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+Project Gutenberg's Bay State Monthly, Vol. I, No. 3, March, 1884, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Bay State Monthly, Vol. I, No. 3, March, 1884
+       A Massachusetts Magazine
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: May 28, 2005 [EBook #15925]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BAY STATE MONTHLY, VOL. I ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Cornell University, Joshua Hutchinson, David
+Garcia and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: J.W. BOOTT]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE BAY STATE MONTHLY.
+
+_A Massachusetts Magazine._
+
+VOL. I. MARCH, 1884. No. III.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Hon. JOSIAH GARDNER ABBOTT, LL.D.
+
+By Colonel John Hatch George.
+
+
+The Honorable JOSIAH GARDNER ABBOTT, the subject of this
+biographic sketch, traces his lineage back to the first settlers of this
+Commonwealth. The Puritan George Abbott, who came from Yorkshire,
+England, in 1630, and settled in Andover, was his ancestor on his
+father's side; while on his mother's side his English ancestor was
+William Fletcher, who came from Devonshire in 1640, and settled, first,
+in Concord, and, finally, in 1651, in Chelmsford. It may be noted in
+passing that Devonshire, particularly in the first part of the
+seventeenth century, was not an obscure part of England to hail from,
+for it was the native shire of England's first great naval heroes and
+circumnavigators of the globe, such as Drake and Cavendish.
+
+George Abbott married Hannah, the daughter of William and Annis
+Chandler, whose descendants have been both numerous and influential. The
+young couple settled in Andover. As has been said, ten years after the
+advent on these shores of George Abbott came William Fletcher, who,
+after living for a short time in Concord, settled finally in Chelmsford.
+In direct descent from these two original settlers of New England were
+Caleb Abbott and Mercy Fletcher, the parents of the subject of this
+sketch. Judge Abbott is, therefore, of good yeomanly pedigree. His
+ancestors have always lived in Massachusetts since the settlement of the
+country, and have always been patriotic citizens, prompt to respond to
+every call of duty in the emergencies of their country, whether in peace
+or war. Both his grandfathers served honorably in the war of the
+Revolution, as their fathers and grandfathers before them served in the
+French and Indian wars of the colonial period of our history. In his
+genealogy there is no trace of Norman blood or high rank: but
+
+  "The rank is but the guinea's stamp,
+  The man's the gowd for a' that."
+
+
+In this country, while it is not necessary to success to be able to lay
+claim to an aristocratic descent, it is certainly a satisfaction,
+however democratic the community may be, for any person to know that his
+grandfather was an honest man and a public-spirited citizen.
+
+Judge Abbott was born in Chelmsford on the first of November, 1814. He
+was fitted for college under the instruction of Ralph Waldo Emerson. He
+entered Harvard College at the early age of fourteen and was graduated
+in 1832. After taking his degree, he studied law with Nathaniel Wright,
+of Lowell, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. In 1840, he formed with
+Samuel A. Brown a partnership, which continued until he was appointed to
+the bench in 1855.
+
+From the very first, Judge Abbott took a leading position in his
+profession, and at once acquired an extensive and lucrative practice,
+without undergoing a tedious probation, or having any experience of the
+"hope deferred which maketh the heart sick." In criminal cases his
+services were in great demand. He had, and has, the advantage of a fine
+and commanding person, which, both at the bar and in the Senate, and, in
+fact, in all situations where a man sustains the relation of an advocate
+or orator before the public, is really a great advantage, other things
+being equal. As a speaker, Judge Abbott is fluent, persuasive, and
+effective. He excites his own intensity of feeling in the jury or
+audience that he is addressing. His client's cause is emphatically his
+own. He is equal to any emergency of attack or defence. If he believes
+in a person or cause, he believes fully and without reservation; thus he
+is no trimmer or half-and-half advocate. He has great capacity for
+labor, and immense power of application, extremely industrious habits,
+and what may be called a nervous intellectuality, which, in athletic
+phrase, gives him great staying power, a most important quality in the
+conduct of long and sharply contested jury trials. After saying this, it
+is almost needless to add that he is full of self-reliance and of
+confidence in whatever he deliberately champions. His nerve and pluck
+are inherited traits, which were conspicuous in his ancestors, as their
+participation in the French and Indian wars, and in the war for
+Independence, sufficiently shows. Three of Judge Abbott's sons served in
+the army during the war of the Rebellion, and two of them fell in
+battle, thus showing that they, too, inherited the martial spirit of
+their ancestors.
+
+Judge Abbott had just reached his majority, when he was chosen as
+representative to the Legislature. In 1841, he was elected State
+senator. During his first term in the Senate he served on the railroad
+and judiciary committees; and during his second term, as chairman of
+these committees, he rendered services of great and permanent value to
+the State. At the close of his youthful legislative career he returned
+with renewed zeal to the practice of his profession. His ability as a
+legislator had made him conspicuous and brought him in contact with
+persons managing large business interests, who were greatly attracted by
+the brilliant young lawyer and law-maker, and swelled the list of his
+clients.
+
+At this period General Butler was almost invariably his opposing or
+associate counsel. When they were opposed, it is needless to say that
+their cases were tried with the utmost thoroughness and ability. When
+they were associated, it is equally needless to say that there could
+hardly have been a greater concentration of legal ability. In 1844,
+Judge Abbott was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention at
+Baltimore, which nominated James K. Polk as its presidential candidate;
+and he has been a delegate, either from his district or the State at
+large, to all but one of the Democratic National Conventions since,
+including, of course, the last one, at Cincinnati, which nominated
+General Winfield S. Hancock. His political prominence is shown by the
+fact that he has invariably been the chairman of the delegation from his
+State, and, several times, the candidate of his party in the Legislature
+for the office of United States senator.
+
+Judge Abbott was on the staff of Governor Marcus Morton. In 1853, he was
+a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, which consisted so largely
+of men of exceptional ability. In the debates and deliberations of this
+convention, he took a conspicuous part. In 1835, he was appointed judge
+of the superior court of Suffolk County. He retired from the bench in
+1858, having won an enviable reputation for judicial fairness and
+acumen, and suavity of manner, in the trial of cases, which made him
+deservedly popular with the members of the bar who practised in his
+court. In the year following his retirement from the bench, he removed
+his office from Lowell to Boston, where he has since resided, practising
+in the courts, not only of this Commonwealth, but of the neighboring
+States and in the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1874, he was
+elected a member of Congress, from the fourth congressional district of
+Massachusetts. He was chosen by his Democratic colleagues of the House a
+member of the Electoral Commission, to determine the controverted result
+of the presidential election. When the gravity of the situation, and the
+dangers of the country at that time, are taken into account, it is
+obvious that no higher compliment could have been paid than that
+involved in this selection; a compliment which was fully justified by
+the courage and ability which Judge Abbott manifested as a member of
+that commission. It should have been mentioned before, that, in 1838,
+Judge Abbott married Caroline, daughter of Judge Edward St. Loe
+Livermore. After what has been said, it is scarcely necessary to give a
+summary of the prominent traits of Judge Abbott as a man and a lawyer.
+The warmth and fidelity of his friendship are known to all such as have
+had the good fortune to enjoy that friendship. He is as conspicuous for
+integrity and purity of character as for professional ability. As a
+citizen, he is noted for patriotism, liberality, and public spirit.
+As a politician, he is true to his convictions. As a business man,
+he has brought to the aid of the large railroad and manufacturing
+interests, with which he has long been, and is still, connected, large
+intelligence, great energy, and sound judgment. His physical and mental
+powers are undiminished, and it may be hoped that many years of honor
+and prosperity are still in store for him.
+
+
+GENEALOGY.
+
+[1. GEORGE ABBOT, the pioneer, born in 1615, emigrated from Yorkshire,
+England, about 1640, and was one of the first settlers and proprietors
+of Andover, in 1643. His house was a garrison for many years. In 1647,
+he married Hannah Chandler, daughter of William and Annis Chandler. They
+were industrious, economical, sober, pious, and respected. With
+Christian fortitude they endured their trials, privations, and dangers.
+He died December 24, 1681, aged 66. She married (2) the Reverend Francis
+Dane, minister of Andover, who died in February, 1697, aged 81. She died
+June 11, 1711, aged 82.
+
+2. TIMOTHY ABBOT, seventh son and ninth child of George and Hannah
+(Chandler) Abbot, born November 17, 1663; was captured during the Indian
+War in 1676, and returned in a few months to his parents; was married in
+January, 1690, to Hannah Graves, who died November 16, 1726. He lived at
+the garrison-house, and died September 9, 1730.
+
+3. TIMOTHY ABBOT, eldest son of Timothy and Hannah (Graves) Abbott, was
+born July 1, 1663; lived with his father in the garrison-house; was
+industrious, honest, useful, and respected. He married in December,
+1717, Mary Foster, and died July 10, 1766.
+
+4. NATHAN ABBOT, third son and sixth child of Timothy and Mary (Foster)
+Abbot, was born January 18, 1729; married, in 1759, Jane Paul.
+
+5. CALEB ABBOT, son of Nathan and Jane (Paul) Abbot, married, in 1779,
+Lucy Lovejoy, who died February 21, 1802; he married (2) Deborah Baker;
+he died 1819.
+
+6. CALEB ABBOTT, son of Caleb and Lucy (Lovejoy) Abbot, was born
+November 10, 1779; settled in Chelmsford; married Mercy Fletcher
+(daughter of Josiah Fletcher), who died in 1834; he died December 5,
+1846.
+
+7. JOSIAH GARDNER ABBOTT, second son and fourth child of Caleb and Mercy
+(Fletcher) Abbott, was born November 1, 1814. In 1838, he married
+Caroline Livermore, daughter of the Honorable Edward St. Loe Livermore,
+and granddaughter of the Honorable Samuel Livermore, of New Hampshire.
+Their children are:--
+
+I. Caroline Marcy Abbott, born April 25, 1839; married April 19, 1869;
+and died in May, 1872, leaving one daughter, Caroline Derby, born in
+April, 1872.
+
+II. Edward Gardner Abbott, born in Lowell, September 29, 1840; was
+killed in battle August 9, 1862.
+
+III. Henry Livermore Abbott, born January 21, 1842; was killed in battle
+May 6, 1864.
+
+IV. Fletcher Morton Abbott, born February 18, 1843.
+
+V. William Stackpole Abbott, born November 18, 1844; died May 6, 1846.
+
+VI. Samuel Appleton Browne Abbott, born March 6, 1846; married October
+15, 1873, Abby Francis Woods, and has four children.
+
+  (_a_) Helen Francis Abbott, born July 29, 1874.
+  (_b_) Madeline Abbott, born November 2, 1876.
+  (_c_) Francis Abbott, born September 8, 1878.
+  (_d_) Caroline Livermore Abbott, born April 25, 1880.
+
+VII. Sarah Livermore Abbott, born May 14, 1850; married October 12,
+1870, William P. Fay, and has three children.
+
+  (_a_) Richard Sullivan Fay, born in July, 1871.
+  (_b_) Catherine Fay, born in September, 1872.
+  (_c_) Edward Henry Fay, born in 1876.
+
+VIII. Franklin Pierce Abbott, born May 6, 1842.
+
+IX. Arthur St. Loe Livermore Abbott, born November 6, 1853; died March
+28, 1863.
+
+X. Grafton, born November 14, 1856.
+
+XI. Holker Welch Abbott, born February 28, 1858.
+
+EDITOR.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ESOTERIC BUDDHISM.--A Review.
+
+By Lucius H. Buckingham, Ph.D.
+
+
+Those who have read Sinnett's Esoteric Buddhism will probably agree on
+one point, namely: that, whether the statements of the book be true or
+false, the book, as a whole, is a great stimulant of thought. The
+European world has looked upon Indian philosophy as mere dreams, idle
+speculations, built only on a foundation of metaphysical subtleties.
+Here comes a book which, going down to the root of the whole matter,
+claims that, instead of resting on mere imaginations, this whole
+structure of Buddhistic philosophy has, as its cornerstone, certain
+facts which have been preserved from the wrecks of a time earlier than
+that which our grandfathers ascribe to the creation of the world, and
+handed down without interruption from eras of civilization of which the
+earth at present does not retain even the ruins. Such a claim of
+antiquity rouses an interest in our minds, were it only for its
+stupendous contempt of common belief.
+
+There is one direction in which the book so harmonizes with one's
+speculations that it makes upon us a very peculiar impression. It
+carries out the theory of human development, physical and metaphysical.
+Darwin's idea of the origin of the human animal, in connection with the
+doctrine of the survival of the fittest, might, if one had the time to
+make it all out, be shown to be the sufficient basis for a belief in,
+and a logical ground for anticipating, the progress of man toward moral
+and spiritual perfection. A healthy man is an optimist. Pessimism is the
+product of dyspepsia; and all the intermediate phases of philosophy come
+from some want of normal brain-action. Following out the Darwinian
+theory,--supported as it seems to be by the facts,--one must believe
+that the human race as a whole is improving in bodily development; that
+the results of what we call civilization are, increase of symmetry in
+the growth of the human body, diminution of disease, greater perfection
+in the power of the senses, in short, a gradual progress toward a
+healthy body. Now, a healthy body brings with it a healthy mind. The two
+cannot be separated. Whatever brings the one will bring the other;
+whatever impairs the one will impair the other. A sound mind must bring,
+in time, a sound moral nature; and all, together, will tend toward the
+perfection of humanity in the development of his spiritual affinities.
+Such has been, roughly sketched, my belief regarding the progress of
+man. It has left all the men of the past ages, all of the present time,
+all of many generations yet to come, in a condition, which, compared
+with that which I try to foresee, must be called very immature. This has
+never been a stumbling-block to me; for I hold that the Lord understands
+his own work, the end from the beginning; and that, if "order is
+heaven's first law," there is a place for every soul that is in it,
+and a possible satisfaction of the desires of every one. Dr. Clarke
+expresses the thought that, however much any being may have gone astray,
+the soul reconciled at last to God, though it can never undo the past,
+or be at that point it might have reached, will yet be perfectly content
+with its place in the universe, and as much blessed as the archangels.
+That consideration has satisfied my mind when I contemplated humanity,
+seeming to stop so far short of its perfection. My regrets--if I can use
+such a term--came, as I believed, out of my ignorance.
+
+Now comes a book which claims to give us the key of the whole problem of
+human destiny--a book containing some assertions regarding occult
+science, belief in which must remain suspended in our minds, and some
+points in cosmogony which conflict with our Christian convictions--yet a
+book making statements about human history which, though in the highest
+degree startling, are not contradicted by anything we know of the past,
+but are rather an explanation of some of its dark passages--a book
+developing a system of human growth which cannot be disproved and which
+makes plain some of the riddles of destiny.
+
+Perhaps the most remarkable feature of the book is its tremendous
+assumption. "All that have hitherto written on this subject have been
+only half-taught. They have not been admitted to the real inner
+doctrine. Here is the first putting-forth, to the world, of the real
+teaching, as the Buddhists present it to those who have been initiated
+into occult science." Such is, in substance, the author's claim. We may
+believe just as much of this as we can. I, for my part, knowing nothing
+about the matter, choose, just now, and for our purpose, to assume that
+the doctrines of Esoteric Buddhism are what Sinnett says they are,
+because they suggest to my mind so many attractive avenues for my
+imagination to wander in.
+
+There are two main points in this book which give it its chief interest:
+(1) "The past history of the human race as now living on this planet;"
+and (2) "The manner in which, and the circumstances under which, any
+individual man works out his own salvation." But before entering upon
+these, we should say a word about the Buddhist statements regarding the
+nature of man.
+
+Seven is the sacred number in the Buddhist system. As there are seven
+worlds in the planetary chain, seven kingdoms in Nature, seven
+root-races of men, in like manner man is a sevenfold being, continuing,
+through untold millions of years, his existence as an individual, yet
+changing, one knows not how many times, many of his component elements.
+As the Buddhist sees the mortal body to be dissolved into its molecules,
+and these molecules to be transferred with their inherent vitality to
+other organisms, so some of his higher elements, among them his "astral
+body," his impulses and desires, under the name, as our author gives it,
+of _animal soul_, may separate from the more enduring parts of his
+composition, and become lost to him in Nature's great store of material
+substance. As there is an _animal soul_, the seat of those
+faculties which we possess in common with the lower beings about us, so
+there is a _human soul_, the seat of intelligence; and, higher
+still, a _spiritual soul_, possessing powers of which as yet we
+know but little, yet destined to give us, when it shall be more fully
+developed, new powers of sense, new avenues for the entrance of
+knowledge, by which we shall be able to communicate directly with
+Nature, and become as much greater than the present race of men, as
+_that_ is greater than the lowest brutes. Above all these elements
+of man, controlling all, and preserving its individuality throughout, is
+"spirit." Yet even this, when absorbed into Nirvana, is lost in that
+great whole which includes all things and is Nature herself. Lost, do I
+say?--yes, lost for inconceivable ages upon ages, yet destined to come
+forth again at some moment in eternity, and to begin its round through
+the everlasting cycle of evolution.
+
+Here, you will say, is materialism. As the intelligent man of early ages
+looked out upon the world, he felt the wind he could not see, he smelt
+the odor that he could not feel, and he reasoned with himself, I think,
+as follows; "There is somewhat too subtile for these bodily senses to
+grasp it. Something of which I cannot directly take cognizance brings
+to me the light of sun and stars." These somethings were, in his
+conception, forms of matter. He saw the intelligence and the moral worth
+of his friend, and then he saw that friend a lifeless body stretched
+upon the ground, and he said some _thing_ is gone. This thing was
+again to him only another and more subtile form of matter. We, with all
+the aids of modern knowledge and thought, are absolutely unable to say
+what distinction there is between matter and spirit. The old philosopher
+was logical. He could find no point at which to draw his line. Therefore
+he drew no line. He recognized only different manifestations of one
+substance. In terms of our language, he was a materialist. So is the
+modern scientist; yet I cannot help thinking that the Buddhist stands
+much nearer to truth than the materialist of to-day. The various
+faculties of human sense and human intellect are so many molecules
+forming, by their accretion, the animal and the human soul. As, at
+death, the molecules of the body separate and are, by-and-by, absorbed
+with their inherent vitality into new agglomerations, and become part of
+new living forms, so the elements of the human soul may be torn apart,
+and some of them, being no longer man, but following the fortunes of the
+lower principles, may be lost to us, while other elements, clinging to
+the spiritual soul, follow its destiny in the after-life. I know a
+thinking man who believes in nothing but matter and motion; add time and
+space, and we have the all in all, the Nature, of Buddhism. Yet the
+Buddhist believes in a state of being beyond this earthly life: a state
+whose conditions are determined absolutely by the use which the human
+soul has made of its opportunities in the life that now is, and my
+friend says he does not. Truly, Buddhism is better than the materialism
+of to-day.
+
+Let me now turn to the history of humanity as revealed to us in our
+book. Every monad, or spirit-element, beginning its course by becoming
+separated from what I conceive as the great central reservoir of Nature,
+must, before returning thither, make a certain fixed round through an
+individual existence. If it belongs to the planetary chain, of which our
+earth is the fourth and lowest link, it must pass seven times through
+each of the kingdoms of Nature on each one of the seven planets. Of
+these seven planets, Mars, our Earth, and Mercury, are three. The other
+four are too tenuous to be cognizable by our present senses. Of the
+seven kingdoms of Nature, three are likewise beyond our ken or
+conception; the highest four are the mineral, the vegetable, the animal,
+and man. Our immortal part has therefore passed already through six of
+the kingdoms of its destiny, and is, in fact, now near the middle of its
+fourth round of human existence upon the earth. One life on earth is,
+however, not sufficient for the development of our powers. Every human
+being must pass through each of the seven branch races of each of the
+sub-races of each of the root-races of humanity; and must, in short,
+live, or, as our author expresses the idea, be incarnated about eight
+hundred times--some more and some less--upon this planet, before the
+hour will come when it will be permitted to him, by a path as easy of
+passage for him then, as is that followed by the rays of light, to visit
+the planet Mercury, for his next two million years of existence.
+
+Through each of these eight hundred mortal lives, man is purifying and
+developing his nature. When, at the end of each, his body dies, his
+higher principles leave the lower to gradual dissolution, while they
+themselves remaining still bound in space to this planet, pass into
+_Devachan_, the state of effects. Here, entirely unconscious of what
+passes on earth, the soul remains, absorbed in its own subjectivity. For
+a length of time, stated as never less than fifteen hundred years, and
+shown by figures to average not less than eight thousand, the soul,
+enjoying in its own contemplation those things it most desired in mortal
+life, surrounded in its own imagination by the friends and the scenes it
+has loved on earth, reaps the exact reward of its own deeds. When Nature
+has thus paid the laborer his hire, when his power of enjoyment has
+exhausted itself, the soul passes by a gradual process into oblivion of
+all the past--an oblivion from which it returns only on its approach to
+Nirvana--and waits the moment for reincarnation. Yet it comes not again
+to conscious life, unaffected by the forgotten past. _Karma_,--the
+resultant of its upward or downward tendencies,--which has been
+accumulating through all the course of its existence, remains; and the
+new-born man comes into visible being with good or evil propensities,
+the balance of which is to be affected by the struggles of one more
+mortal phase of existence. Thus we go on through one life after another,
+each time a new person yet the same human soul, ignorant of our own past
+lives, yet never free from their influence upon our character, exactly
+as in mature life we have absolutely forgotten what happened to us in
+our infancy, yet are never free from its influence. In Devachan, which
+corresponds, says our author, to what in other religions is the final
+and eternal heaven, we receive, from time to time, the reward of our
+deeds done in the body, yet still pass on with all our upward or
+downward tendencies until, many millions of years in the future, during
+our next passage through life on this planet, we shall come to the
+crisis in our existence which shall determine whether we are to become
+gods or demons.
+
+Let me now turn back the page of history. A little more than one million
+years ago this earth was covered, as now, with vegetable forms, and was
+the dwelling of animals, as numerous, perhaps, and as various as now;
+but there was no humanity. The time was come when man, who had passed
+already three times round the planetary chain, and was nearly half way
+through his fourth round, should again make his appearance on the scene.
+Nature works only in her own way, and that way is uniform. The first man
+must be born of parents already living. As there are no human parents,
+he must be born of lower animals, and of those lower animals most nearly
+resembling the coming human animal. Darwin has told us what the animal
+was, yet the new being was a man and not an ape, because, in addition to
+its animal soul, it was possessed also of a human soul. We all know that
+man is an animal. Those modern students of science, who affirm that that
+is the whole truth of human nature, take a lower view of their own being
+than the Indian philosophers. Man is an animal plus a human and a
+spiritual soul.
+
+Behold, now, the earth peopled by man. Through seven races must he pass,
+each with its various branches. Yet these races are not contemporaneous;
+for Nature is in no hurry. One race comes forward at a time, reaches
+the height of its possibility, then passes away during great physical
+transformations, and leaves but a wreck behind to live, and witness,
+in some new part of earth, the coming of another race. These races
+and branch races and sub-branch races are to be animated by the same
+identical souls. Hence, one race at a time; at first, even, one sub-race
+only, for the next is to be of a higher order. After each root-race has
+run its course, the earth has always been prepared by a great geological
+convulsion for the next. In this convulsion has perished all that makes
+up what we call civilization, yet not all men then living. Since some
+souls are slower than others, all are not ready to pass into the second
+race, when the time for that race has come. Hence fragments of old races
+survive, kept up for a time by the incarnation of the laggard souls
+whose progress has been too slow. Thus, we are told, although the first
+and second root-races have now entirely disappeared, there still remain
+relics of the third and fourth. The proper seat of this third root-race
+was that lost continent which Wallace told us, long ago, stood where now
+roll the waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, south and southwest of
+Asia. Here we have, in the degraded Papuan and Australian, the remainder
+of the third race. Degraded I call him, because his ancestors, though
+inferior to the highest races of to-day, were far in advance of him. So
+it must always be. Destroy the accumulations of the highest race of men
+now living, and the next generation will be barbarians; the second,
+savages.
+
+The fourth root-race inhabited the famous, but no longer fabulous,
+Atlantis, now sunk, in greater part, beneath the waters of the Atlantic.
+Fragments of this race were left in Northern Africa, though perhaps none
+now remain there, and we are told that there is a remnant in the heart
+of China. From the relics of the African branch of this root-race, the
+old Egyptian priests had knowledge regarding the sunken continent,
+knowledge which was no fable, but the traditionary lore and history of
+the survivors of the lost Atlantis.
+
+Such is, in brief, an outline of the nature, history, and destiny of
+man, as the Buddhist relates it. How has he obtained his knowledge? By
+means which, he says, are within the reach of any one. First, of the
+history: it is said to be well authenticated tradition. Of the actual
+knowledge of former races, the Egyptian priests were the repositories,
+inheriting their information from the Atlantids. Of human nature and
+destiny the Buddhist would say: Here are the facts, look about you and
+see. From a theory of astronomy, or botany, or chemistry, we find an
+explanation of facts, and these facts explained, confirm and establish
+the theory. So, too, of man, here is the view, once a theory, but now as
+firmly established as the law of gravitation. Besides, by study and
+contemplation, the expert has developed, in advance of the age in which
+he lives, his spiritual soul, and this opens to him sources of
+information which place him on a higher level in point of knowledge than
+the rest of mankind, just as the man with seeing eyes has possibilities
+of information which are absolutely closed to one born blind.
+
+Let me stop here to explain more fully what is the spiritual soul.
+I should call it, using a term that seems to me more natural to our
+vocabulary, the transcendental sense. In the reality of such a sense
+I am a firm believer. It was once fashionable to ridicule whatever was
+thought, or nicknamed, transcendental. Yet transcendentalism seems to
+me the only complete bar to modern scepticism. Faith, in the highest
+Christian sense, is transcendental. We know some things for which we can
+bring no evidence, things the truth of which lies not in logic, nor even
+in intellect. The intellect never gave man any firm conviction of God's
+being. Paley's mode of reasoning never brought conviction to any man's
+mind. At best, it only serves to confirm belief, to stifle doubt, to
+silence logic misapplied. Faith is the action of the spiritual sense--or,
+as the Buddhist says, the spiritual soul. It seems to me that it is a
+fair statement, that every man who has a conviction of the being of God,
+has that conviction from inspiration. Many people have it, or think they
+have it, as a result of reasoning, or it has been, they say, grounded
+and rooted in their minds by the earliest teaching. There are those,
+perhaps, who have no other reason than this tradition, for their
+supersensuous ideas. Such people, as soon as they come to reason
+seriously on or about those ideas, begin to doubt and to lose their
+hold. But others have a conviction regarding things unseen, that no
+reasoning can shake, except for a moment; because their belief, though
+it may have been originally the result of early teaching, is now
+established on other foundations. One can no more tell how he knows some
+things, than he can tell how he sees; yet he does know them, and all the
+world cannot get the knowledge out of him. The source of this knowledge
+is transcendental. It is a sixth sense. It is what the Buddhist calls an
+activity of the spiritual, as distinct from the human, soul. By his
+animal soul man has knowledge of the world around him; he sees, he
+hears, he feels bodily pain or pleasure; by his human soul, he reasons,
+he receives the conceptions of geometry or the higher mathematics;
+by his spiritual soul, he comes to a conception of God and of his
+attributes, and receives impressions whose source is unknown to him
+because his spiritual soul, in this his fourth planetary round, is, as
+yet, only imperfectly active. The reality of the spiritual soul, the
+vehicle of inspiration, the source of faith, is the only earnest man has
+for this trust in the Divine Father. It is not developed in us as it
+will be in our next round through earthly life, when, by its awakening,
+faith will become sight, and we shall know even as we are known. Yet
+some there are, say the Buddhists, who have, by effort, already pushed
+their development to the point that most men will reach millions of
+years hence, when we shall return again, not to this life--that we shall
+do perhaps in a few thousand years--but to this planet.
+
+It will be seen that the Buddhist idea of spirituality is very unlike
+our Christian idea. The thought of man's higher sense striving after the
+Divine, the whole conception, in short, of what the word spirituality
+suggests to modern thought, is impossible in a system of philosophy
+which has no personal God. To apply the term religion to a scheme which
+has no place for the dependence of man upon a conscious protector, is to
+use the word in a sense entirely new to us. Buddhism--notwithstanding
+its claims to revelation--is a philosophy, not a religion.
+
+I have sketched, as well as I can in so short a time, what seem to
+me the main points in the book under review. There are many things
+unexplained. Of some of them, the author claims to have no knowledge.
+Others he does not make clear; but, "take it for all in all," the hook
+will probably give the reader a very great number of suggestions. I am
+heterodox enough to say that if the idea of a personal God, the Father
+of all, were superadded to the system (or perhaps I ought to say were
+substituted for the idea of absorption into Nirvana), there would be
+nothing in Buddhism contradictory of Christianity. What orthodox
+Christians of the present day and of this country believe with regard to
+eternal punishment is a question about which they do not altogether
+agree among themselves. Whether the so-called hell is a place of
+everlasting degradation, is a point on which those who cannot deny to
+each other the name of Christian are not in accord. Why, then, should it
+be thought heretical to maintain that the future world of _rewards_
+is _also_ not eternal? I believe that the Christian Scriptures use
+the same words with reference to both conditions--
+
+  "[Greek: To pyr to ai�nion:--eis x��n ai�nion.]"
+
+The Buddhist denial of the eternity of the condition next following the
+separation of soul and body cannot, I think, be pronounced a subversion
+of Christian doctrine by any one who will admit that the Greek word
+[Greek: ai�nios] _may_ mean something less than endless.
+
+Of the antiquity of Buddhistic philosophy, I have already spoken
+indirectly. Buddha came upon the earth only 643 B.C. But he was not the
+founder of the system. His purpose in reincarnating himself at that time
+was to reform the lives of men. Doubtless he made many explanations of
+doctrine, perhaps gave some new teaching; but the philosophy comes down
+to us from, at least, the times of the fourth root-race, the men of
+Atlantis.
+
+However we may regard a claim to so great age, a little reflection will
+convince us that the Buddhistic view of what may fairly be called the
+natural history of the human soul is very old, for it seems to have been
+essentially the doctrine of Pythagoras, who was not its founder, but who
+may have got it either from Egypt or from India, since he visited and
+studied in both those countries. If, as Sinnett asserts, the true
+Chinese belong to the fourth root-race, as appears not improbable, did
+not the system come into India from China? Plato was a Buddhist, says
+our author. Quintilian, perhaps getting his idea from Cicero, says of
+Plato that he learned his philosophy from the Egyptian priests. It is
+much more probable that the latter received it from the Atlantids--if we
+are to believe in them--than that it came from India. Indeed, when we
+seem to trace the same teachings to the Indians, on the one side, and to
+the Egyptians on the other, putting the one, through Thibet,--the land,
+above all others, of occult science,--into communication with the true
+Chinese, and the other, through their tradition, with the lost race of
+the Atlantic, the asserted history of the fourth root-race of humanity
+assumes a very attractive degree of reasonableness.
+
+That Cicero held to the Buddhist doctrines at points so important as to
+make it improbable that he did not have esoteric teaching in the system,
+any one will, I believe, admit, who will read the last chapter of the
+Somnium Scipionis. And Cicero's ideas must have been those of the
+students and scholars of his day. He puts them forward in a manner too
+commonplace, too much as if they were things of course, for us to
+suppose that there was anything unusual in them. On this subject of the
+wide extension of that philosophy which in India we call Buddhism, I
+will make only one other suggestion. It is the guess that it lay at the
+foundation of the famous Eleusinian Mysteries.
+
+Let me now come back to the idea that the succession of human races upon
+this earth is, like that of animal races, a development. Sinnett tells
+us that what we recognize as language began with the third root-race. I
+imagine that the preceding races had, in progressive development, some
+vocal means of communication; for we find that even the lower animals
+have that, and the lowest man of the first race was superior to the
+highest possible animal, by the very fact that he had developed a human
+soul. Now, we are told that the home of the third race was on the
+continent "Lemuria," which stretched across the Indian Ocean. I imagine
+the Tasmanians, the Papuans, and the degraded races of that part of the
+world to be fragments of the third race. Query: Is the famous click of
+the Zulu a remainder of the gradual passage from animal noise to human
+articulation in speech?
+
+Again, the true Chinese belong to the fourth root-race. They have
+reached the height of their possible intellectual advance. They have
+been stationary for untold centuries. Query: Does this account for their
+apparent inability to develop their language beyond the monosyllable?
+
+There are, have been, or will be, seven branches to each of the seven
+great races. These branches must originate at long intervals of time,
+one after the other, though several may be running their course at the
+same moment. For instance, the second race could not come into the
+world, until some human souls had passed at least twice, as we are told,
+through "the world of effects." This would occupy at least sixteen
+thousand years, according to our author's calculation, though he does
+not claim to have on this point exact information. He says, only, that
+the initiated know exactly the periods of time: but they are withheld
+from him. Now, according to a French savant, geological investigation
+proves that the Aryan race--branch-race, I will call it--was preceded in
+Europe by at least three others, whose remains are found in the caves
+or strata that have been examined. Of these the first has entirely
+disappeared: no representatives of it are now to be found in any known
+part of the world. The second was driven, apparently, from the north, by
+the invasions of the ice, during the glacial period and spread as far,
+at least, as the Straits of Gibraltar. With the disappearance of the
+ice, they also traveled toward the pole, and are now existing in the
+northern regions of the earth, under the name of Esquimaux. Following
+them came a race, the fragments of which were powerful within historic
+days in the Iberian peninsula,--the Iberians of the Roman writers--the
+Basques of to-day. Then came from the east the Aryan race, hitherto the
+highest form of humanity. These races do not, of course, begin existence
+as new creations. They are developed from--their first members must be
+born from--the preceding race. Query: Is a fifth race now in the throes
+of nativity? Have the different sub-races of the Aryan branch sent their
+contingents to the New World, that from the mixture of their boldest and
+most vigorous blood the fifth sub-race might have its origin? "Westward
+the star of empire takes its way."
+
+Buddhism gives a peculiar explanation of the disappearance of inferior
+races. Since the object of the incarnation of the human soul is its
+progress toward the perfect and divine man; since every human soul must
+dwell on earth as a member of each one of the sub-races, the time must
+come when all shall have passed through a given stage. Then there can be
+no more births into that race. There is, at this moment, a finite number
+of human souls whose existence is limited to this planet, and no other
+planet in our chain is at present the abode of humanity. For the larger
+part of all these souls--at least nine hundred and ninety-nine in a
+thousand--are, at anyone instant, existing in "the world of effects," in
+Devachan. All will remain linked by their destiny to this planet, until
+the moment when all--a few rare, unfortunate, negligent laggards
+excepted--shall have passed through their last mortal probation, in the
+seventh root-race. Then will the tide of humanity overflow to the planet
+Mercury, and this earth, abandoned by conscious men, will for a million
+years fall back into desolation, gradually deprived of all life, even of
+all development. In that condition it will remain, sleeping, as it were,
+for ages--"not dead, but sleeping"; for the germs of mineral, vegetable,
+and animal life will await, quiescent, until the tide of human soul
+shall have passed around the chain, and is again approaching our globe.
+Then will earth awake from its sleep. In successive eons, the germs of
+life, mineral, vegetable, and animal, in their due order, will awake;
+the old miracle of creation will begin again, but on a higher plan than
+before, until, at last, the first human being--something vastly higher
+in body, mind, and spirituality than the former man--will make his
+appearance on the new earth. From this explanation of the doctrine that
+life moves not by a steady flow, but by what Sinnett calls gushes, it
+follows, of course, that there must come a time when each race, and each
+sub-race, must have finished its course, completed its destiny. There
+are no more human souls in Devachan to pass through that stage of
+progress. For a long time the number has been diminishing, and that race
+has been losing ground. Now it has come to its end. So, within a hundred
+years, has passed away the Tasmanian. So, to-day, are passing many
+races. The disappearance of a lower race is therefore no calamity; it
+is evidence of progress. It means that that long line of undeveloped
+humanity must go up higher. "That which thou sowest, is not quickened
+except it die." If there be "joy among the angels of God, over one
+sinner that repenteth," why not when the whole human race, to the last
+man, has passed successfully up into a higher class in the great school?
+
+I am constantly turning back to a thought that I have passed by. Let me
+now return to the consideration of Buddhism as a religion. It is evident
+that, viewed on this side, Buddhism is one thing to the initiated,
+another to the masses. So was the religion of the Romans, so is
+Christianity. It is necessarily so. No two persons receive the formal
+creed of the same church in the same way. The man of higher grade, and
+the man of lower, cannot understand things in the same sense because
+they have not the same faculties for understanding. Hence the polytheism
+among those called Buddhists. There could be no such thing among the
+initiated. Religion, then, like everything else, is subject to growth.
+Such must be the Buddhist doctrine. If, then, Buddhism, or the
+philosophy which bears that name, originated with the fourth root-race
+of men, does it not occur to the initiated that the fifth race ought, by
+this same theory, to develop a higher form of truth? Looking at the
+matter merely on its intellectual side, ought not the higher development
+of the power of thought to bring truer conceptions of the highest
+things? Again, a query: Is the rise of the Brahmo-Somaj a step toward
+the practical extension of Christianity into the domain of Buddhism?
+
+This brings to discussion the whole question of the work done by
+missionary effort among the lower races. I do not mean the question
+whether we should try to Christianize them, but what result is it
+reasonable to expect. And here I imagine that there is a strict limit,
+beyond which it is impossible for the members of a given race to be
+developed. On the Buddhist principle, given a certain human being, and
+we have a human soul passing through a definite stage of its progress.
+While it occupies its present body it is, except, our author always
+says, in very peculiar cases, incapable of more than a certain
+advance,--as incapable as a given species of animal, or tree, or even as
+the body of the man itself is incapable of more than a certain growth. I
+think that any one who has studied or observed the processes of ordinary
+school training, must have been sometimes convinced that he has in hand
+a boy whose ability to be further advanced has come to an end. Sometimes
+we find a boy who will come forward with the greatest promise; but,
+at a certain point, although goodwill is not lacking, the growth seems
+to be arrested. The biologist will explain this as due to the physical
+character of the brain. The Buddhist affirms, that when that human soul
+last came from the oblivion which closes the Devachanic state, it chose
+unconsciously, but by natural affinity, out of all the possible
+conditions and circumstances of mortal life, that embryonic human body,
+for which its spiritual condition rendered it fit.
+
+Some years ago, in conversation with a missionary who had spent many
+years in China, I asked him, having this subject in my mind, whether he
+thought that his converts were capable of receiving Christianity in the
+sense in which he himself held the faith. His answer, which he
+illustrated by instances, was that the heathen conceptions and
+propensities could not be entirely eradicated; and that, under
+unfavorable circumstances, the most trusted converts would sometimes
+relapse into a condition as bad as ever they had known.
+
+It is also a matter of common assertion that our American Indians, after
+years of training in the society of civilized life, are generally ready
+to fall back at once to their old ways. What we call civilization is to
+them but an easy-fitting garment.
+
+I do not know what is the belief of scholars regarding the comparative
+age of the different minor divisions--sub-branches, as Sinnett calls
+them--of the Aryan race. I imagine, however, that of the European
+sub-branches, the Celtic is practically the oldest. The Italic or
+Hellenic may have broken off from the parent stem earlier than the
+Celtic, but they have not wandered so far away, and have not been so
+isolated from the influence of later migrations. The Celtic race has
+mingled its blood with the Iberian in Spain and with many elements in
+Gaul and Italy; but in the northwest of Europe, on its own peculiar
+isle, it seems to have remained, if not purer than elsewhere, at least
+less affected by mixture with later, that is, higher, races.
+
+What is the practical use of all this study? Ever since I first read
+Esoteric Buddhism, my attention has been turned to the confirmation of
+its theory of human development. As I ride in the horse-car, as I walk
+on the street, still more constantly as I stand before one class after
+another in the school-room, I am struck with the thought that here,
+behind the face I am looking into, is a human soul whose capacities are
+limited--a soul that _cannot_ grasp the thought which catches like
+a spark upon the mind of its next neighbor. Yet that half-awakened soul
+is destined to work its way through all the phases of human possibility,
+and reach at last the harbor of peace. This thought should make one
+ashamed to be impatient or negligent. Why should one lose patience with
+this boy's inability to learn, more than at the inanimate obstacle in
+one's pathway? How can one be unfaithful in one's effort, when it may be
+the means of lessening the number of times that that poor soul must pass
+through earthly life?
+
+Do I believe in the teachings of this book? I do not know. So far as the
+doctrine of repeated incarnation goes, I hold it to be not inconsistent
+with Christianity; but rather an explanation of Christ's coming upon
+earth at the precise time when he did. I still hold the subject of
+Buddhistic philosophy as a matter for very serious and edifying
+reflection.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+COLONEL FLETCHER WEBSTER.
+
+By Charles Cowley, LL.D.
+
+
+FLETCHER WEBSTER, son of Daniel and Grace (Fletcher) Webster,
+was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, July 23, 1813. He was but three
+years old when his father removed to Boston, where he was fitted for
+college in the Public Latin School,--the nursery of so many eminent men.
+
+On the seventeenth of June, 1825, when Lafayette laid the cornerstone
+of the monument on Bunker Hill, when Daniel Webster delivered one of the
+most famous of his orations, Fletcher Webster, then twelve years old,
+was present. "The vast procession, impatient of unavoidable delay, broke
+the line of march, and, in a tumultuous crowd, rushed towards the
+orator's platform," which was in imminent danger of being crushed to the
+earth. Fletcher Webster was only saved from being trampled under foot,
+by the thoughtful care of George Sullivan, who lifted the boy upon his
+own shoulders, shouting, "Don't kill the orator's son!" and bore him
+through the crowd, and placed him upon the staging at his father's feet.
+It required the utmost efforts of Daniel Webster to control that
+multitudinous throng. "Stand back, gentlemen!" he repeatedly shouted
+with his double-bass voice; "you must stand back!" "We can't stand back,
+Mr. Webster; it is impossible!" cried a voice in the crowd. Mr. Webster
+replied, in tones of thunder: "On Bunker Hill nothing is impossible."
+And the crowd stood back.
+
+At the age of sixteen, he lost his mother by death. This was the
+greatest of all the calamities that happened to his father, and it was
+not less unfortunate for himself, for it deprived him of the best
+influence that ever contributed to mould his career.
+
+In 1829, Fletcher Webster entered Harvard College, and was graduated in
+the class of 1833, when he delivered the class oration, which Charles
+Sumner, who was present, said "was characterized by judgment, sense, and
+great directness and plainness of speech."
+
+While at college, he was distinguished for his fine social qualities,
+for his exquisite humor, and peculiar "Yankee wit." When participating
+in amateur theatrical exhibitions, he always preferred to play the role
+of the typical Yankee,--a character now extinct,--which he played to
+perfection.
+
+As the son of Daniel Webster, he might almost be said to have inherited
+the profession of the law, and in 1836 he was admitted to the bar. In
+the same year he married the wife who survives him--a grandniece of
+Captain White, who was so atrociously murdered at Salem, six years
+before, and whose murderers might have escaped the gallows but for the
+genius and astuteness of Daniel Webster.
+
+The Western States, which are now Central States, were then attracting
+millions of the young and the enterprising from New England; and
+Fletcher Webster began the practice of the law at Detroit, Michigan. But
+at the close of the year 1837, he removed to Peru, Illinois, where he
+remained three years. During that period, he made the acquaintance of
+Abraham Lincoln, then a struggling lawyer at the Sangamon County bar. No
+man upon this planet had then less thought of becoming President of the
+United States than Abraham Lincoln; and no man had greater expectations
+of attaining that distinction than Mr. Webster's father; yet a
+master-stroke of the irony of destiny lifted the obscure Western
+attorney, not into the presidency merely, but into the highest place in
+the pantheon of American history, while it balked and mocked all the
+aspirations of New England's greatest son. Pondering on events like
+these, well did Horace Greeley exclaim: "Fame is a vapor; popularity an
+accident; riches take wings: the only thing certain is oblivion."
+
+In 1841, when his father became Secretary of State under President
+Harrison, Fletcher Webster relinquished his professional prospects in
+the West, and removed to Washington, where he acted as his father's
+assistant. From his father's verbal suggestions, he prepared diplomatic
+papers of the first importance; and no man could perform that delicate
+service more satisfactorily to his father than he. It is understood
+that the famous Hulseman Letter, which, more than anything else,
+distinguished Daniel Webster's second term of service in the department
+of State, was thus prepared.
+
+Whether he or some one else prepared that extraordinary letter which was
+to introduce Caleb Cushing to the Emperor of China, which assumed that
+the Chinese were a nation of children, and which Chinese scholars
+treated as conclusive evidence that the Americans had not emerged from
+barbarism,--we know not. But if he did, he doubtless laughed at it
+afterward as a childish performance.
+
+On the seventeenth of June, 1843, Fletcher Webster witnessed the laying
+of the capstone of the monument on Bunker Hill, and listened, with
+affectionate interest, to the oration which was then delivered by his
+father,--an oration which, if inferior to that delivered at the laying
+of the cornerstone, was nevertheless every way worthy of the man and the
+occasion,--simple, massive, and splendid. A few weeks later, he sailed
+from Boston for China, and watched, as he tells us, "while light and
+eyesight lasted, till the summit of that monument faded, at last, from
+view." Many a departing, many a returning, sailor and traveler, has
+given his "last, long, lingering look" to that towering obelisk, but
+none with deeper feeling than Fletcher Webster.
+
+As secretary to Commissioner Cushing, he assisted in negotiating the
+first treaty between the United States and China, which involved an
+absence of eighteen months from the United States. Neither the outward
+nor the homeward voyage was made in company with Mr. Cushing. Mr.
+Webster left Boston, August 8, 1843, in the brig Antelope, built by
+Captain R.B. Forbes, touched at Bombay, November 12, 1843, and arrived
+at Canton, February 4, 1844. He returned in the ship Paul Jones, in
+January, 1845, the voyage from Canton to New York being made in one
+hundred and eleven days. It deserves to be stated, as illustrating the
+admiration with which the merchant princes of Boston regarded Daniel
+Webster, that the house of Russell and Company, which owned both the
+Antelope and the Paul Jones, refused to accept any passage-money from
+his son, who was entertained, not as a passenger, but as an honored
+guest.
+
+By his voyage to China and by his experiences there, Mr. Webster,
+acquired, not only rich stores of curious information and a great
+enlargement of his intellectual horizon, but--what is particularly to be
+noted--a better appreciation of the splendid destiny of his native land.
+Unlike many foolish Americans, who waste their time in foreign capitals,
+he never harbored the slightest regret that he had not been born
+something other than an American; he never desired to be anything but a
+free citizen of the great republic of the West.
+
+He prepared a lecture on China, which he delivered in many of the cities
+and large towns. Mr. Cushing had already entered the lecture field with
+a discourse on China, and some thought Mr. Webster presumptuous in thus
+inviting comparison between his own discourse and Mr. Cushing's. But
+competent critics, who heard both these efforts, expressed a preference
+for that of Mr. Webster. Vast as was Mr. Cushing's learning, his
+oratorical style was never one of the best; while Fletcher Webster's
+style, for clearness, simplicity, strength, and majesty, was little
+inferior to that of his illustrious father. He afterward expanded this
+lecture to the dimensions of a book, but never published it; and, in
+1878, this manuscript, and all others left by him, perished by the fire
+which destroyed the Webster House at Marshfield. One of the few scraps
+which have survived this fire is a Latin epitaph which he wrote for his
+father's horse, Steamboat,--a horse of great speed and endurance,--and
+which seldom lay down at night unless he had been overdriven. In
+English, it ran thus: "Stop, traveler, for a greater traveler than thou
+stops here."
+
+On the Fourth of July, 1845, Charles Sumner delivered, before the
+municipal authorities of Boston, an oration on Peace, which provoked
+much hostile criticism; and on the next succeeding anniversary of
+American Independence, Fletcher Webster delivered an oration on War,
+which was designed to show that there are cases "where war, with all its
+woes, must be endured."
+
+It is probably the only elaborate discourse of his, which has been
+preserved entire. It contains many quotable passages; but we must
+content ourselves with the following, which are quite in his father's
+style:--
+
+"We meet to brighten the memories of a glorious past, to strengthen
+ourselves in our onward progress, to remember great enterprises, to look
+forward to a great career."
+
+"We celebrate no single triumph, but the result of a long series of
+victories; we celebrate the memory of no mere successful battle, but the
+great triumph of a people; the victory of liberty over oppression, won
+by suffering and struggle and death; the fruit of high sentiment, of
+resolute patriotism, of consummate wisdom, of unshaken faith and trust
+in God,--a victory and a triumph not for us only, but for all the
+oppressed, everywhere, and for every age to come, ... a victory whose
+future results to us and to others no imagination can foresee, and which
+are yet but commencing to unfold themselves."
+
+"And does any one believe that these results [to wit, the winning of
+American independence, and the building of the American nation] could
+have been attained in any other method than by arms and successful
+physical resistance."
+
+In 1847, he held the only political office to which he was ever elected
+by popular suffrage,--that of representative in the Legislature. In
+1850, he was appointed surveyor of the port of Boston by President
+Taylor, and he was reappointed to the same office by Presidents Pierce
+and Buchanan successively. There were many who would have been glad to
+see him in a larger sphere, but "the mark which he made upon his times,"
+as Mr. Hillard observes, was less than his friends had anticipated.
+Occasionally he appeared as an orator in political campaigns, notably in
+1856, at Exeter, in his native State, where he spoke with laudable pride
+of having "sat at the feet of a great statesman now no more."
+
+The son of Martin Van Buren and the son of Levi Woodbury united their
+voices on that occasion with the voice of the son of Webster. A striking
+remark then made by him is well remembered. Referring to the speech of
+Senator Sumner, which excited the assault of Mr. Brooks, Mr. Webster
+said, "If I had been going to make such a speech, I should have worn an
+iron pot upon my head."
+
+In 1857, he published two volumes of the Private Correspondence of
+Daniel Webster. In editing the papers of such a man, it is not difficult
+to make a "spicy" book. Witness McVey Napier's Edinburgh Review
+correspondence and Mr. Fronde's Carlyle correspondence. They have spared
+no one's feelings. They have paraded hasty expressions of transient
+spleen, which the authors would blush to read, except, perhaps, at the
+moment of writing. Mr. Webster has shown us a more excellent way, though
+it may be less profitable. "With charity for all, with malice for none,"
+he carefully excised from his father's correspondence every passage
+tending to rekindle the fire of any former personal controversy in which
+his father had engaged. In this, perhaps, he followed the behests of his
+father, who evinced, as he approached the tomb, an earnest desire for
+reconciliation with all with whom he had had differences, illustrating
+the Scottish proverb, "The evening brings all home."
+
+When the disruption of the Union came to be attempted, none of us who
+knew Fletcher Webster doubted for a moment what position he would take.
+The same "passionate and exultant nationality," which had nerved him to
+bear the loss of friends at the North, and to forego the chance of a
+public career, rather than countenance any measure calculated to excite
+ill-will at the South, now prompted him to advocate military coercion
+for the preservation of the Union. Notwithstanding President Lincoln had
+just deprived him of the office upon which he depended for the
+maintenance of his family, he did not hesitate to tender to the
+administration his personal support in the field.
+
+In the oration already quoted, he had said: "There are certain ultimate
+rights which must be maintained; and when force is brought to overthrow
+them, it must be resisted by force." Among the rights which must thus be
+maintained, in his view, was the right of the United States to maintain,
+forever, the union of these States. The policy of coercion, bitterly as
+he bewailed its necessity, was not new to him. His father had advocated
+the Force Bill almost thirty years before. The time had come, when, in
+the words of Jefferson (words spoken when only the Articles of
+Confederation held the States in union): "Some of the States must see
+the rod; perhaps some of them must feel it." Accordingly, on the
+twentieth of April, 1861, while the bombardment of Fort Sumter and the
+attack on the Sixth Regiment were firing the Northern heart, Fletcher
+Webster called that memorable Sunday-morning meeting in State Street,
+which resulted in the organization of the Twelfth Regiment of
+Massachusetts Infantry. Referring to that occasion, George S, Hillard
+said it recalled to the minds of those present, Colonel Webster's
+father, who had then been but nine years in the grave. "To the mind's
+eye, that majestic form and grand countenance seemed standing by the
+side of his son; and in the mind's ear, they heard again the deep music
+of that voice which had so often charmed and instructed them."
+
+Colonel Webster said: "He whose name I bear had the good fortune to
+defend the Union and the Constitution in the forum. That I cannot do,
+but I am ready to defend them in the field." Like other national men, he
+refused to listen to the "sixty-day" prattle by which others were
+deceived. He saw that by no "summer excursion to Moscow" could the
+Southern Confederacy be suppressed; that immense forces would be
+marshalled in aid of that Confederacy; and that the war for the Union,
+like the war for Independence, would be won only by 'suffering, and
+struggle, and death.
+
+Ten years earlier, it seemed to Rufus Choate as if the hoarded-up
+resentments and revenges of a thousand years were about to unsheath the
+sword for a conflict, "in which the blood should flow, as in the
+Apocalyptic vision, to the bridles of the horses; in which a whole age
+of men should pass away; in which the great bell of time should sound
+out another hour; in which society itself should be tried by fire and
+steel, whether it were of Nature and of Nature's God, or not."
+
+Such a conflict was indeed impending, and Fletcher Webster appreciated
+its extreme gravity, when, from the balcony of the Old State House, on
+that Sunday morning, he made his stirring appeal: "Let us show the world
+that the patriotism of '61 is not less than that of '76; that the noble
+impulses of those patriot hearts have descended to us."
+
+On the eighteenth of July, 1861, Edward Everett presented to Colonel
+Webster a splendid regimental flag, the gift of the ladies of Boston to
+the Twelfth Regiment.[1] It need not be said that the presentation
+speech of Mr. Everett, and the reception speech of Colonel Webster, were
+of the first order. But not even the words of a Webster or an Everett
+could adequately express the profound emotion of the vast concourse of
+people then assembled. For it was one of those occasions when, as the
+elder Webster said, "Words have lost their power, rhetoric is vain, and
+all elaborate oratory contemptible."
+
+History will transmit the fact that on that day the simple, homely,
+stirring, and inspiring melody of Old John Brown was heard for the first
+time by the people of Boston. It was a surprising and a gladsome
+spectacle--a regiment bearing Daniel Webster's talismanic name,
+commanded by his only surviving son, carrying a banner prepared by the
+fairest daughters of Massachusetts, carrying also the benediction of
+Edward Everett, and of "the solid men of Boston," and marching to the
+tune of Old John Brown! Did the weird prophet-orator who spoke of
+"carrying the flag and keeping step to the music of the Union" ever
+dream of such a strange combination?
+
+On the seventeenth of June, 1861, by invitation of Governor Andrew,
+Colonel Webster spoke on Bunker Hill: "From this spot I take my
+departure, like the mariner commencing his voyage, and wherever my eyes
+close, they will be turned hitherward towards this North; and, in
+whatever event, grateful will be the reflection, that this monument
+still stands--still, still is glided by the earliest beams of the rising
+sun, and that still departing day lingers and plays upon its summit."
+
+After referring to the two former occasions when he had visited that
+historic shaft, when his father had spoken there, he added, "I now stand
+again at its base, and renew once more, on this national altar, vows,
+not for the first time made, of devotion to my country, its Constitution
+and Union."
+
+With these words upon his lips, with these sentiments in his heart, and
+in the hearts of the thousand brave men of his command, Colonel Webster
+went forth, the dauntless champion and willing martyr of the Union.
+Except that the death of a beloved daughter brought him back for a few
+days to his family in the following summer, the people of Massachusetts
+saw his living face no more.
+
+On the thirtieth of August, 1862, the second day of the second battle of
+Bull Run, late in the afternoon, while gallantly directing the movements
+of his regiment, and giving his orders in those clear, firm, ringing
+tones, which, in the tumult of battle, fall so gratefully on the
+soldier's ear, Colonel Webster was shot through the body; and the
+Federal forces being closely pressed at the time, he was left to die on
+the field in Confederate hands. As the event became known through the
+country, thousands of generous hearts, in the South as well as in the
+North, recalled the peroration of his father's reply to Hayne, and
+bitterly regretted that, when his eyes were turned to behold for the
+last time the sun in heaven, it had been his unhappy lot to "see him
+shining on the broken and dishonored fragments of a once glorious Union,
+on States dissevered, discordant, belligerent, on a land rent with
+internal feuds, and drenched [as then it was] with fraternal blood."
+
+In the time-honored song of Roland, we are told, "Count Roland lay under
+a pine-tree dying, and many things came to his remembrance." As it was
+with Count Roland in Spain, so it was with Colonel Webster in Virginia.
+In the multitude of memories which rushed upon him as he lay dying on
+that ill-starred battle-field, we may be sure that Boston, Bunker Hill,
+and the home and grave of Marshfield, were not forgotten.
+
+The body of Colonel Webster was willingly given up by the Confederates,
+and after lying in state in Faneuil Hall, and adding another to the
+immortal recollections which ennoble "the cradle of liberty," it was
+buried near his father's grave by the sea.
+
+The Grand Army Post at Brockton, containing survivors of the Webster
+Regiment, has adopted Colonel Webster's name; and on each Memorial Day,
+members of this Post make a pilgrimage to Marshfield to decorate his
+grave. His life is remarkable for its apparent possibilities rather than
+for its actual achievements,--for the capabilities which were recognized
+in him, rather than for what he accomplished, either in public or
+professional life. His military career was cut short by a Confederate
+bullet before opportunity demonstrated that capacity for high command,
+which his superior officers, as well as his soldiers, believed him to
+possess. The instincts of the soldier are often as trustworthy as the
+judgment of the commander. All his soldiers loved him,--
+
+  --"honored him, followed him,
+  Dwelt in his mild and magnificent eye,
+  Heard his great language, caught his clear accents,
+  Made him their pattern to do and to die."
+
+
+While the regret still lingers, that he was not permitted to witness,
+and to contribute further effort to secure, the triumph, which he
+predicted, of the cause for which he died--that regret is mitigated by
+the reflection, that he could never have died more honorably than in a
+war which could only have been avoided by the sacrifice of the
+Constitution and the Union.
+
+[Footnote 1: This banner now hangs in the Doric Hall at the State House,
+where its mute eloquence has often started tears, and "thoughts too deep
+for tears," in many a casual visitor.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+EARLY HARVARD.
+
+By the Rev. Josiah Lafayette Seward, A.M.
+
+
+The valuable histories of Harvard University, by Quincy, Peirce, and
+Eliot, and the wonderfully full and accurate sketches of the early
+graduates, by John Langdon Sibley, the venerable librarian emeritus, are
+treasuries of interesting information in regard to the early customs and
+the first presidents and pupils of that institution. From these various
+works we have gathered the following items of interest, which we will
+give, without stopping at every step to indicate the authorities. Mr.
+Sibley has preserved the ancient spelling, which is so quaint, that we
+shall attempt to reproduce it.
+
+October 28, 1636, the General Court of Massachusetts "agreed to give 400
+(pounds) toward a schoale or colledge, whearof 200 (pounds) to be paid
+the next yeare, & 200 when the worke is finished, & the next Court to
+appoint wheare & what building." On November 15, 1637, the "Colledg is
+ordered to be at Newtowne." On November 20, 1637, occurs the following
+record of the General Court: "The Governor Mr. Winthrope, the Deputy Mr.
+Dudley, the Treasurer Mr. Bellingham, Mr. Humfrey, Mr. Herlakenden, Mr.
+Staughton, Mr. Cotton, Mr. Wilson, Mr. Damport, Mr. Wells, Mr. Sheopard,
+& Mr. Peters, these, or the greater part of them, whereof Mr. Winthrope,
+Mr. Dudley, or Mr. Bellingham, to bee alway one, to take order for a
+colledge at Newtowne."
+
+May 2, 1638, the General Court changed the name of Newtowne to
+Cambridge, and, on March 13, 1639, "It is ordered that the Colledge
+agreed upon formerly to be built at Cambridge shall bee called Harvard
+Colledge." It appears that before this time there had been a school; but
+the name of college was not assumed until the above date. The teacher of
+this school was Mr. Nathaniel Eaton, who has left an unenviable
+reputation, and made an inauspicious beginning of that institution which
+was to attain to such distinction. He finally got into serious trouble,
+in consequence of his brutal conduct and for one act in particular,
+which led to his leaving the school and town. Governor Winthrop, in his
+History of New England has given a graphic description of the event,
+which Mr. Sibley has also reproduced, in a note, and which will interest
+more readers than would ever have the privilege of reading either work.
+I will therefore give the extract in full. Speaking of Eaton and the
+pupil whom he punished, Winthrop says: "The occasion was this: He was a
+schoolmaster and had many scholars, the sons of gentlemen and others of
+best note in the country, and had entertained one Nathaniel Briscoe, a
+gentleman born, to be his usher, and to do some other things for him,
+which might not be unfit for a scholar. He had not been with him above
+three days but he fell out with him for a very small occasion, and, with
+reproachful terms, discharged him, and turned him out of his doors; but,
+it being then about eight of the clock after the Sabbath, he told him he
+should stay till next morning, and, some words growing between them, he
+struck him and pulled him into his house. Briscoe defended himself and
+closed with him, and, being parted, he came in and went up to his
+chamber to lodge there. Mr. Eaton sent for the constable, who advised
+him first to admonish him, etc., and if he could not, by the power of a
+master, reform him, then he should complain to the magistrate. But he
+caused his man to fetch him a cudgel, which was a walnut tree plant, big
+enough to have killed a horse, and a yard in length, and, taking his two
+men with him, he went up to Briscoe, and caused his men to hold him till
+he had given him two hundred stripes about the head and shoulders, etc.,
+and so kept him under blows (with some two or three short intermissions)
+about the space of two hours, about which time Mr. Shepherd (the
+clergyman) and some others of the town came in at the outcry, and so he
+gave over. In this distress Briscoe gate out his knife and struck at the
+man that held him, but hurt him not. He also fell to prayer, (supposing
+he should have been murdered), and then Mr. Eaton beat him for taking
+the name of God in Vain."
+
+He was charged in open court with these cruelties to Briscoe, and it was
+there proved that he had been unusually cruel on other occasions, often
+punishing pupils with from twenty to thirty stripes, and never leaving
+them until they had confessed what he required. He was also charged with
+furnishing a scant diet to his pupil boarders, keeping them on porridge
+and pudding, though their parents were paying for better fare. He
+appears to have admitted the evil, butt threw the blame upon his wife.
+The court found him guilty. At first he denied his guilt. He was put in
+care of a marshal for safe keeping, and, on the following day, the court
+was informed that he had repented in tears. In the open court "he made a
+very solid, wise, eloquent, and serious (seeming) confession." The court
+was so much moved and pleased by this act of contrition that they only
+censured him and fined him twenty pounds and ordered the same amount to
+be paid to Briscoe. The church intended to "deal with him," but he fled
+to the Piscataqua settlements. He was apprehended, and promised to
+return to Cambridge, but finally escaped and fled, on a boat, to
+Virginia.
+
+The college was named for the Reverend John Harvard, who came to this
+country from England in 1637, settled In Charlestown, and died the
+following year. He left a legacy, including his library, to the new
+institution of learning, which was a princely benefaction for the time.
+As a suitable recognition for this first large donation, the institution
+was called Harvard College. The exact place of Mr. Harvard's burial is
+unknown. It was somewhere "about the foot of Town Hill." It was in the
+old burial-ground near the old prison in Charlestown, in all
+probability, and the monument to his memory, if not over his grave, is
+likely very near it. The inscriptions on this monument explain the time
+and cause of its erection. On the eastern side of the shaft, looking
+toward the land of his birth and education, we read:--
+
+"On the twenty-sixth day of September, A.D. 1828, this Stone was erected
+by Graduates of the University of Cambridge in honor of its founder, who
+died at Charlestown, on the twenty-sixth day of September, A.D. 1638."
+
+This is in his mother-tongue. On the side looking toward the seat of
+learning which bears his name is the following inscription, in classic
+Latin:
+
+"In piam et perpetuam memoriam Johannis Harvardii, annis fere ducentis
+post obitum ejus peractis, Academiae quae est Cantabrigiae Nov-Anglorum
+alumni, ne diutius vir de literis nostris optime meritus sine monumento
+quanivis humili jaceret, hunc lapidem ponendum curaverunt." The
+following is a literal translation:--
+
+"In pious and perpetual remembrance of John Harvard, nearly two hundred
+years after his death, the alumni of the University at Cambridge, in New
+England, have erected this stone, that one who deserves the highest
+honors from our literary men may be no longer without a monument,
+however humble."
+
+Edward Everett delivered the address at the dedication of the monument.
+The closing passage of his oration is as follows:--
+
+"While the College which he founded shall continue to the latest
+posterity, a monument not unworthy of the most honored name, we trust
+that this plain memorial also will endure; and, while it guides the
+dutiful votary to the spot where his ashes are deposited, will teach to
+those who survey it the supremacy of intellectual and 'moral desert, and
+encourage them, too, by a like munificence, to aspire to a name as
+bright as that which stands engraven on its shaft,--
+
+    'Clarum et venerabile nomen
+  Gentibus, et multum nostrae quod proderat urbi.'"
+
+
+The citizens of New England entered most heartily into the idea of
+establishing this college and contributed whatever they could; utensils
+from their homes, stock from their farms, their goods, merchandise,
+anything, in fine, which they had to give, so anxious were they to
+educate their youth, and especially to provide for an educated ministry.
+Peirce, in his History of the college, says:--
+
+"When we read of a number of sheep bequeathed by one man, of a quantity
+of cotton cloth worth nine shillings presented by another, of a pewter
+flagon worth ten shillings by a third, of a fruit-dish, a sugar-spoon,
+a silver-tipped jug, one great salt, and one small trencher salt,
+by others; and of presents or legacies, amounting severally to five
+shillings, one pound, two pounds, &c., all faithfully recorded with the
+names of the donors, we are at first tempted to smile; but a little
+reflection will soon change this, disposition into a feeling of respect
+and even of admiration."
+
+"How just," says President Quincy, "is the remark of this historian!
+How forcible and full of noble example is the picture exhibited by
+these records? The poor emigrant, struggling for subsistence, almost
+houseless, in a manner defenceless, is seen selecting from the few
+remnants of his former prosperity, plucked by him out of the flames
+of persecution, and rescued from the perils of the Atlantic, the
+valued pride of his table, or the precious delight of his domestic
+hearth;--'his heart stirred and his spirit willing' to give according
+to his means, toward establishing for learning a resting-place, and
+for science a fixed habitation, on the borders of the wilderness!"
+
+Mr. Sibley gives an extract from New England's First Fruits, a work
+printed in London, not long after the first class was graduated. It
+gives us the feelings of the emigrants about their new institution.
+It says:--
+
+"After God had carried us safe to New England, and wee had builded our
+houses, provided necessaries for our liveli-hood, rear'd convenient
+places for God's worship, and settled the Civil Government; One of the
+next things we longed for, and looked after, was to advance LEARNING and
+to perpetuate it to Posterity; dreading to leave an illiterate ministry
+to the Churches, when our present Ministers shall lie in the dust. And
+as wee were thinking and consulting how to effect this great Work, it
+pleased God to stir up the heart of one Mr. HARVARD (a godly Gentleman,
+and a lover of learning, there living amongst us) to give the one halfe
+of his Estate (it being in all about 1700 pounds) toward the erecting of
+a Colledge, and all his Library." The edifice is described as "faire and
+comely within and without, having in it a spacious Hall, where they
+daily meet at Commons, Lectures, Exercises, and a large Library, with
+some books to it."
+
+The rules and regulations of Harvard in early times are interesting to
+us of later generations. The following are specimens:--
+
+"When any scholar is able to read Tully, or such like classical Latin
+author EXTEMPORE, and make and speak true Latin in verse and prose suo
+(ut aiunt) Marte, and decline perfectly the paradigms of nouns and verbs
+in the Greek tongue, then may he be admitted into the College, nor shall
+any claim admission before such qualifications."
+
+"Every one shall consider the main end of his life and studies, to know
+God and Jesus Christ, which is eternal life."
+
+"Every one shall so exercise himself in reading the Scriptures twice a
+day, that they be ready to give an account of their proficiency therein,
+both in theoretical observations of language and logic, and in practical
+and spiritual truths, as their Tutor shall require."
+
+"They shall honor as their parents, magistrates, elders, tutors, and
+aged persons, by being silent in their presence (except they be called
+on to answer)."
+
+"None shall pragmatically intrude or inter meddle in other men's
+affairs."
+
+"No scholar shall buy, sell, or exchange any thing, to the value of
+sixpence, without the allowance of his parents, guardians or tutors."
+
+"The scholars shall never use their mother tongue, except that in public
+exercise of oratory, or such like, they be called to make them in
+English."
+
+"Every scholar, that on proof is found able to read the original of the
+Old and New Testament into the Latin tongue, and to resolve them
+logically, withal being of honest life and conversation, and at any
+public act hath the approbation of the Overseers and Master of the
+College, may be invested with his first degree."
+
+"No scholar whatever, without the fore-acquaintance and leave of the
+President and his Tutor, or, in the absence of either of them, two of
+the Fellows shall be present at or in any of the public civil meetings,
+or concourse of people, as courts of justice, elections, fairs, or at
+military exercise, in the time or hours of the College exercise, public
+or private. Neither shall any scholar exercise himself in any military
+band, unless of known gravity, and of approved sober and virtuous
+conversation, and that with the leave of the President and his Tutor."
+
+"No scholar shall take tobacco, unless permitted by the President, with
+the consent of their parents or guardians, and on good reason first
+given by a physician, and then in a sober and private mariner."
+
+"No Freshman shall wear his hat in the College yard, unless it rains,
+hails, or snows, provided he be on foot and have not both hands full."
+
+"Freshmen are to consider all the other classes as their Seniors."
+
+"No Freshman shall speak to a Senior with his hat on; or have it on in a
+Senior's chamber, or in his own if a Senior be there."
+
+"All Freshmen shall be obliged to go on any errand, for any of his
+Seniors, Graduates or Undergraduates, at any time, except in studying
+hours, or after nine o'clock in the evening."
+
+The faculty, if they were knowing to it, could stop the performance of
+an improper errand. They would have been likely to know little about
+them.
+
+Pages might be quoted of these curious and interesting rules and
+customs. But these must suffice. Enough has been given to show the
+immense progress which has been made from the time of the cruel Eaton to
+that of the dignified, able, and judicious President Eliot, under whose
+fortunate administration, the University has wonderfully increased,
+materially and in every way.
+
+The first President was Henry Dunster, a man of learning and
+cultivation. He entered upon his office, August 27, 1640, and left it,
+October 24, 1654. It was during his administration that most of those
+unique rules were established which I have quoted. We can see in them
+the evident origin or occasion of hazing the Freshmen, which would
+naturally follow such rules. At the present day, be it known, the custom
+has entirely ceased. The Freshmen of to-day are treated like gentlemen
+by all classes. All the students are placed on their honor, in every
+way, save only in some necessary particulars. Hazing has passed into
+history as a barbarous custom of the past, and the deportment of the
+students to-day is that of gentlemen, with very rare exceptions, such as
+might be expected among so large a number. In the great Memorial Hall,
+where they eat, the best of deportment is always to be seen, and
+everywhere there is now a pride, in all departments of the University,
+in observing the proprieties of good conduct. Indeed this has always
+been the rule. The hazing has never been so extensively practised as
+many have supposed; and no body of men can anywhere be found, in
+Congress, legislatures, schools, academies, or colleges, whose
+deportment excels in excellence that of the students of Harvard
+University. This observation is demanded from the fact that many
+parents, some of whom are known the writer, have decided to send sons
+to other institutions, on the very ground of the influence of college
+customs and habits.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE DEFENCE OF NEW YORK, 1776.
+
+By Henry B. Carrington, U.S.A., LL.D.
+
+
+  [The siege of Boston gave to the Continental Army that instruction in
+  military engineering, and that contact with a disciplined foe, which
+  prepared it for the immediate operations at New York and in New Jersey.
+  (See The Bay State Monthly, January, 1884, pages 37-44.)
+
+  The occupation and defence of New York and Brooklyn, so promptly made,
+  was a strategic necessity, fully warranted by existing conditions,
+  although temporary.]
+
+
+It is not easy to reconcile the views which we take, in turn, through
+the eye and object lenses of a field-glass, so that the real subject of
+examination will not be distorted by too great nearness or remoteness.
+
+If we bring back to this hour the events of one hundred years ago, it is
+certain that the small armies and the smaller appliances of force then
+in use will seem trifling, in contrast with those which have so recently
+wearied science and have tasked invention in the work and waste of war.
+
+If we thrust them back to their proper place behind the memory of all
+living men, we only see a scattered people, poorly armed, but engaged in
+hopeful conflict with Great Britain, then mistress of the seas, proudly
+challenging the world to arms, and boldly vindicating her challenge.
+
+In an effort to reproduce that period and so balance the opposing
+factors that the siege of Boston and the deliverance of Washington at
+Brooklyn and New York shall have fair co-relation and full bearing upon
+the resulting struggle for National Independence, there must be some
+exact standard for the test j and this will be found by grouping such
+data as illustrate the governing laws of military art.
+
+It has never been claimed that the siege of Boston was not the
+legitimate result of British blunder and American pluck. In a previous
+paper, the siege itself has been presented as that opportunity and
+training-school exercise which projected its experience into the entire
+war, and assured final triumph. It has not been as generally accepted,
+as both philosophical and necessary, that the fortification and defence
+of Brooklyn became the wise and inevitable sequence to that siege.
+
+Let us drop a century and handle the old records.
+
+If Great Britain had not called continental auxiliaries to her aid in
+1776, her disposable force for colonial service would have been less
+than half of the army of Washington.
+
+Until the fortification of Brooklyn and New York had been well advanced,
+the British ministry had not been able to assign even fifteen thousand
+men for that service. General Clinton did, indeed, anchor at the New
+York Narrows, just when General Charles Lee reached that city for its
+defence, but did not risk a landing, and sailed for South Carolina, only
+to be repulsed.
+
+The British Crown had no alternative but to seek foreign aid. The appeal
+to Catharine of Russia for twenty thousand men was met by the laconic
+response, "There are other ways of settling this dispute than by resort
+to arms." The Duke of Richmond prophetically declared, "The colonies
+themselves, after our example, will apply to strangers for assistance."
+The opposition to hiring foreign troops was so intense, that, for many
+weeks, there was no practical advance in preparations for a really
+effective blow at the rebels, while the rebellion itself was daily
+gaining head and spirit.
+
+The British army, just before the battle of Long Island, including
+Hessians, Brunswickers, and Waldeckers, was but a little larger than
+that which the American Congress, as early as October 4, 1775, had
+officially assigned to the siege operations before Boston. That force
+was fixed at twenty-three thousand, three hundred and seventy-two men.
+General Howe landed about twenty thousand men. With the sick, the
+reserves on Staten Island, all officers and supernumeraries included,
+his entire force exhibited a paper strength of thirty-one thousand, six
+hundred and twenty-five men. It is true that General Howe claimed, after
+the battle of Long Island, that his entire force (Hessians included) was
+only twenty four thousand men, and that Washington opposed the advance
+of his division with twenty thousand men. The British muster rolls, as
+exhibited before the British Parliament, accord with the statement
+already made. The actual force of the American army at Brooklyn was not
+far from nine thousand men, instead of twenty thousand, and the
+effective force (New York included) was only about twenty thousand men.
+As the British regiments brought but six, instead of eight, companies to
+a battalion, there is evidence that Washington himself occasionally
+over-estimated the British force proper; but the foreign battalions
+realized their full force, and they were paid accordingly, upon their
+muster rolls. Nearly three fifths of General Howe's army was made up
+from continental mercenaries. These troops arrived in detachments, to
+supplement the army which otherwise would have been entirely unequal to
+the conquest of New York, if the city were fairly defended.
+
+If, on the other hand, Washington had secured the force which he
+demanded from Congress, namely, fifty-eight thousand men, which was,
+indeed (but too tardily), authorized, he could have met General Howe
+upon terms of numerical equality, backed by breast-works, and have held
+New York with an equal force.
+
+This estimate, by Washington himself, of the contingencies of the
+campaign, will have the greater significance when reference is made to
+the details of British preparations in England.
+
+While Congress did, indeed, as early as June, assign thirteen thousand
+additional troops for the defence of New York, the peremptory detachment
+of ten battalions to Canada, in addition to previous details,
+persistently foiled every preparation to meet Howe with an adequate
+force. Regiments from Connecticut and from other colonies reported with
+a strength of only three hundred and sixty men. While the "paper
+strength" of the army was far beyond its effective force, even the
+"paper strength" was but one half of the force which the
+Commander-in-chief had the right to assume as at his disposal.
+
+Other facts fall in line just here.
+
+At no later period of the war did either commander have under his
+immediate control so large a nominal force as then. During but one year
+of the succeeding struggle did the entire British army, from Halifax to
+the West Indies inclusive (including foreign and provincial
+auxiliaries), exceed, by more than seven thousand men, the force which
+occupied both sides of the New York Narrows in 1776. The British Army at
+that time, without its foreign contingent, would have been as inferior
+to the force which had been ordered by Congress (and should have been
+available) as the depleted American army of 1781 would have been
+inferior to the British without the French contingent.
+
+The largest continental force under arms, in any one year of the war,
+did not greatly exceed forty thousand men, and the largest British
+force, as late as 1781, including all arrivals, numbered, all told, but
+forty-two thousand and seventy-five men.
+
+The annual British average, including provincials, ranged from
+thirty-three to thirty-eight thousand men. The physical agencies which
+Great Britain employed were;, therefore, far beneath the prestige of her
+accredited position among the nations; and the disparity between the
+contending forces was mainly in discipline and equipment, with the
+advantage to Great Britain in naval strength, until that was supplanted
+by that of France.
+
+To free the question from a popular fallacy which treats oldtime
+operations as insignificant, in view of large modern armies and
+campaigns, it is pertinent to state, just here, that the issues of the
+battle-field for all time, up to the latest hour, have not been
+determined by the size of armies, or by improvements in weapons of war,
+except relatively, in proportion as civilized peoples fought those of
+less civilization; or where some precocity of race or invention more
+quickly matured the operations of the winning side.
+
+If the maxims of Napoleon are but a terse restatement of those of
+Caesar, and the skill of Hannibal at Cannae still holds place as a model
+for the concave formation of a battle-line, so have all the decisive
+battles of history taken shape from the timely handling of men, in the
+exercise of that sound judgment which adapts means to ends, in every
+work of life. Thus it is that equally great battles, those in the
+highest sense great, have become memorial, although numbers did not
+impart value to the struggle; but they were the expression of that skill
+and wisdom which would have ensured success, if the opposing armies had
+been greater or less.
+
+If a timely fog did aid the retreat of Washington from Brooklyn, in
+1776, so did a petty stream, filled to the brim by a midnight shower,
+make altogether desperate, if it did not, alone, change, the fortunes of
+Napoleon at Waterloo.
+
+If, also, the siege of Yorktown, in 1781, was conducted by few against
+few, as compared with modern armies, it is well to note the historical
+fact that, at the second siege, in 1861, the same ravine was used by
+General Poe (United States Engineers) to connect "parallels," and
+thereby save a "regular approach." Numbers did not change relations, but
+simply augmented the physical force employed and imperilled.
+
+He who can seize the local, incidental, and seemingly immaterial
+elements which enter into all human plans, and convert them into
+determining factors, is to be honored; but the man who can so anticipate
+the possibilities and risks which lie ahead, that the world counts as a
+miracle, or, at least, as marvelous, that which is only the legitimate
+result of faith, courage, and skill, is truly great. Washington did it.
+His retreat from Long Island was deliberately planned before he had a
+conference with his subordinates; and the entire policy and conduct of
+his operations at and near New York will defy criticism. To hold the
+facts of the issue discussed, right under the light on that military
+science (that is, that mental philosophy which does not change with
+physical modes and appliances), is simply to bring out clearly the
+necessity for the occupation of New York and Brooklyn by Washington in
+1776.
+
+The mere statement of the British forces which were available in 1776
+will show that if Washington knew, in advance, exactly what he had to
+meet, then he had a right to anticipate a successful resistance. As
+early as July, 1775, he demanded that the army should be enlisted "for
+the war." In a previous article, the policy of the Commander-in-chief
+and of General Greene was noticed, and the formulated proposition, then
+accepted by both, gave vitality and hope to the struggle. When the issue
+ripened at New York, and, swiftly as possible, the besieging force
+before Boston became the resisting force at New York, there was one man
+who understood the exact issue. The temper of the British press, and
+that of the British House of Commons, was fully appreciated by the
+American Commander-in-chief. He knew that General Gage had urged that
+"thirty thousand men, promptly sent to America, would be the quickest
+way to save blood and end the war." He also knew that when John Wesley
+predicted that "neither twenty, forty, nor sixty thousand men would
+suppress the rebellion," the British Cabinet had placed before
+Parliament a careful statement of the entire resources which were deemed
+available for military purposes abroad. As early as May, 1776,
+Washington was advised of the following facts:--
+
+First, That the contracts at that time made with continental States,
+including that with Hesse and Brunswick, would place at British disposal
+a nominal strength of fifty-five thousand men.
+
+Second, That, with all due allowance for deficiencies, the effective
+force, as claimed by the ministry, could not exceed, but might fall
+below, forty thousand men.
+
+The debate in Parliament was so sharp, and the details of the proposed
+operations were so closely defined and analyzed, that Washington had
+full right to assume, as known, the strength of his adversary.
+
+When, during May, 1776, the American Congress sent troops from New York
+to Canada, he sharply protested, thus: "This diversion of forces will
+endanger both enterprises; for Great Britain will attempt to capture New
+York as well as Canada, if they have the men." He did not believe that
+they would capture New York, if he could acquire and retain the force
+which he demanded.
+
+The point to be made emphatic, is this: That, from the date of the call
+of Massachusetts, early in 1775, for thirty thousand men, up to the
+occupation of New York, the force which he had the right to assume as at
+his own disposal was equal to the contingencies of the conflict; and
+that, when he did occupy New York, and begin its exterior defences at
+Brooklyn, the British ministry had admitted its inability to send to
+America a force sufficiently strong to capture the city. The maximum
+force proposed was less than that which Congress could easily supply for
+resistance. In other words, Washington would not have to fight Great
+Britain, but a specific force; namely, all that Great Britain could
+spare for that service; so that the issue was not between the new
+Republic and England, but between the Republic and a single army, of
+known elements and numbers. In fact, the opinion that France had already
+made war upon England had so early gained credit, that Washington, while
+still in New York, was forced to issue an order correcting the rumor,
+and thus prevent undue confidence and its corresponding neglect to meet
+the demands of the crisis.
+
+Thus far, it is clear that there was nothing extravagant in the American
+claim to independence; nor in the readiness of Washington to seize and
+hold New York; nor in his belief that the colonial resources were equal
+to the contest.
+
+One other element is of determining value as to the necessity for his
+occupation and defence of Brooklyn Heights. New York was the only base
+from which Great Britain could operate against the colonies as an
+organized State. By Long Island Sound and the Hudson River, her right
+hand would hold New England under the guns of her warships, and by quick
+occupation of Chesapeake and Delaware Bays and their tributary streams,
+her left hand would cut off the South.
+
+If the views of Lord Dartmouth had prevailed, in 1775, there would have
+been no siege of Boston; but New York would have had a garrison fully
+equal to its defence, while sparing troops for operations outside. But
+the prompt occupation of New York, as the headquarters of revolution,
+was a clear declaration to the world, and to the scattered people of the
+colonies, that a new nation was asserting life, and that its soil was
+free from a hostile garrison. The occupation of New York centralized, at
+the social, commercial, and natural capital of the Republic, all
+interests and resources, and gave to the struggle real force,
+inspiration, and dignity.
+
+Just as the men at Bunker Hill fought so long as powder and ball held
+out, but could not have been led to assail, in open field, the veterans
+whom they did, in fact, so effectively resist; and, as very often, a
+patriotic band has bravely defended, when unequal to aggressive
+action,--so the possession, defence, and even the loss, of New York, as
+an incident of a campaign, were very different from an effort to wrest
+the city from the grasp of a British garrison, under cover of yawning
+broadsides.
+
+History is replete with facts to show how hopefully men will seek to
+regain lost positions, when an original capture would have been deemed
+utterly hopeless. Poland wellnigh regained a smothered nationality
+through an inspiration, which never could have been evoked, in a plan to
+seize from the Russian domain a grand estate, upon which to establish an
+original Poland.
+
+To have held but to have lost New York, would simply show the defects of
+the defence, and the margin wanting in ability to retain, while no less
+suggesting how, in turn, it might be regained, at the right time, by
+adequate means and methods. The occupation and defence of Brooklyn
+Heights was the chief element of value in this direction. It not only
+combined the general protection of the city and post, in connection with
+the works upon Governor's Island, but to have neglected either would
+have admitted an inability to retain either.
+
+British troops at Brooklyn would command New York. American troops at
+Brooklyn presented the young nation in the attitude of guarding the
+outer doorway of its freshly-asserted independence. It put the British
+to the defensive, and compelled them to risk the landing of a large
+army, after a protracted ocean voyage, before they could gain a footing
+and measure strength with the colonists. It does not lessen our estimate
+of the skill of Washington to know that Congress failed to supply
+adequate forces; but he made wise estimates, and had reason to expect a
+prompt response to his requisitions.
+
+That episode at Breed's Hill, which tested the value of even a light
+cover for keen sharpshooters, had so warned Howe of the courage of his
+enemy that the garrison of Bunker Hill had never worried Putnam's little
+redoubt across the Charlestown Isthmus; neither had the troops at Boston
+ever assailed, with success, the thin circumvallation which protected
+the besiegers.
+
+At Brooklyn, Washington established ranges for firing-parties, so that
+the rifle could be intelligently and effectively used, as the British
+might, in turn, approach the danger line. All these preparations,
+although impaired by the illness and absence of General Greene, had been
+so well devised, that even after General Howe gained the rear of
+Sullivan and Stirling and captured both, he halted before the
+entrenchments and resorted to regular approaches rather than venture an
+assault.
+
+If that portion of the proper garrison of New York which had been sent
+to Canada, to waste from disease and fill six thousand graves, had been
+available at New York, they might have made of Jamaica Ridge and
+Prospect Hill a British Golgotha before the lines of Brooklyn.
+
+If we conceive of an invasion of New York to-day, other than by some
+devastating fleet, we can at once see that the whole outline of defence
+as proposed by Washington, until he ordered the retreat, was
+characteristic of his wisdom and his settled purpose to resist a
+landing, fight at every ridge, yield only to compulsion, enure his men
+to face fire, and "make every British advance as costly as possible to
+the enemy."
+
+The summary is briefly this: There was an universal revolt of the
+colonies, and a fixed purpose to achieve and maintain independence.
+There was, at the same time, in England, not only a vigorous opposition
+to the use of force, but a clearly-defined exhibit of the maximum
+military resources which its authorities could call into exercise.
+Imminent European complications were already bristling for battle, both
+by land and sea, and Great Britain was without a continental ally or
+friend. As the British resources were thus definitely defined, so was
+the military policy distinctly stated; namely, to make, as the first
+objective, the recovery of New York, and its acceptance as the permanent
+base for prosecution of the war. The first blow was designed to be a
+fatal blow. It was for Washington to take the offensive. He did so, and
+by the occupation of New York and Brooklyn put himself in the attitude
+of resisting invasion, rather than as attempting the expulsion of a
+rightful British garrison from the British capital of its American
+colonies.
+
+Not only did the metal of such men as he commanded stand fire on the
+seventeenth of June, 1775, at Breed's Hill, but when he followed up the
+expulsion of the garrison of Boston by the equally aggressive
+demonstrations at New York, he gave assurance of the thoroughness of his
+purpose to achieve independence, and thereby inspired confidence at home
+and abroad. The failure to realize a competent field force for the issue
+with Howe, and the circumstances of the retreat and evacuation, do not
+impair the statement that, in view of his knowledge of British resources
+and those of America, the occupation and defence of Brooklyn and New
+York was a military necessity, warranted by existing conditions, and not
+impaired by his disappointment in not securing a sufficient force to
+meet his enemy upon terms of equality and victory. It increases our
+admiration of that strategic forethought which habitually inspired him
+to maintain an aggressive attitude, until the surrender at Yorktown
+consummated his plans, and verified his wisdom and his faith.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+LOWELL.
+
+
+Twenty-six miles northwest from Boston, on the banks of the Merrimack at
+its confluence with the Concord, is situated the city of Lowell,--the
+Spindle City, the Manchester of America. The Merrimack, which affords
+the chief water-power that gives life to the thousand industries of
+Lowell, takes its rise among the White Mountains, in New Hampshire, its
+source being in the Notch of the Franconia Range, at the base of Mount
+Lafayette. For many miles it dashes down toward the sea, known at first
+as the Pemigewasset, until finally its waters are joined by the outflow
+from Lake Winnipiseogee, and a great river is formed, which, in its fall
+of several hundred feet, offers immense power to the mechanic. Past
+Penacook the river glides, its volume increased by the Contcocook;
+through fertile intervales, over rapids and falls, past Suncook and
+Hooksett, it comes to the Falls of Amoskeag, where Lowell's fair rival
+is built; thence onward past Nashua, to the Falls of Pawtucket, where
+its waters are thoroughly utilized to propel the machinery of a great
+city.
+
+The men are still living who have witnessed the growth of Lowell from an
+inconsiderable village to a great manufacturing city, whose fabrics are
+as world-renowned as those of Marseilles and Lyons, or ancient Damascus.
+
+[Illustration: LOWELL AS IT APPEARED IN 1840.]
+
+With the dawn of American history, the Penacooks, a tribe of Indians,
+were known to have occupied the site of Lowell as their favorite
+rendezvous. Here the salmon and shad were caught in great abundance by
+the dusky warriors. Passaconaway was their first great chief known to
+the white man, and he was acknowledged as leader by many neighboring
+tribes. He was a friend to the English. Before the coming of the
+Pilgrims a great plague had swept over New England, making desolate
+the Indian villages. Added to the terrors of the pestilence, which was
+resistless as fate to the children of the forest, was the fear and dread
+of their implacable enemies, the fierce Mohawks of the west. The spirit
+of the Indian was broken. In 1644, Passaconaway renounced his authority
+as an independent chief, and placed himself and his tribe of several
+thousand souls under the protection of the colonial magistrates. The
+Indian villages at Pawtucket Falls, on the Merrimack, and Wamesit Falls,
+on the Concord, the Musketaquid of the aborigines, were first visited in
+1647 by the Reverend John Eliot, the Apostle to the Indians. In 1652,
+Captain Simon Willard and Captain Edward Johnson made their tour up the
+Merrimack Paver to Lake Winnipiseogee, and marked a stone near the Weirs
+as the northern boundary of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The following
+year the work of settlement swept onward, crowding in upon the
+cornfields of the red men; and Eliot, caring for his charges, procured
+the passage of an act by the General Court reserving a good part of the
+land on which Lowell now stands to the exclusive use of the Indians.
+
+[Illustration: MERRIMACK RIVER BELOW HUNT'S FALLS.]
+
+The towns of Chelmsford and Billerica were incorporated May 29, 1655.
+
+In 1656, Major-General Daniel Gookin was appointed superintendent of all
+the Indians under the jurisdiction of the Colony. By his fair dealing he
+won their entire confidence. They had good friends in Judge Gookin and
+the Apostle Eliot, who were ever ready to protect them from
+encroachments of their neighbors.
+
+In 1660, Passaconaway relinquished all authority over his tribe,
+retiring at a ripe old age, and turning over his office of sachem to his
+son Wannalancet, whose headquarters were at Penacook. Numphow, who was
+married to one of Passaconaway's daughters, was the chief for some years
+of the village of Pawtucket. In 1669, Wannalancet, in dread of the
+Mohawks, came down the river with his whole tribe, and located at
+Wamesit, and built a fortification on Fort Hill in Belvidere, which was
+surrounded with palisades. The white settlers of the vicinity, catching
+the alarm, took refuge in garrison-houses.
+
+[Illustration: OLD BRIDGE OVER PAWTUCKET FALLS.]
+
+In 1674, there were at Wamesit fifteen families, or seventy-five souls,
+enumerated as Christian Indians, aside from about two hundred who
+adhered to their primitive faith in the Great Spirit. Numphow was their
+magistrate as well as chief, his cabin standing near the Boott Canal.
+The log chapel presided over by the Indian preacher, Samuel, stood at
+the west end of Appleton Street near the site of the Eliot Church. In
+May of each year came Eliot and Gookin; the former to give spiritual
+advice; the latter to act as umpire or judge, having jurisdiction of
+higher offences, and directing all matters affecting the interests o�
+the village. Wannalancet held his court, as sachem, in a log cabin near
+Pawtucket Falls.
+
+[Illustration: SAINT ANNE'S CHURCH, 1850.]
+
+King Philip's War broke out in 1675. Wannalancet and the local Indians,
+faithful to the counsels of Passaconaway, took sides with the settlers,
+or remained neutral. Between the two parties they suffered severely.
+Some were put to death by Philip, for exposing his designs; some were
+put to death by the colonists, as Philip's accomplices; some fell in
+battle, fighting for the whites; some were slain by the settlers, who
+mistrusted alike praying and hostile Indians.
+
+During the following year, 1676, the able-bodied Indians of Wamesit and
+Pawtucket withdrew to Canada, leaving a few of their helpless and infirm
+old people at the mercy of their neighbors. Around their fate let
+history draw the veil of oblivion, lest the present generation blush for
+their ancestors. The Indians of those days, like their descendants, had
+no rights which the white men were bound to respect.
+
+During the war the white settlers were gathered for protection in
+garrison-houses. Billerica escaped harm, but Chelmsford was twice
+visited by hostile bands and several buildings were burned. Two sons of
+Samuel Varnum were shot while crossing the Merrimack in a boat with
+their father.
+
+In April, 1676, Captain Samuel Hunting and Lieutenant James Richardson
+built a fort at Pawtucket Falls, which, with a garrison, was left under
+command of Lieutenant Richardson. A month later it was reinforced and
+the command entrusted to Captain Thomas Henchman. This proved an
+effectual check to the incursions of marauding Indians.
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF A CELLAR, BELVIDERE.]
+
+When the war was over, Wannalancet returned with the remnant of his
+tribe, to find the reservation in possession of the settlers. The tribe
+was placed on Wickasauke Island, in charge of Colonel Jonathan Tyng,
+where they remained until their last rod of land had been bartered away,
+when they retired to Canada and joined the St. Francis tribe. Colonel
+Tyng and Major Henchman purchased of the Indians all their remaining
+interest in the land about Pawtucket Falls.
+
+[Illustration: OLD BUTMAN HOUSE, BELVIDERE.]
+
+During the nine years of King William's War, which followed the English
+Revolution of 1688, the people of Chelmsford and neighboring towns again
+took refuge in forts and garrison-houses. Major Henchman had command of
+the fortification at the Falls. August 1, 1682, a hostile raid was made
+into Billerica and eight of the inhabitants were killed. August 5, 1695,
+fourteen inhabitants of Tewksbury were massacred. Colonel Joseph Lynde,
+from whom Lynde Hill in Belvidere derives its name, was in command of a
+force of three hundred men who ranged through the neighboring country to
+protect the frontier.
+
+The town of Dracut was incorporated in 1701. It contained twenty-five
+families, and was set off from Chelmsford.
+
+The Wamesit purchase was divided into small parcels of land and sold to
+settlers. Samuel Pierce, who had his domicile on the Indian reservation,
+was elected a member of the General Court, in 1725, but was refused his
+seat on the ground that he was not an inhabitant of Chelmsford.
+Accordingly the people of the reservation refused to pay taxes to the
+town of Chelmsford until an act was passed legally annexing them to the
+town. The place was afterward known as East Chelmsford.
+
+The year 1729 is memorable for the great earthquake which occurred on
+October 29, and did considerable damage in the Merrimack valley.
+
+Tewksbury was incorporated in 1734, its territory before having been
+included in Billerica.
+
+At the battle of Bunker Hill two companies of Chelmsford men were
+present, one under command of Captain John Ford, the other under Captain
+Benjamin Walker; and one company composed largely of Dracut men was
+under Captain Peter Colburn.
+
+[Illustration: FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, 1840.]
+
+Captain Ford had served previously at the siege and capture of
+Louisburg, in 1745. When the first man in his company fell at Bunker
+Hill, an officer prevented a panic by singing Old Hundred. When closely
+pressed by the British, and the ammunition had been exhausted, Captain
+Colburn, on the point of retreating, threw a stone at the advancing
+enemy and saw an officer fall from the blow.
+
+Colonel Simeon Spaulding, of Chelmsford, was an active patriot during
+the Revolution and did good service in the Provincial Congress.
+
+During Shays' Rebellion, in 1786, a body of Chelmsford militia under
+command of General Lincoln served in the western counties.
+
+The people of Chelmsford, from the earliest settlement, gave every
+encouragement to millers, lumbermen, mechanics, and traders, making
+grants of land, and temporary exemption from taxation, to such as would
+settle in their town. It became distinguished for its sawmills,
+gristmills, and mechanics' shops of various kinds. Billerica, Dracut,
+and Tewksbury gave like encouragement. About the time of the Revolution
+a sawmill was built below Pawtucket Falls and owned by Judge John Tyng.
+
+[Illustration: PAIGE-STREET FREEWILL BAPTIST CHURCH, 1840.]
+
+Toward the close of the last century the lumbering industry on the
+Merrimack grew into prominence; and, in 1792, Dudley A. Tyng, William
+Coombs, and others, of Newburyport, were incorporated as "The
+Proprietors of the Locks and Canals on Merrimack River." This canal,
+which was demanded for the safe conduct of rafts by the Falls, was
+completed in 1797, at an expense of fifty thousand dollars. The fall of
+thirty-two feet was passed by four sets of locks.
+
+The first bridge across the Merrimack was built, in 1792, by Parker
+Varnum and associates; the Concord had been bridged some twenty years
+earlier.
+
+[Illustration: DAM AT PAWTUCKET FALLS.]
+
+In 1793, the proprietors of the Middlesex Canal were incorporated.
+Loammi Baldwin, of Woburn, superintended the construction. The canal
+began at the Merrimack, about a mile above Pawtucket Falls, extended
+south by east thirty-one miles, and terminated at Charlestown. It was
+twenty-four feet wide and four feet deep and was fed by the Concord
+River. It cost $700,000, and was completed in 1804,--the first canal
+in the United States opened for the transportation of passengers and
+merchandise. For forty years it was the outlet of the whole Merrimack
+valley north of Pawtucket Falls.
+
+The first boat voyage from Boston, by the Middlesex Canal and the
+Merrimack River, to Concord, New Hampshire, was made in 1814; the first
+steamboat from Boston reached Concord in 1819.
+
+The competition of the Middlesex Canal ruined the Pawtucket Canal, as it
+in turn, in after years, was ruined by the Boston and Lowell Railroad.
+Navigation finally ceased on its waters in 1853, since which date its
+channel has been filling up and its banks have been falling away.
+
+In 1801, Moses Hale, whose father had long before started a fulling-mill
+in Dracut, established a carding-mill on River Meadow Brook,--the first
+enterprise of the kind in Middlesex County.
+
+In 1805, the bridge across the Merrimack was demolished and a new bridge
+with stone piers and abutments was constructed. It was a toll-bridge as
+late as 1860.
+
+The second war with England stimulated manufacturing enterprises
+throughout the United States; and several were started, depending upon
+the water-power of the Concord River. In 1813, Captain Phineas Whiting
+and Major Josiah Fletcher erected a wooden cotton-mill on the site of
+the Middlesex Company's mills, and were successful in their enterprise.
+John Golding, in the same neighborhood, was not so fortunate.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN-STREET CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH.]
+
+The year 1815 is memorable for the most disastrous gale that has
+devastated New England during two centuries; it was very severe in
+Chelmsford.
+
+The sawmill and gristmill of the Messrs. Bowers, at Pawtucket Falls, was
+started in 1816. The same year Nathan Tyler started a gristmill where
+the Middlesex Company's mill No. 3 now stands. Captain John Ford's
+sawmill stood near the junction of the Concord and Merrimack Rivers.
+
+In 1818, Moses Hale started the powder-mills on Concord River. The
+following year Oliver M. Whipple and William Tileston were associated
+with him in business. In 1821, the firm opened Whipple's Canal. The
+business was enlarged from time to time and was at its zenith during the
+Mexican War, when, in one year, nearly five hundred tons of powder were
+made. The manufacture of powder in Lowell ceased in 1855. In 1818, also,
+came Thomas Hurd, who purchased the cotton-mill started by Whiting and
+Fletcher and converted it into a woolen-mill. He soon enlarged his
+operations, building a large brick mill near the other. He was the
+pioneer manufacturer of satinets in this country. His mill was destroyed
+by fire and rebuilt in 1826. About this time he built the Middlesex
+(Mills) Canal, which conveyed water from the Pawtucket Canal to his
+satinet-mills, thus affording additional power. His business was ruined
+in 1828 by the reaction in trade; and two years later the property
+passed into the hands of the Middlesex Company.
+
+[Illustration: FREE CHAPEL, 1860.]
+
+The year 1818 also brought Winthrop Howe to town. He started a mill for
+the manufacture of flannels at Wamesit Falls, in Belvidere, and
+continued in the business until 1827, when he sold out to Harrison G.
+Howe, who introduced power-looms, and who, in turn, sold the property to
+John Nesmith and others in 1831. In the year 1819 a new bridge across
+the Concord River was built to replace the old one built in 1774. About
+this time the dam across the Concord at Massic Falls was constructed,
+and the forging-mill of Fisher and Ames was built. The works were
+extended in 1823, and continued by them until 1836, when the privilege
+was sold to Perez O. Richmond.
+
+[Illustration: KIRK BOOTT.
+Born in Boston, October 20, 1790. Died in Lowell, April 21, 1837.]
+
+In 1821, the capabilities of Pawtucket Falls for maintaining vast
+mechanical industries were brought to the attention of a few successful
+manufacturers, who readily perceived its advantages and hastened to
+purchased the almost worthless stock of the Pawtucket Canal Company. In
+November, Nathan Appleton, Patrick Tracy Jackson, Kirk Boott, Warren
+Dutton, Paul Moody, and John W. Boott, visited the canal, which they
+now controlled, perambulated the ground, and planned for the future.
+February 5, 1822, these gentlemen and others were incorporated as the
+Merrimack Manufacturing Company, with Warren Dutton as president.
+The first business of the new company was to erect a dam across the
+Merrimack at Pawtucket Falls, widen and repair Pawtucket Canal, renew
+the locks, and open a lateral canal from the main canal to the river,
+on the margin of which their mills were to stand. Five hundred men were
+employed In digging and blasting, and six thousand pounds of powder were
+used. The canal, as reconstructed, is sixty fee wide and eight feet
+deep. The first mile of the company was completed and started September
+1, 1823. The first treasurer and agent was Kirk Boott, a man of great
+influence, who left his mark on the growing village.
+
+[Illustration: SECOND UNIVERSALIST CHURCH, SHATTUCK STREET.]
+
+Paul Moody settled in the village in 1823, and took charge of the
+company's machine-shop, which was completed in 1826. Ezra Worthen was
+the first superintendent. The founders of the Merrimack Company
+contemplated from the first the introduction of calico-printing. In this
+they were successful, in 1826, when John D. Prince, from Manchester,
+England, took charge of the Merrimack print-works. Mr. Prince was
+assisted by the chemist, Dr. Samuel L. Dana; and together they made the
+products of the mills famous in all parts of the globe.
+
+[Illustration: APPLETON-STREET PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.]
+
+In 1825, the old Locks and Canals Company of 1792 was re-established as
+a separate corporation, with the added right to purchase, hold, sell, or
+lease land and water-power, and the affairs of the company were placed
+in the hands of Kirk Boott.
+
+In 1820, there were in the villages of East Chelmsford, Belvidere, and
+Centralville, about two hundred and fifty inhabitants. Whipple's
+powder-mills and Howe's flannel-mill were then in operation, and there
+were several sawmills and gristmills. Ira Frye's Tavern stood on the
+site of the American House. There was Hurd's mill, a blacksmith shop at
+Massic Falls, a few other such establishments as a country village
+usually affords, and several substantial dwelling-houses, farmhouses,
+and cottages, conspicuous among which was the Livermore House in
+Belvidere.
+
+[Illustration: ROGERS HOMESTEAD, BELVIDERE.]
+
+The operations of the Merrimack Company soon attracted settlers. In
+1822, a regular line of stages was established between East Chelmsford
+and Boston. In 1824, the Chelmsford Courier was established, and
+became at once the organ of the growing community. The next year a
+militia company was organized; the Fourth of July was celebrated with
+appropriate ceremonies; the Middlesex Mechanics' Association and the
+Central Bridge Corporation were incorporated; the Hamilton Manufacturing
+Company was established; and the inhabitants of the village of East
+Chelmsford petitioned to be incorporated. The petition was granted, and
+Lowell became a town March 1, 1826, with a population of about two
+thousand. The name of the town was adopted in honor of Francis Cabot
+Lowell, a business associate of Nathan Appleton, and a promoter of the
+manufacture of cotton goods in this country.
+
+The years of 1827 and 1828 were marked by great depression in the
+commercial and manufacturing circles of the country, but Lowell had
+a good start, and her prosperity was assured. The Lowell Bank, the
+Appleton Company, and the Lowell Manufacturing Company, were established
+in 1828,--the year the first ton of coal was brought to town. The coal
+was used for fuel in the law office of Samuel H. Mann.
+
+In 1829, the Lowell Institution for Savings was incorporated, and
+William Livingston established himself in trade. For a quarter of a
+century Mr. Livingston was one of the most active, most enterprising,
+and most public-spirited citizens of Lowell. Much of the western portion
+of the city was built up by his instrumentality.
+
+[Illustration: WORTHEN-STREET OR SECOND BAPTIST CHURCH.]
+
+The Middlesex Company was established in 1830, as was the Lowell fire
+department. The Town Hall was also built; and Lowell numbered sixty-four
+hundred and seventy-seven inhabitants.
+
+[Illustration: CENTRAL METHODIST CHURCH.]
+
+In 1830, Mr. Jackson undertook to connect Boston and Lowell with a
+railroad. A macadamized road had been surveyed, when this new road was
+projected; and it was a part of the original plan to have the cars
+drawn by horses. The successful operation of Stephenson's Liverpool and
+Manchester Railroad was known to Mr. Jackson, and he was encouraged
+to persevere. The road was completed at a cost of $1,800,000 and was
+opened to the public, July 4, 1835. The cars and locomotive would be a
+curiosity to-day. The former, resembling Concord coaches, were divided
+by a partition into two compartments, each entered by two doors,
+on the sides. The interiors of the compartments were upholstered with
+drab-colored cashmere, and each accommodated eight passengers. The
+conductor and engineer had each a silver whistle. After the former
+had ascertained the destination of each passenger and collected the
+necessary fare, he would close the car doors, climb to his place in a
+cab at the top of the coach, and whistle to the engineer as a signal for
+starting. The engineer, who was protected by no cab, would respond with
+his whistle, when the train would dash out of the station. The brakes
+were such as are used on a coach, and it was a scientific matter, when
+the engineer gave his warning-whistle to break up a train on arriving at
+a station. The rails were secured to granite ties, by means of cast-iron
+plates, and the road was very, _very_ solid. Frost soon rendered it
+necessary to introduce wooden ties, and nothing has yet been discovered
+which can be used as a substitute for them.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN NESMITH.
+Born in Londonderry, New Hampshire, August 3, 1793.]
+
+The Lowell Railroad was not the first opened in the United States, but
+it was the first passenger road in successful operation in New England.
+
+In 1831, the Railroad Bank was established.
+
+In 1832, the Suffolk and Tremont Mills were established.
+
+In 1833, the town felt the need of a police court, and one was
+established. Joseph Locke was the first justice. During the same year
+the Lawrence Mills were started; and the town was visited by President
+Andrew Jackson and members of his Cabinet, and later by the great
+statesman, Henry Clay.
+
+In 1834, Belvidere was included in Lowell, and the town had the honor of
+entertaining Colonel David Crockett, George Thompson, M.P., the English
+abolitionist (not cordially), and M. Chevalier, the French political
+economist.
+
+In 1835, Joel Stone, of Lowell, and Joseph P. Simpson, of Boston, built
+the steamboat Herald, for navigating between Lowell and Nashua, but the
+enterprise proved a failure; the Nashua and Lowell Railroad Company
+was incorporated; the Lowell Almshouse was started; the hall of the
+Middlesex Mechanics' Association was built; and the Lowell Courier, the
+oldest daily newspaper in Middlesex County, was established.
+
+[Illustration: SUFFOLK-STREET ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.]
+
+In 1836, the population of Lowell was 17,633. During the year the Boott
+Mills were started, and a city charter was adopted.
+
+[Illustration: THE THIRD UNIVERSALIST CHURCH.
+Now Barristers' Hall.]
+
+Dr. Elisha Bartlett was elected first mayor of the city of Lowell. He
+was succeeded, in 1838, by the Honorable Luther Lawrence; in 1840, by
+the Honorable Elisha Huntington, M.D.; in 1842, by the Honorable
+Nathaniel Wright; in 1844, by Dr. Huntington; in 1846, by the Honorable
+Jefferson Bancroft; in 1849, by the Honorable Josiah B. French; in 1851,
+by the Honorable J.H.B. Ayer; in 1852, by Dr. Huntington; in 1853, by
+the Honorable Sewall G. Mack; in 1855, by the Honorable Ambrose
+Lawrence; in 1856, by Dr. Huntington; in 1857, by the Honorable Stephen
+Mansur, the first Republican mayor; in 1858, by Dr. Huntington, for his
+eighth term; in 1859, by the Honorable James Cook; in 1860, by the
+Honorable Benjamin C. Sargent; in 1862, by the Honorable Hocum Hosford;
+in 1865, by the Honorable Josiah G. Peabody; in 1867, by the Honorable
+George F. Richardson; in 1869, by the Honorable Jonathan P. Folsom; in
+1871, by the Honorable Edward F. Sherman; in 1872, by the Honorable
+Josiah G. Peabody; in 1873, by the Honorable Francis Jewett; in 1876, by
+the Honorable Charles A. Stott; in 1878, by the Honorable John A.G.
+Richardson; in 1880, by the Honorable Frederic T. Greenhalge; in 1882,
+by the Honorable George Runels; in 1883, by the present mayor, the
+Honorable John J. Donovan.
+
+The young city met with a serious loss April 11, 1837, in the sudden
+death of Kirk Boott.
+
+A county jail was built in 1838, and the Nashua and Lowell Railroad was
+opened for travel.
+
+Luther Lawrence was killed, April 17, 1839, by a fall into a wheel-pit.
+He was serving his second term as mayor of the city at the time of the
+accident. His residence was bought by the corporations and converted
+into the Lowell Hospital.
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM  LIVINGSTON.
+Born April 12, 1803. Died March 17, 1855.]
+
+In 1840, the Massachusetts Mills were established; and the South Common,
+of about twenty acres, and the North Common, of about ten acres, were
+laid out. During this year appeared the Lowell Offering, a monthly
+journal, edited by Miss Harriet Farley and Miss Hariot Curtiss, two
+factory girls. The journal was praised by John G. Whittier, Charles
+Dickens, and other gifted writers, for its intrinsic merits.
+
+Lowell is largely indebted to Oliver M. Whipple for its cemetery, which
+was consecrated June 20, 1841. It contains about forty-five acres, and
+has near the centre a small gothic chapel.
+
+In January, 1842, Charles Dickens made a flying visit to Lowell, and has
+left on record in American Notes his impressions of the city.
+
+During this period the court-room of the city was occasionally graced by
+the presence of Daniel Webster and Rufus Choate.
+
+The City Library was instituted in 1844.
+
+The Stony Brook Railroad Company was incorporated in 1845.
+
+The Honorable Nathan Crosby was appointed justice of the police court in
+1846, and still continues in office. The Lowell and Lawrence Railroad
+was incorporated this year, and the population of Lowell numbered
+29,127.
+
+[Illustration: SAINT ANNE'S CHURCH, 1840.]
+
+President James K. Polk visited Lowell in 1847; and the city met with
+the loss of Patrick Tracy Jackson, a man whose name should be always
+honored in Lowell. The great Northern Canal was completed this year by
+James B. Francis, the most distinguished hydraulic engineer in the
+United States. It was a stupendous work and stands a monument to the
+genius of its constructor. Daniel Webster, in company with Abbott
+Lawrence, rode along its dry channel, before the water was admitted, and
+fully appreciated the immense undertaking.
+
+The Salem and Lowell Railroad was incorporated in 1848, and was opened
+for travel two years later.
+
+The reservoir on Lynde's Hill was constructed in 1849.
+
+Gas was introduced, and the Court House on Gorham Street built, in 1850.
+
+In 1851, Centralville, previously a part of Dracut, was included within
+the city limits, and the Lowell Reform School was established.
+
+In 1852, George Wellman completed his first working model of his self
+top card stripper--one of the most valuable inventions of the present
+century; Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian patriot, visited Lowell; and the
+Legislature of Massachusetts enacted the first prohibitory liquor law.
+
+The City Hall was reconstructed in 1853. The Lowell Jail was built in
+1856. Thomas H. Benton visited Lowell in 1857. Washington Square was
+laid out in 1858.
+
+[Illustration: OLIVER M. WHIPPLE.]
+
+During the dark days of the Rebellion, Lowell responded loyally to the
+appeal for soldiers and money, and of her young men many of the best
+were sacrificed to preserve the Union.
+
+The fall of Fort Sumter produced a profound sensation in Lowell. Four
+companies from the city hastened to join their regiment: the Mechanic
+Phalanx, under command of Captain Albert S. Follansbee; the City Guards,
+Captain James W. Hart; the Watson Light Guard, Captain John F. Noyes,
+and the Lawrence Cadets (National Grays), Captain Josiah A. Sawtelle.
+They assembled at Huntington Hall, the day after President Lincoln's
+call for troops, and were mustered into the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment
+under command of Colonel Edward F. Jones. They at once proceeded to
+Boston and were joined at Faneuil Hall by the other companies of the
+regiment and the next day were on their way to the seat of war. A
+detachment of the regiment had to fight their way through a mob in
+Baltimore, and four of the Lowell City Guards were the first to lay down
+their lives in the great drama of war known as the Rebellion. Addison
+O. Whitney and Luther C. Ladd, of Lowell, were the first martyrs; their
+last resting-place is commemorated by a monument in a public square of
+the city. The regiment arrived at Washington, were quartered in the
+Senate Chamber, and formed the nucleus of the rapidly gathering Northern
+army. The Hill Cadets, under Captain S. Proctor, and the Richardson
+Light Infantry, Captain Phineas A. Davis, were formed the day after the
+Baltimore riot. The company known as the Abbott Grays, under Captain
+Edward Gardner Abbott, was organized five days later. That called the
+Butler Rifles was organized May 1, by Eben James and Thomas O'Hare.
+
+[Illustration: FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, 1860.]
+
+While these active preparations for war were progressing, Judge Crosby
+called a public meeting, April 20, at which the Pioneer Soldiers' Aid
+Association, the germ of the Sanitary Commission, was formed. The city
+government was liberal, too, in its appropriations for the families of
+absent soldiers. In September, Camp Chase, a military rendezvous, was
+established at Lowell.
+
+[Illustration: KIRK-STREET CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, 1840.]
+
+Among the first, and most distinguished, of the citizens of Lowell to
+offer his services to the general government at this crisis, was General
+Benjamin F. Butler, already a lawyer and orator of great reputation, who
+had previously held high rank in the militia. Six companies from Lowell
+joined his expedition to the Gulf.
+
+Early in 1862, the Sixth and Seventh Batteries, mostly Lowell men, were
+organized. In response to the President's call in July, 1862, three
+companies joined the Thirty-third Regiment. In August, the Sixth
+Regiment again entered the field for a campaign of nine months.
+
+[Illustration: FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, 1840.]
+
+In February, 1863, Lowell sent to the war the Fifteenth Battery, in
+command of Captain Timothy Pearson and Lieutenant Albert Rowse. During
+this month the ladies of the city raised about five thousand dollars for
+the Sanitary Commission by a Soldiers' Fair--the second held in the
+Northern States. In July, 1863, the "draft" called for over four hundred
+additional soldiers from Lowell; less than thirty were forced into the
+service. These were the palmy days for the substitute brokers and
+bounty-jumpers. In July, 1864, the Sixth Regiment again responded, and
+served one hundred days.
+
+In 1865, came the close of the war and the return of the battle-scarred
+veterans. During the long struggle more than five thousand citizens of
+Lowell were in the army and navy of the United States, and the city
+expended over $300,000 in equipment and bounties.
+
+The Lowell Horse Railroad Company and the First National Bank were
+incorporated in 1864. The French-Canadians began to settle in Lowell
+just after the war.
+
+[Illustration: ST. PETER'S ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH, 1860.]
+
+In October, 1866, Dr. J.C. Ayer presented the city with the statue of
+Victory which stands in Monument Square.
+
+The Old Ladies' Home was dedicated July 10, 1867. St. John's Hospital
+was completed and opened in 1868. It occupies the site of the old yellow
+house built in 1770 by Timothy Brown. In November of the same year the
+first meeting of the Old Residents' Historical Association of Lowell was
+held at the store of Joshua Merrill; in December, the city was visited
+by General Grant.
+
+In 1869, the city authorities undertook a system of water-supply works
+which was completed four years later; the Lowell Hosiery Company was
+incorporated in May. The Thorndike Manufacturing Company commenced
+operations in June, 1870.
+
+The fire-alarm telegraph was introduced in 1871; in August, trains on
+the Lowell and Framingham Railroad commenced running; in November, the
+new iron bridge across the Merrimack was finished; during the year, the
+city suffered severely from the scourge of small-pox.
+
+The boundaries of Lowell were extended, in 1873, to include Middlesex
+Village, taken from Chelmsford, and a part of Dracut and Tewksbury. A
+new railroad by the way of Andover connected Lowell with Boston in 1874.
+
+[Illustration: OLD FIRST UNIVERSALIST CHURCH,
+Which stood on site of the Boston and Maine Railroad Station.]
+
+The city celebrated the semi-centennial of its incorporation, March 1,
+1876.
+
+The Emperor Dom Pedro of Brazil visited the city in June of the same
+year.
+
+The Lowell Art Association was formed in May, 1878. In December of that
+year the waters of the Merrimack rose nearly eleven feet on Pawtucket
+Dam; in the same month the Merrimack Company introduced the electric
+light.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN  DYNELY PRINCE.
+Born in England, 1780. Died January 5, 1860.]
+
+Merrimack Company introduced the electric light.
+
+In August, 1880, Boston and Lowell were connected by telephone.
+
+As one glances over the history of Lowell, he recognizes the fact that
+the city has gained its prominence, its wealth, and its population,
+chiefly through the great corporations, and the wisdom of their early
+managers; accordingly the record of these corporate bodies is intimately
+connected with the annals of the city. The reader has noted the fact
+that the first impetus was given to the place by the acts of the
+Merrimack Manufacturing Company. This company was incorporated February
+5, 1822; and the first mill was started the following year. The company
+is not only the oldest in the city but is the largest, employing the
+most operatives and producing the most cloth; their chimney, two hundred
+and eighty-three feet high, is the tallest in the country.
+
+Ezra Worthen, the first superintendent of the mills, died, suddenly,
+June 18, 1824, and was succeeded by Warren Colburn, the author of the
+popular arithmetic. Mr. Colburn died September 13, 1833, and was
+succeeded by John Clark, who held the office until 1848. Mr. Clark was
+succeeded by Emory Washburn, afterward Governor of Massachusetts, by
+Edward L. Lebreton, and from 1850 to 1865 by Isaac Hinckley, now
+president of the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad. John
+C. Palfrey was superintendent from 1865 to 1874, when Joseph S. Ludlam
+was appointed. The print-works were in charge of Kirk Boott in 1822;
+after him was Allen Pollock, 1823 to 1826; John D. Prince, 1826 to 1855;
+Henry Barrows, 1855 to 1878; James Duckworth, 1878 to 1882; Robert
+Latham, since 1882. The treasurers of the company have been Kirk Boott,
+Francis C. Lowell, Eben Chadwick, Francis B. Crowinshield, Arthur T.
+Lyman, Augustus Lowell, and Charles H. Dalton.
+
+[Illustration: UNITARIAN CHURCH, 1845.]
+
+The property of the company occupies twenty-four acres of land. They
+have five mills besides the print-works, 153,552 spindles, 4,465 looms,
+and employ 3,300 operatives. They use up 18,000 tons of coal. The prints
+made at this establishment, are marked "Merrimack," and are too well
+known to require description.
+
+The Hamilton Manufacturing Company was incorporated in 1825. The
+treasurers have been William Appleton, 1825; Ebenezer Appleton, 1830;
+George W. Lyman, 1833; Thomas G. Cary, 1839; William B. Bacon, 1859;
+Arthur T. Lyman, 1860; Arthur L. Devens, 1863; Eben Bacon, 1867; Samuel
+Batchelder, 1869; George R. Chapman, 1876;
+
+[Illustration: FIRST UNIVERSALIST CHURCH, HURD STREET.]
+
+James A. Dupee, since 1870. The agents have been Samuel Batchelder,
+1825; John Avery, 1831; O.H. Moulton, since 1864. The superintendents
+of print-works have been William Spencer, 1828; William Hunter, 1862;
+William Harley, 1866; Thomas Walsh, 1876. The company manufactures
+flannels, prints, ticks, stripes, drills, and sheetings.
+
+The Appleton Company was incorporated in 1828. The treasurers have been
+William Appleton, 1828; Patrick T. Jackson, 1829; George W. Lyman, 1832;
+Thomas G. Cary, 1841; William B. Bacon, 1859; Arthur T. Lyman, 1861;
+Arthur L. Devens, 1863; John A. Burnham, 1867; George Motley, 1867;
+James A. Dupee, since 1874. The superintendents have been John Avery,
+1828; George Motley, 1831; J.H. Sawyer, 1867; Daniel Wright, 1881. The
+company manufactures sheetings, drillings, and yarn.
+
+[Illustration: NATHAN CROSBY.
+Born in Sandwich, New Hampshire, February 12, 1798.]
+
+The Lowell Manufacturing Company was incorporated in 1828. The
+treasurers have been Frederick Cabot, 1828; George W. Lyman, 1831;
+Nathaniel W. Appleton, 1841; William C. Appleton, 1843; J. Thomas
+Stevenson, 1847; Israel Whitney, 1848; Charles L. Harding, 1863; David
+B. Jewett, 1865; Samuel Fay, 1874; George C. Richardson, 1880; Arthur T.
+Lyman, 1881. The superintendents have been Alexander Wright, 1828;
+Samuel Fay, 1852; Andrew F. Swapp, 1874; Albion C. Lyon was appointed
+June 1, 1883. The company makes ingrain, Brussels, and Wilton carpets.
+
+[Illustration: FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH.]
+
+The Middlesex Company was incorporated in 1830. The treasurers have
+been William D. Stone, 1830; Samuel Lawrence, 1840; R.S. Fay, 1857;
+George Z. Silsbee, 1882. The agents have been James Cook, 1830; Nelson
+Palmer, 1845; Samuel Lawrence, 1846; O.H. Perry, 1848; William T. Mann,
+1851; Josiah Humphrey, 1852; James Cook, 1858; O.H. Perry, 1858;
+G.V. Fox, 1869; William C. Avery, 1874; O.H. Perry, from June, 1882.
+O. Saunderson, superintendent. The company makes indigo blue coatings,
+cassimeres, police, yacht, and cadet cloth, ladies' sackings, beavers,
+and shawls.
+
+The Suffolk Manufacturing Company was incorporated January 17, 1831. The
+proprietors of the Tremont Mills were incorporated March 19, 1831. The
+two were consolidated in 1871. The treasurers of Suffolk Manufacturing
+Company were John W. Boott, 1831; Henry Hall, 1832; Henry V. Ward, 1857;
+Walter Hastings, 1865; William A. Burke, 1868; James C. Ayer, 1870. The
+treasurers of the proprietors of the Tremont Mills were William
+Appleton, 1831; Henry Hall, 1832; Henry V. Ward, 1857; Walter Hastings,
+1865; William A. Burke, 1868; James C. Ayer, 1870. The treasurers of
+Tremont and Suffolk Mills have been James C. Ayer, 1871; John C.
+Birdseye, 1872. The agents of Suffolk Manufacturing Company were Robert
+Means, 1831; John Wright, 1842; Thomas S. Shaw, 1868.
+
+[Illustration: WORTHEN-STREET METHODIST CHURCH.]
+
+The agents of the proprietors of the Tremont Mills were Israel Whitney,
+1831; John Aiken, 1834; Charles L. Tilden, 1837; Charles F. Battles,
+1858; Thomas S. Shaw, 1870. The agent of Tremont and Suffolk Mills is
+Thomas S. Shaw, appointed August 19, 1871. These mills make jeans,
+cotton flannels, drillings, sheetings, shirtings and print cloth.
+
+The Lawrence Manufacturing Company was incorporated in 1831. The
+treasurers have been William Appleton, 1831; Henry Hall, 1832; Henry V.
+Ward, 1857; T. Jefferson Coolidge, 1868; Lucius M. Sargent, 1880. The
+agents have been William Austin, 1830; John Aiken, 1837; William S.
+Southworth, 1849; William F. Salmon, 1865; Daniel Hussey, 1869; John
+Kilburn, 1878. The company makes shirtings, sheetings, cotton flannels,
+and cotton and merino hosiery.
+
+[Illustration: GEORGE WELLMAN.
+Born in Boston, March 16, 1810. Died April 4, 1864.]
+
+The Boott Cotton Mills were incorporated in 1835. The treasurers have
+been John Amory Lowell, 1835; J. Pickering Putnam, 1848; T. Jefferson
+Coolidge, 1858; Richard D. Rogers, 1865; Augustus Lowell, 1875. The
+agents have been Benjamin F. French, 1836; Linus Child, 1845; William A.
+Burke, 1862; Alexander G. Cumnock, 1868. The company makes sheetings,
+shirtings, and printing cloth.
+
+The Massachusetts Cotton Mills were incorporated in 1838. The treasurers
+have been John Amory Lowell, 1839; Homer Bartlett, 1848; George
+Atkinson, 1872. The agents have been Homer Bartlett, 1840; Joseph White,
+1848; Frank F. Battles, 1856. The mills turn out sheetings, shirtings,
+and drillings.
+
+[Illustration: LEE-STREET UNITARIAN CHURCH.
+Now French Catholic. Enlarged and rebuilt.]
+
+The Lowell Machine Shop was incorporated in 1845. The treasurers have
+been J. Thomas Stevenson, 1845; William A. Burke, from 1876. The agents
+have been William A. Burke, 1845; Mertoun C. Bryant, 1862; Andrew Moody,
+1862; George Richardson, 1870; Charles L. Hildreth, 1879. The company
+makes all kinds of machinery for mills.
+
+The Proprietors of Locks and Canals on Merrimack River were incorporated
+in 1792. The treasurers have been Joseph Cutler, 1792; W.W. Prout,
+1804; Samuel Cutler, 1809; Samuel Tenney, 1817; Kirk Boott, 1822; Joseph
+Tilden, 1837; P.T. Jackson, 1838; John T. Morse, 1845. The agents have
+been Kirk Boott, 1822; Joseph Tilden, 1837; William Boott, 1838; James
+B. Francis, 1845, to present date.
+
+[Illustration: PRESCOTT-STREET CHURCH.]
+
+The Winnipiseogee Lake Cotton and Woolen Manufacturing Company was
+incorporated in 1831. The presidents were Abbott Lawrence, from August,
+1846, to July, 1850; Henry Hall, to June, 1856; Francis B. Crowinshield,
+to August, 1857; John Amory Lowell, to June, 1864; J. Thomas Stevenson,
+to June, 1877; Richard S. Fay, until his decease, March 7, 1882. The
+treasurers were James Bell, from 1845 until his decease, in May, 1857;
+Francis B. Crowinshield, to October, 1861; J. Thomas Stevenson, to June,
+1864; Homer Bartlett, to June, 1872; Charles S. Storrow, to June, 1878;
+James A. Dupee, to June, 1882. Directors, 1883: Charles Storrow,
+president; James A. Dupee, Augustus Lowell, Howard Stockton, George
+Atkinson. Clerk of corporation, Augustus T. Owen; treasurer, George
+Atkinson; agent, T.P. Hutchinson. The company guards the storage of
+water at Lake Winnipiseogee.
+
+[Illustration: LOWELL MACHINE SHOP About 1860.]
+
+[Illustration: APPLETON MILLS. 1845.]
+
+Nor would a sketch of Lowell be complete without mention of the firm of
+J.C. Ayer and Company. Dr. J.C. Ayer started the business in 1837, when
+he offered to physicians the prescription of cherry pectoral. It soon
+became a very popular remedy, and he was soon embarked in the enterprise
+of manufacturing it. Liter he added to the list of his proprietary
+medicines cathartic pills, sarsaparilla, ague cure, and hair vigor. He
+died July 3, 1878, after having accumulated a princely fortune. His
+brother, and partner, Frederick Ayer, conducts the business. The firm
+occupy several large buildings and employ three hundred people. The
+world demands fifteen tons of Ayer's pills yearly. They publish thirteen
+million almanacs, in ten languages, issuing twenty-six editions for
+different localities, keeping several large presses constantly at work.
+
+[Illustration: HIGH-STREET CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH.]
+
+C.J. Hood and Company also make sarsaparilla and other proprietary
+medicines. They employ seventy-five operatives.
+
+E.W. Hoyt and Company employ twenty hands, and make two million bottles
+of German cologne.
+
+There are numerous other manufactories in the city, of more or less
+extent. Their products consist of porus and adhesive plasters, lung
+protectors, sulphuric, hydrochloric, and nitric acids, and other
+chemicals and dye-stuffs, belting, paper stock, yarns, shoulder-braces,
+suspenders, shoe-linings, elastic webbing, sackings, rugs, mats, gauze
+undergarments, looms, harnesses, felting, hose, bunting, seamless flags,
+awning stripes, reeds, braid, cord, chalk-lines, picture cords, twines,
+belts, fire hose, leather, bolts, nuts, screws, washers, boilers,
+tanks, kettles, presses, fire-escapes, water-wheels, wire-heddles,
+card-clothing, wood-working and knitting machinery, cartridges,
+chimney-caps, stamps, tools, lathes, files, wire-cloth, scales, steel
+wire, paper boxes, music stands, mouldings, carriages, sleighs,
+shuttles, doors, sashes, blinds, furniture, asbestos covering, blotters,
+crayons, drain-pipe, glue, lamp-black, machine brushes, matches, croquet
+sets.
+
+[Illustration: MERRIMAC HOUSE.
+Built in 1833, rebuilt in 1873. Henry Emery proprietor since 1845.]
+
+Proper attention has always been paid to education in Lowell, In 1822,
+there were two schoolhouses within the territory, one near the pound,
+the other near the stone house at Pawtucket Falls. The Merrimack Company
+soon after its organization built a schoolhouse on Merrimack Street and
+paid the teacher. The Reverend Theodore Edson had charge of the school.
+Joel Lewis was the first male teacher. Alfred V. Bassett was the second.
+In 1829, the school had one hundred and sixty-five pupils. In 1834, the
+school was divided. The High School building on Kirk Street was erected
+in 1840, and remodeled in 1867. Charles C. Chase was teacher from 1845
+to 1883. He was succeeded by Frank F. Coburn, the present teacher.
+
+[Illustration: SOLON A. PERKINS.
+Born in Lancaster, N.H., December 6, 1836. Killed in Louisiana,
+June 3, 1863.]
+
+After the log chapel presided over by the Indian Samuel had fallen into
+decay, a century and a half passed before another place of worship was
+erected within the limits of Lowell. In December, 1822, a committee was
+appointed by the Merrimack Corporation to build a suitable church, and
+in April, 1824, the sum of nine thousand dollars was appropriated for
+the purpose. The church was organized February 24, 1824, as "The
+Merrimack Religious Society," and the Episcopal form of worship was
+adopted. The first religious services were conducted by the Reverend
+Theodore Edson, on Sunday, March 7, 1824, in the schoolhouse. The church
+edifice is known as St. Anne's, and was consecrated by Bishop Griswold,
+March 16, 1825. The Reverend Dr. Edson was the first rector. After a
+pastorate of over half a century, he died in 1883. In the tower of St.
+Anne's is a chime of eleven bells, mounted in 1857, and weighing five
+tons.
+
+[Illustration: Bvt. Brig. Gen. HENRY LIVERMORE ABBOTT.
+Born in Lowell, January 21, 1842. Killed in battle of the
+Wilderness, May 6, 1864.]
+
+[Illustration: Major EDWARD GARDNER ABBOTT.
+Born in Lowell, September 29, 1840. Killed at the battle
+of Cedar Mountain, August 9, 1862.]
+
+The First Baptist Church was organized February 8, 1826. The church
+edifice, built the same year, occupied land given to the society by
+Thomas Hurd. It was dedicated November 15, 1826, when the Reverend John
+Cookson was installed as pastor. He was dismissed August 5, 1827, and
+was succeeded, June 4, 1828, by the Reverend Enoch N. Freeman, who died
+September 22, 1835. The Reverend Joseph W. Eaton was ordained pastor,
+February 24, 1836, and dismissed February 1, 1837. The Reverend Joseph
+Ballard was installed December 25, 1837, and dismissed September 1,
+1845. The Reverend Daniel C. Eddy was ordained January 29, 1846, was
+speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1855, was
+chaplain of the Senate in 1856, and was dismissed at the close of 1856.
+The Reverend William H. Alden was installed June 14, 1857, and dismissed
+in April, 1864. The Reverend William E. Stanton was ordained November 2,
+1865, and resigned June 30, 1870; the Reverend Norman C. Mallory was
+settled September 14, 1870, and resigned June 30, 1874; the Reverend
+Orson E. Mallory was settled March 24, 1875, resigned February 28, 1878;
+the Reverend Thomas M. Colwell was settled May 4, 1878.
+
+[Illustration: NORTHERN RAILROAD STATION.]
+
+The First Congregational Church was organized June 6, 1826. The church
+edifice was built, in 1827, on land given by the Locks and Canals
+Company. The Reverend George C. Beckwith, the first pastor, was ordained
+July 18, 1827, and dismissed March 18, 1829. The Reverend Amos
+Blanchard, D.D., was ordained December 5, 1829, and dismissed May 21,
+1845, when he became pastor of the Kirk-street Church. The Reverend
+Willard Child was installed pastor, October 1, 1845, and dismissed
+January 31, 1855. The Reverend J.L. Jenkins was ordained October, 17,
+1855, and dismissed in April, 1862. The Reverend George N. Webber was
+installed in October, 1862, and dismissed April 1, 1867. The Reverend
+Horace James was installed October 31, 1867, and dismissed December 13,
+1870. The Reverend Smith Baker was installed September 13, 1871.
+
+[Illustration: BLOCK AT CORNER OF CENTRAL AND MIDDLE STREETS, 1848.]
+
+The Hurd-street Methodist Episcopal Church dates from 1826; the church
+edifice was built in 1839. The Reverend Benjamin Griffin was pastor in
+1826; the Reverend A.D. Merrill, in 1827; the Reverend B.F. Limbert, in
+1828; the Reverend A.D. Sargent, in 1829; the Reverend E.K. Avery, in
+1830 and 1831; the Reverend George Pickering, in 1832; the Rev. A.D.
+Merrill, in 1833 and 1834; the Reverend Ira M. Bidwell, in 1835; the
+Reverend Orange Scott, in 1836; the Reverend E.M. Stickney, in 1837 and
+1838; the Reverend Orange Scott, in 1839 and 1840; the Reverend Schuyler
+Hoes, in 1841 and 1842; the Reverend W.H. Hatch, in 1843 and 1844; the
+Reverend Abel Stevens, in 1845; the Reverend C.K. True, in 1846 and
+1847; the Reverend A.A. Willets, in 1848; the Reverend John H. Twombly,
+in 1849 and 1850; the Reverend G.F. Cox, in 1851 and 1852; the Reverend
+L.D. Barrows, in 1853 and 1854; the Reverend D.E. Chapin, in 1855; the
+Reverend George M. Steele, in 1856 and 1857; the Reverend H.M. Loud, in
+1858 and 1859; the Reverend William R. Clark, in 1860 and 1861; the
+Reverend Daniel Dorchester, in 1862 and 1863; the Reverend Samuel F.
+Upham, in 1864, 1865, and 1866 (during the year 1865 he was chaplain of
+the Massachusetts House of Representatives); the Reverend S.F. Jones,
+in 1867. The church is known as St. Paul's, and the Reverend Hiram D.
+Weston is the present pastor.
+
+[Illustration: COUNTY COURT HOUSE, GORHAM STREET, 1860.]
+
+[Illustration: LOWELL SKATING RINK, GORHAM STREET.]
+
+The First Universalist Church was organized in July, 1827. The following
+year they built their church on Chapel Street, but removed it in 1837
+to Central Street. The Reverend Eliphalet Case was pastor from 1828 to
+1830; the Reverend Calvin Gardner, from 1830 to 1833; the Reverend
+Thomas B. Thayer, from 1833 to 1845; the Reverend E.G. Brooks, in 1845;
+the Reverend Uriah Clark, from 1846 to 1850; the Reverend Thomas B.
+Thayer, from 1851 to October, 1857; the Reverend J.J. Twiss, from 1859
+to January 1, 1872; the Reverend G.T. Flanders was settled in 1872; the
+Reverend George W. Bicknell was settled December 21, 1880.
+
+The South Congregational (Unitarian) Church was organized November 7,
+1830, and the edifice was dedicated December 25, 1832. The Reverend
+William Barry was pastor from 1830 to 1835; the Reverend Henry A. Mills,
+D.D., from 1836 to 1853; the Reverend Theodore Tibbetts, in 1855 and
+1856; the Reverend Frederick Hinckley, from 1856 to 1864; the Reverend
+Charles Grinnell was settled February 19, 1867; the Reverend Henry
+Blanchard was ordained January 19, 1871; the Reverend Josiah Lafayette
+Seward was ordained December 31, 1874.
+
+[Illustration: DANIEL LOVEJOY AND SON'S MACHINE KNIFE WORKS.]
+
+The Appleton-street (Orthodox) Congregational Church was organized
+December 2, 1830; their edifice was built the following year. The
+Reverend William Twining was pastor from 1831 to 1835; A.C. Burnap,
+from 1837 to 1852; the Reverend George Darling, from 1852 to 1855; the
+Reverend John P. Cleaveland, D.D., from 1855 to 1862, when he became
+chaplain of the Thirtieth Massachusetts Regiment in the Department of
+the Gulf; the Reverend J.E. Rankin, from 1863 to 1865; the Reverend A.P.
+Foster, was settled October 3, 1866, resigned October 17, 1868; the
+Reverend J.M. Green was installed July 30, 1870.
+
+The Worthen-street Baptist Church was organized in 1831. The edifice
+known as St. Mary's Church was built for this society. Their present
+edifice was built in 1838. The Reverend James Barnaby was pastor from
+1832 to 1835; the Reverend Lemuel Porter, from 1835 to 1851; the
+Reverend J.W. Smith, from 1851 to 1853; the Reverend D.D. Winn, from
+1853 to 1855; the Reverend T.D. Worrall, from 1855 to 1857; the Reverend
+J.W. Bonham, from 1857 to 1860; the Reverend George F. Warren, from 1860
+to 1867; the Reverend F.R. Morse, from 1867 to 1870; the Reverend D.H.
+Miller, D.D., from 1870 to 1873; the Reverend E.A. Lecompte, in 1873.
+The present pastor is the Reverend John C. Emery.
+
+[Illustration: HOYT & SHEDD'S BLOCK, MIDDLESEX STREET.]
+
+In 1831, the St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Church was erected, but was
+replaced in 1854 by the present more spacious edifice. The church was
+consecrated October 29, 1854, by Bishop Fitzpatrick, of Boston, and
+Bishop O'Riley, of Hartford. The pastors have been the Reverend John
+Mahoney, the Reverend Peter Connelly, the Reverend James T. McDermott,
+the Reverend Henry J. Tucker, and the Reverend John O'Brien.
+
+In 1833, a free church of the Christian denomination was organized under
+the ministry of the Reverend Timothy Cole. The experiment proved a
+failure and the building was afterwards converted to the uses of an
+armory.
+
+The Freewill Baptist Church was organized in 1834, and in 1837 a
+spacious edifice was erected. Through mismanagement the society came to
+grief and the building was used for commercial purposes. In 1853, the
+society built another edifice on Paige Street. The pastors of this
+church have been the Reverend Nathaniel Thurston, the Reverend Jonathan
+Woodman, the Reverend Silas Curtis, the Reverend A.K. Moulton, the
+Reverend J.B. Davis, the Reverend Darwin Mott, the Reverend George W.
+Bean, the Reverend J.B. Drew, the Reverend D.A. Marham, the Reverend
+J.E. Dame, and the Reverend E.W. Porter.
+
+[Illustration: CHALIFOUX BLOCK.]
+
+The Second Universalist Church was organized in 1836, and their house
+was built the following year. The pastors of this church have been the
+Reverend Z. Thompson, from 1837 to 1839; the Reverend Abel C. Thomas,
+from 1839 to 1842; the Reverend A.A. Miner, D.D., from 1842 to 1848; the
+Reverend L.J. Fletcher; the Reverend L.B. Mason, from 1848 to 1849; the
+Reverend I.D. Williamson, from 1849 to 1850; the Reverend N.M. Gaylord,
+from 1850 to 1853; the Reverend John S. Dennis; the Reverend Charles
+Cravens; the Reverend Charles H. Button; the Reverend L.J. Fletcher,
+from 1859 to 1862; the Reverend F.E. Hicks, from 1862 to 1866; the
+Reverend John G. Adams, from 1866; the Reverend R.A. Greene, from 1877.
+
+The John-street (Orthodox) Congregational Church was organized May 9,
+1839. The house was dedicated January 24, 1840. The Reverend Stedman W.
+Hanks, the first pastor, was ordained March 20, 1840, and dismissed
+February 3, 1853. He was succeeded by the Reverend Eden B. Foster, D.D.,
+who resigned his charge in 1861, but resumed it in 1866. During his
+absence the Reverend Joseph W. Backus was pastor. The Reverend J.B.
+Seabury was installed as associate pastor in 1875. The present pastor is
+the Reverend Henry T. Rose.
+
+[Illustration: FIVE CENTS SAVINGS BANK.]
+
+In 1840, the Third Baptist Church was organized. In 1846, the edifice,
+afterwards occupied by the Central Methodist Church, was built for this
+society. The pastors were the Reverend John G. Naylor, the Reverend Ira
+Person, the Reverend John Duncan, the Reverend Sereno Howe, the Reverend
+John Duer, and the Reverend John Hubbard. The church was disbanded in
+1861.
+
+The Worthen-street Methodist Episcopal Church was organized October 2,
+1841, and the edifice was erected the following year. The succession of
+pastors has been the Reverend A.D. Sargent, the Reverend A.D. Merrill,
+the Rev. J.S. Springer, the Reverend Isaac A. Savage, the Reverend
+Charles Adams, the Reverend I.J.P. Collyer, the Reverend M.A. Howe, the
+Reverend J.W. Dadmun, the Reverend William H. Hatch, the Reverend A.D.
+Sargent, the Reverend L.R. Thayer, the Reverend William H. Hatch, the
+Reverend J.O. Peck, the Reverend George Whittaker. The present pastor
+is the Reverend Nicholas T. Whittaker.
+
+[Illustration: APPLETON BLOCK, CENTRAL STREET.]
+
+The St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church was gathered on Christmas, 1841.
+The Reverend James Conway, the first pastor, was succeeded in March,
+1847, by the Reverend Peter Crudden. The present rector is the Reverend
+M. Ronan, assisted by the Reverends John D. Colbert and Thomas F.
+McManus.
+
+In 1843, the Lowell Missionary Society was established. The Reverend
+Horatio Wood officiated in the ministry and labored in free evening
+schools and Sunday mission schools, successfully.
+
+The Kirk-street Congregational Church was organized in 1845; the edifice
+was built in 1846. The Reverend Amos Blanchard was installed the first
+pastor and continued to his death, January 14, 1870. He was succeeded by
+the Reverend C.D. Barrows. The present pastor is the Reverend Charles A.
+Dickinson.
+
+The High-street Congregational Church was organized in 1846. Their
+edifice was built by the St. Luke's Episcopal Church, which was formed
+in 1842 and was disbanded, in 1844, under the ministration of the
+Reverend A.D. McCoy. The Reverend Timothy Atkinson was pastor from 1846
+to 1847; the Reverend Joseph H. Towne, from 1848 to 1853; the Reverend
+O.T. Lanphier, from 1855 to 1856; the Reverend Owen Street, from
+September 17, 1857.
+
+St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church was originally built for the Baptists,
+but was purchased in 1846 by the Reverend James T. McDermott, and
+consecrated March 7, 1847.
+
+[Illustration: SCENE BELOW HUNT'S FALLS.]
+
+The Third Universalist Church was organized in 1843, and the edifice
+known as Barristers' Hall was built for its use. It was disbanded after
+a few years. The pastors were the Reverend H.G. Smith, the Reverend John
+Moore, the Reverend H.G. Smith, and the Reverend L.J. Fletcher. The
+Central Methodist Church occupied the edifice for a time, before they
+secured the building of the Third Baptist Society. The Society was
+gathered in 1854. The pastors have been the Reverend William S. Studley,
+the Reverend Isaac S. Cushman, the Reverend Isaac J.P. Collyer, the
+Reverend Chester Field, the Reverend Lorenzo R. Thayer, the Reverend
+J.H. Mansfield, the Reverend Andrew McKeown, in 1865 and 1866, the
+Reverend William C. High, in 1867. The Reverend Isaac H. Packard is the
+present pastor.
+
+[Illustration: FISKE'S BLOCK, CENTRAL STREET.]
+
+In 1850, a Unitarian Society, organized in 1846, built the Gothic Chapel
+on Lee Street, and occupied it until 1861, when it passed into the hands
+of a society of Spiritualists. The Unitarian pastors were the Reverend
+M.A.H. Niles, the Reverend William Barry, the Reverend Augustus
+Woodbury, the Reverend J.K. Karcher, the Reverend John B. Willard, and
+the Reverend William C. Tenney. It became the property of the St. Joseph
+(French) Roman Catholic Church.
+
+On July 5, 1855, the stone church on Merrimack Street was dedicated as a
+Methodist Protestant Church. There preached the Reverend William Marks,
+the Reverend Richard H. Dorr, and the Reverend Robert Crossley. The
+building passed into possession of the Second Advent Society, which had
+been organized as early as 1842.
+
+[Illustration: LOWELL MACHINE SHOP.]
+
+St. John's Episcopal Church was erected in 1861, and consecrated by
+Bishop Eastburn, July 16, 1863. The Reverend Charles W. Homer was the
+first rector. He was succeeded by the Reverend Cornelius B. Smith, in
+1863, who, in 1866, was succeeded by the Reverend Charles L. Hutchins.
+The present pastor is the Reverend Leander C. Manchester.
+
+There are in Lowell thirty edifices exclusively devoted to public
+worship.
+
+[Illustration: EDSON BLOCK MERRIMACK STREET.]
+
+We have followed the course of events which have developed the city of
+Lowell from a small, scattering settlement to an important city, with an
+area of nearly twelve square miles, occupied by more than sixty thousand
+inhabitants. The daily life of its continually changing population has
+not been dwelt upon. In the early days the projectors of the city cared
+for the religion, the education, and the savings of those whom they
+employed. New England farms contributed their fairest children to the
+mills. The field was open to the world, and from every section flocked
+those seeking honest employment. First in great numbers came the people
+from England and Ireland, and, later, the thrifty French, Germans,
+Swedes, and Canadians. All nations have contributed to the advancement
+of Lowell, each adding of his labor or thought to the improvement of the
+city.
+
+Lowell is laid out with a certain irregular regularity. The mills came
+first: the business came afterward; and one finds canals, business
+blocks, and mills built close together. Only an intelligent study of a
+map of the city will give one an idea of its plan. It was not modeled
+after the city of Philadelphia.
+
+[Illustration: A PLAN of SUNDRY FARMS &c. PATUCKET in the town of
+CHELMSFORD. MDCCCXXI.]
+
+Over seventeen millions of dollars are invested in manufacturing. There
+are one hundred and fifty-three mills, over eight hundred thousand
+spindles, and twenty thousand looms. The mills give employment to
+thirteen thousand female operatives and ten thousand male operatives.
+Two hundred million yards of cotton goods are yearly sent from Lowell to
+clothe the world. Of woolen goods, more than eight million yards. Nearly
+three million yards of carpeting are made in the city every year, and a
+fabulous number of shawls. Thirteen million pairs of stockings were the
+last year's product. The Southern States contribute yearly thirty-four
+thousand tons of cotton, which is here made into the most delicate
+fabrics. The calico and printed goods made in Lowell in the year 1882
+would twice encircle the earth at the equator--and then all would not be
+used to do it.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Bay State Monthly, Vol. I, No. 3,
+March, 1884, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BAY STATE MONTHLY, VOL. I ***
+
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+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+    content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
+<meta content="pg2html (binary v0.18c)" name="generator" />
+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of
+    The Bay State Monthly, Volume I, No. 3, March 1884,
+    by Various.
+</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+/*<![CDATA[*/
+    <!--
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+    hr.full { width: 100%; }
+    .foot { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 85%; }
+    .poem { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left; }
+    .poem .stanza { margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em; }
+    .poem p     { margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em; }
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+    .toc  { margin-left: 15%; font-size: 80%; margin-bottom: 0em;}
+    center { padding: 0.8em;}
+    span.pagenum { position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt; display: none;}
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+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's Bay State Monthly, Vol. I, No. 3, March, 1884, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Bay State Monthly, Vol. I, No. 3, March, 1884
+       A Massachusetts Magazine
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: May 28, 2005 [EBook #15925]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BAY STATE MONTHLY, VOL. I ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Cornell University, Joshua Hutchinson, David
+Garcia and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<a name="image-0001"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure">
+<a href="images/067.jpg"><img src="images/067.jpg" style="height: 36em;"
+alt="J.W. BOOTT" /></a>
+<br />
+J.W. BOOTT
+</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page129" name="page129"></a>[129]</span>
+
+<h1>
+THE BAY STATE MONTHLY.
+</h1>
+<h2>
+<i>A Massachusetts Magazine.</i>
+</h2>
+<h3>
+<span class="sc">VOL. I. MARCH, 1884. No. III.</span>
+</h3>
+<hr />
+<h3>Contents</h3>
+<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0001">
+Hon. JOSIAH GARDNER ABBOTT, LL.D.
+</a></p>
+<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0002">
+ESOTERIC BUDDHISM.&mdash;A Review.
+</a></p>
+<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0003">
+COLONEL FLETCHER WEBSTER.
+</a></p>
+<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0004">
+EARLY HARVARD.
+</a></p>
+<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0005">
+THE DEFENCE OF NEW YORK, 1776.
+</a></p>
+<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0006">
+LOWELL.
+</a></p>
+<hr />
+
+
+
+<a name="h2H_4_0001" id="h2H_4_0001"><!-- H2 anchor --></a>
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h2>
+    Hon. JOSIAH GARDNER ABBOTT, LL.D.
+</h2>
+<h3>
+    <span class="sc">By Colonel John Hatch George.</span>
+</h3>
+<p>
+The Honorable <span class="sc">Josiah Gardner Abbott</span>, the subject of this
+biographic sketch, traces his lineage back to the first settlers of this
+Commonwealth. The Puritan George Abbott, who came from Yorkshire,
+England, in 1630, and settled in Andover, was his ancestor on his
+father's side; while on his mother's side his English ancestor was
+William Fletcher, who came from Devonshire in 1640, and settled, first,
+in Concord, and, finally, in 1651, in Chelmsford. It may be noted in
+passing that Devonshire, particularly in the first part of the
+seventeenth century, was not an obscure part of England to hail from,
+for it was the native shire of England's first great naval heroes and
+circumnavigators of the globe, such as Drake and Cavendish.
+</p>
+<p>
+George Abbott married Hannah, the daughter of William and Annis
+Chandler, whose descendants have been both numerous and influential. The
+young couple settled in Andover. As has been said, ten years after the
+advent on these shores of George Abbott came William Fletcher, who,
+after living for a short time in Concord, settled finally in Chelmsford.
+In direct descent from these two original settlers of New England were
+Caleb Abbott and Mercy Fletcher, the parents of the subject of this
+sketch. Judge Abbott is, therefore, of good yeomanly pedigree. His
+ancestors have always lived in Massachusetts since the settlement of the
+country, and have always been patriotic citizens, prompt to respond to
+every call of duty in the emergencies of their country, whether in peace
+or war. Both his grandfathers served honorably in the war of the
+Revolution, as their fathers and grandfathers before them served in the
+French and Indian wars of the colonial period of our history. In his
+genealogy there is no trace of Norman blood or high rank: but
+</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="i2">  "The rank is but the guinea's stamp,</p>
+<p class="i2">  The man's the gowd for a' that."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>
+In this country, while it is not necessary to success to be able to lay
+claim to an aristocratic descent, it is certainly a satisfaction,
+however democratic the community may be, for any person to know that his
+grandfather was an honest man and a public-spirited citizen.
+</p>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page130" name="page130"></a>[130]</span>
+</p>
+<p>
+Judge Abbott was born in Chelmsford on the first of November, 1814. He
+was fitted for college under the instruction of Ralph Waldo Emerson. He
+entered Harvard College at the early age of fourteen and was graduated
+in 1832. After taking his degree, he studied law with Nathaniel Wright,
+of Lowell, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. In 1840, he formed with
+Samuel A. Brown a partnership, which continued until he was appointed to
+the bench in 1855.
+</p>
+<p>
+From the very first, Judge Abbott took a leading position in his
+profession, and at once acquired an extensive and lucrative practice,
+without undergoing a tedious probation, or having any experience of the
+"hope deferred which maketh the heart sick." In criminal cases his
+services were in great demand. He had, and has, the advantage of a fine
+and commanding person, which, both at the bar and in the Senate, and, in
+fact, in all situations where a man sustains the relation of an advocate
+or orator before the public, is really a great advantage, other things
+being equal. As a speaker, Judge Abbott is fluent, persuasive, and
+effective. He excites his own intensity of feeling in the jury or
+audience that he is addressing. His client's cause is emphatically his
+own. He is equal to any emergency of attack or defence. If he believes
+in a person or cause, he believes fully and without reservation; thus he
+is no trimmer or half-and-half advocate. He has great capacity for
+labor, and immense power of application, extremely industrious habits,
+and what may be called a nervous intellectuality, which, in athletic
+phrase, gives him great staying power, a most important quality in the
+conduct of long and sharply contested jury trials. After saying this, it
+is almost needless to add that he is full of self-reliance and of
+confidence in whatever he deliberately champions. His nerve and pluck
+are inherited traits, which were conspicuous in his ancestors, as their
+participation in the French and Indian wars, and in the war for
+Independence, sufficiently shows. Three of Judge Abbott's sons served in
+the army during the war of the Rebellion, and two of them fell in
+battle, thus showing that they, too, inherited the martial spirit of
+their ancestors.
+</p>
+<p>
+Judge Abbott had just reached his majority, when he was chosen as
+representative to the Legislature. In 1841, he was elected State
+senator. During his first term in the Senate he served on the railroad
+and judiciary committees; and during his second term, as chairman of
+these committees, he rendered services of great and permanent value to
+the State. At the close of his youthful legislative career he returned
+with renewed zeal to the practice of his profession. His ability as a
+legislator had made him conspicuous and brought him in contact with
+persons managing large business interests, who were greatly attracted by
+the brilliant young lawyer and law-maker, and swelled the list of his
+clients.
+</p>
+<p>
+At this period General Butler was almost invariably his opposing or
+associate counsel. When they were opposed, it is needless to say that
+their cases were tried with the utmost thoroughness and ability. When
+they were associated, it is equally needless to say that there could
+hardly have been a greater concentration of legal ability. In 1844,
+Judge Abbott was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention at
+Baltimore, which nominated James K. Polk as its presidential candidate;
+and he has been a delegate,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page131" name="page131"></a>[131]</span>
+
+  either from his district or the State at large, to all but one of the
+Democratic National Conventions since, including, of course, the last
+one, at Cincinnati, which nominated General Winfield S. Hancock. His
+political prominence is shown by the fact that he has invariably been
+the chairman of the delegation from his State, and, several times, the
+candidate of his party in the Legislature for the office of United
+States senator.
+</p>
+<p>
+Judge Abbott was on the staff of Governor Marcus Morton. In 1853, he was
+a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, which consisted so largely
+of men of exceptional ability. In the debates and deliberations of this
+convention, he took a conspicuous part. In 1835, he was appointed judge
+of the superior court of Suffolk County. He retired from the bench in
+1858, having won an enviable reputation for judicial fairness and
+acumen, and suavity of manner, in the trial of cases, which made him
+deservedly popular with the members of the bar who practised in his
+court. In the year following his retirement from the bench, he removed
+his office from Lowell to Boston, where he has since resided, practising
+in the courts, not only of this Commonwealth, but of the neighboring
+States and in the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1874, he was
+elected a member of Congress, from the fourth congressional district of
+Massachusetts. He was chosen by his Democratic colleagues of the House a
+member of the Electoral Commission, to determine the controverted result
+of the presidential election. When the gravity of the situation, and the
+dangers of the country at that time, are taken into account, it is
+obvious that no higher compliment could have been paid than that
+involved in this selection; a compliment which was fully justified by
+the courage and ability which Judge Abbott manifested as a member of
+that commission. It should have been mentioned before, that, in 1838,
+Judge Abbott married Caroline, daughter of Judge Edward St. Loe
+Livermore. After what has been said, it is scarcely necessary to give a
+summary of the prominent traits of Judge Abbott as a man and a lawyer.
+The warmth and fidelity of his friendship are known to all such as have
+had the good fortune to enjoy that friendship. He is as conspicuous for
+integrity and purity of character as for professional ability. As a
+citizen, he is noted for patriotism, liberality, and public spirit.
+As a politician, he is true to his convictions. As a business man,
+he has brought to the aid of the large railroad and manufacturing
+interests, with which he has long been, and is still, connected, large
+intelligence, great energy, and sound judgment. His physical and mental
+powers are undiminished, and it may be hoped that many years of honor
+and prosperity are still in store for him.
+</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<h4>
+GENEALOGY.
+</h4>
+<p>
+[1. <span class="sc">George Abbot</span>, the pioneer, born in 1615, emigrated from Yorkshire,
+England, about 1640, and was one of the first settlers and proprietors
+of Andover, in 1643. His house was a garrison for many years. In 1647,
+he married Hannah Chandler, daughter of William and Annis Chandler. They
+were industrious, economical, sober, pious, and respected. With
+Christian fortitude they endured their trials, privations, and dangers.
+He died December 24, 1681, aged 66. She married (2) the Reverend Francis
+Dane, minister of Andover, who died in February, 1697, aged 81. She died
+June 11, 1711, aged 82.
+</p>
+<p>
+2. <span class="sc">Timothy Abbot</span>, seventh son and ninth child of George and Hannah
+(Chandler) Abbot, born November 17, 1663; was captured during the Indian
+War in 1676, and returned in a few months to his parents; was married in
+January, 1690, to Hannah Graves, who died November 16, 1726. He lived at
+the garrison-house, and died September 9, 1730.
+</p>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page132" name="page132"></a>[132]</span>
+</p>
+<p>
+3. <span class="sc">Timothy Abbot</span>, eldest son of Timothy and Hannah (Graves) Abbott, was
+born July 1, 1663; lived with his father in the garrison-house; was
+industrious, honest, useful, and respected. He married in December,
+1717, Mary Foster, and died July 10, 1766.
+</p>
+<p>
+4. <span class="sc">Nathan Abbot</span>, third son and sixth child of Timothy and Mary (Foster)
+Abbot, was born January 18, 1729; married, in 1759, Jane Paul.
+</p>
+<p>
+5. <span class="sc">Caleb Abbot</span>, son of Nathan and Jane (Paul) Abbot, married, in 1779,
+Lucy Lovejoy, who died February 21, 1802; he married (2) Deborah Baker;
+he died 1819.
+</p>
+<p>
+6. <span class="sc">Caleb Abbott</span>, son of Caleb and Lucy (Lovejoy) Abbot, was born
+November 10, 1779; settled in Chelmsford; married Mercy Fletcher
+(daughter of Josiah Fletcher), who died in 1834; he died December 5,
+1846.
+</p>
+<p>
+7. <span class="sc">Josiah Gardner Abbott</span>, second son and fourth child of Caleb and Mercy
+(Fletcher) Abbott, was born November 1, 1814. In 1838, he married
+Caroline Livermore, daughter of the Honorable Edward St. Loe Livermore,
+and granddaughter of the Honorable Samuel Livermore, of New Hampshire.
+Their children are:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+I. Caroline Marcy Abbott, born April 25, 1839; married April 19, 1869;
+and died in May, 1872, leaving one daughter, Caroline Derby, born in
+April, 1872.
+</p>
+<p>
+II. Edward Gardner Abbott, born in Lowell, September 29, 1840; was
+killed in battle August 9, 1862.
+</p>
+<p>
+III. Henry Livermore Abbott, born January 21, 1842; was killed in battle
+May 6, 1864.
+</p>
+<p>
+IV. Fletcher Morton Abbott, born February 18, 1843.
+</p>
+<p>
+V. William Stackpole Abbott, born November 18, 1844; died May 6, 1846.
+</p>
+<p>
+VI. Samuel Appleton Browne Abbott, born March 6, 1846; married October
+15, 1873, Abby Francis Woods, and has four children.
+</p>
+<p><br />
+  (<i>a</i>) Helen Francis Abbott, born July 29, 1874.<br />
+  (<i>b</i>) Madeline Abbott, born November 2, 1876.<br />
+  (<i>c</i>) Francis Abbott, born September 8, 1878.<br />
+  (<i>d</i>) Caroline Livermore Abbott, born April 25, 1880.<br />
+</p>
+<p>
+VII. Sarah Livermore Abbott, born May 14, 1850; married October 12,
+1870, William P. Fay, and has three children.
+</p>
+<p><br />
+  (<i>a</i>) Richard Sullivan Fay, born in July, 1871.<br />
+  (<i>b</i>) Catherine Fay, born in September, 1872.<br />
+  (<i>c</i>) Edward Henry Fay, born in 1876.<br />
+</p>
+<p>
+VIII. Franklin Pierce Abbott, born May 6, 1842.
+</p>
+<p>
+IX. Arthur St. Loe Livermore Abbott, born November 6, 1853; died March
+28, 1863.
+</p>
+<p>
+X. Grafton, born November 14, 1856.
+</p>
+<p>
+XI. Holker Welch Abbott, born February 28, 1858.
+</p>
+<p>
+<span class="sc">Editor</span>.]
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name="h2H_4_0002" id="h2H_4_0002"><!-- H2 anchor --></a>
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h2>
+    ESOTERIC BUDDHISM.&mdash;A Review.
+</h2>
+<h3>
+    <span class="sc">By Lucius H. Buckingham, Ph.D.</span>
+</h3>
+<p>
+Those who have read Sinnett's Esoteric Buddhism will probably agree on
+one point, namely: that, whether the statements of the book be true or
+false, the book, as a whole, is a great stimulant of thought. The
+European world has looked upon Indian philosophy as mere dreams, idle
+speculations, built only on a foundation of metaphysical subtleties.
+Here comes a book which, going down to the root of the whole matter,
+claims that, instead of resting on mere imaginations, this whole
+structure of Buddhistic philosophy has, as its cornerstone, certain
+facts which have been preserved from the wrecks of a time earlier than
+that which our grandfathers ascribe to the creation of the world, and
+handed down without interruption from eras of civilization of which the
+earth at present does not retain even the ruins. Such a claim of
+antiquity rouses an interest in our minds, were it only for its
+stupendous contempt of common belief.
+</p>
+<p>
+There is one direction in which the book so harmonizes with one's
+speculations that it makes upon us a very peculiar impression. It
+carries out the theory of human development, physical and metaphysical.
+Darwin's idea of the origin of the human animal, in connection with the
+doctrine of the survival of the fittest, might, if one had
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page133" name="page133"></a>[133]</span>
+
+  the time to make it all out, be shown to be the sufficient basis for a
+belief in, and a logical ground for anticipating, the progress of man
+toward moral and spiritual perfection. A healthy man is an optimist.
+Pessimism is the product of dyspepsia; and all the intermediate phases
+of philosophy come from some want of normal brain-action. Following out
+the Darwinian theory,&mdash;supported as it seems to be by the facts,&mdash;one
+must believe that the human race as a whole is improving in bodily
+development; that the results of what we call civilization are, increase
+of symmetry in the growth of the human body, diminution of disease,
+greater perfection in the power of the senses, in short, a gradual
+progress toward a healthy body. Now, a healthy body brings with it a
+healthy mind. The two cannot be separated. Whatever brings the one will
+bring the other; whatever impairs the one will impair the other. A sound
+mind must bring, in time, a sound moral nature; and all, together, will
+tend toward the perfection of humanity in the development of his
+spiritual affinities. Such has been, roughly sketched, my belief
+regarding the progress of man. It has left all the men of the past ages,
+all of the present time, all of many generations yet to come, in a
+condition, which, compared with that which I try to foresee, must be
+called very immature. This has never been a stumbling-block to me; for I
+hold that the Lord understands his own work, the end from the beginning;
+and that, if "order is heaven's first law," there is a place for every
+soul that is in it, and a possible satisfaction of the desires of every
+one. Dr. Clarke expresses the thought that, however much any being may
+have gone astray, the soul reconciled at last to God, though it can
+never undo the past, or be at that point it might have reached, will yet
+be perfectly content with its place in the universe, and as much blessed
+as the archangels. That consideration has satisfied my mind when I
+contemplated humanity, seeming to stop so far short of its perfection.
+My regrets&mdash;if I can use such a term&mdash;came, as I believed, out of my
+ignorance.
+</p>
+<p>
+Now comes a book which claims to give us the key of the whole problem of
+human destiny&mdash;a book containing some assertions regarding occult
+science, belief in which must remain suspended in our minds, and some
+points in cosmogony which conflict with our Christian convictions&mdash;yet a
+book making statements about human history which, though in the highest
+degree startling, are not contradicted by anything we know of the past,
+but are rather an explanation of some of its dark passages&mdash;a book
+developing a system of human growth which cannot be disproved and which
+makes plain some of the riddles of destiny.
+</p>
+<p>
+Perhaps the most remarkable feature of the book is its tremendous
+assumption. "All that have hitherto written on this subject have been
+only half-taught. They have not been admitted to the real inner
+doctrine. Here is the first putting-forth, to the world, of the real
+teaching, as the Buddhists present it to those who have been initiated
+into occult science." Such is, in substance, the author's claim. We may
+believe just as much of this as we can. I, for my part, knowing nothing
+about the matter, choose, just now, and for our purpose, to assume that
+the doctrines of Esoteric Buddhism are what Sinnett says they are,
+because they suggest to my mind so many attractive avenues for my
+imagination to wander in.
+</p>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page134" name="page134"></a>[134]</span>
+</p>
+<p>
+There are two main points in this book which give it its chief interest:
+(1) "The past history of the human race as now living on this planet;"
+and (2) "The manner in which, and the circumstances under which, any
+individual man works out his own salvation." But before entering upon
+these, we should say a word about the Buddhist statements regarding the
+nature of man.
+</p>
+<p>
+Seven is the sacred number in the Buddhist system. As there are seven
+worlds in the planetary chain, seven kingdoms in Nature, seven
+root-races of men, in like manner man is a sevenfold being, continuing,
+through untold millions of years, his existence as an individual, yet
+changing, one knows not how many times, many of his component elements.
+As the Buddhist sees the mortal body to be dissolved into its molecules,
+and these molecules to be transferred with their inherent vitality to
+other organisms, so some of his higher elements, among them his "astral
+body," his impulses and desires, under the name, as our author gives it,
+of <i>animal soul</i>, may separate from the more enduring parts of his
+composition, and become lost to him in Nature's great store of material
+substance. As there is an <i>animal soul</i>, the seat of those
+faculties which we possess in common with the lower beings about us, so
+there is a <i>human soul</i>, the seat of intelligence; and, higher
+still, a <i>spiritual soul</i>, possessing powers of which as yet we
+know but little, yet destined to give us, when it shall be more fully
+developed, new powers of sense, new avenues for the entrance of
+knowledge, by which we shall be able to communicate directly with
+Nature, and become as much greater than the present race of men, as
+<i>that</i> is greater than the lowest brutes. Above all these elements
+of man, controlling all, and preserving its individuality throughout, is
+"spirit." Yet even this, when absorbed into Nirvana, is lost in that
+great whole which includes all things and is Nature herself. Lost, do I
+say?&mdash;yes, lost for inconceivable ages upon ages, yet destined to come
+forth again at some moment in eternity, and to begin its round through
+the everlasting cycle of evolution.
+</p>
+<p>
+Here, you will say, is materialism. As the intelligent man of early ages
+looked out upon the world, he felt the wind he could not see, he smelt
+the odor that he could not feel, and he reasoned with himself, I think,
+as follows; "There is somewhat too subtile for these bodily senses to
+grasp it. Something of which I cannot directly take cognizance brings to
+me the light of sun and stars." These somethings were, in his
+conception, forms of matter. He saw the intelligence and the moral worth
+of his friend, and then he saw that friend a lifeless body stretched
+upon the ground, and he said some <i>thing</i> is gone. This thing was
+again to him only another and more subtile form of matter. We, with all
+the aids of modern knowledge and thought, are absolutely unable to say
+what distinction there is between matter and spirit. The old philosopher
+was logical. He could find no point at which to draw his line. Therefore
+he drew no line. He recognized only different manifestations of one
+substance. In terms of our language, he was a materialist. So is the
+modern scientist; yet I cannot help thinking that the Buddhist stands
+much nearer to truth than the materialist of to-day. The various
+faculties of human sense and human intellect are
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page135" name="page135"></a>[135]</span>
+
+  so many molecules forming, by their accretion, the animal and the human
+soul. As, at death, the molecules of the body separate and are,
+by-and-by, absorbed with their inherent vitality into new
+agglomerations, and become part of new living forms, so the elements of
+the human soul may be torn apart, and some of them, being no longer man,
+but following the fortunes of the lower principles, may be lost to us,
+while other elements, clinging to the spiritual soul, follow its destiny
+in the after-life. I know a thinking man who believes in nothing but
+matter and motion; add time and space, and we have the all in all, the
+Nature, of Buddhism. Yet the Buddhist believes in a state of being
+beyond this earthly life: a state whose conditions are determined
+absolutely by the use which the human soul has made of its opportunities
+in the life that now is, and my friend says he does not. Truly, Buddhism
+is better than the materialism of to-day.
+</p>
+<p>
+Let me now turn to the history of humanity as revealed to us in our
+book. Every monad, or spirit-element, beginning its course by becoming
+separated from what I conceive as the great central reservoir of Nature,
+must, before returning thither, make a certain fixed round through an
+individual existence. If it belongs to the planetary chain, of which our
+earth is the fourth and lowest link, it must pass seven times through
+each of the kingdoms of Nature on each one of the seven planets. Of
+these seven planets, Mars, our Earth, and Mercury, are three. The other
+four are too tenuous to be cognizable by our present senses. Of the
+seven kingdoms of Nature, three are likewise beyond our ken or
+conception; the highest four are the mineral, the vegetable, the animal,
+and man. Our immortal part has therefore passed already through six of
+the kingdoms of its destiny, and is, in fact, now near the middle of its
+fourth round of human existence upon the earth. One life on earth is,
+however, not sufficient for the development of our powers. Every human
+being must pass through each of the seven branch races of each of the
+sub-races of each of the root-races of humanity; and must, in short,
+live, or, as our author expresses the idea, be incarnated about eight
+hundred times&mdash;some more and some less&mdash;upon this planet, before the
+hour will come when it will be permitted to him, by a path as easy of
+passage for him then, as is that followed by the rays of light, to visit
+the planet Mercury, for his next two million years of existence.
+</p>
+<p>
+Through each of these eight hundred mortal lives, man is purifying and
+developing his nature. When, at the end of each, his body dies, his
+higher principles leave the lower to gradual dissolution, while they
+themselves remaining still bound in space to this planet, pass into
+<i>Devachan</i>, the state of effects. Here, entirely unconscious of
+what passes on earth, the soul remains, absorbed in its own
+subjectivity. For a length of time, stated as never less than fifteen
+hundred years, and shown by figures to average not less than eight
+thousand, the soul, enjoying in its own contemplation those things it
+most desired in mortal life, surrounded in its own imagination by the
+friends and the scenes it has loved on earth, reaps the exact reward of
+its own deeds. When Nature has thus paid the laborer his hire, when his
+power of enjoyment has exhausted itself, the soul passes by a gradual
+process into oblivion of all the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page136" name="page136"></a>[136]</span>
+
+  past&mdash;an oblivion from which it returns only on its approach to
+Nirvana&mdash;and waits the moment for reincarnation. Yet it comes not again
+to conscious life, unaffected by the forgotten past. <i>Karma</i>,&mdash;the
+resultant of its upward or downward tendencies,&mdash;which has been
+accumulating through all the course of its existence, remains; and the
+new-born man comes into visible being with good or evil propensities,
+the balance of which is to be affected by the struggles of one more
+mortal phase of existence. Thus we go on through one life after another,
+each time a new person yet the same human soul, ignorant of our own past
+lives, yet never free from their influence upon our character, exactly
+as in mature life we have absolutely forgotten what happened to us in
+our infancy, yet are never free from its influence. In Devachan, which
+corresponds, says our author, to what in other religions is the final
+and eternal heaven, we receive, from time to time, the reward of our
+deeds done in the body, yet still pass on with all our upward or
+downward tendencies until, many millions of years in the future, during
+our next passage through life on this planet, we shall come to the
+crisis in our existence which shall determine whether we are to become
+gods or demons.
+</p>
+<p>
+Let me now turn back the page of history. A little more than one million
+years ago this earth was covered, as now, with vegetable forms, and was
+the dwelling of animals, as numerous, perhaps, and as various as now;
+but there was no humanity. The time was come when man, who had passed
+already three times round the planetary chain, and was nearly half way
+through his fourth round, should again make his appearance on the scene.
+Nature works only in her own way, and that way is uniform. The first man
+must be born of parents already living. As there are no human parents,
+he must be born of lower animals, and of those lower animals most nearly
+resembling the coming human animal. Darwin has told us what the animal
+was, yet the new being was a man and not an ape, because, in addition to
+its animal soul, it was possessed also of a human soul. We all know that
+man is an animal. Those modern students of science, who affirm that that
+is the whole truth of human nature, take a lower view of their own being
+than the Indian philosophers. Man is an animal plus a human and a
+spiritual soul.
+</p>
+<p>
+Behold, now, the earth peopled by man. Through seven races must he pass,
+each with its various branches. Yet these races are not contemporaneous;
+for Nature is in no hurry. One race comes forward at a time, reaches the
+height of its possibility, then passes away during great physical
+transformations, and leaves but a wreck behind to live, and witness, in
+some new part of earth, the coming of another race. These races and
+branch races and sub-branch races are to be animated by the same
+identical souls. Hence, one race at a time; at first, even, one sub-race
+only, for the next is to be of a higher order. After each root-race has
+run its course, the earth has always been prepared by a great geological
+convulsion for the next. In this convulsion has perished all that makes
+up what we call civilization, yet not all men then living. Since some
+souls are slower than others, all are not ready to pass into the second
+race, when the time for that race has come. Hence fragments of old races
+survive, kept up for a time by the incarnation
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page137" name="page137"></a>[137]</span>
+
+  of the laggard souls whose progress has been too slow. Thus, we are
+told, although the first and second root-races have now entirely
+disappeared, there still remain relics of the third and fourth. The
+proper seat of this third root-race was that lost continent which
+Wallace told us, long ago, stood where now roll the waters of the
+Pacific and Indian Oceans, south and southwest of Asia. Here we have, in
+the degraded Papuan and Australian, the remainder of the third race.
+Degraded I call him, because his ancestors, though inferior to the
+highest races of to-day, were far in advance of him. So it must always
+be. Destroy the accumulations of the highest race of men now living, and
+the next generation will be barbarians; the second, savages.
+</p>
+<p>
+The fourth root-race inhabited the famous, but no longer fabulous,
+Atlantis, now sunk, in greater part, beneath the waters of the Atlantic.
+Fragments of this race were left in Northern Africa, though perhaps none
+now remain there, and we are told that there is a remnant in the heart
+of China. From the relics of the African branch of this root-race, the
+old Egyptian priests had knowledge regarding the sunken continent,
+knowledge which was no fable, but the traditionary lore and history of
+the survivors of the lost Atlantis.
+</p>
+<p>
+Such is, in brief, an outline of the nature, history, and destiny of
+man, as the Buddhist relates it. How has he obtained his knowledge? By
+means which, he says, are within the reach of any one. First, of the
+history: it is said to be well authenticated tradition. Of the actual
+knowledge of former races, the Egyptian priests were the repositories,
+inheriting their information from the Atlantids. Of human nature and
+destiny the Buddhist would say: Here are the facts, look about you and
+see. From a theory of astronomy, or botany, or chemistry, we find an
+explanation of facts, and these facts explained, confirm and establish
+the theory. So, too, of man, here is the view, once a theory, but now as
+firmly established as the law of gravitation. Besides, by study and
+contemplation, the expert has developed, in advance of the age in which
+he lives, his spiritual soul, and this opens to him sources of
+information which place him on a higher level in point of knowledge than
+the rest of mankind, just as the man with seeing eyes has possibilities
+of information which are absolutely closed to one born blind.
+</p>
+<p>
+Let me stop here to explain more fully what is the spiritual soul.
+I should call it, using a term that seems to me more natural to our
+vocabulary, the transcendental sense. In the reality of such a sense
+I am a firm believer. It was once fashionable to ridicule whatever was
+thought, or nicknamed, transcendental. Yet transcendentalism seems to
+me the only complete bar to modern scepticism. Faith, in the highest
+Christian sense, is transcendental. We know some things for which we can
+bring no evidence, things the truth of which lies not in logic, nor even
+in intellect. The intellect never gave man any firm conviction of God's
+being. Paley's mode of reasoning never brought conviction to any man's
+mind. At best, it only serves to confirm belief, to stifle doubt, to
+silence logic misapplied. Faith is the action of the spiritual
+sense&mdash;or, as the Buddhist says, the spiritual soul. It seems to me that
+it is a fair statement, that every man who has a conviction of the being
+of God, has that conviction
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page138" name="page138"></a>[138]</span>
+
+  from inspiration. Many people have it, or think they have it, as a
+result of reasoning, or it has been, they say, grounded and rooted in
+their minds by the earliest teaching. There are those, perhaps, who have
+no other reason than this tradition, for their supersensuous ideas. Such
+people, as soon as they come to reason seriously on or about those
+ideas, begin to doubt and to lose their hold. But others have a
+conviction regarding things unseen, that no reasoning can shake, except
+for a moment; because their belief, though it may have been originally
+the result of early teaching, is now established on other foundations.
+One can no more tell how he knows some things, than he can tell how he
+sees; yet he does know them, and all the world cannot get the knowledge
+out of him. The source of this knowledge is transcendental. It is a
+sixth sense. It is what the Buddhist calls an activity of the spiritual,
+as distinct from the human, soul. By his animal soul man has knowledge
+of the world around him; he sees, he hears, he feels bodily pain or
+pleasure; by his human soul, he reasons, he receives the conceptions of
+geometry or the higher mathematics; by his spiritual soul, he comes to a
+conception of God and of his attributes, and receives impressions whose
+source is unknown to him because his spiritual soul, in this his fourth
+planetary round, is, as yet, only imperfectly active. The reality of the
+spiritual soul, the vehicle of inspiration, the source of faith, is the
+only earnest man has for this trust in the Divine Father. It is not
+developed in us as it will be in our next round through earthly life,
+when, by its awakening, faith will become sight, and we shall know even
+as we are known. Yet some there are, say the Buddhists, who have, by
+effort, already pushed their development to the point that most men will
+reach millions of years hence, when we shall return again, not to this
+life&mdash;that we shall do perhaps in a few thousand years&mdash;but to this
+planet.
+</p>
+<p>
+It will be seen that the Buddhist idea of spirituality is very unlike
+our Christian idea. The thought of man's higher sense striving after the
+Divine, the whole conception, in short, of what the word spirituality
+suggests to modern thought, is impossible in a system of philosophy
+which has no personal God. To apply the term religion to a scheme which
+has no place for the dependence of man upon a conscious protector, is to
+use the word in a sense entirely new to us. Buddhism&mdash;notwithstanding
+its claims to revelation&mdash;is a philosophy, not a religion.
+</p>
+<p>
+I have sketched, as well as I can in so short a time, what seem to
+me the main points in the book under review. There are many things
+unexplained. Of some of them, the author claims to have no knowledge.
+Others he does not make clear; but, "take it for all in all," the hook
+will probably give the reader a very great number of suggestions. I am
+heterodox enough to say that if the idea of a personal God, the Father
+of all, were superadded to the system (or perhaps I ought to say were
+substituted for the idea of absorption into Nirvana), there would be
+nothing in Buddhism contradictory of Christianity. What orthodox
+Christians of the present day and of this country believe with regard
+to eternal punishment is a question about which they do not altogether
+agree among themselves. Whether the so-called hell is a place of
+everlasting degradation, is a point on which those who cannot deny to
+each other the name of Christian are
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page139" name="page139"></a>[139]</span>
+
+  not in accord. Why, then, should it be thought heretical to maintain
+that the future world of <i>rewards</i> is <i>also</i> not eternal? I
+believe that the Christian Scriptures use the same words with reference
+to both conditions&mdash;
+</p>
+<p class="quote">
+<span title="[Greek: To pyr to ai�nion:&mdash;eis x��n ai�nion.]">
+"&#932;&#8056; &#960;&#965;&#961; &#964;&#8056;
+&#945;&#953;&#969;&#957;&#953;&#959;&#957;:&mdash;&#949;&#953;&#962;
+&#958;&#969;&#8052;&#957; &#945;&#953;&#969;&#957;&#953;&#959;&#957;."
+</span>
+</p>
+<p>
+The Buddhist denial of the eternity of the condition next following the
+separation of soul and body cannot, I think, be pronounced a subversion
+of Christian doctrine by any one who will admit that the Greek word
+<span title="[Greek: ai�nios]">&#945;&#953;&#969;&#957;&#953;&#959;&#962;</span>
+<i>may</i> mean something less than endless.
+</p>
+<p>
+Of the antiquity of Buddhistic philosophy, I have already spoken
+indirectly. Buddha came upon the earth only 643 B.C. But he was not the
+founder of the system. His purpose in reincarnating himself at that time
+was to reform the lives of men. Doubtless he made many explanations of
+doctrine, perhaps gave some new teaching; but the philosophy comes down
+to us from, at least, the times of the fourth root-race, the men of
+Atlantis.
+</p>
+<p>
+However we may regard a claim to so great age, a little reflection will
+convince us that the Buddhistic view of what may fairly be called the
+natural history of the human soul is very old, for it seems to have been
+essentially the doctrine of Pythagoras, who was not its founder, but who
+may have got it either from Egypt or from India, since he visited and
+studied in both those countries. If, as Sinnett asserts, the true
+Chinese belong to the fourth root-race, as appears not improbable, did
+not the system come into India from China? Plato was a Buddhist, says
+our author. Quintilian, perhaps getting his idea from Cicero, says of
+Plato that he learned his philosophy from the Egyptian priests. It is
+much more probable that the latter received it from the Atlantids&mdash;if we
+are to believe in them&mdash;than that it came from India. Indeed, when we
+seem to trace the same teachings to the Indians, on the one side, and to
+the Egyptians on the other, putting the one, through Thibet,&mdash;the land,
+above all others, of occult science,&mdash;into communication with the true
+Chinese, and the other, through their tradition, with the lost race of
+the Atlantic, the asserted history of the fourth root-race of humanity
+assumes a very attractive degree of reasonableness.
+</p>
+<p>
+That Cicero held to the Buddhist doctrines at points so important as to
+make it improbable that he did not have esoteric teaching in the system,
+any one will, I believe, admit, who will read the last chapter of the
+Somnium Scipionis. And Cicero's ideas must have been those of the
+students and scholars of his day. He puts them forward in a manner too
+commonplace, too much as if they were things of course, for us to
+suppose that there was anything unusual in them. On this subject of the
+wide extension of that philosophy which in India we call Buddhism, I
+will make only one other suggestion. It is the guess that it lay at the
+foundation of the famous Eleusinian Mysteries.
+</p>
+<p>
+Let me now come back to the idea that the succession of human races upon
+this earth is, like that of animal races, a development. Sinnett tells
+us that what we recognize as language began with the third root-race. I
+imagine that the preceding races had, in progressive development, some
+vocal means of communication; for we find that even the lower animals
+have that, and the lowest man of the first race was superior to the
+highest possible animal, by the very fact that he had developed
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page140" name="page140"></a>[140]</span>
+
+  a human soul. Now, we are told that the home of the third race was on
+the continent "Lemuria," which stretched across the Indian Ocean. I
+imagine the Tasmanians, the Papuans, and the degraded races of that part
+of the world to be fragments of the third race. Query: Is the famous
+click of the Zulu a remainder of the gradual passage from animal noise
+to human articulation in speech?
+</p>
+<p>
+Again, the true Chinese belong to the fourth root-race. They have
+reached the height of their possible intellectual advance. They have
+been stationary for untold centuries. Query: Does this account for their
+apparent inability to develop their language beyond the monosyllable?
+</p>
+<p>
+There are, have been, or will be, seven branches to each of the seven
+great races. These branches must originate at long intervals of time,
+one after the other, though several may be running their course at the
+same moment. For instance, the second race could not come into the
+world, until some human souls had passed at least twice, as we are told,
+through "the world of effects." This would occupy at least sixteen
+thousand years, according to our author's calculation, though he does
+not claim to have on this point exact information. He says, only, that
+the initiated know exactly the periods of time: but they are withheld
+from him. Now, according to a French savant, geological investigation
+proves that the Aryan race&mdash;branch-race, I will call it&mdash;was preceded in
+Europe by at least three others, whose remains are found in the caves
+or strata that have been examined. Of these the first has entirely
+disappeared: no representatives of it are now to be found in any known
+part of the world. The second was driven, apparently, from the north, by
+the invasions of the ice, during the glacial period and spread as far,
+at least, as the Straits of Gibraltar. With the disappearance of the
+ice, they also traveled toward the pole, and are now existing in the
+northern regions of the earth, under the name of Esquimaux. Following
+them came a race, the fragments of which were powerful within historic
+days in the Iberian peninsula,&mdash;the Iberians of the Roman writers&mdash;the
+Basques of to-day. Then came from the east the Aryan race, hitherto the
+highest form of humanity. These races do not, of course, begin existence
+as new creations. They are developed from&mdash;their first members must be
+born from&mdash;the preceding race. Query: Is a fifth race now in the throes
+of nativity? Have the different sub-races of the Aryan branch sent their
+contingents to the New World, that from the mixture of their boldest and
+most vigorous blood the fifth sub-race might have its origin? "Westward
+the star of empire takes its way."
+</p>
+<p>
+Buddhism gives a peculiar explanation of the disappearance of inferior
+races. Since the object of the incarnation of the human soul is its
+progress toward the perfect and divine man; since every human soul must
+dwell on earth as a member of each one of the sub-races, the time must
+come when all shall have passed through a given stage. Then there can be
+no more births into that race. There is, at this moment, a finite number
+of human souls whose existence is limited to this planet, and no other
+planet in our chain is at present the abode of humanity. For the larger
+part of all these souls&mdash;at least nine hundred and ninety-nine in a
+thousand&mdash;are, at anyone instant, existing in "the world of effects," in
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page141" name="page141"></a>[141]</span>
+
+  Devachan. All will remain linked by their destiny to this planet, until
+the moment when all&mdash;a few rare, unfortunate, negligent laggards
+excepted&mdash;shall have passed through their last mortal probation, in the
+seventh root-race. Then will the tide of humanity overflow to the planet
+Mercury, and this earth, abandoned by conscious men, will for a million
+years fall back into desolation, gradually deprived of all life, even of
+all development. In that condition it will remain, sleeping, as it were,
+for ages&mdash;"not dead, but sleeping"; for the germs of mineral, vegetable,
+and animal life will await, quiescent, until the tide of human soul
+shall have passed around the chain, and is again approaching our globe.
+Then will earth awake from its sleep. In successive eons, the germs of
+life, mineral, vegetable, and animal, in their due order, will awake;
+the old miracle of creation will begin again, but on a higher plan than
+before, until, at last, the first human being&mdash;something vastly higher
+in body, mind, and spirituality than the former man&mdash;will make his
+appearance on the new earth. From this explanation of the doctrine that
+life moves not by a steady flow, but by what Sinnett calls gushes, it
+follows, of course, that there must come a time when each race, and each
+sub-race, must have finished its course, completed its destiny. There
+are no more human souls in Devachan to pass through that stage of
+progress. For a long time the number has been diminishing, and that race
+has been losing ground. Now it has come to its end. So, within a hundred
+years, has passed away the Tasmanian. So, to-day, are passing many
+races. The disappearance of a lower race is therefore no calamity; it is
+evidence of progress. It means that that long line of undeveloped
+humanity must go up higher. "That which thou sowest, is not quickened
+except it die." If there be "joy among the angels of God, over one
+sinner that repenteth," why not when the whole human race, to the last
+man, has passed successfully up into a higher class in the great school?
+</p>
+<p>
+I am constantly turning back to a thought that I have passed by. Let me
+now return to the consideration of Buddhism as a religion. It is evident
+that, viewed on this side, Buddhism is one thing to the initiated,
+another to the masses. So was the religion of the Romans, so is
+Christianity. It is necessarily so. No two persons receive the formal
+creed of the same church in the same way. The man of higher grade, and
+the man of lower, cannot understand things in the same sense because
+they have not the same faculties for understanding. Hence the polytheism
+among those called Buddhists. There could be no such thing among the
+initiated. Religion, then, like everything else, is subject to growth.
+Such must be the Buddhist doctrine. If, then, Buddhism, or the
+philosophy which bears that name, originated with the fourth root-race
+of men, does it not occur to the initiated that the fifth race ought, by
+this same theory, to develop a higher form of truth? Looking at the
+matter merely on its intellectual side, ought not the higher development
+of the power of thought to bring truer conceptions of the highest
+things? Again, a query: Is the rise of the Brahmo-Somaj a step toward
+the practical extension of Christianity into the domain of Buddhism?
+</p>
+<p>
+This brings to discussion the whole question of the work done by
+missionary effort among the lower races. I do
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page142" name="page142"></a>[142]</span>
+
+  not mean the question whether we should try to Christianize them, but
+what result is it reasonable to expect. And here I imagine that there is
+a strict limit, beyond which it is impossible for the members of a given
+race to be developed. On the Buddhist principle, given a certain human
+being, and we have a human soul passing through a definite stage of its
+progress. While it occupies its present body it is, except, our author
+always says, in very peculiar cases, incapable of more than a certain
+advance,&mdash;as incapable as a given species of animal, or tree, or even as
+the body of the man itself is incapable of more than a certain growth. I
+think that any one who has studied or observed the processes of ordinary
+school training, must have been sometimes convinced that he has in hand
+a boy whose ability to be further advanced has come to an end. Sometimes
+we find a boy who will come forward with the greatest promise; but, at a
+certain point, although goodwill is not lacking, the growth seems to be
+arrested. The biologist will explain this as due to the physical
+character of the brain. The Buddhist affirms, that when that human soul
+last came from the oblivion which closes the Devachanic state, it chose
+unconsciously, but by natural affinity, out of all the possible
+conditions and circumstances of mortal life, that embryonic human body,
+for which its spiritual condition rendered it fit.
+</p>
+<p>
+Some years ago, in conversation with a missionary who had spent many
+years in China, I asked him, having this subject in my mind, whether he
+thought that his converts were capable of receiving Christianity in the
+sense in which he himself held the faith. His answer, which he
+illustrated by instances, was that the heathen conceptions and
+propensities could not be entirely eradicated; and that, under
+unfavorable circumstances, the most trusted converts would sometimes
+relapse into a condition as bad as ever they had known.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is also a matter of common assertion that our American Indians, after
+years of training in the society of civilized life, are generally ready
+to fall back at once to their old ways. What we call civilization is to
+them but an easy-fitting garment.
+</p>
+<p>
+I do not know what is the belief of scholars regarding the comparative
+age of the different minor divisions&mdash;sub-branches, as Sinnett calls
+them&mdash;of the Aryan race. I imagine, however, that of the European
+sub-branches, the Celtic is practically the oldest. The Italic or
+Hellenic may have broken off from the parent stem earlier than the
+Celtic, but they have not wandered so far away, and have not been so
+isolated from the influence of later migrations. The Celtic race has
+mingled its blood with the Iberian in Spain and with many elements in
+Gaul and Italy; but in the northwest of Europe, on its own peculiar
+isle, it seems to have remained, if not purer than elsewhere, at least
+less affected by mixture with later, that is, higher, races.
+</p>
+<p>
+What is the practical use of all this study? Ever since I first read
+Esoteric Buddhism, my attention has been turned to the confirmation of
+its theory of human development. As I ride in the horse-car, as I walk
+on the street, still more constantly as I stand before one class after
+another in the school-room, I am struck with the thought that here,
+behind the face I am looking into, is a human soul whose capacities are
+limited&mdash;a soul that <i>cannot</i> grasp
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page143" name="page143"></a>[143]</span>
+
+  the thought which catches like a spark upon the mind of its next
+neighbor. Yet that half-awakened soul is destined to work its way
+through all the phases of human possibility, and reach at last the
+harbor of peace. This thought should make one ashamed to be impatient or
+negligent. Why should one lose patience with this boy's inability to
+learn, more than at the inanimate obstacle in one's pathway? How can one
+be unfaithful in one's effort, when it may be the means of lessening the
+number of times that that poor soul must pass through earthly life?
+</p>
+<p>
+Do I believe in the teachings of this book? I do not know. So far as the
+doctrine of repeated incarnation goes, I hold it to be not inconsistent
+with Christianity; but rather an explanation of Christ's coming upon
+earth at the precise time when he did. I still hold the subject of
+Buddhistic philosophy as a matter for very serious and edifying
+reflection.
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name="h2H_4_0003" id="h2H_4_0003"><!-- H2 anchor --></a>
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h2>
+    COLONEL FLETCHER WEBSTER.
+</h2>
+<h3>
+    <span class="sc">By Charles Cowley, LL.D.</span>
+</h3>
+<p>
+<span class="sc">Fletcher Webster</span>, son of Daniel and Grace (Fletcher) Webster,
+was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, July 23, 1813. He was but three
+years old when his father removed to Boston, where he was fitted for
+college in the Public Latin School,&mdash;the nursery of so many eminent men.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the seventeenth of June, 1825, when Lafayette laid the cornerstone
+of the monument on Bunker Hill, when Daniel Webster delivered one of the
+most famous of his orations, Fletcher Webster, then twelve years old,
+was present. "The vast procession, impatient of unavoidable delay, broke
+the line of march, and, in a tumultuous crowd, rushed towards the
+orator's platform," which was in imminent danger of being crushed to the
+earth. Fletcher Webster was only saved from being trampled under foot,
+by the thoughtful care of George Sullivan, who lifted the boy upon his
+own shoulders, shouting, "Don't kill the orator's son!" and bore him
+through the crowd, and placed him upon the staging at his father's feet.
+It required the utmost efforts of Daniel Webster to control that
+multitudinous throng. "Stand back, gentlemen!" he repeatedly shouted
+with his double-bass voice; "you must stand back!" "We can't stand back,
+Mr. Webster; it is impossible!" cried a voice in the crowd. Mr. Webster
+replied, in tones of thunder: "On Bunker Hill nothing is impossible."
+And the crowd stood back.
+</p>
+<p>
+At the age of sixteen, he lost his mother by death. This was the
+greatest of all the calamities that happened to his father, and it was
+not less unfortunate for himself, for it deprived him of the best
+influence that ever contributed to mould his career.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1829, Fletcher Webster entered Harvard College, and was graduated in
+the class of 1833, when he delivered the class oration, which Charles
+Sumner, who was present, said "was characterized by judgment, sense, and
+great directness and plainness of speech."
+</p>
+<p>
+While at college, he was distinguished for his fine social qualities,
+for his
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page144" name="page144"></a>[144]</span>
+
+  exquisite humor, and peculiar "Yankee wit." When participating in
+amateur theatrical exhibitions, he always preferred to play the role of
+the typical Yankee,&mdash;a character now extinct,&mdash;which he played to
+perfection.
+</p>
+<p>
+As the son of Daniel Webster, he might almost be said to have inherited
+the profession of the law, and in 1836 he was admitted to the bar. In
+the same year he married the wife who survives him&mdash;a grandniece of
+Captain White, who was so atrociously murdered at Salem, six years
+before, and whose murderers might have escaped the gallows but for the
+genius and astuteness of Daniel Webster.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Western States, which are now Central States, were then attracting
+millions of the young and the enterprising from New England; and
+Fletcher Webster began the practice of the law at Detroit, Michigan. But
+at the close of the year 1837, he removed to Peru, Illinois, where he
+remained three years. During that period, he made the acquaintance of
+Abraham Lincoln, then a struggling lawyer at the Sangamon County bar. No
+man upon this planet had then less thought of becoming President of the
+United States than Abraham Lincoln; and no man had greater expectations
+of attaining that distinction than Mr. Webster's father; yet a
+master-stroke of the irony of destiny lifted the obscure Western
+attorney, not into the presidency merely, but into the highest place in
+the pantheon of American history, while it balked and mocked all the
+aspirations of New England's greatest son. Pondering on events like
+these, well did Horace Greeley exclaim: "Fame is a vapor; popularity an
+accident; riches take wings: the only thing certain is oblivion."
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1841, when his father became Secretary of State under President
+Harrison, Fletcher Webster relinquished his professional prospects in
+the West, and removed to Washington, where he acted as his father's
+assistant. From his father's verbal suggestions, he prepared diplomatic
+papers of the first importance; and no man could perform that delicate
+service more satisfactorily to his father than he. It is understood
+that the famous Hulseman Letter, which, more than anything else,
+distinguished Daniel Webster's second term of service in the department
+of State, was thus prepared.
+</p>
+<p>
+Whether he or some one else prepared that extraordinary letter which was
+to introduce Caleb Cushing to the Emperor of China, which assumed that
+the Chinese were a nation of children, and which Chinese scholars
+treated as conclusive evidence that the Americans had not emerged from
+barbarism,&mdash;we know not. But if he did, he doubtless laughed at it
+afterward as a childish performance.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the seventeenth of June, 1843, Fletcher Webster witnessed the laying
+of the capstone of the monument on Bunker Hill, and listened, with
+affectionate interest, to the oration which was then delivered by his
+father,&mdash;an oration which, if inferior to that delivered at the laying
+of the cornerstone, was nevertheless every way worthy of the man and the
+occasion,&mdash;simple, massive, and splendid. A few weeks later, he sailed
+from Boston for China, and watched, as he tells us, "while light and
+eyesight lasted, till the summit of that monument faded, at last, from
+view." Many a departing, many a returning, sailor and traveler, has
+given his "last, long, lingering look" to that towering obelisk, but
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page145" name="page145"></a>[145]</span>
+
+  none with deeper feeling than Fletcher Webster.
+</p>
+<p>
+As secretary to Commissioner Cushing, he assisted in negotiating the
+first treaty between the United States and China, which involved an
+absence of eighteen months from the United States. Neither the outward
+nor the homeward voyage was made in company with Mr. Cushing. Mr.
+Webster left Boston, August 8, 1843, in the brig Antelope, built by
+Captain R.B. Forbes, touched at Bombay, November 12, 1843, and arrived
+at Canton, February 4, 1844. He returned in the ship Paul Jones, in
+January, 1845, the voyage from Canton to New York being made in one
+hundred and eleven days. It deserves to be stated, as illustrating the
+admiration with which the merchant princes of Boston regarded Daniel
+Webster, that the house of Russell and Company, which owned both the
+Antelope and the Paul Jones, refused to accept any passage-money from
+his son, who was entertained, not as a passenger, but as an honored
+guest.
+</p>
+<p>
+By his voyage to China and by his experiences there, Mr. Webster,
+acquired, not only rich stores of curious information and a great
+enlargement of his intellectual horizon, but&mdash;what is particularly to be
+noted&mdash;a better appreciation of the splendid destiny of his native land.
+Unlike many foolish Americans, who waste their time in foreign capitals,
+he never harbored the slightest regret that he had not been born
+something other than an American; he never desired to be anything but a
+free citizen of the great republic of the West.
+</p>
+<p>
+He prepared a lecture on China, which he delivered in many of the cities
+and large towns. Mr. Cushing had already entered the lecture field with
+a discourse on China, and some thought Mr. Webster presumptuous in thus
+inviting comparison between his own discourse and Mr. Cushing's. But
+competent critics, who heard both these efforts, expressed a preference
+for that of Mr. Webster. Vast as was Mr. Cushing's learning, his
+oratorical style was never one of the best; while Fletcher Webster's
+style, for clearness, simplicity, strength, and majesty, was little
+inferior to that of his illustrious father. He afterward expanded this
+lecture to the dimensions of a book, but never published it; and, in
+1878, this manuscript, and all others left by him, perished by the fire
+which destroyed the Webster House at Marshfield. One of the few scraps
+which have survived this fire is a Latin epitaph which he wrote for his
+father's horse, Steamboat,&mdash;a horse of great speed and endurance,&mdash;and
+which seldom lay down at night unless he had been overdriven. In
+English, it ran thus: "Stop, traveler, for a greater traveler than thou
+stops here."
+</p>
+<p>
+On the Fourth of July, 1845, Charles Sumner delivered, before the
+municipal authorities of Boston, an oration on Peace, which provoked
+much hostile criticism; and on the next succeeding anniversary of
+American Independence, Fletcher Webster delivered an oration on War,
+which was designed to show that there are cases "where war, with all its
+woes, must be endured."
+</p>
+<p>
+It is probably the only elaborate discourse of his, which has been
+preserved entire. It contains many quotable passages; but we must
+content ourselves with the following, which are quite in his father's
+style:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+"We meet to brighten the memories of a glorious past, to strengthen
+ourselves
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page146" name="page146"></a>[146]</span>
+
+  in our onward progress, to remember great enterprises, to look forward
+to a great career."
+</p>
+<p>
+"We celebrate no single triumph, but the result of a long series of
+victories; we celebrate the memory of no mere successful battle, but the
+great triumph of a people; the victory of liberty over oppression, won
+by suffering and struggle and death; the fruit of high sentiment, of
+resolute patriotism, of consummate wisdom, of unshaken faith and trust
+in God,&mdash;a victory and a triumph not for us only, but for all the
+oppressed, everywhere, and for every age to come, ... a victory whose
+future results to us and to others no imagination can foresee, and which
+are yet but commencing to unfold themselves."
+</p>
+<p>
+"And does any one believe that these results [to wit, the winning of
+American independence, and the building of the American nation] could
+have been attained in any other method than by arms and successful
+physical resistance."
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1847, he held the only political office to which he was ever elected
+by popular suffrage,&mdash;that of representative in the Legislature. In
+1850, he was appointed surveyor of the port of Boston by President
+Taylor, and he was reappointed to the same office by Presidents Pierce
+and Buchanan successively. There were many who would have been glad to
+see him in a larger sphere, but "the mark which he made upon his times,"
+as Mr. Hillard observes, was less than his friends had anticipated.
+Occasionally he appeared as an orator in political campaigns, notably in
+1856, at Exeter, in his native State, where he spoke with laudable pride
+of having "sat at the feet of a great statesman now no more."
+</p>
+<p>
+The son of Martin Van Buren and the son of Levi Woodbury united their
+voices on that occasion with the voice of the son of Webster. A striking
+remark then made by him is well remembered. Referring to the speech of
+Senator Sumner, which excited the assault of Mr. Brooks, Mr. Webster
+said, "If I had been going to make such a speech, I should have worn an
+iron pot upon my head."
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1857, he published two volumes of the Private Correspondence of
+Daniel Webster. In editing the papers of such a man, it is not difficult
+to make a "spicy" book. Witness McVey Napier's Edinburgh Review
+correspondence and Mr. Fronde's Carlyle correspondence. They have spared
+no one's feelings. They have paraded hasty expressions of transient
+spleen, which the authors would blush to read, except, perhaps, at the
+moment of writing. Mr. Webster has shown us a more excellent way, though
+it may be less profitable. "With charity for all, with malice for none,"
+he carefully excised from his father's correspondence every passage
+tending to rekindle the fire of any former personal controversy in which
+his father had engaged. In this, perhaps, he followed the behests of his
+father, who evinced, as he approached the tomb, an earnest desire for
+reconciliation with all with whom he had had differences, illustrating
+the Scottish proverb, "The evening brings all home."
+</p>
+<p>
+When the disruption of the Union came to be attempted, none of us who
+knew Fletcher Webster doubted for a moment what position he would take.
+The same "passionate and exultant nationality," which had nerved him to
+bear the loss of friends at the North, and to forego the chance of a
+public
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page147" name="page147"></a>[147]</span>
+
+  career, rather than countenance any measure calculated to excite
+ill-will at the South, now prompted him to advocate military coercion
+for the preservation of the Union. Notwithstanding President Lincoln had
+just deprived him of the office upon which he depended for the
+maintenance of his family, he did not hesitate to tender to the
+administration his personal support in the field.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the oration already quoted, he had said: "There are certain ultimate
+rights which must be maintained; and when force is brought to overthrow
+them, it must be resisted by force." Among the rights which must thus be
+maintained, in his view, was the right of the United States to maintain,
+forever, the union of these States. The policy of coercion, bitterly as
+he bewailed its necessity, was not new to him. His father had advocated
+the Force Bill almost thirty years before. The time had come, when, in
+the words of Jefferson (words spoken when only the Articles of
+Confederation held the States in union): "Some of the States must see
+the rod; perhaps some of them must feel it." Accordingly, on the
+twentieth of April, 1861, while the bombardment of Fort Sumter and the
+attack on the Sixth Regiment were firing the Northern heart, Fletcher
+Webster called that memorable Sunday-morning meeting in State Street,
+which resulted in the organization of the Twelfth Regiment of
+Massachusetts Infantry. Referring to that occasion, George S, Hillard
+said it recalled to the minds of those present, Colonel Webster's
+father, who had then been but nine years in the grave. "To the mind's
+eye, that majestic form and grand countenance seemed standing by the
+side of his son; and in the mind's ear, they heard again the deep music
+of that voice which had so often charmed and instructed them."
+</p>
+<p>
+Colonel Webster said: "He whose name I bear had the good fortune to
+defend the Union and the Constitution in the forum. That I cannot do,
+but I am ready to defend them in the field." Like other national men, he
+refused to listen to the "sixty-day" prattle by which others were
+deceived. He saw that by no "summer excursion to Moscow" could the
+Southern Confederacy be suppressed; that immense forces would be
+marshalled in aid of that Confederacy; and that the war for the Union,
+like the war for Independence, would be won only by 'suffering, and
+struggle, and death.
+</p>
+<p>
+Ten years earlier, it seemed to Rufus Choate as if the hoarded-up
+resentments and revenges of a thousand years were about to unsheath the
+sword for a conflict, "in which the blood should flow, as in the
+Apocalyptic vision, to the bridles of the horses; in which a whole age
+of men should pass away; in which the great bell of time should sound
+out another hour; in which society itself should be tried by fire and
+steel, whether it were of Nature and of Nature's God, or not."
+</p>
+<p>
+Such a conflict was indeed impending, and Fletcher Webster appreciated
+its extreme gravity, when, from the balcony of the Old State House, on
+that Sunday morning, he made his stirring appeal: "Let us show the world
+that the patriotism of '61 is not less than that of '76; that the noble
+impulses of those patriot hearts have descended to us."
+</p>
+<p>
+On the eighteenth of July, 1861, Edward Everett presented to Colonel
+Webster a splendid regimental flag, the gift of the ladies of Boston to
+the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page148" name="page148"></a>[148]</span>
+
+  Twelfth Regiment.<a href="#note-1" name="noteref-1"><small>1</small></a> It need not be said that the presentation speech of
+Mr. Everett, and the reception speech of Colonel Webster, were of the
+first order. But not even the words of a Webster or an Everett could
+adequately express the profound emotion of the vast concourse of people
+then assembled. For it was one of those occasions when, as the elder
+Webster said, "Words have lost their power, rhetoric is vain, and all
+elaborate oratory contemptible."
+</p>
+<p>
+History will transmit the fact that on that day the simple, homely,
+stirring, and inspiring melody of Old John Brown was heard for the first
+time by the people of Boston. It was a surprising and a gladsome
+spectacle&mdash;a regiment bearing Daniel Webster's talismanic name,
+commanded by his only surviving son, carrying a banner prepared by the
+fairest daughters of Massachusetts, carrying also the benediction of
+Edward Everett, and of "the solid men of Boston," and marching to the
+tune of Old John Brown! Did the weird prophet-orator who spoke of
+"carrying the flag and keeping step to the music of the Union" ever
+dream of such a strange combination?
+</p>
+<p>
+On the seventeenth of June, 1861, by invitation of Governor Andrew,
+Colonel Webster spoke on Bunker Hill: "From this spot I take my
+departure, like the mariner commencing his voyage, and wherever my eyes
+close, they will be turned hitherward towards this North; and, in
+whatever event, grateful will be the reflection, that this monument
+still stands&mdash;still, still is glided by the earliest beams of the rising
+sun, and that still departing day lingers and plays upon its summit."
+</p>
+<p>
+After referring to the two former occasions when he had visited that
+historic shaft, when his father had spoken there, he added, "I now stand
+again at its base, and renew once more, on this national altar, vows,
+not for the first time made, of devotion to my country, its Constitution
+and Union."
+</p>
+<p>
+With these words upon his lips, with these sentiments in his heart, and
+in the hearts of the thousand brave men of his command, Colonel Webster
+went forth, the dauntless champion and willing martyr of the Union.
+Except that the death of a beloved daughter brought him back for a few
+days to his family in the following summer, the people of Massachusetts
+saw his living face no more.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the thirtieth of August, 1862, the second day of the second battle of
+Bull Run, late in the afternoon, while gallantly directing the movements
+of his regiment, and giving his orders in those clear, firm, ringing
+tones, which, in the tumult of battle, fall so gratefully on the
+soldier's ear, Colonel Webster was shot through the body; and the
+Federal forces being closely pressed at the time, he was left to die on
+the field in Confederate hands. As the event became known through the
+country, thousands of generous hearts, in the South as well as in the
+North, recalled the peroration of his father's reply to Hayne, and
+bitterly regretted that, when his eyes were turned to behold for the
+last time the sun in heaven, it had been his unhappy lot to "see him
+shining on the broken and dishonored fragments of a once glorious Union,
+on States dissevered, discordant, belligerent, on a land rent with
+internal feuds, and drenched [as then it was] with fraternal blood."
+</p>
+<p>
+In the time-honored song of Roland, we are told, "Count Roland lay
+under
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page149" name="page149"></a>[149]</span>
+
+  a pine-tree dying, and many things came to his remembrance." As it was
+with Count Roland in Spain, so it was with Colonel Webster in Virginia.
+In the multitude of memories which rushed upon him as he lay dying on
+that ill-starred battle-field, we may be sure that Boston, Bunker Hill,
+and the home and grave of Marshfield, were not forgotten.
+</p>
+<p>
+The body of Colonel Webster was willingly given up by the Confederates,
+and after lying in state in Faneuil Hall, and adding another to the
+immortal recollections which ennoble "the cradle of liberty," it was
+buried near his father's grave by the sea.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Grand Army Post at Brockton, containing survivors of the Webster
+Regiment, has adopted Colonel Webster's name; and on each Memorial Day,
+members of this Post make a pilgrimage to Marshfield to decorate his
+grave. His life is remarkable for its apparent possibilities rather than
+for its actual achievements,&mdash;for the capabilities which were recognized
+in him, rather than for what he accomplished, either in public or
+professional life. His military career was cut short by a Confederate
+bullet before opportunity demonstrated that capacity for high command,
+which his superior officers, as well as his soldiers, believed him to
+possess. The instincts of the soldier are often as trustworthy as the
+judgment of the commander. All his soldiers loved him,&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="i2">   &mdash;"honored him, followed him, </p>
+<p class="i2">   Dwelt in his mild and magnificent eye, </p>
+<p class="i2">   Heard his great language, caught his clear accents, </p>
+<p class="i2">   Made him their pattern to do and to die." </p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+While the regret still lingers, that he was not permitted to witness,
+and to contribute further effort to secure, the triumph, which he
+predicted, of the cause for which he died&mdash;that regret is mitigated by
+the reflection, that he could never have died more honorably than in a
+war which could only have been avoided by the sacrifice of the
+Constitution and the Union.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<a name="note-1"><!--Note--></a>
+<p class="foot">
+<u>1</u> (<a href="#noteref-1">return</a>)<br />
+This banner now hangs in the Doric Hall at the State House,
+where its mute eloquence has often started tears, and "thoughts too deep
+for tears," in many a casual visitor.
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name="h2H_4_0004" id="h2H_4_0004"><!-- H2 anchor --></a>
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h2>
+    EARLY HARVARD.
+</h2>
+<h3>
+    <span class="sc">By the Rev. Josiah Lafayette Seward, A.M.</span>
+</h3>
+<p>
+The valuable histories of Harvard University, by Quincy, Peirce, and
+Eliot, and the wonderfully full and accurate sketches of the early
+graduates, by John Langdon Sibley, the venerable librarian emeritus, are
+treasuries of interesting information in regard to the early customs and
+the first presidents and pupils of that institution. From these various
+works we have gathered the following items of interest, which we will
+give, without stopping at every step to indicate the authorities. Mr.
+Sibley has preserved the ancient spelling, which is so quaint, that we
+shall attempt to reproduce it.
+</p>
+<p>
+October 28, 1636, the General Court of Massachusetts "agreed to give 400
+(pounds) toward a schoale or colledge, whearof 200 (pounds) to be paid
+the next yeare, &amp; 200 when the worke is finished, &amp; the next Court to
+appoint wheare &amp; what building." On November 15, 1637, the "Colledg is
+ordered to be at Newtowne." On November 20, 1637, occurs the following
+record of the General Court: "The Governor Mr. Winthrope, the Deputy
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page150" name="page150"></a>[150]</span>
+
+  Mr. Dudley, the Treasurer Mr. Bellingham, Mr. Humfrey, Mr. Herlakenden,
+Mr. Staughton, Mr. Cotton, Mr. Wilson, Mr. Damport, Mr. Wells, Mr.
+Sheopard, &amp; Mr. Peters, these, or the greater part of them, whereof Mr.
+Winthrope, Mr. Dudley, or Mr. Bellingham, to bee alway one, to take
+order for a colledge at Newtowne."
+</p>
+<p>
+May 2, 1638, the General Court changed the name of Newtowne to
+Cambridge, and, on March 13, 1639, "It is ordered that the Colledge
+agreed upon formerly to be built at Cambridge shall bee called Harvard
+Colledge." It appears that before this time there had been a school; but
+the name of college was not assumed until the above date. The teacher of
+this school was Mr. Nathaniel Eaton, who has left an unenviable
+reputation, and made an inauspicious beginning of that institution which
+was to attain to such distinction. He finally got into serious trouble,
+in consequence of his brutal conduct and for one act in particular,
+which led to his leaving the school and town. Governor Winthrop, in his
+History of New England has given a graphic description of the event,
+which Mr. Sibley has also reproduced, in a note, and which will interest
+more readers than would ever have the privilege of reading either work.
+I will therefore give the extract in full. Speaking of Eaton and the
+pupil whom he punished, Winthrop says: "The occasion was this: He was a
+schoolmaster and had many scholars, the sons of gentlemen and others of
+best note in the country, and had entertained one Nathaniel Briscoe, a
+gentleman born, to be his usher, and to do some other things for him,
+which might not be unfit for a scholar. He had not been with him above
+three days but he fell out with him for a very small occasion, and, with
+reproachful terms, discharged him, and turned him out of his doors; but,
+it being then about eight of the clock after the Sabbath, he told him he
+should stay till next morning, and, some words growing between them, he
+struck him and pulled him into his house. Briscoe defended himself and
+closed with him, and, being parted, he came in and went up to his
+chamber to lodge there. Mr. Eaton sent for the constable, who advised
+him first to admonish him, etc., and if he could not, by the power of a
+master, reform him, then he should complain to the magistrate. But he
+caused his man to fetch him a cudgel, which was a walnut tree plant, big
+enough to have killed a horse, and a yard in length, and, taking his two
+men with him, he went up to Briscoe, and caused his men to hold him till
+he had given him two hundred stripes about the head and shoulders, etc.,
+and so kept him under blows (with some two or three short intermissions)
+about the space of two hours, about which time Mr. Shepherd (the
+clergyman) and some others of the town came in at the outcry, and so he
+gave over. In this distress Briscoe gate out his knife and struck at the
+man that held him, but hurt him not. He also fell to prayer, (supposing
+he should have been murdered), and then Mr. Eaton beat him for taking
+the name of God in Vain."
+</p>
+<p>
+He was charged in open court with these cruelties to Briscoe, and it was
+there proved that he had been unusually cruel on other occasions, often
+punishing pupils with from twenty to thirty stripes, and never leaving
+them until they had confessed what he required. He was also charged with
+furnishing a scant diet to his pupil boarders, keeping them on porridge
+and pudding,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page151" name="page151"></a>[151]</span>
+
+  though their parents were paying for better fare. He appears to have
+admitted the evil, butt threw the blame upon his wife. The court found
+him guilty. At first he denied his guilt. He was put in care of a
+marshal for safe keeping, and, on the following day, the court was
+informed that he had repented in tears. In the open court "he made a
+very solid, wise, eloquent, and serious (seeming) confession." The court
+was so much moved and pleased by this act of contrition that they only
+censured him and fined him twenty pounds and ordered the same amount to
+be paid to Briscoe. The church intended to "deal with him," but he fled
+to the Piscataqua settlements. He was apprehended, and promised to
+return to Cambridge, but finally escaped and fled, on a boat, to
+Virginia.
+</p>
+<p>
+The college was named for the Reverend John Harvard, who came to this
+country from England in 1637, settled In Charlestown, and died the
+following year. He left a legacy, including his library, to the new
+institution of learning, which was a princely benefaction for the time.
+As a suitable recognition for this first large donation, the institution
+was called Harvard College. The exact place of Mr. Harvard's burial is
+unknown. It was somewhere "about the foot of Town Hill." It was in the
+old burial-ground near the old prison in Charlestown, in all
+probability, and the monument to his memory, if not over his grave, is
+likely very near it. The inscriptions on this monument explain the time
+and cause of its erection. On the eastern side of the shaft, looking
+toward the land of his birth and education, we read:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+"On the twenty-sixth day of September, A.D. 1828, this Stone was erected
+by Graduates of the University of Cambridge in honor of its founder, who
+died at Charlestown, on the twenty-sixth day of September, A.D. 1638."
+</p>
+<p>
+This is in his mother-tongue. On the side looking toward the seat of
+learning which bears his name is the following inscription, in classic
+Latin:
+</p>
+<p>
+"In piam et perpetuam memoriam Johannis Harvardii, annis fere ducentis
+post obitum ejus peractis, Academiae quae est Cantabrigiae Nov-Anglorum
+alumni, ne diutius vir de literis nostris optime meritus sine monumento
+quanivis humili jaceret, hunc lapidem ponendum curaverunt." The
+following is a literal translation:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+"In pious and perpetual remembrance of John Harvard, nearly two hundred
+years after his death, the alumni of the University at Cambridge, in New
+England, have erected this stone, that one who deserves the highest
+honors from our literary men may be no longer without a monument,
+however humble."
+</p>
+<p>
+Edward Everett delivered the address at the dedication of the monument.
+The closing passage of his oration is as follows:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+"While the College which he founded shall continue to the latest
+posterity, a monument not unworthy of the most honored name, we trust
+that this plain memorial also will endure; and, while it guides the
+dutiful votary to the spot where his ashes are deposited, will teach to
+those who survey it the supremacy of intellectual and 'moral desert, and
+encourage them, too, by a like munificence, to aspire to a name as
+bright as that which stands engraven on its shaft,&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="i6">    'Clarum et venerabile nomen</p>
+<p class="i2">  Gentibus, et multum nostrae quod proderat urbi.'"</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page152" name="page152"></a>[152]</span>
+</p>
+<p>
+The citizens of New England entered most heartily into the idea of
+establishing this college and contributed whatever they could; utensils
+from their homes, stock from their farms, their goods, merchandise,
+anything, in fine, which they had to give, so anxious were they to
+educate their youth, and especially to provide for an educated ministry.
+Peirce, in his History of the college, says:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+"When we read of a number of sheep bequeathed by one man, of a quantity
+of cotton cloth worth nine shillings presented by another, of a pewter
+flagon worth ten shillings by a third, of a fruit-dish, a sugar-spoon,
+a silver-tipped jug, one great salt, and one small trencher salt,
+by others; and of presents or legacies, amounting severally to five
+shillings, one pound, two pounds, &amp;c., all faithfully recorded with the
+names of the donors, we are at first tempted to smile; but a little
+reflection will soon change this, disposition into a feeling of respect
+and even of admiration."
+</p>
+<p>
+"How just," says President Quincy, "is the remark of this historian!
+How forcible and full of noble example is the picture exhibited by
+these records? The poor emigrant, struggling for subsistence, almost
+houseless, in a manner defenceless, is seen selecting from the few
+remnants of his former prosperity, plucked by him out of the flames
+of persecution, and rescued from the perils of the Atlantic, the
+valued pride of his table, or the precious delight of his domestic
+hearth;&mdash;'his heart stirred and his spirit willing' to give according
+to his means, toward establishing for learning a resting-place, and
+for science a fixed habitation, on the borders of the wilderness!"
+</p>
+<p>
+Mr. Sibley gives an extract from New England's First Fruits, a work
+printed in London, not long after the first class was graduated. It
+gives us the feelings of the emigrants about their new institution.
+It says:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+"After God had carried us safe to New England, and wee had builded our
+houses, provided necessaries for our liveli-hood, rear'd convenient
+places for God's worship, and settled the Civil Government; One of the
+next things we longed for, and looked after, was to advance LEARNING and
+to perpetuate it to Posterity; dreading to leave an illiterate ministry
+to the Churches, when our present Ministers shall lie in the dust. And
+as wee were thinking and consulting how to effect this great Work, it
+pleased God to stir up the heart of one Mr. HARVARD (a godly Gentleman,
+and a lover of learning, there living amongst us) to give the one halfe
+of his Estate (it being in all about 1700 pounds) toward the erecting of
+a Colledge, and all his Library." The edifice is described as "faire and
+comely within and without, having in it a spacious Hall, where they
+daily meet at Commons, Lectures, Exercises, and a large Library, with
+some books to it."
+</p>
+<p>
+The rules and regulations of Harvard in early times are interesting to
+us of later generations. The following are specimens:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+"When any scholar is able to read Tully, or such like classical Latin
+author EXTEMPORE, and make and speak true Latin in verse and prose suo
+(ut aiunt) Marte, and decline perfectly the paradigms of nouns and verbs
+in the Greek tongue, then may he be admitted into the College, nor shall
+any claim admission before such qualifications."
+</p>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page153" name="page153"></a>[153]</span>
+</p>
+<p>
+"Every one shall consider the main end of his life and studies, to know
+God and Jesus Christ, which is eternal life."
+</p>
+<p>
+"Every one shall so exercise himself in reading the Scriptures twice a
+day, that they be ready to give an account of their proficiency therein,
+both in theoretical observations of language and logic, and in practical
+and spiritual truths, as their Tutor shall require."
+</p>
+<p>
+"They shall honor as their parents, magistrates, elders, tutors, and
+aged persons, by being silent in their presence (except they be called
+on to answer)."
+</p>
+<p>
+"None shall pragmatically intrude or inter meddle in other men's
+affairs."
+</p>
+<p>
+"No scholar shall buy, sell, or exchange any thing, to the value of
+sixpence, without the allowance of his parents, guardians or tutors."
+</p>
+<p>
+"The scholars shall never use their mother tongue, except that in public
+exercise of oratory, or such like, they be called to make them in
+English."
+</p>
+<p>
+"Every scholar, that on proof is found able to read the original of the
+Old and New Testament into the Latin tongue, and to resolve them
+logically, withal being of honest life and conversation, and at any
+public act hath the approbation of the Overseers and Master of the
+College, may be invested with his first degree."
+</p>
+<p>
+"No scholar whatever, without the fore-acquaintance and leave of the
+President and his Tutor, or, in the absence of either of them, two of
+the Fellows shall be present at or in any of the public civil meetings,
+or concourse of people, as courts of justice, elections, fairs, or at
+military exercise, in the time or hours of the College exercise, public
+or private. Neither shall any scholar exercise himself in any military
+band, unless of known gravity, and of approved sober and virtuous
+conversation, and that with the leave of the President and his Tutor."
+</p>
+<p>
+"No scholar shall take tobacco, unless permitted by the President, with
+the consent of their parents or guardians, and on good reason first
+given by a physician, and then in a sober and private mariner."
+</p>
+<p>
+"No Freshman shall wear his hat in the College yard, unless it rains,
+hails, or snows, provided he be on foot and have not both hands full."
+</p>
+<p>
+"Freshmen are to consider all the other classes as their Seniors."
+</p>
+<p>
+"No Freshman shall speak to a Senior with his hat on; or have it on in a
+Senior's chamber, or in his own if a Senior be there."
+</p>
+<p>
+"All Freshmen shall be obliged to go on any errand, for any of his
+Seniors, Graduates or Undergraduates, at any time, except in studying
+hours, or after nine o'clock in the evening."
+</p>
+<p>
+The faculty, if they were knowing to it, could stop the performance of
+an improper errand. They would have been likely to know little about
+them.
+</p>
+<p>
+Pages might be quoted of these curious and interesting rules and
+customs. But these must suffice. Enough has been given to show the
+immense progress which has been made from the time of the cruel Eaton to
+that of the dignified, able, and judicious President Eliot, under whose
+fortunate administration, the University has wonderfully increased,
+materially and in every way.
+</p>
+<p>
+The first President was Henry Dunster, a man of learning and
+cultivation. He entered upon his office, August 27, 1640, and left it,
+October 24, 1654. It was during his administration that most of those
+unique rules
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page154" name="page154"></a>[154]</span>
+
+  were established which I have quoted. We can see in them the evident
+origin or occasion of hazing the Freshmen, which would naturally follow
+such rules. At the present day, be it known, the custom has entirely
+ceased. The Freshmen of to-day are treated like gentlemen by all
+classes. All the students are placed on their honor, in every way, save
+only in some necessary particulars. Hazing has passed into history as a
+barbarous custom of the past, and the deportment of the students to-day
+is that of gentlemen, with very rare exceptions, such as might be
+expected among so large a number. In the great Memorial Hall, where they
+eat, the best of deportment is always to be seen, and everywhere there
+is now a pride, in all departments of the University, in observing the
+proprieties of good conduct. Indeed this has always been the rule. The
+hazing has never been so extensively practised as many have supposed;
+and no body of men can anywhere be found, in Congress, legislatures,
+schools, academies, or colleges, whose deportment excels in excellence
+that of the students of Harvard University. This observation is demanded
+from the fact that many parents, some of whom are known the writer, have
+decided to send sons to other institutions, on the very ground of the
+influence of college customs and habits.
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name="h2H_4_0005" id="h2H_4_0005"><!-- H2 anchor --></a>
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h2>
+    THE DEFENCE OF NEW YORK, 1776.
+</h2>
+<h3>
+    <span class="sc">By Henry B. Carrington, U.S.A., LL.D.</span>
+</h3>
+<p class="quote">
+  [The siege of Boston gave to the Continental Army that instruction in
+  military engineering, and that contact with a disciplined foe, which
+  prepared it for the immediate operations at New York and in New Jersey.
+  (See The Bay State Monthly, January, 1884, pages 37-44.)
+</p>
+<p class="quote">
+  The occupation and defence of New York and Brooklyn, so promptly made,
+  was a strategic necessity, fully warranted by existing conditions,
+  although temporary.]
+</p>
+<p>
+It is not easy to reconcile the views which we take, in turn, through
+the eye and object lenses of a field-glass, so that the real subject of
+examination will not be distorted by too great nearness or remoteness.
+</p>
+<p>
+If we bring back to this hour the events of one hundred years ago, it is
+certain that the small armies and the smaller appliances of force then
+in use will seem trifling, in contrast with those which have so recently
+wearied science and have tasked invention in the work and waste of war.
+</p>
+<p>
+If we thrust them back to their proper place behind the memory of all
+living men, we only see a scattered people, poorly armed, but engaged in
+hopeful conflict with Great Britain, then mistress of the seas, proudly
+challenging the world to arms, and boldly vindicating her challenge.
+</p>
+<p>
+In an effort to reproduce that period and so balance the opposing
+factors that the siege of Boston and the deliverance of Washington at
+Brooklyn and New York shall have fair co-relation and full bearing upon
+the resulting struggle for National Independence, there must be some
+exact standard for the test j and this will be found by grouping such
+data as illustrate the governing laws of military art.
+</p>
+<p>
+It has never been claimed that the siege of Boston was not the
+legitimate result of British blunder and American
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page155" name="page155"></a>[155]</span>
+
+  pluck. In a previous paper, the siege itself has been presented as that
+opportunity and training-school exercise which projected its experience
+into the entire war, and assured final triumph. It has not been as
+generally accepted, as both philosophical and necessary, that the
+fortification and defence of Brooklyn became the wise and inevitable
+sequence to that siege.
+</p>
+<p>
+Let us drop a century and handle the old records.
+</p>
+<p>
+If Great Britain had not called continental auxiliaries to her aid in
+1776, her disposable force for colonial service would have been less
+than half of the army of Washington.
+</p>
+<p>
+Until the fortification of Brooklyn and New York had been well advanced,
+the British ministry had not been able to assign even fifteen thousand
+men for that service. General Clinton did, indeed, anchor at the New
+York Narrows, just when General Charles Lee reached that city for its
+defence, but did not risk a landing, and sailed for South Carolina, only
+to be repulsed.
+</p>
+<p>
+The British Crown had no alternative but to seek foreign aid. The appeal
+to Catharine of Russia for twenty thousand men was met by the laconic
+response, "There are other ways of settling this dispute than by resort
+to arms." The Duke of Richmond prophetically declared, "The colonies
+themselves, after our example, will apply to strangers for assistance."
+The opposition to hiring foreign troops was so intense, that, for many
+weeks, there was no practical advance in preparations for a really
+effective blow at the rebels, while the rebellion itself was daily
+gaining head and spirit.
+</p>
+<p>
+The British army, just before the battle of Long Island, including
+Hessians, Brunswickers, and Waldeckers, was but a little larger than
+that which the American Congress, as early as October 4, 1775, had
+officially assigned to the siege operations before Boston. That force
+was fixed at twenty-three thousand, three hundred and seventy-two men.
+General Howe landed about twenty thousand men. With the sick, the
+reserves on Staten Island, all officers and supernumeraries included,
+his entire force exhibited a paper strength of thirty-one thousand, six
+hundred and twenty-five men. It is true that General Howe claimed, after
+the battle of Long Island, that his entire force (Hessians included) was
+only twenty four thousand men, and that Washington opposed the advance
+of his division with twenty thousand men. The British muster rolls, as
+exhibited before the British Parliament, accord with the statement
+already made. The actual force of the American army at Brooklyn was not
+far from nine thousand men, instead of twenty thousand, and the
+effective force (New York included) was only about twenty thousand men.
+As the British regiments brought but six, instead of eight, companies to
+a battalion, there is evidence that Washington himself occasionally
+over-estimated the British force proper; but the foreign battalions
+realized their full force, and they were paid accordingly, upon their
+muster rolls. Nearly three fifths of General Howe's army was made up
+from continental mercenaries. These troops arrived in detachments, to
+supplement the army which otherwise would have been entirely unequal to
+the conquest of New York, if the city were fairly defended.
+</p>
+<p>
+If, on the other hand, Washington had secured the force which he
+demanded from Congress, namely, fifty-eight thousand men, which was,
+indeed
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page156" name="page156"></a>[156]</span>
+
+  (but too tardily), authorized, he could have met General Howe upon terms
+of numerical equality, backed by breast-works, and have held New York
+with an equal force.
+</p>
+<p>
+This estimate, by Washington himself, of the contingencies of the
+campaign, will have the greater significance when reference is made to
+the details of British preparations in England.
+</p>
+<p>
+While Congress did, indeed, as early as June, assign thirteen thousand
+additional troops for the defence of New York, the peremptory detachment
+of ten battalions to Canada, in addition to previous details,
+persistently foiled every preparation to meet Howe with an adequate
+force. Regiments from Connecticut and from other colonies reported with
+a strength of only three hundred and sixty men. While the "paper
+strength" of the army was far beyond its effective force, even the
+"paper strength" was but one half of the force which the
+Commander-in-chief had the right to assume as at his disposal.
+</p>
+<p>
+Other facts fall in line just here.
+</p>
+<p>
+At no later period of the war did either commander have under his
+immediate control so large a nominal force as then. During but one year
+of the succeeding struggle did the entire British army, from Halifax to
+the West Indies inclusive (including foreign and provincial
+auxiliaries), exceed, by more than seven thousand men, the force which
+occupied both sides of the New York Narrows in 1776. The British Army at
+that time, without its foreign contingent, would have been as inferior
+to the force which had been ordered by Congress (and should have been
+available) as the depleted American army of 1781 would have been
+inferior to the British without the French contingent.
+</p>
+<p>
+The largest continental force under arms, in any one year of the war,
+did not greatly exceed forty thousand men, and the largest British
+force, as late as 1781, including all arrivals, numbered, all told, but
+forty-two thousand and seventy-five men.
+</p>
+<p>
+The annual British average, including provincials, ranged from
+thirty-three to thirty-eight thousand men. The physical agencies which
+Great Britain employed were;, therefore, far beneath the prestige of her
+accredited position among the nations; and the disparity between the
+contending forces was mainly in discipline and equipment, with the
+advantage to Great Britain in naval strength, until that was supplanted
+by that of France.
+</p>
+<p>
+To free the question from a popular fallacy which treats oldtime
+operations as insignificant, in view of large modern armies and
+campaigns, it is pertinent to state, just here, that the issues of the
+battle-field for all time, up to the latest hour, have not been
+determined by the size of armies, or by improvements in weapons of war,
+except relatively, in proportion as civilized peoples fought those of
+less civilization; or where some precocity of race or invention more
+quickly matured the operations of the winning side.
+</p>
+<p>
+If the maxims of Napoleon are but a terse restatement of those of
+Caesar, and the skill of Hannibal at Cannae still holds place as a model
+for the concave formation of a battle-line, so have all the decisive
+battles of history taken shape from the timely handling of men, in the
+exercise of that sound judgment which adapts means to ends, in every
+work of life. Thus it is that equally great battles, those in the
+highest sense great, have become memorial, although numbers did not
+impart value to the struggle; but they were the expression
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page157" name="page157"></a>[157]</span>
+
+  of that skill and wisdom which would have ensured success, if the
+opposing armies had been greater or less.
+</p>
+<p>
+If a timely fog did aid the retreat of Washington from Brooklyn, in
+1776, so did a petty stream, filled to the brim by a midnight shower,
+make altogether desperate, if it did not, alone, change, the fortunes of
+Napoleon at Waterloo.
+</p>
+<p>
+If, also, the siege of Yorktown, in 1781, was conducted by few against
+few, as compared with modern armies, it is well to note the historical
+fact that, at the second siege, in 1861, the same ravine was used by
+General Poe (United States Engineers) to connect "parallels," and
+thereby save a "regular approach." Numbers did not change relations, but
+simply augmented the physical force employed and imperilled.
+</p>
+<p>
+He who can seize the local, incidental, and seemingly immaterial
+elements which enter into all human plans, and convert them into
+determining factors, is to be honored; but the man who can so anticipate
+the possibilities and risks which lie ahead, that the world counts as a
+miracle, or, at least, as marvelous, that which is only the legitimate
+result of faith, courage, and skill, is truly great. Washington did it.
+His retreat from Long Island was deliberately planned before he had a
+conference with his subordinates; and the entire policy and conduct of
+his operations at and near New York will defy criticism. To hold the
+facts of the issue discussed, right under the light on that military
+science (that is, that mental philosophy which does not change with
+physical modes and appliances), is simply to bring out clearly the
+necessity for the occupation of New York and Brooklyn by Washington in
+1776.
+</p>
+<p>
+The mere statement of the British forces which were available in 1776
+will show that if Washington knew, in advance, exactly what he had to
+meet, then he had a right to anticipate a successful resistance. As
+early as July, 1775, he demanded that the army should be enlisted "for
+the war." In a previous article, the policy of the Commander-in-chief
+and of General Greene was noticed, and the formulated proposition, then
+accepted by both, gave vitality and hope to the struggle. When the issue
+ripened at New York, and, swiftly as possible, the besieging force
+before Boston became the resisting force at New York, there was one man
+who understood the exact issue. The temper of the British press, and
+that of the British House of Commons, was fully appreciated by the
+American Commander-in-chief. He knew that General Gage had urged that
+"thirty thousand men, promptly sent to America, would be the quickest
+way to save blood and end the war." He also knew that when John Wesley
+predicted that "neither twenty, forty, nor sixty thousand men would
+suppress the rebellion," the British Cabinet had placed before
+Parliament a careful statement of the entire resources which were deemed
+available for military purposes abroad. As early as May, 1776,
+Washington was advised of the following facts:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+First, That the contracts at that time made with continental States,
+including that with Hesse and Brunswick, would place at British disposal
+a nominal strength of fifty-five thousand men.
+</p>
+<p>
+Second, That, with all due allowance for deficiencies, the effective
+force, as claimed by the ministry, could not exceed, but might fall
+below, forty thousand men.
+</p>
+<p>
+The debate in Parliament was so sharp, and the details of the proposed
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page158" name="page158"></a>[158]</span>
+
+  operations were so closely defined and analyzed, that Washington had
+full right to assume, as known, the strength of his adversary.
+</p>
+<p>
+When, during May, 1776, the American Congress sent troops from New York
+to Canada, he sharply protested, thus: "This diversion of forces will
+endanger both enterprises; for Great Britain will attempt to capture New
+York as well as Canada, if they have the men." He did not believe that
+they would capture New York, if he could acquire and retain the force
+which he demanded.
+</p>
+<p>
+The point to be made emphatic, is this: That, from the date of the call
+of Massachusetts, early in 1775, for thirty thousand men, up to the
+occupation of New York, the force which he had the right to assume as at
+his own disposal was equal to the contingencies of the conflict; and
+that, when he did occupy New York, and begin its exterior defences at
+Brooklyn, the British ministry had admitted its inability to send to
+America a force sufficiently strong to capture the city. The maximum
+force proposed was less than that which Congress could easily supply for
+resistance. In other words, Washington would not have to fight Great
+Britain, but a specific force; namely, all that Great Britain could
+spare for that service; so that the issue was not between the new
+Republic and England, but between the Republic and a single army, of
+known elements and numbers. In fact, the opinion that France had already
+made war upon England had so early gained credit, that Washington, while
+still in New York, was forced to issue an order correcting the rumor,
+and thus prevent undue confidence and its corresponding neglect to meet
+the demands of the crisis.
+</p>
+<p>
+Thus far, it is clear that there was nothing extravagant in the American
+claim to independence; nor in the readiness of Washington to seize and
+hold New York; nor in his belief that the colonial resources were equal
+to the contest.
+</p>
+<p>
+One other element is of determining value as to the necessity for his
+occupation and defence of Brooklyn Heights. New York was the only base
+from which Great Britain could operate against the colonies as an
+organized State. By Long Island Sound and the Hudson River, her right
+hand would hold New England under the guns of her warships, and by quick
+occupation of Chesapeake and Delaware Bays and their tributary streams,
+her left hand would cut off the South.
+</p>
+<p>
+If the views of Lord Dartmouth had prevailed, in 1775, there would have
+been no siege of Boston; but New York would have had a garrison fully
+equal to its defence, while sparing troops for operations outside. But
+the prompt occupation of New York, as the headquarters of revolution,
+was a clear declaration to the world, and to the scattered people of the
+colonies, that a new nation was asserting life, and that its soil was
+free from a hostile garrison. The occupation of New York centralized, at
+the social, commercial, and natural capital of the Republic, all
+interests and resources, and gave to the struggle real force,
+inspiration, and dignity.
+</p>
+<p>
+Just as the men at Bunker Hill fought so long as powder and ball held
+out, but could not have been led to assail, in open field, the veterans
+whom they did, in fact, so effectively resist; and, as very often, a
+patriotic band has bravely defended, when unequal to aggressive
+action,&mdash;so the possession,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page159" name="page159"></a>[159]</span>
+
+  defence, and even the loss, of New York, as an incident of a campaign,
+were very different from an effort to wrest the city from the grasp of a
+British garrison, under cover of yawning broadsides.
+</p>
+<p>
+History is replete with facts to show how hopefully men will seek to
+regain lost positions, when an original capture would have been deemed
+utterly hopeless. Poland wellnigh regained a smothered nationality
+through an inspiration, which never could have been evoked, in a plan to
+seize from the Russian domain a grand estate, upon which to establish an
+original Poland.
+</p>
+<p>
+To have held but to have lost New York, would simply show the defects of
+the defence, and the margin wanting in ability to retain, while no less
+suggesting how, in turn, it might be regained, at the right time, by
+adequate means and methods. The occupation and defence of Brooklyn
+Heights was the chief element of value in this direction. It not only
+combined the general protection of the city and post, in connection with
+the works upon Governor's Island, but to have neglected either would
+have admitted an inability to retain either.
+</p>
+<p>
+British troops at Brooklyn would command New York. American troops at
+Brooklyn presented the young nation in the attitude of guarding the
+outer doorway of its freshly-asserted independence. It put the British
+to the defensive, and compelled them to risk the landing of a large
+army, after a protracted ocean voyage, before they could gain a footing
+and measure strength with the colonists. It does not lessen our estimate
+of the skill of Washington to know that Congress failed to supply
+adequate forces; but he made wise estimates, and had reason to expect a
+prompt response to his requisitions.
+</p>
+<p>
+That episode at Breed's Hill, which tested the value of even a light
+cover for keen sharpshooters, had so warned Howe of the courage of his
+enemy that the garrison of Bunker Hill had never worried Putnam's little
+redoubt across the Charlestown Isthmus; neither had the troops at Boston
+ever assailed, with success, the thin circumvallation which protected
+the besiegers.
+</p>
+<p>
+At Brooklyn, Washington established ranges for firing-parties, so that
+the rifle could be intelligently and effectively used, as the British
+might, in turn, approach the danger line. All these preparations,
+although impaired by the illness and absence of General Greene, had been
+so well devised, that even after General Howe gained the rear of
+Sullivan and Stirling and captured both, he halted before the
+entrenchments and resorted to regular approaches rather than venture an
+assault.
+</p>
+<p>
+If that portion of the proper garrison of New York which had been sent
+to Canada, to waste from disease and fill six thousand graves, had been
+available at New York, they might have made of Jamaica Ridge and
+Prospect Hill a British Golgotha before the lines of Brooklyn.
+</p>
+<p>
+If we conceive of an invasion of New York to-day, other than by some
+devastating fleet, we can at once see that the whole outline of defence
+as proposed by Washington, until he ordered the retreat, was
+characteristic of his wisdom and his settled purpose to resist a
+landing, fight at every ridge, yield only to compulsion, enure his men
+to face fire, and "make every British advance as costly as possible to
+the enemy."
+</p>
+<p>
+The summary is briefly this: There was an universal revolt of the
+colonies, and a fixed purpose to achieve and maintain independence.
+There was,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page160" name="page160"></a>[160]</span>
+
+  at the same time, in England, not only a vigorous opposition to
+the use of force, but a clearly-defined exhibit of the maximum military
+resources which its authorities could call into exercise. Imminent
+European complications were already bristling for battle, both by land
+and sea, and Great Britain was without a continental ally or friend. As
+the British resources were thus definitely defined, so was the military
+policy distinctly stated; namely, to make, as the first objective, the
+recovery of New York, and its acceptance as the permanent base for
+prosecution of the war. The first blow was designed to be a fatal blow.
+It was for Washington to take the offensive. He did so, and by the
+occupation of New York and Brooklyn put himself in the attitude of
+resisting invasion, rather than as attempting the expulsion of a
+rightful British garrison from the British capital of its American
+colonies.
+</p>
+<p>
+Not only did the metal of such men as he commanded stand fire on the
+seventeenth of June, 1775, at Breed's Hill, but when he followed up the
+expulsion of the garrison of Boston by the equally aggressive
+demonstrations at New York, he gave assurance of the thoroughness of his
+purpose to achieve independence, and thereby inspired confidence at home
+and abroad. The failure to realize a competent field force for the issue
+with Howe, and the circumstances of the retreat and evacuation, do not
+impair the statement that, in view of his knowledge of British resources
+and those of America, the occupation and defence of Brooklyn and New
+York was a military necessity, warranted by existing conditions, and not
+impaired by his disappointment in not securing a sufficient force to
+meet his enemy upon terms of equality and victory. It increases our
+admiration of that strategic forethought which habitually inspired him
+to maintain an aggressive attitude, until the surrender at Yorktown
+consummated his plans, and verified his wisdom and his faith.
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name="h2H_4_0006" id="h2H_4_0006"><!-- H2 anchor --></a>
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h2>
+    LOWELL.
+</h2>
+<p>
+Twenty-six miles northwest from Boston, on the banks of the Merrimack at
+its confluence with the Concord, is situated the city of Lowell,&mdash;the
+Spindle City, the Manchester of America. The Merrimack, which affords
+the chief water-power that gives life to the thousand industries of
+Lowell, takes its rise among the White Mountains, in New Hampshire, its
+source being in the Notch of the Franconia Range, at the base of Mount
+Lafayette. For many miles it dashes down toward the sea, known at first
+as the Pemigewasset, until finally its waters are joined by the outflow
+from Lake Winnipiseogee, and a great river is formed, which, in its fall
+of several hundred feet, offers immense power to the mechanic. Past
+Penacook the river glides, its volume increased by the Contcocook;
+through fertile intervales, over rapids and falls, past Suncook and
+Hooksett, it comes to the Falls of Amoskeag, where Lowell's fair rival
+is built; thence onward past Nashua, to the Falls of Pawtucket, where
+its waters are thoroughly utilized to propel the machinery of a great
+city.
+</p>
+<p>
+The men are still living who have witnessed the growth of Lowell from an
+inconsiderable village to a great manufacturing city, whose fabrics are
+as world-renowned as those of Marseilles and Lyons, or ancient Damascus.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0002"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure">
+<a href="images/100.png"><img src="images/100.png" style="height: 16em;"
+alt="LOWELL AS IT APPEARED IN 1840." /></a>
+<br />
+LOWELL AS IT APPEARED IN 1840.
+</div>
+<p>
+With the dawn of American history, the Penacooks, a tribe of Indians,
+were known to have occupied the site of Lowell as their favorite
+rendezvous. Here the salmon and shad were caught in great abundance by
+the dusky warriors. Passaconaway was their first great chief known to
+the white man, and he was acknowledged as leader by many neighboring
+tribes. He was a friend to the English. Before the coming of the
+Pilgrims a great plague had swept over New England, making desolate the
+Indian villages. Added to the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page162" name="page162"></a>[162]</span>
+
+  terrors of the pestilence, which was resistless as fate to the children
+of the forest, was the fear and dread of their implacable enemies, the
+fierce Mohawks of the west. The spirit of the Indian was broken. In
+1644, Passaconaway renounced his authority as an independent chief, and
+placed himself and his tribe of several thousand souls under the
+protection of the colonial magistrates. The Indian villages at Pawtucket
+Falls, on the Merrimack, and Wamesit Falls, on the Concord, the
+Musketaquid of the aborigines, were first visited in 1647 by the
+Reverend John Eliot, the Apostle to the Indians. In 1652, Captain Simon
+Willard and Captain Edward Johnson made their tour up the Merrimack
+Paver to Lake Winnipiseogee, and marked a stone near the Weirs as the
+northern boundary of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The following year
+the work of settlement swept onward, crowding
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page163" name="page163"></a>[163]</span>
+
+  in upon the cornfields of the red men; and Eliot, caring for his
+charges, procured the passage of an act by the General Court reserving a
+good part of the land on which Lowell now stands to the exclusive use of
+the Indians.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0003"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure">
+<a href="images/101.jpg"><img src="images/101.jpg" style="height: 32em;"
+alt="MERRIMACK RIVER BELOW HUNT'S FALLS." /></a>
+<br />
+MERRIMACK RIVER BELOW HUNT'S FALLS.
+</div>
+<p>
+The towns of Chelmsford and Billerica were incorporated May 29, 1655.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1656, Major-General Daniel Gookin was appointed superintendent of all
+the Indians under the jurisdiction of the Colony. By his fair dealing he
+won their entire confidence. They had good friends in Judge Gookin and
+the Apostle Eliot, who were ever ready to protect them from
+encroachments of their neighbors.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1660, Passaconaway relinquished all authority over his tribe,
+retiring at a ripe old age, and turning over his office of sachem to his
+son Wannalancet, whose headquarters were at Penacook. Numphow, who was
+married to one of Passaconaway's daughters, was the chief for some years
+of the village of Pawtucket. In 1669, Wannalancet, in dread of the
+Mohawks, came down the river with his whole tribe, and located at
+Wamesit, and built a fortification on Fort Hill in Belvidere, which was
+surrounded with palisades. The white settlers of the vicinity, catching
+the alarm, took refuge in garrison-houses.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0004"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure">
+<a href="images/102.jpg"><img src="images/102.jpg" style="height: 16em;"
+alt="OLD BRIDGE OVER PAWTUCKET FALLS." /></a>
+<br />
+OLD BRIDGE OVER PAWTUCKET FALLS.
+</div>
+<p>
+In 1674, there were at Wamesit fifteen families, or seventy-five souls,
+enumerated as Christian Indians, aside from about two hundred who
+adhered to their primitive faith in the Great Spirit. Numphow was their
+magistrate as well as chief, his cabin standing near the Boott Canal.
+The log chapel presided over by the Indian preacher, Samuel, stood at
+the west end of Appleton Street near the site of the Eliot Church. In
+May of each year came Eliot and Gookin; the former to give spiritual
+advice; the latter to act as umpire or judge, having jurisdiction of
+higher offences, and directing all matters affecting the interests o�
+the village. Wannalancet held his court,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page164" name="page164"></a>[164]</span>
+
+  as sachem, in a log cabin near Pawtucket Falls.
+</p>
+
+<a name="image-0005"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:left; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/103a.png"><img src="images/103a.png" style="height: 18em;"
+alt="SAINT ANNE'S CHURCH, 1850." /></a>
+<br />
+SAINT ANNE'S CHURCH, 1850.
+</div>
+<p>
+King Philip's War broke out in 1675. Wannalancet and the local Indians,
+faithful to the counsels of Passaconaway, took sides with the settlers,
+or remained neutral. Between the two parties they suffered severely.
+Some were put to death by Philip, for exposing his designs; some were
+put to death by the colonists, as Philip's accomplices; some fell in
+battle, fighting for the whites; some were slain by the settlers, who
+mistrusted alike praying and hostile Indians.
+</p>
+<p>
+During the following year, 1676, the able-bodied Indians of Wamesit and
+Pawtucket withdrew to Canada, leaving a few of their helpless and infirm
+old people at the mercy of their neighbors. Around their fate let
+history draw the veil of oblivion, lest the present generation blush for
+their ancestors. The Indians of those days, like their descendants, had
+no rights which the white men were bound to respect.
+</p>
+<p>
+During the war the white settlers were gathered for protection in
+garrison-houses. Billerica escaped harm, but Chelmsford was twice
+visited by hostile bands and several buildings were burned. Two sons of
+Samuel Varnum were shot while crossing the Merrimack in a boat with
+their father.
+</p>
+<p>
+In April, 1676, Captain Samuel Hunting and Lieutenant James Richardson
+built a fort at Pawtucket Falls, which, with a garrison, was left under
+command of Lieutenant Richardson. A month later it was reinforced and
+the command entrusted to Captain Thomas Henchman. This proved an
+effectual check to the incursions of marauding Indians.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0006"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:right; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/103b.png"><img src="images/103b.png" style="height: 8em;"
+alt="RUINS OF A CELLAR, BELVIDERE." /></a>
+<br />
+RUINS OF A CELLAR, BELVIDERE.
+</div>
+<p>
+When the war was over, Wannalancet returned with the remnant of his
+tribe, to find the reservation in possession of the settlers. The tribe
+was placed on Wickasauke Island, in charge of Colonel
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page165" name="page165"></a>[165]</span>
+
+  Jonathan Tyng, where they remained until their last rod of land had been
+bartered away, when they retired to Canada and joined the St. Francis
+tribe. Colonel Tyng and Major Henchman purchased of the Indians all
+their remaining interest in the land about Pawtucket Falls.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0007"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure">
+<a href="images/104.jpg"><img src="images/104.jpg" style="height: 18em;"
+alt="OLD BUTMAN HOUSE, BELVIDERE." /></a>
+<br />
+OLD BUTMAN HOUSE, BELVIDERE.
+</div>
+<p>
+During the nine years of King William's War, which followed the English
+Revolution of 1688, the people of Chelmsford and neighboring towns again
+took refuge in forts and garrison-houses. Major Henchman had command of
+the fortification at the Falls. August 1, 1682, a hostile raid was made
+into Billerica and eight of the inhabitants were killed. August 5, 1695,
+fourteen inhabitants of Tewksbury were massacred. Colonel Joseph Lynde,
+from whom Lynde Hill in Belvidere derives its name, was in command of a
+force of three hundred men who ranged through the neighboring country to
+protect the frontier.
+</p>
+<p>
+The town of Dracut was incorporated in 1701. It contained twenty-five
+families, and was set off from Chelmsford.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Wamesit purchase was divided into small parcels of land and sold to
+settlers. Samuel Pierce, who had his domicile on the Indian reservation,
+was elected a member of the General Court, in 1725, but was refused his
+seat on the ground that he was not an inhabitant of Chelmsford.
+Accordingly the people of the reservation refused to pay taxes to the
+town of Chelmsford until an act was passed legally annexing them to the
+town. The place was afterward known as East Chelmsford.
+</p>
+<p>
+The year 1729 is memorable for the great earthquake which occurred on
+October 29, and did considerable damage in the Merrimack valley.
+</p>
+<p>
+Tewksbury was incorporated in 1734, its territory before having been
+included in Billerica.
+</p>
+<p>
+At the battle of Bunker Hill two companies of Chelmsford men were
+present, one under command of Captain John Ford, the other under Captain
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page166" name="page166"></a>[166]</span>
+
+  Benjamin Walker; and one company composed largely of Dracut men was
+under Captain Peter Colburn.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0008"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:left; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/105a.png"><img src="images/105a.png" style="height: 20em;"
+alt="FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, 1840." /></a>
+<br />
+FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, 1840.
+</div>
+<p>
+Captain Ford had served previously at the siege and capture of
+Louisburg, in 1745. When the first man in his company fell at Bunker
+Hill, an officer prevented a panic by singing Old Hundred. When closely
+pressed by the British, and the ammunition had been exhausted, Captain
+Colburn, on the point of retreating, threw a stone at the advancing
+enemy and saw an officer fall from the blow.
+</p>
+<p>
+Colonel Simeon Spaulding, of Chelmsford, was an active patriot during
+the Revolution and did good service in the Provincial Congress.
+</p>
+<p>
+During Shays' Rebellion, in 1786, a body of Chelmsford militia under
+command of General Lincoln served in the western counties.
+</p>
+<p>
+The people of Chelmsford, from the earliest settlement, gave every
+encouragement to millers, lumbermen, mechanics, and traders, making
+grants of land, and temporary exemption from taxation, to such as would
+settle in their town. It became distinguished for its sawmills,
+gristmills, and mechanics' shops of various kinds. Billerica, Dracut,
+and Tewksbury gave like encouragement. About the time of the Revolution
+a sawmill was built below Pawtucket Falls and owned by Judge John Tyng.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0009"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:right; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/105b.png"><img src="images/105b.png" style="height:10em;"
+alt="PAIGE-STREET FREEWILL BAPTIST CHURCH, 1840." /></a>
+<br />
+PAIGE-STREET FREEWILL BAPTIST CHURCH, 1840.
+</div>
+<p>
+Toward the close of the last century the lumbering industry on the
+Merrimack grew into prominence; and, in 1792, Dudley A. Tyng, William
+Coombs, and others, of Newburyport, were incorporated as "The
+Proprietors of the Locks and Canals on Merrimack River." This canal,
+which was demanded for the safe conduct of rafts by the Falls, was
+completed in 1797, at an expense of fifty thousand dollars. The fall of
+thirty-two
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page167" name="page167"></a>[167]</span>
+
+  feet was passed by four sets of locks.
+</p>
+<p>
+The first bridge across the Merrimack was built, in 1792, by Parker
+Varnum and associates; the Concord had been bridged some twenty years
+earlier.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0010"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure">
+<a href="images/106.jpg"><img src="images/106.jpg" style="height: 16em;"
+alt="DAM AT PAWTUCKET FALLS." /></a>
+<br />
+DAM AT PAWTUCKET FALLS.
+</div>
+<p>
+In 1793, the proprietors of the Middlesex Canal were incorporated.
+Loammi Baldwin, of Woburn, superintended the construction. The canal
+began at the Merrimack, about a mile above Pawtucket Falls, extended
+south by east thirty-one miles, and terminated at Charlestown. It was
+twenty-four feet wide and four feet deep and was fed by the Concord
+River. It cost $700,000, and was completed in 1804,&mdash;the first canal
+in the United States opened for the transportation of passengers and
+merchandise. For forty years it was the outlet of the whole Merrimack
+valley north of Pawtucket Falls.
+</p>
+<p>
+The first boat voyage from Boston, by the Middlesex Canal and the
+Merrimack River, to Concord, New Hampshire, was made in 1814; the first
+steamboat from Boston reached Concord in 1819.
+</p>
+<p>
+The competition of the Middlesex Canal ruined the Pawtucket Canal, as it
+in turn, in after years, was ruined by the Boston and Lowell Railroad.
+Navigation finally ceased on its waters in 1853, since which date its
+channel has been filling up and its banks have been falling away.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1801, Moses Hale, whose father had long before started a fulling-mill
+in Dracut, established a carding-mill on River Meadow Brook,&mdash;the first
+enterprise of the kind in Middlesex County.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1805, the bridge across the Merrimack was demolished and a new bridge
+with stone piers and abutments was constructed. It was a toll-bridge as
+late as 1860.
+</p>
+<p>
+The second war with England stimulated manufacturing enterprises
+throughout the United States; and several were started, depending upon
+the water-power of the Concord River. In
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page168" name="page168"></a>[168]</span>
+
+  1813, Captain Phineas Whiting and Major Josiah Fletcher erected a wooden
+cotton-mill on the site of the Middlesex Company's mills, and were
+successful in their enterprise. John Golding, in the same neighborhood,
+was not so fortunate.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0011"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:left; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/107a.png"><img src="images/107a.png" style="height: 20em;"
+alt="JOHN-STREET CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH." /></a>
+<br />
+JOHN-STREET CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH.
+</div>
+<p>
+The year 1815 is memorable for the most disastrous gale that has
+devastated New England during two centuries; it was very severe in
+Chelmsford.
+</p>
+<p>
+The sawmill and gristmill of the Messrs. Bowers, at Pawtucket Falls, was
+started in 1816. The same year Nathan Tyler started a gristmill where
+the Middlesex Company's mill No. 3 now stands. Captain John Ford's
+sawmill stood near the junction of the Concord and Merrimack Rivers.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1818, Moses Hale started the powder-mills on Concord River. The
+following year Oliver M. Whipple and William Tileston were associated
+with him in business. In 1821, the firm opened Whipple's Canal. The
+business was enlarged from time to time and was at its zenith during the
+Mexican War, when, in one year, nearly five hundred tons of powder were
+made. The manufacture of powder in Lowell ceased in 1855. In 1818, also,
+came Thomas Hurd, who purchased the cotton-mill started by Whiting and
+Fletcher and converted it into a woolen-mill. He soon enlarged his
+operations, building a large brick mill near the other. He was the
+pioneer manufacturer of satinets in this country. His mill was destroyed
+by fire and rebuilt in 1826. About this time he built the Middlesex
+(Mills) Canal, which conveyed water from the Pawtucket Canal to his
+satinet-mills, thus affording additional power. His business was ruined
+in 1828 by the reaction in trade; and two years later the property
+passed into the hands of the Middlesex Company.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0012"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:right; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/107b.png"><img src="images/107b.png" style="height: 10em;"
+alt="FREE CHAPEL, 1860." /></a>
+<br />
+FREE CHAPEL, 1860.
+</div>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page169" name="page169"></a>[169]</span>
+</p>
+<p>
+The year 1818 also brought Winthrop Howe to town. He started a mill for
+the manufacture of flannels at Wamesit Falls, in Belvidere, and
+continued in the business until 1827, when he sold out to Harrison G.
+Howe, who introduced power-looms, and who, in turn, sold the property to
+John Nesmith and others in 1831. In the year 1819 a new bridge across
+the Concord River was built to replace the old one built in 1774. About
+this time the dam across the Concord at Massic Falls was constructed,
+and the forging-mill of Fisher and Ames was built. The works were
+extended in 1823, and continued by them until 1836, when the privilege
+was sold to Perez O. Richmond.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0013"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="clear:both;">
+<a href="images/108.jpg"><img src="images/108.jpg" style="height: 36em;"
+alt="KIRK BOOTT.
+Born in Boston, October 20, 1790. Died in Lowell, April 21, 1837." /></a>
+<br />
+KIRK BOOTT.<br />
+Born in Boston, October 20, 1790. Died in Lowell, April 21, 1837.
+</div>
+<p>
+In 1821, the capabilities of Pawtucket Falls for maintaining vast
+mechanical industries were brought to the attention of a few successful
+manufacturers, who readily perceived its advantages and hastened to
+purchased the almost worthless stock of the Pawtucket Canal Company. In
+November, Nathan Appleton, Patrick Tracy Jackson, Kirk Boott, Warren
+Dutton, Paul Moody,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page170" name="page170"></a>[170]</span>
+
+  and John W. Boott, visited the canal, which they now controlled,
+perambulated the ground, and planned for the future. February 5, 1822,
+these gentlemen and others were incorporated as the Merrimack
+Manufacturing Company, with Warren Dutton as president. The first
+business of the new company was to erect a dam across the Merrimack at
+Pawtucket Falls, widen and repair Pawtucket Canal, renew the locks, and
+open a lateral canal from the main canal to the river, on the margin of
+which their mills were to stand. Five hundred men were employed In
+digging and blasting, and six thousand pounds of powder were used. The
+canal, as reconstructed, is sixty fee wide and eight feet deep. The
+first mile of the company was completed and started September 1, 1823.
+The first treasurer and agent was Kirk Boott, a man of great influence,
+who left his mark on the growing village.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0014"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:left; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/109a.png"><img src="images/109a.png" style="height: 20em;"
+alt="SECOND UNIVERSALIST CHURCH, SHATTUCK STREET." /></a>
+<br />
+SECOND UNIVERSALIST CHURCH, SHATTUCK STREET.
+</div>
+<p>
+Paul Moody settled in the village in 1823, and took charge of the
+company's machine-shop, which was completed in 1826. Ezra Worthen was
+the first superintendent. The founders of the Merrimack Company
+contemplated from the first the introduction of calico-printing. In this
+they were successful, in 1826, when John D. Prince, from Manchester,
+England, took charge of the Merrimack print-works. Mr. Prince was
+assisted by the chemist, Dr. Samuel L. Dana; and together they made the
+products of the mills famous in all parts of the globe.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0015"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:right; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/109b.png"><img src="images/109b.png" style="height:10em;"
+alt="APPLETON-STREET PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH." /></a>
+<br />
+APPLETON-STREET PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.
+</div>
+<p>
+In 1825, the old Locks and Canals Company of 1792 was re-established as
+a separate corporation, with the added right to purchase, hold, sell, or
+lease land and water-power, and the affairs of the company
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page171" name="page171"></a>[171]</span>
+  were placed in the hands of Kirk Boott.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1820, there were in the villages of East Chelmsford, Belvidere, and
+Centralville, about two hundred and fifty inhabitants. Whipple's
+powder-mills and Howe's flannel-mill were then in operation, and there
+were several sawmills and gristmills. Ira Frye's Tavern stood on the
+site of the American House. There was Hurd's mill, a blacksmith shop at
+Massic Falls, a few other such establishments as a country village
+usually affords, and several substantial dwelling-houses, farmhouses,
+and cottages, conspicuous among which was the Livermore House in
+Belvidere.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0016"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="clear:both;">
+<a href="images/110.jpg"><img src="images/110.jpg" style="height: 16em;"
+alt="ROGERS HOMESTEAD, BELVIDERE." /></a>
+<br />
+ROGERS HOMESTEAD, BELVIDERE.
+</div>
+<p>
+The operations of the Merrimack Company soon attracted settlers. In
+1822, a regular line of stages was established between East Chelmsford
+and Boston. In 1824, the Chelmsford Courier was established, and
+became at once the organ of the growing community. The next year a
+militia company was organized; the Fourth of July was celebrated with
+appropriate ceremonies; the Middlesex Mechanics' Association and the
+Central Bridge Corporation were incorporated; the Hamilton Manufacturing
+Company was established; and the inhabitants of the village of East
+Chelmsford petitioned to be incorporated. The petition was granted, and
+Lowell became a town March 1, 1826, with a population of about two
+thousand. The name of the town was adopted in honor of Francis Cabot
+Lowell, a business associate of Nathan Appleton, and a promoter of the
+manufacture of cotton goods in this country.
+</p>
+<p>
+The years of 1827 and 1828 were marked by great depression in the
+commercial and manufacturing circles of the country, but Lowell had
+a good start, and her prosperity was assured. The Lowell Bank, the
+Appleton Company, and the Lowell Manufacturing Company, were established
+in 1828,&mdash;the year the first ton of coal was brought to town. The coal
+was used for fuel in the law office of Samuel H. Mann.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1829, the Lowell Institution for
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page172" name="page172"></a>[172]</span>
+
+  Savings was incorporated, and William Livingston established himself in
+trade. For a quarter of a century Mr. Livingston was one of the most
+active, most enterprising, and most public-spirited citizens of Lowell.
+Much of the western portion of the city was built up by his
+instrumentality.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0017"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:left; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/111a.png"><img src="images/111a.png" style="height: 18em;"
+alt="WORTHEN-STREET OR SECOND BAPTIST CHURCH." /></a>
+<br />
+WORTHEN-STREET OR SECOND BAPTIST CHURCH.
+</div>
+<p>
+The Middlesex Company was established in 1830, as was the Lowell fire
+department. The Town Hall was also built; and Lowell numbered sixty-four
+hundred and seventy-seven inhabitants.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0018"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:right; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/111b.png"><img src="images/111b.png" style="height: 10em;"
+alt="CENTRAL METHODIST CHURCH." /></a>
+<br />
+CENTRAL METHODIST CHURCH.
+</div>
+<p>
+In 1830, Mr. Jackson undertook to connect Boston and Lowell with a
+railroad. A macadamized road had been surveyed, when this new road was
+projected; and it was a part of the original plan to have the cars drawn
+by horses. The successful operation of Stephenson's Liverpool and
+Manchester Railroad was known to Mr. Jackson, and he was encouraged to
+persevere. The road was completed at a cost of $1,800,000 and was opened
+to the public, July 4, 1835. The cars and locomotive would be a
+curiosity to-day. The former, resembling Concord coaches, were divided
+by a partition into two compartments, each entered by two doors, on the
+sides. The interiors of the compartments were upholstered with
+drab-colored cashmere, and each accommodated eight passengers. The
+conductor and engineer had each a silver whistle. After the former had
+ascertained the destination of each passenger and collected the
+necessary fare, he would close the car doors, climb to his place in a
+cab at the top of the coach, and whistle to the engineer as a signal for
+starting. The engineer, who was protected by no cab, would respond with
+his whistle, when
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page173" name="page173"></a>[173]</span>
+
+  the train would dash out of the station. The brakes were such as are
+used on a coach, and it was a scientific matter, when the engineer gave
+his warning-whistle to break up a train on arriving at a station. The
+rails were secured to granite ties, by means of cast-iron plates, and
+the road was very, <i>very</i> solid. Frost soon rendered it necessary
+to introduce wooden ties, and nothing has yet been discovered which can
+be used as a substitute for them.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0019"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="clear:both;">
+<a href="images/112.png"><img src="images/112.png" style="height: 32em;"
+alt="JOHN NESMITH.
+Born in Londonderry, New Hampshire, August 3, 1793." /></a>
+<br />
+JOHN NESMITH.<br />
+Born in Londonderry, New Hampshire, August 3, 1793.
+</div>
+<p>
+The Lowell Railroad was not the first opened in the United States, but
+it was the first passenger road in successful operation in New England.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1831, the Railroad Bank was established.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1832, the Suffolk and Tremont Mills were established.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1833, the town felt the need of a police court, and one was
+established. Joseph Locke was the first justice. During the same year
+the Lawrence Mills were started; and the town was visited by President
+Andrew Jackson and members of his Cabinet, and later by the great
+statesman, Henry Clay.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1834, Belvidere was included in Lowell, and the town had the honor of
+entertaining Colonel David Crockett, George Thompson, M.P., the English
+abolitionist (not cordially), and M. Chevalier, the French political
+economist.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1835, Joel Stone, of Lowell, and Joseph P. Simpson, of Boston, built
+the steamboat Herald, for navigating between Lowell and Nashua, but the
+enterprise proved a failure; the Nashua
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page174" name="page174"></a>[174]</span>
+
+  and Lowell Railroad Company was incorporated; the Lowell Almshouse was
+started; the hall of the Middlesex Mechanics' Association was built; and
+the Lowell Courier, the oldest daily newspaper in Middlesex County, was
+established.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0020"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:left; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/113a.png"><img src="images/113a.png" style="height: 16em;"
+alt="SUFFOLK-STREET ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH." /></a>
+<br />
+SUFFOLK-STREET ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.
+</div>
+<p>
+In 1836, the population of Lowell was 17,633. During the year the Boott
+Mills were started, and a city charter was adopted.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0021"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:right; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/113b.png"><img src="images/113b.png" style="height: 12em;"
+alt="THE THIRD UNIVERSALIST CHURCH.
+Now Barristers' Hall." /></a>
+<br />
+THE THIRD UNIVERSALIST CHURCH.<br />
+Now Barristers' Hall.
+</div>
+<p>
+Dr. Elisha Bartlett was elected first mayor of the city of Lowell. He
+was succeeded, in 1838, by the Honorable Luther Lawrence; in 1840, by
+the Honorable Elisha Huntington, M.D.; in 1842, by the Honorable
+Nathaniel Wright; in 1844, by Dr. Huntington; in 1846, by the Honorable
+Jefferson Bancroft; in 1849, by the Honorable Josiah B. French; in 1851,
+by the Honorable J.H.B. Ayer; in 1852, by Dr. Huntington; in 1853, by
+the Honorable Sewall G. Mack; in 1855, by the Honorable Ambrose
+Lawrence; in 1856, by Dr. Huntington; in 1857, by the Honorable Stephen
+Mansur, the first Republican mayor; in 1858, by Dr. Huntington, for his
+eighth term; in 1859, by the Honorable James Cook; in 1860, by the
+Honorable Benjamin C. Sargent; in 1862, by the Honorable Hocum Hosford;
+in 1865, by the Honorable Josiah G. Peabody; in 1867, by the Honorable
+George F. Richardson; in 1869, by the Honorable Jonathan P. Folsom; in
+1871, by the Honorable Edward F. Sherman; in 1872, by the Honorable
+Josiah G. Peabody; in 1873, by the Honorable Francis Jewett; in 1876, by
+the Honorable Charles A. Stott; in 1878, by the Honorable John A.G.
+Richardson; in 1880, by the Honorable Frederic T. Greenhalge; in 1882,
+by the Honorable George Runels; in 1883, by the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page175" name="page175"></a>[175]</span>
+
+  present mayor, the Honorable John J. Donovan.
+</p>
+<p>
+The young city met with a serious loss April 11, 1837, in the sudden
+death of Kirk Boott.
+</p>
+<p>
+A county jail was built in 1838, and the Nashua and Lowell Railroad was
+opened for travel.
+</p>
+<p>
+Luther Lawrence was killed, April 17, 1839, by a fall into a wheel-pit.
+He was serving his second term as mayor of the city at the time of the
+accident. His residence was bought by the corporations and converted
+into the Lowell Hospital.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0022"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="clear:both;">
+<a href="images/114.jpg"><img src="images/114.jpg" style="height: 32em;"
+alt="WILLIAM  LIVINGSTON.
+Born April 12, 1803. Died March 17, 1855." /></a>
+<br />
+WILLIAM  LIVINGSTON.<br />
+Born April 12, 1803. Died March 17, 1855.
+</div>
+<p>
+In 1840, the Massachusetts Mills were established; and the South Common,
+of about twenty acres, and the North Common, of about ten acres, were
+laid out. During this year appeared the Lowell Offering, a monthly
+journal, edited by Miss Harriet Farley and Miss Hariot Curtiss, two
+factory girls. The journal was praised by John G. Whittier, Charles
+Dickens, and other gifted writers, for its intrinsic merits.
+</p>
+<p>
+Lowell is largely indebted to Oliver M. Whipple for its cemetery, which
+was consecrated June 20, 1841. It contains about forty-five acres, and
+has near the centre a small gothic chapel.
+</p>
+<p>
+In January, 1842, Charles Dickens made a flying visit to Lowell, and has
+left on record in American Notes his impressions of the city.
+</p>
+<p>
+During this period the court-room of the city was occasionally graced by
+the presence of Daniel Webster and Rufus Choate.
+</p>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page176" name="page176"></a>[176]</span>
+</p>
+<p>
+The City Library was instituted in 1844.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Stony Brook Railroad Company was incorporated in 1845.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Honorable Nathan Crosby was appointed justice of the police court in
+1846, and still continues in office. The Lowell and Lawrence Railroad
+was incorporated this year, and the population of Lowell numbered
+29,127.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0023"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure">
+<a href="images/115.jpg"><img src="images/115.jpg" style="height: 30em;"
+alt="SAINT ANNE'S CHURCH, 1840." /></a>
+<br />
+SAINT ANNE'S CHURCH, 1840.
+</div>
+<p>
+President James K. Polk visited Lowell in 1847; and the city met with
+the loss of Patrick Tracy Jackson, a man whose name should be always
+honored in Lowell. The great Northern Canal was completed this year by
+James B. Francis, the most distinguished hydraulic engineer in the
+United States. It was a stupendous work and stands a monument to the
+genius of its constructor. Daniel Webster, in company with Abbott
+Lawrence, rode along its dry channel, before the water was admitted, and
+fully appreciated the immense undertaking.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Salem and Lowell Railroad was incorporated in 1848, and was opened
+for travel two years later.
+</p>
+<p>
+The reservoir on Lynde's Hill was constructed in 1849.
+</p>
+<p>
+Gas was introduced, and the Court House on Gorham Street built, in 1850.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1851, Centralville, previously a part of Dracut, was included within
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page177" name="page177"></a>[177]</span>
+
+  the city limits, and the Lowell Reform School was established.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1852, George Wellman completed his first working model of his self
+top card stripper&mdash;one of the most valuable inventions of the present
+century; Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian patriot, visited Lowell; and the
+Legislature of Massachusetts enacted the first prohibitory liquor law.
+</p>
+<p>
+The City Hall was reconstructed in 1853. The Lowell Jail was built in
+1856. Thomas H. Benton visited Lowell in 1857. Washington Square was
+laid out in 1858.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0024"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure">
+<a href="images/116.jpg"><img src="images/116.jpg" style="height: 36em;"
+alt="OLIVER M. WHIPPLE." /></a>
+<br />
+OLIVER M. WHIPPLE.
+</div>
+<p>
+During the dark days of the Rebellion, Lowell responded loyally to the
+appeal for soldiers and money, and of her young men many of the best
+were sacrificed to preserve the Union.
+</p>
+<p>
+The fall of Fort Sumter produced a profound sensation in Lowell. Four
+companies from the city hastened to join their regiment: the Mechanic
+Phalanx, under command of Captain Albert S. Follansbee; the City Guards,
+Captain James W. Hart; the Watson Light Guard, Captain John F. Noyes,
+and the Lawrence Cadets (National Grays), Captain Josiah A. Sawtelle.
+They assembled at Huntington Hall, the day after President Lincoln's
+call for troops, and were mustered into the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment
+under command of Colonel Edward F. Jones. They at once proceeded to
+Boston and
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page178" name="page178"></a>[178]</span>
+
+  were joined at Faneuil Hall by the other companies of the regiment and
+the next day were on their way to the seat of war. A detachment of the
+regiment had to fight their way through a mob in Baltimore, and four of
+the Lowell City Guards were the first to lay down their lives in the
+great drama of war known as the Rebellion. Addison O. Whitney and Luther
+C. Ladd, of Lowell, were the first martyrs; their last resting-place is
+commemorated by a monument in a public square of the city. The regiment
+arrived at Washington, were quartered in the Senate Chamber, and formed
+the nucleus of the rapidly gathering Northern army. The Hill Cadets,
+under Captain S. Proctor, and the Richardson Light Infantry, Captain
+Phineas A. Davis, were formed the day after the Baltimore riot. The
+company known as the Abbott Grays, under Captain Edward Gardner Abbott,
+was organized five days later. That called the Butler Rifles was
+organized May 1, by Eben James and Thomas O'Hare.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0025"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:left; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/117a.png"><img src="images/117a.png" style="height: 18em;"
+alt="FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, 1860." /></a>
+<br />
+FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, 1860.
+</div>
+<p>
+While these active preparations for war were progressing, Judge Crosby
+called a public meeting, April 20, at which the Pioneer Soldiers' Aid
+Association, the germ of the Sanitary Commission, was formed. The city
+government was liberal, too, in its appropriations for the families of
+absent soldiers. In September, Camp Chase, a military rendezvous, was
+established at Lowell.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0026"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:right; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/117b.png"><img src="images/117b.png" style="height: 12em;"
+alt="KIRK-STREET CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, 1840." /></a>
+<br />
+KIRK-STREET CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, 1840.
+</div>
+<p>
+Among the first, and most distinguished, of the citizens of Lowell to
+offer his services to the general government at this crisis, was General
+Benjamin F. Butler, already a lawyer and orator of great reputation, who
+had previously held high rank in the militia.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page179" name="page179"></a>[179]</span>
+
+  Six companies from Lowell joined his expedition to the Gulf.
+</p>
+<p>
+Early in 1862, the Sixth and Seventh Batteries, mostly Lowell men, were
+organized. In response to the President's call in July, 1862, three
+companies joined the Thirty-third Regiment. In August, the Sixth
+Regiment again entered the field for a campaign of nine months.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0027"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="clear:both;">
+<a href="images/118.jpg"><img src="images/118.jpg" style="height:36em;"
+alt="FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, 1840." /></a>
+<br />
+FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, 1840.
+</div>
+<p>
+In February, 1863, Lowell sent to the war the Fifteenth Battery, in
+command of Captain Timothy Pearson and Lieutenant Albert Rowse. During
+this month the ladies of the city raised about five thousand dollars for
+the Sanitary Commission by a Soldiers' Fair&mdash;the second held in the
+Northern States. In July, 1863, the "draft" called for over four hundred
+additional soldiers from Lowell; less than thirty were forced into the
+service. These were the palmy days for the substitute brokers and
+bounty-jumpers. In July, 1864, the Sixth Regiment again responded, and
+served one hundred days.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1865, came the close of the war and the return of the battle-scarred
+veterans. During the long struggle more than five thousand citizens of
+Lowell were in the army and navy of the United States, and the city
+expended over $300,000 in equipment and bounties.
+</p>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page180" name="page180"></a>[180]</span>
+</p>
+<p>
+The Lowell Horse Railroad Company and the First National Bank were
+incorporated in 1864. The French-Canadians began to settle in Lowell
+just after the war.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0028"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:left; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/119a.png"><img src="images/119a.png" style="height:18em;"
+alt="ST. PETER'S ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH, 1860." /></a>
+<br />
+ST. PETER'S ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH, 1860.
+</div>
+<p>
+In October, 1866, Dr. J.C. Ayer presented the city with the statue of
+Victory which stands in Monument Square.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Old Ladies' Home was dedicated July 10, 1867. St. John's Hospital
+was completed and opened in 1868. It occupies the site of the old yellow
+house built in 1770 by Timothy Brown. In November of the same year the
+first meeting of the Old Residents' Historical Association of Lowell was
+held at the store of Joshua Merrill; in December, the city was visited
+by General Grant.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1869, the city authorities undertook a system of water-supply works
+which was completed four years later; the Lowell Hosiery Company was
+incorporated in May. The Thorndike Manufacturing Company commenced
+operations in June, 1870.
+</p>
+<p>
+The fire-alarm telegraph was introduced in 1871; in August, trains on
+the Lowell and Framingham Railroad commenced running; in November, the
+new iron bridge across the Merrimack was finished; during the year, the
+city suffered severely from the scourge of small-pox.
+</p>
+<p>
+The boundaries of Lowell were extended, in 1873, to include Middlesex
+Village, taken from Chelmsford, and a part of Dracut and Tewksbury. A
+new railroad by the way of Andover connected Lowell with Boston in 1874.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0029"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:right; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/119b.png"><img src="images/119b.png" style="height:14em;"
+alt="OLD FIRST UNIVERSALIST CHURCH,
+Which stood on site of the Boston and Maine Railroad Station." /></a>
+<br />
+OLD FIRST UNIVERSALIST CHURCH,<br />
+Which stood on site of the Boston and Maine Railroad Station.
+</div>
+<p>
+The city celebrated the semi-centennial of its incorporation, March 1,
+1876.
+</p>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page181" name="page181"></a>[181]</span>
+</p>
+<p>
+The Emperor Dom Pedro of Brazil visited the city in June of the same
+year.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Lowell Art Association was formed in May, 1878. In December of that
+year the waters of the Merrimack rose nearly eleven feet on Pawtucket
+Dam; in the same month the Merrimack Company introduced the electric
+light.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0030"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="clear:both;">
+<a href="images/120.jpg"><img src="images/120.jpg" style="height: 36em;"
+alt="JOHN DYNELY PRINCE.
+Born in England, 1780. Died January 5, 1860." /></a>
+<br />
+JOHN DYNELY PRINCE.<br />
+Born in England, 1780. Died January 5, 1860.
+</div>
+<p>
+Merrimack Company introduced the electric light.
+</p>
+<p>
+In August, 1880, Boston and Lowell were connected by telephone.
+</p>
+<p>
+As one glances over the history of Lowell, he recognizes the fact that
+the city has gained its prominence, its wealth, and its population,
+chiefly through the great corporations, and the wisdom of their early
+managers; accordingly the record of these corporate bodies is intimately
+connected with the annals of the city. The reader has noted the fact
+that the first impetus was given to the place by the acts of the
+Merrimack Manufacturing Company. This company was incorporated February
+5, 1822; and the first mill was started the following year. The company
+is not only the oldest in the city but is the largest, employing the
+most operatives and producing the most cloth; their chimney, two hundred
+and eighty-three feet high, is the tallest in the country.
+</p>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page182" name="page182"></a>[182]</span>
+</p>
+<p>
+Ezra Worthen, the first superintendent of the mills, died, suddenly,
+June 18, 1824, and was succeeded by Warren Colburn, the author of the
+popular arithmetic. Mr. Colburn died September 13, 1833, and was
+succeeded by John Clark, who held the office until 1848. Mr. Clark was
+succeeded by Emory Washburn, afterward Governor of Massachusetts, by
+Edward L. Lebreton, and from 1850 to 1865 by Isaac Hinckley, now
+president of the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad. John
+C. Palfrey was superintendent from 1865 to 1874, when Joseph S. Ludlam
+was appointed. The print-works were in charge of Kirk Boott in 1822;
+after him was Allen Pollock, 1823 to 1826; John D. Prince, 1826 to 1855;
+Henry Barrows, 1855 to 1878; James Duckworth, 1878 to 1882; Robert
+Latham, since 1882. The treasurers of the company have been Kirk Boott,
+Francis C. Lowell, Eben Chadwick, Francis B. Crowinshield, Arthur T.
+Lyman, Augustus Lowell, and Charles H. Dalton.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0031"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:left; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/121a.png"><img src="images/121a.png" style="height:16em;"
+alt="UNITARIAN CHURCH, 1845." /></a>
+<br />
+UNITARIAN CHURCH, 1845.
+</div>
+<p>
+The property of the company occupies twenty-four acres of land. They
+have five mills besides the print-works, 153,552 spindles, 4,465 looms,
+and employ 3,300 operatives. They use up 18,000 tons of coal. The prints
+made at this establishment, are marked "Merrimack," and are too well
+known to require description.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Hamilton Manufacturing Company was incorporated in 1825. The
+treasurers have been William Appleton, 1825; Ebenezer Appleton, 1830;
+George W. Lyman, 1833; Thomas G. Cary, 1839; William B. Bacon, 1859;
+Arthur T. Lyman, 1860; Arthur L. Devens, 1863; Eben Bacon, 1867; Samuel
+Batchelder, 1869; George R. Chapman, 1876;
+</p>
+<a name="image-0032"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:right; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/121b.png"><img src="images/121b.png" style="height:18em;"
+alt="FIRST UNIVERSALIST CHURCH, HURD STREET." /></a>
+<br />
+FIRST UNIVERSALIST CHURCH, HURD STREET.
+</div>
+<p>
+James A. Dupee, since 1870. The agents have been Samuel Batchelder,
+1825; John Avery, 1831; O.H.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page183" name="page183"></a>[183]</span>
+
+  Moulton, since 1864. The superintendents of print-works have been
+William Spencer, 1828; William Hunter, 1862; William Harley, 1866;
+Thomas Walsh, 1876. The company manufactures flannels, prints, ticks,
+stripes, drills, and sheetings.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Appleton Company was incorporated in 1828. The treasurers have been
+William Appleton, 1828; Patrick T. Jackson, 1829; George W. Lyman, 1832;
+Thomas G. Cary, 1841; William B. Bacon, 1859; Arthur T. Lyman, 1861;
+Arthur L. Devens, 1863; John A. Burnham, 1867; George Motley, 1867;
+James A. Dupee, since 1874. The superintendents have been John Avery,
+1828; George Motley, 1831; J.H. Sawyer, 1867; Daniel Wright, 1881. The
+company manufactures sheetings, drillings, and yarn.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0033"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="clear:both;">
+<a href="images/122.jpg"><img src="images/122.jpg" style="height:32em;"
+alt="NATHAN CROSBY.
+Born in Sandwich, New Hampshire, February 12, 1798." /></a>
+<br />
+NATHAN CROSBY.<br />
+Born in Sandwich, New Hampshire, February 12, 1798.
+</div>
+<p>
+The Lowell Manufacturing Company was incorporated in 1828. The
+treasurers have been Frederick Cabot, 1828; George W. Lyman, 1831;
+Nathaniel W. Appleton, 1841; William C. Appleton, 1843; J. Thomas
+Stevenson, 1847; Israel Whitney, 1848; Charles L. Harding, 1863; David
+B. Jewett, 1865; Samuel Fay, 1874; George C. Richardson, 1880; Arthur T.
+Lyman, 1881. The superintendents have been Alexander Wright, 1828;
+Samuel Fay, 1852; Andrew F. Swapp, 1874; Albion C. Lyon was appointed
+June 1, 1883. The company makes ingrain, Brussels, and Wilton carpets.
+</p>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page184" name="page184"></a>[184]</span>
+</p>
+<a name="image-0034"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:left; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/123a.png"><img src="images/123a.png" style="height: 20em;"
+alt="FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH." /></a>
+<br />
+FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH.
+</div>
+<p>
+The Middlesex Company was incorporated in 1830. The treasurers have
+been William D. Stone, 1830; Samuel Lawrence, 1840; R.S. Fay, 1857;
+George Z. Silsbee, 1882. The agents have been James Cook, 1830; Nelson
+Palmer, 1845; Samuel Lawrence, 1846; O.H. Perry, 1848; William T. Mann,
+1851; Josiah Humphrey, 1852; James Cook, 1858; O.H. Perry, 1858;
+G.V. Fox, 1869; William C. Avery, 1874; O.H. Perry, from June, 1882.
+O. Saunderson, superintendent. The company makes indigo blue coatings,
+cassimeres, police, yacht, and cadet cloth, ladies' sackings, beavers,
+and shawls.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Suffolk Manufacturing Company was incorporated January 17, 1831. The
+proprietors of the Tremont Mills were incorporated March 19, 1831. The
+two were consolidated in 1871. The treasurers of Suffolk Manufacturing
+Company were John W. Boott, 1831; Henry Hall, 1832; Henry V. Ward, 1857;
+Walter Hastings, 1865; William A. Burke, 1868; James C. Ayer, 1870. The
+treasurers of the proprietors of the Tremont Mills were William
+Appleton, 1831; Henry Hall, 1832; Henry V. Ward, 1857; Walter Hastings,
+1865; William A. Burke, 1868; James C. Ayer, 1870. The treasurers of
+Tremont and Suffolk Mills have been James C. Ayer, 1871; John C.
+Birdseye, 1872. The agents of Suffolk Manufacturing Company were Robert
+Means, 1831; John Wright, 1842; Thomas S. Shaw, 1868.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0035"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:right; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/123b.png"><img src="images/123b.png" style="height:16em;"
+alt="WORTHEN-STREET METHODIST CHURCH." /></a>
+<br />
+WORTHEN-STREET METHODIST CHURCH.
+</div>
+<p>
+The agents of the proprietors of the Tremont Mills were Israel Whitney,
+1831; John Aiken, 1834; Charles L.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page185" name="page185"></a>[185]</span>
+
+  Tilden, 1837; Charles F. Battles, 1858; Thomas S. Shaw, 1870. The agent
+of Tremont and Suffolk Mills is Thomas S. Shaw, appointed August 19,
+1871. These mills make jeans, cotton flannels, drillings, sheetings,
+shirtings and print cloth.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Lawrence Manufacturing Company was incorporated in 1831. The
+treasurers have been William Appleton, 1831; Henry Hall, 1832; Henry V.
+Ward, 1857; T. Jefferson Coolidge, 1868; Lucius M. Sargent, 1880. The
+agents have been William Austin, 1830; John Aiken, 1837; William S.
+Southworth, 1849; William F. Salmon, 1865; Daniel Hussey, 1869; John
+Kilburn, 1878. The company makes shirtings, sheetings, cotton flannels,
+and cotton and merino hosiery.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0036"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="clear:both;">
+<a href="images/124.jpg"><img src="images/124.jpg" style="height:36em;"
+alt="GEORGE WELLMAN.
+Born in Boston, March 16, 1810. Died April 4, 1864." /></a>
+<br />
+GEORGE WELLMAN.<br />
+Born in Boston, March 16, 1810. Died April 4, 1864.
+</div>
+<p>
+The Boott Cotton Mills were incorporated in 1835. The treasurers have
+been John Amory Lowell, 1835; J. Pickering Putnam, 1848; T. Jefferson
+Coolidge, 1858; Richard D. Rogers, 1865; Augustus Lowell, 1875. The
+agents have been Benjamin F. French, 1836; Linus Child, 1845; William A.
+Burke, 1862; Alexander G. Cumnock, 1868. The company makes sheetings,
+shirtings, and printing cloth.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Massachusetts Cotton Mills were incorporated in 1838. The treasurers
+have been John Amory Lowell, 1839;
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page186" name="page186"></a>[186]</span>
+
+  Homer Bartlett, 1848; George Atkinson, 1872. The agents have been Homer
+Bartlett, 1840; Joseph White, 1848; Frank F. Battles, 1856. The mills
+turn out sheetings, shirtings, and drillings.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0037"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:left; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/125a.png"><img src="images/125a.png" style="height:16em;"
+alt="LEE-STREET UNITARIAN CHURCH.
+Now French Catholic. Enlarged and rebuilt." /></a>
+<br />
+LEE-STREET UNITARIAN CHURCH.<br />
+Now French Catholic. Enlarged and rebuilt.
+</div>
+<p>
+The Lowell Machine Shop was incorporated in 1845. The treasurers have
+been J. Thomas Stevenson, 1845; William A. Burke, from 1876. The agents
+have been William A. Burke, 1845; Mertoun C. Bryant, 1862; Andrew Moody,
+1862; George Richardson, 1870; Charles L. Hildreth, 1879. The company
+makes all kinds of machinery for mills.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Proprietors of Locks and Canals on Merrimack River were incorporated
+in 1792. The treasurers have been Joseph Cutler, 1792; W.W. Prout,
+1804; Samuel Cutler, 1809; Samuel Tenney, 1817; Kirk Boott, 1822; Joseph
+Tilden, 1837; P.T. Jackson, 1838; John T. Morse, 1845. The agents have
+been Kirk Boott, 1822; Joseph Tilden, 1837; William Boott, 1838; James
+B. Francis, 1845, to present date.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0038"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:right; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/125b.png"><img src="images/125b.png" style="height:18em;"
+alt="PRESCOTT-STREET CHURCH." /></a>
+<br />
+PRESCOTT-STREET CHURCH.
+</div>
+<p>
+The Winnipiseogee Lake Cotton and Woolen Manufacturing Company was
+incorporated in 1831. The presidents were Abbott Lawrence, from August,
+1846, to July, 1850; Henry Hall, to June, 1856; Francis B. Crowinshield,
+to August, 1857; John Amory Lowell, to June, 1864; J. Thomas Stevenson,
+to June, 1877; Richard S. Fay, until his decease, March 7, 1882. The
+treasurers were James Bell, from 1845 until his decease, in May, 1857;
+Francis B. Crowinshield, to October, 1861; J. Thomas Stevenson, to June,
+1864; Homer Bartlett, to June, 1872; Charles S. Storrow, to June, 1878;
+James A. Dupee, to June, 1882. Directors,
+</p>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page187" name="page187"></a>[187]</span>
+</p>
+<p>
+1883: Charles Storrow, president; James A. Dupee, Augustus Lowell,
+Howard Stockton, George Atkinson. Clerk of corporation, Augustus T.
+Owen; treasurer, George Atkinson; agent, T.P. Hutchinson. The company
+guards the storage of water at Lake Winnipiseogee.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0039"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="clear:both;">
+<a href="images/126a.png"><img src="images/126a.png" style="height:20em;"
+alt="LOWELL MACHINE SHOP About 1860." /></a>
+<br />
+LOWELL MACHINE SHOP About 1860.
+</div>
+<a name="image-0040"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="clear:both;">
+<a href="images/126b.png"><img src="images/126b.png" style="height:20em;"
+alt="APPLETON MILLS. 1845." /></a>
+<br />
+APPLETON MILLS. 1845.
+</div>
+<p>
+Nor would a sketch of Lowell be complete without mention of the firm of
+J.C. Ayer and Company. Dr. J.C. Ayer started the business in 1837, when
+he offered to physicians the prescription of cherry pectoral. It soon
+became a very popular remedy, and he was soon embarked in the enterprise
+of manufacturing it. Liter he added to the list of his proprietary
+medicines cathartic pills, sarsaparilla, ague cure, and hair vigor. He
+died July 3,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page188" name="page188"></a>[188]</span>
+
+  1878, after having accumulated a princely fortune. His brother, and
+partner, Frederick Ayer, conducts the business. The firm occupy several
+large buildings and employ three hundred people. The world demands
+fifteen tons of Ayer's pills yearly. They publish thirteen million
+almanacs, in ten languages, issuing twenty-six editions for different
+localities, keeping several large presses constantly at work.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0041"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:left; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/127a.png"><img src="images/127a.png" style="height:16em;"
+alt="HIGH-STREET CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH." /></a>
+<br />
+HIGH-STREET CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH.
+</div>
+<p>
+C.J. Hood and Company also make sarsaparilla and other proprietary
+medicines. They employ seventy-five operatives.
+</p>
+<p>
+E.W. Hoyt and Company employ twenty hands, and make two million bottles
+of German cologne.
+</p>
+<p>
+There are numerous other manufactories in the city, of more or less
+extent. Their products consist of porus and adhesive plasters, lung
+protectors, sulphuric, hydrochloric, and nitric acids, and other
+chemicals and dye-stuffs, belting, paper stock, yarns, shoulder-braces,
+suspenders, shoe-linings, elastic webbing, sackings, rugs, mats, gauze
+undergarments, looms, harnesses, felting, hose, bunting, seamless flags,
+awning stripes, reeds, braid, cord, chalk-lines, picture cords, twines,
+belts, fire hose, leather, bolts, nuts, screws, washers, boilers,
+tanks, kettles, presses, fire-escapes, water-wheels, wire-heddles,
+card-clothing, wood-working and knitting machinery, cartridges,
+chimney-caps, stamps, tools, lathes, files, wire-cloth, scales, steel
+wire, paper boxes, music stands, mouldings, carriages, sleighs,
+shuttles, doors, sashes, blinds, furniture, asbestos covering, blotters,
+crayons, drain-pipe, glue, lamp-black, machine brushes, matches, croquet
+sets.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0042"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:right; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/127b.png"><img src="images/127b.png" style="height:10em;"
+alt="MERRIMAC HOUSE.
+Built in 1833, rebuilt in 1873. Henry Emery proprietor since 1845." /></a>
+<br />
+MERRIMAC HOUSE.<br />
+Built in 1833, rebuilt in 1873. Henry Emery proprietor since 1845.
+</div>
+<p>
+Proper attention has always been paid
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page189" name="page189"></a>[189]</span>
+
+  to education in Lowell, In 1822, there were two schoolhouses within the
+territory, one near the pound, the other near the stone house at
+Pawtucket Falls. The Merrimack Company soon after its organization built
+a schoolhouse on Merrimack Street and paid the teacher. The Reverend
+Theodore Edson had charge of the school. Joel Lewis was the first male
+teacher. Alfred V. Bassett was the second. In 1829, the school had one
+hundred and sixty-five pupils. In 1834, the school was divided. The High
+School building on Kirk Street was erected in 1840, and remodeled in
+1867. Charles C. Chase was teacher from 1845 to 1883. He was succeeded
+by Frank F. Coburn, the present teacher.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0043"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="c;ear:both;">
+<a href="images/128.png"><img src="images/128.png" style="height:36em;"
+alt="SOLON A. PERKINS.
+Born in Lancaster, N.H., December 6, 1836. Killed in Louisiana,
+June 3, 1863." /></a>
+<br />
+SOLON A. PERKINS.<br />
+Born in Lancaster, N.H., December 6, 1836. Killed in Louisiana,
+June 3, 1863.
+</div>
+<p>
+After the log chapel presided over by the Indian Samuel had fallen into
+decay, a century and a half passed before another place of worship was
+erected within the limits of Lowell. In December, 1822, a committee was
+appointed by the Merrimack Corporation to build a suitable church, and
+in April, 1824, the sum of nine thousand dollars was appropriated for
+the purpose. The church was organized February 24, 1824, as "The
+Merrimack Religious Society," and the Episcopal form of
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page190" name="page190"></a>[190]</span>
+
+  worship was adopted. The first religious services were conducted by the
+Reverend Theodore Edson, on Sunday, March 7, 1824, in the schoolhouse.
+The church edifice is known as St. Anne's, and was consecrated by Bishop
+Griswold, March 16, 1825. The Reverend Dr. Edson was the first rector.
+After a pastorate of over half a century, he died in 1883. In the tower
+of St. Anne's is a chime of eleven bells, mounted in 1857, and weighing
+five tons.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0044"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:left; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/129a.png"><img src="images/129a.png" style="height:16em;"
+alt="Bvt. Brig. Gen. HENRY LIVERMORE ABBOTT.
+Born in Lowell, January 21, 1842. Killed in battle of the
+Wilderness, May 6, 1864." /></a>
+<br />
+Bvt. Brig. Gen. HENRY LIVERMORE ABBOTT.<br />
+Born in Lowell, January 21, 1842. Killed in battle of the
+Wilderness, May 6, 1864.
+</div>
+<a name="image-0045"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:right; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/129b.jpg"><img src="images/129b.jpg" style="height:18em;"
+alt="Major EDWARD GARDNER ABBOTT.
+Born in Lowell, September 29, 1840. Killed at the battle
+of Cedar Mountain, August 9, 1862." /></a>
+<br />
+Major EDWARD GARDNER ABBOTT.<br />
+Born in Lowell, September 29, 1840. Killed at the battle
+of Cedar Mountain, August 9, 1862.
+</div>
+<p>
+The First Baptist Church was organized February 8, 1826. The church
+edifice, built the same year, occupied land given to the society by
+Thomas Hurd. It was dedicated November 15, 1826, when the Reverend John
+Cookson was installed as pastor. He was dismissed August 5, 1827, and
+was succeeded, June 4, 1828, by the Reverend Enoch N. Freeman, who died
+September 22, 1835. The Reverend Joseph W. Eaton was ordained pastor,
+February 24, 1836, and dismissed February 1, 1837. The Reverend Joseph
+Ballard was installed December 25, 1837, and dismissed September 1,
+1845. The Reverend Daniel C. Eddy was ordained January 29, 1846, was
+speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1855, was
+chaplain of the Senate in 1856, and was dismissed at the close of 1856.
+The Reverend William H. Alden was installed June 14, 1857, and dismissed
+in April, 1864. The Reverend William E. Stanton
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page191" name="page191"></a>[191]</span>
+
+  was ordained November 2, 1865, and resigned June 30, 1870; the Reverend
+Norman C. Mallory was settled September 14, 1870, and resigned June 30,
+1874; the Reverend Orson E. Mallory was settled March 24, 1875, resigned
+February 28, 1878; the Reverend Thomas M. Colwell was settled May 4,
+1878.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0046"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:right; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/130a.png"><img src="images/130a.png" style="height:20em;"
+alt="NORTHERN RAILROAD STATION." /></a>
+<br />
+NORTHERN RAILROAD STATION.
+</div>
+<p>
+The First Congregational Church was organized June 6, 1826. The church
+edifice was built, in 1827, on land given by the Locks and Canals
+Company. The Reverend George C. Beckwith, the first pastor, was ordained
+July 18, 1827, and dismissed March 18, 1829. The Reverend Amos
+Blanchard, D.D., was ordained December 5, 1829, and dismissed May 21,
+1845, when he became pastor of the Kirk-street Church. The Reverend
+Willard Child was installed pastor, October 1, 1845, and dismissed
+January 31, 1855. The Reverend J.L. Jenkins was ordained October, 17,
+1855, and dismissed in April, 1862. The Reverend George N. Webber was
+installed in October, 1862, and dismissed April 1, 1867. The Reverend
+Horace James was installed October 31, 1867, and dismissed December 13,
+1870. The Reverend Smith Baker was installed September 13, 1871.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0047"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:left; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/130b.png"><img src="images/130b.png" style="height:12em;"
+alt="BLOCK AT CORNER OF CENTRAL AND MIDDLE STREETS, 1848." /></a>
+<br />
+BLOCK AT CORNER OF CENTRAL AND MIDDLE STREETS, 1848.
+</div>
+<p>
+The Hurd-street Methodist Episcopal Church dates from 1826; the church
+edifice was built in 1839. The Reverend Benjamin Griffin was pastor in
+1826; the Reverend A.D. Merrill, in 1827; the Reverend B.F. Limbert, in
+1828; the Reverend A.D. Sargent, in 1829; the Reverend E.K. Avery, in
+1830 and 1831; the Reverend George Pickering, in 1832; the Rev. A.D.
+Merrill, in 1833 and 1834; the Reverend Ira M. Bidwell, in 1835; the
+Reverend Orange
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page192" name="page192"></a>[192]</span>
+
+  Scott, in 1836; the Reverend E.M. Stickney, in 1837 and 1838; the
+Reverend Orange Scott, in 1839 and 1840; the Reverend Schuyler Hoes, in
+1841 and 1842; the Reverend W.H. Hatch, in 1843 and 1844; the Reverend
+Abel Stevens, in 1845; the Reverend C.K. True, in 1846 and 1847; the
+Reverend A.A. Willets, in 1848; the Reverend John H. Twombly, in 1849
+and 1850; the Reverend G.F. Cox, in 1851 and 1852; the Reverend L.D.
+Barrows, in 1853 and 1854; the Reverend D.E. Chapin, in 1855; the
+Reverend George M. Steele, in 1856 and 1857; the Reverend H.M. Loud, in
+1858 and 1859; the Reverend William R. Clark, in 1860 and 1861; the
+Reverend Daniel Dorchester, in 1862 and 1863; the Reverend Samuel F.
+Upham, in 1864, 1865, and 1866 (during the year 1865 he was chaplain of
+the Massachusetts House of Representatives); the Reverend S.F. Jones, in
+1867. The church is known as St. Paul's, and the Reverend Hiram D.
+Weston is the present pastor.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0048"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:left; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/131a.png"><img src="images/131a.png" style="height:20em;"
+alt="COUNTY COURT HOUSE, GORHAM STREET, 1860." /></a>
+<br />
+COUNTY COURT HOUSE, GORHAM STREET, 1860.
+</div>
+<a name="image-0049"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:right; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/131b.png"><img src="images/131b.png" style="height:10em;"
+alt="LOWELL SKATING RINK, GORHAM STREET." /></a>
+<br />
+LOWELL SKATING RINK, GORHAM STREET.
+</div>
+<p>
+The First Universalist Church was organized in July, 1827. The following
+year they built their church on Chapel Street, but removed it in 1837 to
+Central Street. The Reverend Eliphalet Case was pastor from 1828 to
+1830; the Reverend Calvin Gardner, from 1830 to 1833; the Reverend
+Thomas B. Thayer, from 1833 to 1845; the Reverend E.G. Brooks, in 1845;
+the Reverend Uriah Clark, from 1846 to 1850; the Reverend Thomas B.
+Thayer, from 1851 to October, 1857; the Reverend J.J. Twiss,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page193" name="page193"></a>[193]</span>
+
+  from 1859 to January 1, 1872; the Reverend G.T. Flanders was settled in
+1872; the Reverend George W. Bicknell was settled December 21, 1880.
+</p>
+<p>
+The South Congregational (Unitarian) Church was organized November 7,
+1830, and the edifice was dedicated December 25, 1832. The Reverend
+William Barry was pastor from 1830 to 1835; the Reverend Henry A. Mills,
+D.D., from 1836 to 1853; the Reverend Theodore Tibbetts, in 1855 and
+1856; the Reverend Frederick Hinckley, from 1856 to 1864; the Reverend
+Charles Grinnell was settled February 19, 1867; the Reverend Henry
+Blanchard was ordained January 19, 1871; the Reverend Josiah Lafayette
+Seward was ordained December 31, 1874.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0050"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="clear:both;">
+<a href="images/132.png"><img src="images/132.png" style="height:20em;"
+alt="DANIEL LOVEJOY AND SON'S MACHINE KNIFE WORKS." /></a>
+<br />
+DANIEL LOVEJOY AND SON'S MACHINE KNIFE WORKS.
+</div>
+<p>
+The Appleton-street (Orthodox) Congregational Church was organized
+December 2, 1830; their edifice was built the following year. The
+Reverend William Twining was pastor from 1831 to 1835; A.C. Burnap,
+from 1837 to 1852; the Reverend George Darling, from 1852 to 1855; the
+Reverend John P. Cleaveland, D.D., from 1855 to 1862, when he became
+chaplain of the Thirtieth Massachusetts Regiment in the Department of
+the Gulf; the Reverend J.E. Rankin, from 1863 to 1865; the Reverend A.P.
+Foster, was settled October 3, 1866, resigned October 17, 1868; the
+Reverend J.M. Green was installed July 30, 1870.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Worthen-street Baptist Church was organized in 1831. The edifice
+known as St. Mary's Church was built for this society. Their present
+edifice was built in 1838. The Reverend James Barnaby was pastor from
+1832 to 1835; the Reverend Lemuel Porter, from 1835 to 1851; the
+Reverend J.W. Smith, from 1851 to 1853; the Reverend D.D. Winn, from
+1853 to 1855; the Reverend T.D. Worrall, from 1855 to 1857; the Reverend
+J.W.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page194" name="page194"></a>[194]</span>
+
+  Bonham, from 1857 to 1860; the Reverend George F. Warren, from 1860 to
+1867; the Reverend F.R. Morse, from 1867 to 1870; the Reverend D.H.
+Miller, D.D., from 1870 to 1873; the Reverend E.A. Lecompte, in 1873.
+The present pastor is the Reverend John C. Emery.
+</p>
+
+<a name="image-0051"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:left; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/133a.png"><img src="images/133a.png" style="height:20em;"
+alt="HOYT &amp; SHEDD'S BLOCK, MIDDLESEX STREET." /></a>
+<br />
+HOYT &amp; SHEDD'S BLOCK, MIDDLESEX STREET.
+</div>
+<p>
+In 1831, the St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Church was erected, but was
+replaced in 1854 by the present more spacious edifice. The church was
+consecrated October 29, 1854, by Bishop Fitzpatrick, of Boston, and
+Bishop O'Riley, of Hartford. The pastors have been the Reverend John
+Mahoney, the Reverend Peter Connelly, the Reverend James T. McDermott,
+the Reverend Henry J. Tucker, and the Reverend John O'Brien.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1833, a free church of the Christian denomination was organized under
+the ministry of the Reverend Timothy Cole. The experiment proved a
+failure and the building was afterwards converted to the uses of an
+armory.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Freewill Baptist Church was organized in 1834, and in 1837 a
+spacious edifice was erected. Through mismanagement the society came to
+grief and the building was used for commercial purposes. In 1853, the
+society built another edifice on Paige Street. The pastors of this
+church have been the Reverend Nathaniel Thurston, the Reverend Jonathan
+Woodman, the Reverend Silas Curtis, the Reverend A.K. Moulton, the
+Reverend J.B. Davis, the Reverend Darwin Mott, the Reverend George W.
+Bean, the Reverend J.B. Drew, the Reverend D.A. Marham, the Reverend
+J.E. Dame, and the Reverend E.W. Porter.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0052"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:right; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/133b.png"><img src="images/133b.png" style="height:20em;"
+alt="CHALIFOUX BLOCK." /></a>
+<br />
+CHALIFOUX BLOCK.
+</div>
+<p>
+The Second Universalist Church was organized in 1836, and their house
+was built the following year. The pastors of this church have been the
+Reverend Z. Thompson, from 1837 to 1839; the Reverend Abel C. Thomas,
+from 1839 to 1842; the Reverend A.A. Miner, D.D., from 1842 to 1848; the
+Reverend L.J. Fletcher; the Reverend L.B.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page195" name="page195"></a>[195]</span>
+
+  Mason, from 1848 to 1849; the Reverend I.D. Williamson, from 1849 to
+1850; the Reverend N.M. Gaylord, from 1850 to 1853; the Reverend John S.
+Dennis; the Reverend Charles Cravens; the Reverend Charles H. Button;
+the Reverend L.J. Fletcher, from 1859 to 1862; the Reverend F.E. Hicks,
+from 1862 to 1866; the Reverend John G. Adams, from 1866; the Reverend
+R.A. Greene, from 1877.
+</p>
+<p>
+The John-street (Orthodox) Congregational Church was organized May 9,
+1839. The house was dedicated January 24, 1840. The Reverend Stedman W.
+Hanks, the first pastor, was ordained March 20, 1840, and dismissed
+February 3, 1853. He was succeeded by the Reverend Eden B. Foster, D.D.,
+who resigned his charge in 1861, but resumed it in 1866. During his
+absence the Reverend Joseph W. Backus was pastor. The Reverend J.B.
+Seabury was installed as associate pastor in 1875. The present pastor is
+the Reverend Henry T. Rose.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0053"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="clear:both;">
+<a href="images/134.jpg"><img src="images/134.jpg" style="height:36em;"
+alt="FIVE CENTS SAVINGS BANK." /></a>
+<br />
+FIVE CENTS SAVINGS BANK.
+</div>
+<p>
+In 1840, the Third Baptist Church was organized. In 1846, the edifice,
+afterwards occupied by the Central Methodist Church, was built for this
+society. The pastors were the Reverend John G. Naylor, the Reverend Ira
+Person, the Reverend John Duncan,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page196" name="page196"></a>[196]</span>
+
+  the Reverend Sereno Howe, the Reverend John Duer, and the Reverend John
+Hubbard. The church was disbanded in 1861.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Worthen-street Methodist Episcopal Church was organized October 2,
+1841, and the edifice was erected the following year. The succession of
+pastors has been the Reverend A.D. Sargent, the Reverend A.D. Merrill,
+the Rev. J.S. Springer, the Reverend Isaac A. Savage, the Reverend
+Charles Adams, the Reverend I.J.P. Collyer, the Reverend M.A. Howe, the
+Reverend J.W. Dadmun, the Reverend William H. Hatch, the Reverend A.D.
+Sargent, the Reverend L.R. Thayer, the Reverend William H. Hatch, the
+Reverend J.O. Peck, the Reverend George Whittaker. The present pastor
+is the Reverend Nicholas T. Whittaker.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0054"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="clear:both;">
+<a href="images/135.png"><img src="images/135.png" style="height:24em;"
+alt="APPLETON BLOCK, CENTRAL STREET." /></a>
+<br />
+APPLETON BLOCK, CENTRAL STREET.
+</div>
+<p>
+The St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church was gathered on Christmas, 1841.
+The Reverend James Conway, the first pastor, was succeeded in March,
+1847, by the Reverend Peter Crudden. The present rector is the Reverend
+M. Ronan, assisted by the Reverends John D. Colbert and Thomas F.
+McManus.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1843, the Lowell Missionary Society was established. The Reverend
+Horatio Wood officiated in the ministry and labored in free evening
+schools and Sunday mission schools, successfully.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Kirk-street Congregational Church was organized in 1845; the edifice
+was built in 1846. The Reverend Amos Blanchard was installed the first
+pastor and continued to his death, January 14, 1870. He was succeeded by
+the Reverend C.D. Barrows. The present pastor is the Reverend Charles A.
+Dickinson.
+</p>
+<p>
+The High-street Congregational Church was organized in 1846. Their
+edifice was built by the St. Luke's Episcopal Church, which was formed
+in 1842 and was disbanded, in 1844, under the ministration of the
+Reverend A.D. McCoy. The Reverend Timothy Atkinson was pastor from 1846
+to 1847; the Reverend Joseph H. Towne,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page197" name="page197"></a>[197]</span>
+
+  from 1848 to 1853; the Reverend O.T. Lanphier, from 1855 to 1856; the
+Reverend Owen Street, from September 17, 1857.
+</p>
+<p>
+St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church was originally built for the Baptists,
+but was purchased in 1846 by the Reverend James T. McDermott, and
+consecrated March 7, 1847.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0055"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:left; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/136a.png"><img src="images/136a.png" style="height:22em;"
+alt="SCENE BELOW HUNT'S FALLS." /></a>
+<br />
+SCENE BELOW HUNT'S FALLS.
+</div>
+<p>
+The Third Universalist Church was organized in 1843, and the edifice
+known as Barristers' Hall was built for its use. It was disbanded after
+a few years. The pastors were the Reverend H.G. Smith, the Reverend John
+Moore, the Reverend H.G. Smith, and the Reverend L.J. Fletcher. The
+Central Methodist Church occupied the edifice for a time, before they
+secured the building of the Third Baptist Society. The Society was
+gathered in 1854. The pastors have been the Reverend William S. Studley,
+the Reverend Isaac S. Cushman, the Reverend Isaac J.P. Collyer, the
+Reverend Chester Field, the Reverend Lorenzo R. Thayer, the Reverend
+J.H. Mansfield, the Reverend Andrew McKeown, in 1865 and 1866, the
+Reverend William C. High, in 1867. The Reverend Isaac H. Packard is the
+present pastor.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0056"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="float:right; width: 50%;">
+<a href="images/136b.png"><img src="images/136b.png" style="height:22em;"
+alt="FISKE'S BLOCK, CENTRAL STREET." /></a>
+<br />
+FISKE'S BLOCK, CENTRAL STREET.
+</div>
+<p>
+In 1850, a Unitarian Society, organized in 1846, built the Gothic Chapel
+on Lee Street, and occupied it until 1861, when it passed into the hands
+of a society of Spiritualists. The Unitarian pastors were the Reverend
+M.A.H. Niles, the Reverend William Barry, the Reverend Augustus
+Woodbury, the Reverend J.K. Karcher, the Reverend John B. Willard, and
+the Reverend William C. Tenney. It became the property of the St. Joseph
+(French) Roman Catholic Church.
+</p>
+<p>
+On July 5, 1855, the stone church on Merrimack Street was dedicated as a
+Methodist Protestant Church. There preached the Reverend William Marks,
+the Reverend Richard H. Dorr, and the Reverend Robert Crossley. The
+building
+  passed into possession of the Second Advent Society, which had been
+organized as early as 1842.
+</p>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page198" name="page198"></a>[198]</span>
+</p>
+<a name="image-0057"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure" style="clear:both;">
+<a href="images/137.jpg"><img src="images/137.jpg" style="height:20em;"
+alt="LOWELL MACHINE SHOP." /></a>
+<br />
+LOWELL MACHINE SHOP.
+</div>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page199" name="page199"></a>[199]</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+St. John's Episcopal Church was erected in 1861, and consecrated by
+Bishop Eastburn, July 16, 1863. The Reverend Charles W. Homer was the
+first rector. He was succeeded by the Reverend Cornelius B. Smith, in
+1863, who, in 1866, was succeeded by the Reverend Charles L. Hutchins.
+The present pastor is the Reverend Leander C. Manchester.
+</p>
+<p>
+There are in Lowell thirty edifices exclusively devoted to public
+worship.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0058"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure">
+<a href="images/138.png"><img src="images/138.png" style="height:36em;"
+alt="EDSON BLOCK MERRIMACK STREET." /></a>
+<br />
+EDSON BLOCK MERRIMACK STREET.
+</div>
+<p>
+We have followed the course of events which have developed the city of
+Lowell from a small, scattering settlement to an important city, with an
+area of nearly twelve square miles, occupied by more than sixty thousand
+inhabitants. The daily life of its continually changing population has
+not been dwelt upon. In the early days the projectors of the city cared
+for the religion, the education, and the savings of those whom they
+employed. New England farms contributed their fairest children to the
+mills. The field was open to the world, and from every section flocked
+those seeking honest employment. First in great numbers came the people
+from England and Ireland, and, later, the thrifty French, Germans,
+Swedes, and Canadians. All nations have contributed to the advancement
+of Lowell, each adding of his labor or thought to the improvement of the
+city.
+</p>
+<p>
+Lowell is laid out with a certain irregular regularity. The mills came
+first: the business came afterward; and one finds canals, business
+blocks, and mills
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page200" name="page200"></a>[200]</span>
+
+  built close together. Only an intelligent study of a map of the city
+will give one an idea of its plan. It was not modeled after the city of
+Philadelphia.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0059"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure">
+<a href="images/139a.png"><img src="images/139a.png" style="height:24em;"
+alt="A PLAN of SUNDRY FARMS &amp;c. PATUCKET in the town of
+CHELMSFORD. MDCCCXXI." /></a>
+<br />
+A PLAN of SUNDRY FARMS &amp;c.<br />
+PATUCKET in the town of CHELMSFORD. MDCCCXXI.
+</div>
+<p>
+Over seventeen millions of dollars are invested in manufacturing. There
+are one hundred and fifty-three mills, over eight hundred thousand
+spindles, and twenty thousand looms. The mills give employment to
+thirteen thousand female operatives and ten thousand male operatives.
+Two hundred million yards of cotton goods are yearly sent from Lowell to
+clothe the world. Of woolen goods, more than eight million yards. Nearly
+three million yards of carpeting are made in the city every year, and a
+fabulous number of shawls. Thirteen million pairs of stockings were the
+last year's product. The Southern States contribute yearly thirty-four
+thousand tons of cotton, which is here made into the most delicate
+fabrics. The calico and printed goods made in Lowell in the year 1882
+would twice encircle the earth at the equator&mdash;and then all would not be
+used to do it.
+</p>
+<a name="image-0060"><!--IMG--></a>
+<div class="figure">
+<a href="images/139b.png"><img src="images/139b.png" style="height: 8em;"
+alt="" /></a>
+<br />
+</div>
+
+<div style="height: 6em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Bay State Monthly, Vol. I, No. 3,
+March, 1884, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BAY STATE MONTHLY, VOL. I ***
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+</pre>
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+</body>
+</html>
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+Project Gutenberg's Bay State Monthly, Vol. I, No. 3, March, 1884, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Bay State Monthly, Vol. I, No. 3, March, 1884
+       A Massachusetts Magazine
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: May 28, 2005 [EBook #15925]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BAY STATE MONTHLY, VOL. I ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Cornell University, Joshua Hutchinson, David
+Garcia and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: J.W. BOOTT]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE BAY STATE MONTHLY.
+
+_A Massachusetts Magazine._
+
+VOL. I. MARCH, 1884. No. III.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Hon. JOSIAH GARDNER ABBOTT, LL.D.
+
+By Colonel John Hatch George.
+
+
+The Honorable JOSIAH GARDNER ABBOTT, the subject of this
+biographic sketch, traces his lineage back to the first settlers of this
+Commonwealth. The Puritan George Abbott, who came from Yorkshire,
+England, in 1630, and settled in Andover, was his ancestor on his
+father's side; while on his mother's side his English ancestor was
+William Fletcher, who came from Devonshire in 1640, and settled, first,
+in Concord, and, finally, in 1651, in Chelmsford. It may be noted in
+passing that Devonshire, particularly in the first part of the
+seventeenth century, was not an obscure part of England to hail from,
+for it was the native shire of England's first great naval heroes and
+circumnavigators of the globe, such as Drake and Cavendish.
+
+George Abbott married Hannah, the daughter of William and Annis
+Chandler, whose descendants have been both numerous and influential. The
+young couple settled in Andover. As has been said, ten years after the
+advent on these shores of George Abbott came William Fletcher, who,
+after living for a short time in Concord, settled finally in Chelmsford.
+In direct descent from these two original settlers of New England were
+Caleb Abbott and Mercy Fletcher, the parents of the subject of this
+sketch. Judge Abbott is, therefore, of good yeomanly pedigree. His
+ancestors have always lived in Massachusetts since the settlement of the
+country, and have always been patriotic citizens, prompt to respond to
+every call of duty in the emergencies of their country, whether in peace
+or war. Both his grandfathers served honorably in the war of the
+Revolution, as their fathers and grandfathers before them served in the
+French and Indian wars of the colonial period of our history. In his
+genealogy there is no trace of Norman blood or high rank: but
+
+  "The rank is but the guinea's stamp,
+  The man's the gowd for a' that."
+
+
+In this country, while it is not necessary to success to be able to lay
+claim to an aristocratic descent, it is certainly a satisfaction,
+however democratic the community may be, for any person to know that his
+grandfather was an honest man and a public-spirited citizen.
+
+Judge Abbott was born in Chelmsford on the first of November, 1814. He
+was fitted for college under the instruction of Ralph Waldo Emerson. He
+entered Harvard College at the early age of fourteen and was graduated
+in 1832. After taking his degree, he studied law with Nathaniel Wright,
+of Lowell, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. In 1840, he formed with
+Samuel A. Brown a partnership, which continued until he was appointed to
+the bench in 1855.
+
+From the very first, Judge Abbott took a leading position in his
+profession, and at once acquired an extensive and lucrative practice,
+without undergoing a tedious probation, or having any experience of the
+"hope deferred which maketh the heart sick." In criminal cases his
+services were in great demand. He had, and has, the advantage of a fine
+and commanding person, which, both at the bar and in the Senate, and, in
+fact, in all situations where a man sustains the relation of an advocate
+or orator before the public, is really a great advantage, other things
+being equal. As a speaker, Judge Abbott is fluent, persuasive, and
+effective. He excites his own intensity of feeling in the jury or
+audience that he is addressing. His client's cause is emphatically his
+own. He is equal to any emergency of attack or defence. If he believes
+in a person or cause, he believes fully and without reservation; thus he
+is no trimmer or half-and-half advocate. He has great capacity for
+labor, and immense power of application, extremely industrious habits,
+and what may be called a nervous intellectuality, which, in athletic
+phrase, gives him great staying power, a most important quality in the
+conduct of long and sharply contested jury trials. After saying this, it
+is almost needless to add that he is full of self-reliance and of
+confidence in whatever he deliberately champions. His nerve and pluck
+are inherited traits, which were conspicuous in his ancestors, as their
+participation in the French and Indian wars, and in the war for
+Independence, sufficiently shows. Three of Judge Abbott's sons served in
+the army during the war of the Rebellion, and two of them fell in
+battle, thus showing that they, too, inherited the martial spirit of
+their ancestors.
+
+Judge Abbott had just reached his majority, when he was chosen as
+representative to the Legislature. In 1841, he was elected State
+senator. During his first term in the Senate he served on the railroad
+and judiciary committees; and during his second term, as chairman of
+these committees, he rendered services of great and permanent value to
+the State. At the close of his youthful legislative career he returned
+with renewed zeal to the practice of his profession. His ability as a
+legislator had made him conspicuous and brought him in contact with
+persons managing large business interests, who were greatly attracted by
+the brilliant young lawyer and law-maker, and swelled the list of his
+clients.
+
+At this period General Butler was almost invariably his opposing or
+associate counsel. When they were opposed, it is needless to say that
+their cases were tried with the utmost thoroughness and ability. When
+they were associated, it is equally needless to say that there could
+hardly have been a greater concentration of legal ability. In 1844,
+Judge Abbott was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention at
+Baltimore, which nominated James K. Polk as its presidential candidate;
+and he has been a delegate, either from his district or the State at
+large, to all but one of the Democratic National Conventions since,
+including, of course, the last one, at Cincinnati, which nominated
+General Winfield S. Hancock. His political prominence is shown by the
+fact that he has invariably been the chairman of the delegation from his
+State, and, several times, the candidate of his party in the Legislature
+for the office of United States senator.
+
+Judge Abbott was on the staff of Governor Marcus Morton. In 1853, he was
+a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, which consisted so largely
+of men of exceptional ability. In the debates and deliberations of this
+convention, he took a conspicuous part. In 1835, he was appointed judge
+of the superior court of Suffolk County. He retired from the bench in
+1858, having won an enviable reputation for judicial fairness and
+acumen, and suavity of manner, in the trial of cases, which made him
+deservedly popular with the members of the bar who practised in his
+court. In the year following his retirement from the bench, he removed
+his office from Lowell to Boston, where he has since resided, practising
+in the courts, not only of this Commonwealth, but of the neighboring
+States and in the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1874, he was
+elected a member of Congress, from the fourth congressional district of
+Massachusetts. He was chosen by his Democratic colleagues of the House a
+member of the Electoral Commission, to determine the controverted result
+of the presidential election. When the gravity of the situation, and the
+dangers of the country at that time, are taken into account, it is
+obvious that no higher compliment could have been paid than that
+involved in this selection; a compliment which was fully justified by
+the courage and ability which Judge Abbott manifested as a member of
+that commission. It should have been mentioned before, that, in 1838,
+Judge Abbott married Caroline, daughter of Judge Edward St. Loe
+Livermore. After what has been said, it is scarcely necessary to give a
+summary of the prominent traits of Judge Abbott as a man and a lawyer.
+The warmth and fidelity of his friendship are known to all such as have
+had the good fortune to enjoy that friendship. He is as conspicuous for
+integrity and purity of character as for professional ability. As a
+citizen, he is noted for patriotism, liberality, and public spirit.
+As a politician, he is true to his convictions. As a business man,
+he has brought to the aid of the large railroad and manufacturing
+interests, with which he has long been, and is still, connected, large
+intelligence, great energy, and sound judgment. His physical and mental
+powers are undiminished, and it may be hoped that many years of honor
+and prosperity are still in store for him.
+
+
+GENEALOGY.
+
+[1. GEORGE ABBOT, the pioneer, born in 1615, emigrated from Yorkshire,
+England, about 1640, and was one of the first settlers and proprietors
+of Andover, in 1643. His house was a garrison for many years. In 1647,
+he married Hannah Chandler, daughter of William and Annis Chandler. They
+were industrious, economical, sober, pious, and respected. With
+Christian fortitude they endured their trials, privations, and dangers.
+He died December 24, 1681, aged 66. She married (2) the Reverend Francis
+Dane, minister of Andover, who died in February, 1697, aged 81. She died
+June 11, 1711, aged 82.
+
+2. TIMOTHY ABBOT, seventh son and ninth child of George and Hannah
+(Chandler) Abbot, born November 17, 1663; was captured during the Indian
+War in 1676, and returned in a few months to his parents; was married in
+January, 1690, to Hannah Graves, who died November 16, 1726. He lived at
+the garrison-house, and died September 9, 1730.
+
+3. TIMOTHY ABBOT, eldest son of Timothy and Hannah (Graves) Abbott, was
+born July 1, 1663; lived with his father in the garrison-house; was
+industrious, honest, useful, and respected. He married in December,
+1717, Mary Foster, and died July 10, 1766.
+
+4. NATHAN ABBOT, third son and sixth child of Timothy and Mary (Foster)
+Abbot, was born January 18, 1729; married, in 1759, Jane Paul.
+
+5. CALEB ABBOT, son of Nathan and Jane (Paul) Abbot, married, in 1779,
+Lucy Lovejoy, who died February 21, 1802; he married (2) Deborah Baker;
+he died 1819.
+
+6. CALEB ABBOTT, son of Caleb and Lucy (Lovejoy) Abbot, was born
+November 10, 1779; settled in Chelmsford; married Mercy Fletcher
+(daughter of Josiah Fletcher), who died in 1834; he died December 5,
+1846.
+
+7. JOSIAH GARDNER ABBOTT, second son and fourth child of Caleb and Mercy
+(Fletcher) Abbott, was born November 1, 1814. In 1838, he married
+Caroline Livermore, daughter of the Honorable Edward St. Loe Livermore,
+and granddaughter of the Honorable Samuel Livermore, of New Hampshire.
+Their children are:--
+
+I. Caroline Marcy Abbott, born April 25, 1839; married April 19, 1869;
+and died in May, 1872, leaving one daughter, Caroline Derby, born in
+April, 1872.
+
+II. Edward Gardner Abbott, born in Lowell, September 29, 1840; was
+killed in battle August 9, 1862.
+
+III. Henry Livermore Abbott, born January 21, 1842; was killed in battle
+May 6, 1864.
+
+IV. Fletcher Morton Abbott, born February 18, 1843.
+
+V. William Stackpole Abbott, born November 18, 1844; died May 6, 1846.
+
+VI. Samuel Appleton Browne Abbott, born March 6, 1846; married October
+15, 1873, Abby Francis Woods, and has four children.
+
+  (_a_) Helen Francis Abbott, born July 29, 1874.
+  (_b_) Madeline Abbott, born November 2, 1876.
+  (_c_) Francis Abbott, born September 8, 1878.
+  (_d_) Caroline Livermore Abbott, born April 25, 1880.
+
+VII. Sarah Livermore Abbott, born May 14, 1850; married October 12,
+1870, William P. Fay, and has three children.
+
+  (_a_) Richard Sullivan Fay, born in July, 1871.
+  (_b_) Catherine Fay, born in September, 1872.
+  (_c_) Edward Henry Fay, born in 1876.
+
+VIII. Franklin Pierce Abbott, born May 6, 1842.
+
+IX. Arthur St. Loe Livermore Abbott, born November 6, 1853; died March
+28, 1863.
+
+X. Grafton, born November 14, 1856.
+
+XI. Holker Welch Abbott, born February 28, 1858.
+
+EDITOR.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ESOTERIC BUDDHISM.--A Review.
+
+By Lucius H. Buckingham, Ph.D.
+
+
+Those who have read Sinnett's Esoteric Buddhism will probably agree on
+one point, namely: that, whether the statements of the book be true or
+false, the book, as a whole, is a great stimulant of thought. The
+European world has looked upon Indian philosophy as mere dreams, idle
+speculations, built only on a foundation of metaphysical subtleties.
+Here comes a book which, going down to the root of the whole matter,
+claims that, instead of resting on mere imaginations, this whole
+structure of Buddhistic philosophy has, as its cornerstone, certain
+facts which have been preserved from the wrecks of a time earlier than
+that which our grandfathers ascribe to the creation of the world, and
+handed down without interruption from eras of civilization of which the
+earth at present does not retain even the ruins. Such a claim of
+antiquity rouses an interest in our minds, were it only for its
+stupendous contempt of common belief.
+
+There is one direction in which the book so harmonizes with one's
+speculations that it makes upon us a very peculiar impression. It
+carries out the theory of human development, physical and metaphysical.
+Darwin's idea of the origin of the human animal, in connection with the
+doctrine of the survival of the fittest, might, if one had the time to
+make it all out, be shown to be the sufficient basis for a belief in,
+and a logical ground for anticipating, the progress of man toward moral
+and spiritual perfection. A healthy man is an optimist. Pessimism is the
+product of dyspepsia; and all the intermediate phases of philosophy come
+from some want of normal brain-action. Following out the Darwinian
+theory,--supported as it seems to be by the facts,--one must believe
+that the human race as a whole is improving in bodily development; that
+the results of what we call civilization are, increase of symmetry in
+the growth of the human body, diminution of disease, greater perfection
+in the power of the senses, in short, a gradual progress toward a
+healthy body. Now, a healthy body brings with it a healthy mind. The two
+cannot be separated. Whatever brings the one will bring the other;
+whatever impairs the one will impair the other. A sound mind must bring,
+in time, a sound moral nature; and all, together, will tend toward the
+perfection of humanity in the development of his spiritual affinities.
+Such has been, roughly sketched, my belief regarding the progress of
+man. It has left all the men of the past ages, all of the present time,
+all of many generations yet to come, in a condition, which, compared
+with that which I try to foresee, must be called very immature. This has
+never been a stumbling-block to me; for I hold that the Lord understands
+his own work, the end from the beginning; and that, if "order is
+heaven's first law," there is a place for every soul that is in it,
+and a possible satisfaction of the desires of every one. Dr. Clarke
+expresses the thought that, however much any being may have gone astray,
+the soul reconciled at last to God, though it can never undo the past,
+or be at that point it might have reached, will yet be perfectly content
+with its place in the universe, and as much blessed as the archangels.
+That consideration has satisfied my mind when I contemplated humanity,
+seeming to stop so far short of its perfection. My regrets--if I can use
+such a term--came, as I believed, out of my ignorance.
+
+Now comes a book which claims to give us the key of the whole problem of
+human destiny--a book containing some assertions regarding occult
+science, belief in which must remain suspended in our minds, and some
+points in cosmogony which conflict with our Christian convictions--yet a
+book making statements about human history which, though in the highest
+degree startling, are not contradicted by anything we know of the past,
+but are rather an explanation of some of its dark passages--a book
+developing a system of human growth which cannot be disproved and which
+makes plain some of the riddles of destiny.
+
+Perhaps the most remarkable feature of the book is its tremendous
+assumption. "All that have hitherto written on this subject have been
+only half-taught. They have not been admitted to the real inner
+doctrine. Here is the first putting-forth, to the world, of the real
+teaching, as the Buddhists present it to those who have been initiated
+into occult science." Such is, in substance, the author's claim. We may
+believe just as much of this as we can. I, for my part, knowing nothing
+about the matter, choose, just now, and for our purpose, to assume that
+the doctrines of Esoteric Buddhism are what Sinnett says they are,
+because they suggest to my mind so many attractive avenues for my
+imagination to wander in.
+
+There are two main points in this book which give it its chief interest:
+(1) "The past history of the human race as now living on this planet;"
+and (2) "The manner in which, and the circumstances under which, any
+individual man works out his own salvation." But before entering upon
+these, we should say a word about the Buddhist statements regarding the
+nature of man.
+
+Seven is the sacred number in the Buddhist system. As there are seven
+worlds in the planetary chain, seven kingdoms in Nature, seven
+root-races of men, in like manner man is a sevenfold being, continuing,
+through untold millions of years, his existence as an individual, yet
+changing, one knows not how many times, many of his component elements.
+As the Buddhist sees the mortal body to be dissolved into its molecules,
+and these molecules to be transferred with their inherent vitality to
+other organisms, so some of his higher elements, among them his "astral
+body," his impulses and desires, under the name, as our author gives it,
+of _animal soul_, may separate from the more enduring parts of his
+composition, and become lost to him in Nature's great store of material
+substance. As there is an _animal soul_, the seat of those
+faculties which we possess in common with the lower beings about us, so
+there is a _human soul_, the seat of intelligence; and, higher
+still, a _spiritual soul_, possessing powers of which as yet we
+know but little, yet destined to give us, when it shall be more fully
+developed, new powers of sense, new avenues for the entrance of
+knowledge, by which we shall be able to communicate directly with
+Nature, and become as much greater than the present race of men, as
+_that_ is greater than the lowest brutes. Above all these elements
+of man, controlling all, and preserving its individuality throughout, is
+"spirit." Yet even this, when absorbed into Nirvana, is lost in that
+great whole which includes all things and is Nature herself. Lost, do I
+say?--yes, lost for inconceivable ages upon ages, yet destined to come
+forth again at some moment in eternity, and to begin its round through
+the everlasting cycle of evolution.
+
+Here, you will say, is materialism. As the intelligent man of early ages
+looked out upon the world, he felt the wind he could not see, he smelt
+the odor that he could not feel, and he reasoned with himself, I think,
+as follows; "There is somewhat too subtile for these bodily senses to
+grasp it. Something of which I cannot directly take cognizance brings
+to me the light of sun and stars." These somethings were, in his
+conception, forms of matter. He saw the intelligence and the moral worth
+of his friend, and then he saw that friend a lifeless body stretched
+upon the ground, and he said some _thing_ is gone. This thing was
+again to him only another and more subtile form of matter. We, with all
+the aids of modern knowledge and thought, are absolutely unable to say
+what distinction there is between matter and spirit. The old philosopher
+was logical. He could find no point at which to draw his line. Therefore
+he drew no line. He recognized only different manifestations of one
+substance. In terms of our language, he was a materialist. So is the
+modern scientist; yet I cannot help thinking that the Buddhist stands
+much nearer to truth than the materialist of to-day. The various
+faculties of human sense and human intellect are so many molecules
+forming, by their accretion, the animal and the human soul. As, at
+death, the molecules of the body separate and are, by-and-by, absorbed
+with their inherent vitality into new agglomerations, and become part of
+new living forms, so the elements of the human soul may be torn apart,
+and some of them, being no longer man, but following the fortunes of the
+lower principles, may be lost to us, while other elements, clinging to
+the spiritual soul, follow its destiny in the after-life. I know a
+thinking man who believes in nothing but matter and motion; add time and
+space, and we have the all in all, the Nature, of Buddhism. Yet the
+Buddhist believes in a state of being beyond this earthly life: a state
+whose conditions are determined absolutely by the use which the human
+soul has made of its opportunities in the life that now is, and my
+friend says he does not. Truly, Buddhism is better than the materialism
+of to-day.
+
+Let me now turn to the history of humanity as revealed to us in our
+book. Every monad, or spirit-element, beginning its course by becoming
+separated from what I conceive as the great central reservoir of Nature,
+must, before returning thither, make a certain fixed round through an
+individual existence. If it belongs to the planetary chain, of which our
+earth is the fourth and lowest link, it must pass seven times through
+each of the kingdoms of Nature on each one of the seven planets. Of
+these seven planets, Mars, our Earth, and Mercury, are three. The other
+four are too tenuous to be cognizable by our present senses. Of the
+seven kingdoms of Nature, three are likewise beyond our ken or
+conception; the highest four are the mineral, the vegetable, the animal,
+and man. Our immortal part has therefore passed already through six of
+the kingdoms of its destiny, and is, in fact, now near the middle of its
+fourth round of human existence upon the earth. One life on earth is,
+however, not sufficient for the development of our powers. Every human
+being must pass through each of the seven branch races of each of the
+sub-races of each of the root-races of humanity; and must, in short,
+live, or, as our author expresses the idea, be incarnated about eight
+hundred times--some more and some less--upon this planet, before the
+hour will come when it will be permitted to him, by a path as easy of
+passage for him then, as is that followed by the rays of light, to visit
+the planet Mercury, for his next two million years of existence.
+
+Through each of these eight hundred mortal lives, man is purifying and
+developing his nature. When, at the end of each, his body dies, his
+higher principles leave the lower to gradual dissolution, while they
+themselves remaining still bound in space to this planet, pass into
+_Devachan_, the state of effects. Here, entirely unconscious of what
+passes on earth, the soul remains, absorbed in its own subjectivity. For
+a length of time, stated as never less than fifteen hundred years, and
+shown by figures to average not less than eight thousand, the soul,
+enjoying in its own contemplation those things it most desired in mortal
+life, surrounded in its own imagination by the friends and the scenes it
+has loved on earth, reaps the exact reward of its own deeds. When Nature
+has thus paid the laborer his hire, when his power of enjoyment has
+exhausted itself, the soul passes by a gradual process into oblivion of
+all the past--an oblivion from which it returns only on its approach to
+Nirvana--and waits the moment for reincarnation. Yet it comes not again
+to conscious life, unaffected by the forgotten past. _Karma_,--the
+resultant of its upward or downward tendencies,--which has been
+accumulating through all the course of its existence, remains; and the
+new-born man comes into visible being with good or evil propensities,
+the balance of which is to be affected by the struggles of one more
+mortal phase of existence. Thus we go on through one life after another,
+each time a new person yet the same human soul, ignorant of our own past
+lives, yet never free from their influence upon our character, exactly
+as in mature life we have absolutely forgotten what happened to us in
+our infancy, yet are never free from its influence. In Devachan, which
+corresponds, says our author, to what in other religions is the final
+and eternal heaven, we receive, from time to time, the reward of our
+deeds done in the body, yet still pass on with all our upward or
+downward tendencies until, many millions of years in the future, during
+our next passage through life on this planet, we shall come to the
+crisis in our existence which shall determine whether we are to become
+gods or demons.
+
+Let me now turn back the page of history. A little more than one million
+years ago this earth was covered, as now, with vegetable forms, and was
+the dwelling of animals, as numerous, perhaps, and as various as now;
+but there was no humanity. The time was come when man, who had passed
+already three times round the planetary chain, and was nearly half way
+through his fourth round, should again make his appearance on the scene.
+Nature works only in her own way, and that way is uniform. The first man
+must be born of parents already living. As there are no human parents,
+he must be born of lower animals, and of those lower animals most nearly
+resembling the coming human animal. Darwin has told us what the animal
+was, yet the new being was a man and not an ape, because, in addition to
+its animal soul, it was possessed also of a human soul. We all know that
+man is an animal. Those modern students of science, who affirm that that
+is the whole truth of human nature, take a lower view of their own being
+than the Indian philosophers. Man is an animal plus a human and a
+spiritual soul.
+
+Behold, now, the earth peopled by man. Through seven races must he pass,
+each with its various branches. Yet these races are not contemporaneous;
+for Nature is in no hurry. One race comes forward at a time, reaches
+the height of its possibility, then passes away during great physical
+transformations, and leaves but a wreck behind to live, and witness,
+in some new part of earth, the coming of another race. These races
+and branch races and sub-branch races are to be animated by the same
+identical souls. Hence, one race at a time; at first, even, one sub-race
+only, for the next is to be of a higher order. After each root-race has
+run its course, the earth has always been prepared by a great geological
+convulsion for the next. In this convulsion has perished all that makes
+up what we call civilization, yet not all men then living. Since some
+souls are slower than others, all are not ready to pass into the second
+race, when the time for that race has come. Hence fragments of old races
+survive, kept up for a time by the incarnation of the laggard souls
+whose progress has been too slow. Thus, we are told, although the first
+and second root-races have now entirely disappeared, there still remain
+relics of the third and fourth. The proper seat of this third root-race
+was that lost continent which Wallace told us, long ago, stood where now
+roll the waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, south and southwest of
+Asia. Here we have, in the degraded Papuan and Australian, the remainder
+of the third race. Degraded I call him, because his ancestors, though
+inferior to the highest races of to-day, were far in advance of him. So
+it must always be. Destroy the accumulations of the highest race of men
+now living, and the next generation will be barbarians; the second,
+savages.
+
+The fourth root-race inhabited the famous, but no longer fabulous,
+Atlantis, now sunk, in greater part, beneath the waters of the Atlantic.
+Fragments of this race were left in Northern Africa, though perhaps none
+now remain there, and we are told that there is a remnant in the heart
+of China. From the relics of the African branch of this root-race, the
+old Egyptian priests had knowledge regarding the sunken continent,
+knowledge which was no fable, but the traditionary lore and history of
+the survivors of the lost Atlantis.
+
+Such is, in brief, an outline of the nature, history, and destiny of
+man, as the Buddhist relates it. How has he obtained his knowledge? By
+means which, he says, are within the reach of any one. First, of the
+history: it is said to be well authenticated tradition. Of the actual
+knowledge of former races, the Egyptian priests were the repositories,
+inheriting their information from the Atlantids. Of human nature and
+destiny the Buddhist would say: Here are the facts, look about you and
+see. From a theory of astronomy, or botany, or chemistry, we find an
+explanation of facts, and these facts explained, confirm and establish
+the theory. So, too, of man, here is the view, once a theory, but now as
+firmly established as the law of gravitation. Besides, by study and
+contemplation, the expert has developed, in advance of the age in which
+he lives, his spiritual soul, and this opens to him sources of
+information which place him on a higher level in point of knowledge than
+the rest of mankind, just as the man with seeing eyes has possibilities
+of information which are absolutely closed to one born blind.
+
+Let me stop here to explain more fully what is the spiritual soul.
+I should call it, using a term that seems to me more natural to our
+vocabulary, the transcendental sense. In the reality of such a sense
+I am a firm believer. It was once fashionable to ridicule whatever was
+thought, or nicknamed, transcendental. Yet transcendentalism seems to
+me the only complete bar to modern scepticism. Faith, in the highest
+Christian sense, is transcendental. We know some things for which we can
+bring no evidence, things the truth of which lies not in logic, nor even
+in intellect. The intellect never gave man any firm conviction of God's
+being. Paley's mode of reasoning never brought conviction to any man's
+mind. At best, it only serves to confirm belief, to stifle doubt, to
+silence logic misapplied. Faith is the action of the spiritual sense--or,
+as the Buddhist says, the spiritual soul. It seems to me that it is a
+fair statement, that every man who has a conviction of the being of God,
+has that conviction from inspiration. Many people have it, or think they
+have it, as a result of reasoning, or it has been, they say, grounded
+and rooted in their minds by the earliest teaching. There are those,
+perhaps, who have no other reason than this tradition, for their
+supersensuous ideas. Such people, as soon as they come to reason
+seriously on or about those ideas, begin to doubt and to lose their
+hold. But others have a conviction regarding things unseen, that no
+reasoning can shake, except for a moment; because their belief, though
+it may have been originally the result of early teaching, is now
+established on other foundations. One can no more tell how he knows some
+things, than he can tell how he sees; yet he does know them, and all the
+world cannot get the knowledge out of him. The source of this knowledge
+is transcendental. It is a sixth sense. It is what the Buddhist calls an
+activity of the spiritual, as distinct from the human, soul. By his
+animal soul man has knowledge of the world around him; he sees, he
+hears, he feels bodily pain or pleasure; by his human soul, he reasons,
+he receives the conceptions of geometry or the higher mathematics;
+by his spiritual soul, he comes to a conception of God and of his
+attributes, and receives impressions whose source is unknown to him
+because his spiritual soul, in this his fourth planetary round, is, as
+yet, only imperfectly active. The reality of the spiritual soul, the
+vehicle of inspiration, the source of faith, is the only earnest man has
+for this trust in the Divine Father. It is not developed in us as it
+will be in our next round through earthly life, when, by its awakening,
+faith will become sight, and we shall know even as we are known. Yet
+some there are, say the Buddhists, who have, by effort, already pushed
+their development to the point that most men will reach millions of
+years hence, when we shall return again, not to this life--that we shall
+do perhaps in a few thousand years--but to this planet.
+
+It will be seen that the Buddhist idea of spirituality is very unlike
+our Christian idea. The thought of man's higher sense striving after the
+Divine, the whole conception, in short, of what the word spirituality
+suggests to modern thought, is impossible in a system of philosophy
+which has no personal God. To apply the term religion to a scheme which
+has no place for the dependence of man upon a conscious protector, is to
+use the word in a sense entirely new to us. Buddhism--notwithstanding
+its claims to revelation--is a philosophy, not a religion.
+
+I have sketched, as well as I can in so short a time, what seem to
+me the main points in the book under review. There are many things
+unexplained. Of some of them, the author claims to have no knowledge.
+Others he does not make clear; but, "take it for all in all," the hook
+will probably give the reader a very great number of suggestions. I am
+heterodox enough to say that if the idea of a personal God, the Father
+of all, were superadded to the system (or perhaps I ought to say were
+substituted for the idea of absorption into Nirvana), there would be
+nothing in Buddhism contradictory of Christianity. What orthodox
+Christians of the present day and of this country believe with regard to
+eternal punishment is a question about which they do not altogether
+agree among themselves. Whether the so-called hell is a place of
+everlasting degradation, is a point on which those who cannot deny to
+each other the name of Christian are not in accord. Why, then, should it
+be thought heretical to maintain that the future world of _rewards_
+is _also_ not eternal? I believe that the Christian Scriptures use
+the same words with reference to both conditions--
+
+  "[Greek: To pyr to aionion:--eis xoen aionion.]"
+
+The Buddhist denial of the eternity of the condition next following the
+separation of soul and body cannot, I think, be pronounced a subversion
+of Christian doctrine by any one who will admit that the Greek word
+[Greek: aionios] _may_ mean something less than endless.
+
+Of the antiquity of Buddhistic philosophy, I have already spoken
+indirectly. Buddha came upon the earth only 643 B.C. But he was not the
+founder of the system. His purpose in reincarnating himself at that time
+was to reform the lives of men. Doubtless he made many explanations of
+doctrine, perhaps gave some new teaching; but the philosophy comes down
+to us from, at least, the times of the fourth root-race, the men of
+Atlantis.
+
+However we may regard a claim to so great age, a little reflection will
+convince us that the Buddhistic view of what may fairly be called the
+natural history of the human soul is very old, for it seems to have been
+essentially the doctrine of Pythagoras, who was not its founder, but who
+may have got it either from Egypt or from India, since he visited and
+studied in both those countries. If, as Sinnett asserts, the true
+Chinese belong to the fourth root-race, as appears not improbable, did
+not the system come into India from China? Plato was a Buddhist, says
+our author. Quintilian, perhaps getting his idea from Cicero, says of
+Plato that he learned his philosophy from the Egyptian priests. It is
+much more probable that the latter received it from the Atlantids--if we
+are to believe in them--than that it came from India. Indeed, when we
+seem to trace the same teachings to the Indians, on the one side, and to
+the Egyptians on the other, putting the one, through Thibet,--the land,
+above all others, of occult science,--into communication with the true
+Chinese, and the other, through their tradition, with the lost race of
+the Atlantic, the asserted history of the fourth root-race of humanity
+assumes a very attractive degree of reasonableness.
+
+That Cicero held to the Buddhist doctrines at points so important as to
+make it improbable that he did not have esoteric teaching in the system,
+any one will, I believe, admit, who will read the last chapter of the
+Somnium Scipionis. And Cicero's ideas must have been those of the
+students and scholars of his day. He puts them forward in a manner too
+commonplace, too much as if they were things of course, for us to
+suppose that there was anything unusual in them. On this subject of the
+wide extension of that philosophy which in India we call Buddhism, I
+will make only one other suggestion. It is the guess that it lay at the
+foundation of the famous Eleusinian Mysteries.
+
+Let me now come back to the idea that the succession of human races upon
+this earth is, like that of animal races, a development. Sinnett tells
+us that what we recognize as language began with the third root-race. I
+imagine that the preceding races had, in progressive development, some
+vocal means of communication; for we find that even the lower animals
+have that, and the lowest man of the first race was superior to the
+highest possible animal, by the very fact that he had developed a human
+soul. Now, we are told that the home of the third race was on the
+continent "Lemuria," which stretched across the Indian Ocean. I imagine
+the Tasmanians, the Papuans, and the degraded races of that part of the
+world to be fragments of the third race. Query: Is the famous click of
+the Zulu a remainder of the gradual passage from animal noise to human
+articulation in speech?
+
+Again, the true Chinese belong to the fourth root-race. They have
+reached the height of their possible intellectual advance. They have
+been stationary for untold centuries. Query: Does this account for their
+apparent inability to develop their language beyond the monosyllable?
+
+There are, have been, or will be, seven branches to each of the seven
+great races. These branches must originate at long intervals of time,
+one after the other, though several may be running their course at the
+same moment. For instance, the second race could not come into the
+world, until some human souls had passed at least twice, as we are told,
+through "the world of effects." This would occupy at least sixteen
+thousand years, according to our author's calculation, though he does
+not claim to have on this point exact information. He says, only, that
+the initiated know exactly the periods of time: but they are withheld
+from him. Now, according to a French savant, geological investigation
+proves that the Aryan race--branch-race, I will call it--was preceded in
+Europe by at least three others, whose remains are found in the caves
+or strata that have been examined. Of these the first has entirely
+disappeared: no representatives of it are now to be found in any known
+part of the world. The second was driven, apparently, from the north, by
+the invasions of the ice, during the glacial period and spread as far,
+at least, as the Straits of Gibraltar. With the disappearance of the
+ice, they also traveled toward the pole, and are now existing in the
+northern regions of the earth, under the name of Esquimaux. Following
+them came a race, the fragments of which were powerful within historic
+days in the Iberian peninsula,--the Iberians of the Roman writers--the
+Basques of to-day. Then came from the east the Aryan race, hitherto the
+highest form of humanity. These races do not, of course, begin existence
+as new creations. They are developed from--their first members must be
+born from--the preceding race. Query: Is a fifth race now in the throes
+of nativity? Have the different sub-races of the Aryan branch sent their
+contingents to the New World, that from the mixture of their boldest and
+most vigorous blood the fifth sub-race might have its origin? "Westward
+the star of empire takes its way."
+
+Buddhism gives a peculiar explanation of the disappearance of inferior
+races. Since the object of the incarnation of the human soul is its
+progress toward the perfect and divine man; since every human soul must
+dwell on earth as a member of each one of the sub-races, the time must
+come when all shall have passed through a given stage. Then there can be
+no more births into that race. There is, at this moment, a finite number
+of human souls whose existence is limited to this planet, and no other
+planet in our chain is at present the abode of humanity. For the larger
+part of all these souls--at least nine hundred and ninety-nine in a
+thousand--are, at anyone instant, existing in "the world of effects," in
+Devachan. All will remain linked by their destiny to this planet, until
+the moment when all--a few rare, unfortunate, negligent laggards
+excepted--shall have passed through their last mortal probation, in the
+seventh root-race. Then will the tide of humanity overflow to the planet
+Mercury, and this earth, abandoned by conscious men, will for a million
+years fall back into desolation, gradually deprived of all life, even of
+all development. In that condition it will remain, sleeping, as it were,
+for ages--"not dead, but sleeping"; for the germs of mineral, vegetable,
+and animal life will await, quiescent, until the tide of human soul
+shall have passed around the chain, and is again approaching our globe.
+Then will earth awake from its sleep. In successive eons, the germs of
+life, mineral, vegetable, and animal, in their due order, will awake;
+the old miracle of creation will begin again, but on a higher plan than
+before, until, at last, the first human being--something vastly higher
+in body, mind, and spirituality than the former man--will make his
+appearance on the new earth. From this explanation of the doctrine that
+life moves not by a steady flow, but by what Sinnett calls gushes, it
+follows, of course, that there must come a time when each race, and each
+sub-race, must have finished its course, completed its destiny. There
+are no more human souls in Devachan to pass through that stage of
+progress. For a long time the number has been diminishing, and that race
+has been losing ground. Now it has come to its end. So, within a hundred
+years, has passed away the Tasmanian. So, to-day, are passing many
+races. The disappearance of a lower race is therefore no calamity; it
+is evidence of progress. It means that that long line of undeveloped
+humanity must go up higher. "That which thou sowest, is not quickened
+except it die." If there be "joy among the angels of God, over one
+sinner that repenteth," why not when the whole human race, to the last
+man, has passed successfully up into a higher class in the great school?
+
+I am constantly turning back to a thought that I have passed by. Let me
+now return to the consideration of Buddhism as a religion. It is evident
+that, viewed on this side, Buddhism is one thing to the initiated,
+another to the masses. So was the religion of the Romans, so is
+Christianity. It is necessarily so. No two persons receive the formal
+creed of the same church in the same way. The man of higher grade, and
+the man of lower, cannot understand things in the same sense because
+they have not the same faculties for understanding. Hence the polytheism
+among those called Buddhists. There could be no such thing among the
+initiated. Religion, then, like everything else, is subject to growth.
+Such must be the Buddhist doctrine. If, then, Buddhism, or the
+philosophy which bears that name, originated with the fourth root-race
+of men, does it not occur to the initiated that the fifth race ought, by
+this same theory, to develop a higher form of truth? Looking at the
+matter merely on its intellectual side, ought not the higher development
+of the power of thought to bring truer conceptions of the highest
+things? Again, a query: Is the rise of the Brahmo-Somaj a step toward
+the practical extension of Christianity into the domain of Buddhism?
+
+This brings to discussion the whole question of the work done by
+missionary effort among the lower races. I do not mean the question
+whether we should try to Christianize them, but what result is it
+reasonable to expect. And here I imagine that there is a strict limit,
+beyond which it is impossible for the members of a given race to be
+developed. On the Buddhist principle, given a certain human being, and
+we have a human soul passing through a definite stage of its progress.
+While it occupies its present body it is, except, our author always
+says, in very peculiar cases, incapable of more than a certain
+advance,--as incapable as a given species of animal, or tree, or even as
+the body of the man itself is incapable of more than a certain growth. I
+think that any one who has studied or observed the processes of ordinary
+school training, must have been sometimes convinced that he has in hand
+a boy whose ability to be further advanced has come to an end. Sometimes
+we find a boy who will come forward with the greatest promise; but,
+at a certain point, although goodwill is not lacking, the growth seems
+to be arrested. The biologist will explain this as due to the physical
+character of the brain. The Buddhist affirms, that when that human soul
+last came from the oblivion which closes the Devachanic state, it chose
+unconsciously, but by natural affinity, out of all the possible
+conditions and circumstances of mortal life, that embryonic human body,
+for which its spiritual condition rendered it fit.
+
+Some years ago, in conversation with a missionary who had spent many
+years in China, I asked him, having this subject in my mind, whether he
+thought that his converts were capable of receiving Christianity in the
+sense in which he himself held the faith. His answer, which he
+illustrated by instances, was that the heathen conceptions and
+propensities could not be entirely eradicated; and that, under
+unfavorable circumstances, the most trusted converts would sometimes
+relapse into a condition as bad as ever they had known.
+
+It is also a matter of common assertion that our American Indians, after
+years of training in the society of civilized life, are generally ready
+to fall back at once to their old ways. What we call civilization is to
+them but an easy-fitting garment.
+
+I do not know what is the belief of scholars regarding the comparative
+age of the different minor divisions--sub-branches, as Sinnett calls
+them--of the Aryan race. I imagine, however, that of the European
+sub-branches, the Celtic is practically the oldest. The Italic or
+Hellenic may have broken off from the parent stem earlier than the
+Celtic, but they have not wandered so far away, and have not been so
+isolated from the influence of later migrations. The Celtic race has
+mingled its blood with the Iberian in Spain and with many elements in
+Gaul and Italy; but in the northwest of Europe, on its own peculiar
+isle, it seems to have remained, if not purer than elsewhere, at least
+less affected by mixture with later, that is, higher, races.
+
+What is the practical use of all this study? Ever since I first read
+Esoteric Buddhism, my attention has been turned to the confirmation of
+its theory of human development. As I ride in the horse-car, as I walk
+on the street, still more constantly as I stand before one class after
+another in the school-room, I am struck with the thought that here,
+behind the face I am looking into, is a human soul whose capacities are
+limited--a soul that _cannot_ grasp the thought which catches like
+a spark upon the mind of its next neighbor. Yet that half-awakened soul
+is destined to work its way through all the phases of human possibility,
+and reach at last the harbor of peace. This thought should make one
+ashamed to be impatient or negligent. Why should one lose patience with
+this boy's inability to learn, more than at the inanimate obstacle in
+one's pathway? How can one be unfaithful in one's effort, when it may be
+the means of lessening the number of times that that poor soul must pass
+through earthly life?
+
+Do I believe in the teachings of this book? I do not know. So far as the
+doctrine of repeated incarnation goes, I hold it to be not inconsistent
+with Christianity; but rather an explanation of Christ's coming upon
+earth at the precise time when he did. I still hold the subject of
+Buddhistic philosophy as a matter for very serious and edifying
+reflection.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+COLONEL FLETCHER WEBSTER.
+
+By Charles Cowley, LL.D.
+
+
+FLETCHER WEBSTER, son of Daniel and Grace (Fletcher) Webster,
+was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, July 23, 1813. He was but three
+years old when his father removed to Boston, where he was fitted for
+college in the Public Latin School,--the nursery of so many eminent men.
+
+On the seventeenth of June, 1825, when Lafayette laid the cornerstone
+of the monument on Bunker Hill, when Daniel Webster delivered one of the
+most famous of his orations, Fletcher Webster, then twelve years old,
+was present. "The vast procession, impatient of unavoidable delay, broke
+the line of march, and, in a tumultuous crowd, rushed towards the
+orator's platform," which was in imminent danger of being crushed to the
+earth. Fletcher Webster was only saved from being trampled under foot,
+by the thoughtful care of George Sullivan, who lifted the boy upon his
+own shoulders, shouting, "Don't kill the orator's son!" and bore him
+through the crowd, and placed him upon the staging at his father's feet.
+It required the utmost efforts of Daniel Webster to control that
+multitudinous throng. "Stand back, gentlemen!" he repeatedly shouted
+with his double-bass voice; "you must stand back!" "We can't stand back,
+Mr. Webster; it is impossible!" cried a voice in the crowd. Mr. Webster
+replied, in tones of thunder: "On Bunker Hill nothing is impossible."
+And the crowd stood back.
+
+At the age of sixteen, he lost his mother by death. This was the
+greatest of all the calamities that happened to his father, and it was
+not less unfortunate for himself, for it deprived him of the best
+influence that ever contributed to mould his career.
+
+In 1829, Fletcher Webster entered Harvard College, and was graduated in
+the class of 1833, when he delivered the class oration, which Charles
+Sumner, who was present, said "was characterized by judgment, sense, and
+great directness and plainness of speech."
+
+While at college, he was distinguished for his fine social qualities,
+for his exquisite humor, and peculiar "Yankee wit." When participating
+in amateur theatrical exhibitions, he always preferred to play the role
+of the typical Yankee,--a character now extinct,--which he played to
+perfection.
+
+As the son of Daniel Webster, he might almost be said to have inherited
+the profession of the law, and in 1836 he was admitted to the bar. In
+the same year he married the wife who survives him--a grandniece of
+Captain White, who was so atrociously murdered at Salem, six years
+before, and whose murderers might have escaped the gallows but for the
+genius and astuteness of Daniel Webster.
+
+The Western States, which are now Central States, were then attracting
+millions of the young and the enterprising from New England; and
+Fletcher Webster began the practice of the law at Detroit, Michigan. But
+at the close of the year 1837, he removed to Peru, Illinois, where he
+remained three years. During that period, he made the acquaintance of
+Abraham Lincoln, then a struggling lawyer at the Sangamon County bar. No
+man upon this planet had then less thought of becoming President of the
+United States than Abraham Lincoln; and no man had greater expectations
+of attaining that distinction than Mr. Webster's father; yet a
+master-stroke of the irony of destiny lifted the obscure Western
+attorney, not into the presidency merely, but into the highest place in
+the pantheon of American history, while it balked and mocked all the
+aspirations of New England's greatest son. Pondering on events like
+these, well did Horace Greeley exclaim: "Fame is a vapor; popularity an
+accident; riches take wings: the only thing certain is oblivion."
+
+In 1841, when his father became Secretary of State under President
+Harrison, Fletcher Webster relinquished his professional prospects in
+the West, and removed to Washington, where he acted as his father's
+assistant. From his father's verbal suggestions, he prepared diplomatic
+papers of the first importance; and no man could perform that delicate
+service more satisfactorily to his father than he. It is understood
+that the famous Hulseman Letter, which, more than anything else,
+distinguished Daniel Webster's second term of service in the department
+of State, was thus prepared.
+
+Whether he or some one else prepared that extraordinary letter which was
+to introduce Caleb Cushing to the Emperor of China, which assumed that
+the Chinese were a nation of children, and which Chinese scholars
+treated as conclusive evidence that the Americans had not emerged from
+barbarism,--we know not. But if he did, he doubtless laughed at it
+afterward as a childish performance.
+
+On the seventeenth of June, 1843, Fletcher Webster witnessed the laying
+of the capstone of the monument on Bunker Hill, and listened, with
+affectionate interest, to the oration which was then delivered by his
+father,--an oration which, if inferior to that delivered at the laying
+of the cornerstone, was nevertheless every way worthy of the man and the
+occasion,--simple, massive, and splendid. A few weeks later, he sailed
+from Boston for China, and watched, as he tells us, "while light and
+eyesight lasted, till the summit of that monument faded, at last, from
+view." Many a departing, many a returning, sailor and traveler, has
+given his "last, long, lingering look" to that towering obelisk, but
+none with deeper feeling than Fletcher Webster.
+
+As secretary to Commissioner Cushing, he assisted in negotiating the
+first treaty between the United States and China, which involved an
+absence of eighteen months from the United States. Neither the outward
+nor the homeward voyage was made in company with Mr. Cushing. Mr.
+Webster left Boston, August 8, 1843, in the brig Antelope, built by
+Captain R.B. Forbes, touched at Bombay, November 12, 1843, and arrived
+at Canton, February 4, 1844. He returned in the ship Paul Jones, in
+January, 1845, the voyage from Canton to New York being made in one
+hundred and eleven days. It deserves to be stated, as illustrating the
+admiration with which the merchant princes of Boston regarded Daniel
+Webster, that the house of Russell and Company, which owned both the
+Antelope and the Paul Jones, refused to accept any passage-money from
+his son, who was entertained, not as a passenger, but as an honored
+guest.
+
+By his voyage to China and by his experiences there, Mr. Webster,
+acquired, not only rich stores of curious information and a great
+enlargement of his intellectual horizon, but--what is particularly to be
+noted--a better appreciation of the splendid destiny of his native land.
+Unlike many foolish Americans, who waste their time in foreign capitals,
+he never harbored the slightest regret that he had not been born
+something other than an American; he never desired to be anything but a
+free citizen of the great republic of the West.
+
+He prepared a lecture on China, which he delivered in many of the cities
+and large towns. Mr. Cushing had already entered the lecture field with
+a discourse on China, and some thought Mr. Webster presumptuous in thus
+inviting comparison between his own discourse and Mr. Cushing's. But
+competent critics, who heard both these efforts, expressed a preference
+for that of Mr. Webster. Vast as was Mr. Cushing's learning, his
+oratorical style was never one of the best; while Fletcher Webster's
+style, for clearness, simplicity, strength, and majesty, was little
+inferior to that of his illustrious father. He afterward expanded this
+lecture to the dimensions of a book, but never published it; and, in
+1878, this manuscript, and all others left by him, perished by the fire
+which destroyed the Webster House at Marshfield. One of the few scraps
+which have survived this fire is a Latin epitaph which he wrote for his
+father's horse, Steamboat,--a horse of great speed and endurance,--and
+which seldom lay down at night unless he had been overdriven. In
+English, it ran thus: "Stop, traveler, for a greater traveler than thou
+stops here."
+
+On the Fourth of July, 1845, Charles Sumner delivered, before the
+municipal authorities of Boston, an oration on Peace, which provoked
+much hostile criticism; and on the next succeeding anniversary of
+American Independence, Fletcher Webster delivered an oration on War,
+which was designed to show that there are cases "where war, with all its
+woes, must be endured."
+
+It is probably the only elaborate discourse of his, which has been
+preserved entire. It contains many quotable passages; but we must
+content ourselves with the following, which are quite in his father's
+style:--
+
+"We meet to brighten the memories of a glorious past, to strengthen
+ourselves in our onward progress, to remember great enterprises, to look
+forward to a great career."
+
+"We celebrate no single triumph, but the result of a long series of
+victories; we celebrate the memory of no mere successful battle, but the
+great triumph of a people; the victory of liberty over oppression, won
+by suffering and struggle and death; the fruit of high sentiment, of
+resolute patriotism, of consummate wisdom, of unshaken faith and trust
+in God,--a victory and a triumph not for us only, but for all the
+oppressed, everywhere, and for every age to come, ... a victory whose
+future results to us and to others no imagination can foresee, and which
+are yet but commencing to unfold themselves."
+
+"And does any one believe that these results [to wit, the winning of
+American independence, and the building of the American nation] could
+have been attained in any other method than by arms and successful
+physical resistance."
+
+In 1847, he held the only political office to which he was ever elected
+by popular suffrage,--that of representative in the Legislature. In
+1850, he was appointed surveyor of the port of Boston by President
+Taylor, and he was reappointed to the same office by Presidents Pierce
+and Buchanan successively. There were many who would have been glad to
+see him in a larger sphere, but "the mark which he made upon his times,"
+as Mr. Hillard observes, was less than his friends had anticipated.
+Occasionally he appeared as an orator in political campaigns, notably in
+1856, at Exeter, in his native State, where he spoke with laudable pride
+of having "sat at the feet of a great statesman now no more."
+
+The son of Martin Van Buren and the son of Levi Woodbury united their
+voices on that occasion with the voice of the son of Webster. A striking
+remark then made by him is well remembered. Referring to the speech of
+Senator Sumner, which excited the assault of Mr. Brooks, Mr. Webster
+said, "If I had been going to make such a speech, I should have worn an
+iron pot upon my head."
+
+In 1857, he published two volumes of the Private Correspondence of
+Daniel Webster. In editing the papers of such a man, it is not difficult
+to make a "spicy" book. Witness McVey Napier's Edinburgh Review
+correspondence and Mr. Fronde's Carlyle correspondence. They have spared
+no one's feelings. They have paraded hasty expressions of transient
+spleen, which the authors would blush to read, except, perhaps, at the
+moment of writing. Mr. Webster has shown us a more excellent way, though
+it may be less profitable. "With charity for all, with malice for none,"
+he carefully excised from his father's correspondence every passage
+tending to rekindle the fire of any former personal controversy in which
+his father had engaged. In this, perhaps, he followed the behests of his
+father, who evinced, as he approached the tomb, an earnest desire for
+reconciliation with all with whom he had had differences, illustrating
+the Scottish proverb, "The evening brings all home."
+
+When the disruption of the Union came to be attempted, none of us who
+knew Fletcher Webster doubted for a moment what position he would take.
+The same "passionate and exultant nationality," which had nerved him to
+bear the loss of friends at the North, and to forego the chance of a
+public career, rather than countenance any measure calculated to excite
+ill-will at the South, now prompted him to advocate military coercion
+for the preservation of the Union. Notwithstanding President Lincoln had
+just deprived him of the office upon which he depended for the
+maintenance of his family, he did not hesitate to tender to the
+administration his personal support in the field.
+
+In the oration already quoted, he had said: "There are certain ultimate
+rights which must be maintained; and when force is brought to overthrow
+them, it must be resisted by force." Among the rights which must thus be
+maintained, in his view, was the right of the United States to maintain,
+forever, the union of these States. The policy of coercion, bitterly as
+he bewailed its necessity, was not new to him. His father had advocated
+the Force Bill almost thirty years before. The time had come, when, in
+the words of Jefferson (words spoken when only the Articles of
+Confederation held the States in union): "Some of the States must see
+the rod; perhaps some of them must feel it." Accordingly, on the
+twentieth of April, 1861, while the bombardment of Fort Sumter and the
+attack on the Sixth Regiment were firing the Northern heart, Fletcher
+Webster called that memorable Sunday-morning meeting in State Street,
+which resulted in the organization of the Twelfth Regiment of
+Massachusetts Infantry. Referring to that occasion, George S, Hillard
+said it recalled to the minds of those present, Colonel Webster's
+father, who had then been but nine years in the grave. "To the mind's
+eye, that majestic form and grand countenance seemed standing by the
+side of his son; and in the mind's ear, they heard again the deep music
+of that voice which had so often charmed and instructed them."
+
+Colonel Webster said: "He whose name I bear had the good fortune to
+defend the Union and the Constitution in the forum. That I cannot do,
+but I am ready to defend them in the field." Like other national men, he
+refused to listen to the "sixty-day" prattle by which others were
+deceived. He saw that by no "summer excursion to Moscow" could the
+Southern Confederacy be suppressed; that immense forces would be
+marshalled in aid of that Confederacy; and that the war for the Union,
+like the war for Independence, would be won only by 'suffering, and
+struggle, and death.
+
+Ten years earlier, it seemed to Rufus Choate as if the hoarded-up
+resentments and revenges of a thousand years were about to unsheath the
+sword for a conflict, "in which the blood should flow, as in the
+Apocalyptic vision, to the bridles of the horses; in which a whole age
+of men should pass away; in which the great bell of time should sound
+out another hour; in which society itself should be tried by fire and
+steel, whether it were of Nature and of Nature's God, or not."
+
+Such a conflict was indeed impending, and Fletcher Webster appreciated
+its extreme gravity, when, from the balcony of the Old State House, on
+that Sunday morning, he made his stirring appeal: "Let us show the world
+that the patriotism of '61 is not less than that of '76; that the noble
+impulses of those patriot hearts have descended to us."
+
+On the eighteenth of July, 1861, Edward Everett presented to Colonel
+Webster a splendid regimental flag, the gift of the ladies of Boston to
+the Twelfth Regiment.[1] It need not be said that the presentation
+speech of Mr. Everett, and the reception speech of Colonel Webster, were
+of the first order. But not even the words of a Webster or an Everett
+could adequately express the profound emotion of the vast concourse of
+people then assembled. For it was one of those occasions when, as the
+elder Webster said, "Words have lost their power, rhetoric is vain, and
+all elaborate oratory contemptible."
+
+History will transmit the fact that on that day the simple, homely,
+stirring, and inspiring melody of Old John Brown was heard for the first
+time by the people of Boston. It was a surprising and a gladsome
+spectacle--a regiment bearing Daniel Webster's talismanic name,
+commanded by his only surviving son, carrying a banner prepared by the
+fairest daughters of Massachusetts, carrying also the benediction of
+Edward Everett, and of "the solid men of Boston," and marching to the
+tune of Old John Brown! Did the weird prophet-orator who spoke of
+"carrying the flag and keeping step to the music of the Union" ever
+dream of such a strange combination?
+
+On the seventeenth of June, 1861, by invitation of Governor Andrew,
+Colonel Webster spoke on Bunker Hill: "From this spot I take my
+departure, like the mariner commencing his voyage, and wherever my eyes
+close, they will be turned hitherward towards this North; and, in
+whatever event, grateful will be the reflection, that this monument
+still stands--still, still is glided by the earliest beams of the rising
+sun, and that still departing day lingers and plays upon its summit."
+
+After referring to the two former occasions when he had visited that
+historic shaft, when his father had spoken there, he added, "I now stand
+again at its base, and renew once more, on this national altar, vows,
+not for the first time made, of devotion to my country, its Constitution
+and Union."
+
+With these words upon his lips, with these sentiments in his heart, and
+in the hearts of the thousand brave men of his command, Colonel Webster
+went forth, the dauntless champion and willing martyr of the Union.
+Except that the death of a beloved daughter brought him back for a few
+days to his family in the following summer, the people of Massachusetts
+saw his living face no more.
+
+On the thirtieth of August, 1862, the second day of the second battle of
+Bull Run, late in the afternoon, while gallantly directing the movements
+of his regiment, and giving his orders in those clear, firm, ringing
+tones, which, in the tumult of battle, fall so gratefully on the
+soldier's ear, Colonel Webster was shot through the body; and the
+Federal forces being closely pressed at the time, he was left to die on
+the field in Confederate hands. As the event became known through the
+country, thousands of generous hearts, in the South as well as in the
+North, recalled the peroration of his father's reply to Hayne, and
+bitterly regretted that, when his eyes were turned to behold for the
+last time the sun in heaven, it had been his unhappy lot to "see him
+shining on the broken and dishonored fragments of a once glorious Union,
+on States dissevered, discordant, belligerent, on a land rent with
+internal feuds, and drenched [as then it was] with fraternal blood."
+
+In the time-honored song of Roland, we are told, "Count Roland lay under
+a pine-tree dying, and many things came to his remembrance." As it was
+with Count Roland in Spain, so it was with Colonel Webster in Virginia.
+In the multitude of memories which rushed upon him as he lay dying on
+that ill-starred battle-field, we may be sure that Boston, Bunker Hill,
+and the home and grave of Marshfield, were not forgotten.
+
+The body of Colonel Webster was willingly given up by the Confederates,
+and after lying in state in Faneuil Hall, and adding another to the
+immortal recollections which ennoble "the cradle of liberty," it was
+buried near his father's grave by the sea.
+
+The Grand Army Post at Brockton, containing survivors of the Webster
+Regiment, has adopted Colonel Webster's name; and on each Memorial Day,
+members of this Post make a pilgrimage to Marshfield to decorate his
+grave. His life is remarkable for its apparent possibilities rather than
+for its actual achievements,--for the capabilities which were recognized
+in him, rather than for what he accomplished, either in public or
+professional life. His military career was cut short by a Confederate
+bullet before opportunity demonstrated that capacity for high command,
+which his superior officers, as well as his soldiers, believed him to
+possess. The instincts of the soldier are often as trustworthy as the
+judgment of the commander. All his soldiers loved him,--
+
+  --"honored him, followed him,
+  Dwelt in his mild and magnificent eye,
+  Heard his great language, caught his clear accents,
+  Made him their pattern to do and to die."
+
+
+While the regret still lingers, that he was not permitted to witness,
+and to contribute further effort to secure, the triumph, which he
+predicted, of the cause for which he died--that regret is mitigated by
+the reflection, that he could never have died more honorably than in a
+war which could only have been avoided by the sacrifice of the
+Constitution and the Union.
+
+[Footnote 1: This banner now hangs in the Doric Hall at the State House,
+where its mute eloquence has often started tears, and "thoughts too deep
+for tears," in many a casual visitor.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+EARLY HARVARD.
+
+By the Rev. Josiah Lafayette Seward, A.M.
+
+
+The valuable histories of Harvard University, by Quincy, Peirce, and
+Eliot, and the wonderfully full and accurate sketches of the early
+graduates, by John Langdon Sibley, the venerable librarian emeritus, are
+treasuries of interesting information in regard to the early customs and
+the first presidents and pupils of that institution. From these various
+works we have gathered the following items of interest, which we will
+give, without stopping at every step to indicate the authorities. Mr.
+Sibley has preserved the ancient spelling, which is so quaint, that we
+shall attempt to reproduce it.
+
+October 28, 1636, the General Court of Massachusetts "agreed to give 400
+(pounds) toward a schoale or colledge, whearof 200 (pounds) to be paid
+the next yeare, & 200 when the worke is finished, & the next Court to
+appoint wheare & what building." On November 15, 1637, the "Colledg is
+ordered to be at Newtowne." On November 20, 1637, occurs the following
+record of the General Court: "The Governor Mr. Winthrope, the Deputy Mr.
+Dudley, the Treasurer Mr. Bellingham, Mr. Humfrey, Mr. Herlakenden, Mr.
+Staughton, Mr. Cotton, Mr. Wilson, Mr. Damport, Mr. Wells, Mr. Sheopard,
+& Mr. Peters, these, or the greater part of them, whereof Mr. Winthrope,
+Mr. Dudley, or Mr. Bellingham, to bee alway one, to take order for a
+colledge at Newtowne."
+
+May 2, 1638, the General Court changed the name of Newtowne to
+Cambridge, and, on March 13, 1639, "It is ordered that the Colledge
+agreed upon formerly to be built at Cambridge shall bee called Harvard
+Colledge." It appears that before this time there had been a school; but
+the name of college was not assumed until the above date. The teacher of
+this school was Mr. Nathaniel Eaton, who has left an unenviable
+reputation, and made an inauspicious beginning of that institution which
+was to attain to such distinction. He finally got into serious trouble,
+in consequence of his brutal conduct and for one act in particular,
+which led to his leaving the school and town. Governor Winthrop, in his
+History of New England has given a graphic description of the event,
+which Mr. Sibley has also reproduced, in a note, and which will interest
+more readers than would ever have the privilege of reading either work.
+I will therefore give the extract in full. Speaking of Eaton and the
+pupil whom he punished, Winthrop says: "The occasion was this: He was a
+schoolmaster and had many scholars, the sons of gentlemen and others of
+best note in the country, and had entertained one Nathaniel Briscoe, a
+gentleman born, to be his usher, and to do some other things for him,
+which might not be unfit for a scholar. He had not been with him above
+three days but he fell out with him for a very small occasion, and, with
+reproachful terms, discharged him, and turned him out of his doors; but,
+it being then about eight of the clock after the Sabbath, he told him he
+should stay till next morning, and, some words growing between them, he
+struck him and pulled him into his house. Briscoe defended himself and
+closed with him, and, being parted, he came in and went up to his
+chamber to lodge there. Mr. Eaton sent for the constable, who advised
+him first to admonish him, etc., and if he could not, by the power of a
+master, reform him, then he should complain to the magistrate. But he
+caused his man to fetch him a cudgel, which was a walnut tree plant, big
+enough to have killed a horse, and a yard in length, and, taking his two
+men with him, he went up to Briscoe, and caused his men to hold him till
+he had given him two hundred stripes about the head and shoulders, etc.,
+and so kept him under blows (with some two or three short intermissions)
+about the space of two hours, about which time Mr. Shepherd (the
+clergyman) and some others of the town came in at the outcry, and so he
+gave over. In this distress Briscoe gate out his knife and struck at the
+man that held him, but hurt him not. He also fell to prayer, (supposing
+he should have been murdered), and then Mr. Eaton beat him for taking
+the name of God in Vain."
+
+He was charged in open court with these cruelties to Briscoe, and it was
+there proved that he had been unusually cruel on other occasions, often
+punishing pupils with from twenty to thirty stripes, and never leaving
+them until they had confessed what he required. He was also charged with
+furnishing a scant diet to his pupil boarders, keeping them on porridge
+and pudding, though their parents were paying for better fare. He
+appears to have admitted the evil, butt threw the blame upon his wife.
+The court found him guilty. At first he denied his guilt. He was put in
+care of a marshal for safe keeping, and, on the following day, the court
+was informed that he had repented in tears. In the open court "he made a
+very solid, wise, eloquent, and serious (seeming) confession." The court
+was so much moved and pleased by this act of contrition that they only
+censured him and fined him twenty pounds and ordered the same amount to
+be paid to Briscoe. The church intended to "deal with him," but he fled
+to the Piscataqua settlements. He was apprehended, and promised to
+return to Cambridge, but finally escaped and fled, on a boat, to
+Virginia.
+
+The college was named for the Reverend John Harvard, who came to this
+country from England in 1637, settled In Charlestown, and died the
+following year. He left a legacy, including his library, to the new
+institution of learning, which was a princely benefaction for the time.
+As a suitable recognition for this first large donation, the institution
+was called Harvard College. The exact place of Mr. Harvard's burial is
+unknown. It was somewhere "about the foot of Town Hill." It was in the
+old burial-ground near the old prison in Charlestown, in all
+probability, and the monument to his memory, if not over his grave, is
+likely very near it. The inscriptions on this monument explain the time
+and cause of its erection. On the eastern side of the shaft, looking
+toward the land of his birth and education, we read:--
+
+"On the twenty-sixth day of September, A.D. 1828, this Stone was erected
+by Graduates of the University of Cambridge in honor of its founder, who
+died at Charlestown, on the twenty-sixth day of September, A.D. 1638."
+
+This is in his mother-tongue. On the side looking toward the seat of
+learning which bears his name is the following inscription, in classic
+Latin:
+
+"In piam et perpetuam memoriam Johannis Harvardii, annis fere ducentis
+post obitum ejus peractis, Academiae quae est Cantabrigiae Nov-Anglorum
+alumni, ne diutius vir de literis nostris optime meritus sine monumento
+quanivis humili jaceret, hunc lapidem ponendum curaverunt." The
+following is a literal translation:--
+
+"In pious and perpetual remembrance of John Harvard, nearly two hundred
+years after his death, the alumni of the University at Cambridge, in New
+England, have erected this stone, that one who deserves the highest
+honors from our literary men may be no longer without a monument,
+however humble."
+
+Edward Everett delivered the address at the dedication of the monument.
+The closing passage of his oration is as follows:--
+
+"While the College which he founded shall continue to the latest
+posterity, a monument not unworthy of the most honored name, we trust
+that this plain memorial also will endure; and, while it guides the
+dutiful votary to the spot where his ashes are deposited, will teach to
+those who survey it the supremacy of intellectual and 'moral desert, and
+encourage them, too, by a like munificence, to aspire to a name as
+bright as that which stands engraven on its shaft,--
+
+    'Clarum et venerabile nomen
+  Gentibus, et multum nostrae quod proderat urbi.'"
+
+
+The citizens of New England entered most heartily into the idea of
+establishing this college and contributed whatever they could; utensils
+from their homes, stock from their farms, their goods, merchandise,
+anything, in fine, which they had to give, so anxious were they to
+educate their youth, and especially to provide for an educated ministry.
+Peirce, in his History of the college, says:--
+
+"When we read of a number of sheep bequeathed by one man, of a quantity
+of cotton cloth worth nine shillings presented by another, of a pewter
+flagon worth ten shillings by a third, of a fruit-dish, a sugar-spoon,
+a silver-tipped jug, one great salt, and one small trencher salt,
+by others; and of presents or legacies, amounting severally to five
+shillings, one pound, two pounds, &c., all faithfully recorded with the
+names of the donors, we are at first tempted to smile; but a little
+reflection will soon change this, disposition into a feeling of respect
+and even of admiration."
+
+"How just," says President Quincy, "is the remark of this historian!
+How forcible and full of noble example is the picture exhibited by
+these records? The poor emigrant, struggling for subsistence, almost
+houseless, in a manner defenceless, is seen selecting from the few
+remnants of his former prosperity, plucked by him out of the flames
+of persecution, and rescued from the perils of the Atlantic, the
+valued pride of his table, or the precious delight of his domestic
+hearth;--'his heart stirred and his spirit willing' to give according
+to his means, toward establishing for learning a resting-place, and
+for science a fixed habitation, on the borders of the wilderness!"
+
+Mr. Sibley gives an extract from New England's First Fruits, a work
+printed in London, not long after the first class was graduated. It
+gives us the feelings of the emigrants about their new institution.
+It says:--
+
+"After God had carried us safe to New England, and wee had builded our
+houses, provided necessaries for our liveli-hood, rear'd convenient
+places for God's worship, and settled the Civil Government; One of the
+next things we longed for, and looked after, was to advance LEARNING and
+to perpetuate it to Posterity; dreading to leave an illiterate ministry
+to the Churches, when our present Ministers shall lie in the dust. And
+as wee were thinking and consulting how to effect this great Work, it
+pleased God to stir up the heart of one Mr. HARVARD (a godly Gentleman,
+and a lover of learning, there living amongst us) to give the one halfe
+of his Estate (it being in all about 1700 pounds) toward the erecting of
+a Colledge, and all his Library." The edifice is described as "faire and
+comely within and without, having in it a spacious Hall, where they
+daily meet at Commons, Lectures, Exercises, and a large Library, with
+some books to it."
+
+The rules and regulations of Harvard in early times are interesting to
+us of later generations. The following are specimens:--
+
+"When any scholar is able to read Tully, or such like classical Latin
+author EXTEMPORE, and make and speak true Latin in verse and prose suo
+(ut aiunt) Marte, and decline perfectly the paradigms of nouns and verbs
+in the Greek tongue, then may he be admitted into the College, nor shall
+any claim admission before such qualifications."
+
+"Every one shall consider the main end of his life and studies, to know
+God and Jesus Christ, which is eternal life."
+
+"Every one shall so exercise himself in reading the Scriptures twice a
+day, that they be ready to give an account of their proficiency therein,
+both in theoretical observations of language and logic, and in practical
+and spiritual truths, as their Tutor shall require."
+
+"They shall honor as their parents, magistrates, elders, tutors, and
+aged persons, by being silent in their presence (except they be called
+on to answer)."
+
+"None shall pragmatically intrude or inter meddle in other men's
+affairs."
+
+"No scholar shall buy, sell, or exchange any thing, to the value of
+sixpence, without the allowance of his parents, guardians or tutors."
+
+"The scholars shall never use their mother tongue, except that in public
+exercise of oratory, or such like, they be called to make them in
+English."
+
+"Every scholar, that on proof is found able to read the original of the
+Old and New Testament into the Latin tongue, and to resolve them
+logically, withal being of honest life and conversation, and at any
+public act hath the approbation of the Overseers and Master of the
+College, may be invested with his first degree."
+
+"No scholar whatever, without the fore-acquaintance and leave of the
+President and his Tutor, or, in the absence of either of them, two of
+the Fellows shall be present at or in any of the public civil meetings,
+or concourse of people, as courts of justice, elections, fairs, or at
+military exercise, in the time or hours of the College exercise, public
+or private. Neither shall any scholar exercise himself in any military
+band, unless of known gravity, and of approved sober and virtuous
+conversation, and that with the leave of the President and his Tutor."
+
+"No scholar shall take tobacco, unless permitted by the President, with
+the consent of their parents or guardians, and on good reason first
+given by a physician, and then in a sober and private mariner."
+
+"No Freshman shall wear his hat in the College yard, unless it rains,
+hails, or snows, provided he be on foot and have not both hands full."
+
+"Freshmen are to consider all the other classes as their Seniors."
+
+"No Freshman shall speak to a Senior with his hat on; or have it on in a
+Senior's chamber, or in his own if a Senior be there."
+
+"All Freshmen shall be obliged to go on any errand, for any of his
+Seniors, Graduates or Undergraduates, at any time, except in studying
+hours, or after nine o'clock in the evening."
+
+The faculty, if they were knowing to it, could stop the performance of
+an improper errand. They would have been likely to know little about
+them.
+
+Pages might be quoted of these curious and interesting rules and
+customs. But these must suffice. Enough has been given to show the
+immense progress which has been made from the time of the cruel Eaton to
+that of the dignified, able, and judicious President Eliot, under whose
+fortunate administration, the University has wonderfully increased,
+materially and in every way.
+
+The first President was Henry Dunster, a man of learning and
+cultivation. He entered upon his office, August 27, 1640, and left it,
+October 24, 1654. It was during his administration that most of those
+unique rules were established which I have quoted. We can see in them
+the evident origin or occasion of hazing the Freshmen, which would
+naturally follow such rules. At the present day, be it known, the custom
+has entirely ceased. The Freshmen of to-day are treated like gentlemen
+by all classes. All the students are placed on their honor, in every
+way, save only in some necessary particulars. Hazing has passed into
+history as a barbarous custom of the past, and the deportment of the
+students to-day is that of gentlemen, with very rare exceptions, such as
+might be expected among so large a number. In the great Memorial Hall,
+where they eat, the best of deportment is always to be seen, and
+everywhere there is now a pride, in all departments of the University,
+in observing the proprieties of good conduct. Indeed this has always
+been the rule. The hazing has never been so extensively practised as
+many have supposed; and no body of men can anywhere be found, in
+Congress, legislatures, schools, academies, or colleges, whose
+deportment excels in excellence that of the students of Harvard
+University. This observation is demanded from the fact that many
+parents, some of whom are known the writer, have decided to send sons
+to other institutions, on the very ground of the influence of college
+customs and habits.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE DEFENCE OF NEW YORK, 1776.
+
+By Henry B. Carrington, U.S.A., LL.D.
+
+
+  [The siege of Boston gave to the Continental Army that instruction in
+  military engineering, and that contact with a disciplined foe, which
+  prepared it for the immediate operations at New York and in New Jersey.
+  (See The Bay State Monthly, January, 1884, pages 37-44.)
+
+  The occupation and defence of New York and Brooklyn, so promptly made,
+  was a strategic necessity, fully warranted by existing conditions,
+  although temporary.]
+
+
+It is not easy to reconcile the views which we take, in turn, through
+the eye and object lenses of a field-glass, so that the real subject of
+examination will not be distorted by too great nearness or remoteness.
+
+If we bring back to this hour the events of one hundred years ago, it is
+certain that the small armies and the smaller appliances of force then
+in use will seem trifling, in contrast with those which have so recently
+wearied science and have tasked invention in the work and waste of war.
+
+If we thrust them back to their proper place behind the memory of all
+living men, we only see a scattered people, poorly armed, but engaged in
+hopeful conflict with Great Britain, then mistress of the seas, proudly
+challenging the world to arms, and boldly vindicating her challenge.
+
+In an effort to reproduce that period and so balance the opposing
+factors that the siege of Boston and the deliverance of Washington at
+Brooklyn and New York shall have fair co-relation and full bearing upon
+the resulting struggle for National Independence, there must be some
+exact standard for the test j and this will be found by grouping such
+data as illustrate the governing laws of military art.
+
+It has never been claimed that the siege of Boston was not the
+legitimate result of British blunder and American pluck. In a previous
+paper, the siege itself has been presented as that opportunity and
+training-school exercise which projected its experience into the entire
+war, and assured final triumph. It has not been as generally accepted,
+as both philosophical and necessary, that the fortification and defence
+of Brooklyn became the wise and inevitable sequence to that siege.
+
+Let us drop a century and handle the old records.
+
+If Great Britain had not called continental auxiliaries to her aid in
+1776, her disposable force for colonial service would have been less
+than half of the army of Washington.
+
+Until the fortification of Brooklyn and New York had been well advanced,
+the British ministry had not been able to assign even fifteen thousand
+men for that service. General Clinton did, indeed, anchor at the New
+York Narrows, just when General Charles Lee reached that city for its
+defence, but did not risk a landing, and sailed for South Carolina, only
+to be repulsed.
+
+The British Crown had no alternative but to seek foreign aid. The appeal
+to Catharine of Russia for twenty thousand men was met by the laconic
+response, "There are other ways of settling this dispute than by resort
+to arms." The Duke of Richmond prophetically declared, "The colonies
+themselves, after our example, will apply to strangers for assistance."
+The opposition to hiring foreign troops was so intense, that, for many
+weeks, there was no practical advance in preparations for a really
+effective blow at the rebels, while the rebellion itself was daily
+gaining head and spirit.
+
+The British army, just before the battle of Long Island, including
+Hessians, Brunswickers, and Waldeckers, was but a little larger than
+that which the American Congress, as early as October 4, 1775, had
+officially assigned to the siege operations before Boston. That force
+was fixed at twenty-three thousand, three hundred and seventy-two men.
+General Howe landed about twenty thousand men. With the sick, the
+reserves on Staten Island, all officers and supernumeraries included,
+his entire force exhibited a paper strength of thirty-one thousand, six
+hundred and twenty-five men. It is true that General Howe claimed, after
+the battle of Long Island, that his entire force (Hessians included) was
+only twenty four thousand men, and that Washington opposed the advance
+of his division with twenty thousand men. The British muster rolls, as
+exhibited before the British Parliament, accord with the statement
+already made. The actual force of the American army at Brooklyn was not
+far from nine thousand men, instead of twenty thousand, and the
+effective force (New York included) was only about twenty thousand men.
+As the British regiments brought but six, instead of eight, companies to
+a battalion, there is evidence that Washington himself occasionally
+over-estimated the British force proper; but the foreign battalions
+realized their full force, and they were paid accordingly, upon their
+muster rolls. Nearly three fifths of General Howe's army was made up
+from continental mercenaries. These troops arrived in detachments, to
+supplement the army which otherwise would have been entirely unequal to
+the conquest of New York, if the city were fairly defended.
+
+If, on the other hand, Washington had secured the force which he
+demanded from Congress, namely, fifty-eight thousand men, which was,
+indeed (but too tardily), authorized, he could have met General Howe
+upon terms of numerical equality, backed by breast-works, and have held
+New York with an equal force.
+
+This estimate, by Washington himself, of the contingencies of the
+campaign, will have the greater significance when reference is made to
+the details of British preparations in England.
+
+While Congress did, indeed, as early as June, assign thirteen thousand
+additional troops for the defence of New York, the peremptory detachment
+of ten battalions to Canada, in addition to previous details,
+persistently foiled every preparation to meet Howe with an adequate
+force. Regiments from Connecticut and from other colonies reported with
+a strength of only three hundred and sixty men. While the "paper
+strength" of the army was far beyond its effective force, even the
+"paper strength" was but one half of the force which the
+Commander-in-chief had the right to assume as at his disposal.
+
+Other facts fall in line just here.
+
+At no later period of the war did either commander have under his
+immediate control so large a nominal force as then. During but one year
+of the succeeding struggle did the entire British army, from Halifax to
+the West Indies inclusive (including foreign and provincial
+auxiliaries), exceed, by more than seven thousand men, the force which
+occupied both sides of the New York Narrows in 1776. The British Army at
+that time, without its foreign contingent, would have been as inferior
+to the force which had been ordered by Congress (and should have been
+available) as the depleted American army of 1781 would have been
+inferior to the British without the French contingent.
+
+The largest continental force under arms, in any one year of the war,
+did not greatly exceed forty thousand men, and the largest British
+force, as late as 1781, including all arrivals, numbered, all told, but
+forty-two thousand and seventy-five men.
+
+The annual British average, including provincials, ranged from
+thirty-three to thirty-eight thousand men. The physical agencies which
+Great Britain employed were;, therefore, far beneath the prestige of her
+accredited position among the nations; and the disparity between the
+contending forces was mainly in discipline and equipment, with the
+advantage to Great Britain in naval strength, until that was supplanted
+by that of France.
+
+To free the question from a popular fallacy which treats oldtime
+operations as insignificant, in view of large modern armies and
+campaigns, it is pertinent to state, just here, that the issues of the
+battle-field for all time, up to the latest hour, have not been
+determined by the size of armies, or by improvements in weapons of war,
+except relatively, in proportion as civilized peoples fought those of
+less civilization; or where some precocity of race or invention more
+quickly matured the operations of the winning side.
+
+If the maxims of Napoleon are but a terse restatement of those of
+Caesar, and the skill of Hannibal at Cannae still holds place as a model
+for the concave formation of a battle-line, so have all the decisive
+battles of history taken shape from the timely handling of men, in the
+exercise of that sound judgment which adapts means to ends, in every
+work of life. Thus it is that equally great battles, those in the
+highest sense great, have become memorial, although numbers did not
+impart value to the struggle; but they were the expression of that skill
+and wisdom which would have ensured success, if the opposing armies had
+been greater or less.
+
+If a timely fog did aid the retreat of Washington from Brooklyn, in
+1776, so did a petty stream, filled to the brim by a midnight shower,
+make altogether desperate, if it did not, alone, change, the fortunes of
+Napoleon at Waterloo.
+
+If, also, the siege of Yorktown, in 1781, was conducted by few against
+few, as compared with modern armies, it is well to note the historical
+fact that, at the second siege, in 1861, the same ravine was used by
+General Poe (United States Engineers) to connect "parallels," and
+thereby save a "regular approach." Numbers did not change relations, but
+simply augmented the physical force employed and imperilled.
+
+He who can seize the local, incidental, and seemingly immaterial
+elements which enter into all human plans, and convert them into
+determining factors, is to be honored; but the man who can so anticipate
+the possibilities and risks which lie ahead, that the world counts as a
+miracle, or, at least, as marvelous, that which is only the legitimate
+result of faith, courage, and skill, is truly great. Washington did it.
+His retreat from Long Island was deliberately planned before he had a
+conference with his subordinates; and the entire policy and conduct of
+his operations at and near New York will defy criticism. To hold the
+facts of the issue discussed, right under the light on that military
+science (that is, that mental philosophy which does not change with
+physical modes and appliances), is simply to bring out clearly the
+necessity for the occupation of New York and Brooklyn by Washington in
+1776.
+
+The mere statement of the British forces which were available in 1776
+will show that if Washington knew, in advance, exactly what he had to
+meet, then he had a right to anticipate a successful resistance. As
+early as July, 1775, he demanded that the army should be enlisted "for
+the war." In a previous article, the policy of the Commander-in-chief
+and of General Greene was noticed, and the formulated proposition, then
+accepted by both, gave vitality and hope to the struggle. When the issue
+ripened at New York, and, swiftly as possible, the besieging force
+before Boston became the resisting force at New York, there was one man
+who understood the exact issue. The temper of the British press, and
+that of the British House of Commons, was fully appreciated by the
+American Commander-in-chief. He knew that General Gage had urged that
+"thirty thousand men, promptly sent to America, would be the quickest
+way to save blood and end the war." He also knew that when John Wesley
+predicted that "neither twenty, forty, nor sixty thousand men would
+suppress the rebellion," the British Cabinet had placed before
+Parliament a careful statement of the entire resources which were deemed
+available for military purposes abroad. As early as May, 1776,
+Washington was advised of the following facts:--
+
+First, That the contracts at that time made with continental States,
+including that with Hesse and Brunswick, would place at British disposal
+a nominal strength of fifty-five thousand men.
+
+Second, That, with all due allowance for deficiencies, the effective
+force, as claimed by the ministry, could not exceed, but might fall
+below, forty thousand men.
+
+The debate in Parliament was so sharp, and the details of the proposed
+operations were so closely defined and analyzed, that Washington had
+full right to assume, as known, the strength of his adversary.
+
+When, during May, 1776, the American Congress sent troops from New York
+to Canada, he sharply protested, thus: "This diversion of forces will
+endanger both enterprises; for Great Britain will attempt to capture New
+York as well as Canada, if they have the men." He did not believe that
+they would capture New York, if he could acquire and retain the force
+which he demanded.
+
+The point to be made emphatic, is this: That, from the date of the call
+of Massachusetts, early in 1775, for thirty thousand men, up to the
+occupation of New York, the force which he had the right to assume as at
+his own disposal was equal to the contingencies of the conflict; and
+that, when he did occupy New York, and begin its exterior defences at
+Brooklyn, the British ministry had admitted its inability to send to
+America a force sufficiently strong to capture the city. The maximum
+force proposed was less than that which Congress could easily supply for
+resistance. In other words, Washington would not have to fight Great
+Britain, but a specific force; namely, all that Great Britain could
+spare for that service; so that the issue was not between the new
+Republic and England, but between the Republic and a single army, of
+known elements and numbers. In fact, the opinion that France had already
+made war upon England had so early gained credit, that Washington, while
+still in New York, was forced to issue an order correcting the rumor,
+and thus prevent undue confidence and its corresponding neglect to meet
+the demands of the crisis.
+
+Thus far, it is clear that there was nothing extravagant in the American
+claim to independence; nor in the readiness of Washington to seize and
+hold New York; nor in his belief that the colonial resources were equal
+to the contest.
+
+One other element is of determining value as to the necessity for his
+occupation and defence of Brooklyn Heights. New York was the only base
+from which Great Britain could operate against the colonies as an
+organized State. By Long Island Sound and the Hudson River, her right
+hand would hold New England under the guns of her warships, and by quick
+occupation of Chesapeake and Delaware Bays and their tributary streams,
+her left hand would cut off the South.
+
+If the views of Lord Dartmouth had prevailed, in 1775, there would have
+been no siege of Boston; but New York would have had a garrison fully
+equal to its defence, while sparing troops for operations outside. But
+the prompt occupation of New York, as the headquarters of revolution,
+was a clear declaration to the world, and to the scattered people of the
+colonies, that a new nation was asserting life, and that its soil was
+free from a hostile garrison. The occupation of New York centralized, at
+the social, commercial, and natural capital of the Republic, all
+interests and resources, and gave to the struggle real force,
+inspiration, and dignity.
+
+Just as the men at Bunker Hill fought so long as powder and ball held
+out, but could not have been led to assail, in open field, the veterans
+whom they did, in fact, so effectively resist; and, as very often, a
+patriotic band has bravely defended, when unequal to aggressive
+action,--so the possession, defence, and even the loss, of New York, as
+an incident of a campaign, were very different from an effort to wrest
+the city from the grasp of a British garrison, under cover of yawning
+broadsides.
+
+History is replete with facts to show how hopefully men will seek to
+regain lost positions, when an original capture would have been deemed
+utterly hopeless. Poland wellnigh regained a smothered nationality
+through an inspiration, which never could have been evoked, in a plan to
+seize from the Russian domain a grand estate, upon which to establish an
+original Poland.
+
+To have held but to have lost New York, would simply show the defects of
+the defence, and the margin wanting in ability to retain, while no less
+suggesting how, in turn, it might be regained, at the right time, by
+adequate means and methods. The occupation and defence of Brooklyn
+Heights was the chief element of value in this direction. It not only
+combined the general protection of the city and post, in connection with
+the works upon Governor's Island, but to have neglected either would
+have admitted an inability to retain either.
+
+British troops at Brooklyn would command New York. American troops at
+Brooklyn presented the young nation in the attitude of guarding the
+outer doorway of its freshly-asserted independence. It put the British
+to the defensive, and compelled them to risk the landing of a large
+army, after a protracted ocean voyage, before they could gain a footing
+and measure strength with the colonists. It does not lessen our estimate
+of the skill of Washington to know that Congress failed to supply
+adequate forces; but he made wise estimates, and had reason to expect a
+prompt response to his requisitions.
+
+That episode at Breed's Hill, which tested the value of even a light
+cover for keen sharpshooters, had so warned Howe of the courage of his
+enemy that the garrison of Bunker Hill had never worried Putnam's little
+redoubt across the Charlestown Isthmus; neither had the troops at Boston
+ever assailed, with success, the thin circumvallation which protected
+the besiegers.
+
+At Brooklyn, Washington established ranges for firing-parties, so that
+the rifle could be intelligently and effectively used, as the British
+might, in turn, approach the danger line. All these preparations,
+although impaired by the illness and absence of General Greene, had been
+so well devised, that even after General Howe gained the rear of
+Sullivan and Stirling and captured both, he halted before the
+entrenchments and resorted to regular approaches rather than venture an
+assault.
+
+If that portion of the proper garrison of New York which had been sent
+to Canada, to waste from disease and fill six thousand graves, had been
+available at New York, they might have made of Jamaica Ridge and
+Prospect Hill a British Golgotha before the lines of Brooklyn.
+
+If we conceive of an invasion of New York to-day, other than by some
+devastating fleet, we can at once see that the whole outline of defence
+as proposed by Washington, until he ordered the retreat, was
+characteristic of his wisdom and his settled purpose to resist a
+landing, fight at every ridge, yield only to compulsion, enure his men
+to face fire, and "make every British advance as costly as possible to
+the enemy."
+
+The summary is briefly this: There was an universal revolt of the
+colonies, and a fixed purpose to achieve and maintain independence.
+There was, at the same time, in England, not only a vigorous opposition
+to the use of force, but a clearly-defined exhibit of the maximum
+military resources which its authorities could call into exercise.
+Imminent European complications were already bristling for battle, both
+by land and sea, and Great Britain was without a continental ally or
+friend. As the British resources were thus definitely defined, so was
+the military policy distinctly stated; namely, to make, as the first
+objective, the recovery of New York, and its acceptance as the permanent
+base for prosecution of the war. The first blow was designed to be a
+fatal blow. It was for Washington to take the offensive. He did so, and
+by the occupation of New York and Brooklyn put himself in the attitude
+of resisting invasion, rather than as attempting the expulsion of a
+rightful British garrison from the British capital of its American
+colonies.
+
+Not only did the metal of such men as he commanded stand fire on the
+seventeenth of June, 1775, at Breed's Hill, but when he followed up the
+expulsion of the garrison of Boston by the equally aggressive
+demonstrations at New York, he gave assurance of the thoroughness of his
+purpose to achieve independence, and thereby inspired confidence at home
+and abroad. The failure to realize a competent field force for the issue
+with Howe, and the circumstances of the retreat and evacuation, do not
+impair the statement that, in view of his knowledge of British resources
+and those of America, the occupation and defence of Brooklyn and New
+York was a military necessity, warranted by existing conditions, and not
+impaired by his disappointment in not securing a sufficient force to
+meet his enemy upon terms of equality and victory. It increases our
+admiration of that strategic forethought which habitually inspired him
+to maintain an aggressive attitude, until the surrender at Yorktown
+consummated his plans, and verified his wisdom and his faith.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+LOWELL.
+
+
+Twenty-six miles northwest from Boston, on the banks of the Merrimack at
+its confluence with the Concord, is situated the city of Lowell,--the
+Spindle City, the Manchester of America. The Merrimack, which affords
+the chief water-power that gives life to the thousand industries of
+Lowell, takes its rise among the White Mountains, in New Hampshire, its
+source being in the Notch of the Franconia Range, at the base of Mount
+Lafayette. For many miles it dashes down toward the sea, known at first
+as the Pemigewasset, until finally its waters are joined by the outflow
+from Lake Winnipiseogee, and a great river is formed, which, in its fall
+of several hundred feet, offers immense power to the mechanic. Past
+Penacook the river glides, its volume increased by the Contcocook;
+through fertile intervales, over rapids and falls, past Suncook and
+Hooksett, it comes to the Falls of Amoskeag, where Lowell's fair rival
+is built; thence onward past Nashua, to the Falls of Pawtucket, where
+its waters are thoroughly utilized to propel the machinery of a great
+city.
+
+The men are still living who have witnessed the growth of Lowell from an
+inconsiderable village to a great manufacturing city, whose fabrics are
+as world-renowned as those of Marseilles and Lyons, or ancient Damascus.
+
+[Illustration: LOWELL AS IT APPEARED IN 1840.]
+
+With the dawn of American history, the Penacooks, a tribe of Indians,
+were known to have occupied the site of Lowell as their favorite
+rendezvous. Here the salmon and shad were caught in great abundance by
+the dusky warriors. Passaconaway was their first great chief known to
+the white man, and he was acknowledged as leader by many neighboring
+tribes. He was a friend to the English. Before the coming of the
+Pilgrims a great plague had swept over New England, making desolate
+the Indian villages. Added to the terrors of the pestilence, which was
+resistless as fate to the children of the forest, was the fear and dread
+of their implacable enemies, the fierce Mohawks of the west. The spirit
+of the Indian was broken. In 1644, Passaconaway renounced his authority
+as an independent chief, and placed himself and his tribe of several
+thousand souls under the protection of the colonial magistrates. The
+Indian villages at Pawtucket Falls, on the Merrimack, and Wamesit Falls,
+on the Concord, the Musketaquid of the aborigines, were first visited in
+1647 by the Reverend John Eliot, the Apostle to the Indians. In 1652,
+Captain Simon Willard and Captain Edward Johnson made their tour up the
+Merrimack Paver to Lake Winnipiseogee, and marked a stone near the Weirs
+as the northern boundary of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The following
+year the work of settlement swept onward, crowding in upon the
+cornfields of the red men; and Eliot, caring for his charges, procured
+the passage of an act by the General Court reserving a good part of the
+land on which Lowell now stands to the exclusive use of the Indians.
+
+[Illustration: MERRIMACK RIVER BELOW HUNT'S FALLS.]
+
+The towns of Chelmsford and Billerica were incorporated May 29, 1655.
+
+In 1656, Major-General Daniel Gookin was appointed superintendent of all
+the Indians under the jurisdiction of the Colony. By his fair dealing he
+won their entire confidence. They had good friends in Judge Gookin and
+the Apostle Eliot, who were ever ready to protect them from
+encroachments of their neighbors.
+
+In 1660, Passaconaway relinquished all authority over his tribe,
+retiring at a ripe old age, and turning over his office of sachem to his
+son Wannalancet, whose headquarters were at Penacook. Numphow, who was
+married to one of Passaconaway's daughters, was the chief for some years
+of the village of Pawtucket. In 1669, Wannalancet, in dread of the
+Mohawks, came down the river with his whole tribe, and located at
+Wamesit, and built a fortification on Fort Hill in Belvidere, which was
+surrounded with palisades. The white settlers of the vicinity, catching
+the alarm, took refuge in garrison-houses.
+
+[Illustration: OLD BRIDGE OVER PAWTUCKET FALLS.]
+
+In 1674, there were at Wamesit fifteen families, or seventy-five souls,
+enumerated as Christian Indians, aside from about two hundred who
+adhered to their primitive faith in the Great Spirit. Numphow was their
+magistrate as well as chief, his cabin standing near the Boott Canal.
+The log chapel presided over by the Indian preacher, Samuel, stood at
+the west end of Appleton Street near the site of the Eliot Church. In
+May of each year came Eliot and Gookin; the former to give spiritual
+advice; the latter to act as umpire or judge, having jurisdiction of
+higher offences, and directing all matters affecting the interests oL
+the village. Wannalancet held his court, as sachem, in a log cabin near
+Pawtucket Falls.
+
+[Illustration: SAINT ANNE'S CHURCH, 1850.]
+
+King Philip's War broke out in 1675. Wannalancet and the local Indians,
+faithful to the counsels of Passaconaway, took sides with the settlers,
+or remained neutral. Between the two parties they suffered severely.
+Some were put to death by Philip, for exposing his designs; some were
+put to death by the colonists, as Philip's accomplices; some fell in
+battle, fighting for the whites; some were slain by the settlers, who
+mistrusted alike praying and hostile Indians.
+
+During the following year, 1676, the able-bodied Indians of Wamesit and
+Pawtucket withdrew to Canada, leaving a few of their helpless and infirm
+old people at the mercy of their neighbors. Around their fate let
+history draw the veil of oblivion, lest the present generation blush for
+their ancestors. The Indians of those days, like their descendants, had
+no rights which the white men were bound to respect.
+
+During the war the white settlers were gathered for protection in
+garrison-houses. Billerica escaped harm, but Chelmsford was twice
+visited by hostile bands and several buildings were burned. Two sons of
+Samuel Varnum were shot while crossing the Merrimack in a boat with
+their father.
+
+In April, 1676, Captain Samuel Hunting and Lieutenant James Richardson
+built a fort at Pawtucket Falls, which, with a garrison, was left under
+command of Lieutenant Richardson. A month later it was reinforced and
+the command entrusted to Captain Thomas Henchman. This proved an
+effectual check to the incursions of marauding Indians.
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF A CELLAR, BELVIDERE.]
+
+When the war was over, Wannalancet returned with the remnant of his
+tribe, to find the reservation in possession of the settlers. The tribe
+was placed on Wickasauke Island, in charge of Colonel Jonathan Tyng,
+where they remained until their last rod of land had been bartered away,
+when they retired to Canada and joined the St. Francis tribe. Colonel
+Tyng and Major Henchman purchased of the Indians all their remaining
+interest in the land about Pawtucket Falls.
+
+[Illustration: OLD BUTMAN HOUSE, BELVIDERE.]
+
+During the nine years of King William's War, which followed the English
+Revolution of 1688, the people of Chelmsford and neighboring towns again
+took refuge in forts and garrison-houses. Major Henchman had command of
+the fortification at the Falls. August 1, 1682, a hostile raid was made
+into Billerica and eight of the inhabitants were killed. August 5, 1695,
+fourteen inhabitants of Tewksbury were massacred. Colonel Joseph Lynde,
+from whom Lynde Hill in Belvidere derives its name, was in command of a
+force of three hundred men who ranged through the neighboring country to
+protect the frontier.
+
+The town of Dracut was incorporated in 1701. It contained twenty-five
+families, and was set off from Chelmsford.
+
+The Wamesit purchase was divided into small parcels of land and sold to
+settlers. Samuel Pierce, who had his domicile on the Indian reservation,
+was elected a member of the General Court, in 1725, but was refused his
+seat on the ground that he was not an inhabitant of Chelmsford.
+Accordingly the people of the reservation refused to pay taxes to the
+town of Chelmsford until an act was passed legally annexing them to the
+town. The place was afterward known as East Chelmsford.
+
+The year 1729 is memorable for the great earthquake which occurred on
+October 29, and did considerable damage in the Merrimack valley.
+
+Tewksbury was incorporated in 1734, its territory before having been
+included in Billerica.
+
+At the battle of Bunker Hill two companies of Chelmsford men were
+present, one under command of Captain John Ford, the other under Captain
+Benjamin Walker; and one company composed largely of Dracut men was
+under Captain Peter Colburn.
+
+[Illustration: FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, 1840.]
+
+Captain Ford had served previously at the siege and capture of
+Louisburg, in 1745. When the first man in his company fell at Bunker
+Hill, an officer prevented a panic by singing Old Hundred. When closely
+pressed by the British, and the ammunition had been exhausted, Captain
+Colburn, on the point of retreating, threw a stone at the advancing
+enemy and saw an officer fall from the blow.
+
+Colonel Simeon Spaulding, of Chelmsford, was an active patriot during
+the Revolution and did good service in the Provincial Congress.
+
+During Shays' Rebellion, in 1786, a body of Chelmsford militia under
+command of General Lincoln served in the western counties.
+
+The people of Chelmsford, from the earliest settlement, gave every
+encouragement to millers, lumbermen, mechanics, and traders, making
+grants of land, and temporary exemption from taxation, to such as would
+settle in their town. It became distinguished for its sawmills,
+gristmills, and mechanics' shops of various kinds. Billerica, Dracut,
+and Tewksbury gave like encouragement. About the time of the Revolution
+a sawmill was built below Pawtucket Falls and owned by Judge John Tyng.
+
+[Illustration: PAIGE-STREET FREEWILL BAPTIST CHURCH, 1840.]
+
+Toward the close of the last century the lumbering industry on the
+Merrimack grew into prominence; and, in 1792, Dudley A. Tyng, William
+Coombs, and others, of Newburyport, were incorporated as "The
+Proprietors of the Locks and Canals on Merrimack River." This canal,
+which was demanded for the safe conduct of rafts by the Falls, was
+completed in 1797, at an expense of fifty thousand dollars. The fall of
+thirty-two feet was passed by four sets of locks.
+
+The first bridge across the Merrimack was built, in 1792, by Parker
+Varnum and associates; the Concord had been bridged some twenty years
+earlier.
+
+[Illustration: DAM AT PAWTUCKET FALLS.]
+
+In 1793, the proprietors of the Middlesex Canal were incorporated.
+Loammi Baldwin, of Woburn, superintended the construction. The canal
+began at the Merrimack, about a mile above Pawtucket Falls, extended
+south by east thirty-one miles, and terminated at Charlestown. It was
+twenty-four feet wide and four feet deep and was fed by the Concord
+River. It cost $700,000, and was completed in 1804,--the first canal
+in the United States opened for the transportation of passengers and
+merchandise. For forty years it was the outlet of the whole Merrimack
+valley north of Pawtucket Falls.
+
+The first boat voyage from Boston, by the Middlesex Canal and the
+Merrimack River, to Concord, New Hampshire, was made in 1814; the first
+steamboat from Boston reached Concord in 1819.
+
+The competition of the Middlesex Canal ruined the Pawtucket Canal, as it
+in turn, in after years, was ruined by the Boston and Lowell Railroad.
+Navigation finally ceased on its waters in 1853, since which date its
+channel has been filling up and its banks have been falling away.
+
+In 1801, Moses Hale, whose father had long before started a fulling-mill
+in Dracut, established a carding-mill on River Meadow Brook,--the first
+enterprise of the kind in Middlesex County.
+
+In 1805, the bridge across the Merrimack was demolished and a new bridge
+with stone piers and abutments was constructed. It was a toll-bridge as
+late as 1860.
+
+The second war with England stimulated manufacturing enterprises
+throughout the United States; and several were started, depending upon
+the water-power of the Concord River. In 1813, Captain Phineas Whiting
+and Major Josiah Fletcher erected a wooden cotton-mill on the site of
+the Middlesex Company's mills, and were successful in their enterprise.
+John Golding, in the same neighborhood, was not so fortunate.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN-STREET CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH.]
+
+The year 1815 is memorable for the most disastrous gale that has
+devastated New England during two centuries; it was very severe in
+Chelmsford.
+
+The sawmill and gristmill of the Messrs. Bowers, at Pawtucket Falls, was
+started in 1816. The same year Nathan Tyler started a gristmill where
+the Middlesex Company's mill No. 3 now stands. Captain John Ford's
+sawmill stood near the junction of the Concord and Merrimack Rivers.
+
+In 1818, Moses Hale started the powder-mills on Concord River. The
+following year Oliver M. Whipple and William Tileston were associated
+with him in business. In 1821, the firm opened Whipple's Canal. The
+business was enlarged from time to time and was at its zenith during the
+Mexican War, when, in one year, nearly five hundred tons of powder were
+made. The manufacture of powder in Lowell ceased in 1855. In 1818, also,
+came Thomas Hurd, who purchased the cotton-mill started by Whiting and
+Fletcher and converted it into a woolen-mill. He soon enlarged his
+operations, building a large brick mill near the other. He was the
+pioneer manufacturer of satinets in this country. His mill was destroyed
+by fire and rebuilt in 1826. About this time he built the Middlesex
+(Mills) Canal, which conveyed water from the Pawtucket Canal to his
+satinet-mills, thus affording additional power. His business was ruined
+in 1828 by the reaction in trade; and two years later the property
+passed into the hands of the Middlesex Company.
+
+[Illustration: FREE CHAPEL, 1860.]
+
+The year 1818 also brought Winthrop Howe to town. He started a mill for
+the manufacture of flannels at Wamesit Falls, in Belvidere, and
+continued in the business until 1827, when he sold out to Harrison G.
+Howe, who introduced power-looms, and who, in turn, sold the property to
+John Nesmith and others in 1831. In the year 1819 a new bridge across
+the Concord River was built to replace the old one built in 1774. About
+this time the dam across the Concord at Massic Falls was constructed,
+and the forging-mill of Fisher and Ames was built. The works were
+extended in 1823, and continued by them until 1836, when the privilege
+was sold to Perez O. Richmond.
+
+[Illustration: KIRK BOOTT.
+Born in Boston, October 20, 1790. Died in Lowell, April 21, 1837.]
+
+In 1821, the capabilities of Pawtucket Falls for maintaining vast
+mechanical industries were brought to the attention of a few successful
+manufacturers, who readily perceived its advantages and hastened to
+purchased the almost worthless stock of the Pawtucket Canal Company. In
+November, Nathan Appleton, Patrick Tracy Jackson, Kirk Boott, Warren
+Dutton, Paul Moody, and John W. Boott, visited the canal, which they
+now controlled, perambulated the ground, and planned for the future.
+February 5, 1822, these gentlemen and others were incorporated as the
+Merrimack Manufacturing Company, with Warren Dutton as president.
+The first business of the new company was to erect a dam across the
+Merrimack at Pawtucket Falls, widen and repair Pawtucket Canal, renew
+the locks, and open a lateral canal from the main canal to the river,
+on the margin of which their mills were to stand. Five hundred men were
+employed In digging and blasting, and six thousand pounds of powder were
+used. The canal, as reconstructed, is sixty fee wide and eight feet
+deep. The first mile of the company was completed and started September
+1, 1823. The first treasurer and agent was Kirk Boott, a man of great
+influence, who left his mark on the growing village.
+
+[Illustration: SECOND UNIVERSALIST CHURCH, SHATTUCK STREET.]
+
+Paul Moody settled in the village in 1823, and took charge of the
+company's machine-shop, which was completed in 1826. Ezra Worthen was
+the first superintendent. The founders of the Merrimack Company
+contemplated from the first the introduction of calico-printing. In this
+they were successful, in 1826, when John D. Prince, from Manchester,
+England, took charge of the Merrimack print-works. Mr. Prince was
+assisted by the chemist, Dr. Samuel L. Dana; and together they made the
+products of the mills famous in all parts of the globe.
+
+[Illustration: APPLETON-STREET PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.]
+
+In 1825, the old Locks and Canals Company of 1792 was re-established as
+a separate corporation, with the added right to purchase, hold, sell, or
+lease land and water-power, and the affairs of the company were placed
+in the hands of Kirk Boott.
+
+In 1820, there were in the villages of East Chelmsford, Belvidere, and
+Centralville, about two hundred and fifty inhabitants. Whipple's
+powder-mills and Howe's flannel-mill were then in operation, and there
+were several sawmills and gristmills. Ira Frye's Tavern stood on the
+site of the American House. There was Hurd's mill, a blacksmith shop at
+Massic Falls, a few other such establishments as a country village
+usually affords, and several substantial dwelling-houses, farmhouses,
+and cottages, conspicuous among which was the Livermore House in
+Belvidere.
+
+[Illustration: ROGERS HOMESTEAD, BELVIDERE.]
+
+The operations of the Merrimack Company soon attracted settlers. In
+1822, a regular line of stages was established between East Chelmsford
+and Boston. In 1824, the Chelmsford Courier was established, and
+became at once the organ of the growing community. The next year a
+militia company was organized; the Fourth of July was celebrated with
+appropriate ceremonies; the Middlesex Mechanics' Association and the
+Central Bridge Corporation were incorporated; the Hamilton Manufacturing
+Company was established; and the inhabitants of the village of East
+Chelmsford petitioned to be incorporated. The petition was granted, and
+Lowell became a town March 1, 1826, with a population of about two
+thousand. The name of the town was adopted in honor of Francis Cabot
+Lowell, a business associate of Nathan Appleton, and a promoter of the
+manufacture of cotton goods in this country.
+
+The years of 1827 and 1828 were marked by great depression in the
+commercial and manufacturing circles of the country, but Lowell had
+a good start, and her prosperity was assured. The Lowell Bank, the
+Appleton Company, and the Lowell Manufacturing Company, were established
+in 1828,--the year the first ton of coal was brought to town. The coal
+was used for fuel in the law office of Samuel H. Mann.
+
+In 1829, the Lowell Institution for Savings was incorporated, and
+William Livingston established himself in trade. For a quarter of a
+century Mr. Livingston was one of the most active, most enterprising,
+and most public-spirited citizens of Lowell. Much of the western portion
+of the city was built up by his instrumentality.
+
+[Illustration: WORTHEN-STREET OR SECOND BAPTIST CHURCH.]
+
+The Middlesex Company was established in 1830, as was the Lowell fire
+department. The Town Hall was also built; and Lowell numbered sixty-four
+hundred and seventy-seven inhabitants.
+
+[Illustration: CENTRAL METHODIST CHURCH.]
+
+In 1830, Mr. Jackson undertook to connect Boston and Lowell with a
+railroad. A macadamized road had been surveyed, when this new road was
+projected; and it was a part of the original plan to have the cars
+drawn by horses. The successful operation of Stephenson's Liverpool and
+Manchester Railroad was known to Mr. Jackson, and he was encouraged
+to persevere. The road was completed at a cost of $1,800,000 and was
+opened to the public, July 4, 1835. The cars and locomotive would be a
+curiosity to-day. The former, resembling Concord coaches, were divided
+by a partition into two compartments, each entered by two doors,
+on the sides. The interiors of the compartments were upholstered with
+drab-colored cashmere, and each accommodated eight passengers. The
+conductor and engineer had each a silver whistle. After the former
+had ascertained the destination of each passenger and collected the
+necessary fare, he would close the car doors, climb to his place in a
+cab at the top of the coach, and whistle to the engineer as a signal for
+starting. The engineer, who was protected by no cab, would respond with
+his whistle, when the train would dash out of the station. The brakes
+were such as are used on a coach, and it was a scientific matter, when
+the engineer gave his warning-whistle to break up a train on arriving at
+a station. The rails were secured to granite ties, by means of cast-iron
+plates, and the road was very, _very_ solid. Frost soon rendered it
+necessary to introduce wooden ties, and nothing has yet been discovered
+which can be used as a substitute for them.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN NESMITH.
+Born in Londonderry, New Hampshire, August 3, 1793.]
+
+The Lowell Railroad was not the first opened in the United States, but
+it was the first passenger road in successful operation in New England.
+
+In 1831, the Railroad Bank was established.
+
+In 1832, the Suffolk and Tremont Mills were established.
+
+In 1833, the town felt the need of a police court, and one was
+established. Joseph Locke was the first justice. During the same year
+the Lawrence Mills were started; and the town was visited by President
+Andrew Jackson and members of his Cabinet, and later by the great
+statesman, Henry Clay.
+
+In 1834, Belvidere was included in Lowell, and the town had the honor of
+entertaining Colonel David Crockett, George Thompson, M.P., the English
+abolitionist (not cordially), and M. Chevalier, the French political
+economist.
+
+In 1835, Joel Stone, of Lowell, and Joseph P. Simpson, of Boston, built
+the steamboat Herald, for navigating between Lowell and Nashua, but the
+enterprise proved a failure; the Nashua and Lowell Railroad Company
+was incorporated; the Lowell Almshouse was started; the hall of the
+Middlesex Mechanics' Association was built; and the Lowell Courier, the
+oldest daily newspaper in Middlesex County, was established.
+
+[Illustration: SUFFOLK-STREET ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.]
+
+In 1836, the population of Lowell was 17,633. During the year the Boott
+Mills were started, and a city charter was adopted.
+
+[Illustration: THE THIRD UNIVERSALIST CHURCH.
+Now Barristers' Hall.]
+
+Dr. Elisha Bartlett was elected first mayor of the city of Lowell. He
+was succeeded, in 1838, by the Honorable Luther Lawrence; in 1840, by
+the Honorable Elisha Huntington, M.D.; in 1842, by the Honorable
+Nathaniel Wright; in 1844, by Dr. Huntington; in 1846, by the Honorable
+Jefferson Bancroft; in 1849, by the Honorable Josiah B. French; in 1851,
+by the Honorable J.H.B. Ayer; in 1852, by Dr. Huntington; in 1853, by
+the Honorable Sewall G. Mack; in 1855, by the Honorable Ambrose
+Lawrence; in 1856, by Dr. Huntington; in 1857, by the Honorable Stephen
+Mansur, the first Republican mayor; in 1858, by Dr. Huntington, for his
+eighth term; in 1859, by the Honorable James Cook; in 1860, by the
+Honorable Benjamin C. Sargent; in 1862, by the Honorable Hocum Hosford;
+in 1865, by the Honorable Josiah G. Peabody; in 1867, by the Honorable
+George F. Richardson; in 1869, by the Honorable Jonathan P. Folsom; in
+1871, by the Honorable Edward F. Sherman; in 1872, by the Honorable
+Josiah G. Peabody; in 1873, by the Honorable Francis Jewett; in 1876, by
+the Honorable Charles A. Stott; in 1878, by the Honorable John A.G.
+Richardson; in 1880, by the Honorable Frederic T. Greenhalge; in 1882,
+by the Honorable George Runels; in 1883, by the present mayor, the
+Honorable John J. Donovan.
+
+The young city met with a serious loss April 11, 1837, in the sudden
+death of Kirk Boott.
+
+A county jail was built in 1838, and the Nashua and Lowell Railroad was
+opened for travel.
+
+Luther Lawrence was killed, April 17, 1839, by a fall into a wheel-pit.
+He was serving his second term as mayor of the city at the time of the
+accident. His residence was bought by the corporations and converted
+into the Lowell Hospital.
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM  LIVINGSTON.
+Born April 12, 1803. Died March 17, 1855.]
+
+In 1840, the Massachusetts Mills were established; and the South Common,
+of about twenty acres, and the North Common, of about ten acres, were
+laid out. During this year appeared the Lowell Offering, a monthly
+journal, edited by Miss Harriet Farley and Miss Hariot Curtiss, two
+factory girls. The journal was praised by John G. Whittier, Charles
+Dickens, and other gifted writers, for its intrinsic merits.
+
+Lowell is largely indebted to Oliver M. Whipple for its cemetery, which
+was consecrated June 20, 1841. It contains about forty-five acres, and
+has near the centre a small gothic chapel.
+
+In January, 1842, Charles Dickens made a flying visit to Lowell, and has
+left on record in American Notes his impressions of the city.
+
+During this period the court-room of the city was occasionally graced by
+the presence of Daniel Webster and Rufus Choate.
+
+The City Library was instituted in 1844.
+
+The Stony Brook Railroad Company was incorporated in 1845.
+
+The Honorable Nathan Crosby was appointed justice of the police court in
+1846, and still continues in office. The Lowell and Lawrence Railroad
+was incorporated this year, and the population of Lowell numbered
+29,127.
+
+[Illustration: SAINT ANNE'S CHURCH, 1840.]
+
+President James K. Polk visited Lowell in 1847; and the city met with
+the loss of Patrick Tracy Jackson, a man whose name should be always
+honored in Lowell. The great Northern Canal was completed this year by
+James B. Francis, the most distinguished hydraulic engineer in the
+United States. It was a stupendous work and stands a monument to the
+genius of its constructor. Daniel Webster, in company with Abbott
+Lawrence, rode along its dry channel, before the water was admitted, and
+fully appreciated the immense undertaking.
+
+The Salem and Lowell Railroad was incorporated in 1848, and was opened
+for travel two years later.
+
+The reservoir on Lynde's Hill was constructed in 1849.
+
+Gas was introduced, and the Court House on Gorham Street built, in 1850.
+
+In 1851, Centralville, previously a part of Dracut, was included within
+the city limits, and the Lowell Reform School was established.
+
+In 1852, George Wellman completed his first working model of his self
+top card stripper--one of the most valuable inventions of the present
+century; Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian patriot, visited Lowell; and the
+Legislature of Massachusetts enacted the first prohibitory liquor law.
+
+The City Hall was reconstructed in 1853. The Lowell Jail was built in
+1856. Thomas H. Benton visited Lowell in 1857. Washington Square was
+laid out in 1858.
+
+[Illustration: OLIVER M. WHIPPLE.]
+
+During the dark days of the Rebellion, Lowell responded loyally to the
+appeal for soldiers and money, and of her young men many of the best
+were sacrificed to preserve the Union.
+
+The fall of Fort Sumter produced a profound sensation in Lowell. Four
+companies from the city hastened to join their regiment: the Mechanic
+Phalanx, under command of Captain Albert S. Follansbee; the City Guards,
+Captain James W. Hart; the Watson Light Guard, Captain John F. Noyes,
+and the Lawrence Cadets (National Grays), Captain Josiah A. Sawtelle.
+They assembled at Huntington Hall, the day after President Lincoln's
+call for troops, and were mustered into the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment
+under command of Colonel Edward F. Jones. They at once proceeded to
+Boston and were joined at Faneuil Hall by the other companies of the
+regiment and the next day were on their way to the seat of war. A
+detachment of the regiment had to fight their way through a mob in
+Baltimore, and four of the Lowell City Guards were the first to lay down
+their lives in the great drama of war known as the Rebellion. Addison
+O. Whitney and Luther C. Ladd, of Lowell, were the first martyrs; their
+last resting-place is commemorated by a monument in a public square of
+the city. The regiment arrived at Washington, were quartered in the
+Senate Chamber, and formed the nucleus of the rapidly gathering Northern
+army. The Hill Cadets, under Captain S. Proctor, and the Richardson
+Light Infantry, Captain Phineas A. Davis, were formed the day after the
+Baltimore riot. The company known as the Abbott Grays, under Captain
+Edward Gardner Abbott, was organized five days later. That called the
+Butler Rifles was organized May 1, by Eben James and Thomas O'Hare.
+
+[Illustration: FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, 1860.]
+
+While these active preparations for war were progressing, Judge Crosby
+called a public meeting, April 20, at which the Pioneer Soldiers' Aid
+Association, the germ of the Sanitary Commission, was formed. The city
+government was liberal, too, in its appropriations for the families of
+absent soldiers. In September, Camp Chase, a military rendezvous, was
+established at Lowell.
+
+[Illustration: KIRK-STREET CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, 1840.]
+
+Among the first, and most distinguished, of the citizens of Lowell to
+offer his services to the general government at this crisis, was General
+Benjamin F. Butler, already a lawyer and orator of great reputation, who
+had previously held high rank in the militia. Six companies from Lowell
+joined his expedition to the Gulf.
+
+Early in 1862, the Sixth and Seventh Batteries, mostly Lowell men, were
+organized. In response to the President's call in July, 1862, three
+companies joined the Thirty-third Regiment. In August, the Sixth
+Regiment again entered the field for a campaign of nine months.
+
+[Illustration: FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, 1840.]
+
+In February, 1863, Lowell sent to the war the Fifteenth Battery, in
+command of Captain Timothy Pearson and Lieutenant Albert Rowse. During
+this month the ladies of the city raised about five thousand dollars for
+the Sanitary Commission by a Soldiers' Fair--the second held in the
+Northern States. In July, 1863, the "draft" called for over four hundred
+additional soldiers from Lowell; less than thirty were forced into the
+service. These were the palmy days for the substitute brokers and
+bounty-jumpers. In July, 1864, the Sixth Regiment again responded, and
+served one hundred days.
+
+In 1865, came the close of the war and the return of the battle-scarred
+veterans. During the long struggle more than five thousand citizens of
+Lowell were in the army and navy of the United States, and the city
+expended over $300,000 in equipment and bounties.
+
+The Lowell Horse Railroad Company and the First National Bank were
+incorporated in 1864. The French-Canadians began to settle in Lowell
+just after the war.
+
+[Illustration: ST. PETER'S ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH, 1860.]
+
+In October, 1866, Dr. J.C. Ayer presented the city with the statue of
+Victory which stands in Monument Square.
+
+The Old Ladies' Home was dedicated July 10, 1867. St. John's Hospital
+was completed and opened in 1868. It occupies the site of the old yellow
+house built in 1770 by Timothy Brown. In November of the same year the
+first meeting of the Old Residents' Historical Association of Lowell was
+held at the store of Joshua Merrill; in December, the city was visited
+by General Grant.
+
+In 1869, the city authorities undertook a system of water-supply works
+which was completed four years later; the Lowell Hosiery Company was
+incorporated in May. The Thorndike Manufacturing Company commenced
+operations in June, 1870.
+
+The fire-alarm telegraph was introduced in 1871; in August, trains on
+the Lowell and Framingham Railroad commenced running; in November, the
+new iron bridge across the Merrimack was finished; during the year, the
+city suffered severely from the scourge of small-pox.
+
+The boundaries of Lowell were extended, in 1873, to include Middlesex
+Village, taken from Chelmsford, and a part of Dracut and Tewksbury. A
+new railroad by the way of Andover connected Lowell with Boston in 1874.
+
+[Illustration: OLD FIRST UNIVERSALIST CHURCH,
+Which stood on site of the Boston and Maine Railroad Station.]
+
+The city celebrated the semi-centennial of its incorporation, March 1,
+1876.
+
+The Emperor Dom Pedro of Brazil visited the city in June of the same
+year.
+
+The Lowell Art Association was formed in May, 1878. In December of that
+year the waters of the Merrimack rose nearly eleven feet on Pawtucket
+Dam; in the same month the Merrimack Company introduced the electric
+light.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN  DYNELY PRINCE.
+Born in England, 1780. Died January 5, 1860.]
+
+Merrimack Company introduced the electric light.
+
+In August, 1880, Boston and Lowell were connected by telephone.
+
+As one glances over the history of Lowell, he recognizes the fact that
+the city has gained its prominence, its wealth, and its population,
+chiefly through the great corporations, and the wisdom of their early
+managers; accordingly the record of these corporate bodies is intimately
+connected with the annals of the city. The reader has noted the fact
+that the first impetus was given to the place by the acts of the
+Merrimack Manufacturing Company. This company was incorporated February
+5, 1822; and the first mill was started the following year. The company
+is not only the oldest in the city but is the largest, employing the
+most operatives and producing the most cloth; their chimney, two hundred
+and eighty-three feet high, is the tallest in the country.
+
+Ezra Worthen, the first superintendent of the mills, died, suddenly,
+June 18, 1824, and was succeeded by Warren Colburn, the author of the
+popular arithmetic. Mr. Colburn died September 13, 1833, and was
+succeeded by John Clark, who held the office until 1848. Mr. Clark was
+succeeded by Emory Washburn, afterward Governor of Massachusetts, by
+Edward L. Lebreton, and from 1850 to 1865 by Isaac Hinckley, now
+president of the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad. John
+C. Palfrey was superintendent from 1865 to 1874, when Joseph S. Ludlam
+was appointed. The print-works were in charge of Kirk Boott in 1822;
+after him was Allen Pollock, 1823 to 1826; John D. Prince, 1826 to 1855;
+Henry Barrows, 1855 to 1878; James Duckworth, 1878 to 1882; Robert
+Latham, since 1882. The treasurers of the company have been Kirk Boott,
+Francis C. Lowell, Eben Chadwick, Francis B. Crowinshield, Arthur T.
+Lyman, Augustus Lowell, and Charles H. Dalton.
+
+[Illustration: UNITARIAN CHURCH, 1845.]
+
+The property of the company occupies twenty-four acres of land. They
+have five mills besides the print-works, 153,552 spindles, 4,465 looms,
+and employ 3,300 operatives. They use up 18,000 tons of coal. The prints
+made at this establishment, are marked "Merrimack," and are too well
+known to require description.
+
+The Hamilton Manufacturing Company was incorporated in 1825. The
+treasurers have been William Appleton, 1825; Ebenezer Appleton, 1830;
+George W. Lyman, 1833; Thomas G. Cary, 1839; William B. Bacon, 1859;
+Arthur T. Lyman, 1860; Arthur L. Devens, 1863; Eben Bacon, 1867; Samuel
+Batchelder, 1869; George R. Chapman, 1876;
+
+[Illustration: FIRST UNIVERSALIST CHURCH, HURD STREET.]
+
+James A. Dupee, since 1870. The agents have been Samuel Batchelder,
+1825; John Avery, 1831; O.H. Moulton, since 1864. The superintendents
+of print-works have been William Spencer, 1828; William Hunter, 1862;
+William Harley, 1866; Thomas Walsh, 1876. The company manufactures
+flannels, prints, ticks, stripes, drills, and sheetings.
+
+The Appleton Company was incorporated in 1828. The treasurers have been
+William Appleton, 1828; Patrick T. Jackson, 1829; George W. Lyman, 1832;
+Thomas G. Cary, 1841; William B. Bacon, 1859; Arthur T. Lyman, 1861;
+Arthur L. Devens, 1863; John A. Burnham, 1867; George Motley, 1867;
+James A. Dupee, since 1874. The superintendents have been John Avery,
+1828; George Motley, 1831; J.H. Sawyer, 1867; Daniel Wright, 1881. The
+company manufactures sheetings, drillings, and yarn.
+
+[Illustration: NATHAN CROSBY.
+Born in Sandwich, New Hampshire, February 12, 1798.]
+
+The Lowell Manufacturing Company was incorporated in 1828. The
+treasurers have been Frederick Cabot, 1828; George W. Lyman, 1831;
+Nathaniel W. Appleton, 1841; William C. Appleton, 1843; J. Thomas
+Stevenson, 1847; Israel Whitney, 1848; Charles L. Harding, 1863; David
+B. Jewett, 1865; Samuel Fay, 1874; George C. Richardson, 1880; Arthur T.
+Lyman, 1881. The superintendents have been Alexander Wright, 1828;
+Samuel Fay, 1852; Andrew F. Swapp, 1874; Albion C. Lyon was appointed
+June 1, 1883. The company makes ingrain, Brussels, and Wilton carpets.
+
+[Illustration: FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH.]
+
+The Middlesex Company was incorporated in 1830. The treasurers have
+been William D. Stone, 1830; Samuel Lawrence, 1840; R.S. Fay, 1857;
+George Z. Silsbee, 1882. The agents have been James Cook, 1830; Nelson
+Palmer, 1845; Samuel Lawrence, 1846; O.H. Perry, 1848; William T. Mann,
+1851; Josiah Humphrey, 1852; James Cook, 1858; O.H. Perry, 1858;
+G.V. Fox, 1869; William C. Avery, 1874; O.H. Perry, from June, 1882.
+O. Saunderson, superintendent. The company makes indigo blue coatings,
+cassimeres, police, yacht, and cadet cloth, ladies' sackings, beavers,
+and shawls.
+
+The Suffolk Manufacturing Company was incorporated January 17, 1831. The
+proprietors of the Tremont Mills were incorporated March 19, 1831. The
+two were consolidated in 1871. The treasurers of Suffolk Manufacturing
+Company were John W. Boott, 1831; Henry Hall, 1832; Henry V. Ward, 1857;
+Walter Hastings, 1865; William A. Burke, 1868; James C. Ayer, 1870. The
+treasurers of the proprietors of the Tremont Mills were William
+Appleton, 1831; Henry Hall, 1832; Henry V. Ward, 1857; Walter Hastings,
+1865; William A. Burke, 1868; James C. Ayer, 1870. The treasurers of
+Tremont and Suffolk Mills have been James C. Ayer, 1871; John C.
+Birdseye, 1872. The agents of Suffolk Manufacturing Company were Robert
+Means, 1831; John Wright, 1842; Thomas S. Shaw, 1868.
+
+[Illustration: WORTHEN-STREET METHODIST CHURCH.]
+
+The agents of the proprietors of the Tremont Mills were Israel Whitney,
+1831; John Aiken, 1834; Charles L. Tilden, 1837; Charles F. Battles,
+1858; Thomas S. Shaw, 1870. The agent of Tremont and Suffolk Mills is
+Thomas S. Shaw, appointed August 19, 1871. These mills make jeans,
+cotton flannels, drillings, sheetings, shirtings and print cloth.
+
+The Lawrence Manufacturing Company was incorporated in 1831. The
+treasurers have been William Appleton, 1831; Henry Hall, 1832; Henry V.
+Ward, 1857; T. Jefferson Coolidge, 1868; Lucius M. Sargent, 1880. The
+agents have been William Austin, 1830; John Aiken, 1837; William S.
+Southworth, 1849; William F. Salmon, 1865; Daniel Hussey, 1869; John
+Kilburn, 1878. The company makes shirtings, sheetings, cotton flannels,
+and cotton and merino hosiery.
+
+[Illustration: GEORGE WELLMAN.
+Born in Boston, March 16, 1810. Died April 4, 1864.]
+
+The Boott Cotton Mills were incorporated in 1835. The treasurers have
+been John Amory Lowell, 1835; J. Pickering Putnam, 1848; T. Jefferson
+Coolidge, 1858; Richard D. Rogers, 1865; Augustus Lowell, 1875. The
+agents have been Benjamin F. French, 1836; Linus Child, 1845; William A.
+Burke, 1862; Alexander G. Cumnock, 1868. The company makes sheetings,
+shirtings, and printing cloth.
+
+The Massachusetts Cotton Mills were incorporated in 1838. The treasurers
+have been John Amory Lowell, 1839; Homer Bartlett, 1848; George
+Atkinson, 1872. The agents have been Homer Bartlett, 1840; Joseph White,
+1848; Frank F. Battles, 1856. The mills turn out sheetings, shirtings,
+and drillings.
+
+[Illustration: LEE-STREET UNITARIAN CHURCH.
+Now French Catholic. Enlarged and rebuilt.]
+
+The Lowell Machine Shop was incorporated in 1845. The treasurers have
+been J. Thomas Stevenson, 1845; William A. Burke, from 1876. The agents
+have been William A. Burke, 1845; Mertoun C. Bryant, 1862; Andrew Moody,
+1862; George Richardson, 1870; Charles L. Hildreth, 1879. The company
+makes all kinds of machinery for mills.
+
+The Proprietors of Locks and Canals on Merrimack River were incorporated
+in 1792. The treasurers have been Joseph Cutler, 1792; W.W. Prout,
+1804; Samuel Cutler, 1809; Samuel Tenney, 1817; Kirk Boott, 1822; Joseph
+Tilden, 1837; P.T. Jackson, 1838; John T. Morse, 1845. The agents have
+been Kirk Boott, 1822; Joseph Tilden, 1837; William Boott, 1838; James
+B. Francis, 1845, to present date.
+
+[Illustration: PRESCOTT-STREET CHURCH.]
+
+The Winnipiseogee Lake Cotton and Woolen Manufacturing Company was
+incorporated in 1831. The presidents were Abbott Lawrence, from August,
+1846, to July, 1850; Henry Hall, to June, 1856; Francis B. Crowinshield,
+to August, 1857; John Amory Lowell, to June, 1864; J. Thomas Stevenson,
+to June, 1877; Richard S. Fay, until his decease, March 7, 1882. The
+treasurers were James Bell, from 1845 until his decease, in May, 1857;
+Francis B. Crowinshield, to October, 1861; J. Thomas Stevenson, to June,
+1864; Homer Bartlett, to June, 1872; Charles S. Storrow, to June, 1878;
+James A. Dupee, to June, 1882. Directors, 1883: Charles Storrow,
+president; James A. Dupee, Augustus Lowell, Howard Stockton, George
+Atkinson. Clerk of corporation, Augustus T. Owen; treasurer, George
+Atkinson; agent, T.P. Hutchinson. The company guards the storage of
+water at Lake Winnipiseogee.
+
+[Illustration: LOWELL MACHINE SHOP About 1860.]
+
+[Illustration: APPLETON MILLS. 1845.]
+
+Nor would a sketch of Lowell be complete without mention of the firm of
+J.C. Ayer and Company. Dr. J.C. Ayer started the business in 1837, when
+he offered to physicians the prescription of cherry pectoral. It soon
+became a very popular remedy, and he was soon embarked in the enterprise
+of manufacturing it. Liter he added to the list of his proprietary
+medicines cathartic pills, sarsaparilla, ague cure, and hair vigor. He
+died July 3, 1878, after having accumulated a princely fortune. His
+brother, and partner, Frederick Ayer, conducts the business. The firm
+occupy several large buildings and employ three hundred people. The
+world demands fifteen tons of Ayer's pills yearly. They publish thirteen
+million almanacs, in ten languages, issuing twenty-six editions for
+different localities, keeping several large presses constantly at work.
+
+[Illustration: HIGH-STREET CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH.]
+
+C.J. Hood and Company also make sarsaparilla and other proprietary
+medicines. They employ seventy-five operatives.
+
+E.W. Hoyt and Company employ twenty hands, and make two million bottles
+of German cologne.
+
+There are numerous other manufactories in the city, of more or less
+extent. Their products consist of porus and adhesive plasters, lung
+protectors, sulphuric, hydrochloric, and nitric acids, and other
+chemicals and dye-stuffs, belting, paper stock, yarns, shoulder-braces,
+suspenders, shoe-linings, elastic webbing, sackings, rugs, mats, gauze
+undergarments, looms, harnesses, felting, hose, bunting, seamless flags,
+awning stripes, reeds, braid, cord, chalk-lines, picture cords, twines,
+belts, fire hose, leather, bolts, nuts, screws, washers, boilers,
+tanks, kettles, presses, fire-escapes, water-wheels, wire-heddles,
+card-clothing, wood-working and knitting machinery, cartridges,
+chimney-caps, stamps, tools, lathes, files, wire-cloth, scales, steel
+wire, paper boxes, music stands, mouldings, carriages, sleighs,
+shuttles, doors, sashes, blinds, furniture, asbestos covering, blotters,
+crayons, drain-pipe, glue, lamp-black, machine brushes, matches, croquet
+sets.
+
+[Illustration: MERRIMAC HOUSE.
+Built in 1833, rebuilt in 1873. Henry Emery proprietor since 1845.]
+
+Proper attention has always been paid to education in Lowell, In 1822,
+there were two schoolhouses within the territory, one near the pound,
+the other near the stone house at Pawtucket Falls. The Merrimack Company
+soon after its organization built a schoolhouse on Merrimack Street and
+paid the teacher. The Reverend Theodore Edson had charge of the school.
+Joel Lewis was the first male teacher. Alfred V. Bassett was the second.
+In 1829, the school had one hundred and sixty-five pupils. In 1834, the
+school was divided. The High School building on Kirk Street was erected
+in 1840, and remodeled in 1867. Charles C. Chase was teacher from 1845
+to 1883. He was succeeded by Frank F. Coburn, the present teacher.
+
+[Illustration: SOLON A. PERKINS.
+Born in Lancaster, N.H., December 6, 1836. Killed in Louisiana,
+June 3, 1863.]
+
+After the log chapel presided over by the Indian Samuel had fallen into
+decay, a century and a half passed before another place of worship was
+erected within the limits of Lowell. In December, 1822, a committee was
+appointed by the Merrimack Corporation to build a suitable church, and
+in April, 1824, the sum of nine thousand dollars was appropriated for
+the purpose. The church was organized February 24, 1824, as "The
+Merrimack Religious Society," and the Episcopal form of worship was
+adopted. The first religious services were conducted by the Reverend
+Theodore Edson, on Sunday, March 7, 1824, in the schoolhouse. The church
+edifice is known as St. Anne's, and was consecrated by Bishop Griswold,
+March 16, 1825. The Reverend Dr. Edson was the first rector. After a
+pastorate of over half a century, he died in 1883. In the tower of St.
+Anne's is a chime of eleven bells, mounted in 1857, and weighing five
+tons.
+
+[Illustration: Bvt. Brig. Gen. HENRY LIVERMORE ABBOTT.
+Born in Lowell, January 21, 1842. Killed in battle of the
+Wilderness, May 6, 1864.]
+
+[Illustration: Major EDWARD GARDNER ABBOTT.
+Born in Lowell, September 29, 1840. Killed at the battle
+of Cedar Mountain, August 9, 1862.]
+
+The First Baptist Church was organized February 8, 1826. The church
+edifice, built the same year, occupied land given to the society by
+Thomas Hurd. It was dedicated November 15, 1826, when the Reverend John
+Cookson was installed as pastor. He was dismissed August 5, 1827, and
+was succeeded, June 4, 1828, by the Reverend Enoch N. Freeman, who died
+September 22, 1835. The Reverend Joseph W. Eaton was ordained pastor,
+February 24, 1836, and dismissed February 1, 1837. The Reverend Joseph
+Ballard was installed December 25, 1837, and dismissed September 1,
+1845. The Reverend Daniel C. Eddy was ordained January 29, 1846, was
+speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1855, was
+chaplain of the Senate in 1856, and was dismissed at the close of 1856.
+The Reverend William H. Alden was installed June 14, 1857, and dismissed
+in April, 1864. The Reverend William E. Stanton was ordained November 2,
+1865, and resigned June 30, 1870; the Reverend Norman C. Mallory was
+settled September 14, 1870, and resigned June 30, 1874; the Reverend
+Orson E. Mallory was settled March 24, 1875, resigned February 28, 1878;
+the Reverend Thomas M. Colwell was settled May 4, 1878.
+
+[Illustration: NORTHERN RAILROAD STATION.]
+
+The First Congregational Church was organized June 6, 1826. The church
+edifice was built, in 1827, on land given by the Locks and Canals
+Company. The Reverend George C. Beckwith, the first pastor, was ordained
+July 18, 1827, and dismissed March 18, 1829. The Reverend Amos
+Blanchard, D.D., was ordained December 5, 1829, and dismissed May 21,
+1845, when he became pastor of the Kirk-street Church. The Reverend
+Willard Child was installed pastor, October 1, 1845, and dismissed
+January 31, 1855. The Reverend J.L. Jenkins was ordained October, 17,
+1855, and dismissed in April, 1862. The Reverend George N. Webber was
+installed in October, 1862, and dismissed April 1, 1867. The Reverend
+Horace James was installed October 31, 1867, and dismissed December 13,
+1870. The Reverend Smith Baker was installed September 13, 1871.
+
+[Illustration: BLOCK AT CORNER OF CENTRAL AND MIDDLE STREETS, 1848.]
+
+The Hurd-street Methodist Episcopal Church dates from 1826; the church
+edifice was built in 1839. The Reverend Benjamin Griffin was pastor in
+1826; the Reverend A.D. Merrill, in 1827; the Reverend B.F. Limbert, in
+1828; the Reverend A.D. Sargent, in 1829; the Reverend E.K. Avery, in
+1830 and 1831; the Reverend George Pickering, in 1832; the Rev. A.D.
+Merrill, in 1833 and 1834; the Reverend Ira M. Bidwell, in 1835; the
+Reverend Orange Scott, in 1836; the Reverend E.M. Stickney, in 1837 and
+1838; the Reverend Orange Scott, in 1839 and 1840; the Reverend Schuyler
+Hoes, in 1841 and 1842; the Reverend W.H. Hatch, in 1843 and 1844; the
+Reverend Abel Stevens, in 1845; the Reverend C.K. True, in 1846 and
+1847; the Reverend A.A. Willets, in 1848; the Reverend John H. Twombly,
+in 1849 and 1850; the Reverend G.F. Cox, in 1851 and 1852; the Reverend
+L.D. Barrows, in 1853 and 1854; the Reverend D.E. Chapin, in 1855; the
+Reverend George M. Steele, in 1856 and 1857; the Reverend H.M. Loud, in
+1858 and 1859; the Reverend William R. Clark, in 1860 and 1861; the
+Reverend Daniel Dorchester, in 1862 and 1863; the Reverend Samuel F.
+Upham, in 1864, 1865, and 1866 (during the year 1865 he was chaplain of
+the Massachusetts House of Representatives); the Reverend S.F. Jones,
+in 1867. The church is known as St. Paul's, and the Reverend Hiram D.
+Weston is the present pastor.
+
+[Illustration: COUNTY COURT HOUSE, GORHAM STREET, 1860.]
+
+[Illustration: LOWELL SKATING RINK, GORHAM STREET.]
+
+The First Universalist Church was organized in July, 1827. The following
+year they built their church on Chapel Street, but removed it in 1837
+to Central Street. The Reverend Eliphalet Case was pastor from 1828 to
+1830; the Reverend Calvin Gardner, from 1830 to 1833; the Reverend
+Thomas B. Thayer, from 1833 to 1845; the Reverend E.G. Brooks, in 1845;
+the Reverend Uriah Clark, from 1846 to 1850; the Reverend Thomas B.
+Thayer, from 1851 to October, 1857; the Reverend J.J. Twiss, from 1859
+to January 1, 1872; the Reverend G.T. Flanders was settled in 1872; the
+Reverend George W. Bicknell was settled December 21, 1880.
+
+The South Congregational (Unitarian) Church was organized November 7,
+1830, and the edifice was dedicated December 25, 1832. The Reverend
+William Barry was pastor from 1830 to 1835; the Reverend Henry A. Mills,
+D.D., from 1836 to 1853; the Reverend Theodore Tibbetts, in 1855 and
+1856; the Reverend Frederick Hinckley, from 1856 to 1864; the Reverend
+Charles Grinnell was settled February 19, 1867; the Reverend Henry
+Blanchard was ordained January 19, 1871; the Reverend Josiah Lafayette
+Seward was ordained December 31, 1874.
+
+[Illustration: DANIEL LOVEJOY AND SON'S MACHINE KNIFE WORKS.]
+
+The Appleton-street (Orthodox) Congregational Church was organized
+December 2, 1830; their edifice was built the following year. The
+Reverend William Twining was pastor from 1831 to 1835; A.C. Burnap,
+from 1837 to 1852; the Reverend George Darling, from 1852 to 1855; the
+Reverend John P. Cleaveland, D.D., from 1855 to 1862, when he became
+chaplain of the Thirtieth Massachusetts Regiment in the Department of
+the Gulf; the Reverend J.E. Rankin, from 1863 to 1865; the Reverend A.P.
+Foster, was settled October 3, 1866, resigned October 17, 1868; the
+Reverend J.M. Green was installed July 30, 1870.
+
+The Worthen-street Baptist Church was organized in 1831. The edifice
+known as St. Mary's Church was built for this society. Their present
+edifice was built in 1838. The Reverend James Barnaby was pastor from
+1832 to 1835; the Reverend Lemuel Porter, from 1835 to 1851; the
+Reverend J.W. Smith, from 1851 to 1853; the Reverend D.D. Winn, from
+1853 to 1855; the Reverend T.D. Worrall, from 1855 to 1857; the Reverend
+J.W. Bonham, from 1857 to 1860; the Reverend George F. Warren, from 1860
+to 1867; the Reverend F.R. Morse, from 1867 to 1870; the Reverend D.H.
+Miller, D.D., from 1870 to 1873; the Reverend E.A. Lecompte, in 1873.
+The present pastor is the Reverend John C. Emery.
+
+[Illustration: HOYT & SHEDD'S BLOCK, MIDDLESEX STREET.]
+
+In 1831, the St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Church was erected, but was
+replaced in 1854 by the present more spacious edifice. The church was
+consecrated October 29, 1854, by Bishop Fitzpatrick, of Boston, and
+Bishop O'Riley, of Hartford. The pastors have been the Reverend John
+Mahoney, the Reverend Peter Connelly, the Reverend James T. McDermott,
+the Reverend Henry J. Tucker, and the Reverend John O'Brien.
+
+In 1833, a free church of the Christian denomination was organized under
+the ministry of the Reverend Timothy Cole. The experiment proved a
+failure and the building was afterwards converted to the uses of an
+armory.
+
+The Freewill Baptist Church was organized in 1834, and in 1837 a
+spacious edifice was erected. Through mismanagement the society came to
+grief and the building was used for commercial purposes. In 1853, the
+society built another edifice on Paige Street. The pastors of this
+church have been the Reverend Nathaniel Thurston, the Reverend Jonathan
+Woodman, the Reverend Silas Curtis, the Reverend A.K. Moulton, the
+Reverend J.B. Davis, the Reverend Darwin Mott, the Reverend George W.
+Bean, the Reverend J.B. Drew, the Reverend D.A. Marham, the Reverend
+J.E. Dame, and the Reverend E.W. Porter.
+
+[Illustration: CHALIFOUX BLOCK.]
+
+The Second Universalist Church was organized in 1836, and their house
+was built the following year. The pastors of this church have been the
+Reverend Z. Thompson, from 1837 to 1839; the Reverend Abel C. Thomas,
+from 1839 to 1842; the Reverend A.A. Miner, D.D., from 1842 to 1848; the
+Reverend L.J. Fletcher; the Reverend L.B. Mason, from 1848 to 1849; the
+Reverend I.D. Williamson, from 1849 to 1850; the Reverend N.M. Gaylord,
+from 1850 to 1853; the Reverend John S. Dennis; the Reverend Charles
+Cravens; the Reverend Charles H. Button; the Reverend L.J. Fletcher,
+from 1859 to 1862; the Reverend F.E. Hicks, from 1862 to 1866; the
+Reverend John G. Adams, from 1866; the Reverend R.A. Greene, from 1877.
+
+The John-street (Orthodox) Congregational Church was organized May 9,
+1839. The house was dedicated January 24, 1840. The Reverend Stedman W.
+Hanks, the first pastor, was ordained March 20, 1840, and dismissed
+February 3, 1853. He was succeeded by the Reverend Eden B. Foster, D.D.,
+who resigned his charge in 1861, but resumed it in 1866. During his
+absence the Reverend Joseph W. Backus was pastor. The Reverend J.B.
+Seabury was installed as associate pastor in 1875. The present pastor is
+the Reverend Henry T. Rose.
+
+[Illustration: FIVE CENTS SAVINGS BANK.]
+
+In 1840, the Third Baptist Church was organized. In 1846, the edifice,
+afterwards occupied by the Central Methodist Church, was built for this
+society. The pastors were the Reverend John G. Naylor, the Reverend Ira
+Person, the Reverend John Duncan, the Reverend Sereno Howe, the Reverend
+John Duer, and the Reverend John Hubbard. The church was disbanded in
+1861.
+
+The Worthen-street Methodist Episcopal Church was organized October 2,
+1841, and the edifice was erected the following year. The succession of
+pastors has been the Reverend A.D. Sargent, the Reverend A.D. Merrill,
+the Rev. J.S. Springer, the Reverend Isaac A. Savage, the Reverend
+Charles Adams, the Reverend I.J.P. Collyer, the Reverend M.A. Howe, the
+Reverend J.W. Dadmun, the Reverend William H. Hatch, the Reverend A.D.
+Sargent, the Reverend L.R. Thayer, the Reverend William H. Hatch, the
+Reverend J.O. Peck, the Reverend George Whittaker. The present pastor
+is the Reverend Nicholas T. Whittaker.
+
+[Illustration: APPLETON BLOCK, CENTRAL STREET.]
+
+The St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church was gathered on Christmas, 1841.
+The Reverend James Conway, the first pastor, was succeeded in March,
+1847, by the Reverend Peter Crudden. The present rector is the Reverend
+M. Ronan, assisted by the Reverends John D. Colbert and Thomas F.
+McManus.
+
+In 1843, the Lowell Missionary Society was established. The Reverend
+Horatio Wood officiated in the ministry and labored in free evening
+schools and Sunday mission schools, successfully.
+
+The Kirk-street Congregational Church was organized in 1845; the edifice
+was built in 1846. The Reverend Amos Blanchard was installed the first
+pastor and continued to his death, January 14, 1870. He was succeeded by
+the Reverend C.D. Barrows. The present pastor is the Reverend Charles A.
+Dickinson.
+
+The High-street Congregational Church was organized in 1846. Their
+edifice was built by the St. Luke's Episcopal Church, which was formed
+in 1842 and was disbanded, in 1844, under the ministration of the
+Reverend A.D. McCoy. The Reverend Timothy Atkinson was pastor from 1846
+to 1847; the Reverend Joseph H. Towne, from 1848 to 1853; the Reverend
+O.T. Lanphier, from 1855 to 1856; the Reverend Owen Street, from
+September 17, 1857.
+
+St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church was originally built for the Baptists,
+but was purchased in 1846 by the Reverend James T. McDermott, and
+consecrated March 7, 1847.
+
+[Illustration: SCENE BELOW HUNT'S FALLS.]
+
+The Third Universalist Church was organized in 1843, and the edifice
+known as Barristers' Hall was built for its use. It was disbanded after
+a few years. The pastors were the Reverend H.G. Smith, the Reverend John
+Moore, the Reverend H.G. Smith, and the Reverend L.J. Fletcher. The
+Central Methodist Church occupied the edifice for a time, before they
+secured the building of the Third Baptist Society. The Society was
+gathered in 1854. The pastors have been the Reverend William S. Studley,
+the Reverend Isaac S. Cushman, the Reverend Isaac J.P. Collyer, the
+Reverend Chester Field, the Reverend Lorenzo R. Thayer, the Reverend
+J.H. Mansfield, the Reverend Andrew McKeown, in 1865 and 1866, the
+Reverend William C. High, in 1867. The Reverend Isaac H. Packard is the
+present pastor.
+
+[Illustration: FISKE'S BLOCK, CENTRAL STREET.]
+
+In 1850, a Unitarian Society, organized in 1846, built the Gothic Chapel
+on Lee Street, and occupied it until 1861, when it passed into the hands
+of a society of Spiritualists. The Unitarian pastors were the Reverend
+M.A.H. Niles, the Reverend William Barry, the Reverend Augustus
+Woodbury, the Reverend J.K. Karcher, the Reverend John B. Willard, and
+the Reverend William C. Tenney. It became the property of the St. Joseph
+(French) Roman Catholic Church.
+
+On July 5, 1855, the stone church on Merrimack Street was dedicated as a
+Methodist Protestant Church. There preached the Reverend William Marks,
+the Reverend Richard H. Dorr, and the Reverend Robert Crossley. The
+building passed into possession of the Second Advent Society, which had
+been organized as early as 1842.
+
+[Illustration: LOWELL MACHINE SHOP.]
+
+St. John's Episcopal Church was erected in 1861, and consecrated by
+Bishop Eastburn, July 16, 1863. The Reverend Charles W. Homer was the
+first rector. He was succeeded by the Reverend Cornelius B. Smith, in
+1863, who, in 1866, was succeeded by the Reverend Charles L. Hutchins.
+The present pastor is the Reverend Leander C. Manchester.
+
+There are in Lowell thirty edifices exclusively devoted to public
+worship.
+
+[Illustration: EDSON BLOCK MERRIMACK STREET.]
+
+We have followed the course of events which have developed the city of
+Lowell from a small, scattering settlement to an important city, with an
+area of nearly twelve square miles, occupied by more than sixty thousand
+inhabitants. The daily life of its continually changing population has
+not been dwelt upon. In the early days the projectors of the city cared
+for the religion, the education, and the savings of those whom they
+employed. New England farms contributed their fairest children to the
+mills. The field was open to the world, and from every section flocked
+those seeking honest employment. First in great numbers came the people
+from England and Ireland, and, later, the thrifty French, Germans,
+Swedes, and Canadians. All nations have contributed to the advancement
+of Lowell, each adding of his labor or thought to the improvement of the
+city.
+
+Lowell is laid out with a certain irregular regularity. The mills came
+first: the business came afterward; and one finds canals, business
+blocks, and mills built close together. Only an intelligent study of a
+map of the city will give one an idea of its plan. It was not modeled
+after the city of Philadelphia.
+
+[Illustration: A PLAN of SUNDRY FARMS &c. PATUCKET in the town of
+CHELMSFORD. MDCCCXXI.]
+
+Over seventeen millions of dollars are invested in manufacturing. There
+are one hundred and fifty-three mills, over eight hundred thousand
+spindles, and twenty thousand looms. The mills give employment to
+thirteen thousand female operatives and ten thousand male operatives.
+Two hundred million yards of cotton goods are yearly sent from Lowell to
+clothe the world. Of woolen goods, more than eight million yards. Nearly
+three million yards of carpeting are made in the city every year, and a
+fabulous number of shawls. Thirteen million pairs of stockings were the
+last year's product. The Southern States contribute yearly thirty-four
+thousand tons of cotton, which is here made into the most delicate
+fabrics. The calico and printed goods made in Lowell in the year 1882
+would twice encircle the earth at the equator--and then all would not be
+used to do it.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Bay State Monthly, Vol. I, No. 3,
+March, 1884, by Various
+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
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author	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-15 04:47:48 -0700
committer	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-15 04:47:48 -0700
commit	f42c384a896ee9d074efbae83a1c5fc5ae4d0dff (patch)
tree	5c119509061d94dc3f0b3c56f4538af3087ae717