on the death of her brother William, second and last
+Duke of Cleveland, S.P., in 1774, her son, Henry, second Earl of
+Darlington, the father of the present Marquess of Cleveland, became one
+of the representatives of that family. It is an extraordinary fact, that
+the attainder of the celebrated Sir Henry Vane should never have been
+reversed, though his son was created a Baron, his great-grandson a
+Viscount and Earl, and his great-great-great-grandson a Marquess. The
+only individual on whom the title of Cleveland has been conferred,
+besides Barbara Villiers and her descendants, was Thomas, fourth Lord
+Wentworth, who was created Earl of Cleveland in February, 1626; but it
+became extinct on his death, S.P.M., in 1667.
+
+_Retrospective Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DIRTY PEOPLE.
+
+
+A dirty dog is a nuisance not to be borne. But here the question
+arises,--who--what--is a dirty dog? Now there are men (no women)
+naturally--necessarily--dirty. They are not dirty by chance or
+accident--say twice or thrice per diem--but they are always dirty--at
+all times and in all places--and never and nowhere more disgustingly so
+than when figged out for going to church. It is in the skin--in the
+blood--in the flesh--and in the bone--that with such the disease of dirt
+more especially lies. We beg pardon, no less in the hair. Now such
+persons do not know that they are dirty--that they are unclean beasts.
+On the contrary, they often think themselves pinks of purity--incarnations
+of carnations--impersonations of moss-roses--the spiritual essences
+of lilies, "imparadised in form of that sweet flesh." Now, were such
+persons to change their linen every half hour night and day, that is,
+were they to put on forty-eight clean shirts in the twenty-four
+hours,--and it would not be reasonable, perhaps, to demand more of
+them,--yet though we cheerfully grant that one and all of the shirts
+would be dirty, we as sulkily deny that at any given moment from sunrise
+to sunset, and over again, the wearer would be clean. He would be just
+every whit and bit as dirty as if he had known but one single shirt all
+his life--and firmly believed his to be the only shirt in the universe.
+
+Men, again, on the other hand, there are--and, thank God, in great
+numbers--who are naturally so clean, that we defy you to make them
+_bonā fide_ dirty. You may as well drive down a duck into a dirty
+puddle, and expect lasting stains on its pretty plumage. Pope says the
+same thing of swans--that is, poets--when speaking of Aaron Hill diving
+into the ditch--
+
+  "He bears no tokens of the sabler streams,
+  But soars far off among the swans of Thames."
+
+
+Pleasant people of this kind of constitution you see going about of a
+morning rather in dishabille--hair uncombed haply--face and hands even
+unwashed--and shirt with a somewhat day-before-yesterdayish hue. Yet are
+they, so far from being dirty, at once felt, seen, and smelt, to be
+among the very cleanest of his majesty's subjects. The moment you shake
+hands with them, you feel in the firm flesh of palm and finger that
+their heart's blood circulates purely and freely from the point of the
+highest hair on the apex of the pericranium, to the edge of the nail on
+the large toe of the right foot. Their eyes are as clean as unclouded
+skies--the apples on their cheeks are like those on the tree--what need,
+in either case, of rubbing off dust or dew with a towel? What though,
+from sleeping without a night-cap, their hair may be a little toosey? It
+is not dim--dull--oily--like half-withered sea-weeds! It will soon comb
+itself with the fingers of the west wind--that tent-like tree its
+toilette--its mirror that pool of the clear-flowing Tweed.
+
+Irishmen are generally sweet--at least in their own green isle.--So are
+Scotchmen. Whereas, blindfolded, take a cockney's hand, immediately
+after it has been washed and scented, and put it to your nose--and you
+will begin to be apprehensive that some practical wit has substituted in
+lieu of the sonnet-scribbling bunch of little fetid fives, the body of
+some chicken-butcher of a weasel, that died of the plague. We have seen
+as much of what is most ignorantly and malignantly denominated dirt--one
+week's earth--washed off the feet of a pretty young girl on a Saturday
+night, at a single sitting, in the little rivulet that runs almost round
+about her father's hut, as would have served a cockney to raise his
+mignionette in, or his crop of cresses. How beautifully glowed the
+crimson-snow of the singing creature's new-washed feet!
+
+It will be seen, from these hurried remarks, that there is more truth
+than Dr. Kitchiner was aware of in his apophthegm--that a clean skin may
+be regarded as next in efficacy to a clear conscience. But the doctor
+had but a very imperfect notion of the meaning of the words--clean
+skin--his observation being not even skin-deep. A wash-hand basin--a bit
+of soap--and a coarse towel--he thought would give a cockney on
+Ludgate-hill a clean skin--just as many good people think that a Bible,
+a prayer-book, and a long sermon can give a clear conscience to a
+criminal in Newgate. The cause of the evil, in both cases, lies too deep
+for tears. Millions of men and women pass through nature to eternity
+clean-skinned and pious--with slight expense either in soap or sermons;
+while millions more, with much week-day bodily scrubbing, and much
+Sabbath spiritual sanctification, are held in bad odour here, while they
+live, by those who happen to sit near them, and finally go out like the
+snuff of a candle.--_Blackwoods Magazine_.
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+QUACKERY.
+
+
+A short time since a soi-disant doctor sold water of the pool of
+Bethesda, which was to cure all complaints, if taken at the time when
+the angel visited the parent spring, on which occasion the doctor's
+bottled water manifested, he said, its sympathy with its fount by its
+perturbation. Hundreds purchased the Bethesda-water, and watched for
+the commotion and the consequence, with the result to be expected. At
+last one, less patient than the rest, went to the doctor, and complained
+that though he had kept his eye constantly on the water for a whole
+year, he had never yet discovered anything like the signs of an angel in
+his bottle.
+
+"That's extremely strange," exclaimed the doctor. "What sized bottle did
+you buy, sir?"
+
+Patient.--"A half-guinea-one, doctor."
+
+Doctor.--"Oh, that accounts for it. The half-guinea bottles contain so
+small a quantity of the invaluable Bethesda-water, that the agitation
+is scarcely perceptible; but if you buy a five-guinea bottle, and watch
+it well, you will in due season see the commotion quite plain,
+sympathizing with that of the pool when visited by the angel."
+
+The patient bought the five guinea bottle as advised, and kept a sharp
+look out for the angel till the day of his death.
+
+_London Magazine._
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+HANGING BY DESIRE.
+
+
+Some few years ago, two fellows were observed by a patrol sitting on a
+lamp-post in the New Road, and on closely watching them, he discovered
+that one was tying up the other (who offered no resistance) by the neck.
+The patrol interfered, to prevent such a strange kind of murder, and was
+assailed by both, and pretty considerably beaten for his good offices.
+The watchmen, however, poured in, and the parties were secured. On
+examination the next morning, it appeared that the men had been
+gambling; that one had lost all his money to the other, and had at last
+proposed to stake his clothes. The winner demurred; observing, that he
+could not strip his adversary naked, in the event of his losing. "Oh,"
+replied the other, "do not give yourself any uneasiness about that. If I
+lose, I shall be unable to live, and you shall hang me, and take my
+clothes after I am dead; as I shall then, you know, have no occasion for
+them." The proposed arrangement was assented to; and the fellow, having
+lost, was quietly submitting to the terms of the treaty, when he was
+interrupted by the patrol, whose impertinent interference he so angrily
+resented.--_Ibid._
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+
+
+RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TRIAL OF CHARLES I.
+
+
+On the morning of Jan. 20th, 1648, towards noon, the High Court, having
+first held its secret sitting in the Painted Chamber, prepared to enter
+upon the final details of its mission. Prayers were scarcely over,
+before it was announced that the king, borne in a close sedan between
+two rows of soldiers, was on the point of making his appearance.
+Cromwell ran to the windows, and as suddenly hastened back, pale yet
+highly excited--"He is here, he is here, sirs; the hour for this grand
+affair draws nigh. Decide promptly, I beseech you, what you intend to
+reply; for he will instantly inquire in whose name and by what authority
+you presume to try him." No one making any reply, Henry Martin at length
+observed--"In the name of the Commons assembled in Parliament, and of
+all the good people of England." To this no objection was made. The
+court proceeded in solemn procession towards Westminster Hall, the
+President Bradshaw at its head; before him were borne the mace and
+sword; and sixteen officers armed with partisans, preceded the court.
+The President took his place in an arm-chair adorned with crimson
+velvet; at his feet sat the clerk, near a table covered with a rich
+Turkey carpet, and upon which were placed the mace and sword. On the
+right and left appeared the members of the court upon seats of scarlet
+cloth; while at the two ends of the hall stood the guards, all armed, a
+little in advance of the tribunal. The court being installed, all the
+doors were thrown open; the crowd rushed into the hall. Silence being
+restored, the act of the Commons appointing the court was read, the
+names were called over, and sixty-nine members were found to be present.
+"Sergeant," said Bradshaw, "let the prisoner be brought forward!"
+
+The king appeared under guard of Colonel Hacker and thirty-two officers.
+An arm-chair, adorned with crimson velvet, was in readiness for him at
+the bar. He came forward; fixed a long and severe look upon the court,
+and seated himself without taking off his hat. Suddenly he rose, looked
+round at the guard upon the left, and at the spectators upon the right
+of the hall; again fixed his eyes upon his judges, and then sat down,
+amidst the general silence of the court.
+
+Bradshaw rose instantly:--"Charles Stuart, King of England, the English
+Commons assembled in Parliament, deeply penetrated with a sense of the
+evils that have fallen upon this nation, and of which you are considered
+the chief author, are resolved to inquire into this sanguinary crime.
+With this view they have instituted this High Court of Justice, before
+which you are summoned this day. You will now hear the charges to be
+preferred against you."
+
+The Attorney General Coke now rose. "Silence!" exclaimed the king, at
+the same time touching him on the shoulder with his cane. Coke,
+surprised and irritated, turned round; the handle of the king's cane
+fell off, and for a few moments he appeared deeply affected. None of his
+attendants were at hand to take it up; he stooped and picked it up
+himself, and then resumed his seat. Coke proceeded to read the act
+imputing to the king all the evils arising first out of his tyranny,
+subsequently from the war; and requiring that he should be bound to
+reply to the charges, and that judgment should be pronounced against him
+as a tyrant, a traitor, and a murderer.
+
+During this time, the king continued seated, directing his eyes towards
+his judges, or towards the spectators, without betraying any emotion.
+Once he rose; turned his back upon the court to see what was passing
+behind him, and again sat down with an expression at once of
+inquisitiveness and indifference in his manner. Upon hearing the words:
+"Charles Stuart, a tyrant, traitor, and murderer," he laughed, though he
+still remained silent.
+
+The act being read, "Sir," said Bradshaw, "you have now heard the act of
+accusation against you: the court expects you to reply."
+
+_The King_. "First, I wish to know by what authority I am summoned
+here. A short time since, I was in the Isle of Wight engaged in
+negociations with both houses of parliament, under guarantee of the
+public faith. We were upon the point of concluding a treaty. I would be
+informed by what authority--I say legitimate authority--for of
+illegitimate authorities there are, I know, many, like that of robbers
+on the highway;--I would be informed, I repeat, by what authority I have
+been dragged from place to place, I know not with what views. When I am
+made acquainted with this legitimate authority, I will reply."
+
+_Bradshaw_. "If you had attended to what was addressed to you by
+the court upon your arrival, you would know in what this authority
+consisted. It calls upon you, in the name of the people of England, of
+whom you were elected king, to make a reply."
+
+_The King_. "No sir, I deny this."
+
+_Bradshaw_. "If you refuse to acknowledge the authority of the
+court, it will proceed against you."
+
+_The King_. "I maintain that England never was an elective kingdom;
+for nearly the space of a thousand years it has been altogether an
+hereditary one. Let me know, then, by what authority I am summoned here.
+Inquire from Colonel Cobbett, who is here at hand, if I were not brought
+by force from the Isle of Wight. I will yield to none in maintaining the
+just privileges of the House of Commons in this place. But where are the
+Lords? I see no Lords here necessary to constitute a parliament. A king,
+moreover, is essential to it. Now is this what is meant by bringing the
+king to meet his parliament?"
+
+_Bradshaw._ "Sir, the court awaits a definitive answer from you. If
+what we have stated respecting our authority does not satisfy you, it is
+sufficient for us, we know that it is founded upon the authority of God
+and of the country."
+
+_The King._ "It is neither my opinion nor yours which should decide."
+
+_Bradshaw._ "The court has heard you; you will be disposed of
+according to its orders. Let the prisoner be removed. The court adjourns
+until Monday."
+
+The court then withdrew; and the king retired under the same escort that
+had accompanied him. Upon rising he perceived the sword placed upon the
+table, "I have no fear of that," he observed, pointing towards it with
+his cane. As he descended the staircase, several voices called out
+"Justice! justice!" but far the greater number were heard to exclaim,
+"God save the king! God save your majesty."
+
+On the morrow at the opening of the sitting, sixty-two members being
+present, the court ordered strict silence to be observed under pain of
+imprisonment. On his arrival, however, the king was not the less
+received with marked applause. The same sort of discussion commenced,
+and with equal obstinacy on both sides. "Sir," at length, exclaimed
+Bradshaw, "neither you, nor any other person shall be permitted to
+question the jurisdiction of this court. It sits by authority of the
+Commons of England--an authority to which both you and your predecessors
+are to be held responsible."
+
+_The King._ "I deny that. Show me a single precedent." Bradshaw
+rose up in a passion: "Sir, we do not sit here to reply to your
+questions. Plead to the accusation, _guilty_ or not _guilty_."
+
+_The King._ "You have not yet heard my reasons."
+
+_Bradshaw._ "Sir, no reason can be advanced against the highest of
+all jurisdictions."
+
+_The King._ "Point out to me this jurisdiction; or you refuse to
+hear reason."
+
+_Bradshaw._ "Sir, we show it to you here. Here are the Commons of
+England. Sergeant, remove the prisoner."
+
+The king on this turned suddenly round towards the people. "Bear in
+mind," he said, "that the king of England has been condemned without
+being permitted to state his reasons in support of the people's
+liberty." These words were followed by an almost general cry of God save
+the king. * * *
+
+On the 27th at noon, after two hours conference in the painted chamber,
+the court opened, as usual, by calling a list of the names. At the name
+of Fairfax, a woman's voice from the bottom of the gallery was heard to
+exclaim: "He has too much sense to be here." After some moments'
+surprise and hesitation, the names were called over, and sixty-seven
+members were present. When the king entered the hall, there was a
+violent outcry: "Execution! justice! execution!" The soldiers became
+very insolent; some officers, in particular Axtell, commander of the
+guards, excited them to this uproar; and groups spread about through the
+hall, as busily seconded them. The people, struck with consternation,
+were silent. "Sir!" said the king, addressing Bradshaw before he sat
+down, "I demand to speak a word; I hope that I shall give you no cause
+to interrupt me."
+
+_Bradshaw._ "You will be heard in your turn. Listen first to the court."
+
+_The King._ "Sir, if you please, I wish to be heard. It is only a
+word. An immediate decision."
+
+_Bradshaw._ "Sir, you shall be heard at the proper time:--first,
+you must listen to the court."
+
+_The King._ "Sir, I desire,--what I have to say applies to what the
+court is, I believe, about to pronounce; and it is difficult, sir, to
+recall a precipitate verdict."
+
+_Bradshaw._ "We shall hear you, sir, before judgment is pronounced.
+Until then you ought to abstain from speaking."
+
+Upon this assurance the king became more calm; he sat down, and Bradshaw
+proceeded:
+
+"Gentlemen--it is well known that the prisoner at your bar has now been
+many times brought before this court to reply to a charge of treason,
+and other high crimes, exhibited against him in the name of the English
+people"----
+
+"Not half the people," exclaimed the same voice that had spoken on
+hearing the name of Fairfax, "where is the people?--where is its
+consent?--Oliver Cromwell is a traitor."
+
+The whole assembly seemed electrified!--all eyes turned towards the
+gallery: "Down with the w----s," cried Axtell; "soldiers fire upon
+them!"--It was lady Fairfax. A general confusion now arose; the
+soldiers, though everywhere fierce and active, could with difficulty
+repress it. Order being at length a little restored, Bradshaw again
+insisted upon the king's obstinate refusal to reply to the charge; upon
+the notoriety of the crimes imputed to him, and declared that the court,
+though unanimous in its sentence, had nevertheless consented to hear the
+prisoner's defence, provided that he would cease to question its
+jurisdiction.
+
+"I demand," said the king, "to be heard in the painted chamber, by both
+Lords and Commons, upon a proposition which concerns the peace of the
+kingdom and the liberty of my subjects much more nearly than my own
+preservation."
+
+A violent tumult now spread throughout the court, and the whole
+assembly. Friends and enemies were all eager to divine for what purpose
+the king had demanded this conference with the two houses, and what it
+was his intention to propose to them.
+
+Colonel Downs, a member of the court, expressed a wish that the king's
+proposition should be heard.
+
+"Since one of the members desires it," said Bradshaw, gravely, "the
+court must retire;" and they immediately passed into a neighbouring
+hall. * * *
+
+In about half an hour the court returned, and Bradshaw informed the king
+that his proposition was rejected.
+
+Charles appeared to be subdued, and no longer insisted with any degree
+of vigour.
+
+"If you have nothing to add," said Bradshaw, "the court will proceed to
+give sentence."
+
+"I shall add nothing, sir," said the king; "and only request that what I
+have said may be recorded." Without replying to this, Bradshaw informed
+him that he was about to hear his sentence; but before he ordered it to
+be read, he addressed to the king a long discourse, as a solemn apology
+for the proceedings of parliament, enumerating all the evil deeds of the
+king, and imputing to him alone all the misfortunes of the civil war,
+since it was his tyranny that had made resistance as much a matter of
+duty as of necessity. The orator's language was harsh and bitter, but
+grave, pious, free from insult, and stamped with profound conviction,
+though with a slight mixture of vindictive feeling. The king heard him
+without offering any interruption, and with equal gravity. In
+proportion, however, as the discourse drew towards a close, he became
+visibly troubled; and as soon as Bradshaw was silent, he endeavoured to
+speak: Bradshaw prevented him, and commanded the clerk to read the
+sentence; this being done, he said, "This is the act, opinion, and
+unanimous judgment of the court," and the whole court rose up in token
+of assent: "Sir," said the king, abruptly, "will you hear one word?"
+
+_Bradshaw._ "Sir, you cannot be heard after sentence has been
+passed."
+
+_The King._ "No, sir!"
+
+_Bradshaw_. "No, sir, with your permission, sir. Guards, remove the
+prisoner."
+
+_The King_. "I can speak after sentence.--With your permission,
+sir, I have still a right to speak after sentence.--With your
+permission--Stay--The sentence, sir--I say, sir, that--I am not
+permitted to speak--think what justice others are to expect!"
+
+At this moment he was surrounded by soldiers, and removed from the bar.
+
+_From the French of M. Guizot_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR;
+
+AND
+
+LITERARY NOTICES OF
+
+_NEW WORKS_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GALLANTRY.
+
+
+In Spain, after a lady had obliged her gallant by all possible
+civilities and compliance, to confirm her kindness she would show him
+her foot, and this they called the highest favour. The feet and legs of
+queens were so sacred, that it was a crime to think, or at any rate to
+speak of them. On the arrival of the Princess Maria Anna of Austria, the
+bride of Philip IV. in Spain, a quantity of the finest silk stockings
+were presented to her in a city where there were manufactories of that
+article. The major domo of the future queen threw back the stockings
+with indignation, exclaiming, "Know that the queens of Spain have no
+legs." When the young bride heard this, she began to weep bitterly,
+declaring she would return to Vienna, and that she would never have set
+foot in Spain had she known that her legs were to be cut off. This
+ridiculous etiquette was on one occasion carried still further; one day
+as the second consort of Charles II. was riding a very spirited horse,
+the animal reared on his hinder legs. At the moment when the horse
+seemed on the point of falling back with his fair rider, the queen
+slipped off on one side, and remained with one of her feet hanging in
+the stirrup. The unruly beast, irritated still more at the burden which
+fell on one side, kicked with the utmost violence in all directions. In
+the first moments of danger and alarm, no person durst venture to the
+assistance of the queen for this reason, that excepting the king and the
+chief of the menimos, or little pages, no person of the male sex was
+allowed to touch any part of the queens of Spain, and least of all their
+feet. As the danger of the queen augmented, two cavaliers ran to her
+relief. One of them seized the bridle of the horse, while the other drew
+the queen's foot from the stirrup, and in performing this service
+dislocated his thumb. As soon as they had saved her life they hastened
+away with all possible expedition, ordered their fleetest horses to be
+saddled, and were just preparing for their flight out of the kingdom,
+when a messenger came to inform them that at the queen's intercession,
+the king had pardoned the crime they had committed in touching her
+person.--_Meiner's History of the Female Sex._
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+ADVANTAGES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY.
+
+
+In the year 1825, Henry Drummond, Esq. of Albury Park, Surrey, and
+formerly of Christchurch, subjected his estate in Surrey with a yearly
+rent-charge of 100_l._ for the endowment of a professorship in
+Political Economy, under certain conditions. Mr. Senior, whose name is
+not unknown to students of political economy, has been appointed first
+professor, and in his first lecture gives the following illustration of
+the advantages of the science:--
+
+If we compare the present situation of the people of England with that
+of their predecessors at the time of Cęsar's invasion; if we contrast
+the warm and dry cottage of the present labourer, its chimney and glass
+windows, (luxuries not enjoyed by Cęsar himself,) the linen and
+woollen clothing of himself and his family, the steel, and glass, and
+earthenware with which his table is furnished, the Asiatic and American
+ingredients of his food, and above all, his safety from personal injury,
+and his calm security that to-morrow will bring with it the comforts
+that have been enjoyed to-day; if, I repeat, we contrast all these
+sources of enjoyment with the dark and smoky burrows of the Brigantes or
+the Cantii, their clothing of skins, their food confined to milk and
+flesh, and their constant exposure to famine and to violence, we shall
+be inclined to think those who are lowest in modern society richer than
+the chiefs of their rude predecessors. And if we consider that the same
+space of ground which afforded an uncertain subsistence to a hundred, or
+probably fewer, savages, now supports with ease more than a thousand
+labourers, and, perhaps, a hundred individuals beside, each consuming
+more commodities than the labour of a whole tribe of Ancient Britons
+could have produced or purchased, we may at first be led to doubt
+whether our ancestors enjoyed the same natural advantages as ourselves;
+whether their sun was as warm, their soil as fertile, or their bodies as
+strong, as our own.
+
+But let us substitute distance of space for distance of time; and,
+instead of comparing situations of the same country at different
+periods, compare different countries at the same period, and we shall
+find a still more striking discrepancy. The inhabitant of South America
+enjoys a soil and a climate, not superior merely to our own, but
+combining all the advantages of every climate and soil possessed by the
+remainder of the world. His valleys have all the exuberance of the
+tropics, and his mountain-plains unite the temperature of Europe to a
+fertility of which Europe offers no example. Nature collects for him,
+within the space of a morning's walk, the fruits and vegetables which
+she has elsewhere separated by thousands of miles. She has given him
+inexhaustible forests, has covered his plains with wild cattle and
+horses, filled his mountains with mineral treasures, and intersected all
+the eastern face of his country with rivers, to which our Rhine and
+Danube are merely brooks. But the possessor of these riches is poor and
+miserable. With all the materials of clothing offered to him almost
+spontaneously, he is ill-clad; with the most productive of soils, he is
+ill-fed: though we are told that the labour of a week will there procure
+subsistence for a year, famines are of frequent occurrence; the hut of
+the Indian, and the residence of the landed proprietor, are alike
+destitute of furniture and convenience; and South America, helpless and
+indigent with all her natural advantages, seems to rely for support and
+improvement on a very small portion of the surplus wealth of England.
+
+It is impossible to consider these phenomena without feeling anxious to
+account for them; to discover whether they are occasioned by
+circumstances unsusceptible of investigation or regulation, or by causes
+which can be ascertained, and may be within human control. To us, as
+Englishmen, it is of still deeper interest to inquire whether the causes
+of our superiority are still in operation, and whether their force is
+capable of being increased or diminished; whether England has run her
+full career of wealth and improvement, but stands safe where she is; or,
+whether to remain stationary is impossible, and it depends on her
+institutions and her habits, on her government, and on her people,
+whether she shall recede or continue to advance.
+
+The answer to all these questions must be sought in the science which
+teaches in what wealth consists, by what agents it is produced, and
+according to what laws it is distributed, and what are the institutions
+and customs by which production may be facilitated, and distribution
+regulated, so as to give the largest possible amount of wealth to each
+individual. And this science is _Political Economy.--Senior's Lecture
+on Political Economy._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PROLONGING LIFE.
+
+
+The notion of prolonging life by inhaling the breath of young women, was
+an agreeable delusion easily credited: and one physician who had himself
+written on health, was so influenced by it, that he actually took
+lodgings in a boarding-school, that he might never be without a constant
+supply of the proper atmosphere. Philip Thicknesse, who wrote the
+"Valetudinarian's Guide," in 1779, seems to have taken a dose whenever
+he could. "I am myself," says he, "turned of sixty, and in general,
+though I have lived in various climates, and suffered severely both in
+body and mind; yet having always partaken of the breath _of young
+women, whenever they lay in the way_, I feel none of the infirmities
+which so often strike the eyes and ears in this great city (Bath) of
+sickness, by men many years younger than myself."
+
+_Wadd's Memoirs._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FELLOW FEELING.
+
+
+It is told of a certain worthy and wealthy citizen, who has acquired
+the reputation of being a considerable consumer of the good things of
+the table, and has been "widened at the expense of the corporation,"
+that on coming out of a tavern, after a turtle feast, a poor boy
+begged charity of him--"For mercy's sake, sir, I am so very hungry!"
+"Hungry!--hungry!--hey!--what!--complain of being hungry!--why I never
+heard the like!--complain of being hungry!!--Prodigious!!!--why I'd give
+a guinea to be hungry!!!--why, a hungry man (with a good dinner before
+him) is the happiest fellow in the world!--There, (giving the boy
+half-a-crown,) there, I don't want you to take my word for it: run
+along, my fine fellow, and make the experiment yourself."--_Dr.
+Kitchener._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ARCANA OF SCIENCE,
+
+OR REMARKABLE FACTS AND DISCOVERIES IN NATURAL HISTORY, METEOROLOGY,
+CHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY, GEOLOGY, BOTANY, ZOOLOGY, PRACTICAL MECHANICS,
+STATISTICS, AND THE USEFUL ARTS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  [Under this head it is proposed, in the future numbers of the MIRROR, to
+  assemble all new and remarkable facts in the several branches of science
+  enumerated above. These selections will be made from the Philosophical
+  Journals of the day, the Transactions of Public Societies, and the
+  various Continental Journals. The advantages of such a division in
+  accordance with the high and enlightened character of the present age,
+  must be obvious to every reader of our miscellany. At the same time it
+  will be our object to _concentrate_ or _condense_ from all
+  other authentic sources such new facts in science as are connected with
+  the arts of social life, and which from being scattered through
+  elaborate and expensive works, might thereby be lost to some portion of
+  our readers. In short, _popular_ discoveries in science, or all
+  such new facts as bear on the happiness of society will be the objects
+  of our choice; neither perplexing our readers with abstract research,
+  nor verging into the puerile amusements of a certain ingenious but
+  almost useless class of reasoners; it not being our object to "ring the
+  changes" on words. Our selections will occasionally be illustrated with
+  engravings; for by no means are philosophical subjects better elucidated
+  than by the aid of the graphic art.]
+
+
+_Longevity_.
+
+The relative advantages of town and country, in point of salubrity, are
+shown by the following table of deaths:--
+
+1. In _great towns_, from 1-19 or 1-20, to 1-23 or 1-24.
+
+2. In _moderate towns_, from 1-25 to 1-28.
+
+3. In _small villages_ and the _open country_, from 1-35 or
+1-40, to 1-50 or 1-60.
+
+Thus, in London one person in 20 of the whole population dies annually;
+while in the healthiest villages and open country, the rate of annual
+mortality is not more than 1 in 55 or 60.
+
+
+_Atmosphere of Theatres_.
+
+Lavoisier, the French chemist, found, in a theatre, that, from the
+commencement to the end of the play, the oxygen, or vital air, was
+diminished in the proportion of from 27 to 21, or nearly one-fourth, and
+was in the same proportion less fit for respiration than before.
+
+
+_Butterflies_.
+
+In June, 1826, a column of butterflies, from 10 to 15 feet broad, was
+seen to pass over Neuchatel, in Switzerland. The passage lasted upwards
+of two hours, without any interruption, from the moment when the
+butterflies were first observed.--_Brewster's Journal_.
+
+
+_Water Plant_.
+
+A shrub has been discovered in our new Indian countries, from whose
+stem, when divided, there issues a copious vegetable spring of limpid
+and wholesome water. The natives know this well, and hence we rarely
+meet with an entire plant. It is a powerful climber, and is quite new
+and nondescript.--_Letter from India_.
+
+
+_Malaria and Fevers_.
+
+It is notorious, that, in the last autumn, the remittent fevers in
+various parts of the country amounted to a species of pestilence, such
+as has scarcely been known in England from this cause since the days of
+Dr. Sydenham. Wherever ague had existed, or ever had been supposed
+possible, in those places was this fever found; so that in all the
+well-known tracts in Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Kent, Essex,
+Sussex, Hampshire, &c. there was scarcely a house without one or more
+inhabitants under fever, with a considerable mortality. In the parish of
+Marston, in Lincolnshire, it amounted to 25 in 300 inhabitants. The same
+fevers were extremely abundant in various parts of the outskirts of
+London, as also in the villages or towns which are connected with it,
+within a range of from six to ten miles. This was the case throughout
+the range of streets or houses from Buckingham Gate to Chelsea; in which
+long line, it is said, that almost every house had a patient or more
+under this fever, though these were mistaken for typhus, or at least
+thus misnamed. Then it was also about Vauxhall and Lambeth; and to a
+great extent among all that scattered mixture of town and country which
+follows from Whitechapel, from Bishopsgate, &c., and very particularly
+along Ratcliffe-Highway to an indefinite range along the river. In
+Lewisham there were in one house nine patients under this fever, which
+proved mortal to one. We may also enumerate Dulwich, especially subject
+to this disorder, Fulham, Ealing, and the several other villages along
+the Thames, as far as Chertsey; and even Richmond, where, as at
+Lewisham, there was one house where ten individuals at one time were
+suffering under this disease. Whatever was the pestilence last year, it
+promises to be much greater in the present one. This is easily judged
+from the manner in which the season has set in, but still more decidedly
+from the extraordinary prevalence of ague in the spring; since that
+which was intermittent fever then, will be remittent in the autumn, or
+rather, there will scarcely be a definite season of vernal intermittent,
+but the remittent will commence immediately, increasing in extent and
+severity as the summer advances, and promising to become, in the autumn,
+the greatest season of disease that England has known for this century.
+Dr. Macculloch attributes this alarming increase to _malaria_, on
+the production and propagation of which he has recently published an
+essay, the leading argument of which is, "that as the quantity of the
+poison which any person can inspire is necessarily small, and as this
+small quantity can be produced by a small marshy spot as well as a large
+one, it is the same, as to the production of the disease, whether the
+marsh is a foot square or a mile, provided the exposure be complete;
+while also any piece of ground where vegetables decompose under the
+action of water is virtually a marsh, or must produce _malaria_."
+
+
+_Acclimatizing Plants_.
+
+A Mr. Street, of Biel, in East Lothian, has recently made some
+successful attempts at acclimatizing, or giving to exotic plants greater
+powers of withstanding cold than they had when first introduced. By
+planting in situations well drained from superfluous moisture, under
+circumstances where rapid growth was rendered impracticable, and in a
+garden admirably adapted to the object from its position, he has
+succeeded in naturalizing, in latitude 56° N. plants which have not yet
+been known to endure the winters even of the parallel of
+London.--_Quarterly Journal of Science_.
+
+In a table kept at Sydney by Major Goulburn, from May 1821 to April
+1822, the thermometer never rose above 751/2° and never lower than 54° of
+Fahrenheit.
+
+
+_Bronzing Tin_.
+
+To obtain complete success in bronzing medals of tin, the two following
+solutions must be employed:--
+
+The first, which is merely a wash, is composed of 1 part of iron, 1 part
+of sulphate of copper, and 20 parts, by weight, of distilled water. The
+second solution, or bronze, is composed of 4 parts of verdigris and 16
+parts of white vinegar. The medals should be filed, and well cleaned
+with a brush, earth, and water; and being well wiped, should have a
+portion of the first solution passed slightly over their faces, by means
+of a brush, and then be wiped; this gives a slight grey tint to the
+surface, and causes the ready adhesion of the verdigris, &c. The second
+solution is then to be rubbed over by means of a brush, until they have
+acquired the deep red colour of copper; they are then to be left an hour
+to dry, after which they are to be polished with a very soft brush and
+rouge, or the red oxide of iron in fine powder. The polish is to be
+completed by the brush alone, the medals being passed now and then over
+the palm of the hand.--_Verly_.
+
+
+_Culture of Celery_.
+
+Mr. Knight, president of the Horticultural Society, has found that by
+keeping the ground in which celery was planted, constantly wet, it grew
+by the middle of September to the height of five feet, and its quality
+was in proportion to its size. Mr. K. also recommends planting at
+greater distances than is usually the case, and covering the beds, into
+which the young seedlings are first removed, with half-rotten dung,
+overspread to the depth of about two inches with mould; under which
+circumstances, whenever the plants are removed, the dung will adhere
+tenaciously to their roots, and it will not be necessary to deprive the
+plants of any part of their leaves.--Mr. Wedgewood also states, that
+good celery may be readily obtained by transplanting seedling plants
+that have remained in the seed bed, till they had acquired a
+considerable size.--_Quarterly Journal_.
+
+
+_Dwarfs_.
+
+Richard Gibson, the dwarf, married Anne Shepherd, another dwarf. Each of
+them was only 3 feet 10 inches high. They had nine children, of whom
+five lived to maturity, and were of a proper size. Richard, the father,
+lived to the age of 75, his little widow to that of 89. It is
+presumptive, that the dwarf size is only occasioned by some obstruction
+during _utero_--gestation. The full size of the children proves
+that nature does not perpetuate abortions.
+
+
+_Cruelty and Epicurism_.
+
+A sharp axe, on the principle of a punch, is used in _slaughtering
+bullocks_, not to kill them at once, but to cut a circular hole in
+the skull, into which a stick is introduced _to stir up the
+brains_, for the purpose of making the meat more tender! The throat
+is not attempted to be cut till after the infliction of this torture,
+horrible even to think of, which instantly causes the most convulsive
+agonies, such as are never seen in death of any other kind.
+
+Lord Somerville's mode of _pithing_ animals, brought forward with
+the most humane views, is a _horrible operation_. The body is
+deprived of sensation, _while the living head rolls its eye in agony
+on its tormentors_.--_Sir Everard Home_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+USEFUL DOMESTIC HINTS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+APPLES.
+
+
+The preservation of apples is now brought to great perfection, by
+keeping them in jars secure from the action of air; but there is one
+method of preparing them for culinary purposes which is not practised in
+this country. Any good baking sort, which is liable to rot, if peeled
+and cut into slices about the thickness of one-sixth of an inch, and
+dried in the sun, or in a slow oven, till sufficiently desiccated, may
+be afterwards kept in boxes in a dry place for a considerable time, and
+only require to be soaked in water for an hour or two before using.
+
+At a recent meeting of the Horticultural Society, a large collection of
+the best late varieties of the apple, as grown in America, were
+exhibited. It was a remarkable circumstance, that, while these fruits
+are unusually handsome, none of them, except the New-town pippin, were,
+although sweet and pleasant, comparable to our fine European apples; and
+yet the New-town pippin, the only good variety, is as much superior to
+any variety of apple known in Europe as the others were inferior.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BLACK DYE AND INK.
+
+
+The following is a process for the preparation of a black dye, for which
+a patent was taken out at Vienna by M. Honig:--Logwood is to be boiled
+several times in water, and a little sub-carbonate of potash to be added
+to the decoctions, the quantity being so moderated that it shall not
+change the colour to blue; the stuff to be dyed is then to be plunged
+into this bath. This stuff may be either animal or vegetable. When it is
+well impregnated with colouring matter, it is to be withdrawn, and,
+without being exposed to air, is to be introduced into a solution of
+green-vitriol, and left there until it has obtained the desired black
+hue. In preparing the _ink_, the decoction of logwood is used in
+place of the infusion of galls.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MALT LIQUORS.
+
+_By a Physician_.
+
+
+I am much disposed to extol the virtues of malt liquors. When properly
+fermented, well hopped, and of a moderate strength, they are refreshing,
+wholesome, and nourishing. It is a common observation, that those who
+drink sound malt liquors are stronger than those who drink wine; and to
+those who are trained to boxing, and other athletic exercises, old
+home-brewed beer is particularly recommended, drawn from the cask, and
+not bottled. Hence Jackson, the celebrated trainer, affirms, if any
+person accustomed to drink wine would but try malt liquor for a month,
+he would find himself so much the better for it, that he would soon take
+to the one, and abandon the other. Some suppose the superior bottom of
+the British soldiery to be owing, in a great measure, to their use of
+malt liquor.
+
+  "Your wine-tippling, dram-sipping fellows retreat,
+  But your beer-drinking Britons can never be beat."
+
+  DR. ARNE.
+
+
+Good home-brewed beer has been styled by some _vinum Britannicum_,
+and by others liquid bread. There can be no doubt of its highly
+nutritive and wholesome qualities, and it is much to be regretted, that
+so few families in this kingdom now ever brew their own beer, but are
+content to put up with the half-fermented, adulterated wash found in
+public-houses, or with the no less adulterated and impure drink called
+porter.
+
+Malt liquors are divided into small beer, strong beer, ale, and porter.
+Small beer is best calculated for common use, being less heating and
+stimulating than other malt liquors. When used soft and mild, after
+having been thoroughly fermented and purified, it forms an excellent
+diluent with food, more especially at dinner. Sydenham was in the habit
+of using it in this manner, both at dinner and supper, and he justly
+considered its being well hopped a great advantage. In general it is,
+without doubt, the best drink which can be taken at dinner, by persons
+in the middle and higher ranks of society, who are in the habit of
+drinking wine after that meal. As it abounds with carbonic acid gas, or
+fixed air, it is the most useful diluent for labourers, because it cools
+the body, abates thirst, and, at the same time, stimulates very
+moderately the animal powers. Small beer, when stale and hard, is
+unwholesome to all persons.
+
+Sound strong beer is very nutritious and wholesome; indeed, it is
+generally considered more nourishing than wine. It is a most useful
+drink to the weak, the lean, and the laborious, provided they are not
+very subject to flatulency, nor troubled with disorders of the breast.
+If taken in moderate quantity, and of the best quality, it will often be
+found of great service to the invalid, in assisting to restore his
+strength, spirits, and flesh. It should be drunk from the cask; bottled
+beer being more likely to disagree with the stomach, and to produce
+flatulency.
+
+There is a general prejudice against beer in the case of the bilious
+and the sedentary, but it appears to me without sufficient foundation.
+Bilious people are such as have weak stomachs and impaired digestion,
+and those who are sedentary are nearly, in these respects, always in a
+similar state. Now, I have not observed that beer tends to weaken such
+stomachs, or to become ascescent, or otherwise to disagree with them; on
+the contrary, I believe, it will be found, in the majority of cases,
+that this beverage agrees much better than wine, since it is far less
+disposed to acescency, and better fitted to act as a stomachic, and,
+therefore, to invigorate both the digestive organs, and the constitution
+at large. That it is very far superior for such persons to diluted
+spirit, in any form, I am fully persuaded. Of course, I here speak of
+sound home-brewed strong beer, and of a moderate strength. No man can
+answer for the effects of the stuff usually sold as beer; and we know
+strong ale is always difficult of digestion.
+
+Strong ale is, undoubtedly, the most nutritive of all malt liquors, but
+being digested with greater difficulty than the other sorts, it cannot
+with propriety be taken but by those who are strong, and who use much
+active exercise. The best ale is made from fine pale malt, and with hops
+of the finest quality. It should sparkle in the glass, but the smaller
+the bubbles the better. I ought to add, that in some cases of general
+weakness, where the individual is certainly recovering, and is possessed
+of a good measure of strength of stomach, a little of the finest ale
+daily will be found highly restorative.
+
+Porter, when good, is not an unwholesome drink; but it is very difficult
+to procure it of the best quality. I cannot recommend it to those who
+are desirous of preserving their health.--_Sure Methods of Improving
+Health, &c._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+
+"I am but a Gatherer and disposer of other men's stuff."--_Wotton_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SAMBO'S SERMON,
+
+(_From the New York Statesman._)
+
+
+"Strate is de rode an narrer is de paff which leadeff to
+glory."--"Brederen believers!--You semble dis nite to har de word, and
+hab it splained and monstrated to you; yes, an I ten for splain it clear
+as de lite ob de libin day. We're all wicked sinners har below--it's
+fac, my brederen, and I tell you how it cum. You see, my frens,
+
+  "Adam was de fus man,
+  Ebe was de todder,
+  Cane was a wicked man,
+  Kase he kill he brodder.
+
+
+"Adam and Ebe were bofe black men, and so was Cane and Able. Now I spose
+it seem to strike you a understandin how de fus wite man cum. Why I let
+you no. Den you see when Cane kill de brodder de Massa cum, and he say,
+'Cane whar you a brodder Able?' Cane say, 'I don't know, Massa.' He cum
+gin an say, 'Cane whar you a brodder Able?' Cane say, 'I don't know,
+Massa;' but de nigger noe'd all de time. Massa now git mad--cum
+gin--peak mity sharp dis time,--'Cane whar your brodder Able, you
+nigger?' Cane now git friten, and he turn _wite_: and dis is de way
+de fus wite man cum pon dis arth! an if it had not been for dat dare
+nigger, Cane, we'd neba been troubled wid dese sassy wites pon de face
+ob dis circumlar globe. Now sing de forty lebenth hym, ticular meter."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EPIGRAM (FROM THE ITALIAN)
+
+
+_On a Father who would not allow his Son to marry until he had arrived
+at years of discretion_.
+
+  Poor Strephon is young, and lacks wisdom 'tis said,
+  And therefore still longer must tarry;
+  If he waits tho', methinks, till he's sense in his head,
+  I'll be sworn that he never will marry.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE REV. MR. WATERHOUSE.
+
+
+The following is the inscription on a stone designed to perpetuate the
+memory of the late singular and unfortunate rector of Little Stukely,
+and is now exhibited in the mason's yard at Huntingdon. According to
+immemorial usage a copy of verses is appended to the inscription, which,
+in point of style, taste, and orthography, are on a par with the
+"uncouth rhymes" alluded to by Gray. The _poetry_ is said to be the
+production of a Cambridge graduate.
+
+"Sacred to the memory of the Rev, Joshua Waterhouse, B.D., nearly forty
+years Fellow of Catherine Hall, Cambridge, Chaplain to his Majesty,
+Rector of this parish, and of Coton, near Cambridge, who was inhumanly
+murdered _in this Parsonage House_, about ten o'clock on the
+morning of July 3rd, 1827. Aged eighty-one.
+
+  Beneath this tomb his mangled body's laid,
+  Cut, stabb'd, and murdered by Joshua Slade;
+  His ghastly wounds a horrid sight to see,
+  And hurl'd at once into eternity.
+
+  What faults you've seen in him take care to shun,
+  And look at home, enough there's to be done;
+  Death does not always warning give,
+  Therefore be careful how you live."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MAN.
+
+
+Philosophers have puzzled themselves how to define man, so as to
+distinguish him from other animals. Burke says, "Man is an animal that
+cooks its victuals." "Then," says Johnson, "the proverb is just, 'there
+is reason in roasting eggs.'" Dr. Adam Smith has hit this case; "Man,"
+says he, "is an animal that makes bargains; no other animal does
+this--one dog does not change a bone with another."--_London Mag_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LANGUAGES.
+
+
+A French professor of languages, in what he calls an Ethnographic Atlas
+of the Globe, states there are 860 languages, and about 5,000 dialects,
+all which may be classed; in addition to as many more which are not so
+arranged. In the present state of our knowledge, therefore, the Asiatic
+languages amount to 153; the European to 53; the African to 114; the
+Polynesian to 117; and the American to 423.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Epitaph in the Church-yard of Iselton Cum Fenby, in Lincolnshire_.
+
+
+  Here lies the bodie of old Will Loveland,
+  He's put to bed at length with a shovel, and
+  Eas'd of expenses for raiment and food,
+  Which all his life tyme he would fain have eseyewed:
+  He grudg'd his housekeeping--his children's support,
+  And laid in his meates of the cagge mag sorte,
+  No fyshe or fowle touch'd he, when 'twas dearly bought,
+  But a green taile or herrings, a score for a groate.
+      No friend to the needy,
+      His wealth gather'd speedy,
+    And he never did naught but evil;
+      He liv'd like a hogg,
+      And dyed like a dogg,
+    And now he rides post to the devil.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LENDING BOOKS.
+
+
+Doctor Gerhard, of Jena, used to write in his books a Latin inscription,
+thus translated:--"I belong to Gerhard's library; take care neither to
+soil nor tear me; neither keep me in your possession out of the library
+more than one month. Do not steal me."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TO THE PUBLIC.
+
+
+_With the present Number of the_ Mirror _is published a_ SUPPLEMENTARY
+SHEET, _half of which is occupied by_ THREE ENGRAVINGS, _viz. an
+authorized Ground Plan of_ St. JAMES'S _and the_ GREEN PARKS--_a View
+of_ BUCKINGHAM NEW PALACE, _and of the_ GRAND ENTRANCE _to the_ PALACE
+GARDENS _at Hyde Park Corner. The Supplement also contains minute
+references and descriptions of the above Engravings, and the_ REPORT _of
+the_ EXPEDITIONS _of Captains Parry and Franklin, recently returned to
+England. The daily increasing interest of the above subjects (which so
+largely engross the public attention) cannot fail to render the above
+Number proportionally acceptable to our readers; whilst the
+illustrations will recommend themselves by the fidelity of the sources
+from which they are executed_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) and sold by all Newsmen and Booksellers_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
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+"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
+
+<title>The Mirror of Literature, Volume 10, No. 277.</title>
+
+  <style type="text/css">
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       Volume 10, No. 277, October 13, 1827
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: May 30, 2005 [EBook #15944]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+ <hr class="full" />
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page241" name="page241"></a>[pg 241]</span>
+
+  <h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+  OF<br />
+  LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <table width="100%" summary="Banner">
+    <tr>
+      <td align="left"><b>VOL. X, NO. 277.]</b></td>
+      <td align="center"><b> SATURDAY, OCTOBER 13, 1827. </b></td>
+      <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+<div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+<a href="images/277-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/277-1.png"
+alt="The Palace at Stockholm." /></a>
+</div>
+
+<h2>
+	THE PALACE AT STOCKHOLM.
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+The palace at Stockholm is the redeeming grace of that city.&mdash;Stockholm
+"not being able to boast any considerable place or square, nor indeed
+any street wider than an English lane; the exterior of the houses is
+dirty, the architecture shabby, and all strikes as very low and
+confined. Yet the palace must be excepted; and that is commanding, and
+in a grand and simple taste." Such is the description of Stockholm by
+Sir Robert Ker Porter; but, as he admits, he had just left the city of
+St. Petersburgh, and being probably dazzled with the freshness of its
+splendour, Stockholm suffered in the contrast.
+</p>
+<p>
+But Sir R.K. Porter is not entirely unsupported in his opinion. Mr.
+James, in his interesting "Journal of a Tour in Sweden, &amp;c." published
+in 1816, describes the suburbs of Stockholm as "uniting every beauty of
+wild nature, with the charms attendant upon the scenes of more active
+life; but the examples of architecture within the town, if we except the
+mansions of the royal family, are not of a style at all corresponding
+with these delightful environs. The private houses make but little show;
+and the general air of the public buildings is not of the first style of
+magnitude, or in any way remarkable for good taste. One point, however,
+may be selected, that exhibits in a single prospect all that the capital
+can boast of this description. There is a long bridge of granite,
+connecting the city in the centre with the northern quarters of the
+town: immediately at one extremity rises the <i>royal palace</i>, a
+large square edifice, with extensive wings, and of the most simple and
+elegant contour; the other extremity is terminated by an equestrian
+statue of Gustavus Adolphus, forming the chief object of a square, that
+is bounded on the sides by handsome edifices of the Corinthian order;
+one the palace of the Princess Sophia, the other the Italian
+Opera-house."
+</p>
+<p>
+Mr. A. de Capell Brooke, who visited Stockholm in the summer of 1820,
+describes the palace as "a beautiful and conspicuous object, its walls
+washed by the Baltic."&mdash;It is square, on an elevated
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page242" name="page242"></a>[pg 242]</span>
+
+ground, has a spacious court in the centre, and is in every respect
+worthy a royal residence. Near the entrance are two large bronze lions,
+which are admirably executed. "The view of the palace from the water,"
+says Sir R.K. Porter, "reminds us of Somerset House, though it far
+exceeds the British structure in size, magnificence, and sound
+architecture." It contains some good paintings, and a fine gallery of
+statues, chiefly antique, collected by the taste and munificence of
+Gustavus III. The <i>Endymion</i> is a <i>chef d'&oelig;uvre</i> of its kind,
+and the Raphael china is of infinite value, but a splendid example of
+genius and talent misapplied.
+</p>
+<p>
+All travellers concur in their admiration of the site and environs of
+Stockholm, and in deprecating the malappropriation of the former, Porter
+says, "The situation of this capital deserves finer edifices. Like St.
+Petersburg, it is built on islands; seven, of different extent, form its
+basis; they lie between the Baltic and the Malar lake. The harbour is
+sufficiently deep, even up to the quay, to receive the largest vessels.
+At the extremity of the harbour, the streets rise one above another in
+the form of an amphitheatre, with the magnificent palace, <i>like a rich
+jewel in an Ęthiop's ear</i>, in the centre."
+</p>
+<p>
+Mr. Brooke describes the situation of the city as "singular and even
+romantic. Built on seven small rocky islands, it in this respect
+resembles Venice. A great part of the city, however, stands upon the
+steep declivity of a very high hill; houses rising over houses, so that,
+to the eye, they seem supported by one another. Below, commerce almost
+covers the clear waters of the Baltic with a tall forest of masts; while
+far above, and crowning the whole, stands the commanding church of St.
+Catherine. From the top of this the eye is at first lost in the
+boundless prospect of forest, lake, and sea, spreading all around: it
+then looks down upon Stockholm, intersected in all directions by water;
+the royal palace; and lastly, ranges over the forests of pines extending
+themselves almost down to the gates of the city, spotted with villas,
+and skirted in the most picturesque manner by the numerous beautiful
+lakes, which so pleasingly relieve the beauties of the country. The
+other objects, which will repay the curiosity of the stranger in
+inspecting them, are, the royal palace; the military academy at
+Cartberg; the arsenal; the senate house; the <i>Ridderholm</i>, where
+the kings of Sweden are interred; the cabinet of natural history; the
+annual exhibition of paintings; the fine collection of statue in the
+palace."
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	CROSS FELL, WESTMORELAND.
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)
+</center>
+
+<p>
+This mountain is situate near the end of a ridge of mountains, leading
+from Stainmore or Stonemore, about sixteen miles in length. It descends
+gradually from Brough to the Grained Tree, the former boundary mark
+dividing Yorkshire from Westmoreland. Passing over several mountains, we
+arrive at Dufton Fell, of the same ridge.
+</p>
+<p>
+At the foot of this fell there is a curious little petrifying spring,
+which turns moss, or any other porous matter which may fall within its
+vortex, or the steams and vapours arising therefrom, into hard stone,
+insomuch that upon the mouth of it there is a considerable hill of such
+petrifaction.
+</p>
+<p>
+Cross Fell is the highest mountain of the whole ridge, and is bounded by
+a small rivulet stocked with trouts. This was formerly called Fiends'
+Fell, from evil spirits, which are said to have haunted its summit, "and
+to have continued their haunts and nocturnal vagaries upon it, until
+Saint Austin erected a <i>cross</i> and <i>altar</i>, whereon he offered
+the <i>holy eucharist</i>, by which he countercharmed those hellish
+fiends, and broke their haunts."&mdash;<i>Robinson's History of Cumberland
+and Westmoreland</i>, 1709.
+</p>
+<p>
+Since the saint expelled the fiends, the mountain (it appears) has taken
+the name of Cross Fell, in commemoration of the event.
+</p>
+<p>
+There are now existent seven stones lying in a careless condition on the
+top of this mountain, as if destroyed by the hand of time. The stones,
+it is supposed, are the remains of the cross and altar. One stone is
+considerably higher than the rest, and they are overgrown with moss.
+</p>
+<p>
+I have heard many of the traditions which are very current, but all such
+hyperboles, that were I to give one, the reader would be convulsed with
+laughter. I trust, sir, if you have any travellers among your numerous
+readers, they will give this a further investigation, and I (as well as
+yourself, doubtless) shall be happy to learn the result.
+</p>
+<p>
+Your's. &amp;c.
+</p>
+<h4>
+W.H.H.
+</h4>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	SALMON KIPPERING, IN DUMBARTONSHIRE.
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)
+</center>
+
+<p>
+Salmon are caught in less or greater abundance in all the rivers of this
+county. The salmon-fisheries of Lochlomond and the Leven are of
+considerable value. In several parts of the county salmon are
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page243" name="page243"></a>[pg 243]</span>
+
+cured in a peculiar manner, called kippering; and throughout Scotland
+kippered salmon is a favourite dish. It is practised here in the
+following manner:&mdash;All the blood is taken from the fish immediately
+after it is killed; this is done by cutting the gills. It is then cut up
+the back on each side the bone, or chine, as it is commonly called. The
+bone is taken out, but the tail, with two or three inches of the bone,
+is left; the head is cut off; all the entrails are taken out, but the
+skin of the belly is left uncut; the fish is then laid, with the skin
+undermost, on a board, and is well rubbed and covered over with a
+mixture of equal quantities of common salt and Jamaica pepper. Some of
+this mixture is carefully spread under the fins to prevent them from
+corrupting, which they sometimes do, especially if the weather is warm.
+A board with a large stone is sometimes laid upon the fish, with a view
+to make the salt penetrate more effectually. In some places, as
+Dumbarton, instead of a flat board, a shallow wooden trough is used, by
+which means the brine is kept about the fish; sometimes two or three
+salmon are kippered together in the same vessel, one being laid upon the
+other. The fish, with the board or trough, is set in a cool place for
+two or three days; it is then removed from the board, and again rubbed
+with salt and pepper; after which it is hung up by the tail, and exposed
+to the rays of the sun or the heat of the fire. Care is previously taken
+to stretch out the fish by means of small sticks or hoops placed across
+it from side to side. After it has remained in the heat a few days, it
+is hung up in a dry place till used. Some people, in order to give the
+kipper a peculiar taste, highly relished by not a few, carefully smoke
+it with peat reek, or the reek of juniper bushes. This is commonly done
+by hanging it up so near a chimney in which peats or juniper bushes are
+burnt, as to receive the smoke; there it remains two or three weeks, by
+which time it generally acquires the required flavour.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+T.S.W.
+</h4>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	DEBTOR AND CREDITOR.
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+(<i>Concluded from page 227.</i>)
+</center>
+
+<p>
+Debt is obligation, and "obligation," says Hobbes, "is thraldom." This
+will be evident if we once consider to what a variety of mean shifts the
+state of being in debt exposes us. It sits like fetters of iron on
+conscience; but as old offenders often whistle to the clanking of their
+chains, so rogues lighten their hearts by increasing their debts. It
+destroys freedom as much as a debtor is his creditor's slave; and, under
+certain circumstances, his range may be reduced to a few square feet,
+and his view prescribed by a few cubits of brick walls; and, humiliating
+as this may appear, it sits lightly on the majority, since, even the
+brawlers for liberty, forgetting "the air they breathe," are often to be
+found within its pale; but in this case they also forget, that being in
+legal debt is less venial than many other sins, since it cannot be
+cleared by any appeals to argument, or settled by shades of opinion.
+Subterfuge, lying, and loss of liberty, are not all the miseries of a
+conscious debtor: in the world he resembles a prisoner at large; he
+walks many circuitous miles to avoid being dunned, and would sooner meet
+a mad dog than an angry creditor. He lives in a sort of <i>abeyance</i>,
+and sinks under shame when caught enjoying an undue luxury. In short, he
+is cramped in all his enjoyments, and considers his fellow, out of debt,
+as great as the emperor of the celestial empire, after whose repast
+other kings may dine. Hence ensue repining and envy: he fancies himself
+slighted by the world, and, in return, he cares not for the opinion of
+the world; his energies waste, and he falls.
+</p>
+<p>
+These sufferings, however, appertain but to one class of debtors. There
+are others who scorn such compunctious visitations, and set all laws of
+conscience at defiance. They press into their service all the aids of
+cunning, and travel on byroads of the world till they are bronzed enough
+for its highway. Their memories are like mirrors, and their debts like
+breathings on them, which vanish the same moment they are produced. They
+look on mankind as a large family, and the world as a large storehouse,
+or open house, where they have a claim proportioned to their wants. They
+clear their consciences by maintaining, that what is parted with is not
+lost, and foster their hopes with the idea of its reversion. They think
+those who <i>can</i> ride ought not to walk; and, therefore, that all
+men have the option of such chances of good-fortune. With this laxity of
+principle they quarter themselves on the credulity of extortionate
+tradesmen, and the good-natured simplicity of friends or associates. If,
+perchance, they possess any excellence above their society, they
+consider it as a redeeming grace for their importunities, and,
+calculating on the vulgarism <i>ad captandum</i>, that what is dearest
+bought is most prized, they make their friends pay freely for their
+admiration. Nor are such admirers willing to break the spell by which
+they are bound, since, by their
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page244" name="page244"></a>[pg 244]</span>
+
+unqualified approval they sanction, and flatter <i>the man</i> of their
+party, to their mutual ruin; for, as Selden observes, "he who will keep
+a monkey should surely pay for the glasses he breaks."
+</p>
+<p>
+Prone as men are to the crooked path, and still more apt as the weak and
+ignorant are to indulge them in such a course, perhaps the love of
+principle is as strong in men's hearts as it ever will be. Of times gone
+by, we must not here speak; because the <i>amor patrię</i> its has long
+since shifted to <i>amor nummi</i>, and naked honesty has learned the
+decency of dress. There have been profligates in all ages; but the
+world, though sometimes a severe master, ruins as many by its deceitful
+indulgence, as by its ill-timed severity. Good fellows are usually the
+worst treated by the world allowing them to go beyond their tether, and
+then cutting them off out of harm's way. Nothing but an earlier
+discipline can improve us; for so habitual is debt, that the boy who
+forestals his pocket-money uses it as a step-ladder to mortgaging his
+estate. The sufferers, in such cases, are generally shut up in prisons
+or poor-houses, to afflict or console each other as their sensibilities
+may direct; and thus the salutary lessons, which their condition might
+afford, is lost to the world. Neither are such scenes of real misery
+courted by mankind; the nearest semblances which they can bear being in
+the sentimentalities of the stage, encumbered as they often are by
+overstrained fiction and caricature. On the contrary, a walk through
+those receptacles of human woe, and the little histories of their
+inmates, will often furnish as many lessons of morality and
+world-knowledge as will suffice us for life. We may there see the
+rapacious creditor at the same goal with the unfortunate debtor, whom he
+has hunted through life, supplicating mercy which he never exercised,
+and vainly attempting to recant a course of cruelty and persecution, by
+mixing up his merited sufferings with the distresses of his abused
+companions.
+</p>
+<p>
+Goldsmith has said, that "every man is the architect of his own
+fortune;" and perhaps there are few men, who, in the moments of their
+deepest suffering, have not felt the force of this assertion. In high
+life, embarrassments are generally to be attributed to the love of
+gambling, prodigality, or some such sweeping vice, which no station can
+control. Bankruptcies, or failures in trade, being common occurrences,
+are seldom traced to their origin, too often found to be in expensive
+habits, and overreaching or misguided speculations, and sometimes in the
+treachery and villany of partners; and, amidst this bad system, so
+nicely is credit balanced, that a run of ill luck, or a mere idle
+whisper, is often known to destroy commercial character of a century's
+growth. But in these cases it should be recollected, that the reputation
+of the parties has probably been already endangered by some great
+stretch of enterprize, calculated to excite envy or suspicion.
+</p>
+<p>
+Debts of fashion, or those contracted in high life, are usually the most
+unjust, probably the result of honesty being more a virtue of necessity
+than of choice, and of the disgraceful system of imposing on the
+extravagant and wealthy. Experience, it is granted, is a treasure which
+fools must purchase at a high price; but however largely we may hold
+possession of that commodity, it will not excuse that scheme of
+bare-weight honesty, which some are apt to make the standard of their
+dealings with the rich. A man of family, partly from indiscretion, and
+from various other causes, becomes embarrassed; the clamours of his
+creditors soon magnify his luxuries, but not a word is said about their
+innumerable extortions, in the shape of commissions, percentages, and
+other licensed modifications of cheatery, nor are they reckoned to the
+advantage of the debtor. These may be practices of experience, custom,
+and money-getting, but they are not rules of conscience. In truth, there
+is not a more painful scene than the ruin of a young man of family.
+There is so much vice and unprincipled waste opposed to indignant and
+rapacious clamour, often accompanied with idle jests. Here again is food
+for the vitiated appetites of scandalmongers, and that miserable but
+numerous portion of mankind, who rejoice at the fall of a superior. The
+name of <i>debtor</i> is an odium which a proud spirit can but ill
+support; cunning and avarice come in a thousand shapes, not to retrieve
+lost credit, but to swell the list of embarrassments;&mdash;friends have fled
+at the approach of the crisis, and associates appear but to pluck the
+poor victim of the wrecks of his fortune! Absenteeism, the curse of
+England, is the only alternative of wretched and humiliating
+imprisonment. An entire change of habit ensues: ease and elegance of
+manners dwindle into coldness and neglect, liberality to meanness, and
+good-natured simplicity to chicanery and cunning. In society, too, how
+changed; once the gay table companion, full of gallantry and wit, now
+solitary and dejected, with the weeds of discomfort and despair rankling
+around his heart. If fortune ever enable him to regenerate from such
+obscurity, perhaps custom may have habituated him to
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page245" name="page245"></a>[pg 245]</span>
+
+privation till the return of comfort serves little more than to awaken
+recollections of past error or obligation, and to embitter future
+enjoyment. Such a change may, however, empower him to adjust his
+conscience with men, of all satisfaction the most valuable;
+notwithstanding that the world is readier to exaggerate error, than
+recognise such sterling principle. It is alike obvious, that men who are
+under the stigma of debt, do not enjoy that ease which they are commonly
+thought to possess. The horrors of dependance, in all its afflicting
+shapes, are known to visit them hourly, although in some instances,
+buoyancy of spirits, and affected gaiety may enable them to appear
+happy; and ofttimes would they be awakened to a sense of these
+fallacies, and thus become reformed, were it not for the rigour of
+persecution, which renders them reckless of all that may ensue, and
+callous to the honourable distinctions of man. This of a truth, is
+tampering with human weakness, and is too often known to prove the
+upshot of industry, by sacrificing principle to vindictive passion.
+</p>
+<p>
+That a system of debt is identified with the existence and framework of
+all commercial republics, is well known; else, genius would cease to be
+fostered, enterprise would be cramped, and industry wither on her own
+soil. Nevertheless, the system may be so extended, as to beget
+indifference for the future and neglect of our present concerns, which
+leads to gradual ruin. Time "travels at divers paces," but with none
+more quickly than the unprepared debtor; and he who allows his debts to
+get the start of his fortune, lives upon other men's estates, and must
+accordingly become the slave of their passions and prejudices: in truth,
+he may be thus said to be parting with his existence by piece-meal.
+Hence, he becomes a kind of <i>convict</i> in society&mdash;his debts
+resembling a log of wood chained to his body, and a brand-mark on his
+conscience. Thus pent up with fear and disquietude, his imprisonment is
+twofold, and being an enemy to his own peace, he is apt to imagine all
+men to be leagued against him. If his debts are those of youth, his old
+age will probably resemble the sequel to revelry, when appetite is fled
+to make way for disgust and spleen: and he dies&mdash;in debt. Mark the
+lamentable scenes that follow, when the pride of inheritance sinks
+before the unsparing hand of the usurer, or extortionate mortgagee.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>
+	SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+</h2>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+SIR LUMLEY SKEFFINGTON.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Sir Lumley St. George Skeffington was the dandy of the olden time, and a
+kinder, better-hearted man, never existed. He is a person of some taste
+in literature, and of polished manners, nor has his long intercourse
+with fashionable society at all affected that simplicity of character
+for which he has been remarkable. He was a true dandy: and much more
+than, that, he was a perfect gentleman. I remember, long long since,
+entering Covent Garden Theatre, when I observed a person holding the
+door to let me pass; deeming him to be one of the box-keepers, I was
+about to nod my thanks: when I found, to my surprise, that it was
+Skeffington, who had thus goodnaturedly honoured a stranger by his
+attention. We with some difficulty obtained seats in a box, and I was
+indebted to accident for one of the most agreeable evenings I remember
+to have passed.
+</p>
+<p>
+I remember visiting the Opera, when late dinners were the rage, and the
+hour of refection was carried far into the night. I was again placed
+near the fugleman of fashion (for to his movements were all eyes
+directed: and his sanction determined the accuracy of all conduct). He
+bowed from box to box, until recognising one of his friends in the lower
+tier, "Temple," he exclaimed, drawling out his weary words,
+"at&mdash;what&mdash;hour&mdash;do&mdash;you&mdash;dine&mdash;to-day?" It had gone half-past eleven
+when he spoke!
+</p>
+<p>
+I saw him once enter St. James's Church, having at the door taken a
+ponderous red-morocco prayer-book from his servant; but, although
+prominently placed in the centre aisle, the pew-opener never offered him
+a seat; and, stranger still, none of his many friends beckoned him to a
+place. Others, in his rank of life, might have been disconcerted at the
+position in which he was placed: but Skeffington was too much of a
+gentleman to be in any way disturbed; so he seated himself upon the
+bench between two aged female paupers, and most reverently did he go
+through the service, sharing with the ladies his book, the print of
+which was more favourable to their devotions than their own diminutive
+Liturgies.
+</p>
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+<i>New Monthly Magazine.</i>
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	MARQUESS OF CLEVELAND.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+In the Gazette of September 17, 1827, is registered the grant of the
+title of <i>Marquess of Cleveland</i> to the Earl of Darlington.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page246" name="page246"></a>[pg 246]</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The noble Earl probably selected the title of "Cleveland" in consequence
+of his representing the extinct Dukes of Cleveland. King Charles the
+Second, on the 3rd of August, 1670, created his mistress, Barbara
+Villiers, the daughter and heiress of William, second Viscount Grandison
+in Ireland, and wife of Roger Palmer, Earl of Castlemaine, Baroness
+Nonsuch, in the county of Surrey, Countess of Southampton, and
+<i>Duchess of Cleveland</i>, with remainder to two of her natural sons
+by the King, Charles Fitz Roy, and George Fitz Roy, who was created Duke
+of Northumberland in 1674, but died S.P., and to the heirs male of their
+bodies lawfully begotten respectively. The Duchess died in 1709, and was
+succeeded by her eldest son, Charles, who had been before created Duke
+of Southampton. He had issue, three sons: William, his successor in his
+honours; Charles, and Henry, who both died S.P.; and three daughters,
+Barbara, who died unmarried; Grace; and Ann; who was the wife of Francis
+Paddy, Esquire, and had issue.
+</p>
+<p>
+Grace, the Duke's second daughter, married Henry, first Earl of
+Darlington; and on the death of her brother William, second and last
+Duke of Cleveland, S.P., in 1774, her son, Henry, second Earl of
+Darlington, the father of the present Marquess of Cleveland, became one
+of the representatives of that family. It is an extraordinary fact, that
+the attainder of the celebrated Sir Henry Vane should never have been
+reversed, though his son was created a Baron, his great-grandson a
+Viscount and Earl, and his great-great-great-grandson a Marquess. The
+only individual on whom the title of Cleveland has been conferred,
+besides Barbara Villiers and her descendants, was Thomas, fourth Lord
+Wentworth, who was created Earl of Cleveland in February, 1626; but it
+became extinct on his death, S.P.M., in 1667.
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+<i>Retrospective Review.</i>
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	DIRTY PEOPLE.
+</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+A dirty dog is a nuisance not to be borne. But here the question
+arises,&mdash;who&mdash;what&mdash;is a dirty dog? Now there are men (no women)
+naturally&mdash;necessarily&mdash;dirty. They are not dirty by chance or
+accident&mdash;say twice or thrice per diem&mdash;but they are always dirty&mdash;at
+all times and in all places&mdash;and never and nowhere more disgustingly so
+than when figged out for going to church. It is in the skin&mdash;in the
+blood&mdash;in the flesh&mdash;and in the bone&mdash;that with such the disease of dirt
+more especially lies. We beg pardon, no less in the hair. Now such
+persons do not know that they are dirty&mdash;that they are unclean beasts.
+On the contrary, they often think themselves pinks of purity&mdash;incarnations
+of carnations&mdash;impersonations of moss-roses&mdash;the spiritual essences
+of lilies, "imparadised in form of that sweet flesh." Now, were such
+persons to change their linen every half hour night and day, that is,
+were they to put on forty-eight clean shirts in the twenty-four
+hours,&mdash;and it would not be reasonable, perhaps, to demand more of
+them,&mdash;yet though we cheerfully grant that one and all of the shirts
+would be dirty, we as sulkily deny that at any given moment from sunrise
+to sunset, and over again, the wearer would be clean. He would be just
+every whit and bit as dirty as if he had known but one single shirt all
+his life&mdash;and firmly believed his to be the only shirt in the universe.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Men, again, on the other hand, there are&mdash;and, thank God, in great
+numbers&mdash;who are naturally so clean, that we defy you to make them
+<i>bonā fide</i> dirty. You may as well drive down a duck into a dirty
+puddle, and expect lasting stains on its pretty plumage. Pope says the
+same thing of swans&mdash;that is, poets&mdash;when speaking of Aaron Hill diving
+into the ditch&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  "He bears no tokens of the sabler streams,</p>
+           <p>  But soars far off among the swans of Thames."</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>
+Pleasant people of this kind of constitution you see going about of a
+morning rather in dishabille&mdash;hair uncombed haply&mdash;face and hands even
+unwashed&mdash;and shirt with a somewhat day-before-yesterdayish hue. Yet are
+they, so far from being dirty, at once felt, seen, and smelt, to be
+among the very cleanest of his majesty's subjects. The moment you shake
+hands with them, you feel in the firm flesh of palm and finger that
+their heart's blood circulates purely and freely from the point of the
+highest hair on the apex of the pericranium, to the edge of the nail on
+the large toe of the right foot. Their eyes are as clean as unclouded
+skies&mdash;the apples on their cheeks are like those on the tree&mdash;what need,
+in either case, of rubbing off dust or dew with a towel? What though,
+from sleeping without a night-cap, their hair may be a little toosey? It
+is not dim&mdash;dull&mdash;oily&mdash;like half-withered sea-weeds! It will soon comb
+itself with the fingers of the west wind&mdash;that tent-like tree its
+toilette&mdash;its mirror that pool of the clear-flowing Tweed.
+</p>
+<p>
+Irishmen are generally sweet&mdash;at least in their own green isle.&mdash;So are
+Scotchmen. Whereas, blindfolded, take a cockney's
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page247" name="page247"></a>[pg 247]</span>
+
+hand, immediately after it has been washed and scented, and put it to
+your nose&mdash;and you will begin to be apprehensive that some practical wit
+has substituted in lieu of the sonnet-scribbling bunch of little fetid
+fives, the body of some chicken-butcher of a weasel, that died of the
+plague. We have seen as much of what is most ignorantly and malignantly
+denominated dirt&mdash;one week's earth&mdash;washed off the feet of a pretty
+young girl on a Saturday night, at a single sitting, in the little
+rivulet that runs almost round about her father's hut, as would have
+served a cockney to raise his mignionette in, or his crop of cresses.
+How beautifully glowed the crimson-snow of the singing creature's
+new-washed feet!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It will be seen, from these hurried remarks, that there is more truth
+than Dr. Kitchiner was aware of in his apophthegm&mdash;that a clean skin may
+be regarded as next in efficacy to a clear conscience. But the doctor
+had but a very imperfect notion of the meaning of the words&mdash;clean
+skin&mdash;his observation being not even skin-deep. A wash-hand basin&mdash;a bit
+of soap&mdash;and a coarse towel&mdash;he thought would give a cockney on
+Ludgate-hill a clean skin&mdash;just as many good people think that a Bible,
+a prayer-book, and a long sermon can give a clear conscience to a
+criminal in Newgate. The cause of the evil, in both cases, lies too deep
+for tears. Millions of men and women pass through nature to eternity
+clean-skinned and pious&mdash;with slight expense either in soap or sermons;
+while millions more, with much week-day bodily scrubbing, and much
+Sabbath spiritual sanctification, are held in bad odour here, while they
+live, by those who happen to sit near them, and finally go out like the
+snuff of a candle.&mdash;<i>Blackwoods Magazine</i>.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	QUACKERY.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+A short time since a soi-disant doctor sold water of the pool of
+Bethesda, which was to cure all complaints, if taken at the time when
+the angel visited the parent spring, on which occasion the doctor's
+bottled water manifested, he said, its sympathy with its fount by its
+perturbation. Hundreds purchased the Bethesda-water, and watched for
+the commotion and the consequence, with the result to be expected. At
+last one, less patient than the rest, went to the doctor, and complained
+that though he had kept his eye constantly on the water for a whole
+year, he had never yet discovered anything like the signs of an angel in
+his bottle.
+</p>
+<p>
+"That's extremely strange," exclaimed the doctor. "What sized bottle did
+you buy, sir?"
+</p>
+<p>
+Patient.&mdash;"A half-guinea-one, doctor."
+</p>
+<p>
+Doctor.&mdash;"Oh, that accounts for it. The half-guinea bottles contain so
+small a quantity of the invaluable Bethesda-water, that the agitation
+is scarcely perceptible; but if you buy a five-guinea bottle, and watch
+it well, you will in due season see the commotion quite plain,
+sympathizing with that of the pool when visited by the angel."
+</p>
+<p>
+The patient bought the five guinea bottle as advised, and kept a sharp
+look out for the angel till the day of his death.
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+<i>London Magazine.</i>
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	HANGING BY DESIRE.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Some few years ago, two fellows were observed by a patrol sitting on a
+lamp-post in the New Road, and on closely watching them, he discovered
+that one was tying up the other (who offered no resistance) by the neck.
+The patrol interfered, to prevent such a strange kind of murder, and was
+assailed by both, and pretty considerably beaten for his good offices.
+The watchmen, however, poured in, and the parties were secured. On
+examination the next morning, it appeared that the men had been
+gambling; that one had lost all his money to the other, and had at last
+proposed to stake his clothes. The winner demurred; observing, that he
+could not strip his adversary naked, in the event of his losing. "Oh,"
+replied the other, "do not give yourself any uneasiness about that. If I
+lose, I shall be unable to live, and you shall hang me, and take my
+clothes after I am dead; as I shall then, you know, have no occasion for
+them." The proposed arrangement was assented to; and the fellow, having
+lost, was quietly submitting to the terms of the treaty, when he was
+interrupted by the patrol, whose impertinent interference he so angrily
+resented.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>
+	RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+</h2>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+TRIAL OF CHARLES I.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+On the morning of Jan. 20th, 1648, towards noon, the High Court, having
+first held its secret sitting in the Painted Chamber, prepared to enter
+upon the final details of its mission. Prayers were scarcely over,
+before it was announced that the king, borne in a close sedan between
+two rows of soldiers, was on the point of making his appearance.
+Cromwell ran to the windows, and as suddenly hastened back, pale yet
+highly excited&mdash;"He is here, he is here, sirs; the hour for this grand
+affair draws nigh. Decide
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page248" name="page248"></a>[pg 248]</span>
+
+promptly, I beseech you, what you intend to reply; for he will instantly
+inquire in whose name and by what authority you presume to try him." No
+one making any reply, Henry Martin at length observed&mdash;"In the name of
+the Commons assembled in Parliament, and of all the good people of
+England." To this no objection was made. The court proceeded in solemn
+procession towards Westminster Hall, the President Bradshaw at its head;
+before him were borne the mace and sword; and sixteen officers armed
+with partisans, preceded the court. The President took his place in an
+arm-chair adorned with crimson velvet; at his feet sat the clerk, near a
+table covered with a rich Turkey carpet, and upon which were placed the
+mace and sword. On the right and left appeared the members of the court
+upon seats of scarlet cloth; while at the two ends of the hall stood the
+guards, all armed, a little in advance of the tribunal. The court being
+installed, all the doors were thrown open; the crowd rushed into the
+hall. Silence being restored, the act of the Commons appointing the
+court was read, the names were called over, and sixty-nine members were
+found to be present. "Sergeant," said Bradshaw, "let the prisoner be
+brought forward!"
+</p>
+<p>
+The king appeared under guard of Colonel Hacker and thirty-two officers.
+An arm-chair, adorned with crimson velvet, was in readiness for him at
+the bar. He came forward; fixed a long and severe look upon the court,
+and seated himself without taking off his hat. Suddenly he rose, looked
+round at the guard upon the left, and at the spectators upon the right
+of the hall; again fixed his eyes upon his judges, and then sat down,
+amidst the general silence of the court.
+</p>
+<p>
+Bradshaw rose instantly:&mdash;"Charles Stuart, King of England, the English
+Commons assembled in Parliament, deeply penetrated with a sense of the
+evils that have fallen upon this nation, and of which you are considered
+the chief author, are resolved to inquire into this sanguinary crime.
+With this view they have instituted this High Court of Justice, before
+which you are summoned this day. You will now hear the charges to be
+preferred against you."
+</p>
+<p>
+The Attorney General Coke now rose. "Silence!" exclaimed the king, at
+the same time touching him on the shoulder with his cane. Coke,
+surprised and irritated, turned round; the handle of the king's cane
+fell off, and for a few moments he appeared deeply affected. None of his
+attendants were at hand to take it up; he stooped and picked it up
+himself, and then resumed his seat. Coke proceeded to read the act
+imputing to the king all the evils arising first out of his tyranny,
+subsequently from the war; and requiring that he should be bound to
+reply to the charges, and that judgment should be pronounced against him
+as a tyrant, a traitor, and a murderer.
+</p>
+<p>
+During this time, the king continued seated, directing his eyes towards
+his judges, or towards the spectators, without betraying any emotion.
+Once he rose; turned his back upon the court to see what was passing
+behind him, and again sat down with an expression at once of
+inquisitiveness and indifference in his manner. Upon hearing the words:
+"Charles Stuart, a tyrant, traitor, and murderer," he laughed, though he
+still remained silent.
+</p>
+<p>
+The act being read, "Sir," said Bradshaw, "you have now heard the act of
+accusation against you: the court expects you to reply."
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The King</i>. "First, I wish to know by what authority I am summoned
+here. A short time since, I was in the Isle of Wight engaged in
+negociations with both houses of parliament, under guarantee of the
+public faith. We were upon the point of concluding a treaty. I would be
+informed by what authority&mdash;I say legitimate authority&mdash;for of
+illegitimate authorities there are, I know, many, like that of robbers
+on the highway;&mdash;I would be informed, I repeat, by what authority I have
+been dragged from place to place, I know not with what views. When I am
+made acquainted with this legitimate authority, I will reply."
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Bradshaw</i>. "If you had attended to what was addressed to you by
+the court upon your arrival, you would know in what this authority
+consisted. It calls upon you, in the name of the people of England, of
+whom you were elected king, to make a reply."
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The King</i>. "No sir, I deny this."
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Bradshaw</i>. "If you refuse to acknowledge the authority of the
+court, it will proceed against you."
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The King</i>. "I maintain that England never was an elective kingdom;
+for nearly the space of a thousand years it has been altogether an
+hereditary one. Let me know, then, by what authority I am summoned here.
+Inquire from Colonel Cobbett, who is here at hand, if I were not brought
+by force from the Isle of Wight. I will yield to none in maintaining the
+just privileges of the House of Commons in this place. But where are the
+Lords? I see no Lords here necessary to constitute a parliament. A king,
+moreover, is essential to it. Now is this what is meant
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page249" name="page249"></a>[pg 249]</span>
+
+by bringing the king to meet his parliament?"
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Bradshaw.</i> "Sir, the court awaits a definitive answer from you. If
+what we have stated respecting our authority does not satisfy you, it is
+sufficient for us, we know that it is founded upon the authority of God
+and of the country."
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The King.</i> "It is neither my opinion nor yours which should decide."
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Bradshaw.</i> "The court has heard you; you will be disposed of
+according to its orders. Let the prisoner be removed. The court adjourns
+until Monday."
+</p>
+<p>
+The court then withdrew; and the king retired under the same escort that
+had accompanied him. Upon rising he perceived the sword placed upon the
+table, "I have no fear of that," he observed, pointing towards it with
+his cane. As he descended the staircase, several voices called out
+"Justice! justice!" but far the greater number were heard to exclaim,
+"God save the king! God save your majesty."
+</p>
+<p>
+On the morrow at the opening of the sitting, sixty-two members being
+present, the court ordered strict silence to be observed under pain of
+imprisonment. On his arrival, however, the king was not the less
+received with marked applause. The same sort of discussion commenced,
+and with equal obstinacy on both sides. "Sir," at length, exclaimed
+Bradshaw, "neither you, nor any other person shall be permitted to
+question the jurisdiction of this court. It sits by authority of the
+Commons of England&mdash;an authority to which both you and your predecessors
+are to be held responsible."
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The King.</i> "I deny that. Show me a single precedent." Bradshaw
+rose up in a passion: "Sir, we do not sit here to reply to your
+questions. Plead to the accusation, <i>guilty</i> or not <i>guilty</i>."
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The King.</i> "You have not yet heard my reasons."
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Bradshaw.</i> "Sir, no reason can be advanced against the highest of
+all jurisdictions."
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The King.</i> "Point out to me this jurisdiction; or you refuse to
+hear reason."
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Bradshaw.</i> "Sir, we show it to you here. Here are the Commons of
+England. Sergeant, remove the prisoner."
+</p>
+<p>
+The king on this turned suddenly round towards the people. "Bear in
+mind," he said, "that the king of England has been condemned without
+being permitted to state his reasons in support of the people's
+liberty." These words were followed by an almost general cry of God save
+the king. * * *
+</p>
+<p>
+On the 27th at noon, after two hours conference in the painted chamber,
+the court opened, as usual, by calling a list of the names. At the name
+of Fairfax, a woman's voice from the bottom of the gallery was heard to
+exclaim: "He has too much sense to be here." After some moments'
+surprise and hesitation, the names were called over, and sixty-seven
+members were present. When the king entered the hall, there was a
+violent outcry: "Execution! justice! execution!" The soldiers became
+very insolent; some officers, in particular Axtell, commander of the
+guards, excited them to this uproar; and groups spread about through the
+hall, as busily seconded them. The people, struck with consternation,
+were silent. "Sir!" said the king, addressing Bradshaw before he sat
+down, "I demand to speak a word; I hope that I shall give you no cause
+to interrupt me."
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Bradshaw.</i> "You will be heard in your turn. Listen first to the court."
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The King.</i> "Sir, if you please, I wish to be heard. It is only a
+word. An immediate decision."
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Bradshaw.</i> "Sir, you shall be heard at the proper time:&mdash;first,
+you must listen to the court."
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The King.</i> "Sir, I desire,&mdash;what I have to say applies to what the
+court is, I believe, about to pronounce; and it is difficult, sir, to
+recall a precipitate verdict."
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Bradshaw.</i> "We shall hear you, sir, before judgment is pronounced.
+Until then you ought to abstain from speaking."
+</p>
+<p>
+Upon this assurance the king became more calm; he sat down, and Bradshaw
+proceeded:
+</p>
+<p>
+"Gentlemen&mdash;it is well known that the prisoner at your bar has now been
+many times brought before this court to reply to a charge of treason,
+and other high crimes, exhibited against him in the name of the English
+people"&mdash;&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+"Not half the people," exclaimed the same voice that had spoken on
+hearing the name of Fairfax, "where is the people?&mdash;where is its
+consent?&mdash;Oliver Cromwell is a traitor."
+</p>
+<p>
+The whole assembly seemed electrified!&mdash;all eyes turned towards the
+gallery: "Down with the w&mdash;&mdash;s," cried Axtell; "soldiers fire upon
+them!"&mdash;It was lady Fairfax. A general confusion now arose; the
+soldiers, though everywhere fierce and active, could with difficulty
+repress it. Order being at length a little restored, Bradshaw again
+insisted upon the king's obstinate refusal to reply to the charge; upon
+the notoriety of the crimes imputed to him, and declared that the court,
+though unanimous in its sentence, had nevertheless consented to hear the
+prisoner's
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page250" name="page250"></a>[pg 250]</span>
+
+defence, provided that he would cease to question its jurisdiction.
+</p>
+<p>
+"I demand," said the king, "to be heard in the painted chamber, by both
+Lords and Commons, upon a proposition which concerns the peace of the
+kingdom and the liberty of my subjects much more nearly than my own
+preservation."
+</p>
+<p>
+A violent tumult now spread throughout the court, and the whole
+assembly. Friends and enemies were all eager to divine for what purpose
+the king had demanded this conference with the two houses, and what it
+was his intention to propose to them.
+</p>
+<p>
+Colonel Downs, a member of the court, expressed a wish that the king's
+proposition should be heard.
+</p>
+<p>
+"Since one of the members desires it," said Bradshaw, gravely, "the
+court must retire;" and they immediately passed into a neighbouring
+hall. * * *
+</p>
+<p>
+In about half an hour the court returned, and Bradshaw informed the king
+that his proposition was rejected.
+</p>
+<p>
+Charles appeared to be subdued, and no longer insisted with any degree
+of vigour.
+</p>
+<p>
+"If you have nothing to add," said Bradshaw, "the court will proceed to
+give sentence."
+</p>
+<p>
+"I shall add nothing, sir," said the king; "and only request that what I
+have said may be recorded." Without replying to this, Bradshaw informed
+him that he was about to hear his sentence; but before he ordered it to
+be read, he addressed to the king a long discourse, as a solemn apology
+for the proceedings of parliament, enumerating all the evil deeds of the
+king, and imputing to him alone all the misfortunes of the civil war,
+since it was his tyranny that had made resistance as much a matter of
+duty as of necessity. The orator's language was harsh and bitter, but
+grave, pious, free from insult, and stamped with profound conviction,
+though with a slight mixture of vindictive feeling. The king heard him
+without offering any interruption, and with equal gravity. In
+proportion, however, as the discourse drew towards a close, he became
+visibly troubled; and as soon as Bradshaw was silent, he endeavoured to
+speak: Bradshaw prevented him, and commanded the clerk to read the
+sentence; this being done, he said, "This is the act, opinion, and
+unanimous judgment of the court," and the whole court rose up in token
+of assent: "Sir," said the king, abruptly, "will you hear one word?"
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Bradshaw.</i> "Sir, you cannot be heard after sentence has been
+passed."
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The King.</i> "No, sir!"
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Bradshaw</i>. "No, sir, with your permission, sir. Guards, remove the
+prisoner."
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The King</i>. "I can speak after sentence.&mdash;With your permission,
+sir, I have still a right to speak after sentence.&mdash;With your
+permission&mdash;Stay&mdash;The sentence, sir&mdash;I say, sir, that&mdash;I am not
+permitted to speak&mdash;think what justice others are to expect!"
+</p>
+<p>
+At this moment he was surrounded by soldiers, and removed from the bar.
+</p>
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+<i>From the French of M. Guizot</i>.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>
+	THE SELECTOR;
+<br />
+AND
+<br />
+LITERARY NOTICES OF
+<br />
+<i>NEW WORKS</i>.
+</h2>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+GALLANTRY.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+In Spain, after a lady had obliged her gallant by all possible
+civilities and compliance, to confirm her kindness she would show him
+her foot, and this they called the highest favour. The feet and legs of
+queens were so sacred, that it was a crime to think, or at any rate to
+speak of them. On the arrival of the Princess Maria Anna of Austria, the
+bride of Philip IV. in Spain, a quantity of the finest silk stockings
+were presented to her in a city where there were manufactories of that
+article. The major domo of the future queen threw back the stockings
+with indignation, exclaiming, "Know that the queens of Spain have no
+legs." When the young bride heard this, she began to weep bitterly,
+declaring she would return to Vienna, and that she would never have set
+foot in Spain had she known that her legs were to be cut off. This
+ridiculous etiquette was on one occasion carried still further; one day
+as the second consort of Charles II. was riding a very spirited horse,
+the animal reared on his hinder legs. At the moment when the horse
+seemed on the point of falling back with his fair rider, the queen
+slipped off on one side, and remained with one of her feet hanging in
+the stirrup. The unruly beast, irritated still more at the burden which
+fell on one side, kicked with the utmost violence in all directions. In
+the first moments of danger and alarm, no person durst venture to the
+assistance of the queen for this reason, that excepting the king and the
+chief of the menimos, or little pages, no person of the male sex was
+allowed to touch any part of the queens of Spain, and least of all their
+feet. As the danger of the queen augmented, two cavaliers
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page251" name="page251"></a>[pg 251]</span>
+
+ran to her relief. One of them seized the bridle of the horse, while the
+other drew the queen's foot from the stirrup, and in performing this
+service dislocated his thumb. As soon as they had saved her life they
+hastened away with all possible expedition, ordered their fleetest
+horses to be saddled, and were just preparing for their flight out of
+the kingdom, when a messenger came to inform them that at the queen's
+intercession, the king had pardoned the crime they had committed in
+touching her person.&mdash;<i>Meiner's History of the Female Sex.</i>
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	ADVANTAGES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+In the year 1825, Henry Drummond, Esq. of Albury Park, Surrey, and
+formerly of Christchurch, subjected his estate in Surrey with a yearly
+rent-charge of 100<i>l.</i> for the endowment of a professorship in
+Political Economy, under certain conditions. Mr. Senior, whose name is
+not unknown to students of political economy, has been appointed first
+professor, and in his first lecture gives the following illustration of
+the advantages of the science:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+If we compare the present situation of the people of England with that
+of their predecessors at the time of Cęsar's invasion; if we contrast
+the warm and dry cottage of the present labourer, its chimney and glass
+windows, (luxuries not enjoyed by Cęsar himself,) the linen and
+woollen clothing of himself and his family, the steel, and glass, and
+earthenware with which his table is furnished, the Asiatic and American
+ingredients of his food, and above all, his safety from personal injury,
+and his calm security that to-morrow will bring with it the comforts
+that have been enjoyed to-day; if, I repeat, we contrast all these
+sources of enjoyment with the dark and smoky burrows of the Brigantes or
+the Cantii, their clothing of skins, their food confined to milk and
+flesh, and their constant exposure to famine and to violence, we shall
+be inclined to think those who are lowest in modern society richer than
+the chiefs of their rude predecessors. And if we consider that the same
+space of ground which afforded an uncertain subsistence to a hundred, or
+probably fewer, savages, now supports with ease more than a thousand
+labourers, and, perhaps, a hundred individuals beside, each consuming
+more commodities than the labour of a whole tribe of Ancient Britons
+could have produced or purchased, we may at first be led to doubt
+whether our ancestors enjoyed the same natural advantages as ourselves;
+whether their sun was as warm, their soil as fertile, or their bodies as
+strong, as our own.
+</p>
+<p>
+But let us substitute distance of space for distance of time; and,
+instead of comparing situations of the same country at different
+periods, compare different countries at the same period, and we shall
+find a still more striking discrepancy. The inhabitant of South America
+enjoys a soil and a climate, not superior merely to our own, but
+combining all the advantages of every climate and soil possessed by the
+remainder of the world. His valleys have all the exuberance of the
+tropics, and his mountain-plains unite the temperature of Europe to a
+fertility of which Europe offers no example. Nature collects for him,
+within the space of a morning's walk, the fruits and vegetables which
+she has elsewhere separated by thousands of miles. She has given him
+inexhaustible forests, has covered his plains with wild cattle and
+horses, filled his mountains with mineral treasures, and intersected all
+the eastern face of his country with rivers, to which our Rhine and
+Danube are merely brooks. But the possessor of these riches is poor and
+miserable. With all the materials of clothing offered to him almost
+spontaneously, he is ill-clad; with the most productive of soils, he is
+ill-fed: though we are told that the labour of a week will there procure
+subsistence for a year, famines are of frequent occurrence; the hut of
+the Indian, and the residence of the landed proprietor, are alike
+destitute of furniture and convenience; and South America, helpless and
+indigent with all her natural advantages, seems to rely for support and
+improvement on a very small portion of the surplus wealth of England.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is impossible to consider these phenomena without feeling anxious to
+account for them; to discover whether they are occasioned by
+circumstances unsusceptible of investigation or regulation, or by causes
+which can be ascertained, and may be within human control. To us, as
+Englishmen, it is of still deeper interest to inquire whether the causes
+of our superiority are still in operation, and whether their force is
+capable of being increased or diminished; whether England has run her
+full career of wealth and improvement, but stands safe where she is; or,
+whether to remain stationary is impossible, and it depends on her
+institutions and her habits, on her government, and on her people,
+whether she shall recede or continue to advance.
+</p>
+<p>
+The answer to all these questions must be sought in the science which
+teaches in what wealth consists, by what agents it is produced, and
+according to what laws
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page252" name="page252"></a>[pg 252]</span>
+
+it is distributed, and what are the institutions and customs by which
+production may be facilitated, and distribution regulated, so as to give
+the largest possible amount of wealth to each individual. And this
+science is <i>Political Economy.&mdash;Senior's Lecture on Political
+Economy.</i>
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	PROLONGING LIFE.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+The notion of prolonging life by inhaling the breath of young women, was
+an agreeable delusion easily credited: and one physician who had himself
+written on health, was so influenced by it, that he actually took
+lodgings in a boarding-school, that he might never be without a constant
+supply of the proper atmosphere. Philip Thicknesse, who wrote the
+"Valetudinarian's Guide," in 1779, seems to have taken a dose whenever
+he could. "I am myself," says he, "turned of sixty, and in general,
+though I have lived in various climates, and suffered severely both in
+body and mind; yet having always partaken of the breath <i>of young
+women, whenever they lay in the way</i>, I feel none of the infirmities
+which so often strike the eyes and ears in this great city (Bath) of
+sickness, by men many years younger than myself."
+</p>
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+<i>Wadd's Memoirs.</i>
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	FELLOW FEELING.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+It is told of a certain worthy and wealthy citizen, who has acquired
+the reputation of being a considerable consumer of the good things of
+the table, and has been "widened at the expense of the corporation,"
+that on coming out of a tavern, after a turtle feast, a poor boy
+begged charity of him&mdash;"For mercy's sake, sir, I am so very hungry!"
+"Hungry!&mdash;hungry!&mdash;hey!&mdash;what!&mdash;complain of being hungry!&mdash;why I never
+heard the like!&mdash;complain of being hungry!!&mdash;Prodigious!!!&mdash;why I'd give
+a guinea to be hungry!!!&mdash;why, a hungry man (with a good dinner before
+him) is the happiest fellow in the world!&mdash;There, (giving the boy
+half-a-crown,) there, I don't want you to take my word for it: run
+along, my fine fellow, and make the experiment yourself."&mdash;<i>Dr.
+Kitchener.</i>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>
+	ARCANA OF SCIENCE,
+</h2>
+
+<h3>
+OR REMARKABLE FACTS AND DISCOVERIES IN NATURAL HISTORY, METEOROLOGY,
+CHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY, GEOLOGY, BOTANY, ZOOLOGY, PRACTICAL MECHANICS,
+STATISTICS, AND THE USEFUL ARTS.
+</h3>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="quote">
+[Under this head it is proposed, in the future numbers of the MIRROR, to
+assemble all new and remarkable facts in the several branches of science
+enumerated above. These selections will be made from the Philosophical
+Journals of the day, the Transactions of Public Societies, and the
+various Continental Journals. The advantages of such a division in
+accordance with the high and enlightened character of the present age,
+must be obvious to every reader of our miscellany. At the same time it
+will be our object to <i>concentrate</i> or <i>condense</i> from all
+other authentic sources such new facts in science as are connected with
+the arts of social life, and which from being scattered through
+elaborate and expensive works, might thereby be lost to some portion of
+our readers. In short, <i>popular</i> discoveries in science, or all
+such new facts as bear on the happiness of society will be the objects
+of our choice; neither perplexing our readers with abstract research,
+nor verging into the puerile amusements of a certain ingenious but
+almost useless class of reasoners; it not being our object to "ring the
+changes" on words. Our selections will occasionally be illustrated with
+engravings; for by no means are philosophical subjects better elucidated
+than by the aid of the graphic art.]
+</p>
+
+<center>
+<i>Longevity</i>.
+</center>
+
+<p>
+The relative advantages of town and country, in point of salubrity, are
+shown by the following table of deaths:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+1. In <i>great towns</i>, from 1-19 or 1-20, to 1-23 or 1-24.
+</p>
+<p>
+2. In <i>moderate towns</i>, from 1-25 to 1-28.
+</p>
+<p>
+3. In <i>small villages</i> and the <i>open country</i>, from 1-35 or
+1-40, to 1-50 or 1-60.
+</p>
+<p>
+Thus, in London one person in 20 of the whole population dies annually;
+while in the healthiest villages and open country, the rate of annual
+mortality is not more than 1 in 55 or 60.
+</p>
+
+<center>
+<i>Atmosphere of Theatres</i>.
+</center>
+
+<p>
+Lavoisier, the French chemist, found, in a theatre, that, from the
+commencement to the end of the play, the oxygen, or vital air, was
+diminished in the proportion of from 27 to 21, or nearly one-fourth, and
+was in the same proportion less fit for respiration than before.
+</p>
+
+
+<center>
+<i>Butterflies</i>.
+</center>
+
+<p>
+In June, 1826, a column of butterflies, from 10 to 15 feet broad, was
+seen to pass over Neuchatel, in Switzerland. The passage lasted upwards
+of two hours, without any interruption, from the moment when the
+butterflies were first observed.&mdash;<i>Brewster's Journal</i>.
+</p>
+
+<center>
+<i>Water Plant</i>.
+</center>
+
+<p>
+A shrub has been discovered in our new Indian countries, from whose
+stem, when divided, there issues a copious vegetable spring of limpid
+and wholesome water. The natives know this well, and hence we rarely
+meet with an entire plant. It is a powerful climber, and is quite new
+and nondescript.&mdash;<i>Letter from India</i>.
+</p>
+
+<center>
+<i>Malaria and Fevers</i>.
+</center>
+
+<p>
+It is notorious, that, in the last autumn, the remittent fevers in
+various parts of the country amounted to a species of pestilence, such
+as has scarcely been known in
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page253" name="page253"></a>[pg 253]</span>
+
+England from this cause since the days of Dr. Sydenham. Wherever ague
+had existed, or ever had been supposed possible, in those places was
+this fever found; so that in all the well-known tracts in Lincolnshire,
+Norfolk, Suffolk, Kent, Essex, Sussex, Hampshire, &amp;c. there was scarcely
+a house without one or more inhabitants under fever, with a considerable
+mortality. In the parish of Marston, in Lincolnshire, it amounted to 25
+in 300 inhabitants. The same fevers were extremely abundant in various
+parts of the outskirts of London, as also in the villages or towns which
+are connected with it, within a range of from six to ten miles. This was
+the case throughout the range of streets or houses from Buckingham Gate
+to Chelsea; in which long line, it is said, that almost every house had
+a patient or more under this fever, though these were mistaken for
+typhus, or at least thus misnamed. Then it was also about Vauxhall and
+Lambeth; and to a great extent among all that scattered mixture of town
+and country which follows from Whitechapel, from Bishopsgate, &amp;c., and
+very particularly along Ratcliffe-Highway to an indefinite range along
+the river. In Lewisham there were in one house nine patients under this
+fever, which proved mortal to one. We may also enumerate Dulwich,
+especially subject to this disorder, Fulham, Ealing, and the several
+other villages along the Thames, as far as Chertsey; and even Richmond,
+where, as at Lewisham, there was one house where ten individuals at one
+time were suffering under this disease. Whatever was the pestilence last
+year, it promises to be much greater in the present one. This is easily
+judged from the manner in which the season has set in, but still more
+decidedly from the extraordinary prevalence of ague in the spring; since
+that which was intermittent fever then, will be remittent in the autumn,
+or rather, there will scarcely be a definite season of vernal
+intermittent, but the remittent will commence immediately, increasing in
+extent and severity as the summer advances, and promising to become, in
+the autumn, the greatest season of disease that England has known for
+this century. Dr. Macculloch attributes this alarming increase to
+<i>malaria</i>, on the production and propagation of which he has
+recently published an essay, the leading argument of which is, "that as
+the quantity of the poison which any person can inspire is necessarily
+small, and as this small quantity can be produced by a small marshy spot
+as well as a large one, it is the same, as to the production of the
+disease, whether the marsh is a foot square or a mile, provided the
+exposure be complete; while also any piece of ground where vegetables
+decompose under the action of water is virtually a marsh, or must
+produce <i>malaria</i>."
+</p>
+
+<center>
+<i>Acclimatizing Plants</i>.
+</center>
+
+<p>
+A Mr. Street, of Biel, in East Lothian, has recently made some
+successful attempts at acclimatizing, or giving to exotic plants greater
+powers of withstanding cold than they had when first introduced. By
+planting in situations well drained from superfluous moisture, under
+circumstances where rapid growth was rendered impracticable, and in a
+garden admirably adapted to the object from its position, he has
+succeeded in naturalizing, in latitude 56° N. plants which have not yet
+been known to endure the winters even of the parallel of
+London.&mdash;<i>Quarterly Journal of Science</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In a table kept at Sydney by Major Goulburn, from May 1821 to April
+1822, the thermometer never rose above 751/2° and never lower than 54° of
+Fahrenheit.
+</p>
+
+<center>
+<i>Bronzing Tin</i>.
+</center>
+
+<p>
+To obtain complete success in bronzing medals of tin, the two following
+solutions must be employed:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The first, which is merely a wash, is composed of 1 part of iron, 1 part
+of sulphate of copper, and 20 parts, by weight, of distilled water. The
+second solution, or bronze, is composed of 4 parts of verdigris and 16
+parts of white vinegar. The medals should be filed, and well cleaned
+with a brush, earth, and water; and being well wiped, should have a
+portion of the first solution passed slightly over their faces, by means
+of a brush, and then be wiped; this gives a slight grey tint to the
+surface, and causes the ready adhesion of the verdigris, &amp;c. The second
+solution is then to be rubbed over by means of a brush, until they have
+acquired the deep red colour of copper; they are then to be left an hour
+to dry, after which they are to be polished with a very soft brush and
+rouge, or the red oxide of iron in fine powder. The polish is to be
+completed by the brush alone, the medals being passed now and then over
+the palm of the hand.&mdash;<i>Verly</i>.
+</p>
+
+<center>
+<i>Culture of Celery</i>.
+</center>
+
+<p>
+Mr. Knight, president of the Horticultural Society, has found that by
+keeping the ground in which celery was planted, constantly wet, it grew
+by the middle of September to the height of five feet, and its quality
+was in proportion to its size. Mr. K. also recommends planting at
+greater distances than is usually the case, and covering the beds, into
+which the young seedlings are first removed, with half-rotten dung,
+overspread to the depth of about two inches with mould; under which
+circumstances,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page254" name="page254"></a>[pg 254]</span>
+
+whenever the plants are removed, the dung will adhere tenaciously to
+their roots, and it will not be necessary to deprive the plants of any
+part of their leaves.&mdash;Mr. Wedgewood also states, that good celery may
+be readily obtained by transplanting seedling plants that have remained
+in the seed bed, till they had acquired a considerable size.&mdash;<i>Quarterly
+Journal</i>.
+</p>
+
+<center>
+<i>Dwarfs</i>.
+</center>
+
+<p>
+Richard Gibson, the dwarf, married Anne Shepherd, another dwarf. Each of
+them was only 3 feet 10 inches high. They had nine children, of whom
+five lived to maturity, and were of a proper size. Richard, the father,
+lived to the age of 75, his little widow to that of 89. It is
+presumptive, that the dwarf size is only occasioned by some obstruction
+during <i>utero</i>&mdash;gestation. The full size of the children proves
+that nature does not perpetuate abortions.
+</p>
+
+<center>
+<i>Cruelty and Epicurism</i>.
+</center>
+
+<p>
+A sharp axe, on the principle of a punch, is used in <i>slaughtering
+bullocks</i>, not to kill them at once, but to cut a circular hole in
+the skull, into which a stick is introduced <i>to stir up the
+brains</i>, for the purpose of making the meat more tender! The throat
+is not attempted to be cut till after the infliction of this torture,
+horrible even to think of, which instantly causes the most convulsive
+agonies, such as are never seen in death of any other kind.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Somerville's mode of <i>pithing</i> animals, brought forward with
+the most humane views, is a <i>horrible operation</i>. The body is
+deprived of sensation, <i>while the living head rolls its eye in agony
+on its tormentors</i>.&mdash;<i>Sir Everard Home</i>.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>
+	USEFUL DOMESTIC HINTS.
+</h2>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	APPLES.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+The preservation of apples is now brought to great perfection, by
+keeping them in jars secure from the action of air; but there is one
+method of preparing them for culinary purposes which is not practised in
+this country. Any good baking sort, which is liable to rot, if peeled
+and cut into slices about the thickness of one-sixth of an inch, and
+dried in the sun, or in a slow oven, till sufficiently desiccated, may
+be afterwards kept in boxes in a dry place for a considerable time, and
+only require to be soaked in water for an hour or two before using.
+</p>
+<p>
+At a recent meeting of the Horticultural Society, a large collection of
+the best late varieties of the apple, as grown in America, were
+exhibited. It was a remarkable circumstance, that, while these fruits
+are unusually handsome, none of them, except the New-town pippin, were,
+although sweet and pleasant, comparable to our fine European apples; and
+yet the New-town pippin, the only good variety, is as much superior to
+any variety of apple known in Europe as the others were inferior.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	BLACK DYE AND INK.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+The following is a process for the preparation of a black dye, for which
+a patent was taken out at Vienna by M. Honig:&mdash;Logwood is to be boiled
+several times in water, and a little sub-carbonate of potash to be added
+to the decoctions, the quantity being so moderated that it shall not
+change the colour to blue; the stuff to be dyed is then to be plunged
+into this bath. This stuff may be either animal or vegetable. When it is
+well impregnated with colouring matter, it is to be withdrawn, and,
+without being exposed to air, is to be introduced into a solution of
+green-vitriol, and left there until it has obtained the desired black
+hue. In preparing the <i>ink</i>, the decoction of logwood is used in
+place of the infusion of galls.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	MALT LIQUORS.
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+<i>By a Physician</i>.
+</center>
+
+<p>
+I am much disposed to extol the virtues of malt liquors. When properly
+fermented, well hopped, and of a moderate strength, they are refreshing,
+wholesome, and nourishing. It is a common observation, that those who
+drink sound malt liquors are stronger than those who drink wine; and to
+those who are trained to boxing, and other athletic exercises, old
+home-brewed beer is particularly recommended, drawn from the cask, and
+not bottled. Hence Jackson, the celebrated trainer, affirms, if any
+person accustomed to drink wine would but try malt liquor for a month,
+he would find himself so much the better for it, that he would soon take
+to the one, and abandon the other. Some suppose the superior bottom of
+the British soldiery to be owing, in a great measure, to their use of
+malt liquor.
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  "Your wine-tippling, dram-sipping fellows retreat,</p>
+           <p>  But your beer-drinking Britons can never be beat."</p>
+           <p style="text-align: right;">  DR. ARNE.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>
+Good home-brewed beer has been styled by some <i>vinum Britannicum</i>,
+and by others liquid bread. There can be no doubt of its highly
+nutritive and wholesome qualities, and it is much to be regretted, that
+so few families in this kingdom now ever brew their own beer, but are
+content to put up with the half-fermented, adulterated wash found in
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page265" name="page265"></a>[pg 265]</span>
+
+public-houses, or with the no less adulterated and impure drink called
+porter.
+</p>
+<p>
+Malt liquors are divided into small beer, strong beer, ale, and porter.
+Small beer is best calculated for common use, being less heating and
+stimulating than other malt liquors. When used soft and mild, after
+having been thoroughly fermented and purified, it forms an excellent
+diluent with food, more especially at dinner. Sydenham was in the habit
+of using it in this manner, both at dinner and supper, and he justly
+considered its being well hopped a great advantage. In general it is,
+without doubt, the best drink which can be taken at dinner, by persons
+in the middle and higher ranks of society, who are in the habit of
+drinking wine after that meal. As it abounds with carbonic acid gas, or
+fixed air, it is the most useful diluent for labourers, because it cools
+the body, abates thirst, and, at the same time, stimulates very
+moderately the animal powers. Small beer, when stale and hard, is
+unwholesome to all persons.
+</p>
+<p>
+Sound strong beer is very nutritious and wholesome; indeed, it is
+generally considered more nourishing than wine. It is a most useful
+drink to the weak, the lean, and the laborious, provided they are not
+very subject to flatulency, nor troubled with disorders of the breast.
+If taken in moderate quantity, and of the best quality, it will often be
+found of great service to the invalid, in assisting to restore his
+strength, spirits, and flesh. It should be drunk from the cask; bottled
+beer being more likely to disagree with the stomach, and to produce
+flatulency.
+</p>
+<p>
+There is a general prejudice against beer in the case of the bilious
+and the sedentary, but it appears to me without sufficient foundation.
+Bilious people are such as have weak stomachs and impaired digestion,
+and those who are sedentary are nearly, in these respects, always in a
+similar state. Now, I have not observed that beer tends to weaken such
+stomachs, or to become ascescent, or otherwise to disagree with them; on
+the contrary, I believe, it will be found, in the majority of cases,
+that this beverage agrees much better than wine, since it is far less
+disposed to acescency, and better fitted to act as a stomachic, and,
+therefore, to invigorate both the digestive organs, and the constitution
+at large. That it is very far superior for such persons to diluted
+spirit, in any form, I am fully persuaded. Of course, I here speak of
+sound home-brewed strong beer, and of a moderate strength. No man can
+answer for the effects of the stuff usually sold as beer; and we know
+strong ale is always difficult of digestion.
+</p>
+<p>
+Strong ale is, undoubtedly, the most nutritive of all malt liquors, but
+being digested with greater difficulty than the other sorts, it cannot
+with propriety be taken but by those who are strong, and who use much
+active exercise. The best ale is made from fine pale malt, and with hops
+of the finest quality. It should sparkle in the glass, but the smaller
+the bubbles the better. I ought to add, that in some cases of general
+weakness, where the individual is certainly recovering, and is possessed
+of a good measure of strength of stomach, a little of the finest ale
+daily will be found highly restorative.
+</p>
+<p>
+Porter, when good, is not an unwholesome drink; but it is very difficult
+to procure it of the best quality. I cannot recommend it to those who
+are desirous of preserving their health.&mdash;<i>Sure Methods of Improving
+Health, &amp;c.</i>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>
+	THE GATHERER.
+</h2>
+
+<p class="quote">
+"I am but a Gatherer and disposer of other men's stuff."&mdash;<i>Wotton</i>.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	SAMBO'S SERMON,
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+(<i>From the New York Statesman.</i>)
+</center>
+
+<p>
+"Strate is de rode an narrer is de paff which leadeff to
+glory."&mdash;"Brederen believers!&mdash;You semble dis nite to har de word, and
+hab it splained and monstrated to you; yes, an I ten for splain it clear
+as de lite ob de libin day. We're all wicked sinners har below&mdash;it's
+fac, my brederen, and I tell you how it cum. You see, my frens,
+</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  "Adam was de fus man,</p>
+           <p>  Ebe was de todder,</p>
+           <p>  Cane was a wicked man,</p>
+           <p>  Kase he kill he brodder.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>
+"Adam and Ebe were bofe black men, and so was Cane and Able. Now I spose
+it seem to strike you a understandin how de fus wite man cum. Why I let
+you no. Den you see when Cane kill de brodder de Massa cum, and he say,
+'Cane whar you a brodder Able?' Cane say, 'I don't know, Massa.' He cum
+gin an say, 'Cane whar you a brodder Able?' Cane say, 'I don't know,
+Massa;' but de nigger noe'd all de time. Massa now git mad&mdash;cum
+gin&mdash;peak mity sharp dis time,&mdash;'Cane whar your brodder Able, you
+nigger?' Cane now git friten, and he turn <i>wite</i>: and dis is de way
+de fus wite man cum pon dis arth! an if it had not been for dat dare
+nigger, Cane, we'd neba been troubled wid dese sassy wites pon de face
+ob dis circumlar globe. Now sing de forty lebenth hym, ticular meter."
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page256" name="page256"></a>[pg 256]</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+	EPIGRAM (FROM THE ITALIAN)
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+<i>On a Father who would not allow his Son to marry until he had arrived
+at years of discretion</i>.
+</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Poor Strephon is young, and lacks wisdom 'tis said,</p>
+           <p>  And therefore still longer must tarry;</p>
+           <p>  If he waits tho', methinks, till he's sense in his head,</p>
+           <p>  I'll be sworn that he never will marry.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	THE REV. MR. WATERHOUSE.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+The following is the inscription on a stone designed to perpetuate the
+memory of the late singular and unfortunate rector of Little Stukely,
+and is now exhibited in the mason's yard at Huntingdon. According to
+immemorial usage a copy of verses is appended to the inscription, which,
+in point of style, taste, and orthography, are on a par with the
+"uncouth rhymes" alluded to by Gray. The <i>poetry</i> is said to be the
+production of a Cambridge graduate.
+</p>
+<p>
+"Sacred to the memory of the Rev, Joshua Waterhouse, B.D., nearly forty
+years Fellow of Catherine Hall, Cambridge, Chaplain to his Majesty,
+Rector of this parish, and of Coton, near Cambridge, who was inhumanly
+murdered <i>in this Parsonage House</i>, about ten o'clock on the
+morning of July 3rd, 1827. Aged eighty-one.
+</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Beneath this tomb his mangled body's laid,</p>
+           <p>  Cut, stabb'd, and murdered by Joshua Slade;</p>
+           <p>  His ghastly wounds a horrid sight to see,</p>
+           <p>  And hurl'd at once into eternity.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  What faults you've seen in him take care to shun,</p>
+           <p>  And look at home, enough there's to be done;</p>
+           <p>  Death does not always warning give,</p>
+           <p>  Therefore be careful how you live."</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	MAN.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Philosophers have puzzled themselves how to define man, so as to
+distinguish him from other animals. Burke says, "Man is an animal that
+cooks its victuals." "Then," says Johnson, "the proverb is just, 'there
+is reason in roasting eggs.'" Dr. Adam Smith has hit this case; "Man,"
+says he, "is an animal that makes bargains; no other animal does
+this&mdash;one dog does not change a bone with another."&mdash;<i>London Mag</i>.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	LANGUAGES.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+A French professor of languages, in what he calls an Ethnographic Atlas
+of the Globe, states there are 860 languages, and about 5,000 dialects,
+all which may be classed; in addition to as many more which are not so
+arranged. In the present state of our knowledge, therefore, the Asiatic
+languages amount to 153; the European to 53; the African to 114; the
+Polynesian to 117; and the American to 423.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+<i>Epitaph in the Church-yard of Iselton Cum Fenby, in Lincolnshire</i>.
+</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Here lies the bodie of old Will Loveland,</p>
+           <p>  He's put to bed at length with a shovel, and</p>
+           <p>  Eas'd of expenses for raiment and food,</p>
+           <p>  Which all his life tyme he would fain have eseyewed:</p>
+           <p>  He grudg'd his housekeeping&mdash;his children's support,</p>
+           <p>  And laid in his meates of the cagge mag sorte,</p>
+           <p>  No fyshe or fowle touch'd he, when 'twas dearly bought,</p>
+           <p>  But a green taile or herrings, a score for a groate.</p>
+<p class="i4">      No friend to the needy,</p>
+<p class="i4">      His wealth gather'd speedy,</p>
+<p class="i2">    And he never did naught but evil;</p>
+<p class="i4">      He liv'd like a hogg,</p>
+<p class="i4">      And dyed like a dogg,</p>
+<p class="i2">    And now he rides post to the devil.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	LENDING BOOKS.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Doctor Gerhard, of Jena, used to write in his books a Latin inscription,
+thus translated:&mdash;"I belong to Gerhard's library; take care neither to
+soil nor tear me; neither keep me in your possession out of the library
+more than one month. Do not steal me."
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	TO THE PUBLIC.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+<i>With the present Number of the</i> Mirror <i>is published a</i>
+SUPPLEMENTARY SHEET, <i>half of which is occupied by</i> THREE
+ENGRAVINGS, <i>viz. an authorized Ground Plan of</i> St. JAMES'S <i>and
+the</i> GREEN PARKS&mdash;<i>a View of</i> BUCKINGHAM NEW PALACE, <i>and of
+the</i> GRAND ENTRANCE <i>to the</i> PALACE GARDENS <i>at Hyde Park Corner.
+The Supplement also contains minute references and descriptions
+of the above Engravings, and the</i> REPORT <i>of the</i> EXPEDITIONS
+<i>of Captains Parry and Franklin, recently returned to England. The
+daily increasing interest of the above subjects (which so largely
+engross the public attention) cannot fail to render the above Number
+proportionally acceptable to our readers; whilst the illustrations will
+recommend themselves by the fidelity of the sources from which they are
+executed</i>.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p>
+<i>Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) and sold by all Newsmen and Booksellers</i>.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       Volume 10, No. 277, October 13, 1827
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: May 30, 2005 [EBook #15944]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. X, NO. 277.]  SATURDAY, OCTOBER 13, 1827.  [PRICE 2d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: The Palace at Stockholm.]
+
+
+
+
+THE PALACE AT STOCKHOLM.
+
+
+The palace at Stockholm is the redeeming grace of that city.--Stockholm
+"not being able to boast any considerable place or square, nor indeed
+any street wider than an English lane; the exterior of the houses is
+dirty, the architecture shabby, and all strikes as very low and
+confined. Yet the palace must be excepted; and that is commanding, and
+in a grand and simple taste." Such is the description of Stockholm by
+Sir Robert Ker Porter; but, as he admits, he had just left the city of
+St. Petersburgh, and being probably dazzled with the freshness of its
+splendour, Stockholm suffered in the contrast.
+
+But Sir R.K. Porter is not entirely unsupported in his opinion. Mr.
+James, in his interesting "Journal of a Tour in Sweden, &c." published
+in 1816, describes the suburbs of Stockholm as "uniting every beauty of
+wild nature, with the charms attendant upon the scenes of more active
+life; but the examples of architecture within the town, if we except the
+mansions of the royal family, are not of a style at all corresponding
+with these delightful environs. The private houses make but little show;
+and the general air of the public buildings is not of the first style of
+magnitude, or in any way remarkable for good taste. One point, however,
+may be selected, that exhibits in a single prospect all that the capital
+can boast of this description. There is a long bridge of granite,
+connecting the city in the centre with the northern quarters of the
+town: immediately at one extremity rises the _royal palace_, a
+large square edifice, with extensive wings, and of the most simple and
+elegant contour; the other extremity is terminated by an equestrian
+statue of Gustavus Adolphus, forming the chief object of a square, that
+is bounded on the sides by handsome edifices of the Corinthian order;
+one the palace of the Princess Sophia, the other the Italian
+Opera-house."
+
+Mr. A. de Capell Brooke, who visited Stockholm in the summer of 1820,
+describes the palace as "a beautiful and conspicuous object, its walls
+washed by the Baltic."--It is square, on an elevated ground, has a
+spacious court in the centre, and is in every respect worthy a royal
+residence. Near the entrance are two large bronze lions, which are
+admirably executed. "The view of the palace from the water," says Sir
+R.K. Porter, "reminds us of Somerset House, though it far exceeds the
+British structure in size, magnificence, and sound architecture." It
+contains some good paintings, and a fine gallery of statues, chiefly
+antique, collected by the taste and munificence of Gustavus III. The
+_Endymion_ is a _chef d'oeuvre_ of its kind, and the Raphael
+china is of infinite value, but a splendid example of genius and talent
+misapplied.
+
+All travellers concur in their admiration of the site and environs of
+Stockholm, and in deprecating the malappropriation of the former, Porter
+says, "The situation of this capital deserves finer edifices. Like St.
+Petersburg, it is built on islands; seven, of different extent, form its
+basis; they lie between the Baltic and the Malar lake. The harbour is
+sufficiently deep, even up to the quay, to receive the largest vessels.
+At the extremity of the harbour, the streets rise one above another in
+the form of an amphitheatre, with the magnificent palace, _like a rich
+jewel in an AEthiop's ear_, in the centre."
+
+Mr. Brooke describes the situation of the city as "singular and even
+romantic. Built on seven small rocky islands, it in this respect
+resembles Venice. A great part of the city, however, stands upon the
+steep declivity of a very high hill; houses rising over houses, so that,
+to the eye, they seem supported by one another. Below, commerce almost
+covers the clear waters of the Baltic with a tall forest of masts; while
+far above, and crowning the whole, stands the commanding church of St.
+Catherine. From the top of this the eye is at first lost in the
+boundless prospect of forest, lake, and sea, spreading all around: it
+then looks down upon Stockholm, intersected in all directions by water;
+the royal palace; and lastly, ranges over the forests of pines extending
+themselves almost down to the gates of the city, spotted with villas,
+and skirted in the most picturesque manner by the numerous beautiful
+lakes, which so pleasingly relieve the beauties of the country. The
+other objects, which will repay the curiosity of the stranger in
+inspecting them, are, the royal palace; the military academy at
+Cartberg; the arsenal; the senate house; the _Ridderholm_, where
+the kings of Sweden are interred; the cabinet of natural history; the
+annual exhibition of paintings; the fine collection of statue in the
+palace."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CROSS FELL, WESTMORELAND.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+This mountain is situate near the end of a ridge of mountains, leading
+from Stainmore or Stonemore, about sixteen miles in length. It descends
+gradually from Brough to the Grained Tree, the former boundary mark
+dividing Yorkshire from Westmoreland. Passing over several mountains, we
+arrive at Dufton Fell, of the same ridge.
+
+At the foot of this fell there is a curious little petrifying spring,
+which turns moss, or any other porous matter which may fall within its
+vortex, or the steams and vapours arising therefrom, into hard stone,
+insomuch that upon the mouth of it there is a considerable hill of such
+petrifaction.
+
+Cross Fell is the highest mountain of the whole ridge, and is bounded by
+a small rivulet stocked with trouts. This was formerly called Fiends'
+Fell, from evil spirits, which are said to have haunted its summit, "and
+to have continued their haunts and nocturnal vagaries upon it, until
+Saint Austin erected a _cross_ and _altar_, whereon he offered
+the _holy eucharist_, by which he countercharmed those hellish
+fiends, and broke their haunts."--_Robinson's History of Cumberland
+and Westmoreland_, 1709.
+
+Since the saint expelled the fiends, the mountain (it appears) has taken
+the name of Cross Fell, in commemoration of the event.
+
+There are now existent seven stones lying in a careless condition on the
+top of this mountain, as if destroyed by the hand of time. The stones,
+it is supposed, are the remains of the cross and altar. One stone is
+considerably higher than the rest, and they are overgrown with moss.
+
+I have heard many of the traditions which are very current, but all such
+hyperboles, that were I to give one, the reader would be convulsed with
+laughter. I trust, sir, if you have any travellers among your numerous
+readers, they will give this a further investigation, and I (as well as
+yourself, doubtless) shall be happy to learn the result.
+
+Your's. &c.
+
+W.H.H.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SALMON KIPPERING, IN DUMBARTONSHIRE.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+Salmon are caught in less or greater abundance in all the rivers of this
+county. The salmon-fisheries of Lochlomond and the Leven are of
+considerable value. In several parts of the county salmon are cured in a
+peculiar manner, called kippering; and throughout Scotland kippered
+salmon is a favourite dish. It is practised here in the following
+manner:--All the blood is taken from the fish immediately after it is
+killed; this is done by cutting the gills. It is then cut up the back on
+each side the bone, or chine, as it is commonly called. The bone is
+taken out, but the tail, with two or three inches of the bone, is left;
+the head is cut off; all the entrails are taken out, but the skin of the
+belly is left uncut; the fish is then laid, with the skin undermost, on
+a board, and is well rubbed and covered over with a mixture of equal
+quantities of common salt and Jamaica pepper. Some of this mixture is
+carefully spread under the fins to prevent them from corrupting, which
+they sometimes do, especially if the weather is warm. A board with a
+large stone is sometimes laid upon the fish, with a view to make the
+salt penetrate more effectually. In some places, as Dumbarton, instead
+of a flat board, a shallow wooden trough is used, by which means the
+brine is kept about the fish; sometimes two or three salmon are kippered
+together in the same vessel, one being laid upon the other. The fish,
+with the board or trough, is set in a cool place for two or three days;
+it is then removed from the board, and again rubbed with salt and
+pepper; after which it is hung up by the tail, and exposed to the rays
+of the sun or the heat of the fire. Care is previously taken to stretch
+out the fish by means of small sticks or hoops placed across it from
+side to side. After it has remained in the heat a few days, it is hung
+up in a dry place till used. Some people, in order to give the kipper a
+peculiar taste, highly relished by not a few, carefully smoke it with
+peat reek, or the reek of juniper bushes. This is commonly done by
+hanging it up so near a chimney in which peats or juniper bushes are
+burnt, as to receive the smoke; there it remains two or three weeks, by
+which time it generally acquires the required flavour.
+
+T.S.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DEBTOR AND CREDITOR.
+
+(_Concluded from page 227._)
+
+
+Debt is obligation, and "obligation," says Hobbes, "is thraldom." This
+will be evident if we once consider to what a variety of mean shifts the
+state of being in debt exposes us. It sits like fetters of iron on
+conscience; but as old offenders often whistle to the clanking of their
+chains, so rogues lighten their hearts by increasing their debts. It
+destroys freedom as much as a debtor is his creditor's slave; and, under
+certain circumstances, his range may be reduced to a few square feet,
+and his view prescribed by a few cubits of brick walls; and, humiliating
+as this may appear, it sits lightly on the majority, since, even the
+brawlers for liberty, forgetting "the air they breathe," are often to be
+found within its pale; but in this case they also forget, that being in
+legal debt is less venial than many other sins, since it cannot be
+cleared by any appeals to argument, or settled by shades of opinion.
+Subterfuge, lying, and loss of liberty, are not all the miseries of a
+conscious debtor: in the world he resembles a prisoner at large; he
+walks many circuitous miles to avoid being dunned, and would sooner meet
+a mad dog than an angry creditor. He lives in a sort of _abeyance_,
+and sinks under shame when caught enjoying an undue luxury. In short, he
+is cramped in all his enjoyments, and considers his fellow, out of debt,
+as great as the emperor of the celestial empire, after whose repast
+other kings may dine. Hence ensue repining and envy: he fancies himself
+slighted by the world, and, in return, he cares not for the opinion of
+the world; his energies waste, and he falls.
+
+These sufferings, however, appertain but to one class of debtors. There
+are others who scorn such compunctious visitations, and set all laws of
+conscience at defiance. They press into their service all the aids of
+cunning, and travel on byroads of the world till they are bronzed enough
+for its highway. Their memories are like mirrors, and their debts like
+breathings on them, which vanish the same moment they are produced. They
+look on mankind as a large family, and the world as a large storehouse,
+or open house, where they have a claim proportioned to their wants. They
+clear their consciences by maintaining, that what is parted with is not
+lost, and foster their hopes with the idea of its reversion. They think
+those who _can_ ride ought not to walk; and, therefore, that all
+men have the option of such chances of good-fortune. With this laxity of
+principle they quarter themselves on the credulity of extortionate
+tradesmen, and the good-natured simplicity of friends or associates.
+If, perchance, they possess any excellence above their society, they
+consider it as a redeeming grace for their importunities, and,
+calculating on the vulgarism _ad captandum_, that what is dearest
+bought is most prized, they make their friends pay freely for their
+admiration. Nor are such admirers willing to break the spell by which
+they are bound, since, by their unqualified approval they sanction, and
+flatter _the man_ of their party, to their mutual ruin; for, as
+Selden observes, "he who will keep a monkey should surely pay for the
+glasses he breaks."
+
+Prone as men are to the crooked path, and still more apt as the weak and
+ignorant are to indulge them in such a course, perhaps the love of
+principle is as strong in men's hearts as it ever will be. Of times gone
+by, we must not here speak; because the _amor patriae_ its has long
+since shifted to _amor nummi_, and naked honesty has learned the
+decency of dress. There have been profligates in all ages; but the
+world, though sometimes a severe master, ruins as many by its deceitful
+indulgence, as by its ill-timed severity. Good fellows are usually the
+worst treated by the world allowing them to go beyond their tether, and
+then cutting them off out of harm's way. Nothing but an earlier
+discipline can improve us; for so habitual is debt, that the boy who
+forestals his pocket-money uses it as a step-ladder to mortgaging his
+estate. The sufferers, in such cases, are generally shut up in prisons
+or poor-houses, to afflict or console each other as their sensibilities
+may direct; and thus the salutary lessons, which their condition might
+afford, is lost to the world. Neither are such scenes of real misery
+courted by mankind; the nearest semblances which they can bear being in
+the sentimentalities of the stage, encumbered as they often are by
+overstrained fiction and caricature. On the contrary, a walk through
+those receptacles of human woe, and the little histories of their
+inmates, will often furnish as many lessons of morality and
+world-knowledge as will suffice us for life. We may there see the
+rapacious creditor at the same goal with the unfortunate debtor, whom he
+has hunted through life, supplicating mercy which he never exercised,
+and vainly attempting to recant a course of cruelty and persecution, by
+mixing up his merited sufferings with the distresses of his abused
+companions.
+
+Goldsmith has said, that "every man is the architect of his own
+fortune;" and perhaps there are few men, who, in the moments of their
+deepest suffering, have not felt the force of this assertion. In high
+life, embarrassments are generally to be attributed to the love of
+gambling, prodigality, or some such sweeping vice, which no station can
+control. Bankruptcies, or failures in trade, being common occurrences,
+are seldom traced to their origin, too often found to be in expensive
+habits, and overreaching or misguided speculations, and sometimes in the
+treachery and villany of partners; and, amidst this bad system, so
+nicely is credit balanced, that a run of ill luck, or a mere idle
+whisper, is often known to destroy commercial character of a century's
+growth. But in these cases it should be recollected, that the reputation
+of the parties has probably been already endangered by some great
+stretch of enterprize, calculated to excite envy or suspicion.
+
+Debts of fashion, or those contracted in high life, are usually the most
+unjust, probably the result of honesty being more a virtue of necessity
+than of choice, and of the disgraceful system of imposing on the
+extravagant and wealthy. Experience, it is granted, is a treasure which
+fools must purchase at a high price; but however largely we may hold
+possession of that commodity, it will not excuse that scheme of
+bare-weight honesty, which some are apt to make the standard of their
+dealings with the rich. A man of family, partly from indiscretion, and
+from various other causes, becomes embarrassed; the clamours of his
+creditors soon magnify his luxuries, but not a word is said about their
+innumerable extortions, in the shape of commissions, percentages, and
+other licensed modifications of cheatery, nor are they reckoned to the
+advantage of the debtor. These may be practices of experience, custom,
+and money-getting, but they are not rules of conscience. In truth, there
+is not a more painful scene than the ruin of a young man of family.
+There is so much vice and unprincipled waste opposed to indignant and
+rapacious clamour, often accompanied with idle jests. Here again is food
+for the vitiated appetites of scandalmongers, and that miserable but
+numerous portion of mankind, who rejoice at the fall of a superior. The
+name of _debtor_ is an odium which a proud spirit can but ill
+support; cunning and avarice come in a thousand shapes, not to retrieve
+lost credit, but to swell the list of embarrassments;--friends have fled
+at the approach of the crisis, and associates appear but to pluck the
+poor victim of the wrecks of his fortune! Absenteeism, the curse of
+England, is the only alternative of wretched and humiliating
+imprisonment. An entire change of habit ensues: ease and elegance of
+manners dwindle into coldness and neglect, liberality to meanness, and
+good-natured simplicity to chicanery and cunning. In society, too, how
+changed; once the gay table companion, full of gallantry and wit, now
+solitary and dejected, with the weeds of discomfort and despair rankling
+around his heart. If fortune ever enable him to regenerate from such
+obscurity, perhaps custom may have habituated him to privation till the
+return of comfort serves little more than to awaken recollections of
+past error or obligation, and to embitter future enjoyment. Such a
+change may, however, empower him to adjust his conscience with men, of
+all satisfaction the most valuable; notwithstanding that the world is
+readier to exaggerate error, than recognise such sterling principle. It
+is alike obvious, that men who are under the stigma of debt, do not
+enjoy that ease which they are commonly thought to possess. The horrors
+of dependance, in all its afflicting shapes, are known to visit them
+hourly, although in some instances, buoyancy of spirits, and affected
+gaiety may enable them to appear happy; and ofttimes would they be
+awakened to a sense of these fallacies, and thus become reformed, were
+it not for the rigour of persecution, which renders them reckless of all
+that may ensue, and callous to the honourable distinctions of man. This
+of a truth, is tampering with human weakness, and is too often known to
+prove the upshot of industry, by sacrificing principle to vindictive
+passion.
+
+That a system of debt is identified with the existence and framework of
+all commercial republics, is well known; else, genius would cease to be
+fostered, enterprise would be cramped, and industry wither on her own
+soil. Nevertheless, the system may be so extended, as to beget
+indifference for the future and neglect of our present concerns, which
+leads to gradual ruin. Time "travels at divers paces," but with none
+more quickly than the unprepared debtor; and he who allows his debts to
+get the start of his fortune, lives upon other men's estates, and must
+accordingly become the slave of their passions and prejudices: in truth,
+he may be thus said to be parting with his existence by piece-meal.
+Hence, he becomes a kind of _convict_ in society--his debts
+resembling a log of wood chained to his body, and a brand-mark on his
+conscience. Thus pent up with fear and disquietude, his imprisonment is
+twofold, and being an enemy to his own peace, he is apt to imagine all
+men to be leagued against him. If his debts are those of youth, his old
+age will probably resemble the sequel to revelry, when appetite is fled
+to make way for disgust and spleen: and he dies--in debt. Mark the
+lamentable scenes that follow, when the pride of inheritance sinks
+before the unsparing hand of the usurer, or extortionate mortgagee.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR LUMLEY SKEFFINGTON.
+
+
+Sir Lumley St. George Skeffington was the dandy of the olden time, and a
+kinder, better-hearted man, never existed. He is a person of some taste
+in literature, and of polished manners, nor has his long intercourse
+with fashionable society at all affected that simplicity of character
+for which he has been remarkable. He was a true dandy: and much more
+than, that, he was a perfect gentleman. I remember, long long since,
+entering Covent Garden Theatre, when I observed a person holding the
+door to let me pass; deeming him to be one of the box-keepers, I was
+about to nod my thanks: when I found, to my surprise, that it was
+Skeffington, who had thus goodnaturedly honoured a stranger by his
+attention. We with some difficulty obtained seats in a box, and I was
+indebted to accident for one of the most agreeable evenings I remember
+to have passed.
+
+I remember visiting the Opera, when late dinners were the rage, and the
+hour of refection was carried far into the night. I was again placed
+near the fugleman of fashion (for to his movements were all eyes
+directed: and his sanction determined the accuracy of all conduct). He
+bowed from box to box, until recognising one of his friends in the lower
+tier, "Temple," he exclaimed, drawling out his weary words,
+"at--what--hour--do--you--dine--to-day?" It had gone half-past eleven
+when he spoke!
+
+I saw him once enter St. James's Church, having at the door taken a
+ponderous red-morocco prayer-book from his servant; but, although
+prominently placed in the centre aisle, the pew-opener never offered him
+a seat; and, stranger still, none of his many friends beckoned him to a
+place. Others, in his rank of life, might have been disconcerted at the
+position in which he was placed: but Skeffington was too much of a
+gentleman to be in any way disturbed; so he seated himself upon the
+bench between two aged female paupers, and most reverently did he go
+through the service, sharing with the ladies his book, the print of
+which was more favourable to their devotions than their own diminutive
+Liturgies.
+
+_New Monthly Magazine._
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+MARQUESS OF CLEVELAND.
+
+
+In the Gazette of September 17, 1827, is registered the grant of the
+title of _Marquess of Cleveland_ to the Earl of Darlington.
+
+The noble Earl probably selected the title of "Cleveland" in consequence
+of his representing the extinct Dukes of Cleveland. King Charles the
+Second, on the 3rd of August, 1670, created his mistress, Barbara
+Villiers, the daughter and heiress of William, second Viscount Grandison
+in Ireland, and wife of Roger Palmer, Earl of Castlemaine, Baroness
+Nonsuch, in the county of Surrey, Countess of Southampton, and
+_Duchess of Cleveland_, with remainder to two of her natural sons
+by the King, Charles Fitz Roy, and George Fitz Roy, who was created Duke
+of Northumberland in 1674, but died S.P., and to the heirs male of their
+bodies lawfully begotten respectively. The Duchess died in 1709, and was
+succeeded by her eldest son, Charles, who had been before created Duke
+of Southampton. He had issue, three sons: William, his successor in his
+honours; Charles, and Henry, who both died S.P.; and three daughters,
+Barbara, who died unmarried; Grace; and Ann; who was the wife of Francis
+Paddy, Esquire, and had issue.
+
+Grace, the Duke's second daughter, married Henry, first Earl of
+Darlington; and on the death of her brother William, second and last
+Duke of Cleveland, S.P., in 1774, her son, Henry, second Earl of
+Darlington, the father of the present Marquess of Cleveland, became one
+of the representatives of that family. It is an extraordinary fact, that
+the attainder of the celebrated Sir Henry Vane should never have been
+reversed, though his son was created a Baron, his great-grandson a
+Viscount and Earl, and his great-great-great-grandson a Marquess. The
+only individual on whom the title of Cleveland has been conferred,
+besides Barbara Villiers and her descendants, was Thomas, fourth Lord
+Wentworth, who was created Earl of Cleveland in February, 1626; but it
+became extinct on his death, S.P.M., in 1667.
+
+_Retrospective Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DIRTY PEOPLE.
+
+
+A dirty dog is a nuisance not to be borne. But here the question
+arises,--who--what--is a dirty dog? Now there are men (no women)
+naturally--necessarily--dirty. They are not dirty by chance or
+accident--say twice or thrice per diem--but they are always dirty--at
+all times and in all places--and never and nowhere more disgustingly so
+than when figged out for going to church. It is in the skin--in the
+blood--in the flesh--and in the bone--that with such the disease of dirt
+more especially lies. We beg pardon, no less in the hair. Now such
+persons do not know that they are dirty--that they are unclean beasts.
+On the contrary, they often think themselves pinks of purity--incarnations
+of carnations--impersonations of moss-roses--the spiritual essences
+of lilies, "imparadised in form of that sweet flesh." Now, were such
+persons to change their linen every half hour night and day, that is,
+were they to put on forty-eight clean shirts in the twenty-four
+hours,--and it would not be reasonable, perhaps, to demand more of
+them,--yet though we cheerfully grant that one and all of the shirts
+would be dirty, we as sulkily deny that at any given moment from sunrise
+to sunset, and over again, the wearer would be clean. He would be just
+every whit and bit as dirty as if he had known but one single shirt all
+his life--and firmly believed his to be the only shirt in the universe.
+
+Men, again, on the other hand, there are--and, thank God, in great
+numbers--who are naturally so clean, that we defy you to make them
+_bona fide_ dirty. You may as well drive down a duck into a dirty
+puddle, and expect lasting stains on its pretty plumage. Pope says the
+same thing of swans--that is, poets--when speaking of Aaron Hill diving
+into the ditch--
+
+  "He bears no tokens of the sabler streams,
+  But soars far off among the swans of Thames."
+
+
+Pleasant people of this kind of constitution you see going about of a
+morning rather in dishabille--hair uncombed haply--face and hands even
+unwashed--and shirt with a somewhat day-before-yesterdayish hue. Yet are
+they, so far from being dirty, at once felt, seen, and smelt, to be
+among the very cleanest of his majesty's subjects. The moment you shake
+hands with them, you feel in the firm flesh of palm and finger that
+their heart's blood circulates purely and freely from the point of the
+highest hair on the apex of the pericranium, to the edge of the nail on
+the large toe of the right foot. Their eyes are as clean as unclouded
+skies--the apples on their cheeks are like those on the tree--what need,
+in either case, of rubbing off dust or dew with a towel? What though,
+from sleeping without a night-cap, their hair may be a little toosey? It
+is not dim--dull--oily--like half-withered sea-weeds! It will soon comb
+itself with the fingers of the west wind--that tent-like tree its
+toilette--its mirror that pool of the clear-flowing Tweed.
+
+Irishmen are generally sweet--at least in their own green isle.--So are
+Scotchmen. Whereas, blindfolded, take a cockney's hand, immediately
+after it has been washed and scented, and put it to your nose--and you
+will begin to be apprehensive that some practical wit has substituted in
+lieu of the sonnet-scribbling bunch of little fetid fives, the body of
+some chicken-butcher of a weasel, that died of the plague. We have seen
+as much of what is most ignorantly and malignantly denominated dirt--one
+week's earth--washed off the feet of a pretty young girl on a Saturday
+night, at a single sitting, in the little rivulet that runs almost round
+about her father's hut, as would have served a cockney to raise his
+mignionette in, or his crop of cresses. How beautifully glowed the
+crimson-snow of the singing creature's new-washed feet!
+
+It will be seen, from these hurried remarks, that there is more truth
+than Dr. Kitchiner was aware of in his apophthegm--that a clean skin may
+be regarded as next in efficacy to a clear conscience. But the doctor
+had but a very imperfect notion of the meaning of the words--clean
+skin--his observation being not even skin-deep. A wash-hand basin--a bit
+of soap--and a coarse towel--he thought would give a cockney on
+Ludgate-hill a clean skin--just as many good people think that a Bible,
+a prayer-book, and a long sermon can give a clear conscience to a
+criminal in Newgate. The cause of the evil, in both cases, lies too deep
+for tears. Millions of men and women pass through nature to eternity
+clean-skinned and pious--with slight expense either in soap or sermons;
+while millions more, with much week-day bodily scrubbing, and much
+Sabbath spiritual sanctification, are held in bad odour here, while they
+live, by those who happen to sit near them, and finally go out like the
+snuff of a candle.--_Blackwoods Magazine_.
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+QUACKERY.
+
+
+A short time since a soi-disant doctor sold water of the pool of
+Bethesda, which was to cure all complaints, if taken at the time when
+the angel visited the parent spring, on which occasion the doctor's
+bottled water manifested, he said, its sympathy with its fount by its
+perturbation. Hundreds purchased the Bethesda-water, and watched for
+the commotion and the consequence, with the result to be expected. At
+last one, less patient than the rest, went to the doctor, and complained
+that though he had kept his eye constantly on the water for a whole
+year, he had never yet discovered anything like the signs of an angel in
+his bottle.
+
+"That's extremely strange," exclaimed the doctor. "What sized bottle did
+you buy, sir?"
+
+Patient.--"A half-guinea-one, doctor."
+
+Doctor.--"Oh, that accounts for it. The half-guinea bottles contain so
+small a quantity of the invaluable Bethesda-water, that the agitation
+is scarcely perceptible; but if you buy a five-guinea bottle, and watch
+it well, you will in due season see the commotion quite plain,
+sympathizing with that of the pool when visited by the angel."
+
+The patient bought the five guinea bottle as advised, and kept a sharp
+look out for the angel till the day of his death.
+
+_London Magazine._
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+HANGING BY DESIRE.
+
+
+Some few years ago, two fellows were observed by a patrol sitting on a
+lamp-post in the New Road, and on closely watching them, he discovered
+that one was tying up the other (who offered no resistance) by the neck.
+The patrol interfered, to prevent such a strange kind of murder, and was
+assailed by both, and pretty considerably beaten for his good offices.
+The watchmen, however, poured in, and the parties were secured. On
+examination the next morning, it appeared that the men had been
+gambling; that one had lost all his money to the other, and had at last
+proposed to stake his clothes. The winner demurred; observing, that he
+could not strip his adversary naked, in the event of his losing. "Oh,"
+replied the other, "do not give yourself any uneasiness about that. If I
+lose, I shall be unable to live, and you shall hang me, and take my
+clothes after I am dead; as I shall then, you know, have no occasion for
+them." The proposed arrangement was assented to; and the fellow, having
+lost, was quietly submitting to the terms of the treaty, when he was
+interrupted by the patrol, whose impertinent interference he so angrily
+resented.--_Ibid._
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+
+
+RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TRIAL OF CHARLES I.
+
+
+On the morning of Jan. 20th, 1648, towards noon, the High Court, having
+first held its secret sitting in the Painted Chamber, prepared to enter
+upon the final details of its mission. Prayers were scarcely over,
+before it was announced that the king, borne in a close sedan between
+two rows of soldiers, was on the point of making his appearance.
+Cromwell ran to the windows, and as suddenly hastened back, pale yet
+highly excited--"He is here, he is here, sirs; the hour for this grand
+affair draws nigh. Decide promptly, I beseech you, what you intend to
+reply; for he will instantly inquire in whose name and by what authority
+you presume to try him." No one making any reply, Henry Martin at length
+observed--"In the name of the Commons assembled in Parliament, and of
+all the good people of England." To this no objection was made. The
+court proceeded in solemn procession towards Westminster Hall, the
+President Bradshaw at its head; before him were borne the mace and
+sword; and sixteen officers armed with partisans, preceded the court.
+The President took his place in an arm-chair adorned with crimson
+velvet; at his feet sat the clerk, near a table covered with a rich
+Turkey carpet, and upon which were placed the mace and sword. On the
+right and left appeared the members of the court upon seats of scarlet
+cloth; while at the two ends of the hall stood the guards, all armed, a
+little in advance of the tribunal. The court being installed, all the
+doors were thrown open; the crowd rushed into the hall. Silence being
+restored, the act of the Commons appointing the court was read, the
+names were called over, and sixty-nine members were found to be present.
+"Sergeant," said Bradshaw, "let the prisoner be brought forward!"
+
+The king appeared under guard of Colonel Hacker and thirty-two officers.
+An arm-chair, adorned with crimson velvet, was in readiness for him at
+the bar. He came forward; fixed a long and severe look upon the court,
+and seated himself without taking off his hat. Suddenly he rose, looked
+round at the guard upon the left, and at the spectators upon the right
+of the hall; again fixed his eyes upon his judges, and then sat down,
+amidst the general silence of the court.
+
+Bradshaw rose instantly:--"Charles Stuart, King of England, the English
+Commons assembled in Parliament, deeply penetrated with a sense of the
+evils that have fallen upon this nation, and of which you are considered
+the chief author, are resolved to inquire into this sanguinary crime.
+With this view they have instituted this High Court of Justice, before
+which you are summoned this day. You will now hear the charges to be
+preferred against you."
+
+The Attorney General Coke now rose. "Silence!" exclaimed the king, at
+the same time touching him on the shoulder with his cane. Coke,
+surprised and irritated, turned round; the handle of the king's cane
+fell off, and for a few moments he appeared deeply affected. None of his
+attendants were at hand to take it up; he stooped and picked it up
+himself, and then resumed his seat. Coke proceeded to read the act
+imputing to the king all the evils arising first out of his tyranny,
+subsequently from the war; and requiring that he should be bound to
+reply to the charges, and that judgment should be pronounced against him
+as a tyrant, a traitor, and a murderer.
+
+During this time, the king continued seated, directing his eyes towards
+his judges, or towards the spectators, without betraying any emotion.
+Once he rose; turned his back upon the court to see what was passing
+behind him, and again sat down with an expression at once of
+inquisitiveness and indifference in his manner. Upon hearing the words:
+"Charles Stuart, a tyrant, traitor, and murderer," he laughed, though he
+still remained silent.
+
+The act being read, "Sir," said Bradshaw, "you have now heard the act of
+accusation against you: the court expects you to reply."
+
+_The King_. "First, I wish to know by what authority I am summoned
+here. A short time since, I was in the Isle of Wight engaged in
+negociations with both houses of parliament, under guarantee of the
+public faith. We were upon the point of concluding a treaty. I would be
+informed by what authority--I say legitimate authority--for of
+illegitimate authorities there are, I know, many, like that of robbers
+on the highway;--I would be informed, I repeat, by what authority I have
+been dragged from place to place, I know not with what views. When I am
+made acquainted with this legitimate authority, I will reply."
+
+_Bradshaw_. "If you had attended to what was addressed to you by
+the court upon your arrival, you would know in what this authority
+consisted. It calls upon you, in the name of the people of England, of
+whom you were elected king, to make a reply."
+
+_The King_. "No sir, I deny this."
+
+_Bradshaw_. "If you refuse to acknowledge the authority of the
+court, it will proceed against you."
+
+_The King_. "I maintain that England never was an elective kingdom;
+for nearly the space of a thousand years it has been altogether an
+hereditary one. Let me know, then, by what authority I am summoned here.
+Inquire from Colonel Cobbett, who is here at hand, if I were not brought
+by force from the Isle of Wight. I will yield to none in maintaining the
+just privileges of the House of Commons in this place. But where are the
+Lords? I see no Lords here necessary to constitute a parliament. A king,
+moreover, is essential to it. Now is this what is meant by bringing the
+king to meet his parliament?"
+
+_Bradshaw._ "Sir, the court awaits a definitive answer from you. If
+what we have stated respecting our authority does not satisfy you, it is
+sufficient for us, we know that it is founded upon the authority of God
+and of the country."
+
+_The King._ "It is neither my opinion nor yours which should decide."
+
+_Bradshaw._ "The court has heard you; you will be disposed of
+according to its orders. Let the prisoner be removed. The court adjourns
+until Monday."
+
+The court then withdrew; and the king retired under the same escort that
+had accompanied him. Upon rising he perceived the sword placed upon the
+table, "I have no fear of that," he observed, pointing towards it with
+his cane. As he descended the staircase, several voices called out
+"Justice! justice!" but far the greater number were heard to exclaim,
+"God save the king! God save your majesty."
+
+On the morrow at the opening of the sitting, sixty-two members being
+present, the court ordered strict silence to be observed under pain of
+imprisonment. On his arrival, however, the king was not the less
+received with marked applause. The same sort of discussion commenced,
+and with equal obstinacy on both sides. "Sir," at length, exclaimed
+Bradshaw, "neither you, nor any other person shall be permitted to
+question the jurisdiction of this court. It sits by authority of the
+Commons of England--an authority to which both you and your predecessors
+are to be held responsible."
+
+_The King._ "I deny that. Show me a single precedent." Bradshaw
+rose up in a passion: "Sir, we do not sit here to reply to your
+questions. Plead to the accusation, _guilty_ or not _guilty_."
+
+_The King._ "You have not yet heard my reasons."
+
+_Bradshaw._ "Sir, no reason can be advanced against the highest of
+all jurisdictions."
+
+_The King._ "Point out to me this jurisdiction; or you refuse to
+hear reason."
+
+_Bradshaw._ "Sir, we show it to you here. Here are the Commons of
+England. Sergeant, remove the prisoner."
+
+The king on this turned suddenly round towards the people. "Bear in
+mind," he said, "that the king of England has been condemned without
+being permitted to state his reasons in support of the people's
+liberty." These words were followed by an almost general cry of God save
+the king. * * *
+
+On the 27th at noon, after two hours conference in the painted chamber,
+the court opened, as usual, by calling a list of the names. At the name
+of Fairfax, a woman's voice from the bottom of the gallery was heard to
+exclaim: "He has too much sense to be here." After some moments'
+surprise and hesitation, the names were called over, and sixty-seven
+members were present. When the king entered the hall, there was a
+violent outcry: "Execution! justice! execution!" The soldiers became
+very insolent; some officers, in particular Axtell, commander of the
+guards, excited them to this uproar; and groups spread about through the
+hall, as busily seconded them. The people, struck with consternation,
+were silent. "Sir!" said the king, addressing Bradshaw before he sat
+down, "I demand to speak a word; I hope that I shall give you no cause
+to interrupt me."
+
+_Bradshaw._ "You will be heard in your turn. Listen first to the court."
+
+_The King._ "Sir, if you please, I wish to be heard. It is only a
+word. An immediate decision."
+
+_Bradshaw._ "Sir, you shall be heard at the proper time:--first,
+you must listen to the court."
+
+_The King._ "Sir, I desire,--what I have to say applies to what the
+court is, I believe, about to pronounce; and it is difficult, sir, to
+recall a precipitate verdict."
+
+_Bradshaw._ "We shall hear you, sir, before judgment is pronounced.
+Until then you ought to abstain from speaking."
+
+Upon this assurance the king became more calm; he sat down, and Bradshaw
+proceeded:
+
+"Gentlemen--it is well known that the prisoner at your bar has now been
+many times brought before this court to reply to a charge of treason,
+and other high crimes, exhibited against him in the name of the English
+people"----
+
+"Not half the people," exclaimed the same voice that had spoken on
+hearing the name of Fairfax, "where is the people?--where is its
+consent?--Oliver Cromwell is a traitor."
+
+The whole assembly seemed electrified!--all eyes turned towards the
+gallery: "Down with the w----s," cried Axtell; "soldiers fire upon
+them!"--It was lady Fairfax. A general confusion now arose; the
+soldiers, though everywhere fierce and active, could with difficulty
+repress it. Order being at length a little restored, Bradshaw again
+insisted upon the king's obstinate refusal to reply to the charge; upon
+the notoriety of the crimes imputed to him, and declared that the court,
+though unanimous in its sentence, had nevertheless consented to hear the
+prisoner's defence, provided that he would cease to question its
+jurisdiction.
+
+"I demand," said the king, "to be heard in the painted chamber, by both
+Lords and Commons, upon a proposition which concerns the peace of the
+kingdom and the liberty of my subjects much more nearly than my own
+preservation."
+
+A violent tumult now spread throughout the court, and the whole
+assembly. Friends and enemies were all eager to divine for what purpose
+the king had demanded this conference with the two houses, and what it
+was his intention to propose to them.
+
+Colonel Downs, a member of the court, expressed a wish that the king's
+proposition should be heard.
+
+"Since one of the members desires it," said Bradshaw, gravely, "the
+court must retire;" and they immediately passed into a neighbouring
+hall. * * *
+
+In about half an hour the court returned, and Bradshaw informed the king
+that his proposition was rejected.
+
+Charles appeared to be subdued, and no longer insisted with any degree
+of vigour.
+
+"If you have nothing to add," said Bradshaw, "the court will proceed to
+give sentence."
+
+"I shall add nothing, sir," said the king; "and only request that what I
+have said may be recorded." Without replying to this, Bradshaw informed
+him that he was about to hear his sentence; but before he ordered it to
+be read, he addressed to the king a long discourse, as a solemn apology
+for the proceedings of parliament, enumerating all the evil deeds of the
+king, and imputing to him alone all the misfortunes of the civil war,
+since it was his tyranny that had made resistance as much a matter of
+duty as of necessity. The orator's language was harsh and bitter, but
+grave, pious, free from insult, and stamped with profound conviction,
+though with a slight mixture of vindictive feeling. The king heard him
+without offering any interruption, and with equal gravity. In
+proportion, however, as the discourse drew towards a close, he became
+visibly troubled; and as soon as Bradshaw was silent, he endeavoured to
+speak: Bradshaw prevented him, and commanded the clerk to read the
+sentence; this being done, he said, "This is the act, opinion, and
+unanimous judgment of the court," and the whole court rose up in token
+of assent: "Sir," said the king, abruptly, "will you hear one word?"
+
+_Bradshaw._ "Sir, you cannot be heard after sentence has been
+passed."
+
+_The King._ "No, sir!"
+
+_Bradshaw_. "No, sir, with your permission, sir. Guards, remove the
+prisoner."
+
+_The King_. "I can speak after sentence.--With your permission,
+sir, I have still a right to speak after sentence.--With your
+permission--Stay--The sentence, sir--I say, sir, that--I am not
+permitted to speak--think what justice others are to expect!"
+
+At this moment he was surrounded by soldiers, and removed from the bar.
+
+_From the French of M. Guizot_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR;
+
+AND
+
+LITERARY NOTICES OF
+
+_NEW WORKS_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GALLANTRY.
+
+
+In Spain, after a lady had obliged her gallant by all possible
+civilities and compliance, to confirm her kindness she would show him
+her foot, and this they called the highest favour. The feet and legs of
+queens were so sacred, that it was a crime to think, or at any rate to
+speak of them. On the arrival of the Princess Maria Anna of Austria, the
+bride of Philip IV. in Spain, a quantity of the finest silk stockings
+were presented to her in a city where there were manufactories of that
+article. The major domo of the future queen threw back the stockings
+with indignation, exclaiming, "Know that the queens of Spain have no
+legs." When the young bride heard this, she began to weep bitterly,
+declaring she would return to Vienna, and that she would never have set
+foot in Spain had she known that her legs were to be cut off. This
+ridiculous etiquette was on one occasion carried still further; one day
+as the second consort of Charles II. was riding a very spirited horse,
+the animal reared on his hinder legs. At the moment when the horse
+seemed on the point of falling back with his fair rider, the queen
+slipped off on one side, and remained with one of her feet hanging in
+the stirrup. The unruly beast, irritated still more at the burden which
+fell on one side, kicked with the utmost violence in all directions. In
+the first moments of danger and alarm, no person durst venture to the
+assistance of the queen for this reason, that excepting the king and the
+chief of the menimos, or little pages, no person of the male sex was
+allowed to touch any part of the queens of Spain, and least of all their
+feet. As the danger of the queen augmented, two cavaliers ran to her
+relief. One of them seized the bridle of the horse, while the other drew
+the queen's foot from the stirrup, and in performing this service
+dislocated his thumb. As soon as they had saved her life they hastened
+away with all possible expedition, ordered their fleetest horses to be
+saddled, and were just preparing for their flight out of the kingdom,
+when a messenger came to inform them that at the queen's intercession,
+the king had pardoned the crime they had committed in touching her
+person.--_Meiner's History of the Female Sex._
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+ADVANTAGES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY.
+
+
+In the year 1825, Henry Drummond, Esq. of Albury Park, Surrey, and
+formerly of Christchurch, subjected his estate in Surrey with a yearly
+rent-charge of 100_l._ for the endowment of a professorship in
+Political Economy, under certain conditions. Mr. Senior, whose name is
+not unknown to students of political economy, has been appointed first
+professor, and in his first lecture gives the following illustration of
+the advantages of the science:--
+
+If we compare the present situation of the people of England with that
+of their predecessors at the time of Caesar's invasion; if we contrast
+the warm and dry cottage of the present labourer, its chimney and glass
+windows, (luxuries not enjoyed by Caesar himself,) the linen and
+woollen clothing of himself and his family, the steel, and glass, and
+earthenware with which his table is furnished, the Asiatic and American
+ingredients of his food, and above all, his safety from personal injury,
+and his calm security that to-morrow will bring with it the comforts
+that have been enjoyed to-day; if, I repeat, we contrast all these
+sources of enjoyment with the dark and smoky burrows of the Brigantes or
+the Cantii, their clothing of skins, their food confined to milk and
+flesh, and their constant exposure to famine and to violence, we shall
+be inclined to think those who are lowest in modern society richer than
+the chiefs of their rude predecessors. And if we consider that the same
+space of ground which afforded an uncertain subsistence to a hundred, or
+probably fewer, savages, now supports with ease more than a thousand
+labourers, and, perhaps, a hundred individuals beside, each consuming
+more commodities than the labour of a whole tribe of Ancient Britons
+could have produced or purchased, we may at first be led to doubt
+whether our ancestors enjoyed the same natural advantages as ourselves;
+whether their sun was as warm, their soil as fertile, or their bodies as
+strong, as our own.
+
+But let us substitute distance of space for distance of time; and,
+instead of comparing situations of the same country at different
+periods, compare different countries at the same period, and we shall
+find a still more striking discrepancy. The inhabitant of South America
+enjoys a soil and a climate, not superior merely to our own, but
+combining all the advantages of every climate and soil possessed by the
+remainder of the world. His valleys have all the exuberance of the
+tropics, and his mountain-plains unite the temperature of Europe to a
+fertility of which Europe offers no example. Nature collects for him,
+within the space of a morning's walk, the fruits and vegetables which
+she has elsewhere separated by thousands of miles. She has given him
+inexhaustible forests, has covered his plains with wild cattle and
+horses, filled his mountains with mineral treasures, and intersected all
+the eastern face of his country with rivers, to which our Rhine and
+Danube are merely brooks. But the possessor of these riches is poor and
+miserable. With all the materials of clothing offered to him almost
+spontaneously, he is ill-clad; with the most productive of soils, he is
+ill-fed: though we are told that the labour of a week will there procure
+subsistence for a year, famines are of frequent occurrence; the hut of
+the Indian, and the residence of the landed proprietor, are alike
+destitute of furniture and convenience; and South America, helpless and
+indigent with all her natural advantages, seems to rely for support and
+improvement on a very small portion of the surplus wealth of England.
+
+It is impossible to consider these phenomena without feeling anxious to
+account for them; to discover whether they are occasioned by
+circumstances unsusceptible of investigation or regulation, or by causes
+which can be ascertained, and may be within human control. To us, as
+Englishmen, it is of still deeper interest to inquire whether the causes
+of our superiority are still in operation, and whether their force is
+capable of being increased or diminished; whether England has run her
+full career of wealth and improvement, but stands safe where she is; or,
+whether to remain stationary is impossible, and it depends on her
+institutions and her habits, on her government, and on her people,
+whether she shall recede or continue to advance.
+
+The answer to all these questions must be sought in the science which
+teaches in what wealth consists, by what agents it is produced, and
+according to what laws it is distributed, and what are the institutions
+and customs by which production may be facilitated, and distribution
+regulated, so as to give the largest possible amount of wealth to each
+individual. And this science is _Political Economy.--Senior's Lecture
+on Political Economy._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PROLONGING LIFE.
+
+
+The notion of prolonging life by inhaling the breath of young women, was
+an agreeable delusion easily credited: and one physician who had himself
+written on health, was so influenced by it, that he actually took
+lodgings in a boarding-school, that he might never be without a constant
+supply of the proper atmosphere. Philip Thicknesse, who wrote the
+"Valetudinarian's Guide," in 1779, seems to have taken a dose whenever
+he could. "I am myself," says he, "turned of sixty, and in general,
+though I have lived in various climates, and suffered severely both in
+body and mind; yet having always partaken of the breath _of young
+women, whenever they lay in the way_, I feel none of the infirmities
+which so often strike the eyes and ears in this great city (Bath) of
+sickness, by men many years younger than myself."
+
+_Wadd's Memoirs._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FELLOW FEELING.
+
+
+It is told of a certain worthy and wealthy citizen, who has acquired
+the reputation of being a considerable consumer of the good things of
+the table, and has been "widened at the expense of the corporation,"
+that on coming out of a tavern, after a turtle feast, a poor boy
+begged charity of him--"For mercy's sake, sir, I am so very hungry!"
+"Hungry!--hungry!--hey!--what!--complain of being hungry!--why I never
+heard the like!--complain of being hungry!!--Prodigious!!!--why I'd give
+a guinea to be hungry!!!--why, a hungry man (with a good dinner before
+him) is the happiest fellow in the world!--There, (giving the boy
+half-a-crown,) there, I don't want you to take my word for it: run
+along, my fine fellow, and make the experiment yourself."--_Dr.
+Kitchener._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ARCANA OF SCIENCE,
+
+OR REMARKABLE FACTS AND DISCOVERIES IN NATURAL HISTORY, METEOROLOGY,
+CHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY, GEOLOGY, BOTANY, ZOOLOGY, PRACTICAL MECHANICS,
+STATISTICS, AND THE USEFUL ARTS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  [Under this head it is proposed, in the future numbers of the MIRROR, to
+  assemble all new and remarkable facts in the several branches of science
+  enumerated above. These selections will be made from the Philosophical
+  Journals of the day, the Transactions of Public Societies, and the
+  various Continental Journals. The advantages of such a division in
+  accordance with the high and enlightened character of the present age,
+  must be obvious to every reader of our miscellany. At the same time it
+  will be our object to _concentrate_ or _condense_ from all
+  other authentic sources such new facts in science as are connected with
+  the arts of social life, and which from being scattered through
+  elaborate and expensive works, might thereby be lost to some portion of
+  our readers. In short, _popular_ discoveries in science, or all
+  such new facts as bear on the happiness of society will be the objects
+  of our choice; neither perplexing our readers with abstract research,
+  nor verging into the puerile amusements of a certain ingenious but
+  almost useless class of reasoners; it not being our object to "ring the
+  changes" on words. Our selections will occasionally be illustrated with
+  engravings; for by no means are philosophical subjects better elucidated
+  than by the aid of the graphic art.]
+
+
+_Longevity_.
+
+The relative advantages of town and country, in point of salubrity, are
+shown by the following table of deaths:--
+
+1. In _great towns_, from 1-19 or 1-20, to 1-23 or 1-24.
+
+2. In _moderate towns_, from 1-25 to 1-28.
+
+3. In _small villages_ and the _open country_, from 1-35 or
+1-40, to 1-50 or 1-60.
+
+Thus, in London one person in 20 of the whole population dies annually;
+while in the healthiest villages and open country, the rate of annual
+mortality is not more than 1 in 55 or 60.
+
+
+_Atmosphere of Theatres_.
+
+Lavoisier, the French chemist, found, in a theatre, that, from the
+commencement to the end of the play, the oxygen, or vital air, was
+diminished in the proportion of from 27 to 21, or nearly one-fourth, and
+was in the same proportion less fit for respiration than before.
+
+
+_Butterflies_.
+
+In June, 1826, a column of butterflies, from 10 to 15 feet broad, was
+seen to pass over Neuchatel, in Switzerland. The passage lasted upwards
+of two hours, without any interruption, from the moment when the
+butterflies were first observed.--_Brewster's Journal_.
+
+
+_Water Plant_.
+
+A shrub has been discovered in our new Indian countries, from whose
+stem, when divided, there issues a copious vegetable spring of limpid
+and wholesome water. The natives know this well, and hence we rarely
+meet with an entire plant. It is a powerful climber, and is quite new
+and nondescript.--_Letter from India_.
+
+
+_Malaria and Fevers_.
+
+It is notorious, that, in the last autumn, the remittent fevers in
+various parts of the country amounted to a species of pestilence, such
+as has scarcely been known in England from this cause since the days of
+Dr. Sydenham. Wherever ague had existed, or ever had been supposed
+possible, in those places was this fever found; so that in all the
+well-known tracts in Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Kent, Essex,
+Sussex, Hampshire, &c. there was scarcely a house without one or more
+inhabitants under fever, with a considerable mortality. In the parish of
+Marston, in Lincolnshire, it amounted to 25 in 300 inhabitants. The same
+fevers were extremely abundant in various parts of the outskirts of
+London, as also in the villages or towns which are connected with it,
+within a range of from six to ten miles. This was the case throughout
+the range of streets or houses from Buckingham Gate to Chelsea; in which
+long line, it is said, that almost every house had a patient or more
+under this fever, though these were mistaken for typhus, or at least
+thus misnamed. Then it was also about Vauxhall and Lambeth; and to a
+great extent among all that scattered mixture of town and country which
+follows from Whitechapel, from Bishopsgate, &c., and very particularly
+along Ratcliffe-Highway to an indefinite range along the river. In
+Lewisham there were in one house nine patients under this fever, which
+proved mortal to one. We may also enumerate Dulwich, especially subject
+to this disorder, Fulham, Ealing, and the several other villages along
+the Thames, as far as Chertsey; and even Richmond, where, as at
+Lewisham, there was one house where ten individuals at one time were
+suffering under this disease. Whatever was the pestilence last year, it
+promises to be much greater in the present one. This is easily judged
+from the manner in which the season has set in, but still more decidedly
+from the extraordinary prevalence of ague in the spring; since that
+which was intermittent fever then, will be remittent in the autumn, or
+rather, there will scarcely be a definite season of vernal intermittent,
+but the remittent will commence immediately, increasing in extent and
+severity as the summer advances, and promising to become, in the autumn,
+the greatest season of disease that England has known for this century.
+Dr. Macculloch attributes this alarming increase to _malaria_, on
+the production and propagation of which he has recently published an
+essay, the leading argument of which is, "that as the quantity of the
+poison which any person can inspire is necessarily small, and as this
+small quantity can be produced by a small marshy spot as well as a large
+one, it is the same, as to the production of the disease, whether the
+marsh is a foot square or a mile, provided the exposure be complete;
+while also any piece of ground where vegetables decompose under the
+action of water is virtually a marsh, or must produce _malaria_."
+
+
+_Acclimatizing Plants_.
+
+A Mr. Street, of Biel, in East Lothian, has recently made some
+successful attempts at acclimatizing, or giving to exotic plants greater
+powers of withstanding cold than they had when first introduced. By
+planting in situations well drained from superfluous moisture, under
+circumstances where rapid growth was rendered impracticable, and in a
+garden admirably adapted to the object from its position, he has
+succeeded in naturalizing, in latitude 56 deg. N. plants which have not yet
+been known to endure the winters even of the parallel of
+London.--_Quarterly Journal of Science_.
+
+In a table kept at Sydney by Major Goulburn, from May 1821 to April
+1822, the thermometer never rose above 751/2 deg. and never lower than 54 deg. of
+Fahrenheit.
+
+
+_Bronzing Tin_.
+
+To obtain complete success in bronzing medals of tin, the two following
+solutions must be employed:--
+
+The first, which is merely a wash, is composed of 1 part of iron, 1 part
+of sulphate of copper, and 20 parts, by weight, of distilled water. The
+second solution, or bronze, is composed of 4 parts of verdigris and 16
+parts of white vinegar. The medals should be filed, and well cleaned
+with a brush, earth, and water; and being well wiped, should have a
+portion of the first solution passed slightly over their faces, by means
+of a brush, and then be wiped; this gives a slight grey tint to the
+surface, and causes the ready adhesion of the verdigris, &c. The second
+solution is then to be rubbed over by means of a brush, until they have
+acquired the deep red colour of copper; they are then to be left an hour
+to dry, after which they are to be polished with a very soft brush and
+rouge, or the red oxide of iron in fine powder. The polish is to be
+completed by the brush alone, the medals being passed now and then over
+the palm of the hand.--_Verly_.
+
+
+_Culture of Celery_.
+
+Mr. Knight, president of the Horticultural Society, has found that by
+keeping the ground in which celery was planted, constantly wet, it grew
+by the middle of September to the height of five feet, and its quality
+was in proportion to its size. Mr. K. also recommends planting at
+greater distances than is usually the case, and covering the beds, into
+which the young seedlings are first removed, with half-rotten dung,
+overspread to the depth of about two inches with mould; under which
+circumstances, whenever the plants are removed, the dung will adhere
+tenaciously to their roots, and it will not be necessary to deprive the
+plants of any part of their leaves.--Mr. Wedgewood also states, that
+good celery may be readily obtained by transplanting seedling plants
+that have remained in the seed bed, till they had acquired a
+considerable size.--_Quarterly Journal_.
+
+
+_Dwarfs_.
+
+Richard Gibson, the dwarf, married Anne Shepherd, another dwarf. Each of
+them was only 3 feet 10 inches high. They had nine children, of whom
+five lived to maturity, and were of a proper size. Richard, the father,
+lived to the age of 75, his little widow to that of 89. It is
+presumptive, that the dwarf size is only occasioned by some obstruction
+during _utero_--gestation. The full size of the children proves
+that nature does not perpetuate abortions.
+
+
+_Cruelty and Epicurism_.
+
+A sharp axe, on the principle of a punch, is used in _slaughtering
+bullocks_, not to kill them at once, but to cut a circular hole in
+the skull, into which a stick is introduced _to stir up the
+brains_, for the purpose of making the meat more tender! The throat
+is not attempted to be cut till after the infliction of this torture,
+horrible even to think of, which instantly causes the most convulsive
+agonies, such as are never seen in death of any other kind.
+
+Lord Somerville's mode of _pithing_ animals, brought forward with
+the most humane views, is a _horrible operation_. The body is
+deprived of sensation, _while the living head rolls its eye in agony
+on its tormentors_.--_Sir Everard Home_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+USEFUL DOMESTIC HINTS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+APPLES.
+
+
+The preservation of apples is now brought to great perfection, by
+keeping them in jars secure from the action of air; but there is one
+method of preparing them for culinary purposes which is not practised in
+this country. Any good baking sort, which is liable to rot, if peeled
+and cut into slices about the thickness of one-sixth of an inch, and
+dried in the sun, or in a slow oven, till sufficiently desiccated, may
+be afterwards kept in boxes in a dry place for a considerable time, and
+only require to be soaked in water for an hour or two before using.
+
+At a recent meeting of the Horticultural Society, a large collection of
+the best late varieties of the apple, as grown in America, were
+exhibited. It was a remarkable circumstance, that, while these fruits
+are unusually handsome, none of them, except the New-town pippin, were,
+although sweet and pleasant, comparable to our fine European apples; and
+yet the New-town pippin, the only good variety, is as much superior to
+any variety of apple known in Europe as the others were inferior.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BLACK DYE AND INK.
+
+
+The following is a process for the preparation of a black dye, for which
+a patent was taken out at Vienna by M. Honig:--Logwood is to be boiled
+several times in water, and a little sub-carbonate of potash to be added
+to the decoctions, the quantity being so moderated that it shall not
+change the colour to blue; the stuff to be dyed is then to be plunged
+into this bath. This stuff may be either animal or vegetable. When it is
+well impregnated with colouring matter, it is to be withdrawn, and,
+without being exposed to air, is to be introduced into a solution of
+green-vitriol, and left there until it has obtained the desired black
+hue. In preparing the _ink_, the decoction of logwood is used in
+place of the infusion of galls.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MALT LIQUORS.
+
+_By a Physician_.
+
+
+I am much disposed to extol the virtues of malt liquors. When properly
+fermented, well hopped, and of a moderate strength, they are refreshing,
+wholesome, and nourishing. It is a common observation, that those who
+drink sound malt liquors are stronger than those who drink wine; and to
+those who are trained to boxing, and other athletic exercises, old
+home-brewed beer is particularly recommended, drawn from the cask, and
+not bottled. Hence Jackson, the celebrated trainer, affirms, if any
+person accustomed to drink wine would but try malt liquor for a month,
+he would find himself so much the better for it, that he would soon take
+to the one, and abandon the other. Some suppose the superior bottom of
+the British soldiery to be owing, in a great measure, to their use of
+malt liquor.
+
+  "Your wine-tippling, dram-sipping fellows retreat,
+  But your beer-drinking Britons can never be beat."
+
+  DR. ARNE.
+
+
+Good home-brewed beer has been styled by some _vinum Britannicum_,
+and by others liquid bread. There can be no doubt of its highly
+nutritive and wholesome qualities, and it is much to be regretted, that
+so few families in this kingdom now ever brew their own beer, but are
+content to put up with the half-fermented, adulterated wash found in
+public-houses, or with the no less adulterated and impure drink called
+porter.
+
+Malt liquors are divided into small beer, strong beer, ale, and porter.
+Small beer is best calculated for common use, being less heating and
+stimulating than other malt liquors. When used soft and mild, after
+having been thoroughly fermented and purified, it forms an excellent
+diluent with food, more especially at dinner. Sydenham was in the habit
+of using it in this manner, both at dinner and supper, and he justly
+considered its being well hopped a great advantage. In general it is,
+without doubt, the best drink which can be taken at dinner, by persons
+in the middle and higher ranks of society, who are in the habit of
+drinking wine after that meal. As it abounds with carbonic acid gas, or
+fixed air, it is the most useful diluent for labourers, because it cools
+the body, abates thirst, and, at the same time, stimulates very
+moderately the animal powers. Small beer, when stale and hard, is
+unwholesome to all persons.
+
+Sound strong beer is very nutritious and wholesome; indeed, it is
+generally considered more nourishing than wine. It is a most useful
+drink to the weak, the lean, and the laborious, provided they are not
+very subject to flatulency, nor troubled with disorders of the breast.
+If taken in moderate quantity, and of the best quality, it will often be
+found of great service to the invalid, in assisting to restore his
+strength, spirits, and flesh. It should be drunk from the cask; bottled
+beer being more likely to disagree with the stomach, and to produce
+flatulency.
+
+There is a general prejudice against beer in the case of the bilious
+and the sedentary, but it appears to me without sufficient foundation.
+Bilious people are such as have weak stomachs and impaired digestion,
+and those who are sedentary are nearly, in these respects, always in a
+similar state. Now, I have not observed that beer tends to weaken such
+stomachs, or to become ascescent, or otherwise to disagree with them; on
+the contrary, I believe, it will be found, in the majority of cases,
+that this beverage agrees much better than wine, since it is far less
+disposed to acescency, and better fitted to act as a stomachic, and,
+therefore, to invigorate both the digestive organs, and the constitution
+at large. That it is very far superior for such persons to diluted
+spirit, in any form, I am fully persuaded. Of course, I here speak of
+sound home-brewed strong beer, and of a moderate strength. No man can
+answer for the effects of the stuff usually sold as beer; and we know
+strong ale is always difficult of digestion.
+
+Strong ale is, undoubtedly, the most nutritive of all malt liquors, but
+being digested with greater difficulty than the other sorts, it cannot
+with propriety be taken but by those who are strong, and who use much
+active exercise. The best ale is made from fine pale malt, and with hops
+of the finest quality. It should sparkle in the glass, but the smaller
+the bubbles the better. I ought to add, that in some cases of general
+weakness, where the individual is certainly recovering, and is possessed
+of a good measure of strength of stomach, a little of the finest ale
+daily will be found highly restorative.
+
+Porter, when good, is not an unwholesome drink; but it is very difficult
+to procure it of the best quality. I cannot recommend it to those who
+are desirous of preserving their health.--_Sure Methods of Improving
+Health, &c._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+
+"I am but a Gatherer and disposer of other men's stuff."--_Wotton_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SAMBO'S SERMON,
+
+(_From the New York Statesman._)
+
+
+"Strate is de rode an narrer is de paff which leadeff to
+glory."--"Brederen believers!--You semble dis nite to har de word, and
+hab it splained and monstrated to you; yes, an I ten for splain it clear
+as de lite ob de libin day. We're all wicked sinners har below--it's
+fac, my brederen, and I tell you how it cum. You see, my frens,
+
+  "Adam was de fus man,
+  Ebe was de todder,
+  Cane was a wicked man,
+  Kase he kill he brodder.
+
+
+"Adam and Ebe were bofe black men, and so was Cane and Able. Now I spose
+it seem to strike you a understandin how de fus wite man cum. Why I let
+you no. Den you see when Cane kill de brodder de Massa cum, and he say,
+'Cane whar you a brodder Able?' Cane say, 'I don't know, Massa.' He cum
+gin an say, 'Cane whar you a brodder Able?' Cane say, 'I don't know,
+Massa;' but de nigger noe'd all de time. Massa now git mad--cum
+gin--peak mity sharp dis time,--'Cane whar your brodder Able, you
+nigger?' Cane now git friten, and he turn _wite_: and dis is de way
+de fus wite man cum pon dis arth! an if it had not been for dat dare
+nigger, Cane, we'd neba been troubled wid dese sassy wites pon de face
+ob dis circumlar globe. Now sing de forty lebenth hym, ticular meter."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EPIGRAM (FROM THE ITALIAN)
+
+
+_On a Father who would not allow his Son to marry until he had arrived
+at years of discretion_.
+
+  Poor Strephon is young, and lacks wisdom 'tis said,
+  And therefore still longer must tarry;
+  If he waits tho', methinks, till he's sense in his head,
+  I'll be sworn that he never will marry.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE REV. MR. WATERHOUSE.
+
+
+The following is the inscription on a stone designed to perpetuate the
+memory of the late singular and unfortunate rector of Little Stukely,
+and is now exhibited in the mason's yard at Huntingdon. According to
+immemorial usage a copy of verses is appended to the inscription, which,
+in point of style, taste, and orthography, are on a par with the
+"uncouth rhymes" alluded to by Gray. The _poetry_ is said to be the
+production of a Cambridge graduate.
+
+"Sacred to the memory of the Rev, Joshua Waterhouse, B.D., nearly forty
+years Fellow of Catherine Hall, Cambridge, Chaplain to his Majesty,
+Rector of this parish, and of Coton, near Cambridge, who was inhumanly
+murdered _in this Parsonage House_, about ten o'clock on the
+morning of July 3rd, 1827. Aged eighty-one.
+
+  Beneath this tomb his mangled body's laid,
+  Cut, stabb'd, and murdered by Joshua Slade;
+  His ghastly wounds a horrid sight to see,
+  And hurl'd at once into eternity.
+
+  What faults you've seen in him take care to shun,
+  And look at home, enough there's to be done;
+  Death does not always warning give,
+  Therefore be careful how you live."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MAN.
+
+
+Philosophers have puzzled themselves how to define man, so as to
+distinguish him from other animals. Burke says, "Man is an animal that
+cooks its victuals." "Then," says Johnson, "the proverb is just, 'there
+is reason in roasting eggs.'" Dr. Adam Smith has hit this case; "Man,"
+says he, "is an animal that makes bargains; no other animal does
+this--one dog does not change a bone with another."--_London Mag_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LANGUAGES.
+
+
+A French professor of languages, in what he calls an Ethnographic Atlas
+of the Globe, states there are 860 languages, and about 5,000 dialects,
+all which may be classed; in addition to as many more which are not so
+arranged. In the present state of our knowledge, therefore, the Asiatic
+languages amount to 153; the European to 53; the African to 114; the
+Polynesian to 117; and the American to 423.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Epitaph in the Church-yard of Iselton Cum Fenby, in Lincolnshire_.
+
+
+  Here lies the bodie of old Will Loveland,
+  He's put to bed at length with a shovel, and
+  Eas'd of expenses for raiment and food,
+  Which all his life tyme he would fain have eseyewed:
+  He grudg'd his housekeeping--his children's support,
+  And laid in his meates of the cagge mag sorte,
+  No fyshe or fowle touch'd he, when 'twas dearly bought,
+  But a green taile or herrings, a score for a groate.
+      No friend to the needy,
+      His wealth gather'd speedy,
+    And he never did naught but evil;
+      He liv'd like a hogg,
+      And dyed like a dogg,
+    And now he rides post to the devil.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LENDING BOOKS.
+
+
+Doctor Gerhard, of Jena, used to write in his books a Latin inscription,
+thus translated:--"I belong to Gerhard's library; take care neither to
+soil nor tear me; neither keep me in your possession out of the library
+more than one month. Do not steal me."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TO THE PUBLIC.
+
+
+_With the present Number of the_ Mirror _is published a_ SUPPLEMENTARY
+SHEET, _half of which is occupied by_ THREE ENGRAVINGS, _viz. an
+authorized Ground Plan of_ St. JAMES'S _and the_ GREEN PARKS--_a View
+of_ BUCKINGHAM NEW PALACE, _and of the_ GRAND ENTRANCE _to the_ PALACE
+GARDENS _at Hyde Park Corner. The Supplement also contains minute
+references and descriptions of the above Engravings, and the_ REPORT _of
+the_ EXPEDITIONS _of Captains Parry and Franklin, recently returned to
+England. The daily increasing interest of the above subjects (which so
+largely engross the public attention) cannot fail to render the above
+Number proportionally acceptable to our readers; whilst the
+illustrations will recommend themselves by the fidelity of the sources
+from which they are executed_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) and sold by all Newsmen and Booksellers_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 15944.txt or 15944.zip *****
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