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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, No. 276, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, No. 276
+       Volume 10, No. 276, October 6, 1827
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: May 29, 2005 [EBook #15935]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. X, NO. 276.] SATURDAY, OCTOBER 6, 1827. [PRICE 2d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Bristol Cathedral.
+
+[Illustration: Bristol Cathedral.]
+
+
+                  There is given
+  Unto the things of earth, which Time hath bent,
+  A spirit's feelings, and where he hath leant
+  His hand, but broke his scythe, there is a power
+  And magic in the ruin'd battlement
+  For which the palace of the present hour
+  Must yield its pomp, and wait till ages are its dower.
+
+BYRON.
+
+
+The cathedral of Bristol is one of the most interesting relics of
+monastic splendour which have been spared from the wrecks of desolation
+and decay. It is dedicated to the holy and undivided Trinity, and is the
+remains of an abbey or monastery of great magnificence, which was
+dedicated to St. Augustine. The erection of this monastery was begun
+in 1140, and was finished and dedicated in 1148, according to the
+inscription on the tomb of the founder, Robert Fitzharding, the first
+lord of Berkeley, who, together with others of that illustrious family,
+are enshrined within these walls. It was also denominated the monastery
+of the black regular canons of the order of Saint Victor, who are
+mentioned by Leland as the black canons of St. Augustine within the city
+walls. By some historians, Fitzharding is represented as an opulent
+citizen of Bristol; but generally as a younger son or grandson of the
+king of Denmark, and as the youthful companion of Henry II., who,
+betaking himself from the sunshine of royal friendship, became a canon
+of the monastery he himself had founded. In this congenial solitude he
+died in 1170, aged 75. Such is the outline of the foundation of this
+structure, and it is one of the most attractive episodes of the early
+history of England; for the circumstance of a noble exchanging the
+gilded finery of a court, and the gay companionship of his prince, for
+the gloomy cloisters of an abbey, and the ascetic duties of monastic
+life, bespeaks a degree of resolution and self-control which was more
+probably the result of sincere conviction than of momentary caprice.
+
+The present cathedral is represented to have been merely the church of
+the monastery, which was entirely rebuilt in the commencement of the
+fourteenth century. The style of architecture in the different parts of
+this cathedral is accurately discriminated in the following account from
+the pen of Bishop Littleton, F.S.A.:--"The lower parts of the chapter
+house walls," says he, "together with the door-way and columns at the
+entrance of the chapter-house, may be pronounced to be of the age of
+Stephen, or rather prior to his reign, being fine Saxon architecture.
+The inside walls of the chapter-house have round ornamental arches
+intersecting each other. The cathedral appears to be of the same style
+of building throughout, and in no part older than Edward the First's
+time, though some writers suppose the present fabric was begun in king
+Stephen's time; but not a single arch, pillar, or window agrees with
+the mode which prevailed at that time. The great gateway leading into
+the College Green is round-arched, with mouldings richly ornamented
+in the Saxon taste." From this account it appears probable that the
+chapter-house and gateway are all the present remains of the ancient
+monastery. The mutilations which the cathedral of Bristol has undergone,
+are not entirely to be referred to the era of the dissolution of the
+monasteries, since this structure suffered very considerably during
+the period of the civil wars. The ruthless soldiers discovered their
+barbarism by violating the sacred tombs of the dead, and by offering
+every indignity which they supposed would be considered a profanation of
+the places which the piety of their ancestors consecrated to religion.
+At such instances of the violence of civil factions, the sensitive mind
+shudders with disgust.
+
+The cathedral of Bristol is rich in monumental tributes to departed
+worth. Among them is an elegant monument, by Bacon, to Mrs. Elizabeth
+Draper, the _Eliza_ of Sterne; and the classical tomb of the
+Hendersons. Here, too, rests Lady Hesketh, the friend of Cowper; Powell,
+of Covent Garden Theatre; besides branches of the Berkeley family, and
+various abbots.
+
+The bishopric of Bristol is the least wealthy ecclesiastical promotion
+which confers the dignity of a mitre. Its revenue is generally stated to
+amount to no more than five or six hundred pounds per annum. In the list
+of bishops are Fletcher, father of the celebrated dramatist, the
+colleague of Beaumont; he attended Mary Queen of Scots on the Scaffold;
+Lake, one of the seven bishops committed to the Tower in the time of
+James I.; Trelawney, a familiar name in the events of 1688; Butler, who
+materially improved the episcopal palace of Bristol; Conybeare and
+Newton, names well known in literary history; with the erudite
+Warburton, whose name occurs in the list of deans of Bristol.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DEBTOR AND CREDITOR.[1]
+
+  The time is out of joint.--_Hamlet._
+
+
+  A man of my profession never counterfeits, till he lays hold upon a
+  debtor and says he _rests_ him: for then he brings him to all
+  manner of unrest.--_The Bailiff, in 'Every Man in his Humour.'_
+
+
+  Run not into debt, either for wares sold or money borrowed; be content
+  to want things that are not of absolute necessity, rather than to run up
+  the score: such a man pays at the latter a third part more than the
+  principal comes to, and is in perpetual servitude to his creditors;
+  lives uncomfortably; is necessitated to increase his debts to stop his
+  creditors' mouths; and many times falls into desperate courses.
+
+  SIR M. HALE.
+
+
+"The greatest of all distinctions in civil life," says Steele, "is that
+of debtor and creditor;" although no kind of slavery is so easily
+endured, as that of being in debt. Luxury and expensive habits, which
+are commonly thought to enlarge our liberty by increasing our
+enjoyments, are thus the means of its infringement; whilst, in nine
+cases out of ten, the lessons taught by this rigid experience lead to
+the bending and breaking of our spirits, and the unfitting of us for the
+rational pleasures of life. All ranks of mankind seem to fall into this
+fatal error, from the voluptuous Cleopatra to the needy philosopher, who
+doles out a mealsworth of morality for his fellow-creatures, and who
+would fain live according to his own precepts, had he not exhausted his
+means in the acquisition of his experience.
+
+I blush to confess, that I have often thought the _habit of debt_
+to be our national inheritance--from that bugbear of out-of-place men,
+the Sinking Fund, to the parish-clerk, who mortgages his fees at the
+chandler's; and that my countrymen seem to have resolved to increase
+their own enjoyments at the expense of posterity, with whose provision,
+even Swift thinks we have no concern. Again; I have thought that we are
+apt to over-rate our national advancement, by supposing the present race
+to be wiser than the previous one, without once looking into our
+individual contributions to this state of enlightenment. Proud as we are
+of this distinction in the social scale, we can record few instances of
+contemporary genius, and we are bound to confess that men are not a whit
+the better in the present than in the previous generation. Thus we
+hoodwink each other till social outrages become every-day occurrences,
+and every thing but sheer violence is protected by its frequency; and in
+this manner we consent to compromise our happiness, and then affect to
+be astonished at its scarcity. In the later ages of the world, men have
+learned to temporize with principles, and to sacrifice, at the shrine
+of passing interest, as much real virtue as would bear them harmless
+throughout life. Hence, of what more avail is the virtue of the Roman
+fathers, or are the amiable friendships of Scipio and Lelius, than
+as so many amusing fictions to exercise the imaginations of schoolmen
+in drawing outlines of character, which experience does not finish.
+Friends, like certain flowers, bloom around us in the sunshine of
+success; but at night-fall or at the approach of storms, they shut up
+their hearts; and thus, poor victims being rifled of their mind's
+content, with their little string of enjoyments broken up for ever,
+are abandoned to the pity or scorn of bystanders. It is impossible to
+reflect for a moment on such a crisis, without dropping a tear for the
+self-created infirmities of man: but there are considerations at which
+he shudders, and which he would rather varnish over with the sophistry
+of his refinement, and the fallacies of self-conceit.
+
+I fear that I am breaking my rule in not confining myself to a few
+shades of debt and conscience, with a view of determining how far they
+are usually reconciled among us. The task may not prove altogether
+fruitless; notwithstanding, to find honest men, would require the
+lantern of Diogenes, and perhaps turn out like Gratiano's wheat.
+
+In our youthful days, we all remember to have read a pithy string of
+Maxims by Dr. Franklin; and we are accustomed to admire the pertinence
+of their wit,--but here their influence too often terminates. Since
+Franklin's time, the practice of getting into debt has become more and
+more easy, notwithstanding men have become more wary. Goldsmith, too,
+gives us a true picture of this habit in his scene with Mr. Padusoy, the
+mercer, a mode which has been found to succeed so well since his time,
+that, with the exception of a few short-cuts by sharpers and other
+proscribed gentry, little amendment has been made. Profuseness on the
+part of the debtor will generally be found to beget confidence on that
+of the creditor; and, in like manner, diffidence will create mistrust,
+and mistrust an entire overthrow of the scheme. An unblushing front, and
+the gift of _non chalance_, are therefore the best qualifications
+for a debtor to obtain credit, while poor modesty will be starved in her
+own littleness. In vain has Juvenal protested--"_Fronti nulla
+fides;_" and have the world been amused with anecdotes of paupers
+dying with money sewed up in their clothes: appearance and assumed
+habits are still the handmaids to confidence; and so long as this system
+exists, the warfare of debtor and creditor will be continued.
+Procrastination will be found to be another furtherance of the system,
+inasmuch as it is too evident throughout life that men are more apt to
+take pleasure "by the forelock," than to calculate its consequence. In
+this manner, men of irregular habits anticipate and forestal every hour
+of their lives, and pleasure and pain alternate, till pain, like debt,
+accumulates, and sinks its patient below the level of the world. Economy
+and forecast do not enter into the composition of such men, nor are such
+lessons often felt or acknowledged, till custom has rendered the heart
+unfit for the reception of their counsels. It is too frequently that the
+neglect of these principles strikes at the root of social happiness, and
+produces those lamentable wrecks of men--those shadows of sovereignty,
+which people our prisons, poor-houses, and asylums. Genius, with all her
+book-knowledge, is not exempt from this failing; but, on the contrary, a
+sort of fatality seems to attend her sons and daughters, which tarnishes
+their fame, and often exposes them to the brutish attacks of the
+ignorant and vulgar. Wits, and even philosophers, are among this number;
+and we are bound to acknowledge, that, beyond the raciness of their
+writings, there is but little to admire or imitate in the lives of such
+men as Steele, Foote, or Sheridan. It is, however, fit that principle
+should be thus recognised and upheld, and that any dereliction from its
+rules should be placed against the account of such as enjoy other
+degrees of superiority, and allowed to form an item in the scale of
+their merits.
+
+(_To be concluded in our next._)
+
+    [1] From _"Cameleon Sketches_," by the author of "_The Promenade round
+        Dorking_." In the press.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AN ENGLISHMAN'S PRAYER
+
+
+  Grant, righteous Heaven, however cast my fate
+  On social duties or in toils of state,
+  Whether at home dispensing equal laws,
+  Or foremost struggling for the world's applause,
+  As neighbour, husband, brother, sire, or son,
+  In every work, accomplished or begun,
+  Grant that, by me, thy holy will be done.
+  When false ambition tempts my soul to rise,
+  Teach me her proffer'd honours to despise,
+  Though chains or poverty await the just,
+  Though villains lure me to betray my trust,
+  Unmoved by wealth, unawed by tyrant, might
+  Still let me steadily pursue the right,
+  Hold fast my plighted faith, nor stoop to give
+  For lengthen'd life, the only cause to live.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ITALY.
+
+(_To the Editor of the Mirror_.)
+
+
+SIR,--Is your correspondent (see the MIRROR of the 15th of September)
+quite right in asserting that Italy has invariably retained the same
+name from its first settlement? or would the fact be singular if true?
+Virgil, in his first book of the _Æneid_, implies that it had at
+least _two_ names before that of Italy. "_Ænotrii_ coluere viri;"
+"_Hesperiam_ graii cognomine dicunt;" "Itali ducis de nomine." His
+works are not at hand, so that I cannot specify the line; but the
+passage is repeated three or four times in the course of the poem, and
+the reference, therefore, to it is peculiarly easy.
+
+In other places, as you may remember, he gives it the appellation of
+"Ausonia."
+
+Now as to the singularity of the circumstance, supposing it were
+otherwise, to what does it amount but this: that when Italian power
+extended over the countries of Europe, Italian names were given them;
+that as this power declined, these names as naturally fell into disuse;
+and the different nations, actuated severally by a spirit of
+independence or of caprice, recurred to their own or foreign tongues for
+the designation of their territory. While at Rome itself, which, though
+often suffering from the calamities of war, still retained a
+considerable share of influence, the inhabitants adhered to their native
+dialect, and the same city which had been the birth-place and cradle of
+the infant language was permitted to become its sanctuary at last.
+
+Y.M.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ELISE.
+
+(_By L.E.L._)
+
+  O Let me love her! she has past
+    Into my inmost heart--
+  A dweller on the hallowed ground
+    Of its least worldly part;
+  Where feelings and where memories dwell
+    Like hidden music in the shell.
+
+  She was so like the forms that float
+    On twilight's hour to me,
+  Making of cloud-born shapes and thoughts
+    A dear reality;
+  As much a thing of light and air
+    As ever poet's visions were.
+
+  I left smoke, vanities, and cares,
+    Just far enough behind,
+  To dream of fairies 'neath the moon,
+    Of voices on the wind,
+  And every fantasy of mine
+    Was truth in that sweet face of thine.
+
+  Her cheek was very, very pale,
+    Yet it was still more fair;
+  Lost were one half its loveliness,
+    Had the red rose been there:
+  But now that sad and touching grace
+  Made her's seem like an angel's face.
+
+  The spring, with all its breath and bloom,
+    Hath not so dear a flower,
+  As the white lily's languid head
+    Drooping beneath the shower;
+  And health hath ever waken'd less
+  Of deep and anxious tenderness.
+
+  And O thy destiny was love,
+    Written in those soft eyes;
+  A creature to be met with smiles.
+    And to be watch'd with sighs;
+  A sweet and fragile blossom, made
+  To be within the bosom laid.
+
+  And there are some beneath whose touch
+    The coldest hearts expand,
+  As erst the rocks gave forth their tears
+    Beneath the prophet's hand;
+  And colder than that rock must be
+  The heart that melted not for thee.
+
+  Thy voice--thy poet lover's song
+    Has not a softer tone;
+  Thy dark eyes--only stars at night
+    Such holy light have known;
+  And thy smile is thy heart's sweet sign,
+  So gentle and so feminine.
+
+  I feel, in gazing on thy face,
+    As I had known thee long;
+  Thy looks are like notes that recall
+    Some old remembered song
+  By all that touches and endears,
+  Lady, I must have loved thee years.
+
+_Literary Gazette._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+COLONEL GEORGE HANGER.
+
+
+Dining on one occasion at Carlton-house, it is said that, after the
+bottle had for some time circulated, his good-humoured volubility
+suddenly ceased, and he seemed for a time to be wholly lost in thought.
+While he "chewed the cud" in this ruminating state, his illustrious host
+remarked his very unusual quiescency, and interrupted it by inquiring
+the subject of his meditation. "I have been reflecting, Sir," replied
+the colonel, "on the lofty independence of my present situation. I have
+compromised with my creditors, paid my washerwoman, and have three
+shillings and sixpence left for the pleasures and necessities of life,"
+exhibiting at the same time current coin of the realm, in silver and
+copper, to that amount, upon the splendid board at which he sat.
+
+Having occasion to express his gratitude to his friend and patron for
+his nomination to a situation under government (which, had he been
+prudent, might have sufficed for genteel support), it is said that the
+royal personage condescended to observe, on the colonel's expatiating
+on the advantages of his office, that "now he was rich, he would so
+far impose upon his hospitality as to dine with him;" at the same time
+insisting on the repast being any thing but extravagant. "I shall give
+your royal highness a leg of mutton, and nothing more, by G----," warmly
+replied the gratified colonel, in his plain and homely phrase. The day
+was nominated, and the colonel had sufficient time to recur to his
+budget and bring his ways and means into action. Where is the
+sanguineless being whose hopes have never led him wrong? if such there
+be, the colonel was not one of those. Long destitute of credit and
+resources, he looked upon his appointment as the incontestable source of
+instant wealth, and he hesitated not to determine upon the forestalment
+of its profits to entertain the "first gentleman in England." But, alas!
+agents and brokers have flinty hearts. There were doubts (not of his
+word, for with creditors that he had never kept), but of the accidents
+of life, either naturally, or by one of those casualties he had depicted
+in the front of his book. In short, the day approached--nay, actually
+arrived, and his pockets could boast little more than the once vaunted
+half-crown and a shilling. Here was a state sufficient to drive one of
+less strength of mind to despair. As a friend, a subject, a man of
+honour, and one who prided himself upon a tenacious adherence to his
+word (when the aforesaid creditors were not concerned), he felt keenly
+all the horrors of his situation.
+
+The day arrived, and etiquette demanded that the proper officer should
+examine and report upon the nature of the expected entertainment, a duty
+that had been deferred until a late hour of the day. Well was it that
+the confiding prince had not wholly dispensed with that form; for verily
+the said officer found the colonel, with a dirty scullion for his aide
+du camp, in active and zealous preparation for his royal visiter; his
+shirt sleeves tucked up, while he ardently basted the identical and
+solitary "leg of mutton" as it revolved upon the spit: potatoes were to
+be seen delicately insinuated into the pan beneath to catch the rich
+exudation of the joint; while several tankards of foaming ale, and what
+the French term "bread à discretion," announced that, in quantity, if
+not in quality, he had not been careless in providing for the
+entertainment of his illustrious guest. Although the colonel's culinary
+skill leaves no doubt that the leg of mutton would have sustained
+(according to Mr. Hunt's elegant phraseology) critical discussion on its
+intrinsic merits, or on its concoction; and although the dinner might
+have been endured by royalty (of whose homely appetite the ample
+gridiron at Alderman Combe's brewery then gave ample proof), yet his
+royal highness's poodles would assuredly have perspired through every
+pore at the very mention of what a certain nobleman used to term a
+"jig-hot;" so the feast was dispensed with, and due acknowledgment made
+for the evident proofs of hospitality which had been displayed.
+
+After various vicissitudes of life and fortune, in Hanger's advanced
+age, a coronet became his, and it came opportunely; for he had at length
+learned experience, and knowing the value of the competence he had
+obtained, he resolved to enjoy it. He had had enough of fashion; and had
+proved all its allurements. So he took a small house in a part of
+earth's remoter regions, no great way from Somers' Town, near which
+stood a public-house he was fond of visiting, and there, as the price of
+his sanction, and in acknowledgment of his rank, a large chair by the
+fire-side was exclusively appropriated to the peer.--_New Monthly
+Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ANECDOTES OF UGO FOSCOLO, THE ITALIAN POET.
+
+
+Foscolo was in person about the middle height, and somewhat thin,
+remarkably clean and neat in his dress,--although on ordinary occasions,
+he wore a short jacket, trousers of coarse cloth, a straw hat, and thick
+heavy shoes; the least speck of dirt on his own person, or on that of
+any of his attendants, seemed to give him real agony. His countenance
+was of a very expressive character, his eyes very penetrating, although
+they occasionally betrayed a restlessness and suspicion, which his words
+denied; his mouth was large and ugly, his nose drooping, in the way that
+physiognomists dislike, but his forehead was splendid in the extreme;
+large, smooth, and exemplifying all the power of thought and reasoning,
+for which his mind was so remarkable. It was, indeed, precisely the same
+as that we see given in the prints of Michael Angelo; he has often heard
+the comparison made, and by a nod assented to it. In his living, Foscolo
+was remarkably abstemious. He seldom drank more than two glasses of
+wine, but he was fond of having all he eat and drank of the very best
+kind, and laid out with great attention to order. He always took coffee
+immediately after dinner. His house,--I speak of the one he built for
+himself, near the Regent's Park,--was adorned with furniture of the most
+costly description; at one time he had five magnificent carpets, one
+under another, on his drawing-room, and no two chairs in his house
+were alike. His tables were all of rare and curious woods. Some of
+the best busts and statues (in plaster) were scattered through every
+apartment,--and on those he doated with a fervour scarcely short of
+adoration. I remember his once sending for me in great haste, and when
+I entered his library, I found him kneeling, and exclaiming, "beautiful,
+beautiful." He was gazing on the Venus de Medici, which he had
+discovered looked most enchanting, when the light of his lamp was made
+to shine upon it from a particular direction. On this occasion, he had
+summoned his whole household into his library, to witness the discovery
+which gave him so much rapture. In this state, continually exclaiming,
+"beautiful, beautiful," and gazing on the figure, he remained for nearly
+two hours.
+
+He had the greatest dislike to be asked a question, which he did not
+consider important, and used to say, "I have three miseries--smoke,
+flies, and to be asked a foolish question."
+
+His memory was one of the most remarkable. He has often requested me to
+copy for him (from some library) a passage, which I should find in such
+a page of such a book; and appeared as if he never forgot any thing with
+which he was once acquainted.
+
+His conversation was peculiarly eloquent and impressive, such as to
+render it evident that he had not been over-rated as an orator, when in
+the days of his glory, he was the admiration of his country. I remember
+his once discoursing to me of language, and saying, "in every language,
+there are three things to be noticed,--verbs, substantives, and the
+particles; the verbs," holding out his hand, "are as the bones of these
+fingers; the substantives, the flesh and blood; but the particles are
+the sinews, without which the fingers could not move."
+
+"There are," said he to me, once, "three kinds of writing--_diplomatic_,
+in which you do not come to a point, but write artfully, and not to show
+what you mean; _attorney_, in which you are brief; and _enlarged_,
+in which you spread and stretch your thoughts."
+
+I have said that his cottage, (built by himself,) near the Regent's
+Park, was very beautiful. I remember his showing me a letter to a
+friend, in which were the following passages:--After alluding to some
+pecuniary difficulties, he says, "I can easily undergo all privations,
+but my dwelling is always my workshop, and often my prison, and ought
+not to distress me with the appearance of misery, and I confess, in this
+respect, I cannot be acquitted of extravagance."
+
+Speaking afterwards of the costliness of his furniture, he observes,
+"they encompass me with an air of respectability, and they give me the
+illusion of not having fallen into the lowest circumstances. I must also
+declare that I will die like a gentleman, on a clean bed, surrounded by
+the Venus's, Apollo's, and the Graces, and the busts of great men; nay,
+even among flowers, and, if possible, while music is breathing around
+me. Far from courting the sympathy of posterity, I will never give
+mankind the gratification of ejaculating preposterous sighs, because I
+died in a hospital, like Camoens, or Tasso; and since I must be buried
+in your country, I am happy in having got, for the remainder of my life,
+a cottage, independent of neighbours, surrounded by flowery shrubs, and
+open to the free air:--and when I can freely dispose of a hundred
+pounds, I will build a small dwelling for my corpse also, under a
+beautiful oriental plane tree, which I mean to plant next November, and
+cultivate _con amore_, to the last year of my existence. So far, I
+am, indeed an epicure, but in all other things, I am the most moderate
+of men. I might vie with Pythagoras for sobriety, and even with the
+great Scipio for continence."--Poor Foscolo! these dreams were far, very
+far from being realized. Within a short time after, his cottage, and all
+its beautiful contents, came to the hammer, and were distributed. A
+wealthy gold-smith now inhabits the dwelling of the poet of Italy. It is
+but justice to his friends to add, that there were circumstances which
+justified them in falling away from him.
+
+During a great portion of the time I was acquainted with Ugo Foscolo, he
+was under severe pecuniary distress, chiefly indeed brought on by his
+own thoughtless extravagance, in building and decorating his house. I
+have frequently in those moments seen him beat his forehead, tear his
+hair, and gnash his teeth in a manner horrifying; and often left him at
+night without the least hope of seeing him alive in the morning. He had
+a little Italian dagger which he always kept in his bed-room, and this
+he frequently told me would "drink his heart's blood in the night." "I
+will die," said he, one day, "I am a stranger, and have no friends."
+"Surely, sir," I replied, "a stranger may have friends." "Friends," he
+answered; "I have learnt that there is nothing in the word; I assure
+you, I called on W----e, to know if there was anything bad about me in
+the newspapers; everybody seems to be leagued against me--friends and
+enemies. I assure you, I do not think I will live after next Saturday,
+unless there is some change." At another time he said, "I am surrounded
+with difficulties, and must yield either life or honour; and can you ask
+me which I will give up?" I have now before me a letter of Foscolo's,
+which, after enumerating a long series of evils, concludes thus:--"Thus,
+if I have not underwent the doom of Tasso, I owe it only to the strength
+of my nerves that have preserved me."
+
+The following sonnet was written by Ugo Foscolo, in English, and
+accompanied the Essays on Petrarch, in the edition of that work which
+was printed for private circulation. It was omitted when the volume was
+subsequently published, and is consequently known to very few:
+
+
+TO CALLIRHOE, AT LAUSANNE.
+
+  Her face was veiled; yet to my fancied sight
+  Love, sweetness, goodness, in her person shin'd.
+  But, oh! I wak'd.----MILTON.
+
+
+  I twine far distant from my Tuscan grove,
+  The lily chaste, the rose that breathes of love,
+  The myrtle leaf, and Laura's hallow'd bay,
+  The deathless flowers that bloom o'er Sappho's clay;
+  For thee, Callirhoe! yet by love and years,
+  I learn how fancy wakes from joy to tears;
+  How memory, pensive, 'reft of hope, attends
+  The exile's path, and bids him fear new friends.
+  Long may the garland blend its varying hue
+  With thy bright tresses, and bud ever new
+  With all spring's odours; with spring's light be drest,
+  Inhale pure fragrance from thy virgin breast!
+  And when thou find'st that youth and beauty fly,
+  As heavenly meteors from our dazzled eye,
+  Still may the garland shed perfume, and shine,
+  While Laura's mind and Sappho's heart are thine.
+
+_Literary Chronicle._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ENGLISH FRUITS.
+
+
+_The Strawberry_.--Many varieties have been imported from other
+countries, and a far greater number have been obtained in this, chiefly
+from seeds properly prepared by cross impregnation; by which means, the
+strawberry has been wonderfully improved; instance the hautboys,
+scarlet, chilli, but particularly the splendid varieties, called
+"Wilmot's superb," and "Keen's seedlings."
+
+_The Raspberry_, is also found wild in the British isles, on its
+native site, (with its companions, the bramble, and dewberry)--its
+shoots and fruits are diminutive, though the flavour of the berry is
+rich. No plant requires the skilful hand of the pruner more than this;
+of all others, it is, perhaps, the most viviparous, throwing up,
+annually, a vast redundancy of shoots, which, if not displaced at the
+proper season, would impoverish not only the fruit of the present, but
+also the bearing wood of the next year. The Dutch fruiterers have been
+successful in obtaining two or three fine varieties from seeds; and as
+this field of improvement is open, no doubt further exertions will bring
+forth new and valuable sorts.
+
+_The Gooseberry._--No domesticated fruit sports into greater
+variety than this: the endless lists of new sorts is a proof of this,
+and many large and excellent sorts there are, particularly the old
+Warrington red.
+
+_The Cherry_.--Cultivation has accomplished wonders in the
+improvement of this beautiful native fruit. Instead of a lofty
+forest-tree bearing small bitter fruit, it has been long introduced to
+our orchards, is changed in appearance and habit, and even in its manner
+of bearing; has sported into many varieties, as numerous as they are
+excellent--nor is such improvement at an end: several new varieties have
+lately started into existence.
+
+_The Plum_.--The lowest grade of this class of fruits is the almost
+useless sloe in the hedge; and none but those in some degree acquainted
+with the matter could, on beholding the acidous, puny sloe, and the
+ample, luscious magnum bonum plum, together, readily believe that they
+were kindred, or that the former was the primitive representative of the
+latter. The intermediate links of this connexion are the bullace,
+muscle, damacene, &c., of all which there are many varieties. In
+nurserymen's lists, there are many improved sorts, not only excellent
+plums, but excellent fruit,--the green gage and imperatrice are
+admirable.
+
+_The Pear_, was originally an inhabitant of European forests: there
+it grew to be a middle-sized tree, with small leaves, and hard,
+crude-tasted, petty fruit: since its introduction and naturalization in
+the orchard, it has well repaid the planter's care. The French gardeners
+have been long celebrated for their success and indefatigable
+perseverance in the cultivation of the pear; almost all our superior
+sorts are from that country. The monastic institutions all over Europe,
+but particularly in France, were the sources from whence flowed many
+excellent horticultural rules, as well as objects.
+
+(_To be concluded in our next_.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE MONTHS
+
+
+[Illustration: OCTOBER.]
+
+
+  On the woods are hung
+  With many tints, the fading livery
+  Of life, in which it mourns the coming storms
+  Of winter.
+
+  PERCIVAL.
+
+
+Change is the characteristic of the month of October; in short, it
+includes the birth and death--the Alpha and Omega--of Nature. Hence, it
+is the most inviting to the contemplatist, and during a day in October,
+the genius of melancholy may walk out and take her fill, in meditating
+on its successive scenes of regeneration and decay.
+
+Dissemination, or the _sowing of seed_, is the principal business
+of this month in the economy of nature; which alone is an invaluable
+lesson, a "precept upon precept" to a cultivated mind. This is variously
+effected, besides by the agency of man; and it is a satire on his
+self-sufficiency which should teach him that Nature worketh out her way
+by means that he knoweth not.
+
+Planting, that agreeable and patriotic art, is another of the October
+labours. Here, however, the pride of man is again baffled, when he
+considers how many thousand trees are annually planted by _birds_,
+to whom he evinces his gratitude by destroying them, or cruelly
+imprisoning them for the idle gratification of listening to their
+warbling, which he may enjoy in all its native melody amidst the
+delightful retreats of woods and groves. This leads us to the October
+economy of birds. "Swallows are generally seen for the last time this
+month, the house-martin the latest. The rooks return to the roost trees,
+and the tortoise begins to bury himself for the winter. Woodcocks begin
+to arrive, and keep dropping in from the Baltic singly or in pairs till
+December. The snipe also comes now;" and with the month, by a kind of
+savage charter, commences the destruction of the pheasant, to swell the
+catalogue of the created wants and luxuries of the table. "One of the
+most curious natural appearances," says Mr. L. Hunt, "is the
+_gossamer_, which is an infinite multitude of little threads shot
+out by minute spiders, who are thus wafted by the wind from place to
+place." In this manner spiders are known to cross extents of many miles.
+
+The weather becomes misty, though the middle of the day is often very
+fine. Hence it is the proper season for the enjoyment of forest scenery.
+The leaves, which, towards the close of September, began to assume their
+golden tints and gorgeous hues, now lecture us with their scenes of
+falling grandeur; and nothing is more delightful than in an autumnal
+walk to emerge from the pensive gloom of a thick forest, and just catch
+the last glimpse of an October sun, shedding his broad glare over the
+varied tints of its leaves and branches, for the sombre and silvery
+barks of the latter add not a little to the picture. "The hedges," says
+the author already quoted, "are now sparkling with their abundant
+berries,--the wild rose with the hip, the hawthorn with the haw, the
+blackthorn with the sloe, the bramble with the blackberry; and the
+briony, privet, honey-suckle, elder, holly, and woody nightshade, with
+their other winter feasts for the birds."
+
+October is the great month for _brewing_--that luxurious and
+substantial branch of rural economy; and many and merry are the songs
+and stories of nut-brown October to "gladden the heart of man," with the
+soul-stirring influence of its regalings. Hops, too, are generally
+picked this month.
+
+October in Italy is thus vividly described: "It was now the beginning of
+the month of October; already the gales which attend upon the equinox
+swept through the woods and trees; the delicate chestnut woods, which
+last dare encounter the blasts of spring, and whose tender leaves do not
+expand until they may become a shelter to the swallow, had already
+changed their hues, and shone yellow and red, amidst the sea-green
+foliage of the olives, the darker but light boughs of the cork-trees,
+and the deep and heavy masses of ilexes and pines."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Astronomical Occurences
+
+_FOR  OCTOBER, 1827._
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+Mercury is in conjunction with Jupiter on the 7th at noon: he is too
+near the sun to be observed this month.
+
+Venus passes her superior conjunction on the 7th, at 10 h. morning,
+thenceforward she sets after the sun, and becomes an evening star. This
+interesting planet makes a very near appulse to Jupiter on the 16th at
+1 h. morning.
+
+Jupiter is in conjunction with the sun on the 18th at 10-3/4 h. evening.
+He is afterwards a morning star, preceding the sun in his rising.
+
+The Georgian planet, or Herschel, ceases from his retrograde movement on
+the 4th, and appears stationary till the 11th, when he resumes a direct
+motion. He is still in a favourable situation for evening observation.
+Its great distance from the earth, and the long period of its revolution
+round the sun prevent any rapid change in its situation among the fixed
+stars; the place therefore which the Greorgium Sidus occupied in
+Capricornus in July, (see MIRROR for that month) is so contiguous to
+that planet's present position, that the observations then made may be a
+sufficient guide for the present month. Its slow motion among the fixed
+stars makes it participate in that daily change which is common to them,
+hence the planet may be observed in the same place a few minutes earlier
+every night. It comes to the south on the 1st at 7 h. 16 min., and on
+the 31st at 5 h. 26 min. evening.
+
+The moon is in opposition on the 5th; in apogee on the 11th; in
+conjunction on the 20th; and in perigee on the 23rd. She is in
+conjunction with Saturn on the 13th at 3-1/4 h. after with Mars on the
+18th at 2 h. morning; and Jupiter and Venus on the 20th, with the former
+at 1-1/2 h. and the latter at 11 h. afternoon, also with Mercury on the
+21st at 10-1/2 h. afternoon.
+
+The Solar luminary is eclipsed on the 20th at 3 h. 47 min. afternoon. He
+is above the horizon during the whole time the central shade is passing
+over the disc of the earth, but the moon having nearly 2 deg. southern
+latitude at the time of true conjunction, in middle of the eclipse, it
+will be invisible not only to us but to the whole boreal hemisphere of
+the globe. He enters Scorpio on the 24th at 4 h. 36 min. morning.
+
+From the observations made upon the annual eclipses, it appears that the
+period of the moon is now shorter, and consequently that her distance
+from the earth is now less than in former ages, and this has been
+considered as an argument against those who assert that the world may
+have existed from eternity; for it was hence inferred that the moon
+moves in a resisting medium, and therefore that her motion must by
+degrees be all destroyed, in which case she must at last come to the
+earth. But M. de la Place has shewn that this acceleration of the moon's
+period is a necessary consequence of universal gravitation, and that it
+arises from the action of the planets upon the moon. He has also shewn
+that this acceleration will go on till it arrives at a certain limit,
+when it will be changed into a retardation, or in other words, there are
+two limits between which the lunar period fluctuates, but neither of
+which it can pass.
+
+PASCHE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Fine Arts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HANS HOLBEIN.
+
+
+Holbein is the man who has been hitherto considered as the most
+brilliant genius Switzerland has produced in the art of painting. He
+is here universally believed to have been a native of Switzerland. His
+earliest biographers, Mander and Patin, asserted that he was born at
+Basel, and they have been copied by all our biographical dictionaries.
+Another biographer, however, appears, himself a Swiss, and known as the
+author of some other clever works, and proves, on the most satisfactory
+evidence, that Holbein was born 1498, at Augsburg, in Germany; but that
+his father, a painter too, came to Basel between 1504-8, probably at the
+invitation of the magistrates of Basel, as they required a painter to
+decorate their newly-built council-hall.
+
+Holbein gave early proofs of his aspiring talent. When fifteen years
+old, he exhibited an oil-painting, which, though defective in colouring,
+raised high expectations by its clearness and softness of execution.
+This painting is still to be seen in the public library at Basel, and
+bears the date of 1513. Of the same year, a sketch, with the monogram
+HH, is extant, representing three watchmen with halberds. His two
+brothers were also painters; only a few paintings are left of the elder,
+Ambrose, and none of the younger brother Bruno; both died prematurely.
+In the year 1520, Holbein was presented with the freedom of the town of
+Basel.
+
+Switzerland held constant communications with Germany and the
+Netherlands, but less with Italy. A number of painters lived at that
+time in Germany, whose names have not been recorded by any German
+Vasari, and their master works have been long neglected. In Holbein's
+time Albrecht Durer enjoyed the primary reputation. Martin Schoen had
+preceded him at Colmar, in Alsace; Manuel painted at Bern, Hans Asper at
+Zurich, and at Basel itself there were other painters besides Holbein.
+Half a century before him the _Dance of Death_ had been painted,
+after the disaster of a plague, on the walls of a church-yard at Basel.
+
+The council-hall at Basel gave occupation to architects from 1508 till
+1520. It is believed that Holbein painted three of the walls, only one
+of which (hid behind old tapestry, and discovered again in 1817) has
+escaped the ravages of time. It represents M. Curius Dentatus cooking
+his dinner, whilst the Samnites offer silver plates with money. "The
+last Judgment," where a pope, with priests and monks, sink into the
+flames of hell, is not the work of Holbein, but was done in 1610, during
+good Protestant times.
+
+A good number of stories are told of Holbein. Unable to pay his debts in
+a tavern, he discharged the bill by decorating the walls with paintings
+of flowers. Another time, for a similar purpose, he covered the walls
+all over with "the merry dance of peasants;" and in order to deceive one
+of his employers, he painted his own legs beneath the high scaffolding,
+that the watchful citizen should not suspect his having abandoned his
+work to carouse in wine-cellars. Here our biographer gravely says, "a
+man of spirit could not be expected to sit quietly painting the whole
+day long in the heat of the sun, or in the rain; if he saw a good friend
+go to the tavern, he felt disposed to follow him." Holbein did not keep
+the best company; but in this he resembled Rembrandt, who said, that
+when he wished to amuse himself, he avoided the company of the great,
+which put a restraint upon him; "for pleasure," he adds, "consists in
+perfect liberty only." Holbein no doubt felt a contempt for the great
+people of his time, as they did not understand much about his art, which
+he valued above all things.
+
+Holbein's wife, and he married early, was a perfect Xantippe, too shrewd
+to be despised, and not handsome enough to be admired. In the library at
+Basel is a family picture of Holbein, in which she is introduced, almost
+unconscious of the two children about her; but Holbein very shrewdly
+forgot to paint himself there. But he took care of the interests of his
+family, and obtained them a pension from the magistrates of Basel,
+during his stay in England. This pension was paid for past services, and
+in order to induce him finally to fix his residence in Switzerland.
+
+The absence of matrimonial felicity was probably an additional motive
+for Holbein to seek employment as an itinerant painter. He visited
+several Swiss towns, but certainly never saw Luther and Melancthon, so
+that the portraits of Luther and Melancthon exhibited in Italy, Germany,
+and England, as works of Holbein, cannot be genuine; and it is very
+improbable that he should have copied the works of Lucas Cranach, who
+several times painted the portraits of those lights of the reformation.
+Erasmus was frequently painted by Holbein; and as those portraits were
+sent as presents to the friends of Erasmus, Holbein's name became known
+all over Europe.
+
+Holbein came to England in the year 1526, and Sir Thomas More wrote to
+Erasmus that he would take care of him. Sir Thomas received him into his
+own house at Chelsea, and there Henry VIII. saw him one day, when paying
+a visit to the former. He took him instantly into his service, gave him
+apartments in the royal palace, and a salary of 30_l_. a-year.
+Holbein's long residence in the house of Sir Thomas More had a good
+effect upon him; for although Erasmus describes the women of England as
+"nymphae divinis vultibus, blandae, faciles," yet Holbein seems to have
+resisted those temptations in London, which rendered his conduct at
+Basel so reprehensible. Holbein twice revisited Switzerland, once in
+1526, the second and last time in 1538: the zealots had just destroyed
+all the images; and even some painters, infected with the spirit of the
+age, had declared they would rather starve, than break the second
+commandment. In England the same work of devastation took place; but
+Henry VIII., notwithstanding, gave Holbein abundance of work, as he had
+to paint all his royal consorts in succession, besides a number of
+portraits for English noblemen.
+
+His sketches of heads, now existing at Kensington, of various people who
+lived at the court of Henry VIII., and among them one of that monarch,
+are exquisite productions. Imitations of the original drawings have been
+published by J. Chamberlaine, fol. Lond. 1792. One picture of Holbein is
+supposed to be in Surgeons' Hall. Some wood-cuts to Cranmer's Catechism
+(1548) were made by Holbein. Our biographer, who had never seen the work
+himself, was led by Walpole [_Anecdotes of Painting_] to believe,
+that all the wood-cuts were from Holbein.
+
+With respect to the famous "Dance of Death," the biographer tells us,
+what we have already stated, that the painting on the wall of the
+church-yard at Basel is not the work of Holbein; the costumes are of a
+time anterior to Holbein. There was also a "Dance of Death" painted on
+the wall of a convent at Bern by Manuel, who lived a little before
+Holbein. Only on the supposition that the "Dance of Death" at Basel was
+Holbein's work, could that of Bern be said to be the first of its kind.
+But, on comparing the costumes, it appears again, that the "Dance of
+Death" at Bern must have been painted subsequently to that at Basel. No
+"Dance of Death" of an earlier date was known, until another was
+discovered on the wall of a convent of nuns at Klingenthal, on the right
+bank of the Rhine, at Basel. This bears the date of 1312, and is
+therefore a whole century prior to the other, which cannot have been
+painted before the year 1439. It has been supposed, that the idea of the
+"Dance of Death" was taken from certain processions very much in vogue
+during the middle ages; and it is singular enough, that up to this day,
+in funeral processions in Italy, long white robes are used, which wholly
+cover the head, with only two holes for the eyes. But the coincidence of
+another plague at Basel, which, about the year 1312, destroyed above
+11,000 people, renders it more than probable that the artist availed
+himself of the impression which such a dreadful mortality must have made
+on the minds of all the surviving, to represent how inexorable death
+drags to the grave, in terrible sport, rich and poor, high and low,
+clergymen and laity.
+
+On the authority of Nieuhoff, a Dutchman, who came over to England with
+William III., Mr. Douce asserts, that Holbein had painted the "Dance of
+Death" on the walls of Whitehall. Borbonius might then have had in mind
+this painting, when he mentioned the "Mors picta" of Holbein; but three
+biographers of Holbein, Mander, Sandrart, and Patin, were in England
+before Whitehall was destroyed by fire, and make no mention of this
+painting, although Mander speaks of other paintings of Holbein,
+particularly the portrait of Henry VIII., that were preserved at
+Whitehall. Mander states, that he also saw at Whitehall the portraits of
+Edward, Maria, and Elizabeth, by Holbein, "die oock ter selver plaetse
+te sien zyn."
+
+Sandrart, whose work was published in 1675, also mentions the paintings
+of Holbein at Whitehall. Is it credible, that three travellers, two of
+whom were distinguished artists themselves, should have been at
+Whitehall, and seen there the paintings of Holbein, without taking
+notice of the "Dance of Death," if it had been in that place?
+
+Holbein died of the plague in London, 1554.--_Westminster Review_.
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+When I see the spirit of liberty in action, I see a strong principle at
+work; and, this for awhile, is all I can possibly know of it. The wild
+gas, the fixed air, is plainly broke loose; but we ought to suspend our
+judgment until the first effervescence is a little subsided, till the
+liquor is cleared, and until we see something deeper than the agitation
+of a troubled and frothy surface. I must be tolerably sure, before I
+venture publicly to congratulate men upon a blessing, that they have
+really received one.--_Burke_.
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+If we must lash one another, let it be with the manly strokes of wit and
+satire; for I am of the old philosopher's opinion, that if I must suffer
+from one or the other, I would rather it should be from the paw of a
+lion, than from the hoof of an ass.--_Addison_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: The Central Market, Leeds.]
+
+
+
+
+THE CENTRAL MARKET, LEEDS.
+
+
+As one of the most elegant and useful buildings of the important town of
+Leeds, and as characteristic of the public spirit of its inhabitants,[2]
+the above engraving cannot fail to prove acceptable to our readers;
+while it may serve as an excitement to similar exertions in other
+districts.
+
+The Central Market, is erected on the site of the old post-office, at
+the north-east corner of Duncan-street, the foundation stone of which
+was laid in 1824. The whole site was excavated, and is divided into
+cellars, arched and groined, with a spacious area round the whole, for
+the convenience of access to each, and lighted by powerful convex lenses
+from the interior of the building. Over these is the principal
+building--an enclosed market-house, with twenty shops round the exterior
+for butchers and others, and twenty others corresponding in size with
+them, fronting the interior. The space within these, on the ground
+floor, is fitted up with twenty single stands for fruit and vegetables.
+Three sides of the square form a spacious gallery, commodiously fitted
+up with thirty-six stands of convenient dimensions, as a Bazaar. The
+interior is lighted and ventilated by three rows of windows, one row on
+the Bazaar floor, and two rows in the roof. The roof, the carpentry of
+which has been pronounced a master-piece, is supported by twelve
+cast-iron columns and sixteen oak pillars, and is 34 ft. 6 in. high; the
+height from the floor to the upper point of the ceiling being 54 ft. 4
+in. The size within the walls is 138 ft. by 103 ft. The principal
+entrance is at the south front from Duncan-street, on each side of which
+are three large shops fronting the street, with a suite of six offices
+above. Over this entrance is an entablature richly embellished with fine
+masonry, and supported with two Ionic columns, and two pilasters or
+antaes, 30 ft. high. In the centre of the front, as well as within the
+market, it is intended to place a clock. The outer boundary of the
+market, which forms three sides of the square, and is separated from
+the enclosed market by a carriage road, consists of twenty-five shops
+devoted exclusively to butchers and fishmongers. At the south-west
+corner of these is an hotel; at the south-east corner, near Call-lane,
+are two shops, with offices above; and, in another part, a house for the
+clerk of the market. There are four pumps on the premises, and the floor
+of the interior is so contrived and fitted up with proper drains, that
+it can be washed down at pleasure. The whole will be lighted with gas.
+
+The architect of the Central Market is Francis Goodwin, Esq., and it is
+but justice to say, that it is highly creditable to his taste and skill.
+The front is of the Grecian order, and perhaps the largest piece of
+masonry in the county of York, with the fewest observable joints. It is
+expected to prove an advantageous investment.
+
+    [2] Too much praise cannot be conferred on this and similar instances
+        of provincial improvement; while it is much to be regretted
+        that such praise cannot be extended to the _metropolis_ of
+        England; for, strange to say, LONDON is still without a
+        market-place suitable to its commercial consequence. Hence,
+        Smithfield market is almost a public nuisance, while its extensive
+        business is settled in public-houses in the neighbourhood; and the
+        hay market, held in the fine broad street of that name, but ill
+        accords with the courtly vicinity of Pall Mall and St. James's.
+        It is, however, to _fruit and vegetable markets_ that this
+        observation is particularly applicable: for instance, what a
+        miserable scene is the area of _Covent Garden market_. The
+        non-completion of the piazza square is much to be lamented, while
+        splendid streets and towns are erecting on every side of the
+        metropolis. How unworthy, too, is the market, of association with
+        Inigo Jones's noble Tuscan church of St. Paul, "the handsomest
+        barn in Europe." To quote Sterne, we must say "they manage these
+        things better in France," where the _halles_, or markets are among
+        the noblest of the public buildings. Neither can any Englishman,
+        who has seen the markets of Paris, but regret the absence of
+        fountains from the markets of London. They are among the most
+        tasteful embellishments of Paris, and their presence in the
+        markets cannot be too much admired. Water is, unquestionably, the
+        most salutary and effective cleanser of vegetable filth which is
+        necessarily generated on the sites of markets; but in London its
+        useful introduction is limited to a few pumps, and its ornamental
+        to one or two solitary _jets d'eau_ in almost unfrequented
+        places. It should be added, that in Southwark, an extensive and
+        commodious market-place is just completed, and the tolls are
+        proportionally increasing. A similar improvement is much wanted in
+        Covent Garden, by which means many of the evils of that spot would
+        be abated, and instead of seeing Nature's choicest productions
+        huddled together, and being ourselves tortured in the scramble and
+        confusion of a crowd, we might then range through the avenues of
+        Covent Garden with all the comfort which our forefathers were wont
+        to enjoy on this spot, or certainly with comparative ease.--ED.
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+
+
+_THE SELECTOR_;
+
+AND
+
+LITERARY NOTICES OF
+
+_NEW WORKS_.
+
+
+RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEON.
+
+
+With his passions, and in spite of his errors, Napoleon is, taking him
+all in all, the greatest warrior of modern times. He carried into battle
+a stoical courage, a profoundly calculated tenacity, a mind fertile in
+sudden inspirations, which by unhopedfor resources disconcerted the
+plans of the enemy. Let us beware of attributing a long series of
+success to the organic power of the masses which he set in motion. The
+most experienced eye could scarcely discover in them any thing but
+elements of disorder. Still less let it be said that he was a successful
+captain because he was a mighty monarch. Of all his campaigns, the most
+memorable are,--the campaign of the Adige, where the general of
+yesterday, commanding an army by no means numerous, and at first badly
+appointed, placed himself at once above Turenne and on a level with
+Frederick; and the campaign in France in 1814, when, reduced to a
+handful of harassed troops, he combated a force of ten times their
+number. The last flashes of imperial lightning still dazzled the eyes of
+our enemies; and it was a fine sight to see the bounds of the old lion
+tracked, hunted down, beset, presenting a lively picture of the days of
+his youth, when his powers developed themselves in the fields of
+carnage.
+
+Napoleon possessed, in an eminent degree, the faculties requisite for
+the profession of arms; temperate and robust, watching and sleeping at
+pleasure, appearing unawares where he was least expected, he did not
+disregard details to which important results are sometimes attached. The
+hand which had just traced rules for the government of many millions of
+men would frequently rectify an incorrect statement of the situation of
+a regiment, or write down whence two hundred conscripts were to be
+obtained, and from what magazine their shoes were to be taken. A patient
+and easy interlocutor, he was a home questioner, and he could listen--a
+rare talent in the grandees of the earth. He carried with him into
+battle a cool and impassable courage; never was mind so deeply
+meditative, more fertile in rapid and sudden illuminations. On becoming
+emperor he ceased not to be the soldier. If his activity decreased with
+the progress of age, that was owing to the decrease of his physical
+powers.
+
+In games of mingled calculation and hazard, the greater the advantages
+which a man seeks to obtain, the greater risks he must run. It is
+precisely this that renders the deceitful science of conquerors so
+calamitous to nations. Napoleon, though naturally adventurous, was not
+deficient in consistency or method; and he wasted neither his soldiers
+nor his treasures where the authority of his name sufficed. What he
+could obtain by negociations or by artifice, he required not by force of
+arms. The sword, although drawn from the scabbard, was not stained with
+blood, unless it was impossible to attain the end in view by a
+manoeuvre. Always ready to fight, he chose habitually the occasion and
+the ground. Out of fifty battles which he fought, he was the assailant
+in at least forty.
+
+Other generals have equalled him in the art of disposing troops on the
+ground. Some have given battle as well as he did; we could mention
+several who have received it better; but in the manner of directing an
+offensive campaign he has surpassed all.
+
+The wars in Spain and Russia prove nothing in disparagement of his
+genius. It is not by the rules of Montecuculii and Turenne, manoeuvring
+on the Renchen, that we ought to judge of such enterprises. The first
+warred to secure such or such winter-quarters; the other to subdue the
+world. It frequently behoved him not merely to gain a battle, but to
+gain it in such a manner as to astound Europe and to produce gigantic
+results. Thus political views were incessantly interfering with the
+strategic genius; and to appreciate him properly we must not confine
+ourselves within the limits of the art of war. This art is not composed
+exclusively of technical details; it has also its philosophy. To find in
+this elevated region a rival to Napoleon, we must go back to the times
+when the feudal institutions had not yet broken the unity of the ancient
+nations. The founders of religions alone have exercised over their
+disciples an authority comparable with that which made him the absolute
+master of his army. This moral power became fatal to him, because he
+strove to avail himself of it even against the ascendancy of material
+force, and because it led him to despise positive rules, the long
+violation of which will not remain unpunished.
+
+When pride was hurrying Napoleon towards his fall, he happened to say,
+"France has more need of me than I have of France." He spoke the truth.
+But why had he become necessary? Because he had committed the destiny of
+the French to the chances of an interminable war; because, in spite of
+the resources of his genius, that war, rendered daily more hazardous by
+his staking the whole of his force, and by the boldness of his
+movements, risked in every campaign, in every battle, the fruits of
+twenty years of triumph; because his government was so modelled that
+with him every thing must be swept away, and that a re-action
+proportioned to the violence of the action must burst forth at once both
+within and without. The mania of conquest had reversed the state of
+things in Europe; we, the eldest born of liberty and independence, were
+spilling our blood in the service of royal passions against the cause of
+nations, and outraged nations were turning round upon us, more terrible
+from being armed with the principles which we had forsaken.
+
+At times, this immense mass of passions which he was accumulating
+against him, this multitude of avenging arms ready to be raised, filled
+his ambitious spirit with involuntary apprehension. Looking around him,
+he was alarmed to find himself solitary, and conceived the idea of
+strengthening his power by moderating it. Then it was that he thought of
+creating an hereditary peerage, and reconstructing his monarchy on more
+secure foundations. But Napoleon saw without illusion to the bottom of
+things. The nation, wholly and continually occupied in prosecuting the
+designs of its chief, had previously not had time to form any plans for
+itself. The day on which it should have ceased to be stunned by the din
+of arms, it would have called itself to account for its servile
+obedience. It is better, thought he, for an absolute prince to fight
+foreign armies, than to have to struggle against the energy of the
+citizens. Despotism had been organized for making war; war was continued
+to uphold despotism. The die was cast; France must either conquer
+Europe, or Europe subdue France.
+
+Napoleon fell: he fell, because with the men of the nineteenth century
+he attempted the work of an Attila and a Genghis Khan; because he gave
+the reins to an imagination directly contrary to the spirit of his age,
+with which nevertheless his reason was perfectly acquainted; because he
+would not pause on the day when he felt conscious of his inability to
+succeed. Nature has fixed a boundary, beyond which extravagant
+enterprises cannot be carried with prudence. This boundary the emperor
+reached in Spain, and he overleaped it in Russia. Had he then escaped
+destruction, his inflexible presumption would have caused him to find
+elsewhere a Baylen and a Moscow-- _History of the War in the
+Peninsula, from the French of General Foy._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ROBINSON CRUSOES.
+
+
+At one of the islands belonging to Juan de Ampues, the pilot ran away.
+Cifuentes and his crew, all equally ignorant of navigation, made sail
+for San Domingo, were dismasted in a gale of wind, and driven in the
+night upon the "Serrana" shoals; the crew, a flask of powder and steel,
+were saved, but nothing else. They found sea-calves and birds upon the
+island, and were obliged to eat them raw, and drink their blood, for
+there was no water. After some weeks, they made a raft with fragments of
+the wreck, lashed together with calf-skin thongs: three men went off
+upon it, and were lost. Two, and a boy, staid upon the island--one of
+whom, Moreno, died four days afterwards raving mad, having gnawed the
+flesh off his arms: the survivors, Master John and the boy, dug holes in
+the sand with tortoise-shells, and lined them with calf-skins to catch
+the rain. Where the vessel was wrecked, they found a stone which served
+them for a flint; this invaluable prize enabled them to make a fire.
+Two men had been living upon another island two leagues from them, in
+similar distress, for five years; these saw the fire, and upon a raft
+joined their fellow sufferers. They now built a boat with the fragments
+of the wreck, made sails of calf-skins, and caulked her with their fat,
+mixed with charcoal: one man and the boy went away in her: Master John,
+and one whose name has not been preserved, would not venture in her:
+they made themselves coracles with skins, and coasted round the shoals,
+which they estimated at twelve leagues long. At low water there were
+seventeen islands, but only five which were not sometimes overflowed.
+Fish, turtle, sea-calves, birds, and a root like purslane, was their
+food. The whites of turtle-eggs, when dried and buried for a fortnight,
+turned to water, which they found good drink: five months in the year
+these eggs were their chief food. They clothed themselves and covered
+their huts with calf-skins, and made an enclosure to catch fish,
+twenty-two fathoms long, with stones brought out of the sea--and raised
+two towers in the same laborious way, sixteen fathoms in circumference
+at the base, and four in height, at the north and south extremities of
+the island: upon these they made fires as signals. To avoid the crabs
+and snails which tormented them at night, they slept in the day time.
+
+Three years after the other went way, John's sufferings began to affect
+his reason: in a fit of despair, he applied to the devil for that relief
+his prayers had failed to bring; and, rising in the dark, he fancied the
+devil was close to the hut. John awakened his companion, and taking a
+crucifix for protection, ran praying to the other end of the island.
+About a fortnight afterwards, John thought he heard his visiter again,
+but did not see him. And it now pleased God to relieve them: they saw a
+ship, and made a great smoke upon their tower, which was seen. John and
+his companion were carried to the Havannah, where their appearance and
+story attracted great attention. John was twice sick during the eight
+years, both times in August, and both times bled himself.--_Southey's
+Chronological History of the West Indies._
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+FIRST APPEARANCES OF MISS STEPHENS AND MR. KEAN.
+
+
+During this memorable era of the British Stage, Mr. Hazlit was engaged
+as theatrical reporter to the _Morning Chronicle_, newspaper, then
+conducted by Mr. Perry, and printed on the exact site of the MIRROR
+office: in his _Table Talk_ he gives the following portraiture of
+their theatrical successes:--
+
+What squabbles we used to have about Kean and Miss Stephens, the only
+theatrical favourites I ever had! Mrs. Billington had got some notion
+that Miss Stephens would never make a singer, and it was the torment of
+Perry's life (as he told me in confidence) that he could not get any two
+people to be of the same opinion on any one point. I shall not easily
+forget bringing him my account of her first appearance in the
+_Beggar's Opera_. I have reason to remember that article: it was
+almost the last I ever wrote with any pleasure to myself. I had been
+down on a visit to my friends near Chertsey, and, on my return, had
+stopped at an inn at Kingston-upon-Thames, where I had got the
+_Beggar's Opera_, and had read it overnight. The next day I walked
+cheerfully to town. It was a fine sunny morning, in the end of autumn,
+and as I repeated the beautiful song, "Life knows no return of spring,"
+I meditated my next day's criticism, trying to do all the justice I
+could to so inviting a subject. I was not a little proud of it by
+anticipation. I had just then begun to stammer out my sentiments on
+paper, and was in a kind of honey-moon of authorship.
+
+I deposited my account of the play at the _Morning Chronicle_
+office in the afternoon, and went to see Miss Stephens as Polly. Those
+were happy times, in which she first came out in this character, in
+Mandane, where she sang the delicious air, "If o'er the cruel tyrant
+Love," (so as it can never be sung again,) in _Love in a Village_,
+where the scene opened with her and Miss Matthews in a painted garden of
+roses and honeysuckles, and "Hope thou nurse of young Desire," thrilled
+from two sweet voices in turn. Oh! may my ears sometimes still drink the
+same sweet sounds, embalmed with the spirit of youth, of health, and
+joy, but in the thoughts of an instant, but in a dream of fancy, and I
+shall hardly need to complain! When I got back, after the play, Perry
+called out, with his cordial, grating voice, "Well, how did she do?" and
+on my speaking in high terms, answered, that "he had been to dine with
+his friend the duke, that some conversation had passed on the subject,
+he was afraid it was not the thing, it was not the true _sostenuto_
+style; but as I had written the article" (holding my peroration on the
+_Beggar's Opera_ carelessly in his hand) "it might pass!" I could
+perceive that the rogue licked his lips at it, and had already in
+imagination "bought golden opinions of all sorts of people" by this very
+criticism, and I had the satisfaction the next day to meet Miss Stephens
+coming out of the editor's room, who had been to thank him for his very
+flattering account of her.
+
+I was sent to see Kean the first night of his performance of Shylock,
+when there were about a hundred people in the pit, but from his masterly
+and spirited delivery of the first striking speech, "On such a day you
+called me dog," &c. I perceived it was a hollow thing. So it was given
+out in the _Chronicle_, but Perry was continually at me as other
+people were at him, and was afraid it would not last. It was to no
+purpose I said it _would last_: yet I am in the right hitherto.
+It has been said, ridiculously, that Mr. Kean was written up in the
+_Chronicle_. I beg leave to state my opinion that no actor can be
+written up or down by a paper. An author may be puffed into notice, or
+damned by criticism, because his book may not have been read. An artist
+may be over-rated, or undeservedly decried, because the public is not
+much accustomed to see or judge of pictures. But an actor is judged by
+his peers, the play-going public, and must stand or fall by his own
+merits or defects. The critic may give the tone or have a casting voice
+where popular opinion is divided; but he can no more _force_ that
+opinion either way, or wrest it from its base in common-sense and
+feeling, than he can move Stonehenge. Mr. Kean had, however, physical
+disadvantages and strong prejudices to encounter, and so far the
+_liberal_ and _independent_ part of the press might have been
+of service in helping him to his seat in the public favour.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+
+  "I am but a _Gatherer_ and disposer of other men's stuff."--Wotton.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+INSANITY.
+
+
+A French physician, in a recent work on the moral and physical causes of
+insanity, noticing the influence of professions in promoting this
+affliction, brings forward a curious table, showing the relative
+proportion of different professions in a mass of 164 lunatics. It runs
+thus:--merchants, 50; military men, 33; students, 25; administrateurs et
+employés, 21; advocates, notaries, and men of business, 10; artists, 8;
+chemists, 4; medical practitioners, 4; farmers, 4; sailors, 3;
+engineers, 2. Total 164.
+
+Never were the afflictions of Insanity more vividly portrayed than in
+the following lines from _Churchill's Epistle to Hogarth_:--
+
+
+  Sure 'tis a curse which angry fates impose,
+  To mortify man's arrogance, that those
+  Who're fashioned of some better sort of clay,
+  Must sooner than the common herd decay.
+  What bitter pangs must humble genius feel,
+  In their last hour to view a Swift and Steele!
+  How must ill-boding horrors fill their breast,
+  When she beholds men, mark'd above the rest
+  For qualities most dear, plung'd from that height,
+  And sunk, deep sunk, in second childhood's night!
+  Are men indeed such things? and are the best
+  More subject to this evil than the rest,
+  To drivel out whole years of idiot breath,
+  And sit the monuments of living death?
+  O galling circumstance to human pride!
+  Abasing thought! but not to be deny'd.
+  With curious art, the brain too finely wrought,
+  Preys on herself, and is destroyed by thought.
+  Constant attention wears the active mind,
+  Blots out her pow'rs and leaves a blank behind.
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+MACADAMIZATION.
+
+
+  The cost of converting Regent-street,
+  Whitehall-place, and Palace-yard, into
+  broken stone roads, has been               £ 6,055 8_s_. 3_d_.
+
+  Value of old pavement taken up and
+  broken for that purpose                    £ 6,787 7_s_. 0_d_.
+
+                                             ------------
+                                             £12,842 15 3
+                                             ------------
+
+_Parliamentary Papers._
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+SILK
+
+
+According to a late statement of Mr. Huskisson, the silk manufacture of
+England now reaches the enormous amount of fourteen millions sterling
+per annum, and is consequently after cotton, the greatest staple of the
+country.
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+NEW LAMP.
+
+
+At a recent meeting of the Royal Institution an ornamental lamp was
+placed on the library table, the elegant transparent paintings and
+spiral devices of which were kept in rotary motion by the action of the
+current of heated air issuing from the chimneys of the lamp, which
+contrivance is well adapted to a number of purposes of ornamental
+illumination.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+First and last there have been 120,000 copies printed of "Domestic
+Cookery, by a Lady," (Mrs. Rundell;) and 50,000 "Receipt Book," by the
+same authoress.
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near
+Somerset-house,) and sold by all Newsmen and Booksellers._
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, No. 276, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
+
+<title>The Mirror of Literature, Vol. X, No. 276.</title>
+
+  <style type="text/css">
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+
+  .poem                {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;}
+  .poem .stanza        {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;}
+  .poem p              {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+  .poem p.i2           {margin-left: 1em;}
+  .poem p.i4           {margin-left: 2em;}
+  .poem p.i6           {margin-left: 3em;}
+  .poem p.i8           {margin-left: 4em;}
+
+  .figure              {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em; margin: auto;}
+  .figure img          {border: none;}
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+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, No. 276, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, No. 276
+       Volume 10, No. 276, October 6, 1827
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: May 29, 2005 [EBook #15935]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+ <hr class="full" />
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page225" name="page225"></a>[pg 225]</span>
+
+  <h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+  OF<br />
+  LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <table width="100%" summary="Banner">
+    <tr>
+      <td align="left"><b>VOL. X, NO. 276.]</b></td>
+      <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, OCTOBER 6, 1827.</b></td>
+      <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>
+BRISTOL CATHEDRAL.
+</h2>
+
+<div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+<a href="images/276-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/276-1.png"
+alt="Bristol Cathedral." /></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i8">                  There is given</p>
+           <p>  Unto the things of earth, which Time hath bent,</p>
+           <p>  A spirit's feelings, and where he hath leant</p>
+           <p>  His hand, but broke his scythe, there is a power</p>
+           <p>  And magic in the ruin'd battlement</p>
+           <p>  For which the palace of the present hour</p>
+           <p>  Must yield its pomp, and wait till ages are its dower.</p>
+<p style="text-align: right;">BYRON.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>
+The cathedral of Bristol is one of the most interesting relics of
+monastic splendour which have been spared from the wrecks of desolation
+and decay. It is dedicated to the holy and undivided Trinity, and is the
+remains of an abbey or monastery of great magnificence, which was
+dedicated to St. Augustine. The erection of this monastery was begun
+in 1140, and was finished and dedicated in 1148, according to the
+inscription on the tomb of the founder, Robert Fitzharding, the first
+lord of Berkeley, who, together with others of that illustrious family,
+are enshrined within these walls. It was also denominated the monastery
+of the black regular canons of the order of Saint Victor, who are
+mentioned by Leland as the black canons of St. Augustine within the city
+walls. By some historians, Fitzharding is represented as an opulent
+citizen of Bristol; but generally as a younger son or grandson of the
+king of Denmark, and as the youthful companion of Henry II., who,
+betaking himself from the sunshine of royal friendship, became a canon
+of the monastery he himself had founded. In this congenial solitude he
+died in 1170, aged 75. Such is the outline of the foundation of this
+structure, and it is one of the most attractive episodes of the early
+history of England; for the circumstance of a noble exchanging the
+gilded finery of a court, and the gay companionship of his prince, for
+the gloomy cloisters of an abbey, and the ascetic duties of monastic
+life, bespeaks a degree of resolution and self-control which was more
+probably the result of sincere conviction than of momentary caprice.
+</p>
+<p>
+The present cathedral is represented to have been merely the church of
+the monastery, which was entirely rebuilt in the commencement of the
+fourteenth century. The style of architecture in the different parts of
+this cathedral is accurately discriminated in the following account from
+the pen of Bishop Littleton, F.S.A.:&mdash;"The lower parts of the chapter
+house walls," says he, "together with the door-way and
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page226" name="page226"></a>[pg 226]</span>
+
+columns at the entrance of the chapter-house, may be pronounced to be of
+the age of Stephen, or rather prior to his reign, being fine Saxon
+architecture. The inside walls of the chapter-house have round
+ornamental arches intersecting each other. The cathedral appears to be
+of the same style of building throughout, and in no part older than
+Edward the First's time, though some writers suppose the present fabric
+was begun in king Stephen's time; but not a single arch, pillar, or
+window agrees with the mode which prevailed at that time. The great
+gateway leading into the College Green is round-arched, with mouldings
+richly ornamented in the Saxon taste." From this account it appears
+probable that the chapter-house and gateway are all the present remains
+of the ancient monastery. The mutilations which the cathedral of Bristol
+has undergone, are not entirely to be referred to the era of the
+dissolution of the monasteries, since this structure suffered very
+considerably during the period of the civil wars. The ruthless soldiers
+discovered their barbarism by violating the sacred tombs of the dead,
+and by offering every indignity which they supposed would be considered
+a profanation of the places which the piety of their ancestors
+consecrated to religion. At such instances of the violence of civil
+factions, the sensitive mind shudders with disgust.
+</p>
+<p>
+The cathedral of Bristol is rich in monumental tributes to departed
+worth. Among them is an elegant monument, by Bacon, to Mrs. Elizabeth
+Draper, the <i>Eliza</i> of Sterne; and the classical tomb of the
+Hendersons. Here, too, rests Lady Hesketh, the friend of Cowper; Powell,
+of Covent Garden Theatre; besides branches of the Berkeley family, and
+various abbots.
+</p>
+<p>
+The bishopric of Bristol is the least wealthy ecclesiastical promotion
+which confers the dignity of a mitre. Its revenue is generally stated to
+amount to no more than five or six hundred pounds per annum. In the list
+of bishops are Fletcher, father of the celebrated dramatist, the
+colleague of Beaumont; he attended Mary Queen of Scots on the Scaffold;
+Lake, one of the seven bishops committed to the Tower in the time of
+James I.; Trelawney, a familiar name in the events of 1688; Butler, who
+materially improved the episcopal palace of Bristol; Conybeare and
+Newton, names well known in literary history; with the erudite
+Warburton, whose name occurs in the list of deans of Bristol.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+DEBTOR AND CREDITOR.<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a>
+</h3>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  The time is out of joint.&mdash;<i>Hamlet.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  A man of my profession never counterfeits, till he lays hold upon a</p>
+           <p>  debtor and says he <i>rests</i> him: for then he brings him to all</p>
+           <p>  manner of unrest.&mdash;<i>The Bailiff, in 'Every Man in his Humour.'</i></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Run not into debt, either for wares sold or money borrowed; be content</p>
+           <p>  to want things that are not of absolute necessity, rather than to run up</p>
+           <p>  the score: such a man pays at the latter a third part more than the</p>
+           <p>  principal comes to, and is in perpetual servitude to his creditors;</p>
+           <p>  lives uncomfortably; is necessitated to increase his debts to stop his</p>
+           <p>  creditors' mouths; and many times falls into desperate courses.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  SIR M. HALE.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>
+"The greatest of all distinctions in civil life," says Steele, "is that
+of debtor and creditor;" although no kind of slavery is so easily
+endured, as that of being in debt. Luxury and expensive habits, which
+are commonly thought to enlarge our liberty by increasing our
+enjoyments, are thus the means of its infringement; whilst, in nine
+cases out of ten, the lessons taught by this rigid experience lead to
+the bending and breaking of our spirits, and the unfitting of us for the
+rational pleasures of life. All ranks of mankind seem to fall into this
+fatal error, from the voluptuous Cleopatra to the needy philosopher, who
+doles out a mealsworth of morality for his fellow-creatures, and who
+would fain live according to his own precepts, had he not exhausted his
+means in the acquisition of his experience.
+</p>
+<p>
+I blush to confess, that I have often thought the <i>habit of debt</i>
+to be our national inheritance&mdash;from that bugbear of out-of-place men,
+the Sinking Fund, to the parish-clerk, who mortgages his fees at the
+chandler's; and that my countrymen seem to have resolved to increase
+their own enjoyments at the expense of posterity, with whose provision,
+even Swift thinks we have no concern. Again; I have thought that we are
+apt to over-rate our national advancement, by supposing the present race
+to be wiser than the previous one, without once looking into our
+individual contributions to this state of enlightenment. Proud as we are
+of this distinction in the social scale, we can record few instances of
+contemporary genius, and we are bound to confess that men are not a whit
+the better in the present than in the previous generation. Thus we
+hoodwink each other till social outrages become every-day occurrences,
+and every thing but sheer violence is protected by its frequency; and in
+this manner we consent to compromise our happiness, and then affect to
+be astonished at its scarcity. In the later ages of the world, men have
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page227" name="page227"></a>[pg 227]</span>
+
+learned to temporize with principles, and to sacrifice, at the shrine of
+passing interest, as much real virtue as would bear them harmless
+throughout life. Hence, of what more avail is the virtue of the Roman
+fathers, or are the amiable friendships of Scipio and Lelius, than as so
+many amusing fictions to exercise the imaginations of schoolmen in
+drawing outlines of character, which experience does not finish.
+Friends, like certain flowers, bloom around us in the sunshine of
+success; but at night-fall or at the approach of storms, they shut up
+their hearts; and thus, poor victims being rifled of their mind's
+content, with their little string of enjoyments broken up for ever, are
+abandoned to the pity or scorn of bystanders. It is impossible to
+reflect for a moment on such a crisis, without dropping a tear for the
+self-created infirmities of man: but there are considerations at which
+he shudders, and which he would rather varnish over with the sophistry
+of his refinement, and the fallacies of self-conceit.
+</p>
+<p>
+I fear that I am breaking my rule in not confining myself to a few
+shades of debt and conscience, with a view of determining how far they
+are usually reconciled among us. The task may not prove altogether
+fruitless; notwithstanding, to find honest men, would require the
+lantern of Diogenes, and perhaps turn out like Gratiano's wheat.
+</p>
+<p>
+In our youthful days, we all remember to have read a pithy string of
+Maxims by Dr. Franklin; and we are accustomed to admire the pertinence
+of their wit,&mdash;but here their influence too often terminates. Since
+Franklin's time, the practice of getting into debt has become more and
+more easy, notwithstanding men have become more wary. Goldsmith, too,
+gives us a true picture of this habit in his scene with Mr. Padusoy, the
+mercer, a mode which has been found to succeed so well since his time,
+that, with the exception of a few short-cuts by sharpers and other
+proscribed gentry, little amendment has been made. Profuseness on the
+part of the debtor will generally be found to beget confidence on that
+of the creditor; and, in like manner, diffidence will create mistrust,
+and mistrust an entire overthrow of the scheme. An unblushing front, and
+the gift of <i>non chalance</i>, are therefore the best qualifications
+for a debtor to obtain credit, while poor modesty will be starved in her
+own littleness. In vain has Juvenal protested&mdash;"<i>Fronti nulla
+fides;</i>" and have the world been amused with anecdotes of paupers
+dying with money sewed up in their clothes: appearance and assumed
+habits are still the handmaids to confidence; and so long as this system
+exists, the warfare of debtor and creditor will be continued.
+Procrastination will be found to be another furtherance of the system,
+inasmuch as it is too evident throughout life that men are more apt to
+take pleasure "by the forelock," than to calculate its consequence. In
+this manner, men of irregular habits anticipate and forestal every hour
+of their lives, and pleasure and pain alternate, till pain, like debt,
+accumulates, and sinks its patient below the level of the world. Economy
+and forecast do not enter into the composition of such men, nor are such
+lessons often felt or acknowledged, till custom has rendered the heart
+unfit for the reception of their counsels. It is too frequently that the
+neglect of these principles strikes at the root of social happiness, and
+produces those lamentable wrecks of men&mdash;those shadows of sovereignty,
+which people our prisons, poor-houses, and asylums. Genius, with all her
+book-knowledge, is not exempt from this failing; but, on the contrary, a
+sort of fatality seems to attend her sons and daughters, which tarnishes
+their fame, and often exposes them to the brutish attacks of the
+ignorant and vulgar. Wits, and even philosophers, are among this number;
+and we are bound to acknowledge, that, beyond the raciness of their
+writings, there is but little to admire or imitate in the lives of such
+men as Steele, Foote, or Sheridan. It is, however, fit that principle
+should be thus recognised and upheld, and that any dereliction from its
+rules should be placed against the account of such as enjoy other
+degrees of superiority, and allowed to form an item in the scale of
+their merits.
+</p>
+<center>
+(<i>To be concluded in our next.</i>)
+</center>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	AN ENGLISHMAN'S PRAYER
+</h3>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Grant, righteous Heaven, however cast my fate</p>
+           <p>  On social duties or in toils of state,</p>
+           <p>  Whether at home dispensing equal laws,</p>
+           <p>  Or foremost struggling for the world's applause,</p>
+           <p>  As neighbour, husband, brother, sire, or son,</p>
+           <p>  In every work, accomplished or begun,</p>
+           <p>  Grant that, by me, thy holy will be done.</p>
+           <p>  When false ambition tempts my soul to rise,</p>
+           <p>  Teach me her proffer'd honours to despise,</p>
+           <p>  Though chains or poverty await the just,</p>
+           <p>  Though villains lure me to betray my trust,</p>
+           <p>  Unmoved by wealth, unawed by tyrant, might</p>
+           <p>  Still let me steadily pursue the right,</p>
+           <p>  Hold fast my plighted faith, nor stoop to give</p>
+           <p>  For lengthen'd life, the only cause to live.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page228" name="page228"></a>[pg 228]</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+	ITALY.
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+(<i>To the Editor of the Mirror</i>.)
+</center>
+
+<p>
+SIR,&mdash;Is your correspondent (see the MIRROR of the 15th of September)
+quite right in asserting that Italy has invariably retained the same
+name from its first settlement? or would the fact be singular if true?
+Virgil, in his first book of the <i>Æneid</i>, implies that it had at
+least <i>two</i> names before that of Italy. "<i>Ænotrii</i> coluere viri;"
+"<i>Hesperiam</i> graii cognomine dicunt;" "Itali ducis de nomine." His
+works are not at hand, so that I cannot specify the line; but the
+passage is repeated three or four times in the course of the poem, and
+the reference, therefore, to it is peculiarly easy.
+</p>
+<p>
+In other places, as you may remember, he gives it the appellation of
+"Ausonia."
+</p>
+<p>
+Now as to the singularity of the circumstance, supposing it were
+otherwise, to what does it amount but this: that when Italian power
+extended over the countries of Europe, Italian names were given them;
+that as this power declined, these names as naturally fell into disuse;
+and the different nations, actuated severally by a spirit of
+independence or of caprice, recurred to their own or foreign tongues for
+the designation of their territory. While at Rome itself, which, though
+often suffering from the calamities of war, still retained a
+considerable share of influence, the inhabitants adhered to their native
+dialect, and the same city which had been the birth-place and cradle of
+the infant language was permitted to become its sanctuary at last.
+</p>
+<h4>
+Y.M.
+</h4>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>
+	SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+</h2>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+ELISE.
+</h3>
+
+<h4>
+(<i>By L.E.L.</i>)
+</h4>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  O Let me love her! she has past</p>
+<p class="i2">    Into my inmost heart&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  A dweller on the hallowed ground</p>
+<p class="i2">    Of its least worldly part;</p>
+           <p>  Where feelings and where memories dwell</p>
+<p class="i2">    Like hidden music in the shell.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  She was so like the forms that float</p>
+<p class="i2">    On twilight's hour to me,</p>
+           <p>  Making of cloud-born shapes and thoughts</p>
+<p class="i2">    A dear reality;</p>
+           <p>  As much a thing of light and air</p>
+<p class="i2">    As ever poet's visions were.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  I left smoke, vanities, and cares,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Just far enough behind,</p>
+           <p>  To dream of fairies 'neath the moon,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Of voices on the wind,</p>
+           <p>  And every fantasy of mine</p>
+<p class="i2">    Was truth in that sweet face of thine.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Her cheek was very, very pale,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Yet it was still more fair;</p>
+           <p>  Lost were one half its loveliness,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Had the red rose been there:</p>
+           <p>  But now that sad and touching grace</p>
+           <p>  Made her's seem like an angel's face.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  The spring, with all its breath and bloom,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Hath not so dear a flower,</p>
+           <p>  As the white lily's languid head</p>
+<p class="i2">    Drooping beneath the shower;</p>
+           <p>  And health hath ever waken'd less</p>
+           <p>  Of deep and anxious tenderness.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  And O thy destiny was love,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Written in those soft eyes;</p>
+           <p>  A creature to be met with smiles.</p>
+<p class="i2">    And to be watch'd with sighs;</p>
+           <p>  A sweet and fragile blossom, made</p>
+           <p>  To be within the bosom laid.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  And there are some beneath whose touch</p>
+<p class="i2">    The coldest hearts expand,</p>
+           <p>  As erst the rocks gave forth their tears</p>
+<p class="i2">    Beneath the prophet's hand;</p>
+           <p>  And colder than that rock must be</p>
+           <p>  The heart that melted not for thee.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Thy voice&mdash;thy poet lover's song</p>
+<p class="i2">    Has not a softer tone;</p>
+           <p>  Thy dark eyes&mdash;only stars at night</p>
+<p class="i2">    Such holy light have known;</p>
+           <p>  And thy smile is thy heart's sweet sign,</p>
+           <p>  So gentle and so feminine.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  I feel, in gazing on thy face,</p>
+<p class="i2">    As I had known thee long;</p>
+           <p>  Thy looks are like notes that recall</p>
+<p class="i2">    Some old remembered song</p>
+           <p>  By all that touches and endears,</p>
+           <p>  Lady, I must have loved thee years.</p>
+<p style="text-align: right;"><i>Literary Gazette.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	COLONEL GEORGE HANGER.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Dining on one occasion at Carlton-house, it is said that, after the
+bottle had for some time circulated, his good-humoured volubility
+suddenly ceased, and he seemed for a time to be wholly lost in thought.
+While he "chewed the cud" in this ruminating state, his illustrious host
+remarked his very unusual quiescency, and interrupted it by inquiring
+the subject of his meditation. "I have been reflecting, Sir," replied
+the colonel, "on the lofty independence of my present situation. I have
+compromised with my creditors, paid my washerwoman, and have three
+shillings and sixpence left for the pleasures and necessities of life,"
+exhibiting at the same time current coin of the realm, in silver and
+copper, to that amount, upon the splendid board at which he sat.
+</p>
+<p>
+Having occasion to express his gratitude to his friend and patron for
+his nomination to a situation under government (which, had he been
+prudent, might have sufficed for genteel support), it is said that the
+royal personage condescended
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page229" name="page229"></a>[pg 229]</span>
+
+to observe, on the colonel's expatiating on the advantages of his
+office, that "now he was rich, he would so far impose upon his
+hospitality as to dine with him;" at the same time insisting on the
+repast being any thing but extravagant. "I shall give your royal
+highness a leg of mutton, and nothing more, by G&mdash;&mdash;," warmly replied
+the gratified colonel, in his plain and homely phrase. The day was
+nominated, and the colonel had sufficient time to recur to his budget
+and bring his ways and means into action. Where is the sanguineless
+being whose hopes have never led him wrong? if such there be, the
+colonel was not one of those. Long destitute of credit and resources, he
+looked upon his appointment as the incontestable source of instant
+wealth, and he hesitated not to determine upon the forestalment of its
+profits to entertain the "first gentleman in England." But, alas! agents
+and brokers have flinty hearts. There were doubts (not of his word, for
+with creditors that he had never kept), but of the accidents of life,
+either naturally, or by one of those casualties he had depicted in the
+front of his book. In short, the day approached&mdash;nay, actually arrived,
+and his pockets could boast little more than the once vaunted half-crown
+and a shilling. Here was a state sufficient to drive one of less
+strength of mind to despair. As a friend, a subject, a man of honour,
+and one who prided himself upon a tenacious adherence to his word (when
+the aforesaid creditors were not concerned), he felt keenly all the
+horrors of his situation.
+</p>
+<p>
+The day arrived, and etiquette demanded that the proper officer should
+examine and report upon the nature of the expected entertainment, a duty
+that had been deferred until a late hour of the day. Well was it that
+the confiding prince had not wholly dispensed with that form; for verily
+the said officer found the colonel, with a dirty scullion for his aide
+du camp, in active and zealous preparation for his royal visiter; his
+shirt sleeves tucked up, while he ardently basted the identical and
+solitary "leg of mutton" as it revolved upon the spit: potatoes were to
+be seen delicately insinuated into the pan beneath to catch the rich
+exudation of the joint; while several tankards of foaming ale, and what
+the French term "bread à discretion," announced that, in quantity, if
+not in quality, he had not been careless in providing for the
+entertainment of his illustrious guest. Although the colonel's culinary
+skill leaves no doubt that the leg of mutton would have sustained
+(according to Mr. Hunt's elegant phraseology) critical discussion on its
+intrinsic merits, or on its concoction; and although the dinner might
+have been endured by royalty (of whose homely appetite the ample
+gridiron at Alderman Combe's brewery then gave ample proof), yet his
+royal highness's poodles would assuredly have perspired through every
+pore at the very mention of what a certain nobleman used to term a
+"jig-hot;" so the feast was dispensed with, and due acknowledgment made
+for the evident proofs of hospitality which had been displayed.
+</p>
+<p>
+After various vicissitudes of life and fortune, in Hanger's advanced
+age, a coronet became his, and it came opportunely; for he had at length
+learned experience, and knowing the value of the competence he had
+obtained, he resolved to enjoy it. He had had enough of fashion; and had
+proved all its allurements. So he took a small house in a part of
+earth's remoter regions, no great way from Somers' Town, near which
+stood a public-house he was fond of visiting, and there, as the price of
+his sanction, and in acknowledgment of his rank, a large chair by the
+fire-side was exclusively appropriated to the peer.&mdash;<i>New Monthly
+Magazine.</i>
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	ANECDOTES OF UGO FOSCOLO, THE ITALIAN POET.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Foscolo was in person about the middle height, and somewhat thin,
+remarkably clean and neat in his dress,&mdash;although on ordinary occasions,
+he wore a short jacket, trousers of coarse cloth, a straw hat, and thick
+heavy shoes; the least speck of dirt on his own person, or on that of
+any of his attendants, seemed to give him real agony. His countenance
+was of a very expressive character, his eyes very penetrating, although
+they occasionally betrayed a restlessness and suspicion, which his words
+denied; his mouth was large and ugly, his nose drooping, in the way that
+physiognomists dislike, but his forehead was splendid in the extreme;
+large, smooth, and exemplifying all the power of thought and reasoning,
+for which his mind was so remarkable. It was, indeed, precisely the same
+as that we see given in the prints of Michael Angelo; he has often heard
+the comparison made, and by a nod assented to it. In his living, Foscolo
+was remarkably abstemious. He seldom drank more than two glasses of
+wine, but he was fond of having all he eat and drank of the very best
+kind, and laid out with great attention to order. He always took coffee
+immediately after dinner. His house,&mdash;I speak of the one he built for
+himself,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page230" name="page230"></a>[pg 230]</span>
+
+near the Regent's Park,&mdash;was adorned with furniture of the most costly
+description; at one time he had five magnificent carpets, one under
+another, on his drawing-room, and no two chairs in his house were alike.
+His tables were all of rare and curious woods. Some of the best busts
+and statues (in plaster) were scattered through every apartment,&mdash;and on
+those he doated with a fervour scarcely short of adoration. I remember
+his once sending for me in great haste, and when I entered his library,
+I found him kneeling, and exclaiming, "beautiful, beautiful." He was
+gazing on the Venus de Medici, which he had discovered looked most
+enchanting, when the light of his lamp was made to shine upon it from a
+particular direction. On this occasion, he had summoned his whole
+household into his library, to witness the discovery which gave him so
+much rapture. In this state, continually exclaiming, "beautiful,
+beautiful," and gazing on the figure, he remained for nearly two hours.
+</p>
+<p>
+He had the greatest dislike to be asked a question, which he did not
+consider important, and used to say, "I have three miseries&mdash;smoke,
+flies, and to be asked a foolish question."
+</p>
+<p>
+His memory was one of the most remarkable. He has often requested me to
+copy for him (from some library) a passage, which I should find in such
+a page of such a book; and appeared as if he never forgot any thing with
+which he was once acquainted.
+</p>
+<p>
+His conversation was peculiarly eloquent and impressive, such as to
+render it evident that he had not been over-rated as an orator, when in
+the days of his glory, he was the admiration of his country. I remember
+his once discoursing to me of language, and saying, "in every language,
+there are three things to be noticed,&mdash;verbs, substantives, and the
+particles; the verbs," holding out his hand, "are as the bones of these
+fingers; the substantives, the flesh and blood; but the particles are
+the sinews, without which the fingers could not move."
+</p>
+<p>
+"There are," said he to me, once, "three kinds of writing&mdash;<i>diplomatic</i>,
+in which you do not come to a point, but write artfully, and not to show
+what you mean; <i>attorney</i>, in which you are brief; and <i>enlarged</i>,
+in which you spread and stretch your thoughts."
+</p>
+<p>
+I have said that his cottage, (built by himself,) near the Regent's
+Park, was very beautiful. I remember his showing me a letter to a
+friend, in which were the following passages:&mdash;After alluding to some
+pecuniary difficulties, he says, "I can easily undergo all privations,
+but my dwelling is always my workshop, and often my prison, and ought
+not to distress me with the appearance of misery, and I confess, in this
+respect, I cannot be acquitted of extravagance."
+</p>
+<p>
+Speaking afterwards of the costliness of his furniture, he observes,
+"they encompass me with an air of respectability, and they give me the
+illusion of not having fallen into the lowest circumstances. I must also
+declare that I will die like a gentleman, on a clean bed, surrounded by
+the Venus's, Apollo's, and the Graces, and the busts of great men; nay,
+even among flowers, and, if possible, while music is breathing around
+me. Far from courting the sympathy of posterity, I will never give
+mankind the gratification of ejaculating preposterous sighs, because I
+died in a hospital, like Camoens, or Tasso; and since I must be buried
+in your country, I am happy in having got, for the remainder of my life,
+a cottage, independent of neighbours, surrounded by flowery shrubs, and
+open to the free air:&mdash;and when I can freely dispose of a hundred
+pounds, I will build a small dwelling for my corpse also, under a
+beautiful oriental plane tree, which I mean to plant next November, and
+cultivate <i>con amore</i>, to the last year of my existence. So far, I
+am, indeed an epicure, but in all other things, I am the most moderate
+of men. I might vie with Pythagoras for sobriety, and even with the
+great Scipio for continence."&mdash;Poor Foscolo! these dreams were far, very
+far from being realized. Within a short time after, his cottage, and all
+its beautiful contents, came to the hammer, and were distributed. A
+wealthy gold-smith now inhabits the dwelling of the poet of Italy. It is
+but justice to his friends to add, that there were circumstances which
+justified them in falling away from him.
+</p>
+<p>
+During a great portion of the time I was acquainted with Ugo Foscolo, he
+was under severe pecuniary distress, chiefly indeed brought on by his
+own thoughtless extravagance, in building and decorating his house. I
+have frequently in those moments seen him beat his forehead, tear his
+hair, and gnash his teeth in a manner horrifying; and often left him at
+night without the least hope of seeing him alive in the morning. He had
+a little Italian dagger which he always kept in his bed-room, and this
+he frequently told me would "drink his heart's blood in the night." "I
+will die," said he, one day, "I am a stranger, and have no friends."
+"Surely, sir," I replied, "a stranger may have friends." "Friends," he
+answered;
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page231" name="page231"></a>[pg 231]</span>
+
+"I have learnt that there is nothing in the word; I assure you, I called
+on W&mdash;&mdash;e, to know if there was anything bad about me in the newspapers;
+everybody seems to be leagued against me&mdash;friends and enemies. I assure
+you, I do not think I will live after next Saturday, unless there is
+some change." At another time he said, "I am surrounded with
+difficulties, and must yield either life or honour; and can you ask me
+which I will give up?" I have now before me a letter of Foscolo's,
+which, after enumerating a long series of evils, concludes thus:&mdash;"Thus,
+if I have not underwent the doom of Tasso, I owe it only to the strength
+of my nerves that have preserved me."
+</p>
+<p>
+The following sonnet was written by Ugo Foscolo, in English, and
+accompanied the Essays on Petrarch, in the edition of that work which
+was printed for private circulation. It was omitted when the volume was
+subsequently published, and is consequently known to very few:
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+	TO CALLIRHOE, AT LAUSANNE.
+</h3>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Her face was veiled; yet to my fancied sight</p>
+           <p>  Love, sweetness, goodness, in her person shin'd.</p>
+           <p>  But, oh! I wak'd.&mdash;&mdash;MILTON.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  I twine far distant from my Tuscan grove,</p>
+           <p>  The lily chaste, the rose that breathes of love,</p>
+           <p>  The myrtle leaf, and Laura's hallow'd bay,</p>
+           <p>  The deathless flowers that bloom o'er Sappho's clay;</p>
+           <p>  For thee, Callirhoe! yet by love and years,</p>
+           <p>  I learn how fancy wakes from joy to tears;</p>
+           <p>  How memory, pensive, 'reft of hope, attends</p>
+           <p>  The exile's path, and bids him fear new friends.</p>
+           <p>  Long may the garland blend its varying hue</p>
+           <p>  With thy bright tresses, and bud ever new</p>
+           <p>  With all spring's odours; with spring's light be drest,</p>
+           <p>  Inhale pure fragrance from thy virgin breast!</p>
+           <p>  And when thou find'st that youth and beauty fly,</p>
+           <p>  As heavenly meteors from our dazzled eye,</p>
+           <p>  Still may the garland shed perfume, and shine,</p>
+           <p>  While Laura's mind and Sappho's heart are thine.</p>
+<p style="text-align: right;"><i>Literary Chronicle.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	ENGLISH FRUITS.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+<i>The Strawberry</i>.&mdash;Many varieties have been imported from other
+countries, and a far greater number have been obtained in this, chiefly
+from seeds properly prepared by cross impregnation; by which means, the
+strawberry has been wonderfully improved; instance the hautboys,
+scarlet, chilli, but particularly the splendid varieties, called
+"Wilmot's superb," and "Keen's seedlings."
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The Raspberry</i>, is also found wild in the British isles, on its
+native site, (with its companions, the bramble, and dewberry)&mdash;its
+shoots and fruits are diminutive, though the flavour of the berry is
+rich. No plant requires the skilful hand of the pruner more than this;
+of all others, it is, perhaps, the most viviparous, throwing up,
+annually, a vast redundancy of shoots, which, if not displaced at the
+proper season, would impoverish not only the fruit of the present, but
+also the bearing wood of the next year. The Dutch fruiterers have been
+successful in obtaining two or three fine varieties from seeds; and as
+this field of improvement is open, no doubt further exertions will bring
+forth new and valuable sorts.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The Gooseberry.</i>&mdash;No domesticated fruit sports into greater
+variety than this: the endless lists of new sorts is a proof of this,
+and many large and excellent sorts there are, particularly the old
+Warrington red.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The Cherry</i>.&mdash;Cultivation has accomplished wonders in the
+improvement of this beautiful native fruit. Instead of a lofty
+forest-tree bearing small bitter fruit, it has been long introduced to
+our orchards, is changed in appearance and habit, and even in its manner
+of bearing; has sported into many varieties, as numerous as they are
+excellent&mdash;nor is such improvement at an end: several new varieties have
+lately started into existence.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The Plum</i>.&mdash;The lowest grade of this class of fruits is the almost
+useless sloe in the hedge; and none but those in some degree acquainted
+with the matter could, on beholding the acidous, puny sloe, and the
+ample, luscious magnum bonum plum, together, readily believe that they
+were kindred, or that the former was the primitive representative of the
+latter. The intermediate links of this connexion are the bullace,
+muscle, damacene, &amp;c., of all which there are many varieties. In
+nurserymen's lists, there are many improved sorts, not only excellent
+plums, but excellent fruit,&mdash;the green gage and imperatrice are
+admirable.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>The Pear</i>, was originally an inhabitant of European forests: there
+it grew to be a middle-sized tree, with small leaves, and hard,
+crude-tasted, petty fruit: since its introduction and naturalization in
+the orchard, it has well repaid the planter's care. The French gardeners
+have been long celebrated for their success and indefatigable
+perseverance in the cultivation of the pear; almost all our superior
+sorts are from that country. The monastic institutions all over Europe,
+but particularly in France, were the sources from whence flowed many
+excellent horticultural rules, as well as objects.
+</p>
+<center>
+(<i>To be concluded in our next</i>.)
+</center>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page232" name="page232"></a>[pg 232]</span>
+</p>
+
+
+<h2>
+	THE MONTHS
+</h2>
+
+<div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+<a href="images/276-2.png"><img width="100%" src="images/276-2.png"
+alt="October." /></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  On the woods are hung</p>
+           <p>  With many tints, the fading livery</p>
+           <p>  Of life, in which it mourns the coming storms</p>
+           <p>  Of winter.</p>
+           <p style="text-align: right;">  PERCIVAL.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<p>
+Change is the characteristic of the month of October; in short, it
+includes the birth and death&mdash;the Alpha and Omega&mdash;of Nature. Hence, it
+is the most inviting to the contemplatist, and during a day in October,
+the genius of melancholy may walk out and take her fill, in meditating
+on its successive scenes of regeneration and decay.
+</p>
+<p>
+Dissemination, or the <i>sowing of seed</i>, is the principal business
+of this month in the economy of nature; which alone is an invaluable
+lesson, a "precept upon precept" to a cultivated mind. This is variously
+effected, besides by the agency of man; and it is a satire on his
+self-sufficiency which should teach him that Nature worketh out her way
+by means that he knoweth not.
+</p>
+<p>
+Planting, that agreeable and patriotic art, is another of the October
+labours. Here, however, the pride of man is again baffled, when he
+considers how many thousand trees are annually planted by <i>birds</i>,
+to whom he evinces his gratitude by destroying them, or cruelly
+imprisoning them for the idle gratification of listening to their
+warbling, which he may enjoy in all its native melody amidst the
+delightful retreats of woods and groves. This leads us to the October
+economy of birds. "Swallows are generally seen for the last time this
+month, the house-martin the latest. The rooks return to the roost trees,
+and the tortoise begins to bury himself for the winter. Woodcocks begin
+to arrive, and keep dropping in from the Baltic singly or in pairs till
+December. The snipe also comes now;" and with the month, by a kind of
+savage charter, commences the destruction of the pheasant, to swell the
+catalogue of the created wants and luxuries of the table. "One of the
+most curious natural appearances," says Mr. L. Hunt, "is the
+<i>gossamer</i>, which is an infinite multitude of little threads shot
+out by minute spiders, who are thus wafted by the wind from place to
+place." In this manner spiders are known to cross extents of many miles.
+</p>
+<p>
+The weather becomes misty, though the middle of the day is often very
+fine. Hence it is the proper season for the enjoyment of forest scenery.
+The leaves, which, towards the close of September, began to assume their
+golden tints and gorgeous hues, now lecture us with their scenes of
+falling grandeur; and nothing is more delightful than in an autumnal
+walk to emerge from the pensive gloom
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page233" name="page233"></a>[pg 233]</span>
+
+of a thick forest, and just catch the last glimpse of an October sun,
+shedding his broad glare over the varied tints of its leaves and
+branches, for the sombre and silvery barks of the latter add not a
+little to the picture. "The hedges," says the author already quoted,
+"are now sparkling with their abundant berries,&mdash;the wild rose with the
+hip, the hawthorn with the haw, the blackthorn with the sloe, the
+bramble with the blackberry; and the briony, privet, honey-suckle,
+elder, holly, and woody nightshade, with their other winter feasts for
+the birds."
+</p>
+<p>
+October is the great month for <i>brewing</i>&mdash;that luxurious and
+substantial branch of rural economy; and many and merry are the songs
+and stories of nut-brown October to "gladden the heart of man," with the
+soul-stirring influence of its regalings. Hops, too, are generally
+picked this month.
+</p>
+<p>
+October in Italy is thus vividly described: "It was now the beginning of
+the month of October; already the gales which attend upon the equinox
+swept through the woods and trees; the delicate chestnut woods, which
+last dare encounter the blasts of spring, and whose tender leaves do not
+expand until they may become a shelter to the swallow, had already
+changed their hues, and shone yellow and red, amidst the sea-green
+foliage of the olives, the darker but light boughs of the cork-trees,
+and the deep and heavy masses of ilexes and pines."
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>
+Astronomical Occurences
+</h2>
+
+<h3>
+<i>FOR  OCTOBER, 1827.</i>
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)
+</center>
+
+<p>
+Mercury is in conjunction with Jupiter on the 7th at noon: he is too
+near the sun to be observed this month.
+</p>
+<p>
+Venus passes her superior conjunction on the 7th, at 10 h. morning,
+thenceforward she sets after the sun, and becomes an evening star. This
+interesting planet makes a very near appulse to Jupiter on the 16th at 1
+h. morning.
+</p>
+<p>
+Jupiter is in conjunction with the sun on the 18th at 10-3/4 h. evening.
+He is afterwards a morning star, preceding the sun in his rising.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Georgian planet, or Herschel, ceases from his retrograde movement on
+the 4th, and appears stationary till the 11th, when he resumes a direct
+motion. He is still in a favourable situation for evening observation.
+Its great distance from the earth, and the long period of its revolution
+round the sun prevent any rapid change in its situation among the fixed
+stars; the place therefore which the Greorgium Sidus occupied in
+Capricornus in July, (see MIRROR for that month) is so contiguous to
+that planet's present position, that the observations then made may be a
+sufficient guide for the present month. Its slow motion among the fixed
+stars makes it participate in that daily change which is common to them,
+hence the planet may be observed in the same place a few minutes earlier
+every night. It comes to the south on the 1st at 7 h. 16 min., and on
+the 31st at 5 h. 26 min. evening.
+</p>
+<p>
+The moon is in opposition on the 5th; in apogee on the 11th; in
+conjunction on the 20th; and in perigee on the 23rd. She is in
+conjunction with Saturn on the 13th at 3-1/4 h. after with Mars on the
+18th at 2 h. morning; and Jupiter and Venus on the 20th, with the former
+at 1-1/2 h. and the latter at 11 h. afternoon, also with Mercury on the
+21st at 10-1/2 h. afternoon.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Solar luminary is eclipsed on the 20th at 3 h. 47 min. afternoon. He
+is above the horizon during the whole time the central shade is passing
+over the disc of the earth, but the moon having nearly 2 deg. southern
+latitude at the time of true conjunction, in middle of the eclipse, it
+will be invisible not only to us but to the whole boreal hemisphere of
+the globe. He enters Scorpio on the 24th at 4 h. 36 min. morning.
+</p>
+<p>
+From the observations made upon the annual eclipses, it appears that the
+period of the moon is now shorter, and consequently that her distance
+from the earth is now less than in former ages, and this has been
+considered as an argument against those who assert that the world may
+have existed from eternity; for it was hence inferred that the moon
+moves in a resisting medium, and therefore that her motion must by
+degrees be all destroyed, in which case she must at last come to the
+earth. But M. de la Place has shewn that this acceleration of the moon's
+period is a necessary consequence of universal gravitation, and that it
+arises from the action of the planets upon the moon. He has also shewn
+that this acceleration will go on till it arrives at a certain limit,
+when it will be changed into a retardation, or in other words, there are
+two limits between which the lunar period fluctuates, but neither of
+which it can pass.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+PASCHE.
+</h4>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>
+Fine Arts.
+</h2>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+HANS HOLBEIN.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Holbein is the man who has been hitherto considered as the most
+brilliant genius Switzerland has produced in the art of painting. He is
+here universally
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page234" name="page234"></a>[pg 234]</span>
+
+believed to have been a native of Switzerland. His earliest biographers,
+Mander and Patin, asserted that he was born at Basel, and they have been
+copied by all our biographical dictionaries. Another biographer,
+however, appears, himself a Swiss, and known as the author of some other
+clever works, and proves, on the most satisfactory evidence, that
+Holbein was born 1498, at Augsburg, in Germany; but that his father, a
+painter too, came to Basel between 1504-8, probably at the invitation of
+the magistrates of Basel, as they required a painter to decorate their
+newly-built council-hall.
+</p>
+<p>
+Holbein gave early proofs of his aspiring talent. When fifteen years
+old, he exhibited an oil-painting, which, though defective in colouring,
+raised high expectations by its clearness and softness of execution.
+This painting is still to be seen in the public library at Basel, and
+bears the date of 1513. Of the same year, a sketch, with the monogram
+HH, is extant, representing three watchmen with halberds. His two
+brothers were also painters; only a few paintings are left of the elder,
+Ambrose, and none of the younger brother Bruno; both died prematurely.
+In the year 1520, Holbein was presented with the freedom of the town of
+Basel.
+</p>
+<p>
+Switzerland held constant communications with Germany and the
+Netherlands, but less with Italy. A number of painters lived at that
+time in Germany, whose names have not been recorded by any German
+Vasari, and their master works have been long neglected. In Holbein's
+time Albrecht Durer enjoyed the primary reputation. Martin Schoen had
+preceded him at Colmar, in Alsace; Manuel painted at Bern, Hans Asper at
+Zurich, and at Basel itself there were other painters besides Holbein.
+Half a century before him the <i>Dance of Death</i> had been painted,
+after the disaster of a plague, on the walls of a church-yard at Basel.
+</p>
+<p>
+The council-hall at Basel gave occupation to architects from 1508 till
+1520. It is believed that Holbein painted three of the walls, only one
+of which (hid behind old tapestry, and discovered again in 1817) has
+escaped the ravages of time. It represents M. Curius Dentatus cooking
+his dinner, whilst the Samnites offer silver plates with money. "The
+last Judgment," where a pope, with priests and monks, sink into the
+flames of hell, is not the work of Holbein, but was done in 1610, during
+good Protestant times.
+</p>
+<p>
+A good number of stories are told of Holbein. Unable to pay his debts in
+a tavern, he discharged the bill by decorating the walls with paintings
+of flowers. Another time, for a similar purpose, he covered the walls
+all over with "the merry dance of peasants;" and in order to deceive one
+of his employers, he painted his own legs beneath the high scaffolding,
+that the watchful citizen should not suspect his having abandoned his
+work to carouse in wine-cellars. Here our biographer gravely says, "a
+man of spirit could not be expected to sit quietly painting the whole
+day long in the heat of the sun, or in the rain; if he saw a good friend
+go to the tavern, he felt disposed to follow him." Holbein did not keep
+the best company; but in this he resembled Rembrandt, who said, that
+when he wished to amuse himself, he avoided the company of the great,
+which put a restraint upon him; "for pleasure," he adds, "consists in
+perfect liberty only." Holbein no doubt felt a contempt for the great
+people of his time, as they did not understand much about his art, which
+he valued above all things.
+</p>
+<p>
+Holbein's wife, and he married early, was a perfect Xantippe, too shrewd
+to be despised, and not handsome enough to be admired. In the library at
+Basel is a family picture of Holbein, in which she is introduced, almost
+unconscious of the two children about her; but Holbein very shrewdly
+forgot to paint himself there. But he took care of the interests of his
+family, and obtained them a pension from the magistrates of Basel,
+during his stay in England. This pension was paid for past services, and
+in order to induce him finally to fix his residence in Switzerland.
+</p>
+<p>
+The absence of matrimonial felicity was probably an additional motive
+for Holbein to seek employment as an itinerant painter. He visited
+several Swiss towns, but certainly never saw Luther and Melancthon, so
+that the portraits of Luther and Melancthon exhibited in Italy, Germany,
+and England, as works of Holbein, cannot be genuine; and it is very
+improbable that he should have copied the works of Lucas Cranach, who
+several times painted the portraits of those lights of the reformation.
+Erasmus was frequently painted by Holbein; and as those portraits were
+sent as presents to the friends of Erasmus, Holbein's name became known
+all over Europe.
+</p>
+<p>
+Holbein came to England in the year 1526, and Sir Thomas More wrote to
+Erasmus that he would take care of him. Sir Thomas received him into his
+own house at Chelsea, and there Henry VIII. saw him one day, when paying
+a visit to the former. He took him instantly into his service, gave him
+apartments in the royal palace, and a salary of 30<i>l</i>. a-year.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page235" name="page235"></a>[pg 235]</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Holbein's long residence in the house of Sir Thomas More had a good
+effect upon him; for although Erasmus describes the women of England as
+"nymphae divinis vultibus, blandae, faciles," yet Holbein seems to have
+resisted those temptations in London, which rendered his conduct at
+Basel so reprehensible. Holbein twice revisited Switzerland, once in
+1526, the second and last time in 1538: the zealots had just destroyed
+all the images; and even some painters, infected with the spirit of the
+age, had declared they would rather starve, than break the second
+commandment. In England the same work of devastation took place; but
+Henry VIII., notwithstanding, gave Holbein abundance of work, as he had
+to paint all his royal consorts in succession, besides a number of
+portraits for English noblemen.
+</p>
+<p>
+His sketches of heads, now existing at Kensington, of various people who
+lived at the court of Henry VIII., and among them one of that monarch,
+are exquisite productions. Imitations of the original drawings have been
+published by J. Chamberlaine, fol. Lond. 1792. One picture of Holbein is
+supposed to be in Surgeons' Hall. Some wood-cuts to Cranmer's Catechism
+(1548) were made by Holbein. Our biographer, who had never seen the work
+himself, was led by Walpole [<i>Anecdotes of Painting</i>] to believe,
+that all the wood-cuts were from Holbein.
+</p>
+<p>
+With respect to the famous "Dance of Death," the biographer tells us,
+what we have already stated, that the painting on the wall of the
+church-yard at Basel is not the work of Holbein; the costumes are of a
+time anterior to Holbein. There was also a "Dance of Death" painted on
+the wall of a convent at Bern by Manuel, who lived a little before
+Holbein. Only on the supposition that the "Dance of Death" at Basel was
+Holbein's work, could that of Bern be said to be the first of its kind.
+But, on comparing the costumes, it appears again, that the "Dance of
+Death" at Bern must have been painted subsequently to that at Basel. No
+"Dance of Death" of an earlier date was known, until another was
+discovered on the wall of a convent of nuns at Klingenthal, on the right
+bank of the Rhine, at Basel. This bears the date of 1312, and is
+therefore a whole century prior to the other, which cannot have been
+painted before the year 1439. It has been supposed, that the idea of the
+"Dance of Death" was taken from certain processions very much in vogue
+during the middle ages; and it is singular enough, that up to this day,
+in funeral processions in Italy, long white robes are used, which wholly
+cover the head, with only two holes for the eyes. But the coincidence of
+another plague at Basel, which, about the year 1312, destroyed above
+11,000 people, renders it more than probable that the artist availed
+himself of the impression which such a dreadful mortality must have made
+on the minds of all the surviving, to represent how inexorable death
+drags to the grave, in terrible sport, rich and poor, high and low,
+clergymen and laity.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the authority of Nieuhoff, a Dutchman, who came over to England with
+William III., Mr. Douce asserts, that Holbein had painted the "Dance of
+Death" on the walls of Whitehall. Borbonius might then have had in mind
+this painting, when he mentioned the "Mors picta" of Holbein; but three
+biographers of Holbein, Mander, Sandrart, and Patin, were in England
+before Whitehall was destroyed by fire, and make no mention of this
+painting, although Mander speaks of other paintings of Holbein,
+particularly the portrait of Henry VIII., that were preserved at
+Whitehall. Mander states, that he also saw at Whitehall the portraits of
+Edward, Maria, and Elizabeth, by Holbein, "die oock ter selver plaetse
+te sien zyn."
+</p>
+<p>
+Sandrart, whose work was published in 1675, also mentions the paintings
+of Holbein at Whitehall. Is it credible, that three travellers, two of
+whom were distinguished artists themselves, should have been at
+Whitehall, and seen there the paintings of Holbein, without taking
+notice of the "Dance of Death," if it had been in that place?
+</p>
+<p>
+Holbein died of the plague in London, 1554.&mdash;<i>Westminster Review</i>.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+When I see the spirit of liberty in action, I see a strong principle at
+work; and, this for awhile, is all I can possibly know of it. The wild
+gas, the fixed air, is plainly broke loose; but we ought to suspend our
+judgment until the first effervescence is a little subsided, till the
+liquor is cleared, and until we see something deeper than the agitation
+of a troubled and frothy surface. I must be tolerably sure, before I
+venture publicly to congratulate men upon a blessing, that they have
+really received one.&mdash;<i>Burke</i>.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+If we must lash one another, let it be with the manly strokes of wit and
+satire; for I am of the old philosopher's opinion, that if I must suffer
+from one or the other, I would rather it should be from the paw of a
+lion, than from the hoof of an ass.&mdash;<i>Addison</i>.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page236" name="page236"></a>[pg 236]</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+<a href="images/276-3.png"><img width="100%" src="images/276-3.png"
+alt="The Central Market, Leeds." /></a>
+</div>
+
+<h2>
+	THE CENTRAL MARKET, LEEDS.
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+As one of the most elegant and useful buildings of the important town of
+Leeds, and as characteristic of the public spirit of its inhabitants,<a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a>
+the above engraving cannot fail to prove acceptable to our readers;
+while it may serve as an excitement to similar exertions in other
+districts.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Central Market, is erected on the site of the old post-office, at
+the north-east corner of Duncan-street, the foundation stone of which
+was laid in 1824. The whole site was excavated, and is divided into
+cellars, arched and groined, with a spacious area round the whole, for
+the convenience of access to each, and lighted by powerful convex lenses
+from the interior of the building. Over these is the principal
+building&mdash;an enclosed market-house, with twenty shops round the exterior
+for butchers and others, and twenty others corresponding in size with
+them, fronting the interior. The space within these, on the ground
+floor, is fitted up with twenty single stands for fruit and vegetables.
+Three sides of the square form a spacious gallery, commodiously fitted
+up with thirty-six stands of convenient dimensions, as a Bazaar. The
+interior is lighted and ventilated by three rows of windows, one row on
+the Bazaar floor, and two rows in the roof. The roof, the carpentry of
+which has been pronounced a master-piece, is supported by twelve
+cast-iron columns and sixteen oak pillars, and is 34 ft. 6 in. high; the
+height from the floor to the upper point of the ceiling being 54 ft. 4
+in. The size within the walls is 138 ft. by 103 ft. The principal
+entrance is at the south front from Duncan-street, on each side of which
+are three large shops fronting the street, with a suite of six offices
+above. Over this entrance is an entablature richly embellished with fine
+masonry, and supported with two Ionic columns, and two pilasters or
+antaes, 30 ft. high. In the centre of the front, as well as within the
+market, it is intended to place a clock. The outer boundary of the
+market, which forms
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page237" name="page237"></a>[pg 237]</span>
+
+three sides of the square, and is separated from the enclosed market by
+a carriage road, consists of twenty-five shops devoted exclusively to
+butchers and fishmongers. At the south-west corner of these is an hotel;
+at the south-east corner, near Call-lane, are two shops, with offices
+above; and, in another part, a house for the clerk of the market. There
+are four pumps on the premises, and the floor of the interior is so
+contrived and fitted up with proper drains, that it can be washed down
+at pleasure. The whole will be lighted with gas.
+</p>
+<p>
+The architect of the Central Market is Francis Goodwin, Esq., and it is
+but justice to say, that it is highly creditable to his taste and skill.
+The front is of the Grecian order, and perhaps the largest piece of
+masonry in the county of York, with the fewest observable joints. It is
+expected to prove an advantageous investment.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>
+<i>THE SELECTOR</i>;
+<br />
+AND
+<br />
+LITERARY NOTICES OF
+<br />
+<i>NEW WORKS</i>.
+</h2>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEON.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+With his passions, and in spite of his errors, Napoleon is, taking him
+all in all, the greatest warrior of modern times. He carried into battle
+a stoical courage, a profoundly calculated tenacity, a mind fertile in
+sudden inspirations, which by unhopedfor resources disconcerted the
+plans of the enemy. Let us beware of attributing a long series of
+success to the organic power of the masses which he set in motion. The
+most experienced eye could scarcely discover in them any thing but
+elements of disorder. Still less let it be said that he was a successful
+captain because he was a mighty monarch. Of all his campaigns, the most
+memorable are,&mdash;the campaign of the Adige, where the general of
+yesterday, commanding an army by no means numerous, and at first badly
+appointed, placed himself at once above Turenne and on a level with
+Frederick; and the campaign in France in 1814, when, reduced to a
+handful of harassed troops, he combated a force of ten times their
+number. The last flashes of imperial lightning still dazzled the eyes of
+our enemies; and it was a fine sight to see the bounds of the old lion
+tracked, hunted down, beset, presenting a lively picture of the days of
+his youth, when his powers developed themselves in the fields of
+carnage.
+</p>
+<p>
+Napoleon possessed, in an eminent degree, the faculties requisite for
+the profession of arms; temperate and robust, watching and sleeping at
+pleasure, appearing unawares where he was least expected, he did not
+disregard details to which important results are sometimes attached. The
+hand which had just traced rules for the government of many millions of
+men would frequently rectify an incorrect statement of the situation of
+a regiment, or write down whence two hundred conscripts were to be
+obtained, and from what magazine their shoes were to be taken. A patient
+and easy interlocutor, he was a home questioner, and he could listen&mdash;a
+rare talent in the grandees of the earth. He carried with him into
+battle a cool and impassable courage; never was mind so deeply
+meditative, more fertile in rapid and sudden illuminations. On becoming
+emperor he ceased not to be the soldier. If his activity decreased with
+the progress of age, that was owing to the decrease of his physical
+powers.
+</p>
+<p>
+In games of mingled calculation and hazard, the greater the advantages
+which a man seeks to obtain, the greater risks he must run. It is
+precisely this that renders the deceitful science of conquerors so
+calamitous to nations. Napoleon, though naturally adventurous, was not
+deficient in consistency or method; and he wasted neither his soldiers
+nor his treasures where the authority of his name sufficed. What he
+could obtain by negociations or by artifice, he required not by force of
+arms. The sword, although drawn from the scabbard, was not stained with
+blood, unless it was impossible to attain the end in view by a
+manoeuvre. Always ready to fight, he chose habitually the occasion and
+the ground. Out of fifty battles which he fought, he was the assailant
+in at least forty.
+</p>
+<p>
+Other generals have equalled him in the art of disposing troops on the
+ground. Some have given battle as well as he did; we could mention
+several who have received it better; but in the manner of directing an
+offensive campaign he has surpassed all.
+</p>
+<p>
+The wars in Spain and Russia prove nothing in disparagement of his
+genius. It is not by the rules of Montecuculii and Turenne, manoeuvring
+on the Renchen, that we ought to judge of such enterprises. The first
+warred to secure such or such winter-quarters; the other to subdue the
+world. It frequently behoved him not merely to gain a battle, but to
+gain it in such a manner as to astound Europe and to produce gigantic
+results. Thus political views were incessantly interfering
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page238" name="page238"></a>[pg 238]</span>
+
+with the strategic genius; and to appreciate him properly we must not
+confine ourselves within the limits of the art of war. This art is not
+composed exclusively of technical details; it has also its philosophy.
+To find in this elevated region a rival to Napoleon, we must go back to
+the times when the feudal institutions had not yet broken the unity of
+the ancient nations. The founders of religions alone have exercised over
+their disciples an authority comparable with that which made him the
+absolute master of his army. This moral power became fatal to him,
+because he strove to avail himself of it even against the ascendancy of
+material force, and because it led him to despise positive rules, the
+long violation of which will not remain unpunished.
+</p>
+<p>
+When pride was hurrying Napoleon towards his fall, he happened to say,
+"France has more need of me than I have of France." He spoke the truth.
+But why had he become necessary? Because he had committed the destiny of
+the French to the chances of an interminable war; because, in spite of
+the resources of his genius, that war, rendered daily more hazardous by
+his staking the whole of his force, and by the boldness of his
+movements, risked in every campaign, in every battle, the fruits of
+twenty years of triumph; because his government was so modelled that
+with him every thing must be swept away, and that a re-action
+proportioned to the violence of the action must burst forth at once both
+within and without. The mania of conquest had reversed the state of
+things in Europe; we, the eldest born of liberty and independence, were
+spilling our blood in the service of royal passions against the cause of
+nations, and outraged nations were turning round upon us, more terrible
+from being armed with the principles which we had forsaken.
+</p>
+<p>
+At times, this immense mass of passions which he was accumulating
+against him, this multitude of avenging arms ready to be raised, filled
+his ambitious spirit with involuntary apprehension. Looking around him,
+he was alarmed to find himself solitary, and conceived the idea of
+strengthening his power by moderating it. Then it was that he thought of
+creating an hereditary peerage, and reconstructing his monarchy on more
+secure foundations. But Napoleon saw without illusion to the bottom of
+things. The nation, wholly and continually occupied in prosecuting the
+designs of its chief, had previously not had time to form any plans for
+itself. The day on which it should have ceased to be stunned by the din
+of arms, it would have called itself to account for its servile
+obedience. It is better, thought he, for an absolute prince to fight
+foreign armies, than to have to struggle against the energy of the
+citizens. Despotism had been organized for making war; war was continued
+to uphold despotism. The die was cast; France must either conquer
+Europe, or Europe subdue France.
+</p>
+<p>
+Napoleon fell: he fell, because with the men of the nineteenth century
+he attempted the work of an Attila and a Genghis Khan; because he gave
+the reins to an imagination directly contrary to the spirit of his age,
+with which nevertheless his reason was perfectly acquainted; because he
+would not pause on the day when he felt conscious of his inability to
+succeed. Nature has fixed a boundary, beyond which extravagant
+enterprises cannot be carried with prudence. This boundary the emperor
+reached in Spain, and he overleaped it in Russia. Had he then escaped
+destruction, his inflexible presumption would have caused him to find
+elsewhere a Baylen and a Moscow&mdash; <i>History of the War in the
+Peninsula, from the French of General Foy.</i>
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	ROBINSON CRUSOES.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+At one of the islands belonging to Juan de Ampues, the pilot ran away.
+Cifuentes and his crew, all equally ignorant of navigation, made sail
+for San Domingo, were dismasted in a gale of wind, and driven in the
+night upon the "Serrana" shoals; the crew, a flask of powder and steel,
+were saved, but nothing else. They found sea-calves and birds upon the
+island, and were obliged to eat them raw, and drink their blood, for
+there was no water. After some weeks, they made a raft with fragments of
+the wreck, lashed together with calf-skin thongs: three men went off
+upon it, and were lost. Two, and a boy, staid upon the island&mdash;one of
+whom, Moreno, died four days afterwards raving mad, having gnawed the
+flesh off his arms: the survivors, Master John and the boy, dug holes in
+the sand with tortoise-shells, and lined them with calf-skins to catch
+the rain. Where the vessel was wrecked, they found a stone which served
+them for a flint; this invaluable prize enabled them to make a fire. Two
+men had been living upon another island two leagues from them, in
+similar distress, for five years; these saw the fire, and upon a raft
+joined their fellow sufferers. They now built a boat with the fragments
+of the wreck, made sails of calf-skins, and caulked her with their fat,
+mixed with charcoal: one man and the boy went away in her: Master John,
+and one whose name has not been
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page239" name="page239"></a>[pg 239]</span>
+
+preserved, would not venture in her: they made themselves coracles with
+skins, and coasted round the shoals, which they estimated at twelve
+leagues long. At low water there were seventeen islands, but only five
+which were not sometimes overflowed. Fish, turtle, sea-calves, birds,
+and a root like purslane, was their food. The whites of turtle-eggs,
+when dried and buried for a fortnight, turned to water, which they found
+good drink: five months in the year these eggs were their chief food.
+They clothed themselves and covered their huts with calf-skins, and made
+an enclosure to catch fish, twenty-two fathoms long, with stones brought
+out of the sea&mdash;and raised two towers in the same laborious way, sixteen
+fathoms in circumference at the base, and four in height, at the north
+and south extremities of the island: upon these they made fires as
+signals. To avoid the crabs and snails which tormented them at night,
+they slept in the day time.
+</p>
+<p>
+Three years after the other went way, John's sufferings began to affect
+his reason: in a fit of despair, he applied to the devil for that relief
+his prayers had failed to bring; and, rising in the dark, he fancied the
+devil was close to the hut. John awakened his companion, and taking a
+crucifix for protection, ran praying to the other end of the island.
+About a fortnight afterwards, John thought he heard his visiter again,
+but did not see him. And it now pleased God to relieve them: they saw a
+ship, and made a great smoke upon their tower, which was seen. John and
+his companion were carried to the Havannah, where their appearance and
+story attracted great attention. John was twice sick during the eight
+years, both times in August, and both times bled himself.&mdash;<i>Southey's
+Chronological History of the West Indies.</i>
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	FIRST APPEARANCES OF MISS STEPHENS AND MR. KEAN.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+During this memorable era of the British Stage, Mr. Hazlit was engaged
+as theatrical reporter to the <i>Morning Chronicle</i>, newspaper, then
+conducted by Mr. Perry, and printed on the exact site of the MIRROR
+office: in his <i>Table Talk</i> he gives the following portraiture of
+their theatrical successes:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+What squabbles we used to have about Kean and Miss Stephens, the only
+theatrical favourites I ever had! Mrs. Billington had got some notion
+that Miss Stephens would never make a singer, and it was the torment of
+Perry's life (as he told me in confidence) that he could not get any two
+people to be of the same opinion on any one point. I shall not easily
+forget bringing him my account of her first appearance in the
+<i>Beggar's Opera</i>. I have reason to remember that article: it was
+almost the last I ever wrote with any pleasure to myself. I had been
+down on a visit to my friends near Chertsey, and, on my return, had
+stopped at an inn at Kingston-upon-Thames, where I had got the
+<i>Beggar's Opera</i>, and had read it overnight. The next day I walked
+cheerfully to town. It was a fine sunny morning, in the end of autumn,
+and as I repeated the beautiful song, "Life knows no return of spring,"
+I meditated my next day's criticism, trying to do all the justice I
+could to so inviting a subject. I was not a little proud of it by
+anticipation. I had just then begun to stammer out my sentiments on
+paper, and was in a kind of honey-moon of authorship.
+</p>
+<p>
+I deposited my account of the play at the <i>Morning Chronicle</i>
+office in the afternoon, and went to see Miss Stephens as Polly. Those
+were happy times, in which she first came out in this character, in
+Mandane, where she sang the delicious air, "If o'er the cruel tyrant
+Love," (so as it can never be sung again,) in <i>Love in a Village</i>,
+where the scene opened with her and Miss Matthews in a painted garden of
+roses and honeysuckles, and "Hope thou nurse of young Desire," thrilled
+from two sweet voices in turn. Oh! may my ears sometimes still drink the
+same sweet sounds, embalmed with the spirit of youth, of health, and
+joy, but in the thoughts of an instant, but in a dream of fancy, and I
+shall hardly need to complain! When I got back, after the play, Perry
+called out, with his cordial, grating voice, "Well, how did she do?" and
+on my speaking in high terms, answered, that "he had been to dine with
+his friend the duke, that some conversation had passed on the subject,
+he was afraid it was not the thing, it was not the true <i>sostenuto</i>
+style; but as I had written the article" (holding my peroration on the
+<i>Beggar's Opera</i> carelessly in his hand) "it might pass!" I could
+perceive that the rogue licked his lips at it, and had already in
+imagination "bought golden opinions of all sorts of people" by this very
+criticism, and I had the satisfaction the next day to meet Miss Stephens
+coming out of the editor's room, who had been to thank him for his very
+flattering account of her.
+</p>
+<p>
+I was sent to see Kean the first night of his performance of Shylock,
+when there were about a hundred people in the pit, but from his masterly
+and spirited delivery of the first striking speech, "On such a day you
+called me dog," &amp;c. I
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page240" name="page240"></a>[pg 240]</span>
+
+perceived it was a hollow thing. So it was given out in the
+<i>Chronicle</i>, but Perry was continually at me as other people were
+at him, and was afraid it would not last. It was to no purpose I said it
+<i>would last</i>: yet I am in the right hitherto. It has been said,
+ridiculously, that Mr. Kean was written up in the <i>Chronicle</i>. I
+beg leave to state my opinion that no actor can be written up or down by
+a paper. An author may be puffed into notice, or damned by criticism,
+because his book may not have been read. An artist may be over-rated, or
+undeservedly decried, because the public is not much accustomed to see
+or judge of pictures. But an actor is judged by his peers, the
+play-going public, and must stand or fall by his own merits or defects.
+The critic may give the tone or have a casting voice where popular
+opinion is divided; but he can no more <i>force</i> that opinion either
+way, or wrest it from its base in common-sense and feeling, than he can
+move Stonehenge. Mr. Kean had, however, physical disadvantages and
+strong prejudices to encounter, and so far the <i>liberal</i> and
+<i>independent</i> part of the press might have been of service in
+helping him to his seat in the public favour.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>
+	THE GATHERER.
+</h2>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  "I am but a <i>Gatherer</i> and disposer of other men's stuff."&mdash;Wotton.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+INSANITY.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+A French physician, in a recent work on the moral and physical causes of
+insanity, noticing the influence of professions in promoting this
+affliction, brings forward a curious table, showing the relative
+proportion of different professions in a mass of 164 lunatics. It runs
+thus:&mdash;merchants, 50; military men, 33; students, 25; administrateurs et
+employés, 21; advocates, notaries, and men of business, 10; artists, 8;
+chemists, 4; medical practitioners, 4; farmers, 4; sailors, 3;
+engineers, 2. Total 164.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Never were the afflictions of Insanity more vividly portrayed than in
+the following lines from <i>Churchill's Epistle to Hogarth</i>:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Sure 'tis a curse which angry fates impose,</p>
+           <p>  To mortify man's arrogance, that those</p>
+           <p>  Who're fashioned of some better sort of clay,</p>
+           <p>  Must sooner than the common herd decay.</p>
+           <p>  What bitter pangs must humble genius feel,</p>
+           <p>  In their last hour to view a Swift and Steele!</p>
+           <p>  How must ill-boding horrors fill their breast,</p>
+           <p>  When she beholds men, mark'd above the rest</p>
+           <p>  For qualities most dear, plung'd from that height,</p>
+           <p>  And sunk, deep sunk, in second childhood's night!</p>
+           <p>  Are men indeed such things? and are the best</p>
+           <p>  More subject to this evil than the rest,</p>
+           <p>  To drivel out whole years of idiot breath,</p>
+           <p>  And sit the monuments of living death?</p>
+           <p>  O galling circumstance to human pride!</p>
+           <p>  Abasing thought! but not to be deny'd.</p>
+           <p>  With curious art, the brain too finely wrought,</p>
+           <p>  Preys on herself, and is destroyed by thought.</p>
+           <p>  Constant attention wears the active mind,</p>
+           <p>  Blots out her pow'rs and leaves a blank behind.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	MACADAMIZATION.
+</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+The cost of converting Regent-street,
+Whitehall-place, and Palace-yard, into
+broken stone roads, has been               £6,055 8<i>s</i>. 3<i>d</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Value of old pavement taken up and
+broken for that purpose                    £6,787 7<i>s</i>. 0<i>d</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>Total: £12,842 15 3</p>
+
+<h4>
+<i>Parliamentary Papers.</i>
+</h4>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	SILK
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+According to a late statement of Mr. Huskisson, the silk manufacture of
+England now reaches the enormous amount of fourteen millions sterling
+per annum, and is consequently after cotton, the greatest staple of the
+country.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+	NEW LAMP.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+At a recent meeting of the Royal Institution an ornamental lamp was
+placed on the library table, the elegant transparent paintings and
+spiral devices of which were kept in rotary motion by the action of the
+current of heated air issuing from the chimneys of the lamp, which
+contrivance is well adapted to a number of purposes of ornamental
+illumination.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+First and last there have been 120,000 copies printed of "Domestic
+Cookery, by a Lady," (Mrs. Rundell;) and 50,000 "Receipt Book," by the
+same authoress.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p>
+<i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near
+Somerset-house,) and sold by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a>
+<b>Footnote 1</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+From <i>"Cameleon Sketches</i>," by the author of "<i>The
+Promenade round Dorking</i>." In the press.
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a>
+<b>Footnote 2</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+Too much praise cannot be conferred on this and similar
+instances of provincial improvement; while it is much to be regretted
+that such praise cannot be extended to the <i>metropolis</i> of England;
+for, strange to say, LONDON is still without a market-place suitable to
+its commercial consequence. Hence, Smithfield market is almost a public
+nuisance, while its extensive business is settled in public-houses in
+the neighbourhood; and the hay market, held in the fine broad street of
+that name, but ill accords with the courtly vicinity of Pall Mall and
+St. James's. It is, however, to <i>fruit and vegetable markets</i> that
+this observation is particularly applicable: for instance, what a
+miserable scene is the area of <i>Covent Garden market</i>. The
+non-completion of the piazza square is much to be lamented, while
+splendid streets and towns are erecting on every side of the metropolis.
+How unworthy, too, is the market, of association with Inigo Jones's
+noble Tuscan church of St. Paul, "the handsomest barn in Europe." To
+quote Sterne, we must say "they manage these things better in France,"
+where the <i>halles</i>, or markets are among the noblest of the public
+buildings. Neither can any Englishman, who has seen the markets of
+Paris, but regret the absence of fountains from the markets of London.
+They are among the most tasteful embellishments of Paris, and their
+presence in the markets cannot be too much admired. Water is,
+unquestionably, the most salutary and effective cleanser of vegetable
+filth which is necessarily generated on the sites of markets; but in
+London its useful introduction is limited to a few pumps, and its
+ornamental to one or two solitary <i>jets d'eau</i> in almost
+unfrequented places. It should be added, that in Southwark, an extensive
+and commodious market-place is just completed, and the tolls are
+proportionally increasing. A similar improvement is much wanted in
+Covent Garden, by which means many of the evils of that spot would be
+abated, and instead of seeing Nature's choicest productions huddled
+together, and being ourselves tortured in the scramble and confusion of
+a crowd, we might then range through the avenues of Covent Garden with
+all the comfort which our forefathers were wont to enjoy on this spot,
+or certainly with comparative ease.&mdash;ED.
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, No. 276, by Various
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+</pre>
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+</body>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, No. 276, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, No. 276
+       Volume 10, No. 276, October 6, 1827
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: May 29, 2005 [EBook #15935]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. X, NO. 276.] SATURDAY, OCTOBER 6, 1827. [PRICE 2d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Bristol Cathedral.
+
+[Illustration: Bristol Cathedral.]
+
+
+                  There is given
+  Unto the things of earth, which Time hath bent,
+  A spirit's feelings, and where he hath leant
+  His hand, but broke his scythe, there is a power
+  And magic in the ruin'd battlement
+  For which the palace of the present hour
+  Must yield its pomp, and wait till ages are its dower.
+
+BYRON.
+
+
+The cathedral of Bristol is one of the most interesting relics of
+monastic splendour which have been spared from the wrecks of desolation
+and decay. It is dedicated to the holy and undivided Trinity, and is the
+remains of an abbey or monastery of great magnificence, which was
+dedicated to St. Augustine. The erection of this monastery was begun
+in 1140, and was finished and dedicated in 1148, according to the
+inscription on the tomb of the founder, Robert Fitzharding, the first
+lord of Berkeley, who, together with others of that illustrious family,
+are enshrined within these walls. It was also denominated the monastery
+of the black regular canons of the order of Saint Victor, who are
+mentioned by Leland as the black canons of St. Augustine within the city
+walls. By some historians, Fitzharding is represented as an opulent
+citizen of Bristol; but generally as a younger son or grandson of the
+king of Denmark, and as the youthful companion of Henry II., who,
+betaking himself from the sunshine of royal friendship, became a canon
+of the monastery he himself had founded. In this congenial solitude he
+died in 1170, aged 75. Such is the outline of the foundation of this
+structure, and it is one of the most attractive episodes of the early
+history of England; for the circumstance of a noble exchanging the
+gilded finery of a court, and the gay companionship of his prince, for
+the gloomy cloisters of an abbey, and the ascetic duties of monastic
+life, bespeaks a degree of resolution and self-control which was more
+probably the result of sincere conviction than of momentary caprice.
+
+The present cathedral is represented to have been merely the church of
+the monastery, which was entirely rebuilt in the commencement of the
+fourteenth century. The style of architecture in the different parts of
+this cathedral is accurately discriminated in the following account from
+the pen of Bishop Littleton, F.S.A.:--"The lower parts of the chapter
+house walls," says he, "together with the door-way and columns at the
+entrance of the chapter-house, may be pronounced to be of the age of
+Stephen, or rather prior to his reign, being fine Saxon architecture.
+The inside walls of the chapter-house have round ornamental arches
+intersecting each other. The cathedral appears to be of the same style
+of building throughout, and in no part older than Edward the First's
+time, though some writers suppose the present fabric was begun in king
+Stephen's time; but not a single arch, pillar, or window agrees with
+the mode which prevailed at that time. The great gateway leading into
+the College Green is round-arched, with mouldings richly ornamented
+in the Saxon taste." From this account it appears probable that the
+chapter-house and gateway are all the present remains of the ancient
+monastery. The mutilations which the cathedral of Bristol has undergone,
+are not entirely to be referred to the era of the dissolution of the
+monasteries, since this structure suffered very considerably during
+the period of the civil wars. The ruthless soldiers discovered their
+barbarism by violating the sacred tombs of the dead, and by offering
+every indignity which they supposed would be considered a profanation of
+the places which the piety of their ancestors consecrated to religion.
+At such instances of the violence of civil factions, the sensitive mind
+shudders with disgust.
+
+The cathedral of Bristol is rich in monumental tributes to departed
+worth. Among them is an elegant monument, by Bacon, to Mrs. Elizabeth
+Draper, the _Eliza_ of Sterne; and the classical tomb of the
+Hendersons. Here, too, rests Lady Hesketh, the friend of Cowper; Powell,
+of Covent Garden Theatre; besides branches of the Berkeley family, and
+various abbots.
+
+The bishopric of Bristol is the least wealthy ecclesiastical promotion
+which confers the dignity of a mitre. Its revenue is generally stated to
+amount to no more than five or six hundred pounds per annum. In the list
+of bishops are Fletcher, father of the celebrated dramatist, the
+colleague of Beaumont; he attended Mary Queen of Scots on the Scaffold;
+Lake, one of the seven bishops committed to the Tower in the time of
+James I.; Trelawney, a familiar name in the events of 1688; Butler, who
+materially improved the episcopal palace of Bristol; Conybeare and
+Newton, names well known in literary history; with the erudite
+Warburton, whose name occurs in the list of deans of Bristol.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DEBTOR AND CREDITOR.[1]
+
+  The time is out of joint.--_Hamlet._
+
+
+  A man of my profession never counterfeits, till he lays hold upon a
+  debtor and says he _rests_ him: for then he brings him to all
+  manner of unrest.--_The Bailiff, in 'Every Man in his Humour.'_
+
+
+  Run not into debt, either for wares sold or money borrowed; be content
+  to want things that are not of absolute necessity, rather than to run up
+  the score: such a man pays at the latter a third part more than the
+  principal comes to, and is in perpetual servitude to his creditors;
+  lives uncomfortably; is necessitated to increase his debts to stop his
+  creditors' mouths; and many times falls into desperate courses.
+
+  SIR M. HALE.
+
+
+"The greatest of all distinctions in civil life," says Steele, "is that
+of debtor and creditor;" although no kind of slavery is so easily
+endured, as that of being in debt. Luxury and expensive habits, which
+are commonly thought to enlarge our liberty by increasing our
+enjoyments, are thus the means of its infringement; whilst, in nine
+cases out of ten, the lessons taught by this rigid experience lead to
+the bending and breaking of our spirits, and the unfitting of us for the
+rational pleasures of life. All ranks of mankind seem to fall into this
+fatal error, from the voluptuous Cleopatra to the needy philosopher, who
+doles out a mealsworth of morality for his fellow-creatures, and who
+would fain live according to his own precepts, had he not exhausted his
+means in the acquisition of his experience.
+
+I blush to confess, that I have often thought the _habit of debt_
+to be our national inheritance--from that bugbear of out-of-place men,
+the Sinking Fund, to the parish-clerk, who mortgages his fees at the
+chandler's; and that my countrymen seem to have resolved to increase
+their own enjoyments at the expense of posterity, with whose provision,
+even Swift thinks we have no concern. Again; I have thought that we are
+apt to over-rate our national advancement, by supposing the present race
+to be wiser than the previous one, without once looking into our
+individual contributions to this state of enlightenment. Proud as we are
+of this distinction in the social scale, we can record few instances of
+contemporary genius, and we are bound to confess that men are not a whit
+the better in the present than in the previous generation. Thus we
+hoodwink each other till social outrages become every-day occurrences,
+and every thing but sheer violence is protected by its frequency; and in
+this manner we consent to compromise our happiness, and then affect to
+be astonished at its scarcity. In the later ages of the world, men have
+learned to temporize with principles, and to sacrifice, at the shrine
+of passing interest, as much real virtue as would bear them harmless
+throughout life. Hence, of what more avail is the virtue of the Roman
+fathers, or are the amiable friendships of Scipio and Lelius, than
+as so many amusing fictions to exercise the imaginations of schoolmen
+in drawing outlines of character, which experience does not finish.
+Friends, like certain flowers, bloom around us in the sunshine of
+success; but at night-fall or at the approach of storms, they shut up
+their hearts; and thus, poor victims being rifled of their mind's
+content, with their little string of enjoyments broken up for ever,
+are abandoned to the pity or scorn of bystanders. It is impossible to
+reflect for a moment on such a crisis, without dropping a tear for the
+self-created infirmities of man: but there are considerations at which
+he shudders, and which he would rather varnish over with the sophistry
+of his refinement, and the fallacies of self-conceit.
+
+I fear that I am breaking my rule in not confining myself to a few
+shades of debt and conscience, with a view of determining how far they
+are usually reconciled among us. The task may not prove altogether
+fruitless; notwithstanding, to find honest men, would require the
+lantern of Diogenes, and perhaps turn out like Gratiano's wheat.
+
+In our youthful days, we all remember to have read a pithy string of
+Maxims by Dr. Franklin; and we are accustomed to admire the pertinence
+of their wit,--but here their influence too often terminates. Since
+Franklin's time, the practice of getting into debt has become more and
+more easy, notwithstanding men have become more wary. Goldsmith, too,
+gives us a true picture of this habit in his scene with Mr. Padusoy, the
+mercer, a mode which has been found to succeed so well since his time,
+that, with the exception of a few short-cuts by sharpers and other
+proscribed gentry, little amendment has been made. Profuseness on the
+part of the debtor will generally be found to beget confidence on that
+of the creditor; and, in like manner, diffidence will create mistrust,
+and mistrust an entire overthrow of the scheme. An unblushing front, and
+the gift of _non chalance_, are therefore the best qualifications
+for a debtor to obtain credit, while poor modesty will be starved in her
+own littleness. In vain has Juvenal protested--"_Fronti nulla
+fides;_" and have the world been amused with anecdotes of paupers
+dying with money sewed up in their clothes: appearance and assumed
+habits are still the handmaids to confidence; and so long as this system
+exists, the warfare of debtor and creditor will be continued.
+Procrastination will be found to be another furtherance of the system,
+inasmuch as it is too evident throughout life that men are more apt to
+take pleasure "by the forelock," than to calculate its consequence. In
+this manner, men of irregular habits anticipate and forestal every hour
+of their lives, and pleasure and pain alternate, till pain, like debt,
+accumulates, and sinks its patient below the level of the world. Economy
+and forecast do not enter into the composition of such men, nor are such
+lessons often felt or acknowledged, till custom has rendered the heart
+unfit for the reception of their counsels. It is too frequently that the
+neglect of these principles strikes at the root of social happiness, and
+produces those lamentable wrecks of men--those shadows of sovereignty,
+which people our prisons, poor-houses, and asylums. Genius, with all her
+book-knowledge, is not exempt from this failing; but, on the contrary, a
+sort of fatality seems to attend her sons and daughters, which tarnishes
+their fame, and often exposes them to the brutish attacks of the
+ignorant and vulgar. Wits, and even philosophers, are among this number;
+and we are bound to acknowledge, that, beyond the raciness of their
+writings, there is but little to admire or imitate in the lives of such
+men as Steele, Foote, or Sheridan. It is, however, fit that principle
+should be thus recognised and upheld, and that any dereliction from its
+rules should be placed against the account of such as enjoy other
+degrees of superiority, and allowed to form an item in the scale of
+their merits.
+
+(_To be concluded in our next._)
+
+    [1] From _"Cameleon Sketches_," by the author of "_The Promenade round
+        Dorking_." In the press.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AN ENGLISHMAN'S PRAYER
+
+
+  Grant, righteous Heaven, however cast my fate
+  On social duties or in toils of state,
+  Whether at home dispensing equal laws,
+  Or foremost struggling for the world's applause,
+  As neighbour, husband, brother, sire, or son,
+  In every work, accomplished or begun,
+  Grant that, by me, thy holy will be done.
+  When false ambition tempts my soul to rise,
+  Teach me her proffer'd honours to despise,
+  Though chains or poverty await the just,
+  Though villains lure me to betray my trust,
+  Unmoved by wealth, unawed by tyrant, might
+  Still let me steadily pursue the right,
+  Hold fast my plighted faith, nor stoop to give
+  For lengthen'd life, the only cause to live.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ITALY.
+
+(_To the Editor of the Mirror_.)
+
+
+SIR,--Is your correspondent (see the MIRROR of the 15th of September)
+quite right in asserting that Italy has invariably retained the same
+name from its first settlement? or would the fact be singular if true?
+Virgil, in his first book of the _AEneid_, implies that it had at
+least _two_ names before that of Italy. "_AEnotrii_ coluere viri;"
+"_Hesperiam_ graii cognomine dicunt;" "Itali ducis de nomine." His
+works are not at hand, so that I cannot specify the line; but the
+passage is repeated three or four times in the course of the poem, and
+the reference, therefore, to it is peculiarly easy.
+
+In other places, as you may remember, he gives it the appellation of
+"Ausonia."
+
+Now as to the singularity of the circumstance, supposing it were
+otherwise, to what does it amount but this: that when Italian power
+extended over the countries of Europe, Italian names were given them;
+that as this power declined, these names as naturally fell into disuse;
+and the different nations, actuated severally by a spirit of
+independence or of caprice, recurred to their own or foreign tongues for
+the designation of their territory. While at Rome itself, which, though
+often suffering from the calamities of war, still retained a
+considerable share of influence, the inhabitants adhered to their native
+dialect, and the same city which had been the birth-place and cradle of
+the infant language was permitted to become its sanctuary at last.
+
+Y.M.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ELISE.
+
+(_By L.E.L._)
+
+  O Let me love her! she has past
+    Into my inmost heart--
+  A dweller on the hallowed ground
+    Of its least worldly part;
+  Where feelings and where memories dwell
+    Like hidden music in the shell.
+
+  She was so like the forms that float
+    On twilight's hour to me,
+  Making of cloud-born shapes and thoughts
+    A dear reality;
+  As much a thing of light and air
+    As ever poet's visions were.
+
+  I left smoke, vanities, and cares,
+    Just far enough behind,
+  To dream of fairies 'neath the moon,
+    Of voices on the wind,
+  And every fantasy of mine
+    Was truth in that sweet face of thine.
+
+  Her cheek was very, very pale,
+    Yet it was still more fair;
+  Lost were one half its loveliness,
+    Had the red rose been there:
+  But now that sad and touching grace
+  Made her's seem like an angel's face.
+
+  The spring, with all its breath and bloom,
+    Hath not so dear a flower,
+  As the white lily's languid head
+    Drooping beneath the shower;
+  And health hath ever waken'd less
+  Of deep and anxious tenderness.
+
+  And O thy destiny was love,
+    Written in those soft eyes;
+  A creature to be met with smiles.
+    And to be watch'd with sighs;
+  A sweet and fragile blossom, made
+  To be within the bosom laid.
+
+  And there are some beneath whose touch
+    The coldest hearts expand,
+  As erst the rocks gave forth their tears
+    Beneath the prophet's hand;
+  And colder than that rock must be
+  The heart that melted not for thee.
+
+  Thy voice--thy poet lover's song
+    Has not a softer tone;
+  Thy dark eyes--only stars at night
+    Such holy light have known;
+  And thy smile is thy heart's sweet sign,
+  So gentle and so feminine.
+
+  I feel, in gazing on thy face,
+    As I had known thee long;
+  Thy looks are like notes that recall
+    Some old remembered song
+  By all that touches and endears,
+  Lady, I must have loved thee years.
+
+_Literary Gazette._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+COLONEL GEORGE HANGER.
+
+
+Dining on one occasion at Carlton-house, it is said that, after the
+bottle had for some time circulated, his good-humoured volubility
+suddenly ceased, and he seemed for a time to be wholly lost in thought.
+While he "chewed the cud" in this ruminating state, his illustrious host
+remarked his very unusual quiescency, and interrupted it by inquiring
+the subject of his meditation. "I have been reflecting, Sir," replied
+the colonel, "on the lofty independence of my present situation. I have
+compromised with my creditors, paid my washerwoman, and have three
+shillings and sixpence left for the pleasures and necessities of life,"
+exhibiting at the same time current coin of the realm, in silver and
+copper, to that amount, upon the splendid board at which he sat.
+
+Having occasion to express his gratitude to his friend and patron for
+his nomination to a situation under government (which, had he been
+prudent, might have sufficed for genteel support), it is said that the
+royal personage condescended to observe, on the colonel's expatiating
+on the advantages of his office, that "now he was rich, he would so
+far impose upon his hospitality as to dine with him;" at the same time
+insisting on the repast being any thing but extravagant. "I shall give
+your royal highness a leg of mutton, and nothing more, by G----," warmly
+replied the gratified colonel, in his plain and homely phrase. The day
+was nominated, and the colonel had sufficient time to recur to his
+budget and bring his ways and means into action. Where is the
+sanguineless being whose hopes have never led him wrong? if such there
+be, the colonel was not one of those. Long destitute of credit and
+resources, he looked upon his appointment as the incontestable source of
+instant wealth, and he hesitated not to determine upon the forestalment
+of its profits to entertain the "first gentleman in England." But, alas!
+agents and brokers have flinty hearts. There were doubts (not of his
+word, for with creditors that he had never kept), but of the accidents
+of life, either naturally, or by one of those casualties he had depicted
+in the front of his book. In short, the day approached--nay, actually
+arrived, and his pockets could boast little more than the once vaunted
+half-crown and a shilling. Here was a state sufficient to drive one of
+less strength of mind to despair. As a friend, a subject, a man of
+honour, and one who prided himself upon a tenacious adherence to his
+word (when the aforesaid creditors were not concerned), he felt keenly
+all the horrors of his situation.
+
+The day arrived, and etiquette demanded that the proper officer should
+examine and report upon the nature of the expected entertainment, a duty
+that had been deferred until a late hour of the day. Well was it that
+the confiding prince had not wholly dispensed with that form; for verily
+the said officer found the colonel, with a dirty scullion for his aide
+du camp, in active and zealous preparation for his royal visiter; his
+shirt sleeves tucked up, while he ardently basted the identical and
+solitary "leg of mutton" as it revolved upon the spit: potatoes were to
+be seen delicately insinuated into the pan beneath to catch the rich
+exudation of the joint; while several tankards of foaming ale, and what
+the French term "bread a discretion," announced that, in quantity, if
+not in quality, he had not been careless in providing for the
+entertainment of his illustrious guest. Although the colonel's culinary
+skill leaves no doubt that the leg of mutton would have sustained
+(according to Mr. Hunt's elegant phraseology) critical discussion on its
+intrinsic merits, or on its concoction; and although the dinner might
+have been endured by royalty (of whose homely appetite the ample
+gridiron at Alderman Combe's brewery then gave ample proof), yet his
+royal highness's poodles would assuredly have perspired through every
+pore at the very mention of what a certain nobleman used to term a
+"jig-hot;" so the feast was dispensed with, and due acknowledgment made
+for the evident proofs of hospitality which had been displayed.
+
+After various vicissitudes of life and fortune, in Hanger's advanced
+age, a coronet became his, and it came opportunely; for he had at length
+learned experience, and knowing the value of the competence he had
+obtained, he resolved to enjoy it. He had had enough of fashion; and had
+proved all its allurements. So he took a small house in a part of
+earth's remoter regions, no great way from Somers' Town, near which
+stood a public-house he was fond of visiting, and there, as the price of
+his sanction, and in acknowledgment of his rank, a large chair by the
+fire-side was exclusively appropriated to the peer.--_New Monthly
+Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ANECDOTES OF UGO FOSCOLO, THE ITALIAN POET.
+
+
+Foscolo was in person about the middle height, and somewhat thin,
+remarkably clean and neat in his dress,--although on ordinary occasions,
+he wore a short jacket, trousers of coarse cloth, a straw hat, and thick
+heavy shoes; the least speck of dirt on his own person, or on that of
+any of his attendants, seemed to give him real agony. His countenance
+was of a very expressive character, his eyes very penetrating, although
+they occasionally betrayed a restlessness and suspicion, which his words
+denied; his mouth was large and ugly, his nose drooping, in the way that
+physiognomists dislike, but his forehead was splendid in the extreme;
+large, smooth, and exemplifying all the power of thought and reasoning,
+for which his mind was so remarkable. It was, indeed, precisely the same
+as that we see given in the prints of Michael Angelo; he has often heard
+the comparison made, and by a nod assented to it. In his living, Foscolo
+was remarkably abstemious. He seldom drank more than two glasses of
+wine, but he was fond of having all he eat and drank of the very best
+kind, and laid out with great attention to order. He always took coffee
+immediately after dinner. His house,--I speak of the one he built for
+himself, near the Regent's Park,--was adorned with furniture of the most
+costly description; at one time he had five magnificent carpets, one
+under another, on his drawing-room, and no two chairs in his house
+were alike. His tables were all of rare and curious woods. Some of
+the best busts and statues (in plaster) were scattered through every
+apartment,--and on those he doated with a fervour scarcely short of
+adoration. I remember his once sending for me in great haste, and when
+I entered his library, I found him kneeling, and exclaiming, "beautiful,
+beautiful." He was gazing on the Venus de Medici, which he had
+discovered looked most enchanting, when the light of his lamp was made
+to shine upon it from a particular direction. On this occasion, he had
+summoned his whole household into his library, to witness the discovery
+which gave him so much rapture. In this state, continually exclaiming,
+"beautiful, beautiful," and gazing on the figure, he remained for nearly
+two hours.
+
+He had the greatest dislike to be asked a question, which he did not
+consider important, and used to say, "I have three miseries--smoke,
+flies, and to be asked a foolish question."
+
+His memory was one of the most remarkable. He has often requested me to
+copy for him (from some library) a passage, which I should find in such
+a page of such a book; and appeared as if he never forgot any thing with
+which he was once acquainted.
+
+His conversation was peculiarly eloquent and impressive, such as to
+render it evident that he had not been over-rated as an orator, when in
+the days of his glory, he was the admiration of his country. I remember
+his once discoursing to me of language, and saying, "in every language,
+there are three things to be noticed,--verbs, substantives, and the
+particles; the verbs," holding out his hand, "are as the bones of these
+fingers; the substantives, the flesh and blood; but the particles are
+the sinews, without which the fingers could not move."
+
+"There are," said he to me, once, "three kinds of writing--_diplomatic_,
+in which you do not come to a point, but write artfully, and not to show
+what you mean; _attorney_, in which you are brief; and _enlarged_,
+in which you spread and stretch your thoughts."
+
+I have said that his cottage, (built by himself,) near the Regent's
+Park, was very beautiful. I remember his showing me a letter to a
+friend, in which were the following passages:--After alluding to some
+pecuniary difficulties, he says, "I can easily undergo all privations,
+but my dwelling is always my workshop, and often my prison, and ought
+not to distress me with the appearance of misery, and I confess, in this
+respect, I cannot be acquitted of extravagance."
+
+Speaking afterwards of the costliness of his furniture, he observes,
+"they encompass me with an air of respectability, and they give me the
+illusion of not having fallen into the lowest circumstances. I must also
+declare that I will die like a gentleman, on a clean bed, surrounded by
+the Venus's, Apollo's, and the Graces, and the busts of great men; nay,
+even among flowers, and, if possible, while music is breathing around
+me. Far from courting the sympathy of posterity, I will never give
+mankind the gratification of ejaculating preposterous sighs, because I
+died in a hospital, like Camoens, or Tasso; and since I must be buried
+in your country, I am happy in having got, for the remainder of my life,
+a cottage, independent of neighbours, surrounded by flowery shrubs, and
+open to the free air:--and when I can freely dispose of a hundred
+pounds, I will build a small dwelling for my corpse also, under a
+beautiful oriental plane tree, which I mean to plant next November, and
+cultivate _con amore_, to the last year of my existence. So far, I
+am, indeed an epicure, but in all other things, I am the most moderate
+of men. I might vie with Pythagoras for sobriety, and even with the
+great Scipio for continence."--Poor Foscolo! these dreams were far, very
+far from being realized. Within a short time after, his cottage, and all
+its beautiful contents, came to the hammer, and were distributed. A
+wealthy gold-smith now inhabits the dwelling of the poet of Italy. It is
+but justice to his friends to add, that there were circumstances which
+justified them in falling away from him.
+
+During a great portion of the time I was acquainted with Ugo Foscolo, he
+was under severe pecuniary distress, chiefly indeed brought on by his
+own thoughtless extravagance, in building and decorating his house. I
+have frequently in those moments seen him beat his forehead, tear his
+hair, and gnash his teeth in a manner horrifying; and often left him at
+night without the least hope of seeing him alive in the morning. He had
+a little Italian dagger which he always kept in his bed-room, and this
+he frequently told me would "drink his heart's blood in the night." "I
+will die," said he, one day, "I am a stranger, and have no friends."
+"Surely, sir," I replied, "a stranger may have friends." "Friends," he
+answered; "I have learnt that there is nothing in the word; I assure
+you, I called on W----e, to know if there was anything bad about me in
+the newspapers; everybody seems to be leagued against me--friends and
+enemies. I assure you, I do not think I will live after next Saturday,
+unless there is some change." At another time he said, "I am surrounded
+with difficulties, and must yield either life or honour; and can you ask
+me which I will give up?" I have now before me a letter of Foscolo's,
+which, after enumerating a long series of evils, concludes thus:--"Thus,
+if I have not underwent the doom of Tasso, I owe it only to the strength
+of my nerves that have preserved me."
+
+The following sonnet was written by Ugo Foscolo, in English, and
+accompanied the Essays on Petrarch, in the edition of that work which
+was printed for private circulation. It was omitted when the volume was
+subsequently published, and is consequently known to very few:
+
+
+TO CALLIRHOE, AT LAUSANNE.
+
+  Her face was veiled; yet to my fancied sight
+  Love, sweetness, goodness, in her person shin'd.
+  But, oh! I wak'd.----MILTON.
+
+
+  I twine far distant from my Tuscan grove,
+  The lily chaste, the rose that breathes of love,
+  The myrtle leaf, and Laura's hallow'd bay,
+  The deathless flowers that bloom o'er Sappho's clay;
+  For thee, Callirhoe! yet by love and years,
+  I learn how fancy wakes from joy to tears;
+  How memory, pensive, 'reft of hope, attends
+  The exile's path, and bids him fear new friends.
+  Long may the garland blend its varying hue
+  With thy bright tresses, and bud ever new
+  With all spring's odours; with spring's light be drest,
+  Inhale pure fragrance from thy virgin breast!
+  And when thou find'st that youth and beauty fly,
+  As heavenly meteors from our dazzled eye,
+  Still may the garland shed perfume, and shine,
+  While Laura's mind and Sappho's heart are thine.
+
+_Literary Chronicle._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ENGLISH FRUITS.
+
+
+_The Strawberry_.--Many varieties have been imported from other
+countries, and a far greater number have been obtained in this, chiefly
+from seeds properly prepared by cross impregnation; by which means, the
+strawberry has been wonderfully improved; instance the hautboys,
+scarlet, chilli, but particularly the splendid varieties, called
+"Wilmot's superb," and "Keen's seedlings."
+
+_The Raspberry_, is also found wild in the British isles, on its
+native site, (with its companions, the bramble, and dewberry)--its
+shoots and fruits are diminutive, though the flavour of the berry is
+rich. No plant requires the skilful hand of the pruner more than this;
+of all others, it is, perhaps, the most viviparous, throwing up,
+annually, a vast redundancy of shoots, which, if not displaced at the
+proper season, would impoverish not only the fruit of the present, but
+also the bearing wood of the next year. The Dutch fruiterers have been
+successful in obtaining two or three fine varieties from seeds; and as
+this field of improvement is open, no doubt further exertions will bring
+forth new and valuable sorts.
+
+_The Gooseberry._--No domesticated fruit sports into greater
+variety than this: the endless lists of new sorts is a proof of this,
+and many large and excellent sorts there are, particularly the old
+Warrington red.
+
+_The Cherry_.--Cultivation has accomplished wonders in the
+improvement of this beautiful native fruit. Instead of a lofty
+forest-tree bearing small bitter fruit, it has been long introduced to
+our orchards, is changed in appearance and habit, and even in its manner
+of bearing; has sported into many varieties, as numerous as they are
+excellent--nor is such improvement at an end: several new varieties have
+lately started into existence.
+
+_The Plum_.--The lowest grade of this class of fruits is the almost
+useless sloe in the hedge; and none but those in some degree acquainted
+with the matter could, on beholding the acidous, puny sloe, and the
+ample, luscious magnum bonum plum, together, readily believe that they
+were kindred, or that the former was the primitive representative of the
+latter. The intermediate links of this connexion are the bullace,
+muscle, damacene, &c., of all which there are many varieties. In
+nurserymen's lists, there are many improved sorts, not only excellent
+plums, but excellent fruit,--the green gage and imperatrice are
+admirable.
+
+_The Pear_, was originally an inhabitant of European forests: there
+it grew to be a middle-sized tree, with small leaves, and hard,
+crude-tasted, petty fruit: since its introduction and naturalization in
+the orchard, it has well repaid the planter's care. The French gardeners
+have been long celebrated for their success and indefatigable
+perseverance in the cultivation of the pear; almost all our superior
+sorts are from that country. The monastic institutions all over Europe,
+but particularly in France, were the sources from whence flowed many
+excellent horticultural rules, as well as objects.
+
+(_To be concluded in our next_.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE MONTHS
+
+
+[Illustration: OCTOBER.]
+
+
+  On the woods are hung
+  With many tints, the fading livery
+  Of life, in which it mourns the coming storms
+  Of winter.
+
+  PERCIVAL.
+
+
+Change is the characteristic of the month of October; in short, it
+includes the birth and death--the Alpha and Omega--of Nature. Hence, it
+is the most inviting to the contemplatist, and during a day in October,
+the genius of melancholy may walk out and take her fill, in meditating
+on its successive scenes of regeneration and decay.
+
+Dissemination, or the _sowing of seed_, is the principal business
+of this month in the economy of nature; which alone is an invaluable
+lesson, a "precept upon precept" to a cultivated mind. This is variously
+effected, besides by the agency of man; and it is a satire on his
+self-sufficiency which should teach him that Nature worketh out her way
+by means that he knoweth not.
+
+Planting, that agreeable and patriotic art, is another of the October
+labours. Here, however, the pride of man is again baffled, when he
+considers how many thousand trees are annually planted by _birds_,
+to whom he evinces his gratitude by destroying them, or cruelly
+imprisoning them for the idle gratification of listening to their
+warbling, which he may enjoy in all its native melody amidst the
+delightful retreats of woods and groves. This leads us to the October
+economy of birds. "Swallows are generally seen for the last time this
+month, the house-martin the latest. The rooks return to the roost trees,
+and the tortoise begins to bury himself for the winter. Woodcocks begin
+to arrive, and keep dropping in from the Baltic singly or in pairs till
+December. The snipe also comes now;" and with the month, by a kind of
+savage charter, commences the destruction of the pheasant, to swell the
+catalogue of the created wants and luxuries of the table. "One of the
+most curious natural appearances," says Mr. L. Hunt, "is the
+_gossamer_, which is an infinite multitude of little threads shot
+out by minute spiders, who are thus wafted by the wind from place to
+place." In this manner spiders are known to cross extents of many miles.
+
+The weather becomes misty, though the middle of the day is often very
+fine. Hence it is the proper season for the enjoyment of forest scenery.
+The leaves, which, towards the close of September, began to assume their
+golden tints and gorgeous hues, now lecture us with their scenes of
+falling grandeur; and nothing is more delightful than in an autumnal
+walk to emerge from the pensive gloom of a thick forest, and just catch
+the last glimpse of an October sun, shedding his broad glare over the
+varied tints of its leaves and branches, for the sombre and silvery
+barks of the latter add not a little to the picture. "The hedges," says
+the author already quoted, "are now sparkling with their abundant
+berries,--the wild rose with the hip, the hawthorn with the haw, the
+blackthorn with the sloe, the bramble with the blackberry; and the
+briony, privet, honey-suckle, elder, holly, and woody nightshade, with
+their other winter feasts for the birds."
+
+October is the great month for _brewing_--that luxurious and
+substantial branch of rural economy; and many and merry are the songs
+and stories of nut-brown October to "gladden the heart of man," with the
+soul-stirring influence of its regalings. Hops, too, are generally
+picked this month.
+
+October in Italy is thus vividly described: "It was now the beginning of
+the month of October; already the gales which attend upon the equinox
+swept through the woods and trees; the delicate chestnut woods, which
+last dare encounter the blasts of spring, and whose tender leaves do not
+expand until they may become a shelter to the swallow, had already
+changed their hues, and shone yellow and red, amidst the sea-green
+foliage of the olives, the darker but light boughs of the cork-trees,
+and the deep and heavy masses of ilexes and pines."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Astronomical Occurences
+
+_FOR  OCTOBER, 1827._
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+Mercury is in conjunction with Jupiter on the 7th at noon: he is too
+near the sun to be observed this month.
+
+Venus passes her superior conjunction on the 7th, at 10 h. morning,
+thenceforward she sets after the sun, and becomes an evening star. This
+interesting planet makes a very near appulse to Jupiter on the 16th at
+1 h. morning.
+
+Jupiter is in conjunction with the sun on the 18th at 10-3/4 h. evening.
+He is afterwards a morning star, preceding the sun in his rising.
+
+The Georgian planet, or Herschel, ceases from his retrograde movement on
+the 4th, and appears stationary till the 11th, when he resumes a direct
+motion. He is still in a favourable situation for evening observation.
+Its great distance from the earth, and the long period of its revolution
+round the sun prevent any rapid change in its situation among the fixed
+stars; the place therefore which the Greorgium Sidus occupied in
+Capricornus in July, (see MIRROR for that month) is so contiguous to
+that planet's present position, that the observations then made may be a
+sufficient guide for the present month. Its slow motion among the fixed
+stars makes it participate in that daily change which is common to them,
+hence the planet may be observed in the same place a few minutes earlier
+every night. It comes to the south on the 1st at 7 h. 16 min., and on
+the 31st at 5 h. 26 min. evening.
+
+The moon is in opposition on the 5th; in apogee on the 11th; in
+conjunction on the 20th; and in perigee on the 23rd. She is in
+conjunction with Saturn on the 13th at 3-1/4 h. after with Mars on the
+18th at 2 h. morning; and Jupiter and Venus on the 20th, with the former
+at 1-1/2 h. and the latter at 11 h. afternoon, also with Mercury on the
+21st at 10-1/2 h. afternoon.
+
+The Solar luminary is eclipsed on the 20th at 3 h. 47 min. afternoon. He
+is above the horizon during the whole time the central shade is passing
+over the disc of the earth, but the moon having nearly 2 deg. southern
+latitude at the time of true conjunction, in middle of the eclipse, it
+will be invisible not only to us but to the whole boreal hemisphere of
+the globe. He enters Scorpio on the 24th at 4 h. 36 min. morning.
+
+From the observations made upon the annual eclipses, it appears that the
+period of the moon is now shorter, and consequently that her distance
+from the earth is now less than in former ages, and this has been
+considered as an argument against those who assert that the world may
+have existed from eternity; for it was hence inferred that the moon
+moves in a resisting medium, and therefore that her motion must by
+degrees be all destroyed, in which case she must at last come to the
+earth. But M. de la Place has shewn that this acceleration of the moon's
+period is a necessary consequence of universal gravitation, and that it
+arises from the action of the planets upon the moon. He has also shewn
+that this acceleration will go on till it arrives at a certain limit,
+when it will be changed into a retardation, or in other words, there are
+two limits between which the lunar period fluctuates, but neither of
+which it can pass.
+
+PASCHE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Fine Arts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HANS HOLBEIN.
+
+
+Holbein is the man who has been hitherto considered as the most
+brilliant genius Switzerland has produced in the art of painting. He
+is here universally believed to have been a native of Switzerland. His
+earliest biographers, Mander and Patin, asserted that he was born at
+Basel, and they have been copied by all our biographical dictionaries.
+Another biographer, however, appears, himself a Swiss, and known as the
+author of some other clever works, and proves, on the most satisfactory
+evidence, that Holbein was born 1498, at Augsburg, in Germany; but that
+his father, a painter too, came to Basel between 1504-8, probably at the
+invitation of the magistrates of Basel, as they required a painter to
+decorate their newly-built council-hall.
+
+Holbein gave early proofs of his aspiring talent. When fifteen years
+old, he exhibited an oil-painting, which, though defective in colouring,
+raised high expectations by its clearness and softness of execution.
+This painting is still to be seen in the public library at Basel, and
+bears the date of 1513. Of the same year, a sketch, with the monogram
+HH, is extant, representing three watchmen with halberds. His two
+brothers were also painters; only a few paintings are left of the elder,
+Ambrose, and none of the younger brother Bruno; both died prematurely.
+In the year 1520, Holbein was presented with the freedom of the town of
+Basel.
+
+Switzerland held constant communications with Germany and the
+Netherlands, but less with Italy. A number of painters lived at that
+time in Germany, whose names have not been recorded by any German
+Vasari, and their master works have been long neglected. In Holbein's
+time Albrecht Durer enjoyed the primary reputation. Martin Schoen had
+preceded him at Colmar, in Alsace; Manuel painted at Bern, Hans Asper at
+Zurich, and at Basel itself there were other painters besides Holbein.
+Half a century before him the _Dance of Death_ had been painted,
+after the disaster of a plague, on the walls of a church-yard at Basel.
+
+The council-hall at Basel gave occupation to architects from 1508 till
+1520. It is believed that Holbein painted three of the walls, only one
+of which (hid behind old tapestry, and discovered again in 1817) has
+escaped the ravages of time. It represents M. Curius Dentatus cooking
+his dinner, whilst the Samnites offer silver plates with money. "The
+last Judgment," where a pope, with priests and monks, sink into the
+flames of hell, is not the work of Holbein, but was done in 1610, during
+good Protestant times.
+
+A good number of stories are told of Holbein. Unable to pay his debts in
+a tavern, he discharged the bill by decorating the walls with paintings
+of flowers. Another time, for a similar purpose, he covered the walls
+all over with "the merry dance of peasants;" and in order to deceive one
+of his employers, he painted his own legs beneath the high scaffolding,
+that the watchful citizen should not suspect his having abandoned his
+work to carouse in wine-cellars. Here our biographer gravely says, "a
+man of spirit could not be expected to sit quietly painting the whole
+day long in the heat of the sun, or in the rain; if he saw a good friend
+go to the tavern, he felt disposed to follow him." Holbein did not keep
+the best company; but in this he resembled Rembrandt, who said, that
+when he wished to amuse himself, he avoided the company of the great,
+which put a restraint upon him; "for pleasure," he adds, "consists in
+perfect liberty only." Holbein no doubt felt a contempt for the great
+people of his time, as they did not understand much about his art, which
+he valued above all things.
+
+Holbein's wife, and he married early, was a perfect Xantippe, too shrewd
+to be despised, and not handsome enough to be admired. In the library at
+Basel is a family picture of Holbein, in which she is introduced, almost
+unconscious of the two children about her; but Holbein very shrewdly
+forgot to paint himself there. But he took care of the interests of his
+family, and obtained them a pension from the magistrates of Basel,
+during his stay in England. This pension was paid for past services, and
+in order to induce him finally to fix his residence in Switzerland.
+
+The absence of matrimonial felicity was probably an additional motive
+for Holbein to seek employment as an itinerant painter. He visited
+several Swiss towns, but certainly never saw Luther and Melancthon, so
+that the portraits of Luther and Melancthon exhibited in Italy, Germany,
+and England, as works of Holbein, cannot be genuine; and it is very
+improbable that he should have copied the works of Lucas Cranach, who
+several times painted the portraits of those lights of the reformation.
+Erasmus was frequently painted by Holbein; and as those portraits were
+sent as presents to the friends of Erasmus, Holbein's name became known
+all over Europe.
+
+Holbein came to England in the year 1526, and Sir Thomas More wrote to
+Erasmus that he would take care of him. Sir Thomas received him into his
+own house at Chelsea, and there Henry VIII. saw him one day, when paying
+a visit to the former. He took him instantly into his service, gave him
+apartments in the royal palace, and a salary of 30_l_. a-year.
+Holbein's long residence in the house of Sir Thomas More had a good
+effect upon him; for although Erasmus describes the women of England as
+"nymphae divinis vultibus, blandae, faciles," yet Holbein seems to have
+resisted those temptations in London, which rendered his conduct at
+Basel so reprehensible. Holbein twice revisited Switzerland, once in
+1526, the second and last time in 1538: the zealots had just destroyed
+all the images; and even some painters, infected with the spirit of the
+age, had declared they would rather starve, than break the second
+commandment. In England the same work of devastation took place; but
+Henry VIII., notwithstanding, gave Holbein abundance of work, as he had
+to paint all his royal consorts in succession, besides a number of
+portraits for English noblemen.
+
+His sketches of heads, now existing at Kensington, of various people who
+lived at the court of Henry VIII., and among them one of that monarch,
+are exquisite productions. Imitations of the original drawings have been
+published by J. Chamberlaine, fol. Lond. 1792. One picture of Holbein is
+supposed to be in Surgeons' Hall. Some wood-cuts to Cranmer's Catechism
+(1548) were made by Holbein. Our biographer, who had never seen the work
+himself, was led by Walpole [_Anecdotes of Painting_] to believe,
+that all the wood-cuts were from Holbein.
+
+With respect to the famous "Dance of Death," the biographer tells us,
+what we have already stated, that the painting on the wall of the
+church-yard at Basel is not the work of Holbein; the costumes are of a
+time anterior to Holbein. There was also a "Dance of Death" painted on
+the wall of a convent at Bern by Manuel, who lived a little before
+Holbein. Only on the supposition that the "Dance of Death" at Basel was
+Holbein's work, could that of Bern be said to be the first of its kind.
+But, on comparing the costumes, it appears again, that the "Dance of
+Death" at Bern must have been painted subsequently to that at Basel. No
+"Dance of Death" of an earlier date was known, until another was
+discovered on the wall of a convent of nuns at Klingenthal, on the right
+bank of the Rhine, at Basel. This bears the date of 1312, and is
+therefore a whole century prior to the other, which cannot have been
+painted before the year 1439. It has been supposed, that the idea of the
+"Dance of Death" was taken from certain processions very much in vogue
+during the middle ages; and it is singular enough, that up to this day,
+in funeral processions in Italy, long white robes are used, which wholly
+cover the head, with only two holes for the eyes. But the coincidence of
+another plague at Basel, which, about the year 1312, destroyed above
+11,000 people, renders it more than probable that the artist availed
+himself of the impression which such a dreadful mortality must have made
+on the minds of all the surviving, to represent how inexorable death
+drags to the grave, in terrible sport, rich and poor, high and low,
+clergymen and laity.
+
+On the authority of Nieuhoff, a Dutchman, who came over to England with
+William III., Mr. Douce asserts, that Holbein had painted the "Dance of
+Death" on the walls of Whitehall. Borbonius might then have had in mind
+this painting, when he mentioned the "Mors picta" of Holbein; but three
+biographers of Holbein, Mander, Sandrart, and Patin, were in England
+before Whitehall was destroyed by fire, and make no mention of this
+painting, although Mander speaks of other paintings of Holbein,
+particularly the portrait of Henry VIII., that were preserved at
+Whitehall. Mander states, that he also saw at Whitehall the portraits of
+Edward, Maria, and Elizabeth, by Holbein, "die oock ter selver plaetse
+te sien zyn."
+
+Sandrart, whose work was published in 1675, also mentions the paintings
+of Holbein at Whitehall. Is it credible, that three travellers, two of
+whom were distinguished artists themselves, should have been at
+Whitehall, and seen there the paintings of Holbein, without taking
+notice of the "Dance of Death," if it had been in that place?
+
+Holbein died of the plague in London, 1554.--_Westminster Review_.
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+When I see the spirit of liberty in action, I see a strong principle at
+work; and, this for awhile, is all I can possibly know of it. The wild
+gas, the fixed air, is plainly broke loose; but we ought to suspend our
+judgment until the first effervescence is a little subsided, till the
+liquor is cleared, and until we see something deeper than the agitation
+of a troubled and frothy surface. I must be tolerably sure, before I
+venture publicly to congratulate men upon a blessing, that they have
+really received one.--_Burke_.
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+If we must lash one another, let it be with the manly strokes of wit and
+satire; for I am of the old philosopher's opinion, that if I must suffer
+from one or the other, I would rather it should be from the paw of a
+lion, than from the hoof of an ass.--_Addison_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: The Central Market, Leeds.]
+
+
+
+
+THE CENTRAL MARKET, LEEDS.
+
+
+As one of the most elegant and useful buildings of the important town of
+Leeds, and as characteristic of the public spirit of its inhabitants,[2]
+the above engraving cannot fail to prove acceptable to our readers;
+while it may serve as an excitement to similar exertions in other
+districts.
+
+The Central Market, is erected on the site of the old post-office, at
+the north-east corner of Duncan-street, the foundation stone of which
+was laid in 1824. The whole site was excavated, and is divided into
+cellars, arched and groined, with a spacious area round the whole, for
+the convenience of access to each, and lighted by powerful convex lenses
+from the interior of the building. Over these is the principal
+building--an enclosed market-house, with twenty shops round the exterior
+for butchers and others, and twenty others corresponding in size with
+them, fronting the interior. The space within these, on the ground
+floor, is fitted up with twenty single stands for fruit and vegetables.
+Three sides of the square form a spacious gallery, commodiously fitted
+up with thirty-six stands of convenient dimensions, as a Bazaar. The
+interior is lighted and ventilated by three rows of windows, one row on
+the Bazaar floor, and two rows in the roof. The roof, the carpentry of
+which has been pronounced a master-piece, is supported by twelve
+cast-iron columns and sixteen oak pillars, and is 34 ft. 6 in. high; the
+height from the floor to the upper point of the ceiling being 54 ft. 4
+in. The size within the walls is 138 ft. by 103 ft. The principal
+entrance is at the south front from Duncan-street, on each side of which
+are three large shops fronting the street, with a suite of six offices
+above. Over this entrance is an entablature richly embellished with fine
+masonry, and supported with two Ionic columns, and two pilasters or
+antaes, 30 ft. high. In the centre of the front, as well as within the
+market, it is intended to place a clock. The outer boundary of the
+market, which forms three sides of the square, and is separated from
+the enclosed market by a carriage road, consists of twenty-five shops
+devoted exclusively to butchers and fishmongers. At the south-west
+corner of these is an hotel; at the south-east corner, near Call-lane,
+are two shops, with offices above; and, in another part, a house for the
+clerk of the market. There are four pumps on the premises, and the floor
+of the interior is so contrived and fitted up with proper drains, that
+it can be washed down at pleasure. The whole will be lighted with gas.
+
+The architect of the Central Market is Francis Goodwin, Esq., and it is
+but justice to say, that it is highly creditable to his taste and skill.
+The front is of the Grecian order, and perhaps the largest piece of
+masonry in the county of York, with the fewest observable joints. It is
+expected to prove an advantageous investment.
+
+    [2] Too much praise cannot be conferred on this and similar instances
+        of provincial improvement; while it is much to be regretted
+        that such praise cannot be extended to the _metropolis_ of
+        England; for, strange to say, LONDON is still without a
+        market-place suitable to its commercial consequence. Hence,
+        Smithfield market is almost a public nuisance, while its extensive
+        business is settled in public-houses in the neighbourhood; and the
+        hay market, held in the fine broad street of that name, but ill
+        accords with the courtly vicinity of Pall Mall and St. James's.
+        It is, however, to _fruit and vegetable markets_ that this
+        observation is particularly applicable: for instance, what a
+        miserable scene is the area of _Covent Garden market_. The
+        non-completion of the piazza square is much to be lamented, while
+        splendid streets and towns are erecting on every side of the
+        metropolis. How unworthy, too, is the market, of association with
+        Inigo Jones's noble Tuscan church of St. Paul, "the handsomest
+        barn in Europe." To quote Sterne, we must say "they manage these
+        things better in France," where the _halles_, or markets are among
+        the noblest of the public buildings. Neither can any Englishman,
+        who has seen the markets of Paris, but regret the absence of
+        fountains from the markets of London. They are among the most
+        tasteful embellishments of Paris, and their presence in the
+        markets cannot be too much admired. Water is, unquestionably, the
+        most salutary and effective cleanser of vegetable filth which is
+        necessarily generated on the sites of markets; but in London its
+        useful introduction is limited to a few pumps, and its ornamental
+        to one or two solitary _jets d'eau_ in almost unfrequented
+        places. It should be added, that in Southwark, an extensive and
+        commodious market-place is just completed, and the tolls are
+        proportionally increasing. A similar improvement is much wanted in
+        Covent Garden, by which means many of the evils of that spot would
+        be abated, and instead of seeing Nature's choicest productions
+        huddled together, and being ourselves tortured in the scramble and
+        confusion of a crowd, we might then range through the avenues of
+        Covent Garden with all the comfort which our forefathers were wont
+        to enjoy on this spot, or certainly with comparative ease.--ED.
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+
+
+_THE SELECTOR_;
+
+AND
+
+LITERARY NOTICES OF
+
+_NEW WORKS_.
+
+
+RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEON.
+
+
+With his passions, and in spite of his errors, Napoleon is, taking him
+all in all, the greatest warrior of modern times. He carried into battle
+a stoical courage, a profoundly calculated tenacity, a mind fertile in
+sudden inspirations, which by unhopedfor resources disconcerted the
+plans of the enemy. Let us beware of attributing a long series of
+success to the organic power of the masses which he set in motion. The
+most experienced eye could scarcely discover in them any thing but
+elements of disorder. Still less let it be said that he was a successful
+captain because he was a mighty monarch. Of all his campaigns, the most
+memorable are,--the campaign of the Adige, where the general of
+yesterday, commanding an army by no means numerous, and at first badly
+appointed, placed himself at once above Turenne and on a level with
+Frederick; and the campaign in France in 1814, when, reduced to a
+handful of harassed troops, he combated a force of ten times their
+number. The last flashes of imperial lightning still dazzled the eyes of
+our enemies; and it was a fine sight to see the bounds of the old lion
+tracked, hunted down, beset, presenting a lively picture of the days of
+his youth, when his powers developed themselves in the fields of
+carnage.
+
+Napoleon possessed, in an eminent degree, the faculties requisite for
+the profession of arms; temperate and robust, watching and sleeping at
+pleasure, appearing unawares where he was least expected, he did not
+disregard details to which important results are sometimes attached. The
+hand which had just traced rules for the government of many millions of
+men would frequently rectify an incorrect statement of the situation of
+a regiment, or write down whence two hundred conscripts were to be
+obtained, and from what magazine their shoes were to be taken. A patient
+and easy interlocutor, he was a home questioner, and he could listen--a
+rare talent in the grandees of the earth. He carried with him into
+battle a cool and impassable courage; never was mind so deeply
+meditative, more fertile in rapid and sudden illuminations. On becoming
+emperor he ceased not to be the soldier. If his activity decreased with
+the progress of age, that was owing to the decrease of his physical
+powers.
+
+In games of mingled calculation and hazard, the greater the advantages
+which a man seeks to obtain, the greater risks he must run. It is
+precisely this that renders the deceitful science of conquerors so
+calamitous to nations. Napoleon, though naturally adventurous, was not
+deficient in consistency or method; and he wasted neither his soldiers
+nor his treasures where the authority of his name sufficed. What he
+could obtain by negociations or by artifice, he required not by force of
+arms. The sword, although drawn from the scabbard, was not stained with
+blood, unless it was impossible to attain the end in view by a
+manoeuvre. Always ready to fight, he chose habitually the occasion and
+the ground. Out of fifty battles which he fought, he was the assailant
+in at least forty.
+
+Other generals have equalled him in the art of disposing troops on the
+ground. Some have given battle as well as he did; we could mention
+several who have received it better; but in the manner of directing an
+offensive campaign he has surpassed all.
+
+The wars in Spain and Russia prove nothing in disparagement of his
+genius. It is not by the rules of Montecuculii and Turenne, manoeuvring
+on the Renchen, that we ought to judge of such enterprises. The first
+warred to secure such or such winter-quarters; the other to subdue the
+world. It frequently behoved him not merely to gain a battle, but to
+gain it in such a manner as to astound Europe and to produce gigantic
+results. Thus political views were incessantly interfering with the
+strategic genius; and to appreciate him properly we must not confine
+ourselves within the limits of the art of war. This art is not composed
+exclusively of technical details; it has also its philosophy. To find in
+this elevated region a rival to Napoleon, we must go back to the times
+when the feudal institutions had not yet broken the unity of the ancient
+nations. The founders of religions alone have exercised over their
+disciples an authority comparable with that which made him the absolute
+master of his army. This moral power became fatal to him, because he
+strove to avail himself of it even against the ascendancy of material
+force, and because it led him to despise positive rules, the long
+violation of which will not remain unpunished.
+
+When pride was hurrying Napoleon towards his fall, he happened to say,
+"France has more need of me than I have of France." He spoke the truth.
+But why had he become necessary? Because he had committed the destiny of
+the French to the chances of an interminable war; because, in spite of
+the resources of his genius, that war, rendered daily more hazardous by
+his staking the whole of his force, and by the boldness of his
+movements, risked in every campaign, in every battle, the fruits of
+twenty years of triumph; because his government was so modelled that
+with him every thing must be swept away, and that a re-action
+proportioned to the violence of the action must burst forth at once both
+within and without. The mania of conquest had reversed the state of
+things in Europe; we, the eldest born of liberty and independence, were
+spilling our blood in the service of royal passions against the cause of
+nations, and outraged nations were turning round upon us, more terrible
+from being armed with the principles which we had forsaken.
+
+At times, this immense mass of passions which he was accumulating
+against him, this multitude of avenging arms ready to be raised, filled
+his ambitious spirit with involuntary apprehension. Looking around him,
+he was alarmed to find himself solitary, and conceived the idea of
+strengthening his power by moderating it. Then it was that he thought of
+creating an hereditary peerage, and reconstructing his monarchy on more
+secure foundations. But Napoleon saw without illusion to the bottom of
+things. The nation, wholly and continually occupied in prosecuting the
+designs of its chief, had previously not had time to form any plans for
+itself. The day on which it should have ceased to be stunned by the din
+of arms, it would have called itself to account for its servile
+obedience. It is better, thought he, for an absolute prince to fight
+foreign armies, than to have to struggle against the energy of the
+citizens. Despotism had been organized for making war; war was continued
+to uphold despotism. The die was cast; France must either conquer
+Europe, or Europe subdue France.
+
+Napoleon fell: he fell, because with the men of the nineteenth century
+he attempted the work of an Attila and a Genghis Khan; because he gave
+the reins to an imagination directly contrary to the spirit of his age,
+with which nevertheless his reason was perfectly acquainted; because he
+would not pause on the day when he felt conscious of his inability to
+succeed. Nature has fixed a boundary, beyond which extravagant
+enterprises cannot be carried with prudence. This boundary the emperor
+reached in Spain, and he overleaped it in Russia. Had he then escaped
+destruction, his inflexible presumption would have caused him to find
+elsewhere a Baylen and a Moscow-- _History of the War in the
+Peninsula, from the French of General Foy._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ROBINSON CRUSOES.
+
+
+At one of the islands belonging to Juan de Ampues, the pilot ran away.
+Cifuentes and his crew, all equally ignorant of navigation, made sail
+for San Domingo, were dismasted in a gale of wind, and driven in the
+night upon the "Serrana" shoals; the crew, a flask of powder and steel,
+were saved, but nothing else. They found sea-calves and birds upon the
+island, and were obliged to eat them raw, and drink their blood, for
+there was no water. After some weeks, they made a raft with fragments of
+the wreck, lashed together with calf-skin thongs: three men went off
+upon it, and were lost. Two, and a boy, staid upon the island--one of
+whom, Moreno, died four days afterwards raving mad, having gnawed the
+flesh off his arms: the survivors, Master John and the boy, dug holes in
+the sand with tortoise-shells, and lined them with calf-skins to catch
+the rain. Where the vessel was wrecked, they found a stone which served
+them for a flint; this invaluable prize enabled them to make a fire.
+Two men had been living upon another island two leagues from them, in
+similar distress, for five years; these saw the fire, and upon a raft
+joined their fellow sufferers. They now built a boat with the fragments
+of the wreck, made sails of calf-skins, and caulked her with their fat,
+mixed with charcoal: one man and the boy went away in her: Master John,
+and one whose name has not been preserved, would not venture in her:
+they made themselves coracles with skins, and coasted round the shoals,
+which they estimated at twelve leagues long. At low water there were
+seventeen islands, but only five which were not sometimes overflowed.
+Fish, turtle, sea-calves, birds, and a root like purslane, was their
+food. The whites of turtle-eggs, when dried and buried for a fortnight,
+turned to water, which they found good drink: five months in the year
+these eggs were their chief food. They clothed themselves and covered
+their huts with calf-skins, and made an enclosure to catch fish,
+twenty-two fathoms long, with stones brought out of the sea--and raised
+two towers in the same laborious way, sixteen fathoms in circumference
+at the base, and four in height, at the north and south extremities of
+the island: upon these they made fires as signals. To avoid the crabs
+and snails which tormented them at night, they slept in the day time.
+
+Three years after the other went way, John's sufferings began to affect
+his reason: in a fit of despair, he applied to the devil for that relief
+his prayers had failed to bring; and, rising in the dark, he fancied the
+devil was close to the hut. John awakened his companion, and taking a
+crucifix for protection, ran praying to the other end of the island.
+About a fortnight afterwards, John thought he heard his visiter again,
+but did not see him. And it now pleased God to relieve them: they saw a
+ship, and made a great smoke upon their tower, which was seen. John and
+his companion were carried to the Havannah, where their appearance and
+story attracted great attention. John was twice sick during the eight
+years, both times in August, and both times bled himself.--_Southey's
+Chronological History of the West Indies._
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+FIRST APPEARANCES OF MISS STEPHENS AND MR. KEAN.
+
+
+During this memorable era of the British Stage, Mr. Hazlit was engaged
+as theatrical reporter to the _Morning Chronicle_, newspaper, then
+conducted by Mr. Perry, and printed on the exact site of the MIRROR
+office: in his _Table Talk_ he gives the following portraiture of
+their theatrical successes:--
+
+What squabbles we used to have about Kean and Miss Stephens, the only
+theatrical favourites I ever had! Mrs. Billington had got some notion
+that Miss Stephens would never make a singer, and it was the torment of
+Perry's life (as he told me in confidence) that he could not get any two
+people to be of the same opinion on any one point. I shall not easily
+forget bringing him my account of her first appearance in the
+_Beggar's Opera_. I have reason to remember that article: it was
+almost the last I ever wrote with any pleasure to myself. I had been
+down on a visit to my friends near Chertsey, and, on my return, had
+stopped at an inn at Kingston-upon-Thames, where I had got the
+_Beggar's Opera_, and had read it overnight. The next day I walked
+cheerfully to town. It was a fine sunny morning, in the end of autumn,
+and as I repeated the beautiful song, "Life knows no return of spring,"
+I meditated my next day's criticism, trying to do all the justice I
+could to so inviting a subject. I was not a little proud of it by
+anticipation. I had just then begun to stammer out my sentiments on
+paper, and was in a kind of honey-moon of authorship.
+
+I deposited my account of the play at the _Morning Chronicle_
+office in the afternoon, and went to see Miss Stephens as Polly. Those
+were happy times, in which she first came out in this character, in
+Mandane, where she sang the delicious air, "If o'er the cruel tyrant
+Love," (so as it can never be sung again,) in _Love in a Village_,
+where the scene opened with her and Miss Matthews in a painted garden of
+roses and honeysuckles, and "Hope thou nurse of young Desire," thrilled
+from two sweet voices in turn. Oh! may my ears sometimes still drink the
+same sweet sounds, embalmed with the spirit of youth, of health, and
+joy, but in the thoughts of an instant, but in a dream of fancy, and I
+shall hardly need to complain! When I got back, after the play, Perry
+called out, with his cordial, grating voice, "Well, how did she do?" and
+on my speaking in high terms, answered, that "he had been to dine with
+his friend the duke, that some conversation had passed on the subject,
+he was afraid it was not the thing, it was not the true _sostenuto_
+style; but as I had written the article" (holding my peroration on the
+_Beggar's Opera_ carelessly in his hand) "it might pass!" I could
+perceive that the rogue licked his lips at it, and had already in
+imagination "bought golden opinions of all sorts of people" by this very
+criticism, and I had the satisfaction the next day to meet Miss Stephens
+coming out of the editor's room, who had been to thank him for his very
+flattering account of her.
+
+I was sent to see Kean the first night of his performance of Shylock,
+when there were about a hundred people in the pit, but from his masterly
+and spirited delivery of the first striking speech, "On such a day you
+called me dog," &c. I perceived it was a hollow thing. So it was given
+out in the _Chronicle_, but Perry was continually at me as other
+people were at him, and was afraid it would not last. It was to no
+purpose I said it _would last_: yet I am in the right hitherto.
+It has been said, ridiculously, that Mr. Kean was written up in the
+_Chronicle_. I beg leave to state my opinion that no actor can be
+written up or down by a paper. An author may be puffed into notice, or
+damned by criticism, because his book may not have been read. An artist
+may be over-rated, or undeservedly decried, because the public is not
+much accustomed to see or judge of pictures. But an actor is judged by
+his peers, the play-going public, and must stand or fall by his own
+merits or defects. The critic may give the tone or have a casting voice
+where popular opinion is divided; but he can no more _force_ that
+opinion either way, or wrest it from its base in common-sense and
+feeling, than he can move Stonehenge. Mr. Kean had, however, physical
+disadvantages and strong prejudices to encounter, and so far the
+_liberal_ and _independent_ part of the press might have been
+of service in helping him to his seat in the public favour.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+
+  "I am but a _Gatherer_ and disposer of other men's stuff."--Wotton.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+INSANITY.
+
+
+A French physician, in a recent work on the moral and physical causes of
+insanity, noticing the influence of professions in promoting this
+affliction, brings forward a curious table, showing the relative
+proportion of different professions in a mass of 164 lunatics. It runs
+thus:--merchants, 50; military men, 33; students, 25; administrateurs et
+employes, 21; advocates, notaries, and men of business, 10; artists, 8;
+chemists, 4; medical practitioners, 4; farmers, 4; sailors, 3;
+engineers, 2. Total 164.
+
+Never were the afflictions of Insanity more vividly portrayed than in
+the following lines from _Churchill's Epistle to Hogarth_:--
+
+
+  Sure 'tis a curse which angry fates impose,
+  To mortify man's arrogance, that those
+  Who're fashioned of some better sort of clay,
+  Must sooner than the common herd decay.
+  What bitter pangs must humble genius feel,
+  In their last hour to view a Swift and Steele!
+  How must ill-boding horrors fill their breast,
+  When she beholds men, mark'd above the rest
+  For qualities most dear, plung'd from that height,
+  And sunk, deep sunk, in second childhood's night!
+  Are men indeed such things? and are the best
+  More subject to this evil than the rest,
+  To drivel out whole years of idiot breath,
+  And sit the monuments of living death?
+  O galling circumstance to human pride!
+  Abasing thought! but not to be deny'd.
+  With curious art, the brain too finely wrought,
+  Preys on herself, and is destroyed by thought.
+  Constant attention wears the active mind,
+  Blots out her pow'rs and leaves a blank behind.
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+MACADAMIZATION.
+
+
+  The cost of converting Regent-street,
+  Whitehall-place, and Palace-yard, into
+  broken stone roads, has been               L 6,055 8_s_. 3_d_.
+
+  Value of old pavement taken up and
+  broken for that purpose                    L 6,787 7_s_. 0_d_.
+
+                                             ------------
+                                             L12,842 15 3
+                                             ------------
+
+_Parliamentary Papers._
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+SILK
+
+
+According to a late statement of Mr. Huskisson, the silk manufacture of
+England now reaches the enormous amount of fourteen millions sterling
+per annum, and is consequently after cotton, the greatest staple of the
+country.
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+NEW LAMP.
+
+
+At a recent meeting of the Royal Institution an ornamental lamp was
+placed on the library table, the elegant transparent paintings and
+spiral devices of which were kept in rotary motion by the action of the
+current of heated air issuing from the chimneys of the lamp, which
+contrivance is well adapted to a number of purposes of ornamental
+illumination.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+First and last there have been 120,000 copies printed of "Domestic
+Cookery, by a Lady," (Mrs. Rundell;) and 50,000 "Receipt Book," by the
+same authoress.
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near
+Somerset-house,) and sold by all Newsmen and Booksellers._
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, No. 276, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
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