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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/15919-8.txt b/15919-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..be1bb1a --- /dev/null +++ b/15919-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1523 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is Going On +In It, Vol. 1, No. 42, August 26, 1897, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 42, August 26, 1897 + A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls + +Author: Various + +Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop + +Release Date: May 27, 2005 [EBook #15919] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + + + + + +_FIVE CENTS._ + +THE GREAT ROUND WORLD +AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT + + Vol. 1 AUGUST 26, 1897 No. 42. +[Entered at Post Office, New York City, as second class matter] + +[Illustration: A +WEEKLY +NEWSPAPER +FOR +BOYS AND +GIRLS] + +Subscription +$2.50 per year +$1.25 6 months + + + WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON. PUBLISHER + NO. 3 AND 5 WEST 18TH ST. NEW YORK CITY + +=Copyright, 1897, by WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON.= + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: The Scientific Box Kite + +How to put in the sticks + +The Start] + + =PATENT APPLIED FOR= + =The Latest Thing...= + =Scientific Box Kite= + + To any one sending us =1= new subscriber we will send one of these + kites. + +Scientific kite flying has attracted the attention of the world. This +kite is the invention of H.H. Clayton, Chief Observer at Blue Hill +Observatory, near Boston. It is used at this and other weather stations +for sending up instruments in making observations. Kites of this type +have attained the wonderful height of 9,200 feet, nearly two miles. + +Anybody can fly this kite. It goes up straight from the hand like a +bird. Will fly in a moderate breeze, and yet no wind short of a gale is +too strong for it. It is made of strong, selected wood, and the finest +cotton, in red. + + =THE GREAT ROUND WORLD= + =3 AND 5 WEST 18TH ST. NEW YORK CITY= + + * * * * * + +Do you Cover your Books? + + THE "ONE PIECE" + ADJUSTABLE BOOK COVERS + +are made of the strongest and best book-cover paper obtainable. This paper +is made in large quantities especially for these book covers and will +protect books perfectly. The book covers themselves are a marvel of +ingenuity, and, although they are in one piece and can be adjusted to fit +perfectly any sized book without cutting the paper, they are also so +simple that any boy or girl can use them; as they are already gummed they +are always ready for use. + +A sample dozen will be mailed to any address for 20 cents (or ten two-cent +stamps) if you write + + WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON + + 3 and 5 West 18th Street, New York City + + * * * * * + + =FOR SALE= + +500 Wentworth's Primary Arithmetics 10c. each + +250 " Grammar School " 25c. " + +300 Brooks' Elementary " 10c. " + +150 " New Written " 25c. " + +500 Colburn's New Mental " 10c. " + +100 Wheeler's Second Lessons 25c. " + +200 Harvey's Practical Grammars, _not revised, new_ 20c. " + +200 " Elementary " " " " 10c. " + +200 Kerl's Language Lessons, _new_ 10c. " + +125 Dozen Haile's Drawing Books, _new_ 50c. doz. + +100 " Barnes' " " " 40c. " + +200 " White's, Krone's, etc., _new_ 25c. to 60c. " + + 50 Williams' Composition, _not revised, new_ 40c. each + + 50 Kellogg's Rhetorics, 276 pages, _new_ 50c. " + +200 Continental Fourth Readers 25c. " + +200 " Fifth " 25c. " + +100 Lippincott's " " 25c. " + +100 Davis' Fourth Readers 25c. " + + All of the above books are used copies, good condition, + except where marked new. + + =French and German Books, Arithmetics, Geographies, and + Text-Books of all kinds at low prices.= + + =WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON= + 3 and 5 West 18th Street, New York City + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND +WORLD +AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.] + + VOL. 1 AUGUST 26, 1897. NO. 42 + + +The most important news of the past week is the step which Great Britain +has taken in breaking off the commercial treaties with Germany and +Belgium, which have been in effect since 1865. + +By the terms of these treaties, Great Britain gave her word that no +articles manufactured in either of these countries should be charged +higher tariff duties in her colonies than similar articles of British +manufacture. + +For instance, on German and Belgian cloth, exactly the same duty is +charged in Canada and Australia and the colonies generally as on the +English cloth. You would have supposed that England, being the mother +country, would have been charged a lower tariff than foreign countries, +but according to the treaties this was impossible. + +By breaking these treaties it has, however, become possible for Great +Britain to make arrangements whereby her merchandise can be introduced +into her colonies on terms that are very favorable to herself. + +In taking this step England is only closing the last chapter of a volume +of her history, and when she makes her new treaties with her colonies +she will be commencing the first chapter of the new history of the +British Empire that is yet to be written. + +This matter is of such vast importance, in the bearing that it will have +on the future, that we must try our best to understand it. + +England's importance and wealth lie in her colonies. She is but a "right +little, tight little island" of herself; but when regarded from the +standpoint of her possessions, her territory covers about one-sixth of +the land surface of the globe (see map, page 1189). Her possessions lie +north, south, east, and west, till it is rightly said that "the sun +never sets on England's glory." + +All her various dependencies are self-governing. They have their own +legislatures, impose their own taxes, and manage their own affairs +socially, politically, and commercially. + +At the same time, the colonies are absolutely a part of the British +Empire. The lands belong to the Crown, and the Crown derives an income +from the profits of the colonies. + +Though the legislature is made up of representatives chosen by the +people, the governor of each province or colony is appointed by the +Crown, and governs in the name of the Queen. + +The local governments can make what laws they please, but any act of the +colonial parliament that is obnoxious to England can be annulled by the +British Parliament. + +While England endeavors to make the colonies independent, she also +insists on their being obedient. She maintains armies to protect them, +stands ready to advance the young colonies money for their development, +and rules them in a kindly and beneficent way. + +There is no question of taxing and draining the resources of the country +for the sake of gain, as in the olden days, or as Spain does at the +present; the English policy since Victoria came to the throne has been +to develop and improve the colonies and make them self-supporting and +independent. + +The colonies are represented in the British Parliament by the Colonial +Secretary, who is a Cabinet officer, and holds one of the most important +positions in the Government. The wishes and desires of the colonies are +made known to Parliament through him. + +For years people have discussed the position of the colonies, and +whether it would not be better if the bonds between the mother country +and her dependencies were more closely drawn. It has often been +suggested that England should band her possessions together into one +vast empire, on the principle of our own United States. Each country +would then have representatives in the British Parliament, just as our +various States are represented at Washington, and all these countries +would be joined together for offence and defence just as we are. + +Such a federation would make Great Britain an enormous power. The +British possessions are scattered all over the globe. Were she to +federate with her colonies the declaration of war on her part with any +country would mean that Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and British +South America would all join in the fight, and help to uphold England's +quarrel. England could then dictate to the world, and her power would +exceed that of ancient Rome in its days of greatest glory. + +This scheme has always been a dream of ambitious English statesmen, but +the policy of the British Government has always been against it. + +The idea was so vast that no one dared advise the taking of the first +step. + +The British Ministers feared that the result of the federation would be +a combination of all the rest of Europe against England, so they adopted +the policy of keeping good friends with their European neighbors, and +allowing the colonies to wait yet a little longer for federation. + +The modern statesmen have been extending British influence ever further +and further, in the hope of one day accomplishing the great federation. + +It was this dream that was behind the Transvaal raid. The Colonial +Secretary, Mr. Joseph Chamberlain, desired to see the whole of South +Africa under the sovereignty of England, and Mr. Cecil Rhodes had no +objection to making the effort to realize this wish, because the scheme +would have proved as profitable to himself as to the Government. That to +accomplish his purpose he had to crush the Boers, and drive them out of +their own country, was nothing to him; he did not hesitate at anything +that was to be for the honor and glory of England--and the subsequent +enriching of Cecil Rhodes. + +The scandal over the Raid brought the idea of federation to the front +again, and when the Jubilee celebrations took place a move was made to +secure it. + +Eleven of the colonial premiers, or prime ministers, attended the +Jubilee, and during their visit to London they held a conference to +discuss the project. + +At this meeting the Colonial Secretary took the old ground that the +matter was of such vast importance that it must not be approached +hastily. + +The Canadian premiers were, however, anxious that some step should be +taken, and Sir Wilfrid Laurier, from Canada, voiced the sentiments of +his brother premiers when he stated that the time had come for the +colonies to draw more closely to the empire, or separate from it +altogether. + +England found herself in a dilemma. While she had been careful to bring +up her colonies to be independent of her, she had not realized that one +day they might become too independent, and seek to break away from her +rule altogether. She had repeated none of the mistakes of oppression and +greed that had cost her the American colonies, and she had supposed that +her other colonies would be satisfied to belong to the British Crown. + +Sir Wilfrid Laurier's hint was enough for her. + +She was well aware that the tie which binds Canada to her is so slight +that it might easily be broken, and realizing the danger of the +situation, she determined to throw aside her old foreign policy, and +adopt new measures to bind her colonies more closely to her. + +Sir Wilfrid Laurier, who is a statesman of a very high order, had +foreseen what England's answer would be, and last winter prepared the +way for the breaking of the German and Belgian treaties. + +He engineered a tariff law, offering about twelve per cent reduction the +first year, and twenty-five per cent thereafter, of tariff dues to all +countries admitting Canadian goods on certain favorable terms. + +It was thoroughly understood at the time that England was the only +country which could benefit by such an arrangement. England, as you +know, believes in free trade, and has now but twenty articles subject to +tariff; the most important of these are beer, wine, spirits, tobacco, +tea, coffee, and soap. + +With such a very small list of dutiable imports you can readily see how +easy it is for England to be the country which gives the best terms to +Canadian goods. + +When this Canadian tariff was first made the other nations smiled at it +as a meaningless piece of legislation, but as they thought over it they +saw its true meaning, and at once denounced it as an attempt to make +England false to her agreement with Germany and Belgium. + +England saw the force of this herself, and did not attempt to take +advantage of the reduced rates of the Canadian tariff. + +This did not disconcert Sir Wilfrid Laurier in the least. He had put the +new law through for a certain purpose, and he was willing to wait +patiently until he could secure the desired end. + +His opportunity came at the Conference. + +After the Colonial Secretary had answered the premiers that he thought +it better to wait a while before federating, the Canadian Prime Minister +made a very earnest speech. + +Having first stated that the time had come to take some decided action, +he said that he and all the other premiers were of one mind that Great +Britain should make an end of all her treaties with foreign countries +which hampered her trade with her colonies. + +He added that if this were done the various governments would see if +some arrangement could not be made by which a preference would be given +to British manufactures. + +These remarks met with the most enthusiastic indorsement from the other +prime ministers, who requested that they be embodied in a resolution, +and presented to the Colonial Secretary for parliamentary consideration. + +Mr. Chamberlain therefore laid the matter before the government, and it +was thereupon decided to end the two treaties mentioned. + +Notice was accordingly sent to both Germany and Belgium that the +existing treaties would cease on July 30, 1898. + +Canada and the colonies are highly elated over this matter, for it is +understood that this is but the first step toward federation. + +That the foreign Powers will be very much opposed to this plan is a +foregone conclusion. + +The foreign journals are speaking very severely about it, and saying +that England is much mistaken if she thinks that such an arrangement +would make her powerful enough to dictate to the world. + +The day when federation will be completed is still very far off, +however; the colonies themselves are not federated as yet, and it is +hard to suppose that they are ready to come together and be happy as one +country with England when they are still divided among themselves. +Newfoundland is outside the Canadian federation; Cape Colony, in South +Africa, is divided into several states; Australia has five separate +states, each with its own governor and legislature. These states should +first be joined together before they can safely venture to combine with +the mother country in an alliance which would be against the world. + +Germany and Belgium are both incensed that England should seek to put an +end to the treaties. Some hot heads in Germany are urging their +Government to return blow for blow, and commence a tariff war with +England. + + * * * * * + +With wars and rumors of wars about us, the necessity of being prepared +for any emergency has presented itself very strongly to the Secretaries +of both the Army and the Navy. + +While our standing army is small, our military arrangements are such +that we need have little anxiety on the score of the army. We have a +large State Militia always at the service of the country, and we have +the right to call on all able-bodied citizens between the ages of +eighteen and forty-five for military service in case of need. This +brings the number of men capable of bearing arms in our defense up to +the number of ten millions. + +Our army, therefore, is on a satisfactory basis. + +With our navy, things are different. It has come to be a recognized fact +among nations that countries who wish to be respected abroad must have a +sufficient naval force to compel that respect when necessary. + +Our navy is not as large as the importance of our country demands, and +it is the intention of the Secretary of the Navy to ask Congress to +make appropriations to enable him to have several new ships built. + +Meanwhile he is in a good deal of difficulty over the armor for the +ships that are being built. + +Armor is a covering of thick steel plates with which all the modern +battleships are supplied. It is intended to protect their hulls from the +cannon-balls and projectiles that are now used in warfare. + +There are three ships now building for the Government, the _Illinois_, +_Alabama_, and _Wisconsin_, and the cause of the trouble is that no firm +can be found willing to supply the armor-plate for the price fixed by +Congress. + +This price is $300 per ton. + +Congress had a long discussion about the matter, and decided that this +was a fair and proper price to pay, and instructed the Secretary of the +Navy to buy it for this sum. + +The Secretary had his doubts about the possibility of doing as he was +required, because he knew that the iron and steel manufacturers asked a +much higher price. + +He, however, did as Congress desired, with the result that the Carnegie +Company refused point-blank, saying they could not possibly manufacture +it for that price. Several other firms also declined, and finally, +giving up all hope of placing the contracts, the Secretary suggested +that the Government should make its own armor-plate. + +Agreeably to this suggestion, a board has been formed to look into the +matter, and see whether it is possible for the Government to enter into +this business with profit to itself. + +While some people declare that it will cost the Government twice as much +to manufacture the armor, others think that it can be made for +considerably less than the companies ask. + +The history of this affair is very interesting. + +About 1885, Mr. Whitney, who was then Secretary of the Navy, induced a +private company, the Bethlehem Iron Works, to build the first American +armor plant, by making a number of contracts with them which would keep +them busy furnishing armor for battleships for several years. + +The price then fixed was $580 per ton, and the armor to be supplied was +what is known as steel armor. + +Before the first contract could be filled, the next Secretary, Mr. +Tracy, had his attention called to some new kinds of armor that were +being introduced. + +One kind was being made by an English firm, and another by a French +company. + +The English plan was to make what is called compound armor. This was +hard steel welded on to a back of softer metal, the idea being that the +soft back would act as a sort of cushion, and save the front part of the +plate from being cracked by the blows of the shot. + +The French system was to make a mixture of steel and nickel. They +claimed that the nickel alloy would give greater strength to the plate. + +Secretary Tracy was so anxious that we should have the best possible +armor for our battleships that he ordered a plate from both companies, +and sent them to the Naval Academy at Annapolis to be tested. + +The big guns were tried on first one and then the other; the English +armor cracked in four pieces, but on the nickel steel the shot were +shattered into fragments. + +Congress immediately voted that the new battleships should be supplied +with nickel-steel armor, and an appropriation was made for this purpose. + +Before the new contract could be carried out, President Harrison learned +that a man named Harvey had invented a process for hardening the surface +of the steel used in making tools. This process was found to be so +excellent that it revolutionized the making of tools, which were +thereafter made from the hardened or "Harveyized steel." + +This process had never been applied to any large surface, but it was +thought that if Harvey's method could be used for the nickel-steel +plates, a perfect armor would be the result. + +The experiment was therefore tried. A large nickel-steel plate was +subjected to the process and then tested at Annapolis. + +The result was highly satisfactory; all the projectiles sent against the +plate were shattered, while the plate remained comparatively uninjured. + +The success of the Harvey process on the nickel steel was universally +acknowledged; other countries abandoned their previous style of armor, +and the United States set out to build a number of new ships that should +be protected with this invulnerable armor. + +It was soon found that the Bethlehem Company was not able to furnish all +the armor needed, and so the Government persuaded the Carnegie Company +to go into the armor-plate business. The Carnegie people were promised +an equal share of the work, and the same prices as the Bethlehem +Company. + +Matters went on peacefully until July 10th of last year, when Congress +directed the Secretary of the Navy to inquire into the cost of making +armor-plate, and to give an idea of the price he thought the Government +ought to pay for it. The result of his inquiries was to be made known on +January 1st of this year. + +The Secretary did make the inquiries, and found that the actual cost of +making a ton of armor-plate was $197.78. + +After an elaborate calculation of profit and loss, and the cost of the +machinery used in making the armor, he decided that the armor could be +made for $250 a ton. He suggested that the Government ought then to +allow the companies a liberal sum per ton for profit on their +enterprise, and suggested that a fair price to pay would be $400 per +ton. + +Had Congress accepted this suggestion there would have been an actual +saving of $180 a ton over the price made on the original contracts. + +Congress was not, however, satisfied with this. If the Company could +make the iron and come out clear at $250 a ton, it was thought that a +profit of $150 a ton was too much to allow, and therefore Congress voted +that the Government price for armor-plate in future should be $300 per +ton. + +They offered at this price to make a contract for twenty new +battleships, which would keep the armor works busy for the next ten +years. + +The Carnegie and Bethlehem companies were indignant at this offer, and +refused it absolutely. + +They insisted that they could not begin to supply armor for less than +$442 a ton, and that then they would be making little profit on their +work. + +They reminded Congress that they had added costly machinery to their +plants to oblige the Government, and that the country ought to be +willing to pay them enough money for their work to reimburse them for +the sums they had laid out. + +Congress would not listen to this argument. It declared that the +armor-plate people had formed a trust by which they hoped to force the +Treasury to pay them any price they chose to ask, and finally declared +that if armor-plate could be made at an actual cost of $197.78 per ton, +the Government would no longer pay $558 to benefit the pockets of +private individuals. + +Further than this, Congress declared that if the Carnegie and Bethlehem +people would not make the armor for $300 a ton, the Government would go +into the business for itself, and leave these two companies with their +machinery on their hands. + +The committee appointed to examine into the cost of establishing +government armor works is to be ready to hand in its report next +December. + +In the mean while the three new warships that are building will have to +wait, and no new vessels can be commenced until this very important +matter is settled. + + * * * * * + +Startling and terrible news reaches us from Spain. + +Seņor Canovas del Castillo (_Casteelyo_), the Spanish Prime Minister, +has been assassinated! + +The whole of Europe is greatly excited by this dreadful news. + +[Illustration: Map + +The shaded portions are British possessions. Islands owned by Great +Britain have names attached.] + +Seņor Canovas had overworked himself during the last session of the +Cortes, and this, combined with the worry of Cuban affairs, had broken +down his health. + +In the hope of regaining his strength he had gone to the baths of Santa +Aguada, at Guesalibar, on the Bay of Biscay, not far from San Sebastian, +where the court is summering. + +[Illustration: Seņor Canovas] + +He was sitting reading his paper in the grounds of the bath-house when +he was shot and killed by an Italian ruffian. + +In Seņor Canovas, Spain has lost one of her greatest statesmen. It was +he who put Alfonso XII., the father of the present king, on the throne +of Spain. + +During his whole career Spain has been the scene of many stormy trials. + +In 1868 the people forced the old Queen, Isabella II., to resign the +throne. She was a very wicked woman, and did so many bad things that the +people would not be disgraced by her any longer. They rose against her, +and she was obliged to flee to France to seek the protection of Napoleon +III. + +On her departure a council was appointed to choose a new sovereign. +There were several claimants, among them Alfonso, the son of the deposed +Isabella, and Don Carlos, the grandson of Don Carlos I. (See p. 563.) + +The council rejected all the candidates, and chose a German prince. +Napoleon III. objected on Queen Isabella's account; the Germans were +incensed at his interference, and the argument that followed gave rise +to the Franco-German War in 1870. + +The Spanish council, disappointed of their German prince, finally chose +a son of Victor Emmanuel of Italy, and made him King of Spain under the +title of Amadeus I. + +The new King did not take kindly to his throne. The Carlists were +striving to gain the crown for their candidate, and the country was +plunged into the horrors of a civil war. + +After a reign of two years and one month Amadeus abdicated and went back +to Italy, disgusted with the honors that had been thrust upon him. + +This did not help the Carlists. A republic was declared which lasted +until 1874. In August of that year the republic was formally +acknowledged by all the countries of Europe except Russia, and in the +following December the people changed their minds once more, and +Alfonso, the son of Isabella, was proclaimed King by the Republican +armies. + +Alfonso reigned eleven years, and died in the winter of 1885. In the +spring of 1886 the young King was born, his mother, Maria Christina of +Austria, was declared Regent, and will continue to govern the country +for the young Alfonso XIII. until he is old enough to take care of the +country himself. + +During all these troublous times Canovas steadily upheld the crown; +through riot and revolution he never wavered, and was even banished from +Spain on one occasion because of his well-known sympathy for the crown. + +When the right moment came he placed himself at the head of Alfonso's +friends, and succeeded in seating him on the throne. + +Alfonso XII. never forgot the service Canovas had done him. He made him +his Prime Minister, and during his entire reign was guided by the +Minister's advice. + +After Alfonso's death Canovas devoted himself to the service of the +Queen Regent, and has been her faithful ally and counsellor ever since. + +The Minister was, however, a haughty and arrogant man. He made many +enemies through his pride, and despite the respect which both King and +Queen had for him, both were more or less afraid of him. + +There are two stories about him which show how little he cared how he +offended even such mighty personages as his sovereigns. + +On one occasion Alfonso XII., wishing to reward him for some service, +offered to make him a duke. Canovas is said to have replied to the +King: + +"Sire, I made you a king--how can you make me a duke!" + +One day, during Alfonso's lifetime, the Queen got very much out of +temper with her consort, and allowed herself to give way to her anger +before the court. + +Canovas was greatly displeased, and followed the Queen to her +apartments. + +"Madam," he said, as soon as they were alone, "the interests of the +monarchy are of more importance than your private feelings. To-morrow +you will leave Spain for Austria, and await my orders in Vienna." + +Astonishing as it may seem, the Queen obeyed. + +Canovas ruled with a rod of iron. It is stated that his murder was +committed in revenge for some terrible cruelties that were practised in +Barcelona by his orders. A little over a year ago a bomb was thrown into +one of the churches in Barcelona. Four hundred people were arrested, and +it was supposed that the bomb-throwing was the outcome of an Anarchist +plot. + +Numbers of the persons arrested were evidently innocent, and the +Government could not find out who was responsible for the outrage. +Canovas refused to believe that any of the people arrested were +innocent, but insisted that they knew all about it if they could only be +made to speak, and so he ordered them tortured in the most inhuman ways +to make them confess. + +The man who shot Canovas declared, when he was arrested, that his +brother had been tortured in Barcelona, and that he had killed the +Minister in revenge. + +Great statesman and good friend to the crown as Canovas was, he was a +bad friend to the people. He believed in force. It was he who chose +General Weyler to go to Cuba, well knowing his ferocious character, and +that he would be sure to treat the insurgents with great severity. + +Now that Canovas is dead the Cubans believe that the war will soon be +brought to a close. They think that Sagasta will be appointed to fill +the place of the murdered Minister, and that he will at once recall +Weyler, and send Campos in his place. + +They think that Sagasta will offer them home rule, and if they refuse +it, and show a determination to continue the war, that Sagasta will +weaken and offer to give up the island for a sum of money. + +One Cuban, being asked what effect he thought the death of Canovas would +have, replied: + +"He has done more to harm Cuba than Weyler, and through his death the +unfortunate island will lose two of her worst enemies. Canovas' death +means Cuba's freedom!" But, naturally, a Cuban's estimate of a Spanish +Minister cannot, be accepted as an unprejudiced one. + +To his sovereign and his country Seņor Canovas has ever been a most +faithful servant. In him the Queen Regent loses the one man on whom +Spain relied for help out of her present difficulties. + + * * * * * + +The Coal Strike is still unsettled. + +A determined effort is being made to get the Pittsburg miners to join +the strike. There is a great Pittsburg firm called the New York and +Cleveland Gas and Coal Company, of which Mr. W.P. De Armitt is the head. +It is a most important firm, and the strikers think that if they can +only get De Armitt's men to join them they are sure of success. + +The De Armitt men are, however, quite content with their treatment, and +not anxious to join the strike. To win them over, large bands of +striking miners have camped near the De Armitt mines, and every morning +they march to the pit's mouth, intercepting the men as they are going to +work, and urging them to join the strike and help their fellows. + +They have already persuaded many of the men to leave work. + +They have been very orderly so far, and though fears of violence are +entertained, as yet there has been no rioting. + +The only person who has got into trouble has been Debs. + +When the strike was first organized, Debs and the other labor agitators +declared that it was impossible for the strike to fail if the miners +only held together. They gave such a rosy picture of the whole affair, +that many of the miners believed that the great strike would be settled +with little delay or trouble. + +They were quite unprepared for the long and bitter struggle into which +it has developed, and many of them are angry with Debs and the other +agitators for misrepresenting affairs to them. Debs is therefore losing +influence with the miners just now. + +On the other hand, the coal-owners are combining against him, declaring +that but for his mischievous intermeddling, everything could have been +adjusted without trouble. + +The mine-owners of West Virginia have therefore sought relief through +the law, and obtained a judge's order, forbidding Debs, or any of his +fellow-agitators, from making any efforts to induce the miners to +strike. + +They are forbidden to make speeches or conduct parades, or gather crowds +in the mining districts. + +This is a severe blow to the agitators. The cooperation of the West +Virginia miners is also considered essential to success. + +These men, like De Armitt's, have no grievances of their own for which +they need redress, and it has not been easy to persuade them that they +ought to strike for the sake of their less fortunate brothers. + +To obtain any such result it is necessary to have a number of speakers +constantly talking to the men, and teaching them, and urging them. + +The order forbidding speaking and persuading is a hard blow to Debs and +his workers. + +He, however, declares that he is not discouraged, and that he will win +the strike in spite of every effort of the owners. + +While the coal trade has been thus agitated, a curious labor difficulty +has arisen in Paterson, New Jersey. + +There are, as you know, labor unions all over the country. Every trade +has its own special union. The members of these unions, when they first +join, bind themselves to be guided by the rules and laws laid down by +the officers of the union. + +The United Broad Silk Weavers' Union held a meeting the other day, in +which it adopted a certain scale of wages, and sent out an order that no +member was to work for any other wages than those fixed by the Union. + +When this order was sent to Paterson there was great consternation. +Nearly all the weavers there are members of the union, and when they +came to examine the new scale which they were bound to abide by, they +found it to be below the rate of wages which they were at that moment +receiving. + +The Paterson weavers have been enjoying good wages, and are in +comfortable circumstances. Since the inauguration of President McKinley +they have gone on strike several times. Their employers thought their +demands were just, and agreed to give them the increase they asked, so +that they have settled their own affairs in a way that is highly +satisfactory to themselves. + +Now comes this order from the labor union, and they are in a terrible +dilemma. + +If they obey the rules of their order, they will have to go in a body to +their employers, and ask to have their wages reduced. + +If they do not, they will be obliged to leave the union; and if in +future their employers try to get the best of them, they will then have +no one to come forward and fight their battles for them. + +The outcome of this affair is being watched with a good deal of +amusement and interest. + + * * * * * + +A scientific expedition, headed by Professor Libbey, of Princeton +University, started early in July to explore a mesa or table-land of +sandstone which rises out of the alkali plains, in the neighborhood of +Albuquerque, New Mexico. + +This mesa is seven hundred feet high. Its top has never before been +trodden by man, for it rises from the plain with perpendicular walls +that are inaccessible to even the most experienced mountain-climbers. + +The mesa is situated near the Indian village of Acoma, and is called by +the natives the Enchanted Mesa. They have a wonderful legend about it. + +The rock is fifteen acres in extent and, according to their story, was +once the dwelling-place of the Acoma tribe. After a while, as the tribe +increased, there was not room enough on the rock for their dwellings and +their fields, so they made a way down the rock, and used to send their +able-bodied men below to sow and reap, while the aged and the young did +the housekeeping on top of the mesa. + +The story goes on to say that once, when the young men were away in the +fields, a terrible storm arose; the thunders raged and the winds blew, +and when at last the storm subsided it was found that the rocky +staircase by which the Acomas were used to go up and down had been +entirely swept away. + +The Indians ran round and round the rock, but everywhere they found the +straight walls as we see them to-day. It was impossible to climb them; +they could not get up to the friends they had left behind, nor could the +unfortunate people come down to them. + +For days they tried every means to reach the top, but they could not do +so. They could see their friends peering over at them, but day by day +the faces grew fewer and fewer, until at last all were gone. + +Since then the mesa has been held sacred by the Acomas, and regarded by +them as a city of the dead. + +This legend has been so thoroughly believed that scientists have often +discussed the possibility of scaling this rock for the sake of the +wonderful remains that must be on the top. Finally Professor Libbey +determined to make the attempt. + +He took with him a life-saving apparatus, of the kind that is used on +the sea-coast for sending a line out to a wrecked vessel. His plan was +to throw the line over the rock, and then have himself hauled up in an +arrangement of ropes, used by sailors for working over the side of +ships, and called by them a boatswain's chair. + +The life-saving apparatus was tried, and proved to be most successful. A +rocket was sent up with the life-line attached, and on the second effort +was shot clear over the rock. + +The line thus thrown was a thin quarter-inch rope; to this a strong +hawser was attached, and after infinite labor pulled across the mesa's +top. The boatswain's chair was then attached, and with the aid of a pair +of strong horses, who pulled away at one end of the rope, the professor +was hauled to the top of the rock. + +To his disappointment he found no traces whatever of former inhabitants, +and no evidences that any human being had ever trodden the rock's +surface before. + +He found plenty of water standing in pools, which had evidently been +left from recent rains, and plenty of grass and trees similar to those +found on the summits of the other buttes in the neighborhood, but the +legend of the Acomas was evidently a myth. + +He went from end to end of the Mesa, but there was not the slightest +sign of cave or dwelling, nor even a scrap of broken pottery to prove +that the rock had once been inhabited. G.H. ROSENFELD. + + + + + +INVENTION AND DISCOVERY. + + +PORTABLE REFRIGERATING CASE.--It must be some one who loves to go on +picnics or excursions who has thought out this delightful contrivance, a +portable refrigerator. It comprises an inner case which holds bottles +and ice, and an outer case with a partition into which the water from +the ice can run, and with means for drawing it off. + +[Illustration: Portable Refrigerating Case] + +A fair supply of ice would insure bottles of cold water, milk, +ginger-ale, etc, throughout a long day's trip. + +LEAK-STOPPER FOR PNEUMATIC TIRES.--This seems to be a very clever and +practical invention. + +The bicycle-tape, and the mastic, and the dozen other devices for +mending punctured tires are all very well in their way, but they are not +absolutely reliable. + +A punctured tire is a wounded tire, and needs the aid of a bicycle +doctor. All attempts at doing one's own surgery are likely to fail for +the simple reason that we are not experts in the business, and do not +always understand the extent of the damage. + +The leak-stopper is merely a bandage to be applied to the wound till +help can be found. It consists of a strap of flexible material, provided +at one end with a buckle and at the other with a pair of tongues. + +[Illustration: Leak-Stopper Bandage] + +On the inside of the strap is some flexible air-tight material partly +fastened to the strap, and so arranged that it will entirely cover the +lips of the wound. + +The edges are covered with adhesive material, and are firmly pressed on +either lip of the wound, drawing it together and covering it with +air-tight material, so that no air can escape. + +The strap is then buckled round the tire, holding the ligature in place, +and the air can be pumped in and the rider proceed without fear of any +further difficulty. + +[Illustration: Bicycle Propulsion] + +BICYCLE PROPULSION.--So much has been invented for and said about +bicycles, that it seems strange that anything is left to say or to do, +yet here is a very novel idea. It is not so very long since wind and +water were the only motor powers, but those days are so clearly +superseded that it is quite a surprising suggestion that a wind-wheel +be attached to bicycles. Machinery connects it with the driving-wheel by +means of a rotary shaft, and the wind-wheel becomes an additional help. +This may prove a very useful contrivance for long-distance riders. + +[Illustration: Embroidery Hoop] + +EMBROIDERY HOOP.--There are surely among our readers some girls who +embroider and who have experienced difficulty with their embroidery +hoops. The inner hoop is sure to fit so tightly within the outer one +that if the material to be embroidered is at all thick, neither +persuasion nor force will make it slip into place. A new hoop is now +being made which can be adjusted for goods of any thickness. This is +done by means of a split binding-hoop, the two ends of which connect by +a screw-threaded bolt, and can be loosened or tightened at will, a nut +on the threaded end of the bolt holding the ends firmly in place. + + * * * * * + +=S.T.A. Vertical Writing Pens= + +[Illustration] + + =PRICES:= + + =Per Gross, $1.00; Per Dozen= (samples), =10 Cents= + +Vertical writing demands a commercial pen. The "S.T.A." pens are strictly +a commercial pen, made after the famous models designed by John Jackson, +originator of the + + ------_System of Upright Writing._------ + +The desirability of teaching children, boys especially, to write with such +a pen as they will use in after life will be recognized by every good +teacher. + + _Introduced into the Schools of Denver, Colo., and elsewhere._ + + * * * * * + + A great deal is expected of the teachers in our public + schools at the present day in the way of keeping the pupils + conversant with the political and scientific questions of + the day. While this is as it should be, we believe that if + parents would look well to the quality of reading-matter + placed before their children better results would be + obtained from the teachers' efforts in this line. THE GREAT + ROUND WORLD, AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT, is the name of a + newspaper for children, and without exception it is the + finest one of its kind ever published. It comes in magazine + form, and is overflowing with interesting subjects written + in such a bright and yet simple manner that the whole + household unwittingly becomes interested in it.--_Omer, + Mich., Progress, Jan._ 8, 1897. + + * * * * * + +Remember that text-books will +be taken in exchange for subscriptions +to + + =THE= .. .. + =GREAT ROUND WORLD= + + * * * * * + + =FOR SALE= + + =10,000 STANDARD SCHOOL-BOOKS= + (=MORE OR LESS DAMAGED=) + + At from 20 to 60 per cent. + less than wholesale price. .. + + =2,000 COMPOSITION BOOKS= (retail price, 5 to 25 cents) + =at 2 to 10 cents each.= + + =500 MAPS at half price or less.= + + * * * * * + + =GOODS removed from Old Store, 59 Fifth Avenue;= + + NOW AT + + =NEW ADDRESS, 5 West 18th St.= + + =Mail orders promptly attended to.= + =All books and material subject to approval.= + + * * * * * + + _To Any Subscriber Securing_ + + For Us =1= _NEW_ + _SUBSCRIPTION_ + + _We Will Send, Post-Paid, + A BOUND VOLUME OF ..._ + + =THE GREAT ROUND WORLD= + + _These volumes are neatly bound in cloth, with title stamped + on side and back, and make a neat library book, handy in + size and weight, and tasteful in appearance._ + + =PART I.= _contains_ + =NOVEMBER 11th, 1896 to FEBRUARY 18th, 1897= + + =PART II.= _contains_ + =FEBRUARY 25th, 1897 to JUNE 3d, 1897= + + ALBERT ROSS PARSONS, _President, American College of + Musicians,_ writes concerning his son, aged 10: "The bound + volume of the first fifteen numbers has remained his daily + mental food and amusement ever since it arrived. I thank you + for your great service both to our young people and to their + elders." + + * * * * * + + =THE GREAT ROUND WORLD= + =3 & 5 WEST 18TH STREET NEW YORK CITY= + + * * * * * + +="The Great Round World" PRIZE CONTEST= + +THE GREAT ROUND WORLD is now over six months old, and it feels some +anxiety to know just how much interest its readers have taken in the +news and how much information they have gained from its pages. To +ascertain this, it has been decided to offer ten prizes for the best +answers to the following: + + =Name ten of the most important events that have been mentioned in + "The Great Round World" in the first 30 numbers, that is, up to + number of June 3d.= + + _In mentioning these events give briefly reasons for considering + them important._ + +This competition will be open to subscribers only, and any one desiring +to enter the competition must send to this office their name and the +date of their subscription; a number will then be given them. + +All new subscribers will be furnished with a card entitling them to +enter the competition. + +In making the selection of important events, remember that wars and +political events are not necessarily the most important. If, for +instance, the air-ship had turned out to be a genuine and successful +thing, it would have been most important as affecting the history of the +world. Or if by chance the telephone or telegraph had been invented in +this period, these inventions would have been _important_ events. + +Prizes will be awarded to those who make the best selection and who +mention the events in the best order of their importance. Answers may be +sent in any time before September 1st. + +The Great Round World does not want you to hurry over this contest, but +to take plenty of time and do the work carefully. It will be a pleasant +occupation for the summer months. + +We would advise you to take the magazines starting at No. 1, look them +over carefully, keep a note-book at your side, and jot down in it the +events that seem to you important; when you have finished them all, No. +1 to 30, look over your notes and select the ten events that seem to you +to be the most important, stating after each event your reason for +thinking it important. + +For instance: suppose you decide that the death of Dr. Ruiz was one of +these important events, you might say, "The killing of Dr. Ruiz in the +prison of Guanabacoa--because it brought the cruelties practised on +American citizens to the attention of our Government," etc., etc. + +In sending your answers put your number and the date only on them, for +the judges are not to know names and addresses of the contestants, that +there may be no favoritism shown. + +It is important to put date on, for if two or more are found of similar +standing, the one first received will be given preference. + +Address all letters to REVIEW PRIZE CONTEST DEPARTMENT, +GREAT ROUND WORLD, 3 and 5 West 18th Street, New York City. + + _Write answer on one side of the paper only_ + =Prizes will be selections from the premium catalogue= + + No. 1. Premiums as given for 15 Subscriptions + No. 2. " " " " 12 " + No. 3. " " " " 10 " + No. 4. " " " " 9 " + No. 5. " " " " 8 " + No. 6. " " " " 7 " + No. 7. " " " " 5 " + No. 8. " " " " 5 " + No. 9. " " " " 5 " + No. 10. " " " " 5 " + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is +Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 42, August 26, 1897, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + +***** This file should be named 15919-8.txt or 15919-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/9/1/15919/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 42, August 26, 1897 + A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls + +Author: Various + +Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop + +Release Date: May 27, 2005 [EBook #15919] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="./images/cover.png"><img src="./images/cover-tb.png" alt="Cover Illustration, Globe" title="Cover Illustration, Globe" /></a></div> +<div class='center'><b>Copyright, 1897, by <span class='smcap'>William Beverley Harison</span></b></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="./images/kite.png"><img src="./images/kite-tb.png" alt="The Scientific Box Kite, How to put in the sticks, The Start" title="The Scientific Box Kite, How to put in the sticks, The Start" /></a></div> + + +<h5><span class='smcap'>patent applied for</span></h5> + +<h3>The Latest Thing...</h3> + +<h2>Scientific Box Kite</h2> + +<div class="center"><span class="u">To any one sending us <b>1</b> new subscriber we will send one of + these kites.</span></div> + +<p>Scientific kite flying has attracted the attention of the world. This +kite is the invention of H.H. Clayton, Chief Observer at Blue Hill +Observatory, near Boston. It is used at this and other weather stations +for sending up instruments in making observations. Kites of this type +have attained the wonderful height of 9,200 feet, nearly two miles.</p> + +<p>Anybody can fly this kite. It goes up straight from the hand like a +bird. Will fly in a moderate breeze, and yet no wind short of a gale is +too strong for it. It is made of strong, selected wood, and the finest +cotton, in red.</p> + + +<h3><span class='smcap'>The Great Round World</span></h3> +<div class='center'><b>3 AND 5 WEST 18TH ST. NEW YORK CITY</b><br /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p class="figcenter"><img src="./images/bookcover.png" alt="Do you Cover your Books?" title="Do you Cover your Books?" /></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">THE "ONE PIECE"</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">ADJUSTABLE BOOK COVERS</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>are made of the strongest and best book-cover paper obtainable. This paper +is made in large quantities especially for these book covers and will +protect books perfectly. The book covers themselves are a marvel of +ingenuity, and, although they are in one piece and can be adjusted to fit +perfectly any sized book without cutting the paper, they are also so +simple that any boy or girl can use them; as they are already gummed they +are always ready for use.</p> + +<p>A sample dozen will be mailed to any address for 20 cents (or ten two-cent +stamps) if you write</p> + +<div class='center'> +<b>WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON</b><br /> +<b>3 and 5 West 18th Street, New York City</b> +</div> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h2><span class="u"><b>FOR SALE</b></span></h2> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Books For Sale"> + +<tr><td align='right'>500</td> +<td align='left'>Wentworth's</td> +<td align='left'>Primary</td> +<td align='left'>Arithmetics</td> +<td align='right'>10c.</td> +<td align='left'>each</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='right'>250</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='left'>Grammar School</td> 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+<td align='center'>"</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='right'>100</td> +<td align='left'>Davis'</td> +<td align='left'>Fourth Readers</td> +<td align='left'></td> +<td align='right'>25c.</td> +<td align='center'>"</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<div class="center"><br />All of the above books are used copies, good condition, +except where marked new.<br /><br /></div> + +<div class='center'><b>French and German Books, Arithmetics, Geographies,<br /> and +Text-Books of all kinds at low prices.</b><br /><br /></div> + +<div class='center'> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><b><big>WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON</big></b></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><b>3 and 5 West 18th Street, New York City</b></span><br /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><a name="Page_1177" id="Page_1177"></a></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p class="figcenter"><img src="./images/title.png" alt="THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" title="THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" /></p> + +<div class='center'><b><span class='smcap'>Vol.</span> 1 <span class='smcap'>August</span> 26, 1897. <span class='smcap'>No.</span> 42</b></div> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + + +<p>The most important news of the past week is the step which Great Britain +has taken in breaking off the commercial treaties with Germany and +Belgium, which have been in effect since 1865.</p> + +<p>By the terms of these treaties, Great Britain gave her word that no +articles manufactured in either of these countries should be charged +higher tariff duties in her colonies than similar articles of British +manufacture.</p> + +<p>For instance, on German and Belgian cloth, exactly the same duty is +charged in Canada and Australia and the colonies generally as on the +English cloth. You would have supposed that England, being the mother +country, would have been charged a lower tariff than foreign countries, +but according to the treaties this was impossible.</p> + +<p>By breaking these treaties it has, however, become possible for Great +Britain to make arrangements whereby her merchandise can be introduced +into her colonies on terms that are very favorable to herself.</p> + +<p>In taking this step England is only closing the last chapter of a volume +of her history, and when she <a name="Page_1178" id="Page_1178"></a>makes her new treaties with her colonies +she will be commencing the first chapter of the new history of the +British Empire that is yet to be written.</p> + +<p>This matter is of such vast importance, in the bearing that it will have +on the future, that we must try our best to understand it.</p> + +<p>England's importance and wealth lie in her colonies. She is but a "right +little, tight little island" of herself; but when regarded from the +standpoint of her possessions, her territory covers about one-sixth of +the land surface of the globe (see map, page 1189). Her possessions lie +north, south, east, and west, till it is rightly said that "the sun +never sets on England's glory."</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="./images/18.png"><img src="./images/18-tb.png" alt="Map of British Possessions" title="Map of British Possessions" /></a></div> + +<div class='center'><b>The shaded portions are British possessions. Islands owned by Great +Britain have names attached.</b></div> + +<p>All her various dependencies are self-governing. They have their own +legislatures, impose their own taxes, and manage their own affairs +socially, politically, and commercially.</p> + +<p>At the same time, the colonies are absolutely a part of the British +Empire. The lands belong to the Crown, and the Crown derives an income +from the profits of the colonies.</p> + +<p>Though the legislature is made up of representatives chosen by the +people, the governor of each province or colony is appointed by the +Crown, and governs in the name of the Queen.</p> + +<p>The local governments can make what laws they please, but any act of the +colonial parliament that is obnoxious to England can be annulled by the +British Parliament.</p> + +<p>While England endeavors to make the colonies independent, she also +insists on their being obedient. She maintains armies to protect them, +stands ready to <a name="Page_1179" id="Page_1179"></a>advance the young colonies money for their development, +and rules them in a kindly and beneficent way.</p> + +<p>There is no question of taxing and draining the resources of the country +for the sake of gain, as in the olden days, or as Spain does at the +present; the English policy since Victoria came to the throne has been +to develop and improve the colonies and make them self-supporting and +independent.</p> + +<p>The colonies are represented in the British Parliament by the Colonial +Secretary, who is a Cabinet officer, and holds one of the most important +positions in the Government. The wishes and desires of the colonies are +made known to Parliament through him.</p> + +<p>For years people have discussed the position of the colonies, and +whether it would not be better if the bonds between the mother country +and her dependencies were more closely drawn. It has often been +suggested that England should band her possessions together into one +vast empire, on the principle of our own United States. Each country +would then have representatives in the British Parliament, just as our +various States are represented at Washington, and all these countries +would be joined together for offence and defence just as we are.</p> + +<p>Such a federation would make Great Britain an enormous power. The +British possessions are scattered all over the globe. Were she to +federate with her colonies the declaration of war on her part with any +country would mean that Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and British +South America would all join in the fight, and help to uphold England's +quarrel.<a name="Page_1180" id="Page_1180"></a> England could then dictate to the world, and her power would +exceed that of ancient Rome in its days of greatest glory.</p> + +<p>This scheme has always been a dream of ambitious English statesmen, but +the policy of the British Government has always been against it.</p> + +<p>The idea was so vast that no one dared advise the taking of the first +step.</p> + +<p>The British Ministers feared that the result of the federation would be +a combination of all the rest of Europe against England, so they adopted +the policy of keeping good friends with their European neighbors, and +allowing the colonies to wait yet a little longer for federation.</p> + +<p>The modern statesmen have been extending British influence ever further +and further, in the hope of one day accomplishing the great federation.</p> + +<p>It was this dream that was behind the Transvaal raid. The Colonial +Secretary, Mr. Joseph Chamberlain, desired to see the whole of South +Africa under the sovereignty of England, and Mr. Cecil Rhodes had no +objection to making the effort to realize this wish, because the scheme +would have proved as profitable to himself as to the Government. That to +accomplish his purpose he had to crush the Boers, and drive them out of +their own country, was nothing to him; he did not hesitate at anything +that was to be for the honor and glory of England—and the subsequent +enriching of Cecil Rhodes.</p> + +<p>The scandal over the Raid brought the idea of federation to the front +again, and when the Jubilee celebrations took place a move was made to +secure it.</p><p><a name="Page_1181" id="Page_1181"></a></p> + +<p>Eleven of the colonial premiers, or prime ministers, attended the +Jubilee, and during their visit to London they held a conference to +discuss the project.</p> + +<p>At this meeting the Colonial Secretary took the old ground that the +matter was of such vast importance that it must not be approached +hastily.</p> + +<p>The Canadian premiers were, however, anxious that some step should be +taken, and Sir Wilfrid Laurier, from Canada, voiced the sentiments of +his brother premiers when he stated that the time had come for the +colonies to draw more closely to the empire, or separate from it +altogether.</p> + +<p>England found herself in a dilemma. While she had been careful to bring +up her colonies to be independent of her, she had not realized that one +day they might become too independent, and seek to break away from her +rule altogether. She had repeated none of the mistakes of oppression and +greed that had cost her the American colonies, and she had supposed that +her other colonies would be satisfied to belong to the British Crown.</p> + +<p>Sir Wilfrid Laurier's hint was enough for her.</p> + +<p>She was well aware that the tie which binds Canada to her is so slight +that it might easily be broken, and realizing the danger of the +situation, she determined to throw aside her old foreign policy, and +adopt new measures to bind her colonies more closely to her.</p> + +<p>Sir Wilfrid Laurier, who is a statesman of a very high order, had +foreseen what England's answer would be, and last winter prepared the +way for the breaking of the German and Belgian treaties.</p> + +<p>He engineered a tariff law, offering about twelve per cent reduction the +first year, and twenty-five per <a name="Page_1182" id="Page_1182"></a>cent thereafter, of tariff dues to all +countries admitting Canadian goods on certain favorable terms.</p> + +<p>It was thoroughly understood at the time that England was the only +country which could benefit by such an arrangement. England, as you +know, believes in free trade, and has now but twenty articles subject to +tariff; the most important of these are beer, wine, spirits, tobacco, +tea, coffee, and soap.</p> + +<p>With such a very small list of dutiable imports you can readily see how +easy it is for England to be the country which gives the best terms to +Canadian goods.</p> + +<p>When this Canadian tariff was first made the other nations smiled at it +as a meaningless piece of legislation, but as they thought over it they +saw its true meaning, and at once denounced it as an attempt to make +England false to her agreement with Germany and Belgium.</p> + +<p>England saw the force of this herself, and did not attempt to take +advantage of the reduced rates of the Canadian tariff.</p> + +<p>This did not disconcert Sir Wilfrid Laurier in the least. He had put the +new law through for a certain purpose, and he was willing to wait +patiently until he could secure the desired end.</p> + +<p>His opportunity came at the Conference.</p> + +<p>After the Colonial Secretary had answered the premiers that he thought +it better to wait a while before federating, the Canadian Prime Minister +made a very earnest speech.</p> + +<p>Having first stated that the time had come to take some decided action, +he said that he and all the other premiers were of one mind that Great +Britain should <a name="Page_1183" id="Page_1183"></a>make an end of all her treaties with foreign countries +which hampered her trade with her colonies.</p> + +<p>He added that if this were done the various governments would see if +some arrangement could not be made by which a preference would be given +to British manufactures.</p> + +<p>These remarks met with the most enthusiastic indorsement from the other +prime ministers, who requested that they be embodied in a resolution, +and presented to the Colonial Secretary for parliamentary consideration.</p> + +<p>Mr. Chamberlain therefore laid the matter before the government, and it +was thereupon decided to end the two treaties mentioned.</p> + +<p>Notice was accordingly sent to both Germany and Belgium that the +existing treaties would cease on July 30, 1898.</p> + +<p>Canada and the colonies are highly elated over this matter, for it is +understood that this is but the first step toward federation.</p> + +<p>That the foreign Powers will be very much opposed to this plan is a +foregone conclusion.</p> + +<p>The foreign journals are speaking very severely about it, and saying +that England is much mistaken if she thinks that such an arrangement +would make her powerful enough to dictate to the world.</p> + +<p>The day when federation will be completed is still very far off, +however; the colonies themselves are not federated as yet, and it is +hard to suppose that they are ready to come together and be happy as one +country with England when they are still divided among themselves. +Newfoundland is outside the Canadian federation; Cape Colony, in South +Africa, is divided <a name="Page_1184" id="Page_1184"></a>into several states; Australia has five separate +states, each with its own governor and legislature. These states should +first be joined together before they can safely venture to combine with +the mother country in an alliance which would be against the world.</p> + +<p>Germany and Belgium are both incensed that England should seek to put an +end to the treaties. Some hot heads in Germany are urging their +Government to return blow for blow, and commence a tariff war with +England.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>With wars and rumors of wars about us, the necessity of being prepared +for any emergency has presented itself very strongly to the Secretaries +of both the Army and the Navy.</p> + +<p>While our standing army is small, our military arrangements are such +that we need have little anxiety on the score of the army. We have a +large State Militia always at the service of the country, and we have +the right to call on all able-bodied citizens between the ages of +eighteen and forty-five for military service in case of need. This +brings the number of men capable of bearing arms in our defense up to +the number of ten millions.</p> + +<p>Our army, therefore, is on a satisfactory basis.</p> + +<p>With our navy, things are different. It has come to be a recognized fact +among nations that countries who wish to be respected abroad must have a +sufficient naval force to compel that respect when necessary.</p> + +<p>Our navy is not as large as the importance of our country demands, and +it is the intention of the Secre<a name="Page_1185" id="Page_1185"></a>tary of the Navy to ask Congress to +make appropriations to enable him to have several new ships built.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile he is in a good deal of difficulty over the armor for the +ships that are being built.</p> + +<p>Armor is a covering of thick steel plates with which all the modern +battleships are supplied. It is intended to protect their hulls from the +cannon-balls and projectiles that are now used in warfare.</p> + +<p>There are three ships now building for the Government, the <i>Illinois</i>, +<i>Alabama</i>, and <i>Wisconsin</i>, and the cause of the trouble is that no firm +can be found willing to supply the armor-plate for the price fixed by +Congress.</p> + +<p>This price is $300 per ton.</p> + +<p>Congress had a long discussion about the matter, and decided that this +was a fair and proper price to pay, and instructed the Secretary of the +Navy to buy it for this sum.</p> + +<p>The Secretary had his doubts about the possibility of doing as he was +required, because he knew that the iron and steel manufacturers asked a +much higher price.</p> + +<p>He, however, did as Congress desired, with the result that the Carnegie +Company refused point-blank, saying they could not possibly manufacture +it for that price. Several other firms also declined, and finally, +giving up all hope of placing the contracts, the Secretary suggested +that the Government should make its own armor-plate.</p> + +<p>Agreeably to this suggestion, a board has been formed to look into the +matter, and see whether it is possible for the Government to enter into +this business with profit to itself.</p><p><a name="Page_1186" id="Page_1186"></a></p> + +<p>While some people declare that it will cost the Government twice as much +to manufacture the armor, others think that it can be made for +considerably less than the companies ask.</p> + +<p>The history of this affair is very interesting.</p> + +<p>About 1885, Mr. Whitney, who was then Secretary of the Navy, induced a +private company, the Bethlehem Iron Works, to build the first American +armor plant, by making a number of contracts with them which would keep +them busy furnishing armor for battleships for several years.</p> + +<p>The price then fixed was $580 per ton, and the armor to be supplied was +what is known as steel armor.</p> + +<p>Before the first contract could be filled, the next Secretary, Mr. +Tracy, had his attention called to some new kinds of armor that were +being introduced.</p> + +<p>One kind was being made by an English firm, and another by a French +company.</p> + +<p>The English plan was to make what is called compound armor. This was +hard steel welded on to a back of softer metal, the idea being that the +soft back would act as a sort of cushion, and save the front part of the +plate from being cracked by the blows of the shot.</p> + +<p>The French system was to make a mixture of steel and nickel. They +claimed that the nickel alloy would give greater strength to the plate.</p> + +<p>Secretary Tracy was so anxious that we should have the best possible +armor for our battleships that he ordered a plate from both companies, +and sent them to the Naval Academy at Annapolis to be tested.</p> + +<p>The big guns were tried on first one and then the <a name="Page_1187" id="Page_1187"></a>other; the English +armor cracked in four pieces, but on the nickel steel the shot were +shattered into fragments.</p> + +<p>Congress immediately voted that the new battleships should be supplied +with nickel-steel armor, and an appropriation was made for this purpose.</p> + +<p>Before the new contract could be carried out, President Harrison learned +that a man named Harvey had invented a process for hardening the surface +of the steel used in making tools. This process was found to be so +excellent that it revolutionized the making of tools, which were +thereafter made from the hardened or "Harveyized steel."</p> + +<p>This process had never been applied to any large surface, but it was +thought that if Harvey's method could be used for the nickel-steel +plates, a perfect armor would be the result.</p> + +<p>The experiment was therefore tried. A large nickel-steel plate was +subjected to the process and then tested at Annapolis.</p> + +<p>The result was highly satisfactory; all the projectiles sent against the +plate were shattered, while the plate remained comparatively uninjured.</p> + +<p>The success of the Harvey process on the nickel steel was universally +acknowledged; other countries abandoned their previous style of armor, +and the United States set out to build a number of new ships that should +be protected with this invulnerable armor.</p> + +<p>It was soon found that the Bethlehem Company was not able to furnish all +the armor needed, and so the Government persuaded the Carnegie Company +to go into the armor-plate business. The Carnegie people <a name="Page_1188" id="Page_1188"></a>were promised +an equal share of the work, and the same prices as the Bethlehem +Company.</p> + +<p>Matters went on peacefully until July 10th of last year, when Congress +directed the Secretary of the Navy to inquire into the cost of making +armor-plate, and to give an idea of the price he thought the Government +ought to pay for it. The result of his inquiries was to be made known on +January 1st of this year.</p> + +<p>The Secretary did make the inquiries, and found that the actual cost of +making a ton of armor-plate was $197.78.</p> + +<p>After an elaborate calculation of profit and loss, and the cost of the +machinery used in making the armor, he decided that the armor could be +made for $250 a ton. He suggested that the Government ought then to +allow the companies a liberal sum per ton for profit on their +enterprise, and suggested that a fair price to pay would be $400 per +ton.</p> + +<p>Had Congress accepted this suggestion there would have been an actual +saving of $180 a ton over the price made on the original contracts.</p> + +<p>Congress was not, however, satisfied with this. If the Company could +make the iron and come out clear at $250 a ton, it was thought that a +profit of $150 a ton was too much to allow, and therefore Congress voted +that the Government price for armor-plate in future should be $300 per +ton.</p> + +<p>They offered at this price to make a contract for twenty new +battleships, which would keep the armor works busy for the next ten +years.</p> + +<p>The Carnegie and Bethlehem companies were indignant at this offer, and +refused it absolutely.</p><p><a name="Page_1189" id="Page_1189"></a></p> + +<p>They insisted that they could not begin to supply armor for less than +$442 a ton, and that then they would be making little profit on their +work.</p> + +<p>They reminded Congress that they had added costly machinery to their +plants to oblige the Government, and that the country ought to be +willing to pay them enough money for their work to reimburse them for +the sums they had laid out.</p> + +<p>Congress would not listen to this argument. It declared that the +armor-plate people had formed a trust by which they hoped to force the +Treasury to pay them any price they chose to ask, and finally declared +that if armor-plate could be made at an actual cost of $197.78 per ton, +the Government would no longer pay $558 to benefit the pockets of +private individuals.</p> + +<p>Further than this, Congress declared that if the Carnegie and Bethlehem +people would not make the armor for $300 a ton, the Government would go +into the business for itself, and leave these two companies with their +machinery on their hands.</p> + +<p>The committee appointed to examine into the cost of establishing +government armor works is to be ready to hand in its report next +December.</p> + +<p>In the mean while the three new warships that are building will have to +wait, and no new vessels can be commenced until this very important +matter is settled.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Startling and terrible news reaches us from Spain.</p> + +<p>Señor Canovas del Castillo (<i>Casteelyo</i>), the Spanish Prime Minister, +has been assassinated!</p> + +<p>The whole of Europe is greatly excited by this dreadful news.<a name="Page_1190" id="Page_1190"></a><a name="Page_1191" id="Page_1191"></a><a name="Page_1192" id="Page_1192"></a></p> + +<p>Señor Canovas had overworked himself during the last session of the +Cortes, and this, combined with the worry of Cuban affairs, had broken +down his health.</p> + +<p>In the hope of regaining his strength he had gone to the baths of Santa +Aguada, at Guesalibar, on the Bay of Biscay, not far from San Sebastian, +where the court is summering.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="./images/19.png" alt="Señor Canovas" title="Señor Canovas" /></div> + +<p>He was sitting reading his paper in the grounds of the bath-house when +he was shot and killed by an Italian ruffian.</p> + +<p>In Señor Canovas, Spain has lost one of her greatest statesmen. It was +he who put Alfonso XII., the father of the present king, on the throne +of Spain.</p><p><a name="Page_1193" id="Page_1193"></a></p> + +<p>During his whole career Spain has been the scene of many stormy trials.</p> + +<p>In 1868 the people forced the old Queen, Isabella II., to resign the +throne. She was a very wicked woman, and did so many bad things that the +people would not be disgraced by her any longer. They rose against her, +and she was obliged to flee to France to seek the protection of Napoleon +III.</p> + +<p>On her departure a council was appointed to choose a new sovereign. +There were several claimants, among them Alfonso, the son of the deposed +Isabella, and Don Carlos, the grandson of Don Carlos I. (See p. 563.)</p> + +<p>The council rejected all the candidates, and chose a German prince. +Napoleon III. objected on Queen Isabella's account; the Germans were +incensed at his interference, and the argument that followed gave rise +to the Franco-German War in 1870.</p> + +<p>The Spanish council, disappointed of their German prince, finally chose +a son of Victor Emmanuel of Italy, and made him King of Spain under the +title of Amadeus I.</p> + +<p>The new King did not take kindly to his throne. The Carlists were +striving to gain the crown for their candidate, and the country was +plunged into the horrors of a civil war.</p> + +<p>After a reign of two years and one month Amadeus abdicated and went back +to Italy, disgusted with the honors that had been thrust upon him.</p> + +<p>This did not help the Carlists. A republic was declared which lasted +until 1874. In August of that year the republic was formally +acknowledged by all the countries of Europe except Russia, and in the +following December the people changed their minds once <a name="Page_1194" id="Page_1194"></a>more, and +Alfonso, the son of Isabella, was proclaimed King by the Republican +armies.</p> + +<p>Alfonso reigned eleven years, and died in the winter of 1885. In the +spring of 1886 the young King was born, his mother, Maria Christina of +Austria, was declared Regent, and will continue to govern the country +for the young Alfonso XIII. until he is old enough to take care of the +country himself.</p> + +<p>During all these troublous times Canovas steadily upheld the crown; +through riot and revolution he never wavered, and was even banished from +Spain on one occasion because of his well-known sympathy for the crown.</p> + +<p>When the right moment came he placed himself at the head of Alfonso's +friends, and succeeded in seating him on the throne.</p> + +<p>Alfonso XII. never forgot the service Canovas had done him. He made him +his Prime Minister, and during his entire reign was guided by the +Minister's advice.</p> + +<p>After Alfonso's death Canovas devoted himself to the service of the +Queen Regent, and has been her faithful ally and counsellor ever since.</p> + +<p>The Minister was, however, a haughty and arrogant man. He made many +enemies through his pride, and despite the respect which both King and +Queen had for him, both were more or less afraid of him.</p> + +<p>There are two stories about him which show how little he cared how he +offended even such mighty personages as his sovereigns.</p> + +<p>On one occasion Alfonso XII., wishing to reward him for some service, +offered to make him a duke. Canovas is said to have replied to the +King:</p><p><a name="Page_1195" id="Page_1195"></a></p> + +<p>"Sire, I made you a king—how can you make me a duke!"</p> + +<p>One day, during Alfonso's lifetime, the Queen got very much out of +temper with her consort, and allowed herself to give way to her anger +before the court.</p> + +<p>Canovas was greatly displeased, and followed the Queen to her +apartments.</p> + +<p>"Madam," he said, as soon as they were alone, "the interests of the +monarchy are of more importance than your private feelings. To-morrow +you will leave Spain for Austria, and await my orders in Vienna."</p> + +<p>Astonishing as it may seem, the Queen obeyed.</p> + +<p>Canovas ruled with a rod of iron. It is stated that his murder was +committed in revenge for some terrible cruelties that were practised in +Barcelona by his orders. A little over a year ago a bomb was thrown into +one of the churches in Barcelona. Four hundred people were arrested, and +it was supposed that the bomb-throwing was the outcome of an Anarchist +plot.</p> + +<p>Numbers of the persons arrested were evidently innocent, and the +Government could not find out who was responsible for the outrage. +Canovas refused to believe that any of the people arrested were +innocent, but insisted that they knew all about it if they could only be +made to speak, and so he ordered them tortured in the most inhuman ways +to make them confess.</p> + +<p>The man who shot Canovas declared, when he was arrested, that his +brother had been tortured in Barcelona, and that he had killed the +Minister in revenge.</p> + +<p>Great statesman and good friend to the crown as<a name="Page_1196" id="Page_1196"></a> Canovas was, he was a +bad friend to the people. He believed in force. It was he who chose +General Weyler to go to Cuba, well knowing his ferocious character, and +that he would be sure to treat the insurgents with great severity.</p> + +<p>Now that Canovas is dead the Cubans believe that the war will soon be +brought to a close. They think that Sagasta will be appointed to fill +the place of the murdered Minister, and that he will at once recall +Weyler, and send Campos in his place.</p> + +<p>They think that Sagasta will offer them home rule, and if they refuse +it, and show a determination to continue the war, that Sagasta will +weaken and offer to give up the island for a sum of money.</p> + +<p>One Cuban, being asked what effect he thought the death of Canovas would +have, replied:</p> + +<p>"He has done more to harm Cuba than Weyler, and through his death the +unfortunate island will lose two of her worst enemies. Canovas' death +means Cuba's freedom!" But, naturally, a Cuban's estimate of a Spanish +Minister cannot, be accepted as an unprejudiced one.</p> + +<p>To his sovereign and his country Señor Canovas has ever been a most +faithful servant. In him the Queen Regent loses the one man on whom +Spain relied for help out of her present difficulties.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>The Coal Strike is still unsettled.</p> + +<p>A determined effort is being made to get the Pittsburg miners to join +the strike. There is a great Pittsburg firm called the New York and +Cleveland Gas and Coal Company, of which Mr. W.P. De Armitt is the head. +It is a most important firm, and the <a name="Page_1197" id="Page_1197"></a>strikers think that if they can +only get De Armitt's men to join them they are sure of success.</p> + +<p>The De Armitt men are, however, quite content with their treatment, and +not anxious to join the strike. To win them over, large bands of +striking miners have camped near the De Armitt mines, and every morning +they march to the pit's mouth, intercepting the men as they are going to +work, and urging them to join the strike and help their fellows.</p> + +<p>They have already persuaded many of the men to leave work.</p> + +<p>They have been very orderly so far, and though fears of violence are +entertained, as yet there has been no rioting.</p> + +<p>The only person who has got into trouble has been Debs.</p> + +<p>When the strike was first organized, Debs and the other labor agitators +declared that it was impossible for the strike to fail if the miners +only held together. They gave such a rosy picture of the whole affair, +that many of the miners believed that the great strike would be settled +with little delay or trouble.</p> + +<p>They were quite unprepared for the long and bitter struggle into which +it has developed, and many of them are angry with Debs and the other +agitators for misrepresenting affairs to them. Debs is therefore losing +influence with the miners just now.</p> + +<p>On the other hand, the coal-owners are combining against him, declaring +that but for his mischievous intermeddling, everything could have been +adjusted without trouble.</p> + +<p>The mine-owners of West Virginia have therefore sought relief through +the law, and obtained a judge's <a name="Page_1198" id="Page_1198"></a>order, forbidding Debs, or any of his +fellow-agitators, from making any efforts to induce the miners to +strike.</p> + +<p>They are forbidden to make speeches or conduct parades, or gather crowds +in the mining districts.</p> + +<p>This is a severe blow to the agitators. The cooperation of the West +Virginia miners is also considered essential to success.</p> + +<p>These men, like De Armitt's, have no grievances of their own for which +they need redress, and it has not been easy to persuade them that they +ought to strike for the sake of their less fortunate brothers.</p> + +<p>To obtain any such result it is necessary to have a number of speakers +constantly talking to the men, and teaching them, and urging them.</p> + +<p>The order forbidding speaking and persuading is a hard blow to Debs and +his workers.</p> + +<p>He, however, declares that he is not discouraged, and that he will win +the strike in spite of every effort of the owners.</p> + +<p>While the coal trade has been thus agitated, a curious labor difficulty +has arisen in Paterson, New Jersey.</p> + +<p>There are, as you know, labor unions all over the country. Every trade +has its own special union. The members of these unions, when they first +join, bind themselves to be guided by the rules and laws laid down by +the officers of the union.</p> + +<p>The United Broad Silk Weavers' Union held a meeting the other day, in +which it adopted a certain scale of wages, and sent out an order that no +member was to work for any other wages than those fixed by the Union.</p><p><a name="Page_1199" id="Page_1199"></a></p> + +<p>When this order was sent to Paterson there was great consternation. +Nearly all the weavers there are members of the union, and when they +came to examine the new scale which they were bound to abide by, they +found it to be below the rate of wages which they were at that moment +receiving.</p> + +<p>The Paterson weavers have been enjoying good wages, and are in +comfortable circumstances. Since the inauguration of President McKinley +they have gone on strike several times. Their employers thought their +demands were just, and agreed to give them the increase they asked, so +that they have settled their own affairs in a way that is highly +satisfactory to themselves.</p> + +<p>Now comes this order from the labor union, and they are in a terrible +dilemma.</p> + +<p>If they obey the rules of their order, they will have to go in a body to +their employers, and ask to have their wages reduced.</p> + +<p>If they do not, they will be obliged to leave the union; and if in +future their employers try to get the best of them, they will then have +no one to come forward and fight their battles for them.</p> + +<p>The outcome of this affair is being watched with a good deal of +amusement and interest.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>A scientific expedition, headed by Professor Libbey, of Princeton +University, started early in July to explore a mesa or table-land of +sandstone which rises out of the alkali plains, in the neighborhood of +Albuquerque, New Mexico.</p> + +<p>This mesa is seven hundred feet high. Its top has never before been +trodden by man, for it rises from <a name="Page_1200" id="Page_1200"></a>the plain with perpendicular walls +that are inaccessible to even the most experienced mountain-climbers.</p> + +<p>The mesa is situated near the Indian village of Acoma, and is called by +the natives the Enchanted Mesa. They have a wonderful legend about it.</p> + +<p>The rock is fifteen acres in extent and, according to their story, was +once the dwelling-place of the Acoma tribe. After a while, as the tribe +increased, there was not room enough on the rock for their dwellings and +their fields, so they made a way down the rock, and used to send their +able-bodied men below to sow and reap, while the aged and the young did +the housekeeping on top of the mesa.</p> + +<p>The story goes on to say that once, when the young men were away in the +fields, a terrible storm arose; the thunders raged and the winds blew, +and when at last the storm subsided it was found that the rocky +staircase by which the Acomas were used to go up and down had been +entirely swept away.</p> + +<p>The Indians ran round and round the rock, but everywhere they found the +straight walls as we see them to-day. It was impossible to climb them; +they could not get up to the friends they had left behind, nor could the +unfortunate people come down to them.</p> + +<p>For days they tried every means to reach the top, but they could not do +so. They could see their friends peering over at them, but day by day +the faces grew fewer and fewer, until at last all were gone.</p> + +<p>Since then the mesa has been held sacred by the Acomas, and regarded by +them as a city of the dead.</p> + +<p>This legend has been so thoroughly believed that scientists have often +discussed the possibility of scaling this rock for the sake of the +wonderful remains that <a name="Page_1201" id="Page_1201"></a>must be on the top. Finally Professor Libbey +determined to make the attempt.</p> + +<p>He took with him a life-saving apparatus, of the kind that is used on +the sea-coast for sending a line out to a wrecked vessel. His plan was +to throw the line over the rock, and then have himself hauled up in an +arrangement of ropes, used by sailors for working over the side of +ships, and called by them a boatswain's chair.</p> + +<p>The life-saving apparatus was tried, and proved to be most successful. A +rocket was sent up with the life-line attached, and on the second effort +was shot clear over the rock.</p> + +<p>The line thus thrown was a thin quarter-inch rope; to this a strong +hawser was attached, and after infinite labor pulled across the mesa's +top. The boatswain's chair was then attached, and with the aid of a pair +of strong horses, who pulled away at one end of the rope, the professor +was hauled to the top of the rock.</p> + +<p>To his disappointment he found no traces whatever of former inhabitants, +and no evidences that any human being had ever trodden the rock's +surface before.</p> + +<p>He found plenty of water standing in pools, which had evidently been +left from recent rains, and plenty of grass and trees similar to those +found on the summits of the other buttes in the neighborhood, but the +legend of the Acomas was evidently a myth.</p> + +<p>He went from end to end of the Mesa, but there was not the slightest +sign of cave or dwelling, nor even a scrap of broken pottery to prove +that the rock had once been inhabited. <span class="smcap">G.H. Rosenfeld.</span></p><p><a name="Page_1202" id="Page_1202"></a></p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>INVENTION AND DISCOVERY.</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Portable Refrigerating Case</span>.—It must be some one who loves to +go on picnics or excursions who has thought out this delightful +contrivance, a portable refrigerator. It comprises an inner case which +holds bottles and ice, and an outer case with a partition into which the +water from the ice can run, and with means for drawing it off.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="./images/29.png"><img src="./images/29-tb.png" alt="Portable Refrigerating Case" title="Portable Refrigerating Case" /></a></div> + +<p>A fair supply of ice would insure bottles of cold water, milk, +ginger-ale, etc, throughout a long day's trip.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Leak-Stopper for Pneumatic Tires</span>.—This seems to be a very +clever and practical invention.</p> + +<p>The bicycle-tape, and the mastic, and the dozen other devices for +mending punctured tires are all very well in their way, but they are not +absolutely reliable.</p> + +<p>A punctured tire is a wounded tire, and needs the <a name="Page_1203" id="Page_1203"></a>aid of a bicycle +doctor. All attempts at doing one's own surgery are likely to fail for +the simple reason that we are not experts in the business, and do not +always understand the extent of the damage.</p> + +<p>The leak-stopper is merely a bandage to be applied to the wound till +help can be found. It consists of a strap of flexible material, provided +at one end with a buckle and at the other with a pair of tongues.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="./images/30.png"><img src="./images/30-tb.png" alt="Leak-Stopper Bandage" title="Leak-Stopper Bandage" /></a></div> + +<p>On the inside of the strap is some flexible air-tight material partly +fastened to the strap, and so arranged that it will entirely cover the +lips of the wound.</p> + +<p>The edges are covered with adhesive material, and are firmly pressed on +either lip of the wound, drawing it together and covering it with +air-tight material, so that no air can escape.</p> + +<p>The strap is then buckled round the tire, holding the ligature in place, +and the air can be pumped in and the rider proceed without fear of any +further difficulty.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="./images/31a.png"><img src="./images/31a-tb.png" alt="Bicycle Propulsion" title="Bicycle Propulsion" /></a></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bicycle Propulsion</span>.—So much has been invented for and said +about bicycles, that it seems strange that anything is left to say or to +do, yet here is a very novel idea. It is not so very long since wind and +water were the only motor powers, but those days are so clearly +superseded that it is quite a surprising suggestion <a name="Page_1204" id="Page_1204"></a>that a wind-wheel +be attached to bicycles. Machinery connects it with the driving-wheel by +means of a rotary shaft, and the wind-wheel becomes an additional help. +This may prove a very useful contrivance for long-distance riders.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="./images/31b.png" alt="Embroidery Hoop" title="Embroidery Hoop" /></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Embroidery Hoop</span>.—There are surely among our readers some girls +who embroider and who have experienced difficulty with their embroidery +hoops. The inner hoop is sure to fit so tightly within the outer one +that if the material to be embroidered is at all thick, neither +persuasion nor force will make it slip into place. A new hoop is now +being made which can be adjusted for goods of any thickness. This is +done by means of a split binding-hoop, the two ends of which connect by +a screw-threaded bolt, and can be loosened or tightened at will, a nut +on the threaded end of the bolt holding the ends firmly in place.</p> + +<hr style='width: 65%;' /> + +<h3>S.T.A. Vertical Writing Pens</h3> + +<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/verticalpens.png"><img src="./images/verticalpens-tb.png" alt="Vertical Pens" title="Vertical Pens" /></a></p> + +<p class='center'><b>PRICES:</b><br /> +<b>Per Gross, $1.00; Per Dozen</b> (samples), <b>10 Cents</b></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Vertical writing demands a commercial pen. The "S.T.A." pens are strictly +a commercial pen, made after the famous models designed by John Jackson, +originator of the</p> + +<p class='center'> +———<i>System of Upright Writing.</i>———<br /> +</p> + +<p>The desirability of teaching children, boys especially, to write with such +a pen as they will use in after life will be recognized by every good +teacher.</p></div> + +<div class='center'><i>Introduced into the Schools of Denver, Colo., and elsewhere.</i></div> + +<hr style='width: 65%;' /> + +<div class='blockquot'>A great deal is expected of the teachers in our public schools at the +present day in the way of keeping the pupils conversant with the +political and scientific questions of the day. While this is as it +should be, we believe that if parents would look well to the quality of +reading-matter placed before their children better results would be +obtained from the teachers' efforts in this line. <span class="smcap">The Great Round +World, and What Is Going On in It</span>, is the name of a newspaper for +children, and without exception it is the finest one of its kind ever +published. It comes in magazine form, and is overflowing with +interesting subjects written in such a bright and yet simple manner that +the whole household unwittingly becomes interested in it.—<i>Omer, Mich., +Progress, Jan.</i> 8, 1897.</div> + +<hr style='width: 65%;' /> + + +<div class='blockquot'><p class="hangindent"><span class="smcap">Remember</span> that text-books will <br /> +be taken in exchange for subscriptions to</p></div> + +<h3><span class="smcap">the</span></h3> +<h3><span class="smcap">Great Round World</span></h3> + +<hr style='width: 65%;' /> +<p class="center"><b>FOR SALE</b></p> + +<h3>10,000 STANDARD SCHOOL-BOOKS</h3> +<div class='center'>(<b>MORE OR LESS DAMAGED</b>)</div> + +<p class="center">At from 20 to 60 per cent.<br /> +less than <span class="u">wholesale</span> price.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>2,000 COMPOSITION BOOKS</b> (retail price, 5 to 25 +cents) <b>at 2 to 10 cents each.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><b>500 MAPS at half price or less.</b></p> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<p class="center"><b><span class="smcap">Goods</span> removed from Old Store, 59 Fifth Avenue;</b></p> + +<p class="center">NOW AT</p> + +<p class="center"><b><big>NEW ADDRESS, 5 West 18th St.</big></b></p> + +<div class="center"><b>Mail orders promptly attended to.</b><br /> +<b>All books and material subject to approval.</b></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div><big><span class="u"><i>To Any Subscriber Securing</i></span></big></div> + +<h3>For Us <b><big>1</big></b> <i>NEW SUBSCRIPTION</i></h3> + +<div class='center'><i><span class="u">We Will Send, Post-Paid,<br /> A BOUND +VOLUME OF ...</span></i></div> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="./images/bound1.png" alt="The Great Round World" title="The Great ROund World" /></div> + + +<div class='center'><span class="u"><i>These volumes are neatly bound in cloth,<br /> with title stamped on side and +back, and<br /> make a neat library book, handy in size<br /> and weight, and +tasteful in appearance.</i></span></div> + +<div><br /><span style="margin-left: 8em;"><b>PART I.</b> <i>contains</i></span> + <br /><span style="margin-left: 12em;"><b>NOVEMBER 11th, 1896 to FEBRUARY 18th, 1897</b></span></div> + +<div><br /><span style="margin-left: 8em;"><b>PART II.</b> <i>contains</i></span> + <br /><span style="margin-left: 12em;"><b>FEBRUARY 25th, 1897 to JUNE 3d, 1897</b></span></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Albert Ross Parsons</span>, <i>President, American College of Musicians,</i> writes +concerning his son, aged 10: "The bound volume of the first fifteen +numbers has remained his daily mental food and amusement ever since it +arrived. I thank you for your great service both to our young people and +to their elders."</p> + +<hr style="width: 25%;" /> +<div class='center'> +<b><span class="smcap"><big>The Great Round World</big></span></b><br /> +<span class="smcap"><b>3 and 5 West 18th street NEW YORK CITY</b></span><br /> +</div> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h2>"The Great Round World" PRIZE CONTEST</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">The Great Round World</span> is now over six months old, and it feels +some anxiety to know just how much interest its readers have taken in +the news and how much information they have gained from its pages. To +ascertain this, it has been decided to offer ten prizes for the best +answers to the following:</p> + +<div class='center'><span class='u'><b>Name ten of the most important events that have been mentioned in "The +Great Round World" in the first 30 numbers, that is, up to number of +June 3d.</b></span></div> + +<div class='center'><i>In mentioning these events give briefly reasons for considering them +important.</i></div> + +<p>This competition will be open to subscribers only, and any one desiring +to enter the competition must send to this office their name and the +date of their subscription; a number will then be given them.</p> + +<p>All new subscribers will be furnished with a card entitling them to +enter the competition.</p> + +<p>In making the selection of important events, remember that wars and +political events are not necessarily the most important. If, for +instance, the air-ship had turned out to be a genuine and successful +thing, it would have been most important as affecting the history of the +world. Or if by chance the telephone or telegraph had been invented in +this period, these inventions would have been <i>important</i> events.</p> + +<p>Prizes will be awarded to those who make the best selection and who +mention the events in the best order of their importance. Answers may be +sent in any time before September 1st.</p> + +<p>The Great Round World does not want you to hurry over this contest, but +to take plenty of time and do the work carefully. It will be a pleasant +occupation for the summer months.</p> + +<p>We would advise you to take the magazines starting at No. 1, look them +over carefully, keep a note-book at your side, and jot down in it the +events that seem to you important; when you have finished them all, No. +1 to 30, look over your notes and select the ten events that seem to you +to be the most important, stating after each event your reason for +thinking it important.</p> + +<p>For instance: suppose you decide that the death of Dr. Ruiz was one of +these important events, you might say, "The killing of Dr. Ruiz in the +prison of Guanabacoa—because it brought the cruelties practised on +American citizens to the attention of our Government," etc., etc.</p> + +<p>In sending your answers put your number and the date only on them, for +the judges are not to know names and addresses of the contestants, that +there may be no favoritism shown.</p> + +<p>It is important to put date on, for if two or more are found of similar +standing, the one first received will be given preference.</p> + +<p>Address all letters to REVIEW PRIZE CONTEST DEPARTMENT, +<span class="smcap">Great Round World</span>, 3 and 5 West 18th Street, New York City.</p> + +<div class='center'><i>Write answer on one side of the paper only</i></div> + +<div class='center'><b>Prizes will be selections from the premium catalogue</b></div> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Prizes"> +<tr><td align='left'>No. 1.</td> +<td align='left'>Premiums</td> +<td align='left'> as</td> +<td align='left'> given</td> +<td align='left'> for</td> +<td align='left'> 15</td> +<td align='left'> Subscriptions</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='left'>No. 2.</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='right'>12</td> +<td align='center'>"</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='left'>No. 3.</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='right'>10</td> +<td align='center'>"</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='left'>No. 4.</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='right'>9</td> +<td align='center'>"</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='left'>No. 5.</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='right'>8</td> +<td align='center'>"</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='left'>No. 6.</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='right'>7</td> +<td align='center'>"</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='left'>No. 7.</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='right'>5</td> +<td align='center'>"</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='left'>No. 8.</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='right'>5</td> +<td align='center'>"</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='left'>No. 9.</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='right'>5</td> +<td align='center'>"</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='left'>No. 10.</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='right'>5</td> +<td align='center'>"</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is +Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 42, August 26, 1897, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + +***** This file should be named 15919-h.htm or 15919-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/9/1/15919/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 42, August 26, 1897 + A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls + +Author: Various + +Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop + +Release Date: May 27, 2005 [EBook #15919] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + + + + + +_FIVE CENTS._ + +THE GREAT ROUND WORLD +AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT + + Vol. 1 AUGUST 26, 1897 No. 42. +[Entered at Post Office, New York City, as second class matter] + +[Illustration: A +WEEKLY +NEWSPAPER +FOR +BOYS AND +GIRLS] + +Subscription +$2.50 per year +$1.25 6 months + + + WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON. PUBLISHER + NO. 3 AND 5 WEST 18TH ST. NEW YORK CITY + +=Copyright, 1897, by WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON.= + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: The Scientific Box Kite + +How to put in the sticks + +The Start] + + =PATENT APPLIED FOR= + =The Latest Thing...= + =Scientific Box Kite= + + To any one sending us =1= new subscriber we will send one of these + kites. + +Scientific kite flying has attracted the attention of the world. This +kite is the invention of H.H. Clayton, Chief Observer at Blue Hill +Observatory, near Boston. It is used at this and other weather stations +for sending up instruments in making observations. Kites of this type +have attained the wonderful height of 9,200 feet, nearly two miles. + +Anybody can fly this kite. It goes up straight from the hand like a +bird. Will fly in a moderate breeze, and yet no wind short of a gale is +too strong for it. It is made of strong, selected wood, and the finest +cotton, in red. + + =THE GREAT ROUND WORLD= + =3 AND 5 WEST 18TH ST. NEW YORK CITY= + + * * * * * + +Do you Cover your Books? + + THE "ONE PIECE" + ADJUSTABLE BOOK COVERS + +are made of the strongest and best book-cover paper obtainable. This paper +is made in large quantities especially for these book covers and will +protect books perfectly. The book covers themselves are a marvel of +ingenuity, and, although they are in one piece and can be adjusted to fit +perfectly any sized book without cutting the paper, they are also so +simple that any boy or girl can use them; as they are already gummed they +are always ready for use. + +A sample dozen will be mailed to any address for 20 cents (or ten two-cent +stamps) if you write + + WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON + + 3 and 5 West 18th Street, New York City + + * * * * * + + =FOR SALE= + +500 Wentworth's Primary Arithmetics 10c. each + +250 " Grammar School " 25c. " + +300 Brooks' Elementary " 10c. " + +150 " New Written " 25c. " + +500 Colburn's New Mental " 10c. " + +100 Wheeler's Second Lessons 25c. " + +200 Harvey's Practical Grammars, _not revised, new_ 20c. " + +200 " Elementary " " " " 10c. " + +200 Kerl's Language Lessons, _new_ 10c. " + +125 Dozen Haile's Drawing Books, _new_ 50c. doz. + +100 " Barnes' " " " 40c. " + +200 " White's, Krone's, etc., _new_ 25c. to 60c. " + + 50 Williams' Composition, _not revised, new_ 40c. each + + 50 Kellogg's Rhetorics, 276 pages, _new_ 50c. " + +200 Continental Fourth Readers 25c. " + +200 " Fifth " 25c. " + +100 Lippincott's " " 25c. " + +100 Davis' Fourth Readers 25c. " + + All of the above books are used copies, good condition, + except where marked new. + + =French and German Books, Arithmetics, Geographies, and + Text-Books of all kinds at low prices.= + + =WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON= + 3 and 5 West 18th Street, New York City + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND +WORLD +AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.] + + VOL. 1 AUGUST 26, 1897. NO. 42 + + +The most important news of the past week is the step which Great Britain +has taken in breaking off the commercial treaties with Germany and +Belgium, which have been in effect since 1865. + +By the terms of these treaties, Great Britain gave her word that no +articles manufactured in either of these countries should be charged +higher tariff duties in her colonies than similar articles of British +manufacture. + +For instance, on German and Belgian cloth, exactly the same duty is +charged in Canada and Australia and the colonies generally as on the +English cloth. You would have supposed that England, being the mother +country, would have been charged a lower tariff than foreign countries, +but according to the treaties this was impossible. + +By breaking these treaties it has, however, become possible for Great +Britain to make arrangements whereby her merchandise can be introduced +into her colonies on terms that are very favorable to herself. + +In taking this step England is only closing the last chapter of a volume +of her history, and when she makes her new treaties with her colonies +she will be commencing the first chapter of the new history of the +British Empire that is yet to be written. + +This matter is of such vast importance, in the bearing that it will have +on the future, that we must try our best to understand it. + +England's importance and wealth lie in her colonies. She is but a "right +little, tight little island" of herself; but when regarded from the +standpoint of her possessions, her territory covers about one-sixth of +the land surface of the globe (see map, page 1189). Her possessions lie +north, south, east, and west, till it is rightly said that "the sun +never sets on England's glory." + +All her various dependencies are self-governing. They have their own +legislatures, impose their own taxes, and manage their own affairs +socially, politically, and commercially. + +At the same time, the colonies are absolutely a part of the British +Empire. The lands belong to the Crown, and the Crown derives an income +from the profits of the colonies. + +Though the legislature is made up of representatives chosen by the +people, the governor of each province or colony is appointed by the +Crown, and governs in the name of the Queen. + +The local governments can make what laws they please, but any act of the +colonial parliament that is obnoxious to England can be annulled by the +British Parliament. + +While England endeavors to make the colonies independent, she also +insists on their being obedient. She maintains armies to protect them, +stands ready to advance the young colonies money for their development, +and rules them in a kindly and beneficent way. + +There is no question of taxing and draining the resources of the country +for the sake of gain, as in the olden days, or as Spain does at the +present; the English policy since Victoria came to the throne has been +to develop and improve the colonies and make them self-supporting and +independent. + +The colonies are represented in the British Parliament by the Colonial +Secretary, who is a Cabinet officer, and holds one of the most important +positions in the Government. The wishes and desires of the colonies are +made known to Parliament through him. + +For years people have discussed the position of the colonies, and +whether it would not be better if the bonds between the mother country +and her dependencies were more closely drawn. It has often been +suggested that England should band her possessions together into one +vast empire, on the principle of our own United States. Each country +would then have representatives in the British Parliament, just as our +various States are represented at Washington, and all these countries +would be joined together for offence and defence just as we are. + +Such a federation would make Great Britain an enormous power. The +British possessions are scattered all over the globe. Were she to +federate with her colonies the declaration of war on her part with any +country would mean that Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and British +South America would all join in the fight, and help to uphold England's +quarrel. England could then dictate to the world, and her power would +exceed that of ancient Rome in its days of greatest glory. + +This scheme has always been a dream of ambitious English statesmen, but +the policy of the British Government has always been against it. + +The idea was so vast that no one dared advise the taking of the first +step. + +The British Ministers feared that the result of the federation would be +a combination of all the rest of Europe against England, so they adopted +the policy of keeping good friends with their European neighbors, and +allowing the colonies to wait yet a little longer for federation. + +The modern statesmen have been extending British influence ever further +and further, in the hope of one day accomplishing the great federation. + +It was this dream that was behind the Transvaal raid. The Colonial +Secretary, Mr. Joseph Chamberlain, desired to see the whole of South +Africa under the sovereignty of England, and Mr. Cecil Rhodes had no +objection to making the effort to realize this wish, because the scheme +would have proved as profitable to himself as to the Government. That to +accomplish his purpose he had to crush the Boers, and drive them out of +their own country, was nothing to him; he did not hesitate at anything +that was to be for the honor and glory of England--and the subsequent +enriching of Cecil Rhodes. + +The scandal over the Raid brought the idea of federation to the front +again, and when the Jubilee celebrations took place a move was made to +secure it. + +Eleven of the colonial premiers, or prime ministers, attended the +Jubilee, and during their visit to London they held a conference to +discuss the project. + +At this meeting the Colonial Secretary took the old ground that the +matter was of such vast importance that it must not be approached +hastily. + +The Canadian premiers were, however, anxious that some step should be +taken, and Sir Wilfrid Laurier, from Canada, voiced the sentiments of +his brother premiers when he stated that the time had come for the +colonies to draw more closely to the empire, or separate from it +altogether. + +England found herself in a dilemma. While she had been careful to bring +up her colonies to be independent of her, she had not realized that one +day they might become too independent, and seek to break away from her +rule altogether. She had repeated none of the mistakes of oppression and +greed that had cost her the American colonies, and she had supposed that +her other colonies would be satisfied to belong to the British Crown. + +Sir Wilfrid Laurier's hint was enough for her. + +She was well aware that the tie which binds Canada to her is so slight +that it might easily be broken, and realizing the danger of the +situation, she determined to throw aside her old foreign policy, and +adopt new measures to bind her colonies more closely to her. + +Sir Wilfrid Laurier, who is a statesman of a very high order, had +foreseen what England's answer would be, and last winter prepared the +way for the breaking of the German and Belgian treaties. + +He engineered a tariff law, offering about twelve per cent reduction the +first year, and twenty-five per cent thereafter, of tariff dues to all +countries admitting Canadian goods on certain favorable terms. + +It was thoroughly understood at the time that England was the only +country which could benefit by such an arrangement. England, as you +know, believes in free trade, and has now but twenty articles subject to +tariff; the most important of these are beer, wine, spirits, tobacco, +tea, coffee, and soap. + +With such a very small list of dutiable imports you can readily see how +easy it is for England to be the country which gives the best terms to +Canadian goods. + +When this Canadian tariff was first made the other nations smiled at it +as a meaningless piece of legislation, but as they thought over it they +saw its true meaning, and at once denounced it as an attempt to make +England false to her agreement with Germany and Belgium. + +England saw the force of this herself, and did not attempt to take +advantage of the reduced rates of the Canadian tariff. + +This did not disconcert Sir Wilfrid Laurier in the least. He had put the +new law through for a certain purpose, and he was willing to wait +patiently until he could secure the desired end. + +His opportunity came at the Conference. + +After the Colonial Secretary had answered the premiers that he thought +it better to wait a while before federating, the Canadian Prime Minister +made a very earnest speech. + +Having first stated that the time had come to take some decided action, +he said that he and all the other premiers were of one mind that Great +Britain should make an end of all her treaties with foreign countries +which hampered her trade with her colonies. + +He added that if this were done the various governments would see if +some arrangement could not be made by which a preference would be given +to British manufactures. + +These remarks met with the most enthusiastic indorsement from the other +prime ministers, who requested that they be embodied in a resolution, +and presented to the Colonial Secretary for parliamentary consideration. + +Mr. Chamberlain therefore laid the matter before the government, and it +was thereupon decided to end the two treaties mentioned. + +Notice was accordingly sent to both Germany and Belgium that the +existing treaties would cease on July 30, 1898. + +Canada and the colonies are highly elated over this matter, for it is +understood that this is but the first step toward federation. + +That the foreign Powers will be very much opposed to this plan is a +foregone conclusion. + +The foreign journals are speaking very severely about it, and saying +that England is much mistaken if she thinks that such an arrangement +would make her powerful enough to dictate to the world. + +The day when federation will be completed is still very far off, +however; the colonies themselves are not federated as yet, and it is +hard to suppose that they are ready to come together and be happy as one +country with England when they are still divided among themselves. +Newfoundland is outside the Canadian federation; Cape Colony, in South +Africa, is divided into several states; Australia has five separate +states, each with its own governor and legislature. These states should +first be joined together before they can safely venture to combine with +the mother country in an alliance which would be against the world. + +Germany and Belgium are both incensed that England should seek to put an +end to the treaties. Some hot heads in Germany are urging their +Government to return blow for blow, and commence a tariff war with +England. + + * * * * * + +With wars and rumors of wars about us, the necessity of being prepared +for any emergency has presented itself very strongly to the Secretaries +of both the Army and the Navy. + +While our standing army is small, our military arrangements are such +that we need have little anxiety on the score of the army. We have a +large State Militia always at the service of the country, and we have +the right to call on all able-bodied citizens between the ages of +eighteen and forty-five for military service in case of need. This +brings the number of men capable of bearing arms in our defense up to +the number of ten millions. + +Our army, therefore, is on a satisfactory basis. + +With our navy, things are different. It has come to be a recognized fact +among nations that countries who wish to be respected abroad must have a +sufficient naval force to compel that respect when necessary. + +Our navy is not as large as the importance of our country demands, and +it is the intention of the Secretary of the Navy to ask Congress to +make appropriations to enable him to have several new ships built. + +Meanwhile he is in a good deal of difficulty over the armor for the +ships that are being built. + +Armor is a covering of thick steel plates with which all the modern +battleships are supplied. It is intended to protect their hulls from the +cannon-balls and projectiles that are now used in warfare. + +There are three ships now building for the Government, the _Illinois_, +_Alabama_, and _Wisconsin_, and the cause of the trouble is that no firm +can be found willing to supply the armor-plate for the price fixed by +Congress. + +This price is $300 per ton. + +Congress had a long discussion about the matter, and decided that this +was a fair and proper price to pay, and instructed the Secretary of the +Navy to buy it for this sum. + +The Secretary had his doubts about the possibility of doing as he was +required, because he knew that the iron and steel manufacturers asked a +much higher price. + +He, however, did as Congress desired, with the result that the Carnegie +Company refused point-blank, saying they could not possibly manufacture +it for that price. Several other firms also declined, and finally, +giving up all hope of placing the contracts, the Secretary suggested +that the Government should make its own armor-plate. + +Agreeably to this suggestion, a board has been formed to look into the +matter, and see whether it is possible for the Government to enter into +this business with profit to itself. + +While some people declare that it will cost the Government twice as much +to manufacture the armor, others think that it can be made for +considerably less than the companies ask. + +The history of this affair is very interesting. + +About 1885, Mr. Whitney, who was then Secretary of the Navy, induced a +private company, the Bethlehem Iron Works, to build the first American +armor plant, by making a number of contracts with them which would keep +them busy furnishing armor for battleships for several years. + +The price then fixed was $580 per ton, and the armor to be supplied was +what is known as steel armor. + +Before the first contract could be filled, the next Secretary, Mr. +Tracy, had his attention called to some new kinds of armor that were +being introduced. + +One kind was being made by an English firm, and another by a French +company. + +The English plan was to make what is called compound armor. This was +hard steel welded on to a back of softer metal, the idea being that the +soft back would act as a sort of cushion, and save the front part of the +plate from being cracked by the blows of the shot. + +The French system was to make a mixture of steel and nickel. They +claimed that the nickel alloy would give greater strength to the plate. + +Secretary Tracy was so anxious that we should have the best possible +armor for our battleships that he ordered a plate from both companies, +and sent them to the Naval Academy at Annapolis to be tested. + +The big guns were tried on first one and then the other; the English +armor cracked in four pieces, but on the nickel steel the shot were +shattered into fragments. + +Congress immediately voted that the new battleships should be supplied +with nickel-steel armor, and an appropriation was made for this purpose. + +Before the new contract could be carried out, President Harrison learned +that a man named Harvey had invented a process for hardening the surface +of the steel used in making tools. This process was found to be so +excellent that it revolutionized the making of tools, which were +thereafter made from the hardened or "Harveyized steel." + +This process had never been applied to any large surface, but it was +thought that if Harvey's method could be used for the nickel-steel +plates, a perfect armor would be the result. + +The experiment was therefore tried. A large nickel-steel plate was +subjected to the process and then tested at Annapolis. + +The result was highly satisfactory; all the projectiles sent against the +plate were shattered, while the plate remained comparatively uninjured. + +The success of the Harvey process on the nickel steel was universally +acknowledged; other countries abandoned their previous style of armor, +and the United States set out to build a number of new ships that should +be protected with this invulnerable armor. + +It was soon found that the Bethlehem Company was not able to furnish all +the armor needed, and so the Government persuaded the Carnegie Company +to go into the armor-plate business. The Carnegie people were promised +an equal share of the work, and the same prices as the Bethlehem +Company. + +Matters went on peacefully until July 10th of last year, when Congress +directed the Secretary of the Navy to inquire into the cost of making +armor-plate, and to give an idea of the price he thought the Government +ought to pay for it. The result of his inquiries was to be made known on +January 1st of this year. + +The Secretary did make the inquiries, and found that the actual cost of +making a ton of armor-plate was $197.78. + +After an elaborate calculation of profit and loss, and the cost of the +machinery used in making the armor, he decided that the armor could be +made for $250 a ton. He suggested that the Government ought then to +allow the companies a liberal sum per ton for profit on their +enterprise, and suggested that a fair price to pay would be $400 per +ton. + +Had Congress accepted this suggestion there would have been an actual +saving of $180 a ton over the price made on the original contracts. + +Congress was not, however, satisfied with this. If the Company could +make the iron and come out clear at $250 a ton, it was thought that a +profit of $150 a ton was too much to allow, and therefore Congress voted +that the Government price for armor-plate in future should be $300 per +ton. + +They offered at this price to make a contract for twenty new +battleships, which would keep the armor works busy for the next ten +years. + +The Carnegie and Bethlehem companies were indignant at this offer, and +refused it absolutely. + +They insisted that they could not begin to supply armor for less than +$442 a ton, and that then they would be making little profit on their +work. + +They reminded Congress that they had added costly machinery to their +plants to oblige the Government, and that the country ought to be +willing to pay them enough money for their work to reimburse them for +the sums they had laid out. + +Congress would not listen to this argument. It declared that the +armor-plate people had formed a trust by which they hoped to force the +Treasury to pay them any price they chose to ask, and finally declared +that if armor-plate could be made at an actual cost of $197.78 per ton, +the Government would no longer pay $558 to benefit the pockets of +private individuals. + +Further than this, Congress declared that if the Carnegie and Bethlehem +people would not make the armor for $300 a ton, the Government would go +into the business for itself, and leave these two companies with their +machinery on their hands. + +The committee appointed to examine into the cost of establishing +government armor works is to be ready to hand in its report next +December. + +In the mean while the three new warships that are building will have to +wait, and no new vessels can be commenced until this very important +matter is settled. + + * * * * * + +Startling and terrible news reaches us from Spain. + +Senor Canovas del Castillo (_Casteelyo_), the Spanish Prime Minister, +has been assassinated! + +The whole of Europe is greatly excited by this dreadful news. + +[Illustration: Map + +The shaded portions are British possessions. Islands owned by Great +Britain have names attached.] + +Senor Canovas had overworked himself during the last session of the +Cortes, and this, combined with the worry of Cuban affairs, had broken +down his health. + +In the hope of regaining his strength he had gone to the baths of Santa +Aguada, at Guesalibar, on the Bay of Biscay, not far from San Sebastian, +where the court is summering. + +[Illustration: Senor Canovas] + +He was sitting reading his paper in the grounds of the bath-house when +he was shot and killed by an Italian ruffian. + +In Senor Canovas, Spain has lost one of her greatest statesmen. It was +he who put Alfonso XII., the father of the present king, on the throne +of Spain. + +During his whole career Spain has been the scene of many stormy trials. + +In 1868 the people forced the old Queen, Isabella II., to resign the +throne. She was a very wicked woman, and did so many bad things that the +people would not be disgraced by her any longer. They rose against her, +and she was obliged to flee to France to seek the protection of Napoleon +III. + +On her departure a council was appointed to choose a new sovereign. +There were several claimants, among them Alfonso, the son of the deposed +Isabella, and Don Carlos, the grandson of Don Carlos I. (See p. 563.) + +The council rejected all the candidates, and chose a German prince. +Napoleon III. objected on Queen Isabella's account; the Germans were +incensed at his interference, and the argument that followed gave rise +to the Franco-German War in 1870. + +The Spanish council, disappointed of their German prince, finally chose +a son of Victor Emmanuel of Italy, and made him King of Spain under the +title of Amadeus I. + +The new King did not take kindly to his throne. The Carlists were +striving to gain the crown for their candidate, and the country was +plunged into the horrors of a civil war. + +After a reign of two years and one month Amadeus abdicated and went back +to Italy, disgusted with the honors that had been thrust upon him. + +This did not help the Carlists. A republic was declared which lasted +until 1874. In August of that year the republic was formally +acknowledged by all the countries of Europe except Russia, and in the +following December the people changed their minds once more, and +Alfonso, the son of Isabella, was proclaimed King by the Republican +armies. + +Alfonso reigned eleven years, and died in the winter of 1885. In the +spring of 1886 the young King was born, his mother, Maria Christina of +Austria, was declared Regent, and will continue to govern the country +for the young Alfonso XIII. until he is old enough to take care of the +country himself. + +During all these troublous times Canovas steadily upheld the crown; +through riot and revolution he never wavered, and was even banished from +Spain on one occasion because of his well-known sympathy for the crown. + +When the right moment came he placed himself at the head of Alfonso's +friends, and succeeded in seating him on the throne. + +Alfonso XII. never forgot the service Canovas had done him. He made him +his Prime Minister, and during his entire reign was guided by the +Minister's advice. + +After Alfonso's death Canovas devoted himself to the service of the +Queen Regent, and has been her faithful ally and counsellor ever since. + +The Minister was, however, a haughty and arrogant man. He made many +enemies through his pride, and despite the respect which both King and +Queen had for him, both were more or less afraid of him. + +There are two stories about him which show how little he cared how he +offended even such mighty personages as his sovereigns. + +On one occasion Alfonso XII., wishing to reward him for some service, +offered to make him a duke. Canovas is said to have replied to the +King: + +"Sire, I made you a king--how can you make me a duke!" + +One day, during Alfonso's lifetime, the Queen got very much out of +temper with her consort, and allowed herself to give way to her anger +before the court. + +Canovas was greatly displeased, and followed the Queen to her +apartments. + +"Madam," he said, as soon as they were alone, "the interests of the +monarchy are of more importance than your private feelings. To-morrow +you will leave Spain for Austria, and await my orders in Vienna." + +Astonishing as it may seem, the Queen obeyed. + +Canovas ruled with a rod of iron. It is stated that his murder was +committed in revenge for some terrible cruelties that were practised in +Barcelona by his orders. A little over a year ago a bomb was thrown into +one of the churches in Barcelona. Four hundred people were arrested, and +it was supposed that the bomb-throwing was the outcome of an Anarchist +plot. + +Numbers of the persons arrested were evidently innocent, and the +Government could not find out who was responsible for the outrage. +Canovas refused to believe that any of the people arrested were +innocent, but insisted that they knew all about it if they could only be +made to speak, and so he ordered them tortured in the most inhuman ways +to make them confess. + +The man who shot Canovas declared, when he was arrested, that his +brother had been tortured in Barcelona, and that he had killed the +Minister in revenge. + +Great statesman and good friend to the crown as Canovas was, he was a +bad friend to the people. He believed in force. It was he who chose +General Weyler to go to Cuba, well knowing his ferocious character, and +that he would be sure to treat the insurgents with great severity. + +Now that Canovas is dead the Cubans believe that the war will soon be +brought to a close. They think that Sagasta will be appointed to fill +the place of the murdered Minister, and that he will at once recall +Weyler, and send Campos in his place. + +They think that Sagasta will offer them home rule, and if they refuse +it, and show a determination to continue the war, that Sagasta will +weaken and offer to give up the island for a sum of money. + +One Cuban, being asked what effect he thought the death of Canovas would +have, replied: + +"He has done more to harm Cuba than Weyler, and through his death the +unfortunate island will lose two of her worst enemies. Canovas' death +means Cuba's freedom!" But, naturally, a Cuban's estimate of a Spanish +Minister cannot, be accepted as an unprejudiced one. + +To his sovereign and his country Senor Canovas has ever been a most +faithful servant. In him the Queen Regent loses the one man on whom +Spain relied for help out of her present difficulties. + + * * * * * + +The Coal Strike is still unsettled. + +A determined effort is being made to get the Pittsburg miners to join +the strike. There is a great Pittsburg firm called the New York and +Cleveland Gas and Coal Company, of which Mr. W.P. De Armitt is the head. +It is a most important firm, and the strikers think that if they can +only get De Armitt's men to join them they are sure of success. + +The De Armitt men are, however, quite content with their treatment, and +not anxious to join the strike. To win them over, large bands of +striking miners have camped near the De Armitt mines, and every morning +they march to the pit's mouth, intercepting the men as they are going to +work, and urging them to join the strike and help their fellows. + +They have already persuaded many of the men to leave work. + +They have been very orderly so far, and though fears of violence are +entertained, as yet there has been no rioting. + +The only person who has got into trouble has been Debs. + +When the strike was first organized, Debs and the other labor agitators +declared that it was impossible for the strike to fail if the miners +only held together. They gave such a rosy picture of the whole affair, +that many of the miners believed that the great strike would be settled +with little delay or trouble. + +They were quite unprepared for the long and bitter struggle into which +it has developed, and many of them are angry with Debs and the other +agitators for misrepresenting affairs to them. Debs is therefore losing +influence with the miners just now. + +On the other hand, the coal-owners are combining against him, declaring +that but for his mischievous intermeddling, everything could have been +adjusted without trouble. + +The mine-owners of West Virginia have therefore sought relief through +the law, and obtained a judge's order, forbidding Debs, or any of his +fellow-agitators, from making any efforts to induce the miners to +strike. + +They are forbidden to make speeches or conduct parades, or gather crowds +in the mining districts. + +This is a severe blow to the agitators. The cooperation of the West +Virginia miners is also considered essential to success. + +These men, like De Armitt's, have no grievances of their own for which +they need redress, and it has not been easy to persuade them that they +ought to strike for the sake of their less fortunate brothers. + +To obtain any such result it is necessary to have a number of speakers +constantly talking to the men, and teaching them, and urging them. + +The order forbidding speaking and persuading is a hard blow to Debs and +his workers. + +He, however, declares that he is not discouraged, and that he will win +the strike in spite of every effort of the owners. + +While the coal trade has been thus agitated, a curious labor difficulty +has arisen in Paterson, New Jersey. + +There are, as you know, labor unions all over the country. Every trade +has its own special union. The members of these unions, when they first +join, bind themselves to be guided by the rules and laws laid down by +the officers of the union. + +The United Broad Silk Weavers' Union held a meeting the other day, in +which it adopted a certain scale of wages, and sent out an order that no +member was to work for any other wages than those fixed by the Union. + +When this order was sent to Paterson there was great consternation. +Nearly all the weavers there are members of the union, and when they +came to examine the new scale which they were bound to abide by, they +found it to be below the rate of wages which they were at that moment +receiving. + +The Paterson weavers have been enjoying good wages, and are in +comfortable circumstances. Since the inauguration of President McKinley +they have gone on strike several times. Their employers thought their +demands were just, and agreed to give them the increase they asked, so +that they have settled their own affairs in a way that is highly +satisfactory to themselves. + +Now comes this order from the labor union, and they are in a terrible +dilemma. + +If they obey the rules of their order, they will have to go in a body to +their employers, and ask to have their wages reduced. + +If they do not, they will be obliged to leave the union; and if in +future their employers try to get the best of them, they will then have +no one to come forward and fight their battles for them. + +The outcome of this affair is being watched with a good deal of +amusement and interest. + + * * * * * + +A scientific expedition, headed by Professor Libbey, of Princeton +University, started early in July to explore a mesa or table-land of +sandstone which rises out of the alkali plains, in the neighborhood of +Albuquerque, New Mexico. + +This mesa is seven hundred feet high. Its top has never before been +trodden by man, for it rises from the plain with perpendicular walls +that are inaccessible to even the most experienced mountain-climbers. + +The mesa is situated near the Indian village of Acoma, and is called by +the natives the Enchanted Mesa. They have a wonderful legend about it. + +The rock is fifteen acres in extent and, according to their story, was +once the dwelling-place of the Acoma tribe. After a while, as the tribe +increased, there was not room enough on the rock for their dwellings and +their fields, so they made a way down the rock, and used to send their +able-bodied men below to sow and reap, while the aged and the young did +the housekeeping on top of the mesa. + +The story goes on to say that once, when the young men were away in the +fields, a terrible storm arose; the thunders raged and the winds blew, +and when at last the storm subsided it was found that the rocky +staircase by which the Acomas were used to go up and down had been +entirely swept away. + +The Indians ran round and round the rock, but everywhere they found the +straight walls as we see them to-day. It was impossible to climb them; +they could not get up to the friends they had left behind, nor could the +unfortunate people come down to them. + +For days they tried every means to reach the top, but they could not do +so. They could see their friends peering over at them, but day by day +the faces grew fewer and fewer, until at last all were gone. + +Since then the mesa has been held sacred by the Acomas, and regarded by +them as a city of the dead. + +This legend has been so thoroughly believed that scientists have often +discussed the possibility of scaling this rock for the sake of the +wonderful remains that must be on the top. Finally Professor Libbey +determined to make the attempt. + +He took with him a life-saving apparatus, of the kind that is used on +the sea-coast for sending a line out to a wrecked vessel. His plan was +to throw the line over the rock, and then have himself hauled up in an +arrangement of ropes, used by sailors for working over the side of +ships, and called by them a boatswain's chair. + +The life-saving apparatus was tried, and proved to be most successful. A +rocket was sent up with the life-line attached, and on the second effort +was shot clear over the rock. + +The line thus thrown was a thin quarter-inch rope; to this a strong +hawser was attached, and after infinite labor pulled across the mesa's +top. The boatswain's chair was then attached, and with the aid of a pair +of strong horses, who pulled away at one end of the rope, the professor +was hauled to the top of the rock. + +To his disappointment he found no traces whatever of former inhabitants, +and no evidences that any human being had ever trodden the rock's +surface before. + +He found plenty of water standing in pools, which had evidently been +left from recent rains, and plenty of grass and trees similar to those +found on the summits of the other buttes in the neighborhood, but the +legend of the Acomas was evidently a myth. + +He went from end to end of the Mesa, but there was not the slightest +sign of cave or dwelling, nor even a scrap of broken pottery to prove +that the rock had once been inhabited. G.H. ROSENFELD. + + + + + +INVENTION AND DISCOVERY. + + +PORTABLE REFRIGERATING CASE.--It must be some one who loves to go on +picnics or excursions who has thought out this delightful contrivance, a +portable refrigerator. It comprises an inner case which holds bottles +and ice, and an outer case with a partition into which the water from +the ice can run, and with means for drawing it off. + +[Illustration: Portable Refrigerating Case] + +A fair supply of ice would insure bottles of cold water, milk, +ginger-ale, etc, throughout a long day's trip. + +LEAK-STOPPER FOR PNEUMATIC TIRES.--This seems to be a very clever and +practical invention. + +The bicycle-tape, and the mastic, and the dozen other devices for +mending punctured tires are all very well in their way, but they are not +absolutely reliable. + +A punctured tire is a wounded tire, and needs the aid of a bicycle +doctor. All attempts at doing one's own surgery are likely to fail for +the simple reason that we are not experts in the business, and do not +always understand the extent of the damage. + +The leak-stopper is merely a bandage to be applied to the wound till +help can be found. It consists of a strap of flexible material, provided +at one end with a buckle and at the other with a pair of tongues. + +[Illustration: Leak-Stopper Bandage] + +On the inside of the strap is some flexible air-tight material partly +fastened to the strap, and so arranged that it will entirely cover the +lips of the wound. + +The edges are covered with adhesive material, and are firmly pressed on +either lip of the wound, drawing it together and covering it with +air-tight material, so that no air can escape. + +The strap is then buckled round the tire, holding the ligature in place, +and the air can be pumped in and the rider proceed without fear of any +further difficulty. + +[Illustration: Bicycle Propulsion] + +BICYCLE PROPULSION.--So much has been invented for and said about +bicycles, that it seems strange that anything is left to say or to do, +yet here is a very novel idea. It is not so very long since wind and +water were the only motor powers, but those days are so clearly +superseded that it is quite a surprising suggestion that a wind-wheel +be attached to bicycles. Machinery connects it with the driving-wheel by +means of a rotary shaft, and the wind-wheel becomes an additional help. +This may prove a very useful contrivance for long-distance riders. + +[Illustration: Embroidery Hoop] + +EMBROIDERY HOOP.--There are surely among our readers some girls who +embroider and who have experienced difficulty with their embroidery +hoops. The inner hoop is sure to fit so tightly within the outer one +that if the material to be embroidered is at all thick, neither +persuasion nor force will make it slip into place. A new hoop is now +being made which can be adjusted for goods of any thickness. This is +done by means of a split binding-hoop, the two ends of which connect by +a screw-threaded bolt, and can be loosened or tightened at will, a nut +on the threaded end of the bolt holding the ends firmly in place. + + * * * * * + +=S.T.A. Vertical Writing Pens= + +[Illustration] + + =PRICES:= + + =Per Gross, $1.00; Per Dozen= (samples), =10 Cents= + +Vertical writing demands a commercial pen. The "S.T.A." pens are strictly +a commercial pen, made after the famous models designed by John Jackson, +originator of the + + ------_System of Upright Writing._------ + +The desirability of teaching children, boys especially, to write with such +a pen as they will use in after life will be recognized by every good +teacher. + + _Introduced into the Schools of Denver, Colo., and elsewhere._ + + * * * * * + + A great deal is expected of the teachers in our public + schools at the present day in the way of keeping the pupils + conversant with the political and scientific questions of + the day. While this is as it should be, we believe that if + parents would look well to the quality of reading-matter + placed before their children better results would be + obtained from the teachers' efforts in this line. THE GREAT + ROUND WORLD, AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT, is the name of a + newspaper for children, and without exception it is the + finest one of its kind ever published. It comes in magazine + form, and is overflowing with interesting subjects written + in such a bright and yet simple manner that the whole + household unwittingly becomes interested in it.--_Omer, + Mich., Progress, Jan._ 8, 1897. + + * * * * * + +Remember that text-books will +be taken in exchange for subscriptions +to + + =THE= .. .. + =GREAT ROUND WORLD= + + * * * * * + + =FOR SALE= + + =10,000 STANDARD SCHOOL-BOOKS= + (=MORE OR LESS DAMAGED=) + + At from 20 to 60 per cent. + less than wholesale price. .. + + =2,000 COMPOSITION BOOKS= (retail price, 5 to 25 cents) + =at 2 to 10 cents each.= + + =500 MAPS at half price or less.= + + * * * * * + + =GOODS removed from Old Store, 59 Fifth Avenue;= + + NOW AT + + =NEW ADDRESS, 5 West 18th St.= + + =Mail orders promptly attended to.= + =All books and material subject to approval.= + + * * * * * + + _To Any Subscriber Securing_ + + For Us =1= _NEW_ + _SUBSCRIPTION_ + + _We Will Send, Post-Paid, + A BOUND VOLUME OF ..._ + + =THE GREAT ROUND WORLD= + + _These volumes are neatly bound in cloth, with title stamped + on side and back, and make a neat library book, handy in + size and weight, and tasteful in appearance._ + + =PART I.= _contains_ + =NOVEMBER 11th, 1896 to FEBRUARY 18th, 1897= + + =PART II.= _contains_ + =FEBRUARY 25th, 1897 to JUNE 3d, 1897= + + ALBERT ROSS PARSONS, _President, American College of + Musicians,_ writes concerning his son, aged 10: "The bound + volume of the first fifteen numbers has remained his daily + mental food and amusement ever since it arrived. I thank you + for your great service both to our young people and to their + elders." + + * * * * * + + =THE GREAT ROUND WORLD= + =3 & 5 WEST 18TH STREET NEW YORK CITY= + + * * * * * + +="The Great Round World" PRIZE CONTEST= + +THE GREAT ROUND WORLD is now over six months old, and it feels some +anxiety to know just how much interest its readers have taken in the +news and how much information they have gained from its pages. To +ascertain this, it has been decided to offer ten prizes for the best +answers to the following: + + =Name ten of the most important events that have been mentioned in + "The Great Round World" in the first 30 numbers, that is, up to + number of June 3d.= + + _In mentioning these events give briefly reasons for considering + them important._ + +This competition will be open to subscribers only, and any one desiring +to enter the competition must send to this office their name and the +date of their subscription; a number will then be given them. + +All new subscribers will be furnished with a card entitling them to +enter the competition. + +In making the selection of important events, remember that wars and +political events are not necessarily the most important. If, for +instance, the air-ship had turned out to be a genuine and successful +thing, it would have been most important as affecting the history of the +world. Or if by chance the telephone or telegraph had been invented in +this period, these inventions would have been _important_ events. + +Prizes will be awarded to those who make the best selection and who +mention the events in the best order of their importance. Answers may be +sent in any time before September 1st. + +The Great Round World does not want you to hurry over this contest, but +to take plenty of time and do the work carefully. It will be a pleasant +occupation for the summer months. + +We would advise you to take the magazines starting at No. 1, look them +over carefully, keep a note-book at your side, and jot down in it the +events that seem to you important; when you have finished them all, No. +1 to 30, look over your notes and select the ten events that seem to you +to be the most important, stating after each event your reason for +thinking it important. + +For instance: suppose you decide that the death of Dr. Ruiz was one of +these important events, you might say, "The killing of Dr. Ruiz in the +prison of Guanabacoa--because it brought the cruelties practised on +American citizens to the attention of our Government," etc., etc. + +In sending your answers put your number and the date only on them, for +the judges are not to know names and addresses of the contestants, that +there may be no favoritism shown. + +It is important to put date on, for if two or more are found of similar +standing, the one first received will be given preference. + +Address all letters to REVIEW PRIZE CONTEST DEPARTMENT, +GREAT ROUND WORLD, 3 and 5 West 18th Street, New York City. + + _Write answer on one side of the paper only_ + =Prizes will be selections from the premium catalogue= + + No. 1. Premiums as given for 15 Subscriptions + No. 2. " " " " 12 " + No. 3. " " " " 10 " + No. 4. " " " " 9 " + No. 5. " " " " 8 " + No. 6. " " " " 7 " + No. 7. " " " " 5 " + No. 8. " " " " 5 " + No. 9. " " " " 5 " + No. 10. " " " " 5 " + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is +Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 42, August 26, 1897, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + +***** This file should be named 15919.txt or 15919.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/9/1/15919/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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