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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/15917-8.txt b/15917-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e745468 --- /dev/null +++ b/15917-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1600 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is Going On +In It, Vol. 1, No. 40, August 12, 1897, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 40, August 12, 1897 + A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls + +Author: Various + +Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop + +Release Date: May 27, 2005 [EBook #15917] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + + + + + +_FIVE CENTS._ + +THE GREAT ROUND WORLD +AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT + + Vol. 1 AUGUST 12, 1897 No. 40. +[Entered at Post Office, New York City, as second class matter] + +[Illustration: A +WEEKLY +NEWSPAPER +FOR +BOYS AND +GIRLS] + +Subscription +$2.50 per year +$1.25 6 months + + + WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON. PUBLISHER + NO. 3 AND 5 WEST 18TH ST. NEW YORK CITY + +=Copyright, 1897, by WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON.= + + * * * * * + +...PREMIUMS... + + * * * * * + +TO ANY ONE SENDING US 4 NEW SUBSCRIBERS + +[Illustration: A Pocket Kodak + + Measures 2-1/4 x 2-7/8 x 3-7/8 inches, makes a picture 1-1/2 x 2 + inches, and weighs only 5 ounces. Delivered ready for 12 exposures + without reloading.] + +The Lens is of the fixed focus type, and of sufficient length of focus +(2-1/2 inches) to avoid distortion. + +Has improved rotary shutter and set of three stops for lens. The slides +for changing stops and for time exposures are alongside of the exposure +lever and always show by their position what stop is before the lens and +whether the shutter is set for time or instantaneous exposures, thus +acting as a warning. + +In the _quality_ of the work they will do, Pocket Kodaks equal the best +cameras on the market. They make negatives of such perfect quality that +enlargements of any size can be made from them. + +The Pocket Kodaks are covered with fine leather, and the trimmings are +handsomely finished and lacquered. They are elegant, artistic, and +durable. + +=For one more subscription we will send with this camera a bicycle +carrying-case= + + * * * * * + +TO ANY ONE SENDING US 9 NEW SUBSCRIBERS + +[Illustration: An Improved + =No. 4= + Bulls-Eye + + For pictures 4x5 inches; delivered ready for 12 exposures without + reloading. Size of camera, 4-7/8 x 5-7/8 x 9-1/4 inches; weight 2 + pounds 2 ounces; length of focus of lens, 6-1/4 inches.] + +Fitted with an achromatic lens of superior quality, having a set of +three stops; has two finders, one for vertical and one for horizontal +exposures; and is also provided with two sockets for tripod screws, one +for vertical and one for horizontal exposures. Fitted with improved +rotary shutter, for snap-shots or time exposures. Can be loaded in +daylight. Handsomely finished and covered with leather. + +=Both of the above cameras are manufactured by the Eastman Kodak Co., +Rochester, N.Y., and this is a guarantee of their worth= + + =THE GREAT ROUND WORLD= + =3 AND 5 WEST 18TH ST. NEW YORK CITY= + + * * * * * + + WE ARE PREPARING + + ==A== + + =MAP OF ALASKA= + + * * * * * + + Corrected to Date, after the Latest + Russian and Government Surveys ... + + * * * * * + + _PRICE, 10 CENTS_ + + * * * * * + EXAMINATIONS + + Have you thought of the Relief Maps for examination work? + Are you following from day to day the war in the East? + + Klemm's Relief Practice Maps + + especially adapted to examination work, as they are + perfectly free from all political details. Any examination + work may be done on them. + + For following the Eastern Question use Klemm's Roman Empire, + and record each day's events. Small flags attached to pins, + and moved on a map as the armies move, keep the details + before you in a most helpful way, especially when you use + the Relief Maps. + + SAMPLE SET, RELIEF MAPS (15), $1.00 + SAMPLE ROMAN EMPIRE, - 10 CENTS + + WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON, - - 5 West 18th Street, N.Y. + + * * * * * + +Remember that text-books will +be taken in exchange for subscriptions +to + + =THE= .. .. + =GREAT ROUND WORLD= + + * * * * * + + +=The Second Bound Volume= + +OF + +=THE GREAT ROUND WORLD= + +(Containing Nos. 16 to 30) + +=IS NOW READY= + + Handsomely bound in strong cloth, with title on side and back. + Price, postage paid, $1.25. Subscribers may exchange their numbers + by sending them to us (express paid) with 35 cents to cover cost of + binding, and 10 cents for return carriage. + + Address +=_3 and 5 West 18th Street, · · · · · · New York City_= + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND +WORLD +AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.] + + VOL. 1 AUGUST 12, 1897. NO. 40 + + +Affairs in Spain are assuming a very grave aspect. + +The people are so enraged at the continued demands of the Government for +soldiers and money that riots are breaking out all over the country. + +The most serious of the outbreaks has occurred at Barcelona. + +We told you some time ago that quantities of arms were stored in +Barcelona for the use of the Carlists, and that in the event of a +Carlist rising, Barcelona would be the headquarters of the revolution. + +During the past week the riots in that city have assumed such a serious +character that the Government troops have been ordered out to quell +them. + +These riots are attributed to Carlist influences, because the Carlists +have long been in a very restless frame of mind, and waiting eagerly for +Don Carlos to come forward and call them to arms. + +The mass of the people in the northern provinces are strongly in his +favor, and believe that if he were placed on the throne peace and +prosperity would be restored to Spain. + +The attitude of the Carlist party is now considered so threatening that +the prime minister, Señor Canovas, is reported to have said that the +most serious of the many troubles which Spain is now called upon to face +is the probability of a Carlist rising. + +In the mean while Don Carlos, the leader of the party, remains quietly +in his house in Lucerne, Switzerland, and appears to be making no effort +to secure the throne of Spain. + +[Illustration: DON CARLOS.] + +The representative of a Swiss newspaper asked him his opinion of the +Spanish situation. + +He replied that he considered it very grave. Speaking of the Cuban war, +he said that it had been frightfully mismanaged, not so much by Weyler +as by Gen. Martinez Campos, who was the first general sent out by Spain +to conquer the insurgents. + +In the opinion of Don Carlos, General Weyler is the right man for Cuba. + +He refuses to believe that he has done all the cruel things he is +accused of, but says that his sternness and severity were necessary for +the occasion, and that Spain should be very grateful to have found such +a leader at such a time. + +When asked about the chances of a Carlist rising, he said that the +people were urging him to take up arms and come to the rescue of his +country. He hesitated to do so because he felt that it would be a cruel +thing for him to plunge his beloved country into the horrors of a civil +war at a moment when she was already beset with enemies. + +He declared that it cost him a great effort to remain deaf to the call +of his people, but that if matters did not improve, he should feel it +his duty to come forward and save his country. + +In his opinion the United States is only interfering in Cuban affairs +because she wants to annex Cuba. Were he on the throne of Spain he says +he would grant such a liberal form of government to the Cubans that they +would feel it a privilege to remain under the rule of Spain. + +The opportunities for Don Carlos to regain the throne of Spain were +never so favorable as at this moment, and, in spite of his statement, it +is quite probable that he will obey the wishes of his friends, and do +his best to secure it. + + * * * * * + +The evidence in the Ruiz case has been laid before our Government. + +After careful consideration the State Department has decided that Spain +is in the wrong. + +General Woodford, the new minister to Spain, has therefore been +instructed to present a claim to the Spanish government for $75,000 +damages to be paid to Mrs. Ruiz. Our minister is also instructed to say +that his Government has concluded that, under the treaties existing +between America and Spain, all the proceedings against Dr. Ruiz were +illegal, and that Spain is absolutely responsible for his death. Under +these circumstances Spain must pay this sum of money to the unfortunate +widow. + +General Woodford is to add that while the United States would be +justified in demanding a much larger indemnity for Mrs. Ruiz, the +friendly feeling that our Government has for Spain has induced us to +make the sum as moderate as possible. + +An endeavor was made on the part of Spain to compromise the matter with +Mrs. Ruiz, but she refused to treat with the Spanish agents, saying that +she preferred to leave her claim in the hands of the United States +Government. + +Congress has also taken action in the _Competitor_ case. + +The _Competitor_ was an American schooner which sailed for Florida in +April, 1896. + +According to the story told by the captain of the vessel, he was no +sooner out of sight of land than the passengers took possession of the +ship, and forced him to change his course and carry them to Cuba. + +Their luggage consisted of supplies and ammunition intended for the +insurgents, and thus, against his will, the captain was forced to +undertake a filibustering expedition. + +The _Competitor_ was sighted by the Spaniards, and captured by them, but +all but five of the men on board escaped. + +Three of these men were Americans who had sailed the ship. + +The prisoners were taken ashore and tried by court-martial. They were +accused of piracy. They pleaded that they had not undertaken the voyage +to Cuba of their own free will, but had been forced to do so by the +passengers. They insisted that they were innocent of any intention to +wrong Spain. + +In spite of this they were sentenced to death. They declared themselves +to be American citizens, and their sentence was suspended until the +truth about their nationality could be learned. + +It was found that they were really Americans, and so the Government +immediately sent a protest to Spain, and the three men were sent to +prison until an answer could be received. + +After a long time word came from Madrid that the men were to be granted +a new trial. Ten months have gone by since the new trial was ordered, +and still these prisoners have not had justice done them. They have been +kept in close confinement in the Cabanas prison, and have been punished +as much as if they had been really guilty, but their trial has been put +off for one reason or another until it now appears as if the authorities +did not mean to give them an opportunity of securing their freedom. + +The schooner has also been held all this time by Spain, and her owners +are anxious to have her returned that they may have the use of her +services once more. + +After waiting patiently for nearly a year, Congress has at last taken a +hand in the matter. + +A joint resolution has been passed, empowering the President to take +such steps as he thinks fit to secure the release of the prisoners, and +to have the boat restored to her owners. + +The resolution also gives the President authority to employ such means +and use such power as he may think necessary to accomplish this purpose. + +The Spaniards are angry at the action we have taken in both the Ruiz and +_Competitor_ cases, but their especial anger is vented on our consuls in +Cuba. + +General Lee has been informed that if the Spaniards were revengeful +instead of noble, he would not long be allowed to remain at his post and +foment trouble between Spain and America. + +The consul in Matanzas has been forced to fortify the Consulate in +consequence of the threats which have been made against the Americans +there. He has done this to afford a safe shelter for the Americans in +Matanzas in case trouble should break out. + +While the authorities in Cuba are feeling angry with us on account of +the Ruiz and _Competitor_ cases, the Government in Spain has a fresh +cause of annoyance against us. + +This has arisen through a despatch sent by the Spanish minister in +Washington. + +Señor Dupuy de Lome writes his Government that he has received full +information in regard to the instructions that have been given to +General Woodford. + +He says that the minister has been instructed by the Secretary of State +to tell Spain that the United States thinks the war in Cuba has lasted +long enough, and that the Americans cannot stand quietly by and allow +the struggle to go on as it has much longer. Our minister is to inform +Spain that if the war is not soon brought to a close the United States +will interfere, and that, under any circumstances, warfare, as carried +on by General Weyler, must be stopped instantly, as the United States +will not permit it to continue. + +The Spaniards are highly incensed at this, and are feeling very +unfriendly toward General Woodford. + +If this statement is really true, it is a pity that it should have been +made public, because it has been definitely stated that the President +will not allow any unfriendly act toward Spain until it is absolutely +sure that General Woodford is unable to make a peaceful settlement. + +Our minister leaves for Spain very shortly. At first it seemed as though +there would be a long delay before he could be officially received by +the Queen Regent, because the Court had left Madrid and gone to San +Sebastian for the summer. + +It seems that the Spanish court observes very little ceremony during the +summer season, and as the reception of an ambassador is a very important +and ceremonious affair, the Queen Regent decided to put it off until the +return to Madrid. + +This delay was very annoying to us. The Cuban questions are too pressing +to be allowed to wait until the autumn, and no business could be +transacted with the Spanish Government until we had a property +recognized representative there. + +Happily for us, Japan has helped us out of the difficulty. + +The Mikado has sent a special mission to the Spanish court to present +the young King Alphonso with his sacred order of the Chrysanthemum. + +It would not be at all polite to keep the Japanese ambassadors waiting +all summer to make their presentation, and so there is to be a great +court function to receive the messengers of the Mikado, and General +Woodford will be recognized at the same time. + + * * * * * + +The condition of the Spanish troops is reported to grow worse every day. + +It is said that their uniforms are ragged and torn, and they look more +like tramps than the representatives of a European army. + +They are said to go through the streets of Havana begging coppers from +the passers-by, and asking bread from door to door. + +It is said that numbers of loyal Spanish merchants are leaving the +island, because they are forced to supply the soldiers with food without +receiving any payment in return. They prefer to leave Cuba rather than +be ruined. + +In the mean while Havana has been thrown into a panic by the report that +General Gomez is marching on the city. The truth of the rumor could not +be ascertained, but the fear was strengthened by the sudden return of +General Weyler, who had gone off on one of his famous pacifying +expeditions. + +No sooner had Weyler returned than he began to make extraordinary +preparations to defend the city, and so it is generally believed in +Havana that the report is true. + +It is known positively that the Cubans are very near the city, and that +Gomez has issued orders to all the insurgent leaders to press the war +forward with unceasing activity. + + * * * * * + +It seems that the Sultan has really been brought to terms. + +The ambassadors, if you remember, gave him a stern refusal to treat with +any one but Tewfik Pasha, and repeated their demand for a written +acceptance of the frontier. + +After this meeting with Tewfik the diplomats held a conference which +resulted in the preparation of a note to their governments in which they +gave it as their opinion that the Sultan could never be brought to terms +unless some decided action was taken. + +The Sultan heard of this, and became alarmed. + +He therefore sent one of his ministers, Yussuf Bey, to the ambassadors, +urging them to do nothing hastily, but assuring them that if they would +only have patience for a few days, everything could be satisfactorily +arranged. + +But the ambassadors had had enough of delay, and they dismissed Yussuf +Bey, telling him politely that they could not possibly wait any longer. + +The Sultan became still more uneasy, but he was anxious to put the +matter off a little longer, until he could have a final understanding +with Germany. + +It seems that the Emperor William's reply to his note gave the Sultan +some hope that he was still inclined to side with him, in case of +trouble. + +While he was still looking about for a good excuse, he received a +message from the German Kaiser, which put a sudden end to all his hopes +of an alliance. + +The German ambassador arrived at the palace of the Sultan with the +information that the Kaiser, his master, had just telegraphed him to say +to the Sultan from him that he must immediately obey the wishes of the +Powers. + +Following closely on this unwelcome visit came a message from the Czar +of Russia, telling the Sultan that unless he immediately withdrew his +soldiers from Thessaly, the Russian troops would cross the Turkish +border. + +Thus driven into a corner, the Sultan saw that the only thing left for +him to do was to yield. + +He therefore sent a message to the representatives of the Powers, that +he had at last been able to induce the Grand Vizier to consent to +withdraw from Turkey, and as this had been the only stumbling-block in +the pathway of peace, he had issued an order to the Porte (the Turkish +Government) authorizing them to accept the frontier as laid out by the +Powers. + +It would seem that this action on the part of Turkey had removed all +obstacles, and that there would now be nothing to prevent the peace +negotiations from being carried through. Nobody, however, believes that +the trouble is over. It is thought that Turkey will make every possible +delay in arranging to leave Thessaly, and also in accepting the new plan +of government for Crete. + +The Turkish troops have not as yet been withdrawn from Crete, and while +the Christian inhabitants are settling down, and becoming reconciled to +the new plan of government, their hatred of the Turks is in no degree +lessened. + +Conflicts between the Turks and the Christians are of daily occurrence. +The allied fleets have had to make a demand on Turkey that the soldiers +shall give up their arms, as the rioting is so incessant. + + * * * * * + +The British House of Commons will not allow the Transvaal scandal to +die out as quietly as the Government hoped. + +We told you about the two reports that had been sent in; well, the +member of Parliament who gave the second report has offered a resolution +that Mr. Cecil Rhodes be removed from his position in the South African +Company. + +Further than this, it has been decided that a complete change shall be +made in the directors of this too powerful company, which has already +been able to plunge the British Government into so much trouble. + +Complaints have been made that the company under its president, Mr. +Cecil Rhodes, has abused the privileges thus given by the Government. In +addition to the affair in the Transvaal, the company has treated the +natives of Mashonaland with great severity, taking their cattle away +from them, and forcing them to live in a condition bordering on slavery. + +It has therefore been decided to modify the terms of the charter to such +a degree that the South African Company can only manage the commercial +affairs of their territory, all matters relating to its foreign policy +being henceforth in the hands of the British Government. + +The House of Commons has been forced to agree to an open discussion of +the Transvaal Raid, when the matter of punishing Mr. Rhodes is to be +decided upon. Mr. Hawkesly, the lawyer who holds the missing cablegrams, +is also to be summoned before Parliament, and forced to produce them. + + * * * * * + +The last steamer from Japan brought a renewed protest from the +Government against the annexation of Hawaii. + +Japan insists that Hawaii must remain an independent country. She says +that as soon as the Panama or Nicaragua canals are opened the importance +of the Sandwich Islands will be greatly increased, and that it is +necessary to the welfare of Japan that her independence be preserved. + +The Japanese minister is reported to have declared that "annexation must +not be recognized. Japan must oppose it to the utmost." + +In spite of this the Senate is going right ahead with the business of +the treaty. + +In the mean while the Secretary of the Navy is making all the ships at +his command ready for service, so that we shall not be altogether +unprepared to defend ourselves if occasion arises. + + * * * * * + +There is not very much to tell in regard to the strike. No settlement +has been reached, and there is not much likelihood that the miners and +masters will come to any understanding at present. + +We told you that some of the miners had stood out against the offer of +better wages, and refused to go to work until the condition of their +fellows throughout the country had been improved. + +All the miners have not been as brave and loyal as these men. + +In some parts of Western Virginia, such excellent wages have been +offered to the men, that they have weakened and gone back to work in +spite of the fact that the labor agitators have been constantly urging +them to remain firm. + +They have been telling the men that they will secure great benefits if +they will only hold together. + +At one time there was some hope that the men might submit the whole +matter to arbitration, but this seems doubtful. + + * * * * * + +Another report about the use of the X rays in the French Custom-House +has reached us. + +This time the rays were applied to thirty packages which had arrived by +parcels-post. It took but fifteen minutes to examine the whole of these +packets, and their contents were discovered without the necessity of +breaking a seal or untying a string. + +The amusing part of the story is that the thirty persons to whom the +parcels were addressed had been asked by the officers if there was +anything dutiable in them, and all had replied in the negative. + +The confusion and trouble were therefore great when forbidden articles +were found in twenty-seven out of the thirty packets. + +The French officials are very strict about such matters, and enforce +heavy fines for attempting to bring things into their country without +paying duty on them. + +The senders had had no idea that the X rays would be used on the +packages, and had arranged them so that on opening they would appear to +contain nothing dutiable. + +One basket was labelled fruit. Had it been opened in the ordinary way +the officers would have found nothing but apricots and plums, unless +they went to the trouble of emptying the whole basket out--a thing that +is seldom done. When the X rays got to work on this packet a pair of +patent-leather shoes was revealed, hidden away amongst the fruit. + +Another bundle was labelled, "Specimens of clothing--without value." + +No sooner was it held before the X rays than it was seen that a quantity +of cigarettes and English matches were rolled away inside the linen. + +All this was found out without so much as breaking a seal or untying a +string. + +At the same time that the news of this excellent use for the X ray +reached us, we observed statements from several prominent doctors and +electricians, warning people of the danger of using this wonderful light +without a proper knowledge of its properties. + +It seems that under certain circumstances the X ray is capable of +inflicting a very serious wound. It acts in the same way as fire does, +and burns the skin so severely that it is a very long time in healing. + +Nikola Tesla, the great electrician, says, however, that this trouble +only arises from want of knowledge as to the proper way to handle the +rays. If they are held at a certain distance from the skin, there is not +the slightest danger of accident. + +The curious part of the wound inflicted by the X ray is that the burn is +not felt at the time the mischief is being done. A person can allow his +skin to be exposed to the X rays until it is badly burned without +experiencing any pain until some time after the damage has been done. +The injured part first swells, and then shows all the symptoms of a +burn. + +One man who had exposed his foot to the rays to discover a rifle-ball +that was lodged in his heel received a burn that took eleven months to +heal. + +It seems curious that such a severe injury could be inflicted without +any warning of pain. No sensation of warmth is felt until the part is +burned, and then, according to Mr. Tesla, the pain does not seem to be +on the surface as in ordinary burns, but deep-seated, in the very bones +themselves. + + * * * * * + +There is fresh news from Brazil and Uruguay. + +In Brazil, the insurgents, under their leader, Anton Conselhiero, were +defeated, and the town of Canudos, which had been their stronghold, was +taken from them. + +So severe and crushing was the defeat which they sustained, that it is +thought that the revolution has been brought to an end. + +The battle lasted four hours, the rebels fighting with great courage and +determination. The well-trained government troops proved too strong for +them, however, and when the Brazilian artillery was brought to the +front, and began to pour a steady fire into the rebel army, the ranks +were broken and the insurgents fled for their lives. + +The Brazilians pursued them hotly, and it is said that when the fight +was over Conselhiero's army was almost annihilated. + +In Uruguay the rebels have gained the upper hand, and it is hoped that +that war will also be brought to a close very shortly. + +The Uruguayan insurgents were much stronger than the Brazilian; indeed, +they outnumbered the government troops, and fought so fiercely that +Uruguay had to give in and ask for an armistice. + +This the rebels granted, and during the cessation of hostilities +negotiations for peace were immediately set on foot. + +The terms of peace which the rebels offered were that they should have +the right to choose the next President of Uruguay, and the governors of +six of its provinces. They also demanded that all insurgents who had +been dismissed from the regular army should be reinstated, and all who +had been exiled on account of the rebellion should be allowed to return +to their homes. + +The Government is not willing to grant these terms, but it is thought +that the rebels are so strong that they will be able to insist on the +acceptance of their conditions. + + * * * * * + +Company E, of the Eighth New York Regiment, has started on an important +military expedition. + +It is the desire of the commanders to find out just what the practical +value of a bicycle would be in time of war. + +To demonstrate this, Company E, which is the bicycle company of the +regiment, received orders to make a week's trip on Long Island, instead +of going to the state camp as usual. + +It is the intention to have the command cover a distance of five hundred +miles during the week, each man carrying with him the regulation kit of +a soldier on the march. + +This outfit consists of the canteen or water-bottle, knife, fork, spoon, +and combination frying-pan and plate, a blanket to sleep in, and of +course a rifle, bayonet, and cartridge-box. + +With the bicycle command, all these articles had to be stowed away so +that the hands should be free to control the wheel. + +The blanket was therefore strapped on the handle-bars, the musket slung +under the saddle, the cartridge-box and bayonet hung from the soldier's +belt, and slung across the shoulders were the canteen and a haversack +containing all the other articles. + +With all these articles the bicycle will be heavily loaded, and one of +the points which the authorities especially wish to prove is whether it +is possible for men to make any distance on wheels when they are so +heavily weighted. + +The baggage that we have described is the very least that a soldier can +carry, and if no great distance can be accomplished with such a load, +the wheel is of little value for purposes of war. + +The military authorities are also desirous of proving just how reliable +the bicycle itself is. Every one knows what the wheel can do on a level +road or smooth track, but it has not been demonstrated how a troop of +wheels will last on rough country roads. + +Company E has taken no tents; the men are to sleep under such cover as +they may find on the way. No food has been taken, or provided for; the +men will have to forage, or seek for their own rations. + +Their one extra is a bicycle ambulance. This is a very novel affair, and +is made of a covered stretcher slung between two tandems. The men have +been allowed to put kettles and coffee-pots inside the stretcher at the +start, but if in case of illness the ambulance is needed, even these +small comforts will be left behind. + +They have with them an engineer to make maps, and a photographer, who +has a camera slung under his saddle instead of a musket. + +The experiment is to be made on Long Island. When the Shinnecock Hills +are reached, two days will be spent in scouting and reconnoitring, with +skirmishes and sham fights to follow. + +They will thus have a week of practical campaigning. + + * * * * * + +While we are on the subject of wheels we are reminded of a recent +decision that bicycling is illegal on Sunday in New Jersey. + +This fact came out through a lawsuit. Two cyclists were riding in the +town of Westfield, N.J., one Sunday, and came into collision, one of +their wheels being wrecked. + +The man whose wheel was damaged claimed that the accident was due to the +other's carelessness, and sued for twenty-five dollars to cover repairs +to his machine. + +When the case came into court, and the judge heard that the affair had +occurred on Sunday, he dismissed the complaint. + +He stated that bicycling on Sunday was an illegal practice, and that no +one could come before a court and ask for protection from an accident +that had happened to him when he was engaged in an occupation that was +against the law. + +This decision will be a great surprise to a good many young folks, who +have hitherto regarded Sunday as their best day to go a-wheeling. + + * * * * * + +We told you about Mr. Andrée, who made an effort last year to reach the +North Pole by balloon, and who intended to repeat the experiment this +year from Spitzbergen. The news has just reached us that he has made his +start. + +On the 15th of July, the wind being in a favorable direction, Mr. Andrée +determined to begin his dangerous voyage. + +Being anxious to get away before the wind should change or die out, the +preparations were hurried forward, and in three hours and a half after +he decided to make his attempt, all was in readiness. + +Accompanying the daring explorer were two other venturesome men, Mr. +Strindberg and Mr. Fraenkel. + +Stepping into the car, they gave the word to have the balloon cut loose. +They rose rapidly till they were about six hundred feet in the air, but +at this altitude a cross-current struck them, and they were driven +earthward again until they almost touched a projecting rock. + +It was feared that the attempt had failed, but the three men in the car +set to work vigorously throwing out some of the sand-bags that had been +put in the car for ballast, to steady it, and the balloon soon rose +again and continued on her course. + +The weather was clear, and the _Eagle_, as the balloon was called, was +visible for an hour. It appeared to be moving at the rate of twenty-two +miles an hour, and to be taking the exact direction that Mr. Andrée had +wished that it should. + +The adventurers expected to reach the Pole in two or three days, but had +prepared themselves for a trip of as many months. + +Nothing has as yet been heard or seen of the balloon. Russian steamers +have been sent along the coast of Siberia in search of it, and it is +hoped that some news may be gleaned through the circulars that the Czar +caused to be sent among all the peoples around the Polar regions, asking +them to watch for the balloon, and report it as soon as seen (see page +860). + +[Illustration: A Homing Pigeon] + +A good deal of excitement was caused by the capture of a carrier-pigeon +in Norway. + +Stamped on the bird's wings was "North Pole, 142 W. 47.62." + +It was thought at first that it was one of the birds which had been +taken by Andrée on his expedition, and that the North Pole had been +discovered. + +It was found, however, that Andrée's birds were all marked "Andrée, +A.D. 1897," and after a few days of excitement and wonder, it came out +that the bird belonged to a German pigeon-flying society, and that it +had been released in Heligoland. + +Carrier-pigeons are a particular breed of pigeon which have the +wonderful quality of flying home no matter how far away they are +carried. + +Societies have been formed to fly these wonderful birds, and they have +been taken hundreds of miles away, over seas, to test this strange +quality. + +The result has always been the same: the moment they are released they +circle round and round for a time, as if trying to make out their +bearings, and then fly off straight for home. + +This attribute has made them of great value to man in many ways. + +In times of war, messages have been sent by their aid. + +A man has made his way out of a besieged city, taking one of the birds +with him, and by its aid has been able to send word back that he has +reached his friends and will bring the needed help. + +The Emperor of Germany has just got himself into trouble over +carrier-pigeons. + +Wishing to see for how long a distance they could be relied on in case +of war, he sent a messenger over to England, who carried with him a +great number of these clever birds. + +They were all marked so that they could be recognized, and on the shores +of Dover, England, they were set free. Six hours after they had all +found their way back to Düsseldorf, Germany. + +The despatching of these birds attracted the attention of the English +people about Dover, and when it was discovered that they were the +property of the Emperor of Germany there was a good deal of talk over +it. + +The English people are always afraid that some foreign nation is going +to try and invade their country, and imagining there was some deep and +dark foreign plot underlying the pigeon-flying, they demanded of the +authorities if the German Emperor had obtained permission to fly his +birds. + +When it was found that permission had neither been asked nor accorded, +the fear of a plot grew so strong that the matter was finally carried to +the House of Commons, and an explanation demanded. + +The Under Secretary of War stated that the subject was already under +consideration. + + * * * * * + +A rock covered with curious characters has recently been discovered in +Mexico, in the mountains of the Magdalena district, state of Sonora. + +The characters appeared to resemble the Chinese so closely that a +well-educated Chinaman was asked to go to see the rock and give his +opinion about it. + +He had no sooner looked at it than he declared it to be a veritable +Chinese inscription. He made a copy of it, and has already translated +enough to show that the writing was cut in the stone about two thousand +years ago. + +There are ten lines of characters on the parts of the rock exposed to +view. + +The Chinaman who translated the inscription said it was an account of a +Chinese settlement that had once been established in the place where the +stone was found. He said that in the history of China there was a +record of an expedition which had been sent to that portion of the +western coast which is now Mexico. + +If this is true, the Continent of North America was discovered by the +Chinese centuries before the time of Columbus. + +Evidence is coming to light in various parts of the globe of the +tremendous journeys that were undertaken by the Chinese in the early +days of civilization. + +It has lately been discovered that they at one time formed colonies in +the islands of the Pacific Ocean. + +In Australia evidences have also been discovered of Chinese habitation. + + * * * * * + +It has been reported that King Menelik of Abyssinia has appointed a +Russian General to be the Governor-General of those provinces of +Abyssinia which lie in and around the equator. + +The appointment of a foreigner to such a post shows very distinctly that +the Negus is really anxious to shed the light of civilization upon his +people. + +M. de Leontieff, the Russian appointed by King Menelik, has already made +two visits to Abyssinia, and is therefore well known to the King. He was +at one time the bearer of rich presents from the Czar to the Negus. + +The position which M. de Leontieff will hold under Menelik is similar to +that held by General Gordon in Egypt. Gordon found many opportunities to +improve the condition of the people under his authority, and as M. de +Leontieff is a very intelligent man, he will undoubtedly do all in his +power to help King Menelik to develop his country. G.H. ROSENFELD. + + + + +THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND THE +PEOPLE WHO LIVED ON IT. 1144 + + + + +CHAPTER II. + + +It is not for nothing, then, that we are taught in church to call all +men our brethren, and we must learn to realize that all the nations of +the earth are akin to us and to one another, and that the differences +between them in looks, in moral qualities, and in mind are really not +much more than what we often see in the members of one large family, +where one brother may be a genius and make a great name or a fortune for +himself, while another will never get beyond the simplest schooling and, +later on, the plainest work as laborer or poorly paid clerk. Take the +most light-complexioned child to the tropics, and there let him lead an +outdoor life--hunting, herding cattle, building, ploughing, and +harvesting--then look at the middle-aged man; you will find him burnt by +the sun, tanned by wind and weather to a dark brown which will not +bleach off even should he return to his native northern country to live. +His children will be born darker than he was, his grandchildren probably +darker still, and so on. What, then, must be the change should the +descendants of a particular set of men live thousands--not hundreds, but +thousands--of years in one particular zone of the earth, under the same +conditions of climate, food, and local nature generally--what we call +"environment"? + +This is exactly what happened to those detachments which once upon a +time separated from the original human family. Each may have gone forth +at random, but there was the earth to choose from and to be had for the +taking; and, wherever such a detachment settled, there was nothing to +prevent its posterity staying on and on, and developing their own +peculiarities under local influences; for it would take many, many +centuries before there would again be a lack of room and the process of +separation would be repeated. Thus were formed the subdivisions of the +human kind, with their striking characteristics and distinctive +peculiarities, which we call the great Races of the World. + +Now, if this thing were to happen to any one of us--that we should +discover brothers and kinsfolk of whom we knew nothing before--we would +be very curious to find out all we could about them: where they came +from, what had happened to them during all those years until they +settled where we found them, and when and why they separated from their +forefathers, who were also our own. These are the very things we want to +find out about the various nations who live in the world now, and those +who have lived in it before anything existed of what is now in the +world, all the way back to the beginning. + +The task is quite easy, so long as we have books to help us, histories +to tell us year by year all that went on in every part of the Great +Round World, as our newspapers tell us day by day what is going on in it +now. But books do not take us very far back. It is only four hundred +years since printing was invented, and not more than six hundred since +the art of making paper out of rags has been known. But people could +write hundreds and hundreds of years before that was invented, and used +almost anything to record the memorable doings of their day--bark of +trees, skins of animals (parchment), "papyrus," a material made of the +fibres of a plant. Short inscriptions over the entrances of temples and +palaces, or cut with the chisel on monuments erected in memory of great +events or above the graves of famous men, and long inscriptions covering +whole walls or even the face of high rocks smoothed for the purpose, +were like so many stone books, pages of which are continually discovered +and read by our scholars. + +But we come at last to times so remote that there is not a trace of the +roughest writing, not a fragment of the crudest monument, to tell us the +story of the men who, then as now, must have thought and labored and +invented, only so much more slowly, under difficulties which we can +hardly picture to ourselves. "What, then," is the natural question, +"what can we know of such times, and of earlier ones still? How do we +know things happened in the manner described a few pages back?" We know +it, in the first place, _by analogy_, _i.e._, because the same things +have happened over and over again in the same manner in times which we +know all about, _and are happening now, under our eyes_--for what is the +constant tide of immigration which keeps coming in from the East but, +under modern conditions, the same swarming off from overcrowded native +hives of seekers after more land and new fortunes? In the second place, +the oldest races of the world left abundant traces by which we can +determine not only the places of their settlements, but their mode of +life and the degree of culture they successively reached. + +There has certainly been a time when men did not know enough to build +dwellings for themselves--or, not to be unfair, had not the necessary +tools--but lived in the forests which then very nearly covered the +globe, using such natural shelter as they found ready for them, almost +like the savage animals which it was their main business to fight and +kill in self-defence and also for food and clothing. Caverns in steep +mountain-sides must have been their most luxurious, because safest and +best-protected, retreats. Many dozens of such caverns are known in all +parts of the world, and the tale they tell is not difficult to read. +Several have become very famous, from the wealth of finds with which +they rewarded the searchers. Some appear to have been used as +burying-places, for the ground in them is covered to a great depth with +broken-up human skulls and skeletons, while outside, on the rocky ledges +or platforms before the mouth of the cavern, are found the traces of +large fires, built again and again on the same spot--ashes, and cinders, +and charred bones of animals; also broken marrow-bones, horns, hoofs, +and other remains of plentiful meals, showing that then already it was +the custom to feast at funerals. + +Other caverns have as certainly been used as dwellings. Hence the name +of "cave-dwellers," which has been given to those otherwise unknown +races. How very crude and primitive their mode of life is shown by the +vast quantities of tools and weapons in hard flint--generally +broken--which are found intermixed with the other remains. They are very +simple: heads of spears, blades of knives and scrapers, some indented +like coarse saws, hatchets and mallets chipped into shape with no +attempt at polishing--such, with occasional variations in bone, was the +sum total of the cave-dwellers' equipment for the chase, for war, and +for domestic purposes. That they could, with such slender resources, +hold their own against the animals whose haunts they shared and who then +were so much more numerous than men, is the more wonderful that those +animals were of monstrous size, more than twice the size of the same +kinds now, not to speak of some huge beasts which then roamed woods and +plains in herds and are now wholly extinct--such as the mammoth, the +ancestor of our elephant. + +In all those heaps of tools and fragments, not a trace of any metal has +been found; wherefore this oldest of all times of which we can catch +stray glimpses has been given the general name of "Age of Stone." + + * * * * * + + _To Any Subscriber Securing_ + + For Us =1= _NEW_ + _SUBSCRIPTION_ + + _We Will Send, Post-Paid, + A BOUND VOLUME OF ..._ + + =THE GREAT ROUND WORLD= + + _These volumes are neatly bound in cloth, with title stamped + on side and back, and make a neat library book, handy in + size and weight, and tasteful in appearance._ + + =PART I.= _contains_ + =NOVEMBER 11th, 1896 to FEBRUARY 18th, 1897= + + =PART II.= _contains_ + =FEBRUARY 25th, 1897 to JUNE 3d, 1897= + + ALBERT ROSS PARSONS, _President, American College of + Musicians,_ writes concerning his son, aged 10: "The bound + volume of the first fifteen numbers has remained his daily + mental food and amusement ever since it arrived. I thank you + for your great service both to our young people and to their + elders." + + * * * * * + + =THE GREAT ROUND WORLD= + =3 & 5 WEST 18TH STREET NEW YORK CITY= + + * * * * * + + +Do you Cover your Books? + + THE "ONE PIECE" + ADJUSTABLE BOOK COVERS + +are made of the strongest and best book-cover paper obtainable. This paper +is made in large quantities especially for these book covers and will +protect books perfectly. The book covers themselves are a marvel of +ingenuity, and, although they are in one piece and can be adjusted to fit +perfectly any sized book without cutting the paper, they are also so +simple that any boy or girl can use them; as they are already gummed they +are always ready for use. + +A sample dozen will be mailed to any address for 20 cents (or ten two-cent +stamps) if you write + + WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON + 3 and 5 West 18th Street, New York City + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: Net] + +TO ANY ONE SENDING US + + =12 New ...= + =Subscribers= + + WE WILL SEND (EXPRESS PAID) A FULL + + =Lawn Tennis Set= + + CONSISTING OF + + 3 "BOY'S" RACQUETS + 1 "DRIVE" RACQUET + 4 STANDARD TENNIS BALLS + 1 NET, 27 x 3 FEET + 2 JOINTED POLES + 1 MALLET + 1 SET OF GUY ROPES + + Complete in neat box, with set of this year's rules. + +[Illustration: Divider] + + THE GREAT ROUND WORLD + 3 AND 5 WEST 18TH ST. NEW YORK CITY + + * * * * + +="The Great Round World" PRIZE CONTEST= + +THE GREAT ROUND WORLD is now over six months old, and it feels some +anxiety to know just how much interest its readers have taken in the +news and how much information they have gained from its pages. To +ascertain this, it has been decided to offer ten prizes for the best +answers to the following: + + =Name ten of the most important events that have been mentioned in + "The Great Round World" in the first 30 numbers, that is, up to + number of June 3d.= + + _In mentioning these events give briefly reasons for considering + them important._ + +This competition will be open to subscribers only, and any one desiring +to enter the competition must send to this office their name and the +date of their subscription; a number will then be given them. + +All new subscribers will be furnished with a card entitling them to +enter the competition. + +In making the selection of important events, remember that wars and +political events are not necessarily the most important. If, for +instance, the air-ship had turned out to be a genuine and successful +thing, it would have been most important as affecting the history of the +world. Or if by chance the telephone or telegraph had been invented in +this period, these inventions would have been _important_ events. + +Prizes will be awarded to those who make the best selection and who +mention the events in the best order of their importance. Answers may be +sent in any time before September 1st. + +The Great Round World does not want you to hurry over this contest, but +to take plenty of time and do the work carefully. It will be a pleasant +occupation for the summer months. + +We would advise you to take the magazines starting at No. 1, look them +over carefully, keep a note-book at your side, and jot down in it the +events that seem to you important; when you have finished them all, No. +1 to 30, look over your notes and select the ten events that seem to you +to be the most important, stating after each event your reason for +thinking it important. + +For instance: suppose you decide that the death of Dr. Ruiz was one of +these important events, you might say, "The killing of Dr. Ruiz in the +prison of Guanabacoa--because it brought the cruelties practised on +American citizens to the attention of our Government," etc., etc. + +In sending your answers put your number and the date only on them, for +the judges are not to know names and addresses of the contestants, that +there may be no favoritism shown. + +It is important to put date on, for if two or more are found of similar +standing, the one first received will be given preference. + +Address all letters to REVIEW PRIZE CONTEST DEPARTMENT, +GREAT ROUND WORLD, 3 and 5 West 18th Street, New York City. + + _Write answer on one side of the paper only_ + =Prizes will be selections from the premium catalogue= + + No. 1. Premiums as given for 15 Subscriptions + No. 2. " " " " 12 " + No. 3. " " " " 10 " + No. 4. " " " " 9 " + No. 5. " " " " 8 " + No. 6. " " " " 7 " + No. 7. " " " " 5 " + No. 8. " " " " 5 " + No. 9. " " " " 5 " + No. 10. " " " " 5 " + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is +Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 40, August 12, 1897, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + +***** This file should be named 15917-8.txt or 15917-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/9/1/15917/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 40, August 12, 1897 + A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls + +Author: Various + +Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop + +Release Date: May 27, 2005 [EBook #15917] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<div class="figcenter"><a href="./images/cover.png"><img src="./images/cover-tb.png" alt="Cover Illustration, Globe" title="Cover Illustration, Globe" /></a></div> +<div class='center'><b>Copyright, 1897, by <span class='smcap'>William Beverley Harison</span></b></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<h1>...PREMIUMS...</h1> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="./images/premiumsdiv.png" alt="divider" title="divider" /></div> + + +<h3>TO ANY ONE SENDING US 4 NEW SUBSCRIBERS</h3> + + +<h2>A Pocket Kodak</h2> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="./images/pocketkodak.png" alt="A Pocket Kodak" title="A Pocket Kodak" /></div> + +<p>Measures 2-1/4 x 2-7/8 x 3-7/8 inches, makes a picture 1-1/2 x 2 inches, +and weighs only 5 ounces. Delivered ready for 12 exposures without +reloading.</p> + +<p>The Lens is of the fixed focus type, and of sufficient length of focus +(2-1/2 inches) to avoid distortion.</p> + +<p>Has improved rotary shutter and set of three stops for lens. The slides +for changing stops and for time exposures are alongside of the exposure +lever and always show by their position what stop is before the lens and +whether the shutter is set for time or instantaneous exposures, thus +acting as a warning.</p> + +<p>In the <i>quality</i> of the work they will do, Pocket Kodaks equal the best +cameras on the market. They make negatives of such perfect quality that +enlargements of any size can be made from them.</p> + +<p>The Pocket Kodaks are covered with fine leather, and the trimmings are +handsomely finished and lacquered. They are elegant, artistic, and +durable.</p> + +<div class='center'><b>For one more subscription we will send with this camera a bicycle +carrying-case</b></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<h3>TO ANY ONE SENDING US 9 NEW SUBSCRIBERS</h3> + +<h2>An Improved</h2> +<h4>No. 4 </h4> +<h2>Bulls-Eye</h2> + +<div class="figright"><img src="./images/bullseye.png" alt="A Pocket Kodak" title="A Pocket Kodak" /></div> + +<p>For pictures 4x5 inches; delivered ready for 12 exposures without +reloading. Size of camera, 4-7/8 x 5-7/8 x 9-1/4 inches; weight 2 pounds +2 ounces; length of focus of lens, 6-1/4 inches.</p> + +<p>Fitted with an achromatic lens of superior quality, having a set of +three stops; has two finders, one for vertical and one for horizontal +exposures; and is also provided with two sockets for tripod screws, one +for vertical and one for horizontal exposures. Fitted with improved +rotary shutter, for snap-shots or time exposures. Can be loaded in +daylight. Handsomely finished and covered with leather.</p> + +<div class='center'><b>Both of the above cameras are manufactured by the Eastman Kodak Co., +Rochester, N.Y., and this is a guarantee of their worth</b></div> + +<hr style='width: 25%;' /> + +<div class='center'> +<span class='smcap'><b>The Great Round World</b></span><br /> +<span class='smcap'><b>3 and 5 West 18th St.</b></span> <b>NEW YORK CITY</b><br /> +</div> + + +<h2>WE ARE PREPARING</h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">==a==</span></h3> + +<h2>MAP OF ALASKA</h2> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="./images/alaskadiv.png" alt="Divider" title="Divider" /></div> + +<div class='center'> +<span class="u">Corrected to Date, after the Latest<br /> +Russian and Government Surveys ...</span><br /><br /> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="./images/alaskadiv.png" alt="Divider" title="Divider" /></div> + + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;"><i>P</i></span><span class="smcap"><i>rice, 10 Cents</i></span> +</p> + +<hr style='width: 65%;' /> + +<h2><span class="u"><b>EXAMINATIONS</b></span></h2> + +<div> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Have you thought of the Relief Maps for examination work?</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Are you following from day to day the war in the East?</span><br /> +</div> + + +<h2>Klemm's Relief Practice Maps</h2> + +<div>are especially adapted to examination work, as they are perfectly free +from all political details. ANY examination work may be done on them.</div> + +<p>For following the EASTERN QUESTION use Klemm's Roman Empire, and record +each day's events. Small flags attached to pins, and moved on a map as the +armies move, keep the details before you in a most helpful way, especially +when you use the Relief Maps.</p> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Klemm's Maps"> +<tr><td align='left'><b>SAMPLE SET RELIEF MAPS (15), $1.00</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><b>SAMPLE ROMAN EMPIRE, 10 CENTS</b></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class='center'><b>WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON, · · 5 West 18th Street, N.Y.</b></div> + +<hr style='width: 65%;' /> + +<div class='blockquot'><p class="hangindent"><span class="smcap">Remember</span> that text-books will <br /> +be taken in exchange for subscriptions to</p></div> + +<h3><span class="smcap">the</span></h3> +<h3><span class="smcap">Great Round World</span></h3> + +<hr style='width: 65%;' /> + +<h2>The Second Bound Volume</h2> + +<h4>OF</h4> + +<h3>THE GREAT ROUND WORLD</h3> + +<h4>(Containing Nos. 16 to 30)</h4> + +<h3><span class="u">IS NOW READY</span></h3> + + +<div class="blockquot">Handsomely bound in strong cloth, with title on side and back. Price, +postage paid, $1.25. Subscribers may exchange their numbers by sending +them to us (express paid) with 35 cents to cover cost of binding, and 10 +cents for return carriage.</div> + + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Address</span></p> + +<div class='center'><i>3 and 5 West 18th Street,· · · · · New York City</i><br /><br /><br /></div> + + +<hr style='width: 65%;' /> + +<p><a name="Page_1121" id="Page_1121"></a></p> + +<p class="figcenter"><img src="./images/title.png" alt="THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" title="THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" /></p> + +<div class='center'><b><span class='smcap'>Vol.</span> 1 <span class='smcap'>August</span> 12, 1897. <span class='smcap'>No.</span> 40</b></div> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Affairs in Spain are assuming a very grave aspect.</p> + +<p>The people are so enraged at the continued demands of the Government for +soldiers and money that riots are breaking out all over the country.</p> + +<p>The most serious of the outbreaks has occurred at Barcelona.</p> + +<p>We told you some time ago that quantities of arms were stored in +Barcelona for the use of the Carlists, and that in the event of a +Carlist rising, Barcelona would be the headquarters of the revolution.</p> + +<p>During the past week the riots in that city have assumed such a serious +character that the Government troops have been ordered out to quell +them.</p> + +<p>These riots are attributed to Carlist influences, because the Carlists +have long been in a very restless frame of mind, and waiting eagerly for +Don Carlos to come forward and call them to arms.</p> + +<p>The mass of the people in the northern provinces are strongly in his +favor, and believe that if he were placed on the throne peace and +prosperity would be restored to Spain.</p> + +<p>The attitude of the Carlist party is now considered <a name="Page_1122" id="Page_1122"></a>so threatening that +the prime minister, Señor Canovas, is reported to have said that the +most serious of the many troubles which Spain is now called upon to face +is the probability of a Carlist rising.</p> + +<p>In the mean while Don Carlos, the leader of the party, remains quietly +in his house in Lucerne, Switzerland, and appears to be making no effort +to secure the throne of Spain.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="./images/6.png" alt="DON CARLOS." title="DON CARLOS." /></div> + +<div class='center'>DON CARLOS</div> + +<p>The representative of a Swiss newspaper asked him his opinion of the +Spanish situation.</p> + +<p>He replied that he considered it very grave. Speaking of the Cuban war, +he said that it had been frightfully mismanaged, not so much by Weyler +as by Gen. Martinez Campos, who was the first general sent out by Spain +to conquer the insurgents.</p> + +<p>In the opinion of Don Carlos, General Weyler is the right man for Cuba.</p> + +<p>He refuses to believe that he has done all the cruel things he is +accused of, but says that his sternness <a name="Page_1123" id="Page_1123"></a>and severity were necessary for +the occasion, and that Spain should be very grateful to have found such +a leader at such a time.</p> + +<p>When asked about the chances of a Carlist rising, he said that the +people were urging him to take up arms and come to the rescue of his +country. He hesitated to do so because he felt that it would be a cruel +thing for him to plunge his beloved country into the horrors of a civil +war at a moment when she was already beset with enemies.</p> + +<p>He declared that it cost him a great effort to remain deaf to the call +of his people, but that if matters did not improve, he should feel it +his duty to come forward and save his country.</p> + +<p>In his opinion the United States is only interfering in Cuban affairs +because she wants to annex Cuba. Were he on the throne of Spain he says +he would grant such a liberal form of government to the Cubans that they +would feel it a privilege to remain under the rule of Spain.</p> + +<p>The opportunities for Don Carlos to regain the throne of Spain were +never so favorable as at this moment, and, in spite of his statement, it +is quite probable that he will obey the wishes of his friends, and do +his best to secure it.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>The evidence in the Ruiz case has been laid before our Government.</p> + +<p>After careful consideration the State Department has decided that Spain +is in the wrong.</p> + +<p>General Woodford, the new minister to Spain, has therefore been +instructed to present a claim to the Spanish government for $75,000 +damages to be paid <a name="Page_1124" id="Page_1124"></a>to Mrs. Ruiz. Our minister is also instructed to say +that his Government has concluded that, under the treaties existing +between America and Spain, all the proceedings against Dr. Ruiz were +illegal, and that Spain is absolutely responsible for his death. Under +these circumstances Spain must pay this sum of money to the unfortunate +widow.</p> + +<p>General Woodford is to add that while the United States would be +justified in demanding a much larger indemnity for Mrs. Ruiz, the +friendly feeling that our Government has for Spain has induced us to +make the sum as moderate as possible.</p> + +<p>An endeavor was made on the part of Spain to compromise the matter with +Mrs. Ruiz, but she refused to treat with the Spanish agents, saying that +she preferred to leave her claim in the hands of the United States +Government.</p> + +<p>Congress has also taken action in the <i>Competitor</i> case.</p> + +<p>The <i>Competitor</i> was an American schooner which sailed for Florida in +April, 1896.</p> + +<p>According to the story told by the captain of the vessel, he was no +sooner out of sight of land than the passengers took possession of the +ship, and forced him to change his course and carry them to Cuba.</p> + +<p>Their luggage consisted of supplies and ammunition intended for the +insurgents, and thus, against his will, the captain was forced to +undertake a filibustering expedition.</p> + +<p>The <i>Competitor</i> was sighted by the Spaniards, and captured by them, but +all but five of the men on board escaped.</p> + +<p>Three of these men were Americans who had sailed the ship.</p><p><a name="Page_1125" id="Page_1125"></a></p> + +<p>The prisoners were taken ashore and tried by court-martial. They were +accused of piracy. They pleaded that they had not undertaken the voyage +to Cuba of their own free will, but had been forced to do so by the +passengers. They insisted that they were innocent of any intention to +wrong Spain.</p> + +<p>In spite of this they were sentenced to death. They declared themselves +to be American citizens, and their sentence was suspended until the +truth about their nationality could be learned.</p> + +<p>It was found that they were really Americans, and so the Government +immediately sent a protest to Spain, and the three men were sent to +prison until an answer could be received.</p> + +<p>After a long time word came from Madrid that the men were to be granted +a new trial. Ten months have gone by since the new trial was ordered, +and still these prisoners have not had justice done them. They have been +kept in close confinement in the Cabanas prison, and have been punished +as much as if they had been really guilty, but their trial has been put +off for one reason or another until it now appears as if the authorities +did not mean to give them an opportunity of securing their freedom.</p> + +<p>The schooner has also been held all this time by Spain, and her owners +are anxious to have her returned that they may have the use of her +services once more.</p> + +<p>After waiting patiently for nearly a year, Congress has at last taken a +hand in the matter.</p> + +<p>A joint resolution has been passed, empowering the President to take +such steps as he thinks fit to secure the release of the prisoners, and +to have the boat restored to her owners.</p><p><a name="Page_1126" id="Page_1126"></a></p> + +<p>The resolution also gives the President authority to employ such means +and use such power as he may think necessary to accomplish this purpose.</p> + +<p>The Spaniards are angry at the action we have taken in both the Ruiz and +<i>Competitor</i> cases, but their especial anger is vented on our consuls in +Cuba.</p> + +<p>General Lee has been informed that if the Spaniards were revengeful +instead of noble, he would not long be allowed to remain at his post and +foment trouble between Spain and America.</p> + +<p>The consul in Matanzas has been forced to fortify the Consulate in +consequence of the threats which have been made against the Americans +there. He has done this to afford a safe shelter for the Americans in +Matanzas in case trouble should break out.</p> + +<p>While the authorities in Cuba are feeling angry with us on account of +the Ruiz and <i>Competitor</i> cases, the Government in Spain has a fresh +cause of annoyance against us.</p> + +<p>This has arisen through a despatch sent by the Spanish minister in +Washington.</p> + +<p>Señor Dupuy de Lome writes his Government that he has received full +information in regard to the instructions that have been given to +General Woodford.</p> + +<p>He says that the minister has been instructed by the Secretary of State +to tell Spain that the United States thinks the war in Cuba has lasted +long enough, and that the Americans cannot stand quietly by and allow +the struggle to go on as it has much longer. Our minister is to inform +Spain that if the war is not soon brought to a close the United States +will interfere, and that, under any circumstances, warfare, as carried +on by General Weyler, must be stopped instantly, as <a name="Page_1127" id="Page_1127"></a>the United States +will not permit it to continue.</p> + +<p>The Spaniards are highly incensed at this, and are feeling very +unfriendly toward General Woodford.</p> + +<p>If this statement is really true, it is a pity that it should have been +made public, because it has been definitely stated that the President +will not allow any unfriendly act toward Spain until it is absolutely +sure that General Woodford is unable to make a peaceful settlement.</p> + +<p>Our minister leaves for Spain very shortly. At first it seemed as though +there would be a long delay before he could be officially received by +the Queen Regent, because the Court had left Madrid and gone to San +Sebastian for the summer.</p> + +<p>It seems that the Spanish court observes very little ceremony during the +summer season, and as the reception of an ambassador is a very important +and ceremonious affair, the Queen Regent decided to put it off until the +return to Madrid.</p> + +<p>This delay was very annoying to us. The Cuban questions are too pressing +to be allowed to wait until the autumn, and no business could be +transacted with the Spanish Government until we had a property +recognized representative there.</p> + +<p>Happily for us, Japan has helped us out of the difficulty.</p> + +<p>The Mikado has sent a special mission to the Spanish court to present +the young King Alphonso with his sacred order of the Chrysanthemum.</p> + +<p>It would not be at all polite to keep the Japanese ambassadors waiting +all summer to make their presentation, and so there is to be a great +court function <a name="Page_1128" id="Page_1128"></a>to receive the messengers of the Mikado, and General +Woodford will be recognized at the same time.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>The condition of the Spanish troops is reported to grow worse every day.</p> + +<p>It is said that their uniforms are ragged and torn, and they look more +like tramps than the representatives of a European army.</p> + +<p>They are said to go through the streets of Havana begging coppers from +the passers-by, and asking bread from door to door.</p> + +<p>It is said that numbers of loyal Spanish merchants are leaving the +island, because they are forced to supply the soldiers with food without +receiving any payment in return. They prefer to leave Cuba rather than +be ruined.</p> + +<p>In the mean while Havana has been thrown into a panic by the report that +General Gomez is marching on the city. The truth of the rumor could not +be ascertained, but the fear was strengthened by the sudden return of +General Weyler, who had gone off on one of his famous pacifying +expeditions.</p> + +<p>No sooner had Weyler returned than he began to make extraordinary +preparations to defend the city, and so it is generally believed in +Havana that the report is true.</p> + +<p>It is known positively that the Cubans are very near the city, and that +Gomez has issued orders to all the insurgent leaders to press the war +forward with unceasing activity.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>It seems that the Sultan has really been brought to terms.</p><p><a name="Page_1129" id="Page_1129"></a></p> + +<p>The ambassadors, if you remember, gave him a stern refusal to treat with +any one but Tewfik Pasha, and repeated their demand for a written +acceptance of the frontier.</p> + +<p>After this meeting with Tewfik the diplomats held a conference which +resulted in the preparation of a note to their governments in which they +gave it as their opinion that the Sultan could never be brought to terms +unless some decided action was taken.</p> + +<p>The Sultan heard of this, and became alarmed.</p> + +<p>He therefore sent one of his ministers, Yussuf Bey, to the ambassadors, +urging them to do nothing hastily, but assuring them that if they would +only have patience for a few days, everything could be satisfactorily +arranged.</p> + +<p>But the ambassadors had had enough of delay, and they dismissed Yussuf +Bey, telling him politely that they could not possibly wait any longer.</p> + +<p>The Sultan became still more uneasy, but he was anxious to put the +matter off a little longer, until he could have a final understanding +with Germany.</p> + +<p>It seems that the Emperor William's reply to his note gave the Sultan +some hope that he was still inclined to side with him, in case of +trouble.</p> + +<p>While he was still looking about for a good excuse, he received a +message from the German Kaiser, which put a sudden end to all his hopes +of an alliance.</p> + +<p>The German ambassador arrived at the palace of the Sultan with the +information that the Kaiser, his master, had just telegraphed him to say +to the Sultan from him that he must immediately obey the wishes of the +Powers.</p> + +<p>Following closely on this unwelcome visit came a <a name="Page_1130" id="Page_1130"></a>message from the Czar +of Russia, telling the Sultan that unless he immediately withdrew his +soldiers from Thessaly, the Russian troops would cross the Turkish +border.</p> + +<p>Thus driven into a corner, the Sultan saw that the only thing left for +him to do was to yield.</p> + +<p>He therefore sent a message to the representatives of the Powers, that +he had at last been able to induce the Grand Vizier to consent to +withdraw from Turkey, and as this had been the only stumbling-block in +the pathway of peace, he had issued an order to the Porte (the Turkish +Government) authorizing them to accept the frontier as laid out by the +Powers.</p> + +<p>It would seem that this action on the part of Turkey had removed all +obstacles, and that there would now be nothing to prevent the peace +negotiations from being carried through. Nobody, however, believes that +the trouble is over. It is thought that Turkey will make every possible +delay in arranging to leave Thessaly, and also in accepting the new plan +of government for Crete.</p> + +<p>The Turkish troops have not as yet been withdrawn from Crete, and while +the Christian inhabitants are settling down, and becoming reconciled to +the new plan of government, their hatred of the Turks is in no degree +lessened.</p> + +<p>Conflicts between the Turks and the Christians are of daily occurrence. +The allied fleets have had to make a demand on Turkey that the soldiers +shall give up their arms, as the rioting is so incessant.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>The British House of Commons will not allow the<a name="Page_1131" id="Page_1131"></a> Transvaal scandal to +die out as quietly as the Government hoped.</p> + +<p>We told you about the two reports that had been sent in; well, the +member of Parliament who gave the second report has offered a resolution +that Mr. Cecil Rhodes be removed from his position in the South African +Company.</p> + +<p>Further than this, it has been decided that a complete change shall be +made in the directors of this too powerful company, which has already +been able to plunge the British Government into so much trouble.</p> + +<p>Complaints have been made that the company under its president, Mr. +Cecil Rhodes, has abused the privileges thus given by the Government. In +addition to the affair in the Transvaal, the company has treated the +natives of Mashonaland with great severity, taking their cattle away +from them, and forcing them to live in a condition bordering on slavery.</p> + +<p>It has therefore been decided to modify the terms of the charter to such +a degree that the South African Company can only manage the commercial +affairs of their territory, all matters relating to its foreign policy +being henceforth in the hands of the British Government.</p> + +<p>The House of Commons has been forced to agree to an open discussion of +the Transvaal Raid, when the matter of punishing Mr. Rhodes is to be +decided upon. Mr. Hawkesly, the lawyer who holds the missing cablegrams, +is also to be summoned before Parliament, and forced to produce them.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>The last steamer from Japan brought a renewed <a name="Page_1132" id="Page_1132"></a>protest from the +Government against the annexation of Hawaii.</p> + +<p>Japan insists that Hawaii must remain an independent country. She says +that as soon as the Panama or Nicaragua canals are opened the importance +of the Sandwich Islands will be greatly increased, and that it is +necessary to the welfare of Japan that her independence be preserved.</p> + +<p>The Japanese minister is reported to have declared that "annexation must +not be recognized. Japan must oppose it to the utmost."</p> + +<p>In spite of this the Senate is going right ahead with the business of +the treaty.</p> + +<p>In the mean while the Secretary of the Navy is making all the ships at +his command ready for service, so that we shall not be altogether +unprepared to defend ourselves if occasion arises.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>There is not very much to tell in regard to the strike. No settlement +has been reached, and there is not much likelihood that the miners and +masters will come to any understanding at present.</p> + +<p>We told you that some of the miners had stood out against the offer of +better wages, and refused to go to work until the condition of their +fellows throughout the country had been improved.</p> + +<p>All the miners have not been as brave and loyal as these men.</p> + +<p>In some parts of Western Virginia, such excellent wages have been +offered to the men, that they have weakened and gone back to work in +spite of the fact that the labor agitators have been constantly urging +them to remain firm.</p><p><a name="Page_1133" id="Page_1133"></a></p> + +<p>They have been telling the men that they will secure great benefits if +they will only hold together.</p> + +<p>At one time there was some hope that the men might submit the whole +matter to arbitration, but this seems doubtful.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Another report about the use of the X rays in the French Custom-House +has reached us.</p> + +<p>This time the rays were applied to thirty packages which had arrived by +parcels-post. It took but fifteen minutes to examine the whole of these +packets, and their contents were discovered without the necessity of +breaking a seal or untying a string.</p> + +<p>The amusing part of the story is that the thirty persons to whom the +parcels were addressed had been asked by the officers if there was +anything dutiable in them, and all had replied in the negative.</p> + +<p>The confusion and trouble were therefore great when forbidden articles +were found in twenty-seven out of the thirty packets.</p> + +<p>The French officials are very strict about such matters, and enforce +heavy fines for attempting to bring things into their country without +paying duty on them.</p> + +<p>The senders had had no idea that the X rays would be used on the +packages, and had arranged them so that on opening they would appear to +contain nothing dutiable.</p> + +<p>One basket was labelled fruit. Had it been opened in the ordinary way +the officers would have found nothing but apricots and plums, unless +they went to the trouble of emptying the whole basket out—a thing that +is seldom done. When the X rays got to work <a name="Page_1134" id="Page_1134"></a>on this packet a pair of +patent-leather shoes was revealed, hidden away amongst the fruit.</p> + +<p>Another bundle was labelled, "Specimens of clothing—without value."</p> + +<p>No sooner was it held before the X rays than it was seen that a quantity +of cigarettes and English matches were rolled away inside the linen.</p> + +<p>All this was found out without so much as breaking a seal or untying a +string.</p> + +<p>At the same time that the news of this excellent use for the X ray +reached us, we observed statements from several prominent doctors and +electricians, warning people of the danger of using this wonderful light +without a proper knowledge of its properties.</p> + +<p>It seems that under certain circumstances the X ray is capable of +inflicting a very serious wound. It acts in the same way as fire does, +and burns the skin so severely that it is a very long time in healing.</p> + +<p>Nikola Tesla, the great electrician, says, however, that this trouble +only arises from want of knowledge as to the proper way to handle the +rays. If they are held at a certain distance from the skin, there is not +the slightest danger of accident.</p> + +<p>The curious part of the wound inflicted by the X ray is that the burn is +not felt at the time the mischief is being done. A person can allow his +skin to be exposed to the X rays until it is badly burned without +experiencing any pain until some time after the damage has been done. +The injured part first swells, and then shows all the symptoms of a +burn.</p> + +<p>One man who had exposed his foot to the rays to discover a rifle-ball +that was lodged in his heel received a burn that took eleven months to +heal.</p><p><a name="Page_1135" id="Page_1135"></a></p> + +<p>It seems curious that such a severe injury could be inflicted without +any warning of pain. No sensation of warmth is felt until the part is +burned, and then, according to Mr. Tesla, the pain does not seem to be +on the surface as in ordinary burns, but deep-seated, in the very bones +themselves.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>There is fresh news from Brazil and Uruguay.</p> + +<p>In Brazil, the insurgents, under their leader, Anton Conselhiero, were +defeated, and the town of Canudos, which had been their stronghold, was +taken from them.</p> + +<p>So severe and crushing was the defeat which they sustained, that it is +thought that the revolution has been brought to an end.</p> + +<p>The battle lasted four hours, the rebels fighting with great courage and +determination. The well-trained government troops proved too strong for +them, however, and when the Brazilian artillery was brought to the +front, and began to pour a steady fire into the rebel army, the ranks +were broken and the insurgents fled for their lives.</p> + +<p>The Brazilians pursued them hotly, and it is said that when the fight +was over Conselhiero's army was almost annihilated.</p> + +<p>In Uruguay the rebels have gained the upper hand, and it is hoped that +that war will also be brought to a close very shortly.</p> + +<p>The Uruguayan insurgents were much stronger than the Brazilian; indeed, +they outnumbered the government troops, and fought so fiercely that +Uruguay had to give in and ask for an armistice.</p> + +<p>This the rebels granted, and during the cessation of <a name="Page_1136" id="Page_1136"></a>hostilities +negotiations for peace were immediately set on foot.</p> + +<p>The terms of peace which the rebels offered were that they should have +the right to choose the next President of Uruguay, and the governors of +six of its provinces. They also demanded that all insurgents who had +been dismissed from the regular army should be reinstated, and all who +had been exiled on account of the rebellion should be allowed to return +to their homes.</p> + +<p>The Government is not willing to grant these terms, but it is thought +that the rebels are so strong that they will be able to insist on the +acceptance of their conditions.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Company E, of the Eighth New York Regiment, has started on an important +military expedition.</p> + +<p>It is the desire of the commanders to find out just what the practical +value of a bicycle would be in time of war.</p> + +<p>To demonstrate this, Company E, which is the bicycle company of the +regiment, received orders to make a week's trip on Long Island, instead +of going to the state camp as usual.</p> + +<p>It is the intention to have the command cover a distance of five hundred +miles during the week, each man carrying with him the regulation kit of +a soldier on the march.</p> + +<p>This outfit consists of the canteen or water-bottle, knife, fork, spoon, +and combination frying-pan and plate, a blanket to sleep in, and of +course a rifle, bayonet, and cartridge-box.</p><p><a name="Page_1137" id="Page_1137"></a></p> + +<p>With the bicycle command, all these articles had to be stowed away so +that the hands should be free to control the wheel.</p> + +<p>The blanket was therefore strapped on the handle-bars, the musket slung +under the saddle, the cartridge-box and bayonet hung from the soldier's +belt, and slung across the shoulders were the canteen and a haversack +containing all the other articles.</p> + +<p>With all these articles the bicycle will be heavily loaded, and one of +the points which the authorities especially wish to prove is whether it +is possible for men to make any distance on wheels when they are so +heavily weighted.</p> + +<p>The baggage that we have described is the very least that a soldier can +carry, and if no great distance can be accomplished with such a load, +the wheel is of little value for purposes of war.</p> + +<p>The military authorities are also desirous of proving just how reliable +the bicycle itself is. Every one knows what the wheel can do on a level +road or smooth track, but it has not been demonstrated how a troop of +wheels will last on rough country roads.</p> + +<p>Company E has taken no tents; the men are to sleep under such cover as +they may find on the way. No food has been taken, or provided for; the +men will have to forage, or seek for their own rations.</p> + +<p>Their one extra is a bicycle ambulance. This is a very novel affair, and +is made of a covered stretcher slung between two tandems. The men have +been allowed to put kettles and coffee-pots inside the stretcher at the +start, but if in case of illness the ambulance is needed, even these +small comforts will be left behind.</p> + +<p>They have with them an engineer to make maps, <a name="Page_1138" id="Page_1138"></a>and a photographer, who +has a camera slung under his saddle instead of a musket.</p> + +<p>The experiment is to be made on Long Island. When the Shinnecock Hills +are reached, two days will be spent in scouting and reconnoitring, with +skirmishes and sham fights to follow.</p> + +<p>They will thus have a week of practical campaigning.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>While we are on the subject of wheels we are reminded of a recent +decision that bicycling is illegal on Sunday in New Jersey.</p> + +<p>This fact came out through a lawsuit. Two cyclists were riding in the +town of Westfield, N.J., one Sunday, and came into collision, one of +their wheels being wrecked.</p> + +<p>The man whose wheel was damaged claimed that the accident was due to the +other's carelessness, and sued for twenty-five dollars to cover repairs +to his machine.</p> + +<p>When the case came into court, and the judge heard that the affair had +occurred on Sunday, he dismissed the complaint.</p> + +<p>He stated that bicycling on Sunday was an illegal practice, and that no +one could come before a court and ask for protection from an accident +that had happened to him when he was engaged in an occupation that was +against the law.</p> + +<p>This decision will be a great surprise to a good many young folks, who +have hitherto regarded Sunday as their best day to go a-wheeling.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>We told you about Mr. Andrée, who made an effort <a name="Page_1139" id="Page_1139"></a>last year to reach the +North Pole by balloon, and who intended to repeat the experiment this +year from Spitzbergen. The news has just reached us that he has made his +start.</p> + +<p>On the 15th of July, the wind being in a favorable direction, Mr. Andrée +determined to begin his dangerous voyage.</p> + +<p>Being anxious to get away before the wind should change or die out, the +preparations were hurried forward, and in three hours and a half after +he decided to make his attempt, all was in readiness.</p> + +<p>Accompanying the daring explorer were two other venturesome men, Mr. +Strindberg and Mr. Fraenkel.</p> + +<p>Stepping into the car, they gave the word to have the balloon cut loose. +They rose rapidly till they were about six hundred feet in the air, but +at this altitude a cross-current struck them, and they were driven +earthward again until they almost touched a projecting rock.</p> + +<p>It was feared that the attempt had failed, but the three men in the car +set to work vigorously throwing out some of the sand-bags that had been +put in the car for ballast, to steady it, and the balloon soon rose +again and continued on her course.</p> + +<p>The weather was clear, and the <i>Eagle</i>, as the balloon was called, was +visible for an hour. It appeared to be moving at the rate of twenty-two +miles an hour, and to be taking the exact direction that Mr. Andrée had +wished that it should.</p> + +<p>The adventurers expected to reach the Pole in two or three days, but had +prepared themselves for a trip of as many months.</p> + +<p>Nothing has as yet been heard or seen of the balloon.<a name="Page_1140" id="Page_1140"></a> Russian steamers +have been sent along the coast of Siberia in search of it, and it is +hoped that some news may be gleaned through the circulars that the Czar +caused to be sent among all the peoples around the Polar regions, asking +them to watch for the balloon, and report it as soon as seen (see page +860).</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="./images/24.png" alt="A Homing Pigeon" title="A Homing Pigeon" /></div> + +<p>A good deal of excitement was caused by the capture of a carrier-pigeon +in Norway.</p> + +<p>Stamped on the bird's wings was "North Pole, 142 W. 47.62."</p> + +<p>It was thought at first that it was one of the birds which had been +taken by Andrée on his expedition, and that the North Pole had been +discovered.</p> + +<p>It was found, however, that Andrée's birds were all <a name="Page_1141" id="Page_1141"></a>marked "Andrée, +A.D. 1897," and after a few days of excitement and wonder, it came out +that the bird belonged to a German pigeon-flying society, and that it +had been released in Heligoland.</p> + +<p>Carrier-pigeons are a particular breed of pigeon which have the +wonderful quality of flying home no matter how far away they are +carried.</p> + +<p>Societies have been formed to fly these wonderful birds, and they have +been taken hundreds of miles away, over seas, to test this strange +quality.</p> + +<p>The result has always been the same: the moment they are released they +circle round and round for a time, as if trying to make out their +bearings, and then fly off straight for home.</p> + +<p>This attribute has made them of great value to man in many ways.</p> + +<p>In times of war, messages have been sent by their aid.</p> + +<p>A man has made his way out of a besieged city, taking one of the birds +with him, and by its aid has been able to send word back that he has +reached his friends and will bring the needed help.</p> + +<p>The Emperor of Germany has just got himself into trouble over +carrier-pigeons.</p> + +<p>Wishing to see for how long a distance they could be relied on in case +of war, he sent a messenger over to England, who carried with him a +great number of these clever birds.</p> + +<p>They were all marked so that they could be recognized, and on the shores +of Dover, England, they were set free. Six hours after they had all +found their way back to Düsseldorf, Germany.</p> + +<p>The despatching of these birds attracted the atten<a name="Page_1142" id="Page_1142"></a>tion of the English +people about Dover, and when it was discovered that they were the +property of the Emperor of Germany there was a good deal of talk over +it.</p> + +<p>The English people are always afraid that some foreign nation is going +to try and invade their country, and imagining there was some deep and +dark foreign plot underlying the pigeon-flying, they demanded of the +authorities if the German Emperor had obtained permission to fly his +birds.</p> + +<p>When it was found that permission had neither been asked nor accorded, +the fear of a plot grew so strong that the matter was finally carried to +the House of Commons, and an explanation demanded.</p> + +<p>The Under Secretary of War stated that the subject was already under +consideration.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>A rock covered with curious characters has recently been discovered in +Mexico, in the mountains of the Magdalena district, state of Sonora.</p> + +<p>The characters appeared to resemble the Chinese so closely that a +well-educated Chinaman was asked to go to see the rock and give his +opinion about it.</p> + +<p>He had no sooner looked at it than he declared it to be a veritable +Chinese inscription. He made a copy of it, and has already translated +enough to show that the writing was cut in the stone about two thousand +years ago.</p> + +<p>There are ten lines of characters on the parts of the rock exposed to +view.</p> + +<p>The Chinaman who translated the inscription said it was an account of a +Chinese settlement that had once been established in the place where the +stone was <a name="Page_1143" id="Page_1143"></a>found. He said that in the history of China there was a +record of an expedition which had been sent to that portion of the +western coast which is now Mexico.</p> + +<p>If this is true, the Continent of North America was discovered by the +Chinese centuries before the time of Columbus.</p> + +<p>Evidence is coming to light in various parts of the globe of the +tremendous journeys that were undertaken by the Chinese in the early +days of civilization.</p> + +<p>It has lately been discovered that they at one time formed colonies in +the islands of the Pacific Ocean.</p> + +<p>In Australia evidences have also been discovered of Chinese habitation.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>It has been reported that King Menelik of Abyssinia has appointed a +Russian General to be the Governor-General of those provinces of +Abyssinia which lie in and around the equator.</p> + +<p>The appointment of a foreigner to such a post shows very distinctly that +the Negus is really anxious to shed the light of civilization upon his +people.</p> + +<p>M. de Leontieff, the Russian appointed by King Menelik, has already made +two visits to Abyssinia, and is therefore well known to the King. He was +at one time the bearer of rich presents from the Czar to the Negus.</p> + +<p>The position which M. de Leontieff will hold under Menelik is similar to +that held by General Gordon in Egypt. Gordon found many opportunities to +improve the condition of the people under his authority, and as M. de +Leontieff is a very intelligent man, he will undoubtedly do all in his +power to help King Menelik to develop his country. <span class="smcap">G.H. +Rosenfeld.</span></p><p><a name="Page_1144" id="Page_1144"></a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND THE</h2> +<h2>PEOPLE WHO LIVED ON IT. 1144</h2> + + + +<hr style="width: 25%;" /> +<h2>CHAPTER II.</h2> + + +<p>It is not for nothing, then, that we are taught in church to call all +men our brethren, and we must learn to realize that all the nations of +the earth are akin to us and to one another, and that the differences +between them in looks, in moral qualities, and in mind are really not +much more than what we often see in the members of one large family, +where one brother may be a genius and make a great name or a fortune for +himself, while another will never get beyond the simplest schooling and, +later on, the plainest work as laborer or poorly paid clerk. Take the +most light-complexioned child to the tropics, and there let him lead an +outdoor life—hunting, herding cattle, building, ploughing, and +harvesting—then look at the middle-aged man; you will find him burnt by +the sun, tanned by wind and weather to a dark brown which will not +bleach off even should he return to his native northern country to live. +His children will be born darker than he was, his grandchildren probably +darker still, and so on. What, then, must be the change should the +descendants of a particular set of men live thousands—not hundreds, but +thousands—of years in one particular zone of the earth, under the same +conditions <a name="Page_1145" id="Page_1145"></a>of climate, food, and local nature generally—what we call +"environment"?</p> + +<p>This is exactly what happened to those detachments which once upon a +time separated from the original human family. Each may have gone forth +at random, but there was the earth to choose from and to be had for the +taking; and, wherever such a detachment settled, there was nothing to +prevent its posterity staying on and on, and developing their own +peculiarities under local influences; for it would take many, many +centuries before there would again be a lack of room and the process of +separation would be repeated. Thus were formed the subdivisions of the +human kind, with their striking characteristics and distinctive +peculiarities, which we call the great Races of the World.</p> + +<p>Now, if this thing were to happen to any one of us—that we should +discover brothers and kinsfolk of whom we knew nothing before—we would +be very curious to find out all we could about them: where they came +from, what had happened to them during all those years until they +settled where we found them, and when and why they separated from their +forefathers, who were also our own. These are the very things we want to +find out about the various nations who live in the world now, and those +who have lived in it before anything existed of what is now in the +world, all the way back to the beginning.</p> + +<p>The task is quite easy, so long as we have books to help us, histories +to tell us year by year all that went on in every part of the Great +Round World, as our newspapers tell us day by day what is going on in it +now. But books do not take us very far back. It <a name="Page_1146" id="Page_1146"></a>is only four hundred +years since printing was invented, and not more than six hundred since +the art of making paper out of rags has been known. But people could +write hundreds and hundreds of years before that was invented, and used +almost anything to record the memorable doings of their day—bark of +trees, skins of animals (parchment), "papyrus," a material made of the +fibres of a plant. Short inscriptions over the entrances of temples and +palaces, or cut with the chisel on monuments erected in memory of great +events or above the graves of famous men, and long inscriptions covering +whole walls or even the face of high rocks smoothed for the purpose, +were like so many stone books, pages of which are continually discovered +and read by our scholars.</p> + +<p>But we come at last to times so remote that there is not a trace of the +roughest writing, not a fragment of the crudest monument, to tell us the +story of the men who, then as now, must have thought and labored and +invented, only so much more slowly, under difficulties which we can +hardly picture to ourselves. "What, then," is the natural question, +"what can we know of such times, and of earlier ones still? How do we +know things happened in the manner described a few pages back?" We know +it, in the first place, <i>by analogy</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, because the same things +have happened over and over again in the same manner in times which we +know all about, <i>and are happening now, under our eyes</i>—for what is the +constant tide of immigration which keeps coming in from the East but, +under modern conditions, the same swarming off from overcrowded native +hives of seekers after more land and new fortunes? In the second place, +the oldest<a name="Page_1147" id="Page_1147"></a> races of the world left abundant traces by which we can +determine not only the places of their settlements, but their mode of +life and the degree of culture they successively reached.</p> + +<p>There has certainly been a time when men did not know enough to build +dwellings for themselves—or, not to be unfair, had not the necessary +tools—but lived in the forests which then very nearly covered the +globe, using such natural shelter as they found ready for them, almost +like the savage animals which it was their main business to fight and +kill in self-defence and also for food and clothing. Caverns in steep +mountain-sides must have been their most luxurious, because safest and +best-protected, retreats. Many dozens of such caverns are known in all +parts of the world, and the tale they tell is not difficult to read. +Several have become very famous, from the wealth of finds with which +they rewarded the searchers. Some appear to have been used as +burying-places, for the ground in them is covered to a great depth with +broken-up human skulls and skeletons, while outside, on the rocky ledges +or platforms before the mouth of the cavern, are found the traces of +large fires, built again and again on the same spot—ashes, and cinders, +and charred bones of animals; also broken marrow-bones, horns, hoofs, +and other remains of plentiful meals, showing that then already it was +the custom to feast at funerals.</p> + +<p>Other caverns have as certainly been used as dwellings. Hence the name +of "cave-dwellers," which has been given to those otherwise unknown +races. How very crude and primitive their mode of life is shown by the +vast quantities of tools and weapons in hard<a name="Page_1148" id="Page_1148"></a> flint—generally +broken—which are found intermixed with the other remains. They are very +simple: heads of spears, blades of knives and scrapers, some indented +like coarse saws, hatchets and mallets chipped into shape with no +attempt at polishing—such, with occasional variations in bone, was the +sum total of the cave-dwellers' equipment for the chase, for war, and +for domestic purposes. That they could, with such slender resources, +hold their own against the animals whose haunts they shared and who then +were so much more numerous than men, is the more wonderful that those +animals were of monstrous size, more than twice the size of the same +kinds now, not to speak of some huge beasts which then roamed woods and +plains in herds and are now wholly extinct—such as the mammoth, the +ancestor of our elephant.</p> + +<p>In all those heaps of tools and fragments, not a trace of any metal has +been found; wherefore this oldest of all times of which we can catch +stray glimpses has been given the general name of "Age of Stone."</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div><big><span class="u"><i>To Any Subscriber Securing</i></span></big></div> + +<h3>For Us <b><big>1</big></b> <i>NEW SUBSCRIPTION</i></h3> + +<div class='center'><i><span class="u">We Will Send, Post-Paid,<br /> A BOUND +VOLUME OF ...</span></i></div> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="./images/bound1.png" alt="The Great Round World" title="The Great ROund World" /></div> + + +<div class='center'><span class="u"><i>These volumes are neatly bound in cloth,<br /> with title stamped on side and +back, and<br /> make a neat library book, handy in size<br /> and weight, and +tasteful in appearance.</i></span></div> + +<div><br /><span style="margin-left: 8em;"><b>PART I.</b> <i>contains</i></span> + <br /><span style="margin-left: 12em;"><b>NOVEMBER 11th, 1896 to FEBRUARY 18th, 1897</b></span></div> + +<div><br /><span style="margin-left: 8em;"><b>PART II.</b> <i>contains</i></span> + <br /><span style="margin-left: 12em;"><b>FEBRUARY 25th, 1897 to JUNE 3d, 1897</b></span></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Albert Ross Parsons</span>, <i>President, American College of Musicians,</i> writes +concerning his son, aged 10: "The bound volume of the first fifteen +numbers has remained his daily mental food and amusement ever since it +arrived. I thank you for your great service both to our young people and +to their elders."</p> + +<hr style="width: 25%;" /> +<div class='center'> +<b><span class="smcap"><big>The Great Round World</big></span></b><br /> +<span class="smcap"><b>3 and 5 West 18th street NEW YORK CITY</b></span><br /> +</div> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p class="figcenter"><img src="./images/bookcover.png" alt="Do you Cover your Books?" title="Do you Cover your Books?" /></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">THE "ONE PIECE"</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">ADJUSTABLE BOOK COVERS</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>are made of the strongest and best book-cover paper obtainable. This paper +is made in large quantities especially for these book covers and will +protect books perfectly. The book covers themselves are a marvel of +ingenuity, and, although they are in one piece and can be adjusted to fit +perfectly any sized book without cutting the paper, they are also so +simple that any boy or girl can use them; as they are already gummed they +are always ready for use.</p> + +<p>A sample dozen will be mailed to any address for 20 cents (or ten two-cent +stamps) if you write</p> + +<div class='center'> +<b>WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON</b><br /> +<b>3 and 5 West 18th Street, New York City</b> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="./images/net.png" alt="Lawn Tennis Net" title="Lawn Tennis Net" /></div> + +<h3>TO ANY ONE SENDING US</h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="For 8 Subscribers"> +<tr><td align='left'><div class="figleft"><img src="./images/net12.png" alt="Flourish and 8" title="Flourish and 8" /></div> +</td><td align='left'><i>NEW....</i><br /><i>SUBSCRIBERS</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class='center'><span class="u"><b>WE WILL SEND (EXPRESS PAID) A FULL</b></span></div> + +<h2>Lawn Tennis Set</h2> + +<div class='center'>CONSISTING OF</div> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Lawn Tennis Gear"> +<tr><td align='left'>3 "BOY'S" RACQUETS</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>1 "DRIVE" RACQUET</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>4 STANDARD TENNIS BALLS</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>1 NET, 27 x 3 FEET</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>2 JOINTED POLES</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>1 MALLET</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>1 SET OF GUY ROPES</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<div class='center'>Complete in neat box, with set of +this year's rules.</div> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="./images/tennisdiv.png" alt="Divider" title="Divider" /></div> + + +<div class='center'> +<span class="smcap"><b>The Great Round World</b></span><br /> +<span class="smcap"><b>3 and 5 west 18th St. new york city</b></span><br /> +</div> + +<hr style='width: 65%;' /> + +<h2>"The Great Round World" PRIZE CONTEST</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">The Great Round World</span> is now over six months old, and it feels +some anxiety to know just how much interest its readers have taken in +the news and how much information they have gained from its pages. To +ascertain this, it has been decided to offer ten prizes for the best +answers to the following:</p> + +<div class='center'><span class='u'><b>Name ten of the most important events that have been mentioned in "The +Great Round World" in the first 30 numbers, that is, up to number of +June 3d.</b></span></div> + +<div class='center'><i>In mentioning these events give briefly reasons for considering them +important.</i></div> + +<p>This competition will be open to subscribers only, and any one desiring +to enter the competition must send to this office their name and the +date of their subscription; a number will then be given them.</p> + +<p>All new subscribers will be furnished with a card entitling them to +enter the competition.</p> + +<p>In making the selection of important events, remember that wars and +political events are not necessarily the most important. If, for +instance, the air-ship had turned out to be a genuine and successful +thing, it would have been most important as affecting the history of the +world. Or if by chance the telephone or telegraph had been invented in +this period, these inventions would have been <i>important</i> events.</p> + +<p>Prizes will be awarded to those who make the best selection and who +mention the events in the best order of their importance. Answers may be +sent in any time before September 1st.</p> + +<p>The Great Round World does not want you to hurry over this contest, but +to take plenty of time and do the work carefully. It will be a pleasant +occupation for the summer months.</p> + +<p>We would advise you to take the magazines starting at No. 1, look them +over carefully, keep a note-book at your side, and jot down in it the +events that seem to you important; when you have finished them all, No. +1 to 30, look over your notes and select the ten events that seem to you +to be the most important, stating after each event your reason for +thinking it important.</p> + +<p>For instance: suppose you decide that the death of Dr. Ruiz was one of +these important events, you might say, "The killing of Dr. Ruiz in the +prison of Guanabacoa—because it brought the cruelties practised on +American citizens to the attention of our Government," etc., etc.</p> + +<p>In sending your answers put your number and the date only on them, for +the judges are not to know names and addresses of the contestants, that +there may be no favoritism shown.</p> + +<p>It is important to put date on, for if two or more are found of similar +standing, the one first received will be given preference.</p> + +<p>Address all letters to REVIEW PRIZE CONTEST DEPARTMENT, +<span class="smcap">Great Round World</span>, 3 and 5 West 18th Street, New York City.</p> + +<div class='center'><i>Write answer on one side of the paper only</i></div> + +<div class='center'><b>Prizes will be selections from the premium catalogue</b></div> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Prizes"> +<tr><td align='left'>No. 1.</td> +<td align='left'>Premiums</td> +<td align='left'> as</td> +<td align='left'> given</td> +<td align='left'> for</td> +<td align='left'> 15</td> +<td align='left'> Subscriptions</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='left'>No. 2.</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='right'>12</td> +<td align='center'>"</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='left'>No. 3.</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='right'>10</td> +<td align='center'>"</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='left'>No. 4.</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='right'>9</td> +<td align='center'>"</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='left'>No. 5.</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='right'>8</td> +<td align='center'>"</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='left'>No. 6.</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='right'>7</td> +<td align='center'>"</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='left'>No. 7.</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='right'>5</td> +<td align='center'>"</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='left'>No. 8.</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='right'>5</td> +<td align='center'>"</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='left'>No. 9.</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='right'>5</td> +<td align='center'>"</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='left'>No. 10.</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='center'>"</td> +<td align='right'>5</td> +<td align='center'>"</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is +Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 40, August 12, 1897, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + +***** This file should be named 15917-h.htm or 15917-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/9/1/15917/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 40, August 12, 1897 + A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls + +Author: Various + +Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop + +Release Date: May 27, 2005 [EBook #15917] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + + + + + +_FIVE CENTS._ + +THE GREAT ROUND WORLD +AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT + + Vol. 1 AUGUST 12, 1897 No. 40. +[Entered at Post Office, New York City, as second class matter] + +[Illustration: A +WEEKLY +NEWSPAPER +FOR +BOYS AND +GIRLS] + +Subscription +$2.50 per year +$1.25 6 months + + + WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON. PUBLISHER + NO. 3 AND 5 WEST 18TH ST. NEW YORK CITY + +=Copyright, 1897, by WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON.= + + * * * * * + +...PREMIUMS... + + * * * * * + +TO ANY ONE SENDING US 4 NEW SUBSCRIBERS + +[Illustration: A Pocket Kodak + + Measures 2-1/4 x 2-7/8 x 3-7/8 inches, makes a picture 1-1/2 x 2 + inches, and weighs only 5 ounces. Delivered ready for 12 exposures + without reloading.] + +The Lens is of the fixed focus type, and of sufficient length of focus +(2-1/2 inches) to avoid distortion. + +Has improved rotary shutter and set of three stops for lens. The slides +for changing stops and for time exposures are alongside of the exposure +lever and always show by their position what stop is before the lens and +whether the shutter is set for time or instantaneous exposures, thus +acting as a warning. + +In the _quality_ of the work they will do, Pocket Kodaks equal the best +cameras on the market. They make negatives of such perfect quality that +enlargements of any size can be made from them. + +The Pocket Kodaks are covered with fine leather, and the trimmings are +handsomely finished and lacquered. They are elegant, artistic, and +durable. + +=For one more subscription we will send with this camera a bicycle +carrying-case= + + * * * * * + +TO ANY ONE SENDING US 9 NEW SUBSCRIBERS + +[Illustration: An Improved + =No. 4= + Bulls-Eye + + For pictures 4x5 inches; delivered ready for 12 exposures without + reloading. Size of camera, 4-7/8 x 5-7/8 x 9-1/4 inches; weight 2 + pounds 2 ounces; length of focus of lens, 6-1/4 inches.] + +Fitted with an achromatic lens of superior quality, having a set of +three stops; has two finders, one for vertical and one for horizontal +exposures; and is also provided with two sockets for tripod screws, one +for vertical and one for horizontal exposures. Fitted with improved +rotary shutter, for snap-shots or time exposures. Can be loaded in +daylight. Handsomely finished and covered with leather. + +=Both of the above cameras are manufactured by the Eastman Kodak Co., +Rochester, N.Y., and this is a guarantee of their worth= + + =THE GREAT ROUND WORLD= + =3 AND 5 WEST 18TH ST. NEW YORK CITY= + + * * * * * + + WE ARE PREPARING + + ==A== + + =MAP OF ALASKA= + + * * * * * + + Corrected to Date, after the Latest + Russian and Government Surveys ... + + * * * * * + + _PRICE, 10 CENTS_ + + * * * * * + EXAMINATIONS + + Have you thought of the Relief Maps for examination work? + Are you following from day to day the war in the East? + + Klemm's Relief Practice Maps + + especially adapted to examination work, as they are + perfectly free from all political details. Any examination + work may be done on them. + + For following the Eastern Question use Klemm's Roman Empire, + and record each day's events. Small flags attached to pins, + and moved on a map as the armies move, keep the details + before you in a most helpful way, especially when you use + the Relief Maps. + + SAMPLE SET, RELIEF MAPS (15), $1.00 + SAMPLE ROMAN EMPIRE, - 10 CENTS + + WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON, - - 5 West 18th Street, N.Y. + + * * * * * + +Remember that text-books will +be taken in exchange for subscriptions +to + + =THE= .. .. + =GREAT ROUND WORLD= + + * * * * * + + +=The Second Bound Volume= + +OF + +=THE GREAT ROUND WORLD= + +(Containing Nos. 16 to 30) + +=IS NOW READY= + + Handsomely bound in strong cloth, with title on side and back. + Price, postage paid, $1.25. Subscribers may exchange their numbers + by sending them to us (express paid) with 35 cents to cover cost of + binding, and 10 cents for return carriage. + + Address +=_3 and 5 West 18th Street, . . . . . . New York City_= + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND +WORLD +AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.] + + VOL. 1 AUGUST 12, 1897. NO. 40 + + +Affairs in Spain are assuming a very grave aspect. + +The people are so enraged at the continued demands of the Government for +soldiers and money that riots are breaking out all over the country. + +The most serious of the outbreaks has occurred at Barcelona. + +We told you some time ago that quantities of arms were stored in +Barcelona for the use of the Carlists, and that in the event of a +Carlist rising, Barcelona would be the headquarters of the revolution. + +During the past week the riots in that city have assumed such a serious +character that the Government troops have been ordered out to quell +them. + +These riots are attributed to Carlist influences, because the Carlists +have long been in a very restless frame of mind, and waiting eagerly for +Don Carlos to come forward and call them to arms. + +The mass of the people in the northern provinces are strongly in his +favor, and believe that if he were placed on the throne peace and +prosperity would be restored to Spain. + +The attitude of the Carlist party is now considered so threatening that +the prime minister, Senor Canovas, is reported to have said that the +most serious of the many troubles which Spain is now called upon to face +is the probability of a Carlist rising. + +In the mean while Don Carlos, the leader of the party, remains quietly +in his house in Lucerne, Switzerland, and appears to be making no effort +to secure the throne of Spain. + +[Illustration: DON CARLOS.] + +The representative of a Swiss newspaper asked him his opinion of the +Spanish situation. + +He replied that he considered it very grave. Speaking of the Cuban war, +he said that it had been frightfully mismanaged, not so much by Weyler +as by Gen. Martinez Campos, who was the first general sent out by Spain +to conquer the insurgents. + +In the opinion of Don Carlos, General Weyler is the right man for Cuba. + +He refuses to believe that he has done all the cruel things he is +accused of, but says that his sternness and severity were necessary for +the occasion, and that Spain should be very grateful to have found such +a leader at such a time. + +When asked about the chances of a Carlist rising, he said that the +people were urging him to take up arms and come to the rescue of his +country. He hesitated to do so because he felt that it would be a cruel +thing for him to plunge his beloved country into the horrors of a civil +war at a moment when she was already beset with enemies. + +He declared that it cost him a great effort to remain deaf to the call +of his people, but that if matters did not improve, he should feel it +his duty to come forward and save his country. + +In his opinion the United States is only interfering in Cuban affairs +because she wants to annex Cuba. Were he on the throne of Spain he says +he would grant such a liberal form of government to the Cubans that they +would feel it a privilege to remain under the rule of Spain. + +The opportunities for Don Carlos to regain the throne of Spain were +never so favorable as at this moment, and, in spite of his statement, it +is quite probable that he will obey the wishes of his friends, and do +his best to secure it. + + * * * * * + +The evidence in the Ruiz case has been laid before our Government. + +After careful consideration the State Department has decided that Spain +is in the wrong. + +General Woodford, the new minister to Spain, has therefore been +instructed to present a claim to the Spanish government for $75,000 +damages to be paid to Mrs. Ruiz. Our minister is also instructed to say +that his Government has concluded that, under the treaties existing +between America and Spain, all the proceedings against Dr. Ruiz were +illegal, and that Spain is absolutely responsible for his death. Under +these circumstances Spain must pay this sum of money to the unfortunate +widow. + +General Woodford is to add that while the United States would be +justified in demanding a much larger indemnity for Mrs. Ruiz, the +friendly feeling that our Government has for Spain has induced us to +make the sum as moderate as possible. + +An endeavor was made on the part of Spain to compromise the matter with +Mrs. Ruiz, but she refused to treat with the Spanish agents, saying that +she preferred to leave her claim in the hands of the United States +Government. + +Congress has also taken action in the _Competitor_ case. + +The _Competitor_ was an American schooner which sailed for Florida in +April, 1896. + +According to the story told by the captain of the vessel, he was no +sooner out of sight of land than the passengers took possession of the +ship, and forced him to change his course and carry them to Cuba. + +Their luggage consisted of supplies and ammunition intended for the +insurgents, and thus, against his will, the captain was forced to +undertake a filibustering expedition. + +The _Competitor_ was sighted by the Spaniards, and captured by them, but +all but five of the men on board escaped. + +Three of these men were Americans who had sailed the ship. + +The prisoners were taken ashore and tried by court-martial. They were +accused of piracy. They pleaded that they had not undertaken the voyage +to Cuba of their own free will, but had been forced to do so by the +passengers. They insisted that they were innocent of any intention to +wrong Spain. + +In spite of this they were sentenced to death. They declared themselves +to be American citizens, and their sentence was suspended until the +truth about their nationality could be learned. + +It was found that they were really Americans, and so the Government +immediately sent a protest to Spain, and the three men were sent to +prison until an answer could be received. + +After a long time word came from Madrid that the men were to be granted +a new trial. Ten months have gone by since the new trial was ordered, +and still these prisoners have not had justice done them. They have been +kept in close confinement in the Cabanas prison, and have been punished +as much as if they had been really guilty, but their trial has been put +off for one reason or another until it now appears as if the authorities +did not mean to give them an opportunity of securing their freedom. + +The schooner has also been held all this time by Spain, and her owners +are anxious to have her returned that they may have the use of her +services once more. + +After waiting patiently for nearly a year, Congress has at last taken a +hand in the matter. + +A joint resolution has been passed, empowering the President to take +such steps as he thinks fit to secure the release of the prisoners, and +to have the boat restored to her owners. + +The resolution also gives the President authority to employ such means +and use such power as he may think necessary to accomplish this purpose. + +The Spaniards are angry at the action we have taken in both the Ruiz and +_Competitor_ cases, but their especial anger is vented on our consuls in +Cuba. + +General Lee has been informed that if the Spaniards were revengeful +instead of noble, he would not long be allowed to remain at his post and +foment trouble between Spain and America. + +The consul in Matanzas has been forced to fortify the Consulate in +consequence of the threats which have been made against the Americans +there. He has done this to afford a safe shelter for the Americans in +Matanzas in case trouble should break out. + +While the authorities in Cuba are feeling angry with us on account of +the Ruiz and _Competitor_ cases, the Government in Spain has a fresh +cause of annoyance against us. + +This has arisen through a despatch sent by the Spanish minister in +Washington. + +Senor Dupuy de Lome writes his Government that he has received full +information in regard to the instructions that have been given to +General Woodford. + +He says that the minister has been instructed by the Secretary of State +to tell Spain that the United States thinks the war in Cuba has lasted +long enough, and that the Americans cannot stand quietly by and allow +the struggle to go on as it has much longer. Our minister is to inform +Spain that if the war is not soon brought to a close the United States +will interfere, and that, under any circumstances, warfare, as carried +on by General Weyler, must be stopped instantly, as the United States +will not permit it to continue. + +The Spaniards are highly incensed at this, and are feeling very +unfriendly toward General Woodford. + +If this statement is really true, it is a pity that it should have been +made public, because it has been definitely stated that the President +will not allow any unfriendly act toward Spain until it is absolutely +sure that General Woodford is unable to make a peaceful settlement. + +Our minister leaves for Spain very shortly. At first it seemed as though +there would be a long delay before he could be officially received by +the Queen Regent, because the Court had left Madrid and gone to San +Sebastian for the summer. + +It seems that the Spanish court observes very little ceremony during the +summer season, and as the reception of an ambassador is a very important +and ceremonious affair, the Queen Regent decided to put it off until the +return to Madrid. + +This delay was very annoying to us. The Cuban questions are too pressing +to be allowed to wait until the autumn, and no business could be +transacted with the Spanish Government until we had a property +recognized representative there. + +Happily for us, Japan has helped us out of the difficulty. + +The Mikado has sent a special mission to the Spanish court to present +the young King Alphonso with his sacred order of the Chrysanthemum. + +It would not be at all polite to keep the Japanese ambassadors waiting +all summer to make their presentation, and so there is to be a great +court function to receive the messengers of the Mikado, and General +Woodford will be recognized at the same time. + + * * * * * + +The condition of the Spanish troops is reported to grow worse every day. + +It is said that their uniforms are ragged and torn, and they look more +like tramps than the representatives of a European army. + +They are said to go through the streets of Havana begging coppers from +the passers-by, and asking bread from door to door. + +It is said that numbers of loyal Spanish merchants are leaving the +island, because they are forced to supply the soldiers with food without +receiving any payment in return. They prefer to leave Cuba rather than +be ruined. + +In the mean while Havana has been thrown into a panic by the report that +General Gomez is marching on the city. The truth of the rumor could not +be ascertained, but the fear was strengthened by the sudden return of +General Weyler, who had gone off on one of his famous pacifying +expeditions. + +No sooner had Weyler returned than he began to make extraordinary +preparations to defend the city, and so it is generally believed in +Havana that the report is true. + +It is known positively that the Cubans are very near the city, and that +Gomez has issued orders to all the insurgent leaders to press the war +forward with unceasing activity. + + * * * * * + +It seems that the Sultan has really been brought to terms. + +The ambassadors, if you remember, gave him a stern refusal to treat with +any one but Tewfik Pasha, and repeated their demand for a written +acceptance of the frontier. + +After this meeting with Tewfik the diplomats held a conference which +resulted in the preparation of a note to their governments in which they +gave it as their opinion that the Sultan could never be brought to terms +unless some decided action was taken. + +The Sultan heard of this, and became alarmed. + +He therefore sent one of his ministers, Yussuf Bey, to the ambassadors, +urging them to do nothing hastily, but assuring them that if they would +only have patience for a few days, everything could be satisfactorily +arranged. + +But the ambassadors had had enough of delay, and they dismissed Yussuf +Bey, telling him politely that they could not possibly wait any longer. + +The Sultan became still more uneasy, but he was anxious to put the +matter off a little longer, until he could have a final understanding +with Germany. + +It seems that the Emperor William's reply to his note gave the Sultan +some hope that he was still inclined to side with him, in case of +trouble. + +While he was still looking about for a good excuse, he received a +message from the German Kaiser, which put a sudden end to all his hopes +of an alliance. + +The German ambassador arrived at the palace of the Sultan with the +information that the Kaiser, his master, had just telegraphed him to say +to the Sultan from him that he must immediately obey the wishes of the +Powers. + +Following closely on this unwelcome visit came a message from the Czar +of Russia, telling the Sultan that unless he immediately withdrew his +soldiers from Thessaly, the Russian troops would cross the Turkish +border. + +Thus driven into a corner, the Sultan saw that the only thing left for +him to do was to yield. + +He therefore sent a message to the representatives of the Powers, that +he had at last been able to induce the Grand Vizier to consent to +withdraw from Turkey, and as this had been the only stumbling-block in +the pathway of peace, he had issued an order to the Porte (the Turkish +Government) authorizing them to accept the frontier as laid out by the +Powers. + +It would seem that this action on the part of Turkey had removed all +obstacles, and that there would now be nothing to prevent the peace +negotiations from being carried through. Nobody, however, believes that +the trouble is over. It is thought that Turkey will make every possible +delay in arranging to leave Thessaly, and also in accepting the new plan +of government for Crete. + +The Turkish troops have not as yet been withdrawn from Crete, and while +the Christian inhabitants are settling down, and becoming reconciled to +the new plan of government, their hatred of the Turks is in no degree +lessened. + +Conflicts between the Turks and the Christians are of daily occurrence. +The allied fleets have had to make a demand on Turkey that the soldiers +shall give up their arms, as the rioting is so incessant. + + * * * * * + +The British House of Commons will not allow the Transvaal scandal to +die out as quietly as the Government hoped. + +We told you about the two reports that had been sent in; well, the +member of Parliament who gave the second report has offered a resolution +that Mr. Cecil Rhodes be removed from his position in the South African +Company. + +Further than this, it has been decided that a complete change shall be +made in the directors of this too powerful company, which has already +been able to plunge the British Government into so much trouble. + +Complaints have been made that the company under its president, Mr. +Cecil Rhodes, has abused the privileges thus given by the Government. In +addition to the affair in the Transvaal, the company has treated the +natives of Mashonaland with great severity, taking their cattle away +from them, and forcing them to live in a condition bordering on slavery. + +It has therefore been decided to modify the terms of the charter to such +a degree that the South African Company can only manage the commercial +affairs of their territory, all matters relating to its foreign policy +being henceforth in the hands of the British Government. + +The House of Commons has been forced to agree to an open discussion of +the Transvaal Raid, when the matter of punishing Mr. Rhodes is to be +decided upon. Mr. Hawkesly, the lawyer who holds the missing cablegrams, +is also to be summoned before Parliament, and forced to produce them. + + * * * * * + +The last steamer from Japan brought a renewed protest from the +Government against the annexation of Hawaii. + +Japan insists that Hawaii must remain an independent country. She says +that as soon as the Panama or Nicaragua canals are opened the importance +of the Sandwich Islands will be greatly increased, and that it is +necessary to the welfare of Japan that her independence be preserved. + +The Japanese minister is reported to have declared that "annexation must +not be recognized. Japan must oppose it to the utmost." + +In spite of this the Senate is going right ahead with the business of +the treaty. + +In the mean while the Secretary of the Navy is making all the ships at +his command ready for service, so that we shall not be altogether +unprepared to defend ourselves if occasion arises. + + * * * * * + +There is not very much to tell in regard to the strike. No settlement +has been reached, and there is not much likelihood that the miners and +masters will come to any understanding at present. + +We told you that some of the miners had stood out against the offer of +better wages, and refused to go to work until the condition of their +fellows throughout the country had been improved. + +All the miners have not been as brave and loyal as these men. + +In some parts of Western Virginia, such excellent wages have been +offered to the men, that they have weakened and gone back to work in +spite of the fact that the labor agitators have been constantly urging +them to remain firm. + +They have been telling the men that they will secure great benefits if +they will only hold together. + +At one time there was some hope that the men might submit the whole +matter to arbitration, but this seems doubtful. + + * * * * * + +Another report about the use of the X rays in the French Custom-House +has reached us. + +This time the rays were applied to thirty packages which had arrived by +parcels-post. It took but fifteen minutes to examine the whole of these +packets, and their contents were discovered without the necessity of +breaking a seal or untying a string. + +The amusing part of the story is that the thirty persons to whom the +parcels were addressed had been asked by the officers if there was +anything dutiable in them, and all had replied in the negative. + +The confusion and trouble were therefore great when forbidden articles +were found in twenty-seven out of the thirty packets. + +The French officials are very strict about such matters, and enforce +heavy fines for attempting to bring things into their country without +paying duty on them. + +The senders had had no idea that the X rays would be used on the +packages, and had arranged them so that on opening they would appear to +contain nothing dutiable. + +One basket was labelled fruit. Had it been opened in the ordinary way +the officers would have found nothing but apricots and plums, unless +they went to the trouble of emptying the whole basket out--a thing that +is seldom done. When the X rays got to work on this packet a pair of +patent-leather shoes was revealed, hidden away amongst the fruit. + +Another bundle was labelled, "Specimens of clothing--without value." + +No sooner was it held before the X rays than it was seen that a quantity +of cigarettes and English matches were rolled away inside the linen. + +All this was found out without so much as breaking a seal or untying a +string. + +At the same time that the news of this excellent use for the X ray +reached us, we observed statements from several prominent doctors and +electricians, warning people of the danger of using this wonderful light +without a proper knowledge of its properties. + +It seems that under certain circumstances the X ray is capable of +inflicting a very serious wound. It acts in the same way as fire does, +and burns the skin so severely that it is a very long time in healing. + +Nikola Tesla, the great electrician, says, however, that this trouble +only arises from want of knowledge as to the proper way to handle the +rays. If they are held at a certain distance from the skin, there is not +the slightest danger of accident. + +The curious part of the wound inflicted by the X ray is that the burn is +not felt at the time the mischief is being done. A person can allow his +skin to be exposed to the X rays until it is badly burned without +experiencing any pain until some time after the damage has been done. +The injured part first swells, and then shows all the symptoms of a +burn. + +One man who had exposed his foot to the rays to discover a rifle-ball +that was lodged in his heel received a burn that took eleven months to +heal. + +It seems curious that such a severe injury could be inflicted without +any warning of pain. No sensation of warmth is felt until the part is +burned, and then, according to Mr. Tesla, the pain does not seem to be +on the surface as in ordinary burns, but deep-seated, in the very bones +themselves. + + * * * * * + +There is fresh news from Brazil and Uruguay. + +In Brazil, the insurgents, under their leader, Anton Conselhiero, were +defeated, and the town of Canudos, which had been their stronghold, was +taken from them. + +So severe and crushing was the defeat which they sustained, that it is +thought that the revolution has been brought to an end. + +The battle lasted four hours, the rebels fighting with great courage and +determination. The well-trained government troops proved too strong for +them, however, and when the Brazilian artillery was brought to the +front, and began to pour a steady fire into the rebel army, the ranks +were broken and the insurgents fled for their lives. + +The Brazilians pursued them hotly, and it is said that when the fight +was over Conselhiero's army was almost annihilated. + +In Uruguay the rebels have gained the upper hand, and it is hoped that +that war will also be brought to a close very shortly. + +The Uruguayan insurgents were much stronger than the Brazilian; indeed, +they outnumbered the government troops, and fought so fiercely that +Uruguay had to give in and ask for an armistice. + +This the rebels granted, and during the cessation of hostilities +negotiations for peace were immediately set on foot. + +The terms of peace which the rebels offered were that they should have +the right to choose the next President of Uruguay, and the governors of +six of its provinces. They also demanded that all insurgents who had +been dismissed from the regular army should be reinstated, and all who +had been exiled on account of the rebellion should be allowed to return +to their homes. + +The Government is not willing to grant these terms, but it is thought +that the rebels are so strong that they will be able to insist on the +acceptance of their conditions. + + * * * * * + +Company E, of the Eighth New York Regiment, has started on an important +military expedition. + +It is the desire of the commanders to find out just what the practical +value of a bicycle would be in time of war. + +To demonstrate this, Company E, which is the bicycle company of the +regiment, received orders to make a week's trip on Long Island, instead +of going to the state camp as usual. + +It is the intention to have the command cover a distance of five hundred +miles during the week, each man carrying with him the regulation kit of +a soldier on the march. + +This outfit consists of the canteen or water-bottle, knife, fork, spoon, +and combination frying-pan and plate, a blanket to sleep in, and of +course a rifle, bayonet, and cartridge-box. + +With the bicycle command, all these articles had to be stowed away so +that the hands should be free to control the wheel. + +The blanket was therefore strapped on the handle-bars, the musket slung +under the saddle, the cartridge-box and bayonet hung from the soldier's +belt, and slung across the shoulders were the canteen and a haversack +containing all the other articles. + +With all these articles the bicycle will be heavily loaded, and one of +the points which the authorities especially wish to prove is whether it +is possible for men to make any distance on wheels when they are so +heavily weighted. + +The baggage that we have described is the very least that a soldier can +carry, and if no great distance can be accomplished with such a load, +the wheel is of little value for purposes of war. + +The military authorities are also desirous of proving just how reliable +the bicycle itself is. Every one knows what the wheel can do on a level +road or smooth track, but it has not been demonstrated how a troop of +wheels will last on rough country roads. + +Company E has taken no tents; the men are to sleep under such cover as +they may find on the way. No food has been taken, or provided for; the +men will have to forage, or seek for their own rations. + +Their one extra is a bicycle ambulance. This is a very novel affair, and +is made of a covered stretcher slung between two tandems. The men have +been allowed to put kettles and coffee-pots inside the stretcher at the +start, but if in case of illness the ambulance is needed, even these +small comforts will be left behind. + +They have with them an engineer to make maps, and a photographer, who +has a camera slung under his saddle instead of a musket. + +The experiment is to be made on Long Island. When the Shinnecock Hills +are reached, two days will be spent in scouting and reconnoitring, with +skirmishes and sham fights to follow. + +They will thus have a week of practical campaigning. + + * * * * * + +While we are on the subject of wheels we are reminded of a recent +decision that bicycling is illegal on Sunday in New Jersey. + +This fact came out through a lawsuit. Two cyclists were riding in the +town of Westfield, N.J., one Sunday, and came into collision, one of +their wheels being wrecked. + +The man whose wheel was damaged claimed that the accident was due to the +other's carelessness, and sued for twenty-five dollars to cover repairs +to his machine. + +When the case came into court, and the judge heard that the affair had +occurred on Sunday, he dismissed the complaint. + +He stated that bicycling on Sunday was an illegal practice, and that no +one could come before a court and ask for protection from an accident +that had happened to him when he was engaged in an occupation that was +against the law. + +This decision will be a great surprise to a good many young folks, who +have hitherto regarded Sunday as their best day to go a-wheeling. + + * * * * * + +We told you about Mr. Andree, who made an effort last year to reach the +North Pole by balloon, and who intended to repeat the experiment this +year from Spitzbergen. The news has just reached us that he has made his +start. + +On the 15th of July, the wind being in a favorable direction, Mr. Andree +determined to begin his dangerous voyage. + +Being anxious to get away before the wind should change or die out, the +preparations were hurried forward, and in three hours and a half after +he decided to make his attempt, all was in readiness. + +Accompanying the daring explorer were two other venturesome men, Mr. +Strindberg and Mr. Fraenkel. + +Stepping into the car, they gave the word to have the balloon cut loose. +They rose rapidly till they were about six hundred feet in the air, but +at this altitude a cross-current struck them, and they were driven +earthward again until they almost touched a projecting rock. + +It was feared that the attempt had failed, but the three men in the car +set to work vigorously throwing out some of the sand-bags that had been +put in the car for ballast, to steady it, and the balloon soon rose +again and continued on her course. + +The weather was clear, and the _Eagle_, as the balloon was called, was +visible for an hour. It appeared to be moving at the rate of twenty-two +miles an hour, and to be taking the exact direction that Mr. Andree had +wished that it should. + +The adventurers expected to reach the Pole in two or three days, but had +prepared themselves for a trip of as many months. + +Nothing has as yet been heard or seen of the balloon. Russian steamers +have been sent along the coast of Siberia in search of it, and it is +hoped that some news may be gleaned through the circulars that the Czar +caused to be sent among all the peoples around the Polar regions, asking +them to watch for the balloon, and report it as soon as seen (see page +860). + +[Illustration: A Homing Pigeon] + +A good deal of excitement was caused by the capture of a carrier-pigeon +in Norway. + +Stamped on the bird's wings was "North Pole, 142 W. 47.62." + +It was thought at first that it was one of the birds which had been +taken by Andree on his expedition, and that the North Pole had been +discovered. + +It was found, however, that Andree's birds were all marked "Andree, +A.D. 1897," and after a few days of excitement and wonder, it came out +that the bird belonged to a German pigeon-flying society, and that it +had been released in Heligoland. + +Carrier-pigeons are a particular breed of pigeon which have the +wonderful quality of flying home no matter how far away they are +carried. + +Societies have been formed to fly these wonderful birds, and they have +been taken hundreds of miles away, over seas, to test this strange +quality. + +The result has always been the same: the moment they are released they +circle round and round for a time, as if trying to make out their +bearings, and then fly off straight for home. + +This attribute has made them of great value to man in many ways. + +In times of war, messages have been sent by their aid. + +A man has made his way out of a besieged city, taking one of the birds +with him, and by its aid has been able to send word back that he has +reached his friends and will bring the needed help. + +The Emperor of Germany has just got himself into trouble over +carrier-pigeons. + +Wishing to see for how long a distance they could be relied on in case +of war, he sent a messenger over to England, who carried with him a +great number of these clever birds. + +They were all marked so that they could be recognized, and on the shores +of Dover, England, they were set free. Six hours after they had all +found their way back to Duesseldorf, Germany. + +The despatching of these birds attracted the attention of the English +people about Dover, and when it was discovered that they were the +property of the Emperor of Germany there was a good deal of talk over +it. + +The English people are always afraid that some foreign nation is going +to try and invade their country, and imagining there was some deep and +dark foreign plot underlying the pigeon-flying, they demanded of the +authorities if the German Emperor had obtained permission to fly his +birds. + +When it was found that permission had neither been asked nor accorded, +the fear of a plot grew so strong that the matter was finally carried to +the House of Commons, and an explanation demanded. + +The Under Secretary of War stated that the subject was already under +consideration. + + * * * * * + +A rock covered with curious characters has recently been discovered in +Mexico, in the mountains of the Magdalena district, state of Sonora. + +The characters appeared to resemble the Chinese so closely that a +well-educated Chinaman was asked to go to see the rock and give his +opinion about it. + +He had no sooner looked at it than he declared it to be a veritable +Chinese inscription. He made a copy of it, and has already translated +enough to show that the writing was cut in the stone about two thousand +years ago. + +There are ten lines of characters on the parts of the rock exposed to +view. + +The Chinaman who translated the inscription said it was an account of a +Chinese settlement that had once been established in the place where the +stone was found. He said that in the history of China there was a +record of an expedition which had been sent to that portion of the +western coast which is now Mexico. + +If this is true, the Continent of North America was discovered by the +Chinese centuries before the time of Columbus. + +Evidence is coming to light in various parts of the globe of the +tremendous journeys that were undertaken by the Chinese in the early +days of civilization. + +It has lately been discovered that they at one time formed colonies in +the islands of the Pacific Ocean. + +In Australia evidences have also been discovered of Chinese habitation. + + * * * * * + +It has been reported that King Menelik of Abyssinia has appointed a +Russian General to be the Governor-General of those provinces of +Abyssinia which lie in and around the equator. + +The appointment of a foreigner to such a post shows very distinctly that +the Negus is really anxious to shed the light of civilization upon his +people. + +M. de Leontieff, the Russian appointed by King Menelik, has already made +two visits to Abyssinia, and is therefore well known to the King. He was +at one time the bearer of rich presents from the Czar to the Negus. + +The position which M. de Leontieff will hold under Menelik is similar to +that held by General Gordon in Egypt. Gordon found many opportunities to +improve the condition of the people under his authority, and as M. de +Leontieff is a very intelligent man, he will undoubtedly do all in his +power to help King Menelik to develop his country. G.H. ROSENFELD. + + + + +THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND THE +PEOPLE WHO LIVED ON IT. 1144 + + + + +CHAPTER II. + + +It is not for nothing, then, that we are taught in church to call all +men our brethren, and we must learn to realize that all the nations of +the earth are akin to us and to one another, and that the differences +between them in looks, in moral qualities, and in mind are really not +much more than what we often see in the members of one large family, +where one brother may be a genius and make a great name or a fortune for +himself, while another will never get beyond the simplest schooling and, +later on, the plainest work as laborer or poorly paid clerk. Take the +most light-complexioned child to the tropics, and there let him lead an +outdoor life--hunting, herding cattle, building, ploughing, and +harvesting--then look at the middle-aged man; you will find him burnt by +the sun, tanned by wind and weather to a dark brown which will not +bleach off even should he return to his native northern country to live. +His children will be born darker than he was, his grandchildren probably +darker still, and so on. What, then, must be the change should the +descendants of a particular set of men live thousands--not hundreds, but +thousands--of years in one particular zone of the earth, under the same +conditions of climate, food, and local nature generally--what we call +"environment"? + +This is exactly what happened to those detachments which once upon a +time separated from the original human family. Each may have gone forth +at random, but there was the earth to choose from and to be had for the +taking; and, wherever such a detachment settled, there was nothing to +prevent its posterity staying on and on, and developing their own +peculiarities under local influences; for it would take many, many +centuries before there would again be a lack of room and the process of +separation would be repeated. Thus were formed the subdivisions of the +human kind, with their striking characteristics and distinctive +peculiarities, which we call the great Races of the World. + +Now, if this thing were to happen to any one of us--that we should +discover brothers and kinsfolk of whom we knew nothing before--we would +be very curious to find out all we could about them: where they came +from, what had happened to them during all those years until they +settled where we found them, and when and why they separated from their +forefathers, who were also our own. These are the very things we want to +find out about the various nations who live in the world now, and those +who have lived in it before anything existed of what is now in the +world, all the way back to the beginning. + +The task is quite easy, so long as we have books to help us, histories +to tell us year by year all that went on in every part of the Great +Round World, as our newspapers tell us day by day what is going on in it +now. But books do not take us very far back. It is only four hundred +years since printing was invented, and not more than six hundred since +the art of making paper out of rags has been known. But people could +write hundreds and hundreds of years before that was invented, and used +almost anything to record the memorable doings of their day--bark of +trees, skins of animals (parchment), "papyrus," a material made of the +fibres of a plant. Short inscriptions over the entrances of temples and +palaces, or cut with the chisel on monuments erected in memory of great +events or above the graves of famous men, and long inscriptions covering +whole walls or even the face of high rocks smoothed for the purpose, +were like so many stone books, pages of which are continually discovered +and read by our scholars. + +But we come at last to times so remote that there is not a trace of the +roughest writing, not a fragment of the crudest monument, to tell us the +story of the men who, then as now, must have thought and labored and +invented, only so much more slowly, under difficulties which we can +hardly picture to ourselves. "What, then," is the natural question, +"what can we know of such times, and of earlier ones still? How do we +know things happened in the manner described a few pages back?" We know +it, in the first place, _by analogy_, _i.e._, because the same things +have happened over and over again in the same manner in times which we +know all about, _and are happening now, under our eyes_--for what is the +constant tide of immigration which keeps coming in from the East but, +under modern conditions, the same swarming off from overcrowded native +hives of seekers after more land and new fortunes? In the second place, +the oldest races of the world left abundant traces by which we can +determine not only the places of their settlements, but their mode of +life and the degree of culture they successively reached. + +There has certainly been a time when men did not know enough to build +dwellings for themselves--or, not to be unfair, had not the necessary +tools--but lived in the forests which then very nearly covered the +globe, using such natural shelter as they found ready for them, almost +like the savage animals which it was their main business to fight and +kill in self-defence and also for food and clothing. Caverns in steep +mountain-sides must have been their most luxurious, because safest and +best-protected, retreats. Many dozens of such caverns are known in all +parts of the world, and the tale they tell is not difficult to read. +Several have become very famous, from the wealth of finds with which +they rewarded the searchers. Some appear to have been used as +burying-places, for the ground in them is covered to a great depth with +broken-up human skulls and skeletons, while outside, on the rocky ledges +or platforms before the mouth of the cavern, are found the traces of +large fires, built again and again on the same spot--ashes, and cinders, +and charred bones of animals; also broken marrow-bones, horns, hoofs, +and other remains of plentiful meals, showing that then already it was +the custom to feast at funerals. + +Other caverns have as certainly been used as dwellings. Hence the name +of "cave-dwellers," which has been given to those otherwise unknown +races. How very crude and primitive their mode of life is shown by the +vast quantities of tools and weapons in hard flint--generally +broken--which are found intermixed with the other remains. They are very +simple: heads of spears, blades of knives and scrapers, some indented +like coarse saws, hatchets and mallets chipped into shape with no +attempt at polishing--such, with occasional variations in bone, was the +sum total of the cave-dwellers' equipment for the chase, for war, and +for domestic purposes. That they could, with such slender resources, +hold their own against the animals whose haunts they shared and who then +were so much more numerous than men, is the more wonderful that those +animals were of monstrous size, more than twice the size of the same +kinds now, not to speak of some huge beasts which then roamed woods and +plains in herds and are now wholly extinct--such as the mammoth, the +ancestor of our elephant. + +In all those heaps of tools and fragments, not a trace of any metal has +been found; wherefore this oldest of all times of which we can catch +stray glimpses has been given the general name of "Age of Stone." + + * * * * * + + _To Any Subscriber Securing_ + + For Us =1= _NEW_ + _SUBSCRIPTION_ + + _We Will Send, Post-Paid, + A BOUND VOLUME OF ..._ + + =THE GREAT ROUND WORLD= + + _These volumes are neatly bound in cloth, with title stamped + on side and back, and make a neat library book, handy in + size and weight, and tasteful in appearance._ + + =PART I.= _contains_ + =NOVEMBER 11th, 1896 to FEBRUARY 18th, 1897= + + =PART II.= _contains_ + =FEBRUARY 25th, 1897 to JUNE 3d, 1897= + + ALBERT ROSS PARSONS, _President, American College of + Musicians,_ writes concerning his son, aged 10: "The bound + volume of the first fifteen numbers has remained his daily + mental food and amusement ever since it arrived. I thank you + for your great service both to our young people and to their + elders." + + * * * * * + + =THE GREAT ROUND WORLD= + =3 & 5 WEST 18TH STREET NEW YORK CITY= + + * * * * * + + +Do you Cover your Books? + + THE "ONE PIECE" + ADJUSTABLE BOOK COVERS + +are made of the strongest and best book-cover paper obtainable. This paper +is made in large quantities especially for these book covers and will +protect books perfectly. The book covers themselves are a marvel of +ingenuity, and, although they are in one piece and can be adjusted to fit +perfectly any sized book without cutting the paper, they are also so +simple that any boy or girl can use them; as they are already gummed they +are always ready for use. + +A sample dozen will be mailed to any address for 20 cents (or ten two-cent +stamps) if you write + + WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON + 3 and 5 West 18th Street, New York City + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: Net] + +TO ANY ONE SENDING US + + =12 New ...= + =Subscribers= + + WE WILL SEND (EXPRESS PAID) A FULL + + =Lawn Tennis Set= + + CONSISTING OF + + 3 "BOY'S" RACQUETS + 1 "DRIVE" RACQUET + 4 STANDARD TENNIS BALLS + 1 NET, 27 x 3 FEET + 2 JOINTED POLES + 1 MALLET + 1 SET OF GUY ROPES + + Complete in neat box, with set of this year's rules. + +[Illustration: Divider] + + THE GREAT ROUND WORLD + 3 AND 5 WEST 18TH ST. NEW YORK CITY + + * * * * + +="The Great Round World" PRIZE CONTEST= + +THE GREAT ROUND WORLD is now over six months old, and it feels some +anxiety to know just how much interest its readers have taken in the +news and how much information they have gained from its pages. To +ascertain this, it has been decided to offer ten prizes for the best +answers to the following: + + =Name ten of the most important events that have been mentioned in + "The Great Round World" in the first 30 numbers, that is, up to + number of June 3d.= + + _In mentioning these events give briefly reasons for considering + them important._ + +This competition will be open to subscribers only, and any one desiring +to enter the competition must send to this office their name and the +date of their subscription; a number will then be given them. + +All new subscribers will be furnished with a card entitling them to +enter the competition. + +In making the selection of important events, remember that wars and +political events are not necessarily the most important. If, for +instance, the air-ship had turned out to be a genuine and successful +thing, it would have been most important as affecting the history of the +world. Or if by chance the telephone or telegraph had been invented in +this period, these inventions would have been _important_ events. + +Prizes will be awarded to those who make the best selection and who +mention the events in the best order of their importance. Answers may be +sent in any time before September 1st. + +The Great Round World does not want you to hurry over this contest, but +to take plenty of time and do the work carefully. It will be a pleasant +occupation for the summer months. + +We would advise you to take the magazines starting at No. 1, look them +over carefully, keep a note-book at your side, and jot down in it the +events that seem to you important; when you have finished them all, No. +1 to 30, look over your notes and select the ten events that seem to you +to be the most important, stating after each event your reason for +thinking it important. + +For instance: suppose you decide that the death of Dr. Ruiz was one of +these important events, you might say, "The killing of Dr. Ruiz in the +prison of Guanabacoa--because it brought the cruelties practised on +American citizens to the attention of our Government," etc., etc. + +In sending your answers put your number and the date only on them, for +the judges are not to know names and addresses of the contestants, that +there may be no favoritism shown. + +It is important to put date on, for if two or more are found of similar +standing, the one first received will be given preference. + +Address all letters to REVIEW PRIZE CONTEST DEPARTMENT, +GREAT ROUND WORLD, 3 and 5 West 18th Street, New York City. + + _Write answer on one side of the paper only_ + =Prizes will be selections from the premium catalogue= + + No. 1. Premiums as given for 15 Subscriptions + No. 2. " " " " 12 " + No. 3. " " " " 10 " + No. 4. " " " " 9 " + No. 5. " " " " 8 " + No. 6. " " " " 7 " + No. 7. " " " " 5 " + No. 8. " " " " 5 " + No. 9. " " " " 5 " + No. 10. " " " " 5 " + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is +Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 40, August 12, 1897, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + +***** This file should be named 15917.txt or 15917.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/9/1/15917/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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