diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 15856-8.txt | 9731 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 15856-8.zip | bin | 0 -> 149144 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 15856-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 1395855 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 15856-h/15856-h.htm | 25624 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 15856-h/images/map1.jpg | bin | 0 -> 1047356 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 15856-h/images/mapthumb.jpg | bin | 0 -> 41790 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 15856-h/images/tree.png | bin | 0 -> 98201 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 15856.txt | 9731 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 15856.zip | bin | 0 -> 149097 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 |
12 files changed, 45102 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/15856-8.txt b/15856-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5c4c3f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/15856-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9731 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Sutherland and Caithness in Saga-Time, by James Gray + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Sutherland and Caithness in Saga-Time + or, The Jarls and The Freskyns + +Author: James Gray + +Release Date: May 18, 2005 [EBook #15856] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUTHERLAND AND CAITHNESS *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Alison Hadwin and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + + + + + +SUTHERLAND AND CAITHNESS IN SAGA-TIME +OR, +THE JARLS AND THE FRESKYNS + + +BY JAMES GRAY, M.A. OXON. + + +EDINBURGH OLIVER & BOYD. 1922 +STROMNESS: +PRINTED BY W.R. RENDALL. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +Originally delivered as a Presidential Address to The Viking Society +for Northern Research, the following pages, as amplified and revised, +are published mainly with the object of interesting Sutherland and +Caithness people in the early history of their native counties, and +particularly in the three Sagas which bear upon it as well as on that +of Orkney and Shetland at a time regarding which Scottish records +almost wholly fail us. + +When, however, these records are extant, use has been made of them +together with later books upon them, of which a list follows, and to +which references are given in the notes. + +A special effort has been made to deal with the vexed question of the +succession to the Caithness Earldom after Earl John's death in +1231, with the pedigree of the first known ancestors of the House of +Sutherland, and with the mystery of the descent of Lady Johanna of +Strathnaver. + +Acknowledgments of assistance received are tendered to the writers of +the books above referred to, but thanks are specially due to Mr. +A.W. JOHNSTON, Founder and Past President of the Viking Society, for +numerous hints, and for making the Index; to Mr. JON STEFANNSON for +reading the manuscript; and to Mr. ALAN O. ANDERSON, whose knowledge +of the English and Scottish Records of the period is as accurate as it +is extensive, and who has made several valuable suggestions. + +But for the opinions expressed no one save the writer is responsible, +and, where records are scanty, much has necessarily been left to +conjecture. + +J.G. + + 53 MONTAGU SQUARE, + LONDON, W., 1922. + + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS. + + +LIST OF AUTHORITIES AND BOOKS REFERRED TO + + +CHAPTER I.--INTRODUCTORY + +A.D. 82-790--Scope of this Book--Authorities--Roman times and their +result--Post-Roman days. + + +CHAPTER II.--THE PICT AND THE NORTHMAN + +Geography and description of Cat--Brochs--Picts--Christianity +--Vikings--Gall-gaels--Gaelic--Land Settlement--The rise of the +Scots. + + +CHAPTER III.--THE EARLY NORSE JARLS + +790-1014--Constantine I and the Northmen--Kenneth and the Union of +the Picts and Scots--Thorstein the Red and Aud--Groa and Duncan of +Duncansby--The Vikings and Harald Harfagr--Ragnvald of Maeri and +Jarl Sigurd--Cyderhall--Torf-Einar, Thorfinn Hausakliufr, Skuli +and others--War for the Moray seaboard--Jarl Sigurd Hlodverson-- +Christianity introduced in Orkney--Swart Kell--Earl Anlaf--Story +of Barth--Sigurd Hlodverson, Clontarf--"Darratha-liod"--Resumé. + + +CHAPTER IV.--THORFINN, EARL AND JARL + +1008-1064--King Malcolm's matrimonial alliances--Victory of +Carham--Thorfinn Sigurdson, Earl of Caithness and Sutherland--His +attempts on Orkney--Somarled, Brusi and Einar--Thorkel Fostri slays +Einar--Moddan created Earl of Caithness and slain by Thorkel--Battle +of Torfness--Death of Duncan--Thorfinn and Macbeth--Thorfinn and +Ragnvald Brusison--Marriage with Ingibjorg--Battle of Rautharbiorg-- +Thorfinn sole Jarl of Orkney and Shetland--His travels, retirement, +and death--His chronology. + + +CHAPTER V.--PAUL AND ERLEND, HAKON AND MAGNUS + +1058-1123--Paul and Erlend, jarls--Ingibjorg's marriage with +Malcolm III--Its objects--Norman conquest of England--King Magnus +Barelegs--Hakon and Magnus, jarls--Harold Slettmali and Paul the +Silent, jarls--Ingibiorg and Margret--Moddan in Dale--Feudalism in +Scotland--The Catholic Church--Alexander I and David I--The three +leading families in Caithness and Sutherland, of the Norse Jarls, +Moddan, and Freskyn de Moravia--The Mackays--The Gunns. + + +CHAPTER VI.--THE MODDAN FAMILY, JARLS HARALD AND PAUL AND RAGNVALD + +1123-1158--Harald Slettmali and Paul the Silent--Frakark and +Helga--Harald poisoned--Frakark in Kildonan--Plot against Jarl +Paul--The Moddan family--Audhild--Eric Stagbrellir--Ragnvald's +history and jarldom--Battle of Tankerness--Olvir Rosta and +Sweyn--Paul kidnapped--Harold Maddadson--Frakark's Burning--Thorbiorn +Klerk--Ragnvald's cruise to the East--Erlend Haraldson's grant of half +Caithness--Scramble for the earldom--Ragnvald's daughter Ingirid's +marriage to Eric Stagbrellir--Fight at Thurso--Erlend and +Sweyn--Erlend's death--Ragnvald's murder--His descendants. + + +CHAPTER VII.--HAROLD MADDADSON AND THE FRESKYNS + +1158-1206--Harold sole Jarl and Earl; his first family--Sweyn's +cruises and death in 1171--Harold's second wife, and family--Eric +Stagbrellir's family--Scottish affairs--Moray and the MacHeths-- +Freskyn and Duffus--William MacFrisgyn--Hugo Freskyn of Sutherland, and +his brother, William of Petty--Hugo's grant to Gilbert, Archdeacon of +Moray--Hugo's family--William _dominus Sutherlandiae_--Events in the +North in 1153 and after--William the Lion's accession, 1165--Persons of +note at that date--Those in authority--Harold's forfeitures--Events +leading up to them--Eddirdovir and Dunskaith--Donald Ban +MacWilliam--Defeat of Thorfinn, Harold's son, and of Harold, +1196--Harald Ungi--Ragnvald Gudrodson--Victory of Dalharrold--The +Stewards--Death of Thorfinn, Harold's son--William the Lion in +Caithness--Death of Harold Maddadson, 1206. + + +CHAPTER VIII.--JARLS DAVID AND JOHN, FRESKIN II + +1206-1263--David's eight years, 1206-1214--King William takes John's +daughter as a hostage--Murder of Bishop Adam, 1222--King Alexander's +expedition--John's forfeiture--Death of John's son, Harald, +1226--Snaekoll Gunni's son, grandson of Eric Stagbrellir--Murder of +Earl John--Trial at Bergen--Lady Johanna of Strathnaver. + + +CHAPTER IX.--THE SUCCESSION TO THE CAITHNESS EARLDOM + +1231-9--Difficulty of the subject--The Angus pedigree--The Diploma of +the Orkney Earls--Magnus II's charter--The wardship question--Three +claimants (1) Magnus, (2) Johanna of Strathnaver and (3) Earl John's +nameless hostage daughter--Skene's opinion--The Cheynes and Federeths, +descendants of Johanna--Her charitable gift--Her Moddan and Erlend +descent--Magnus II, his descent and marriage--Freskin de Moravia, his +descent, marriage, life, and death--The settlement of Caithness and +Sutherland--Creation of the Sutherland Earldom between 10th October +1237 and Magnus' death in 1239--Conclusion. + + +CHAPTER X.--KING HAKON'S EXPEDITION AND THE NORTH + +1263-1266--Recapitulation--Norse jarls and the Norse Crown--Affairs +in Sutherland--Battle at Embo--Dornoch Cathedral and its +constitution--The Angus line and the Freskyns--Hakon's fleet at +Ragnvaldsvoe sails south--Battle of Largs--Hakon's retreat +and death--The mainland of Scotland and the Hebrides won for +Scotland--Treaty of Perth, 1266. + + +CHAPTER XI.--RESULTS AND CONCLUSION + +The creed of the Viking--The causes of his migration--Odinism--Settlement +in the West--Celtic mothers--Effect on race, language and place-names-- +Viking remains--Skaill, Dunrobin--Castles--The Viking type of man--The +blended race--Norman influence. + + +NOTES. + + +APPENDIX.--EARLY PEDIGREE OF THE FRESKYN FAMILY + + +INDEX + + + + +LIST OF AUTHORITIES AND BOOKS REFERRED TO.[1] + + +Anderson, Dr. Joseph. Rhind Lectures, "Scotland in Pagan Times." +Edinburgh, 1883 and 1886. + +Antiquaries. Proceedings of The Society of Scottish. + +Bain. Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland in Record Office. + +Bannatyne Club--Publications of. + +Barry, History of Orkney. Edinburgh, Constable, 1805. + +Broxburn. (Strabrock.) History and Antiquities of Uphall, by Rev. +James Primrose. Edinburgh, Andrew Elliott, 1898. + +Burnt Njal. Dasent's Translation. (B.N.)[2] Edinburgh, Edmonston & +Douglas, 1861. + +Caithness Family History, by John Henderson. Edinburgh, David Douglas, +1884. + +Caithness, The County of--by John Home. Wick, W. Rae, 1907. + +Calder's History of Caithness. Glasgow, Thomas Murray & Son, 1861. + +Cat, History of the Province of--by Rev. Angus Mackay. Wick, Peter +Reid & Co., Ltd., 1914. + +Chalmers. Caledonia. + +Chroniques Anglo-Normandes. Francisque Michel. Rouen, Ed. Frere, 1836. + +Corpus Poeticum Boreale. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1883. + +Curie. Monuments of Caithness. Royal Commission's Report, 1911. + +Curie. Monuments of Sutherland. Royal Commission's Report, 1912. + +Dalrymple's Collections, (1705). + +Diploma of the Earls of Orkney. + +Du Chaillu. The Viking Age. John Murray, 1889. + +Dunfermelyn, Register of. (Bannatyne Club.) + +Early Scottish Kings, by E. William Robertson, 1862. + +Eric the Red--Saga of. + +Flatey Book (Flateyjarbok). Christiania, Mailings, 1860. (F.B.) + +Fordun. Scottish Annals. Edited by W.F. Skene. Edinburgh, Edmonston & +Douglas, 1871. + +Genealogie of the Earles of Southerland, by Sir Robert Gordon, Bart. +Edinburgh, A. Constable, 1813. + +Hailes (Lord) Additional Case of Elizabeth, Claimant of the Earldom of +Sutherland and Annals of Scotland, (Dalrymple's Works, vol. 4). + +Hakon Saga. Dasent's Translation, Rolls Edition, 1894. (H.S.) + +Henderson, George--Norse Influence on Celtic Scotland. Glasgow, +Maclehose, 1910. + +Henderson, George--Survivals in Belief among the Celts. Glasgow, +Maclehose, 1911. + +Hume Brown. History of Scotland. (H.B.) + +Innes, Familie of. (Spalding Club). + +Laing and Huxley. Prehistoric Remains of Caithness. Williams, & +Norgate, 1866. + +Lawrie, Early Scottish Charters. Glasgow, Maclehose, 1905. + +Lawrie, Annals of the Reigns of Malcolm and William, 1153-1214. +Glasgow, Maclehose, 1910. + +Liber Pluscardensis. Edited by Felix J.H. Skene. Edinburgh, William +Paterson, 1877. + +Mackay, Rev. Angus. Book of Mackay. Edinburgh, Norman Macleod, 1906. + +Magnus Saga (in Rolls Edition of Dasent's Translation of Orkneyinga +Saga). + +Maxwell, Sir Herbert, Early Chronicles relating to Scotland. Glasgow, +Maclehose, 1912. + +Moray--Registrum Episcopatus Moraviensis (Bannatyne Club) (Reg. +Morav.) + +Moray--Shaw's History of. + +Munch's Symbolae or Notes to the Diploma of the Orkney Earls. + +Munro, Dr. Robert. Prehistoric Scotland. + +Nisbet's Heraldry. + +Orcades, by Thormodus Torfaeus. Copenhagen, 1715. + +Orcades, (Torfaeus) Translation by the Rev. A. Pope. Wick, Peter Reid, +1866. + +Origines Islandicae. Vigfusson & York Powell. Oxford, Clarendon Press, +1905. + +Origines Parochiales Scotiae. Vol. ii, part ii. Edinburgh, W.H. +Lizars, 1855. (O.P.) + +Orkney and Shetland, by John R. Tudor. London, Edward Stanford, 1883. +(O. &. S.) + +Orkney and Shetland Folk, by A.W. Johnston. Viking Society, 1914. + +Orkneyinga Saga. Dasent's Translation, Rolls Edition. (O.S.) + +Orkneyinga Saga. Anderson, and Hjaltalin and Goudie's Translation. +Edinburgh, Edmonston & Douglas, 1873. + +Oxford Essays, 1858. (Dasent's Essay). London, John W. Parker & Son, +1858. + +Pinkerton's History of Scotland preceding Malcolm III. Edinburgh, Bell +& Bradfute, 1814. + +Rhys' Celtic Britain. London, S.P.C.K., 1908. + +Robertson's Index. Edinburgh, Murray and Cochrane, 1798. + +Rymer. Foedera. + +Saint-Clair. Roland William. The Saint-Clairs of the Isles. Auckland, +H. Brett, 1898. + +Scandinavian Britain, by W.G. Collingwood. London, S.P.C.K., 1908. + +Scon. Liber Ecclesiae de. + +Scott, Rev. Archibald--The Pictish Nation, its people and Church. +Edinburgh and London, Foulis Press, 1918. + +Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers, Alan O. Anderson. London, +David Nutt, 1908. + +Scottish Kings. Sir Archibald Dunbar, Bart. Edinburgh, David Douglas, +1906. + +Scottish Peerages. Paul and Cokayne (Gibbs). + +Skene, W.F. Celtic Scotland. Edinburgh, Edmonston & Douglas, 1878. + +Skene, W.F. Chronicles of the Picts and Scots. Edinburgh, H.M. General +Register House, 1867. + +Sutherland Book, by Sir William Fraser. Edinburgh, 1892. + +Sutherland and the Reay Country, by the Rev. Adam Gunn. Glasgow, John +Mackay, Celtic Monthly Office, 1897. + +Sverri's Saga. Translation by J. Sephton. London, David Nutt, 1899. + +Tacitus--Agricola. + +Thorgisl's Saga in Origines Islandicae (as above). + +Viking Club. Caithness and Sutherland Records.} London +Viking Club. Old Lore Miscellany. } 29 Ashburnham +Viking Society. Saga Books, &c. } Mansions, Chelsea + +William the Wanderer, by W.G. Collingwood. G.C. Brown Langham & Co., +47 Great Russell Street, London, W.C., 1904. + +Worsaae. Danes and Norwegians. London, John Murray, 1852. + +Worsaae. The Prehistory of the North. London, Trübner, 1886. + +Wyntoun's Chronicle. Edinburgh, Edmonston & Douglas, 1872. + +[Footnote 1: An excellent Bibliography of Caithness, by Mr. John +Mowat, was published by W. Rae, Wick, in 1909, and of Caithness and +Sutherland by The Viking Club, 1910, by the same author.] + +[Footnote 2: The Capitals and abbreviations placed in brackets after +certain authorities, give their initial letters and short titles, +(e.g. (O.S.) Orkneyinga Saga), as used in the notes at the end of this +volume.] + +Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286, by Alan O. +Anderson. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh. + +NOTE.--Since this little book was printed, the above great work +has appeared. To the student of the Norse invasions its value is +inestimable. + + + + +[Transcriber's note: The following errata have been applied to the +text.] + +_ERRATA._ + + Page 1, line 13, for "they" read "Man." + " 28, line 9, for "or" read "of." + " 40, line 23, for "Kundason" read "Hundason." + " 42, line 24, after "note" reference[14] omitted. + " 50, line 17, for "mainland of" read "Unst in." + " 65, line 35, for "burnings" read "revenges." + " 65, line 37, for "burnt" read "killed." + " 87, line 18, for "Earl Ragnvald" read "Jarl Ragnvald." + " 104, lines 4 and 5, for "Magnus' great-grandson's granddaughter's + husband" read "Magnus' granddaughter's great-grandson." + " 117, line 16, omit "a child of." + + + + +SUTHERLAND AND CAITHNESS IN SAGA-TIME +OR, +THE JARLS AND THE FRESKYNS. + + + + +CHAPTER I. + +_Introductory._ + + +In the following pages an attempt is made to fit together facts +derived, on the one hand, from those portions of the Orkneyinga, St. +Magnus and Hakonar Sagas which relate to the extreme north end of the +mainland of Scotland, and, on the other hand, from such scanty English +and Scottish records, bearing on its history, as have survived, so as +to form a connected account, from the Scottish point of view, of the +Norse occupation of most of the more fertile parts of Sutherland and +Caithness from its beginning about 870 until its close, when these +counties were freed from Norse influence, and Man and the Hebrides +were incorporated in the kingdom of Scotland by treaty with Norway in +1266. + +References to the authorities mentioned above and to later works +bearing on the subject have been inserted in the hope that others, +more leisured and more competent, may supplement them by further +research, and convert those portions of the narrative which are at +present largely conjectural from story into history. + +What manner of men the prehistoric races which in early ages +successively inhabited the northern end of the Scottish mainland may +have been, we can now hardly imagine. Dr. Joseph Anderson's classical +volumes[1] on _Scotland in Pagan Times_ tell us something, indeed +all that can now be known, of some of them, and in the Royal +Commission's[2] _Reports and Inventories of the Early Monuments_ of +Sutherland and of Caithness respectively, Mr. Curle has classified +their visible remains, and may, let us hope, with the aid of +legislation, save those relics from the roadmaker or dykebuilder. +Lastly, such superstitions, or survivals of beliefs, as remain in the +north of Scotland from early days have been collected, arranged, and +explained by the late Mr. George Henderson in an able book on that +subject.[3] Enquiries such as these, however, belong to the provinces +of archæology and folk-psychology, and not to that of history, still +less to that of contemporary history, which began in the north, +as elsewhere, with oral tradition, handed down at first by men of +recording memories, and then committed to writing, and afterwards +to print; and both in Norway and Iceland on the one hand, and in +the Highlands on the other such men were by no means rare, and were +deservedly held in the highest honour. + +Writing arrived in Sutherland and Caithness very late, and was not +even then a common indigenous product. Clerks, or scholars who could +read and write, were at first very few, and in the north of Scotland +hardly any such were known before the twelfth century of our era, +save perhaps in the Pictish and Columban settlements of hermits and +missionaries. Of their writings, if they ever existed, little or +nothing of historical value is extant at the present time. But the +_Orkneyinga, St. Magnus_, and _Hakon's Sagas_, when they take up their +story, present us with a graphic and human and consecutive account +of much which would otherwise have remained unknown, and their story, +though tinged here and there with romance through the writers' desire +for dramatic effect, is, so far as the main facts go, singularly +faithful and accurate, when it can be tested by contemporary +chronicles. + +Until the twelfth or the thirteenth century, save for these Sagas, we +learn hardly anything of Sutherland, or, indeed, of the extreme north +of Scotland from any record written either by anyone living there or +by anyone with local knowledge, and for facts before those given in +the _Orkneyinga Saga_ we have to cast about among historians of +the Roman Empire and amongst early Greek geographers, or later +ecclesiastical writers, to find nothing save a few names of places and +some scattered references to vanished races, tongues and Churches. For +information about the Picts we have at first to rely on the researches +of some of our trustworthy archæologists, and at a later date on +the annals, largely Irish, collected by the late Mr. Skene in his +_Chronicles of the Picts and Scots_, and in the works of Mr. Ritson, +into which it is no part of our purpose to enter in detail. All the +authorities for early Scottish history have been ably dealt with by +Sir Herbert Maxwell in his book on the _Early Chronicles Relating to +Scotland_, reproducing the Rhind lectures delivered by him in 1912. At +the end of our period reliable references to charters from the twelfth +century onwards will be found in _Origines Parochiales Scotiae_, and +especially in the second part of the second volume of that valuable +work of monumental research, produced, under the late Mr. Cosmo Innes, +by Mr. James Brichan, and presented to the Bannatyne Club by the +second Duke of Sutherland and the late Sir David Dundas. There are +also the reprints, often with elaborate notes, of Scottish Charters +by Sir Archibald C. Lawrie, The Bannatyne Club, The Spalding Club, The +Viking Society, Mr. Alan O. Anderson, and others. The first volume +of the Orkney and Shetland Records published by the Viking Society is +prefaced by an able introduction of great interest. + +By way of introduction to Norse times, we may attempt to state very +shortly some of the leading events in Caledonia in Roman, Pictish, and +Scottish times from near the end of the first century to the beginning +of the tenth, so far as they bear on the agencies at work there in +Norse times. + +The first four of the nine centuries above referred to had seen +the Romans under Agricola[4] in 80 to 84 A.D. attempt, and fail, to +conquer the Caledonians or men of the woods,[5] whose home, as +their name implies, was the great woodland region of the Mounth or +Grampians. Those centuries had also seen the building of the wall of +Hadrian between the Tyne and Solway in the year 120, the campaigns +of Lollius Urbicus in 140 A.D. and the erection between the Firths +of Forth and Clyde of the earthen rampart of Antonine on stone +foundations, which was held by Rome for about fifty years. Seventy +years later, in the year 210, fifty thousand Roman legionaries had +perished in the Caledonian campaigns of the Roman Emperor Severus, and +over a century and a half later, in 368, there had followed the +second conquest of the Roman province of Valentia which comprised the +Lothians and Galloway in the south, by Theodosius. Lastly, the final +retirement of the Romans from Scotland, and indeed from Britain, took +place, on the destruction of the Roman Empire in spite of Stilicho's +noble defence, by Alaric and the Visigoths, in 410. + +From the Roman wars and occupation two main results followed. The +various Caledonian tribes inhabiting the land had then probably for +the first time joined forces to fight a common foe, and in fighting +him had become for that purpose temporarily united. Again, possibly +as part of the high Roman policy of Stilicho, St. Ninian had in the +beginning of the fifth century introduced into Galloway and also +into the regions north of the Wall of Antonine the first teachers of +Christianity, a religion which, however, was for some time longer to +remain unknown to the Picts generally in the north. But, as Professor +Hume Brown also tells us in the first of the three entrancing volumes +of his History, "In Scotland, if we may judge from the meagre accounts +that have come down to us, the Roman dominion hardly passed the stage +of a military occupation, held by an intermittent and precarious +tenure." What concerns dwellers in the extreme north is that although +the Romans went into Perthshire and may have temporarily penetrated +even into Moray, they certainly never occupied any part of Sutherland +or Caithness, though their tablets of brass, probably as part of the +currency used in trade, have been found in a Sutherland Pictish tower +or broch,[7] a fact which goes far to prove that the brochs, with +which we shall deal later on, existed in Roman times.[8] + +As the Romans never occupied Sutherland or Caithness or even came near +their borders, their inhabitants were never disarmed or prevented +from the practice of war, and thus enfeebled like the more southerly +Britons. + +After the departure, in 410, of the Romans, St. Ninian sent his +missionaries over Pictland, but darkness broods over its history +thenceforward for a hundred and fifty years. Picts, Scots of Ireland, +Angles and Saxons swarmed southwards, eastwards, and westwards +respectively into England, and ruined Romano-British civilisation, +which the Britons, unskilled in arms, were powerless to defend, as the +lamentations of Gildas abundantly attest. + +In 563 Columba, the Irish soldier prince and missionary, whose Life +by Adamnan still survives,[9] landed in Argyll from Ulster, introduced +another form of Christian worship, also, like the Pictish, "without +reference to the Church of Rome," and from his base in Iona not only +preached and sent preachers to the north-western and northern Picts, +but in some measure brought among them the higher civilisation then +prevailing in Ireland. About the same time Kentigern, or St. Mungo, +a Briton of Wales, carried on missionary work in Strathclyde and in +Pictland, and even, it is said, sent preachers to Orkney. + +In the beginning of the seventh century King Aethelfrith of +Northumbria had cut the people of the Britons, who held the whole of +west Britain from Devon to the Clyde, into two, the northern portion +becoming the Britons of Strathclyde; and the same king defeated Aidan, +king of the Scots of Argyll, at Degsastan near Jedburgh, though Aidan +survived, and, with the help of Columba, re-established the power of +the Scots in Argyll. + +About the year 664, the wars in the south with Northumbria resulted in +the introduction by its king Oswy into south Pictland of the Catholic +instead of the Columban Church, a change which Nechtan, king of the +Southern Picts, afterwards confirmed, and which long afterwards led +to the abandonment throughout Scotland of the Pictish and Columban +systems, and to the adoption in their place of the wider and broader +culture, and the politically superior organisation and stricter +discipline of the Catholic Church, as new bishoprics were gradually +founded throughout Scotland by its successive kings.[10] + +Meantime, during the centuries which elapsed before the Catholic +Church reached the extreme north of Scotland, the Pictish and Columban +churches held the field, as rivals, there, and probably never wholly +perished in Norse times even in Caithness and Sutherland. + +During these centuries there were constant wars among the Picts +themselves, and later between them and the Scots, resulting, +generally, in the Picts being driven eastward and northward from +the south centre of Alban, which the Scots seized, into the Grampian +hills. + +After this very brief statement of previous history we may now attempt +to give some description of the land and the people of Caithness and +Sutherland as the Northmen found them in the ninth century. + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +_The Pict and the Northman._ + + +The present counties of Caithness and Sutherland A together made up +the old Province of Cait or Cat, so called after the name of one +of the seven legendary sons of _Cruithne_, the eponymous hero who +represented the Picts of Alban, as the whole mainland north of the +Forth was then called, and whose seven sons' names were said to stand +for its seven main divisions,[1] _Cait_ for Caithness and Sutherland, +_Ce_ for Keith or Mar, _Cirig_ for Magh-Circinn or Mearns, _Fib_ for +Fife, _Fidach_ (Woody) for Moray, _Fotla_ for Ath-Fodla or Athol, and +_Fortrenn_ for Menteith. + +Immediately to the south of Cat lay the great province of Moray +including Ross, and, in the extreme west, a part of north Argyll; and +the boundary between Cat and Ross was approximately the tidal River +Oykel, called by the Norse Ekkjal, the northern and perhaps also the +southern bank of which probably formed the ranges of hills known in +the time of the earliest Norse jarls as Ekkjals-bakki. Everywhere +else Cat was bounded by the open sea, of which the Norse soon became +masters, namely on the west by the Minch, on the north by the North +Atlantic and Pentland Firth, and on the east and south by the North +Sea; and the great valley of the Oykel and the Dornoch Firth made Cat +almost into an island. + +Like Cæsar's Gaul, Cat was "divided into three parts"; first, _Ness_, +which was co-extensive with the modern county of Caithness, a treeless +land, excellent in crops and highly cultivated in the north-east, but +elsewhere mainly made up of peat mosses, flagstones and flatness, save +in its western and south-western borderland of hills; secondly, to +the west of Ness, _Strathnavern_, a land of dales and hills, and, +especially in its western parts, of peaks; and, thirdly, to the south +of Strathnavern, _Sudrland_, or the Southland, a riviera of pastoral +links and fertile ploughland, sheltered on the north by its own +forests and hills, and sloping, throughout its whole length from +the Oykel to the Ord of Caithness, towards the _Breithisjorthr_, +Broadfjord, or Moray Firth, its southern sea.[2] + +Save in north-east Ness, and in favoured spots elsewhere, also below +the 500 feet level, the land of Cat was a land of heath and woods[3] +and rocks, studded, especially in the west, with lochs abounding in +trout, a vast area of rolling moors, intersected by spacious straths, +each with its salmon river, a land of solitary silences, where red +deer and elk abounded, and in which the wild boar and wolf ranged +freely, the last wolf being killed in Glen Loth within twelve miles +of Dunrobin at a date between 1690 and 1700.[4] No race of hunters or +fishermen ever surpassed the Picts in their craft as such. + +The land, especially Sutherland, is still a happy hunting-ground not +only for the sportsman but also for the antiquary. For the modern +County of Sutherland is outwardly much the same now as it was in +Pictish times, save for road and rail, two castles, and a sprinkling +of shooting lodges, inns, and good cottages, which, however, in so +vast a territory are, as the Irishman put it, "mere fleabites on the +ocean." Much of the west of the land of Cat was scarcely inhabited at +all in Pictish or Viking days, because as is clearly the case in the +Kerrow-Garrow or Rough Quarter of Eddrachilles, it would not carry +one sheep or feed one human being per hundred acres in many parts. The +rest of it also remains practically unchanged in appearance from the +earliest days till the present time, as it has been little disturbed +by the plough save in the north-east of Ness and at Lairg and +Kinbrace, and in its lower levels along the coast. But Loch Fleet no +longer reaches to Pittentrail, and the crooked bay at Crakaig has been +drained and the Water of Loth sent straight to the sea. + +The only buildings or structures existing in Cat in Pictish and early +Norse times were a few vitrified forts, some underground erde-houses, +hut-circles innumerable, and perhaps a hundred and fifty brochs, or +Pictish towers as they are popularly called, which had been erected at +various dates from the first century onwards, long before the advent +of the Norse Vikings is on record, as defences against wolves and +raiders both by land and sea, and especially by sea. Notwithstanding +agricultural operations, foundations of 145 brochs can still be traced +in Ness and 67 in Strathnavern and Sudrland, but they were not all in +use at the same time, and they are mostly on sites taken over later +on by the Norse,[5] because they were already cultivated and +agriculturally the best. + +A well-known authority on such subjects, the late Dr. Munro, in his +_Prehistoric Scotland_ p. 389 writes of the brochs as follows:--"Some +four hundred might have been seen conspicuously dotting the more +fertile lands along the shores and straths of the counties of +Caithness, Sutherland, Ross, Inverness, Argyll, the islands of +Orkney, Shetland, Bute, and some of the Hebrides. Two are found +in Forfarshire, and one each in the counties of Perth, Stirling, +Midlothian, Selkirk and Berwick." + +If one may venture to hazard a conjecture as to their date, they +probably came into general use in these parts of Caledonia as nearly +as possible contemporaneously with the date of the Roman occupation +of South Britain, which they outlasted for many centuries. But their +erection was not due to the fear of attack by the armies of Rome. For +their remains are found where the Romans never came, and where the +Romans came almost none are found. Their construction is more probably +to be ascribed to very early unrecorded maritime raids of pirates of +unknown race both on regions far north of the eastern coast protected +later by the Count of the Saxon shore, and on the northern and western +islands and coasts, where also many ruins of them survive. + +In Cat dwelt the Pecht or Pict, the Brugaidh or farmer in his dun or +broch, erected always on or near well selected fertile land on the +seaboard, on the sides of straths, or on the shores of lochs, or +less frequently on islands near their shores and then approached by +causeways;[6] and the rest of the people lived in huts whose circular +foundations still remain, and are found in large numbers at much +higher elevations than the sites of any brochs. The brochs near the +sea-coast were often so placed as to communicate with each other for +long distances up the valleys, by signal by day, and beacon fire at +night, and so far as they are traceable, the positions of most of them +in Sutherland and Caithness are indicated on the map by circles. + +Built invariably solely of stone and without mortar, in form the +brochs were circular, and have been described as truncated cones +with the apex cut off,[7] and their general plan and elevation were +everywhere almost uniform. The ground floor was solid masonry, but +contained small chambers in its thickness of about 15 feet. Above the +ground floor the broch consisted of two concentric walls about three +feet apart, the whole rising to a height in the larger towers of 45 +feet or more, with slabs of stone laid horizontally across the gap +between and within the two walls, at intervals of, say, five or six +feet up to the top, and thus forming a series of galleries inside +the concentric walls, in which large numbers of human beings could be +temporarily sheltered and supplies in great quantities could be stored +for a siege. These galleries were approached from within the broch by +a staircase which rose from the court and passed round between the two +concentric walls above the ground floor, till it reached their highest +point, and probably ended immediately above the only entrance, the +outside of which was thus peculiarly exposed to missiles from the end +of the staircase at the top of the broch. The only aperture in the +outer wall was the entrance from the outside, about 5 feet high by 3 +feet wide, fitted with a stone door, and protected by guard-chambers +immediately within it, and it afforded the sole means of ingress to +and egress from the interior court, for man and beast and goods and +chattels alike. The circular court, which was formed inside, varied +from 20 to 36 feet in diameter, and was not roofed over; and the +galleries and stairs were lighted only by slits, all looking into the +court, in which, being without a roof, fires could be lit. In some few +there were wells, but water-supply, save when the broch was in a loch, +must have been a difficulty in most cases during a prolonged siege. + +In these brochs the farmer lived, and his women-kind span and wove and +plied their querns or hand-mills, and, in raids, they shut themselves +up, and possibly some of their poorer neighbours took refuge in the +brochs, deserting their huts and crowding into the broch; but of this +practice there is no evidence, and the nearest hut-circles are often +far from the remains of any broch. + +For defence the broch was as nearly as possible perfect against any +engines or weapons then available for attacking it; and we may note +that it existed in Scotland and mainly in the north and west of it, +and nowhere else in the world.[8] It was a roofless block-house, aptly +described by Dr. Joseph Anderson as a "safe." It could not be battered +down or set on fire, and if an enemy got inside it, he would find +himself in a sort of trap surrounded by the defenders of the broch, +and a mark for their missiles. The broch, too, was quite distinct from +the lofty, narrow ecclesiastical round tower, of which examples still +are found in Ireland, and in Scotland at Brechin and Abernethy. + +To resist invasion the Picts would be armed with spears, short swords +and dirks, but, save perhaps a targe, were without defensive body +armour, which they scorned to use in battle, preferring to fight +stripped. They belonged to septs and clans, and each sept would have +its Maor, and each clan or province its Maormor[9] or big chief, +succession being derived through females, a custom which no doubt +originated in remote pre-Christian ages when the paternity of children +was uncertain. + +Being Celts, the Picts would shun the open sea. They feared it, for +they had no chance on it, as their vessels were often merely hides +stretched on wattles, resembling enlarged coracles. Yet with such +rude ships as they had, they reached Orkney, Shetland, the Faroes and +Iceland as hermits or missionaries.[10] In Norse times they never +had the mastery of the sea, and the Pictish navy is a myth of earlier +days.[11] + +Lastly, as we have seen, the Picts of Cat had never been conquered, +nor had their land ever been occupied by the legions of Rome, which +had stopped at the furthest in Moray; and the sole traces of Rome in +Cat are, as stated, two plates of hammered brass found in a Sutherland +broch, and some Samian ware. Further, Christian though he had been +long before Viking times, the Pict of Cat derived his Christianity +at first and chiefly from the Pictish missions, and later from +the Columban Church, both without reference to Papal Rome; and his +missionaries not only settled on islands off his coasts, but later on +worshipped in his small churches on the mainland; and many a Pictish +saint of holy life was held in reverence there. + +About the eighth century and probably earlier, immigrants from the +southern shores of the Baltic pressed the Norse westwards in Norway, +and later on over-population in the sterile lands which lie along +Norway's western shores, drove its inhabitants forth from its western +fjords north of Stavanger and from The Vik or great bay of the +Christiania Fjord, whence they may have derived their name of Vikings, +across the North Sea to the opposite coasts of Shetland, Orkney and +Cat, where they found oxen and sheep to slaughter on the nesses or +headlands, and stores of grain, and some silver and even gold in the +shrines and on the persons of those whom they attacked, and in +still later days they sought new lands over the sea and permanent +settlements, where they would have no scat to pay to any overlord or +feudal superior. + +When the Vikings landed, superior discipline, instilled into them by +their training on board ship, superior arms, the long two-handed sword +and the spear and battle-axe and their deadly bows and arrows, and +superior defensive armour, the long shield, the helmet and chain-mail, +would make them more than a match for their adversaries.[12] Above +all, the greater ferocity of these Northmen, ruthlessly directed to +its object by brains of the highest order, would render the Pictish +farmer, who had wife and children, and home and cattle and crops to +save, an easy prey to the Viking warrior bands, and the security of +his broch would of itself tend to a passive and inactive, rather than +an offensive, and therefore successful defence. + +After long continued raids, the Vikings no doubt saw that much of the +land along the shore was fair and fertile compared with their own, and +finally they came not merely to plunder and depart, but to settle and +stay. When they did so, they came in large numbers and with organised +forces[13] and carefully prepared plans of campaign, and with great +reserves of weapons on board their ships; and having the ocean as +their highway, they could select their points of attack. They then, as +we know from the localities which bear their place-names, cleared out +the Pict from most of his brochs and from the best land in Cat, shown +on the map by dark green colour, that is, from all cultivated land +below the 500 feet level save the upper parts of the valleys; or they +slew or enslaved the Pict who remained. Lastly, on settling, they +would seize his women-kind and wed them; for the women of their own +race were not allowed on Viking ships, and were probably less amenable +and less charming to boot. But the Pictish women thus seized had their +revenge. The darker race prevailed, and, the supply of fathers of +pure Norse blood being renewed only at intervals, the children of +such unions soon came to be mainly of Celtic strain, and their mothers +doubtless taught them to speak the Gaelic, which had then for at least +a century superseded the Pictish tongue. The result was a mixed race +of Gall-gaels or Gaelic strangers, far more Celtic than Norse, who +soon spoke chiefly Gaelic, save in north-east Ness. Their Gaelic, too, +like the English of Shetland at the present time, would not only be +full of old Norse words, especially for things relating to the sea, +but be spoken with a slight foreign accent. How numerous those foreign +words still are in Sutherland Gaelic, the late Mr. George Henderson +has ably and elaborately proved in his scholarly book on "Norse +Influence on Celtic Scotland." We find traces of Norse words and the +Norse accent and inflexions also on the Moray seaboard, on which +the Norse gained a hold. The same would be true of the people on the +western lands and islands of the Hebrides. + +As time went on, the Gaelic strain predominated more and more, +especially on the mainland of Scotland, over the Gall, or foreign, +strain, which was not maintained. Mr. A.W. Johnston, in his "_Orkney +and Shetland Folk--850 to 1350_,"[14] has worked out the quarterings +of the Norse jarls, of whom only the first three were pure Norsemen, +and he has thus shown conclusively how very Celtic they had become +long before their male line failed. The same process was at work, +probably to a greater extent, among those of lower rank, who could +not find or import Norse wives, if they would, as the jarls frequently +did. + +One or two other introductory points remain to be noted and borne in +mind throughout. + +We must beware of thinking that all the land in an earldom such as Cat +was the absolute property of the chief, as in the nineteenth century, +or the latter half of it, was practically true in the modern county +of Sutherland. The fact was very much otherwise. The Maormor and +afterwards the earl doubtless had demesne lands, but he was in early +times, _ex officio_, mainly a superior and receiver of dues for his +king;[15] and this possibly shows why very early Scottish earldoms, as +for instance that of Sutherland, in the absence of male heirs, often +descended to females, unless the grant or custom excluded them. It +was quite different with later feudal baronies or tenancies, where +military service, which only males could render, was due, and which +with rare exceptions it was, after about 1130, the policy of the +Scottish kings to create; and in the case of baronies or lordships the +land itself was often described and given to the grantee and his heirs +by metes and bounds, in return for specified military service, and his +heirs male were exhausted before any female could inherit. + +In Ness and in the rest of Cat there were many Norse and native +holders of land within the earldom, and much tribal ownership. Duncan +of Duncansby or Dungall of Dungallsby, as he is variously called, +allowed part at least of his dominions to pass by marriage to the +Norse jarls; but both Moddan and Earl Ottar, whose heir was Earl +Erlend Haraldson, who left no heir, owned land extensively in Ness and +elsewhere, while Moddan "in Dale" had daughters also owning land, one +of whom, Frakark, widow of Liot Nidingr, had many homesteads in upper +Kildonan in Sudrland and elsewhere, and possibly it is her sister +Helga's name that lingers in a place-name lower down that strath near +Helmsdale, at Helgarie. + +What is worthy of notice is that it is clear from the place-names that +after the Norse conquest the Norse held and named most of the lower or +seaward parts of the valleys and nearly all the coast lands of Cat and +Ross as far south as the Beauly Firth, and the Picts occupied and were +never dispossessed of the upper parts of the valleys or the hills all +through the Norse occupation. In other words, as conquerors coming +from the sea, the Norsemen seized and held the better Pictish lands +near the coast, which had been cultivated for centuries, and on which +crops would ripen with regularity and certainty year after year. But +as time went on the Pictish Maormor pressed the Norse Jarl more and +more outwards and eastwards in Cat. + +We must also remember the enormous power of the Scottish Crown through +its right of granting wardships, especially in the case of a female +heir. Under such grants the grantee, usually some very powerful noble, +took over during minority the title of his ward and all his revenues +absolutely, in return for a payment, correspondingly large, to the +Crown. If the ward was a female, the grantee disposed of her hand in +marriage as well. + +After these preliminary notes, we may now again glance at the Scots, +who were destined, from small beginnings, by a series of strange turns +of fortune and superior state-craft, in time to conquer and dominate +all modern Scotland north of the Forth, then known as Alban. + +The Scots, as already stated, had come over from Ulster and settled in +Cantyre about the end of the fifth century, and for long they had only +the small Dalriadic territory of Argyll, and even this they all but +lost more than once. At the same time, after 563, they had a most +valuable asset in Columba, their soldier missionary prince, and his +_milites Christi_, or soldiers of Christ, who gradually carried their +Christianity and Irish culture even up to Orkney itself, with many a +school of the Erse or Gaelic tongue, and thus paved the way for +the consolidation of the whole of Alban into one political unit by +providing its people with a common language. + +But in order to live the Scots had been forced to defeat many foes, +such as the Britons of Strathclyde, whose capital was at Alcluyd +or Dunbarton,[16] the Northumbrians on the south, and the Picts of +Atholl, Forfar, Fife and Kincardine, which comprised most of the +fertile land south of the Grampians. The great Pictish province of +Moray on the north of the Grampians, however, remained unsubdued, and +it took the Scots several centuries more to reduce it. + +It was when the Scottish conquests above referred to were thus far +completed that the new factor, with which we are mainly concerned, +was introduced into the problem. This factor was, as stated, _the +Northmen_. + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +_The Early Norse Jarls._ + + +It was in the reign of Constantine I, son of the great Pictish king, +Angus MacFergus, that the new and disturbing influence mentioned above +appeared in force in Alban. Favoured in their voyages to and fro by +the prevailing winds, which then, as now, blew from the east in +the spring and from the west later in the year, the Northmen, +both Norsemen and Danes, neither being Christians, had, like their +predecessors the Saxons and Angles and Frisians, for some time made +trading voyages and desultory piratical attacks in summer-time on +the coasts of Britain and Ireland, and probably many a short-lived +settlement as well. But as these attacks and settlements are +unrecorded in Cat, no account of them can be given. + +In 793 it is on record that the Vikings first sacked Iona, originally +the centre of Columban Christianity but then Romanised, and they +repeated these raids on its shrine again and again within the next +fifteen years. Constantine thereupon removed its clergy to Dunkeld, +"and there set up in his own kingdom an ecclesiastical capital for +Scots and Picts alike,"[1] as a step towards the political union +of his realm, which Norse sea-power had completely severed from the +original home of the Scots in Ulster. + +The Northmen now began the systematic maritime invasions of our +eastern and northern and western coasts and islands, which history has +recorded. North Scotland was attacked almost exclusively by Norsemen, +and Norsemen and Danes invaded Ireland. The Danes seized the south of +Scotland, and the north of England, of which latter country, early in +the eleventh century in the time of King Knut, they were destined to +dominate two-thirds, while Old Norse became the _lingua franca_ of +his English kingdom, and enriched its language with hundreds of Norse +words, and gave us many new place and personal names. + +In 844, Kenneth, king of the Scots, the small North Irish sept which, +as stated above, had crossed over from Erin and held the Dalriadic +kingdom of Argyll with its capital at Dunadd near the modern Crinan +Canal, succeeded in making good his title, on his mother's side, to +the Pictish crown by a successful attack from the west on the southern +Picts[2] at the same time as their territory was being invaded from +the east coast by the Danes. Thereafter, these Picts and the Scots +gradually became and ever afterwards remained one nation, a course +which suited both peoples as a safeguard not only against their +foreign foes the Northmen, but also against the Berenicians of Lothian +on the south. With the object of ensuring the union of the two peoples +Kenneth is said to have transferred some of the relics of Columba, who +had become the patron saint of both, from Iona to Dunkeld, which thus +definitely remained not only the ecclesiastical capital of the united +Picts and Scots, but the common centre of their religious sentiment +and veneration. Incidentally, too, the Pictish language gradually +became disused, as that people were absorbed in the Scots; and +unfortunately, through the fact that no written literature survived to +preserve it, that language has almost entirely disappeared. The better +opinion is that it was more closely akin to Welsh and Breton than to +Erse or Gaelic, the Welsh and the Picts being termed "P" Celts, and +the other races "Q" Celts, because in words of the same meaning the +Welsh used "P" where the Gaelic speaking Celt used the hard "C". For +instance, "Pen" and "Map" in Welsh became "Ken" (or Ceann) and "Mac" +in Gaelic.[3] + +In the reign of Constantine II, Kenneth's son and next successor but +one, further incursions by the Northmen took place under King Olaf +the White of Dublin in 867 and 871; while in 875 his son Thorstein the +Red, by Aud "the deeply-wealthy" or "deeply-wise," landed on the north +coast, and, we are told, seized "Caithness and Sutherland and Moray +and more than half Scotland,"[4] being killed, however, by treachery +within the year. His mother Aud thereupon built a ship in Caithness, +and sailed for the Faroes and Iceland with her retinue and +possessions, marrying off two grand-daughters on the way, one, called +Groa, to Duncan, Maormor of Duncansby in Caithness, the most ancient +Pictish chief of whom we hear in that district, and probably ancestor +of the Moldan, or Moddan, line in Cat. Two years later, in 877, King +Constantine was defeated by a force of Danes at Dollar, and slain by +them at Forgan in Fife.[5] + +After the great decisive battle of Hafrsfjord in Norway in 872, +because Orkney and Shetland and the Hebrides had become refuges for +the Norse Vikings, who had been expelled from their country or had +left it on the introduction of feudalism with its payment of dues +to the king, but were raiding its shores, Harald Harfagr,[6] king of +Norway, along with Jarl Ragnvald of Maeri attacked and extirpated the +pirate Vikings in their island lairs; and, as compensation to the +jarl for the loss of his son Ivar in battle, Harald transferred his +conquests with the title of Jarl of Orkney and Shetland to Ragnvald, +who, in his turn, with the king's consent, soon made over his new +territories and title to his brother Sigurd. + +This new jarl, the second founder of the line of Orkney jarls, +conquered Caithness and Sutherland as far south as Ekkjals-bakki,[7] +which is believed by some to be in Moray, and by others, with more +truth, to be the ranges of hills in Sutherland and Ross lying to the +north and to the south of the River Oykel and its estuary, the Dornoch +Firth; and the second part of the name still happens to survive in the +place-name of Backies in Dunrobin Glen and elsewhere in Cat where the +Norse settled. About the year 890,[8] after challenging Malbrigde +of the Buck-tooth to a fight with forty a side, to which he himself +perfidiously brought eighty men, Sigurd outflanked and defeated his +adversary, and cut off his head and suspended it from his saddle; but +the buck-tooth, by chafing his leg as he rode away from the field, +caused inflammation and death, and Jarl Sigurd's body was laid in howe +on Oykel's Bank at Sigurthar-haugr, or Sigurds-haugr, the Siwards-hoch +of early charters now on modern maps corruptly written Sidera or +Cyderhall, near Dornoch, which, when translated, is Sigurd's Howe.[9] +"Thenceforward," as Professor Hume Brown tells us, "the mainland +was never secure from the attacks of successive jarls, who for long +periods held firm possession of what is now Caithness and Sutherland. +As things now went, this was in truth in the interest of the kings of +Scots themselves. To the north of the Grampians they exercised little +or no authority; and the people of that district were as often their +enemies as their friends. Through the action of the Orkney jarls, +therefore, the Scottish kings were at comparative liberty to extend +their territory towards the south; and the day came when they found +themselves able to crush every hostile element even in the north.[10] + +It is this process of consolidation in the north which it is proposed +to describe so far as Sutherland and Caithness are concerned, using +both Norse and Scottish records, and piecing them together as best +we can, and, be it confessed, in many cases filling up great gaps by +necessary guess-work when records fail. + +In the reign of the great king Constantine III, between the years 900 +and 942, the Danes again gave trouble. In 903 the Irish Danes ravaged +Alban,[11] as Scotland north of the Forth was then called, for a +whole year; in 918 Constantine and his ally, Eldred of Lothian, were +defeated by another expedition of these invaders; and in 934 Athelstan +and his Saxons burst into Strathclyde and Forfar, the heart of +Constantine's kingdom, and the Saxon fleet was sent up even to the +shores of Caithness, as a naval demonstration intended to brave the +Norse, who had joined Constantine, on their own element. Lastly, in +937 Athelstan and Constantine met at Brunanburg, probably Birrenswark +near Ecclefechan, and Constantine and his Norse allies were completely +defeated.[12] + +Meantime, since 875, a succession of jarls had endeavoured to hold, +for the kings of Norway, Orkney and Shetland, as well as Cat, which +then included Ness, Strathnavern, and Sudrland.[13] The history of +these early jarls is not told in detail in any surviving contemporary +record, for the Sagas of the jarls as individuals have perished; but +there is a brief account of them in the beginning of the _Orkneyinga +Saga_, another in chapters 99 and 100 of the _St. Olaf's Saga_, and a +fuller one in chapters 179 to 187 of the _Saga of Olaf Tryggvi's Son_, +contained in the _Flatey Book_.[14] From these the following story may +be gathered. + +After Jarl Sigurd's death, his son Guthorm ruled for one winter, and +died without issue, so that Sigurd's line came to an end. When Jarl +Ragnvald of Maeri heard of his nephew's death, he sent his son Hallad +over from Norway to Hrossey, as the mainland of Orkney was then +called, and King Harald gave him the title of jarl. Failing in his +efforts to put down the piracy of the Vikings, who continued their +slayings and plunderings, Hallad, the last of the purely Norse jarls, +resigned his jarldom, and returned ignominiously to Norway. In the +absence at war of Hrolf the Ganger, who became Duke of Normandy and +was an ancestor of the kings of England, two others of Ragnvald's +sons, Thorir and Hrollaug, were summoned to meet their father. At +this meeting it was decided that neither of these should go to Orkney, +Thorir's prospects in Norway being good, and Hrollaug's future lying +in Iceland, where, it was said, he was to found a great family. Then +Einar, the Jarl's youngest son by a thrall or slave woman, and thus +not of pure Norse lineage, asked whether he might go, offering as an +inducement to his father that, if he went, he would thus never be seen +by him again. He was told that the sooner he went, and the longer he +stayed away, the better his father would be pleased. A galley, well +equipped, was given to him, and about the year 891 King Harald Harfagr +conferred on him the title of Jarl of Orkney and Shetland, for which +he sailed. On his arrival there, he attacked Kalf Skurfa and Thorir +Treskegg,[15] the pirate Viking leaders, and defeated and slew them +both. He then took possession of the lands of the jarldom; and, from +having taught the people of Turfness in Moray the use of turf or peat +for fuel, was known thenceforward as Torf-Einar. He is said to have +been "a tall man, ugly, with one eye, but very keen-sighted,"[16] a +faculty which he was soon to use. + +When Jarl Ragnvald of Maeri, the first of the Orkney jarls, was killed +in Norway by two of Harald Harfagr's sons, one of them, Halfdan Halegg +or Long-shanks fled from their father's vengeance to Orkney. When +Halfdan landed, Torf-Einar took refuge in Scotland, but returned in +force, and after defeating Halfdan--who had usurped the jarldom--in +North Ronaldsay Firth, spied him as a fugitive, in hiding, far off on +Rinarsey or Rinansey (Ninian's Island) now North Ronaldsay, and seized +him, cut a blood-eagle on his back, severed his ribs and pulled out +his lungs, and, after offering him as a victim to Odin, buried his +body there.[17] + +Incensed at the shameful slaughter of his son, Harald Harfagr came +over from Norway about the year 900 to avenge him, but, as was then +not unusual, accepted as a wergeld or atonement for his son's death a +fine of sixty marks of gold, which it fell to the islanders to pay. On +their failure to find the money, Torf-Einar paid it himself, taking in +return from the people their odal lands,[18] which were lost to their +families until Jarl Sigurd Hlodverson temporarily restored them as a +recompense for their assistance in the battle fought by him between +969 and 995 against Finleac MacRuari, Maormor of North Moray, at +Skidamyre in Caithness. Whether it was the Orkney jarls or their +superiors, the kings of Norway, who owned them in the meantime, the +odal lands were finally sold back to those entitled to them by descent +by Jarl Ragnvald Kol's son about 1137, in order to raise money for the +completion of Kirkwall Cathedral. Odal tenure in Orkney was thus in +abeyance for over two centuries, save for a short time, and in any +case its inherent principle of subdivision would have killed it, and +after its renewal, in spite of its many safeguards against alienation +to strangers, it gradually died out under feudalism and Scottish law +and lawyers.[19] In Cat it never seems to have taken root. + +After holding the jarldom for a long term, Torf-Einar died in his bed, +as the Saga contemptuously tells us, probably in or after the year +920, leaving three sons, Arnkell, Erlend, and Thorfinn Hausa-kliufr or +Skull-splitter, of whom the two first, Arnkell and Erlend, fell with +Eric Bloody-axe, king of Norway, in England. The third son, Thorfinn +Hausa-kliufr or Skull-splitter, himself about three-quarters Norse +by blood, married Grelaud, daughter of Dungadr, or Duncan, the Gaelic +Maormor of Caithness by Groa, daughter of Thorfinn the Red, thus +further Gaelicising the strain of the Norse Jarls of Orkney,[20] but +adding greatly to their mainland territories. + +Jarl Thorfinn Hausa-kliufr, who flourished between 920 and 963, is +described as a great chief and fighter; but he, like his father, +died a peaceful death, and was buried at Hoxa, Haugs-eithi or +Mound's-isthmus, which covers the site of a Pictish broch, near the +north-west end of South Ronaldshay.[21] + +When Eric Bloody-axe had been defeated and killed, his sons came to +Orkney and seized the jarldom, and his widow, the notoriously wicked +Gunnhild and her daughter Ragnhild settled there for a time. Thorfinn +Hausa-kliufr had five sons, Arnfinn, Havard, Hlodver, Ljotr and +Skuli. Three of these, Arnfinn. Havard and Ljotr, successively married +Ragnhild, and Ragnhild rivalled her mother in wickedness. Arnfinn she +killed at Murkle in Caithness with her own hand; Havard she induced +Einar Oily-tongue, his nephew, to slay, on her promise to marry him, +which she broke; and finally she married Jarl Ljotr instead. Skuli, +the only other surviving son save Hlodver, went to the king of Scots, +who is said to have lightly given away what did not belong to him, +and to have created him Earl of Caithness, which then included +Sudrland.[22] Skuli then raised a force in his new earldom, no doubt +to carry out Scottish policy, and, crossing to Orkney, fought a battle +there with his brother Ljotr, was defeated, and fled to Caithness. +Collecting another army in Scotland, Skuli fought a second battle at +Dalar or Dalr, probably Dale in the upper valley of the Thurso River +in Caithness, and was there defeated and killed by Ljotr, who took +possession of his dominions. Then followed a battle between Ljotr and +a Scottish earl called Magbiod or Macbeth, at Skida Myre or Skitten +Moor in Watten in Caithness, which Ljotr won, but died of his wounds +shortly after, and is said to have been buried at Stenhouse in +Watten.[23] Thus the first Scottish attempt at consolidation of the +north failed. + +During the last half of the tenth century there was constant war by +the kings of Alban against the Northmen who had seized the coast of +Moray, and Malcolm I was killed at Ulern near Kinloss, about the year +954, and his successor Indulf fell in the hour of his victory over the +invaders at Cullen in Banff.[24] But on the whole probably the Scots +had succeeded for a time in driving out the Norse from the laigh of +Moray, which the latter needed for its supplies of grain. + +Hlodver or Lewis, (963-980), the only surviving son of Thorfinn +Hausa-kliufr, succeeded Ljotr in the jarldom; and by Audna or Edna, +daughter of Kiarval, king of the Hy Ivar of Dublin and Limerick, +Hlodver had a son, the famous Sigurd the Stout, or Sigurd Hlodverson. +Hlodver was, (as Mr. A.W. Johnston points out),[25] by blood slightly +more Norse than Gaelic. We know little of him save that he was a +mighty chief; and, according to the usual reproach of the Saga, +died in his bed and not in battle about 980, and was buried at Hofn, +probably Huna, in Caithness, near John o' Groats, under a howe.[26] + +The line of the so-called Norse earls, at the period at which we have +arrived, 980 A.D., was represented by Sigurd Hlodverson, the hero of +the Raven banner, which, as his Irish mother had predicted, was to +bring victory to every host which followed it, but death to every man +who bore it in battle.[27] Sigurd claimed Caithness by the rules +of Pictish succession, as grandson of Grelaud daughter of Duncan of +Duncansby, Maormor of that district. This claim was disputed by +two Celtic chiefs, Hundi (possibly Crinan, Abthane of Dunkeld) and +Melsnati, or Maelsnechtan; and in a battle at Dungal's Noep, near +Duncansby, at which Kari Solmundarson is said in the _Saga of Burnt +Njal_[28] to have been present, Sigurd defeated them, but with +such loss to his own side that he had to retire to Orkney, leaving +Hundi,[29] the survivor of his two enemies, in possession of his lands +in Caithness. Sigurd himself, on his voyage from Orkney, fell into the +hands of the Norse king, Olaf Tryggvi's-son, who was returning from +Dublin to Norway, in the bay of Osmundwall or Kirk Hope in Walls; +and the king insisted on the jarl being baptized on the spot, under +penalty, if he and all the inhabitants of his jarldom did not become +and remain Christians, of losing his eldest son Hundi or Hvelpr, +whom the Norse king seized and retained as a hostage. He also sent +missionaries to evangelize the jarldom. Such was the conversion of +Orkney and its jarl from the worship of Odin, at or about the end of +the first millennium of the Christian era. + +On his son's death in captivity, Sigurd seems to have deserted the +Norse for the Scottish side, and to have devoted himself to seeking +the favour, by his assistance in completing the conquest of Moray from +the Norse, of the Scottish king Malcolm II, whose third daughter he +married as his second wife.[30] He was, by race, more than two-thirds +Gaelic, and he clearly at first held Caithness in spite of all +Scottish attacks, and probably later on agreed to hold it from the +Scottish king. + +A few other persons are referred to in the Sagas as connected with +Caithness at this time. In the Landnamabok (1.6.5) we find Swart Kell, +or Cathal Dhu, mentioned as having gone from Caithness and taken +land in settlement in Mydalr in Iceland, and his son was Thorkel, the +father of Glum, who took Christendom when he was already old. + +About this time also, as appears from the _Saga of Thorgisl_,[31] +there was an Earl Anlaf or Olaf in Caithness, who had a sister, named +Gudrun, whom Swart Ironhead, a pirate, sought in marriage. But Swart +was killed in holmgang, or duel, by Thorgisl, who cut off his head +and married Gudrun, by whom he had a son called Thorlaf. Thorgisl then +tired of Gudrun, and gave her to Thorstan the White on the plea that +he himself wished to go and look after his estate in Iceland, which he +did. Can this Anlaf be the original of the legendary Alane, thane +of Sutherland, whom Macbeth, according to Sir Robert Gordon in his +_Genealogie of the Earles of Southerland_,[32] put to death, and whose +son, Walter, Malcolm Canmore is said to have created first Earl? Or +was Alane, like others, a creation of Sir Robert's inventive brain? +He was certainly no earl of the present Sutherland line; neither was +Walter.[33] + +To this period also belongs the romantic story of Barth or Bard, +son of Helgi and Helga Ulfs-datter told in the _Flatey Book_, and +translated at page 369 of the Appendix to Sir George Dasent's Rolls +Edition of the _Orkneyinga Saga_, which is shortly as follows. + +In the time of Sigurd Hlodverson, Ulf the Bad, of Sanday in Orkney, +murdered Harald of North Ronaldsay, and seized his lands in the +absence of Harald's son Helgi, a gentle Viking, on a cruise. On his +return, Helgi, to revenge his father's death, slew Bard, Ulf's next of +kin, in fight. Jarl Sigurd blames him for this and for not letting him +settle the feud himself, and Helgi sells all he has, and goes to Ulf's +house and takes his daughter, Helga, away. Ulf follows them up by +sea with a superior force, defeats Helgi off Caithness, and he +jumps overboard with Helga and swims to shore, where a poor farmer, +Thorfinn, as Helgi had always been kind in his "vikings" to such as he +was, has the wedding at his house, and shelters the pair there till +on Ulf's death two years after they can return to Orkney with Bard or +Barth, their infant son. At twelve years of age, Barth desires to fare +away "to those peoples who believe in the God of Heaven Himself," and +fares far away accordingly. Barth works for a farmer, and works so +well that his flocks increase, and gets a cow for himself as a reward, +but meets a beggar who begs the cow of him "for Peter's thanks." Each +year a cow is the reward of Barth's work, and each year he is asked +for the cow, and gives her up, until he has given three cows. Then +St. Peter (for the beggar was no other than he) passes his hands over +Barth, and gives him good luck, and sets a book upon his shoulders; +and he saw far and wide over many lands, and over all Ireland, and he +was baptized, and became a holy hermit and a bishop in Ireland. Such +is the Norse story of Barth, to whom the first Cathedral in Dornoch +was said to have been dedicated. It is far more prettily told in the +Saga. + +But St. Barr of Dornoch, in all probability, belongs to the sixth +century,[34] not to the tenth, and was a Pict or Irishman, not a +Norseman. He was never Bishop of Caithness, so far as records tell. +His Fair, like those of other Pictish Saints elsewhere in Cat, is +still celebrated, and is held at Dornoch. + +The battle of Clontarf, fought on Good Friday, the 23rd of April 1014, +outside Dublin, between the young heathen king of Dublin, Sigtrigg +Silkbeard, and the aged Christian king, Brian Borumha, was, +notwithstanding Norse representations to the contrary, a decisive +victory for the Irish over the Norse, and for Christianity against +Odinism. Sigurd, Jarl of Orkney, though nominally a Christian, fought +on the heathen side, and fell bearing his Raven banner, and the old +king, Brian, was killed in the hour of his people's victory. + +Sigurd's death is the subject of a strange legend, and the occasion +of a weird poem, _The Darratha-Liod_[35] said to have been sung in +Caithness for the first time on the day of Sigurd's death. + +The legend is given in the _Niala_[36] as follows:--"On Friday it +happened in Caithness that a man called Dorruthr went out of his house +and saw that twelve men together rode to a certain bower, where they +all disappeared. He went to the bower, and looked in through a window, +and saw that within there were women, who had set up a web. They sang +the poem, calling on the listener, Dorruthr, to learn the song, and +to tell it to others. When the song was over, they tore down the web, +each one retaining what she held in her hand of it. And now Dorruthr +went away from the window and returned home, while they mounted their +horses, riding six to the north and six to the south. A similar vision +appeared to Brand, the son of Gneisti, in the Faroes. At Swinefell in +Iceland blood fell on the cope of a priest on Good Friday, so that he +had to take it off. At Thvatta a priest saw on Good Friday deep sea +before the altar and many terrible wonders therein, and for long he +was unable to sing the Hours."[37] + +This strange legend of early telepathy may be explained by the fact +that Thorstein, son of the Icelander Hall o' Side, fought for Sigurd +at Clontarf, and afterwards returned to Iceland and told the story +of the battle, which the Saga preserved; and the English poet, Thomas +Gray, used it as the theme of his well-known poem intituled _The Fatal +Sisters_. The old Norse ballad referred to Sigurd's death at Clontarf +in 1014. It is known as _Darratha-Liod_ or _The Javelin-Song_, and is +translated by the late Eirikr Magnusson and printed in the _Miscellany +of the Viking Society_ with the Old Norse original[38] and the +translator's scholarly notes and explanations. It is said that it was +often sung in Old Norse in North Ronaldsay until the middle of the +eighteenth century. + +As translated it is as follows:-- + + DARRATHA-LIOD. + + I. + Widely's warped + To warn of slaughter + The back-beam's rug-- + Lo, blood is raining! + Now grey with spears + Is framed the web + Of human kind, + With red woof filled + By maiden friends + Of Randver's slayer. + + + II. + That web is warped + With human entrails, + And is hard weighted + With heads of people; + Bloodstained darts + Do for treadles, + The forebeam's ironbound + The reed's of arrows; + Swords be sleys[39] + For this web of war. + + + III. + Hild goes to weave + And Hiorthrimol + Sangrid and Svipol + With swords unsheathed. + Shafts will crack + And shields will burst, + The dog of helms + Will drop on byrnies. + + + IV. + Wind we, wind we + Web of javelins + Such as the young king + Has waged before. + Forward we go + And rush to the fray, + Where our friends + Engage in fighting. + + + V. + Wind we, wind we + Web of javelins + Where forward rush + The fighters' standards. + * * * * * * * * * + * * * * * * * * * + * * * * * * * * * + * * * * * * * * * + + + VI. + Wind we, wind we + Web of javelins, + And faithfully + The king we follow. + Nor shall we leave + His life to perish; + Among the doomed + Our choice is ample. + + + VII. + * * * * * * * * * + * * * * * * * * * + * * * * * * * * * + * * * * * * * * * + There Gunn and Gondul + Who guarded the king + Saw borne by men + Bloody targets. + + + VIII. + That race will now + Rule the country + Which erstwhile held + But outer nesses. + The mighty king, + Meweens, is doomed. + Now pierced by points + The Earl hath fallen. + + + IX. + Such bale will now + Betide the Irish + As ne'er grows old + To minding men. + The web's now woven + The wold made red, + Afar will travel + The tale of woe. + + + X: + An awful sight + The eye beholdeth + As blood-red clouds + Are borne through heaven; + The skies take hue + Of human blood, + Whene'er fight-maidens + Fall to singing. + + + XI. Willing we chant + Of the youthful king + A lay of victory-- + Luck to our singing! + But he who listens + Must learn by heart + This spear-maid's song + And spread it further. + + + XII. + * * * * * * * * * + * * * * * * * * * + * * * * * * * * * + * * * * * * * * * + On bare-backed steeds + We start out swiftly + With swords unsheathed + From hence away. + + +The nine centuries, above referred to, of Roman invasion, intestine +war, and ecclesiastical rivalry between the Pictish, Columban and +Catholic Churches had now, under Malcolm II, produced a kingdom of +Scotland, throughout which the Catholic was in a fair way to become +the predominant Church, and in which the authority of the Scottish +Crown was for the time being, nominally, but in the north merely +nominally, supreme on the mainland from the Tweed to the Pentland +Firth. The Isles of Orkney and Shetland and the whole of the Sudreyar +or Hebrides, however, owed allegiance, whether their jarls admitted +it or not, to the Crown of Norway, and the Scottish kings had no +authority over them.[40] Moreover, the Northmen--Danes and Norsemen +and Gallgaels--held the western seas from the Butt of Lewis to the +Isle of Man, and they had severed the connection between the Scots +of Ulster and the Scots of Argyll. The latter had thus been forced to +move eastwards, in order to avoid constant raids by the Irish Danes +and Norsemen and the Gallgaels, who thus possessed themselves of all +the coast of Scotland then known as Airergaithel or Argyll, which +extended up to Ross and Assynt, west of the Drumalban watershed. + +Of the next nine centuries from 1000 to the present time it is +proposed to deal with the first two hundred and seventy years only, +which, with the preceding century and a half, form a chapter of +Scottish history complete in itself. The narrative, as already stated, +will be based largely upon the great Stories or Tales known as the +_Orkneyinga, St. Magnus'_, and _Hakonar Sagas_, and also upon Scottish +and English chronicles and records so far as they throw their fitful +light upon the northern counties of Scotland, and especially upon +Caithness and Sutherland, during the dark periods between these Sagas. + +Attention will have to be paid to the Pictish family of Moldan of +Duncansby, of Moddan, created Earl of Caithness by his uncle Duncan I, +and of Moddan "in Dale," each of whom in turn succeeded to much of +the estates of the ancient Maormors of Duncansby, but whose people had +been driven back from most of the best low-lying lands into the upper +valleys and the hills by the foreign invaders of Cat. For, when the +Norse Vikings first attacked Cat and succeeded in conquering the Picts +there, they conquered by no means the whole of that province. They +subdued and held only that part of Ness or modern Caithness which lies +next its north and east coasts, and the rest of the sea-board of Ness, +Strathnavern and Sudrland, forcing their way up the lower parts of +the valleys of these districts, as their place-names still live on to +prove; but they never conquered, so as to occupy and hold them, the +upper parts of these river basins or the hills above them, which +remained in possession of Picts and Gaels throughout the whole period +of the Norse occupation. Further, the Picts and Gaels extended the +area which they retained, until Norse rule was expelled from the +mainland altogether. + +In Strathnavern and in the upper valleys of its rivers, and also in +Caithness in the uplands of the river Thurso, and in a large part of +Sudrland the Pictish family and clan of Moddan in its various branches +subsisted all through the Norse occupation, and it is hoped to show +good reason for believing that the family of Moddan, with the Pictish +or Scottish family of Freskyn de Moravia in later times, was the +mainstay of Scottish rule in the extreme north until the shadowy +claims of Norse suzerains over every part of the mainland were +completely repelled, and avowedly abandoned. + +Meantime to Norway Orkney and Cat were essential. For their fertile +lands yielded the supplies of grain which Norway required; and when +the Norse were driven from the arable lands of the Moray seaboard, +Orkney and Cat became still more necessary to them and their folk at +home. Cat the Scots could not then reach, for the Norse held the sea, +while on land Pictish Moray, a jealous power, hostile to its southern +neighbours, lay in its mountain fastnesses between the territory of +the Scots in the south and the land of Cat in the extreme north, and +formed a barrier which stretched across Alban from the North Sea to +the shores of Assynt on the Skotlands-fiorthr or Minch. + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +_Thorfinn--Earl and Jarl._ + + +Malcolm II, with whom Scottish contemporary records may be said to +begin, ascended the Scottish throne in 1005, and defeated the Norse at +Mortlach in Moray in 1010, and drove them from its fertile seaboard, +probably with the help of Sigurd Hlodverson, Jarl of Orkney. The men +of Moray, however, and their Pictish Maormors remained ungrateful, and +irreconcilably opposed to Scottish rule; and Moray, then stretching +across almost from ocean to ocean,[1] barred the way of the Scots to +the north. + +What he could not achieve by arms, Malcolm, both before and after his +accession, decided to secure by a series of matrimonial alliances. +He had no son; but he had three available daughters,[2] of whom the +eldest was Bethoc, and the two others are said to have been called +Donada or Doada and Plantula. + +1. _Bethoc_ he married to the most powerful Pictish leader of the +time, Crinan, Abthane of Dunkeld, the capital of the southern Picts, +and they had issue + +(a) _Duncan_, afterwards Duncan I of Scotland, born about 1001; + +(b) _Maldred_ of Cumbria, whose eldest son was Gospatrick, and whose +second son was Dolfin; but with Maldred we are not concerned; + +(c) _A daughter_, who became the mother of Moddan, whom Duncan +I, after his accession in 1034, created Earl of Caithness or Cat, +probably about 1040, his father being possibly of the family of Moldan +of Duncansby, whose sons Gritgard and Snaekolf, if we may believe the +_Njal Saga_, were slain by Helgi Njal's son and Kari Solmundarson, +Moldan being said to be a kinsman of Malcolm the Scots king. + +2. Malcolm's second daughter, _Donada_, he married to Finnleac or +Finlay Mac Ruari, Maormor of North Moray, and a chief of the northern +Picts, and they had a son, Macbeth, born about 1005, who succeeded +Duncan I on his death in 1040 as King of Scotland, but left no +issue.[3] + +3. Malcolm's third daughter, said to have been called _Plantula_, he +gave, about 1007, as his second wife to Sigurd Hlodverson, who, as we +have seen, was killed in 1014 at the decisive battle of Clontarf, his +wife having died probably before that event; and their only child was +a son, born about 1008 and created Earl of Caithness and Sutherland, +who became the great Earl and Jarl _Thorfinn_. + +The three marriages were intended to secure to Malcolm the south, +the middle, and the north of Pictland through the fathers of Duncan, +Macbeth, and Thorfinn respectively; and we may note that from Thorfinn +are descended all subsequent Jarls and Earls of Orkney and Shetland +and Caithness of the so-called Norse line. + +Duncan I, Macbeth, and Thorfinn Sigurd's son were thus first cousins, +and, in spite of the fiction of Holinshed, Boece, and William +Shakespeare, they were all about the same age, being born within seven +years of each other; and none of them lived to old age. + +By the victory of Carham in 1018 Malcolm II secured for ever the line +of the Tweed as Scotland's southern frontier; and this success in the +south, one of the most important events in Scottish history, left +him free to extend his kingdom and sovereignty towards the north, his +object being to unite into one realm the whole mainland at least +of Scotland. To accomplish this, he would have to bring under the +supremacy of the Scottish crown in addition to the Picts of Atholl, +whom the Scots had absorbed, the Gallgaels of Argyll, the Picts of +Moray and of Ross within and beyond the Grampians, and those of +the province of Cat, with the Norsemen there as well. He could thus +ultimately hope to oust Somarled, Brusi and Einar, Jarl Sigurd's sons +by his first wife, and their overlords, the Norse kings, from Orkney +and Shetland, and to add those islands to his dominions. Meantime, +Somarled, Brusi and Einar took no share in Cat. Thorfinn had Cat, all +for himself, as a fief of the Scottish king. + +Although the history of the time of Thorfinn Sigurdson, the first +Scottish Earl of Caithness and Sutherland,[4] would have been of +great interest to inhabitants of those counties, the _Orkneyinga Saga_ +contains but little information about his doings in them, because he +bent all his efforts towards extending his dominion over the islands +which formed his father Sigurd's jarldom, his policy, in his youth at +least, being directed to this object by his grandfather, Malcolm +II. Indeed during the life of that king, Thorfinn appears to have +established himself at Duncansby in Caithness, on the shore of the +Pentland Firth, and to have occupied himself in endeavouring to induce +his three surviving half-brothers, Somarled, Brusi, and Einar, to part +with as large a share as possible of Orkney and Shetland, and cede +it to himself. In this he had much assistance from King Malcolm. +Thorfinn, whose mother probably died in his infancy if we are to +credit his father's matrimonial stipulations as regards an Irish wife +in 1014, succeeded to the earldom and lands in that year, as a boy of +about six years of age, and was early in coming to his full growth, +the "tallest and strongest of men; his hair was black, his features +sharp, his brows scowling, and, as soon as he grew up, it was easy to +see that he was forward and grasping." From the description given in +the Saga at Chapter 22, he was no more a Norseman in appearance than +he was by blood. He was, in fact, by race and descent, almost a pure +Gael, and at Malcolm's court must have spoken only Gaelic. + +Of his three half-brothers, Somarled and Brusi were not unwilling to +give Thorfinn a share of the Orkney jarldom. For they were meek men, +especially Brusi; and, when Somarled died, though Einar wanted two +shares for himself, and fought to retain them, he only wearied out +his followers and alienated them by his cruelty. They, therefore, went +over to Thorfinn in Caithness. More important still, Thorkel +Amundson, "the properest young man in Orkney," did likewise, and was +thenceforward known as Thorkel Fostri, foster-father to Thorfinn, whom +he aided at every crisis of his career. + +When Thorfinn grew up, he claimed a third share of Orkney, and, +not getting it, "called out a force from Caithness" where he mostly +lived.[5] Brusi and Einar then pooled their share of the islands, +Einar having the control of both; and Thorfinn got his trithing,[6] +managing it by his men, who collected his scatt and tolls under +Thorkel Fostri, whom Einar plotted to kill. Einar next seized Eyvind +Urarhorn, a Norse subject of distinction, who had caused his complete +defeat in Ulfreksfirth in Ireland, but was sheltering from a storm in +Orkney, and killed him, to the great anger of the Norse king. + +Grasping at once the opportunity thus created, Thorfinn determined to +turn it to his own advantage. He sent Thorkel to King Olaf in Norway +to seek protection for himself against Einar, and Thorkel came back +bearing an invitation to Thorfinn to visit the Norwegian court, from +which the jarl returned as much in favour with the king as Einar was +in disgrace. Brusi then tried to reconcile Thorfinn and Einar, and +Thorkel was to be included in the settlement. Thorkel, however, +after inviting Einar to a feast in his hall at Sandvik in Deerness, +a promontory south-east of Kirkwall, discovered a plot by Einar to +attack him by three several ambushes as they left the house. In a +striking scene, the Saga tells how Thorkel, wounded, and Halvard, an +Icelander, dispatched Einar at the hearth of the hall; how Einar's +followers did not interfere; and how Thorkel fled to King Olaf in +Norway, who was much gratified by the death of Einar, the slayer of +his own friend Eyvind Urarhorn.[7] + +On Einar's death, Brusi tried to get two-thirds of the isles, but +Thorfinn now claimed a half share, and King Olaf, in spite of a visit +by Thorfinn to him in Norway, ultimately awarded Brusi two-thirds, +Thorfinn having the rest. Brusi, however, being unable to defend the +isles from pirates, about the year 1028 gave up one of his trithings +to Thorfinn on his undertaking the defence of the isles,[8] for which +a powerful fleet would be essential, and Brusi died in 1031. + +After this settlement of their claims, Malcolm II died in 1034 at +the age of eighty; and his death wrecked his policy. For Duncan, +his grandson, the Karl Hundason of the Saga, on his accession to +the Scottish throne claimed tribute from his cousin Thorfinn for +Caithness. Payment was at once refused, and six years of strife, +interrupted by Duncan's unfortunate raids south of the Tweed, ended by +his creating Mumtan or Moddan, his own sister's son, Earl of Caithness +instead of Thorfinn. With a force collected in Sudrland, which thus +appears to have been on the Scottish side, Moddan tried to make good +his title, but Thorfinn raised an army in Caithness, and Thorkel +collected another for him in Orkney, and the Scots retired before +superior numbers. "Then Earl Thorfinn fared after them, and laid under +him Sudrland and Ross and harried far and wide over Scotland; thence +he turned back to Caithness," and "sate at Duncansby, and had there +five long-ships ... and just enough force to man them well."[9] + +After his retirement in Caithness, Moddan went to Duncan at North +Berwick, and Duncan sent him back with another force by land to +Caithness, proceeding thither himself by sea with eleven ships. Duncan +caught Thorfinn and his five ships off the Mull of Deerness in the +Mainland of Orkney, where, after a stiff hand-to-hand fight, the Scots +fleet was defeated and chased southwards by Thorfinn to Moray, which +he ravaged.[10] + +Finding that Moddan and his army were in Thurso, Thorfinn sent Thorkel +Fostri thither secretly with part of his forces, and he set fire to +the house in which Moddan was, and killed him there as he tried to +escape. Thorkel next raised levies in Caithness, Sutherland, and Ross, +joined forces with Thorfinn in Moray, and harried the land, whereupon +Duncan collected an army from the south of Scotland and Cantire and +Ireland, and attacked his enemies in the north. + +A great battle ensued near the Norse stronghold of Turfness,[11] +probably Burghead, where peat is found in abundance, though now +submerged; and the battle was fought at Standing Stane in the parish +of Duffus, three miles and a half E.S.E. of Burghead, on the 14th of +August 1040. + +The Saga gives the following description of the jarl and of the +fighting:-- + +"Earl Thorfinn was at the head of his battle array; he had a gilded +helmet on his head, and was girt with a sword, a great spear in his +hand, and he fought with it, striking right and left.... He went +thither first where the battle of those Irish was; so hot was he with +his train, that they gave way at once before him, and never afterwards +got into good order again. Then Karl let them bring forward his banner +to meet Thorfinn; there was a hard fight, and the end of it was that +Karl laid himself out to fly, but some men say that he has fallen." + +"Earl Thorfinn drove the flight before him a long way up into +Scotland, and after that he fared about far and wide over the land and +laid it under him."[12] + +Then followed Thorfinn's conquests in Fife, and after relating the +failure of a Scottish force, which had surrendered, to kill him by +surprise, the Saga gives a lurid picture of his burnings of farms and +slayings of all the fighting men, "while the women and old men dragged +themselves off to the woods and wastes with weeping and wailing," and +it also tells of his journey north along Scotland to his ships.[13] +"He fared then north to Caithness, and sate there that winter, but +every summer thenceforth he had his levies out, and harried about the +west lands, but sate most often still in the winters," feasting his +men at his own expense, especially at Yuletide, in true Viking style. + +Allowing for exaggeration, it is not too much to say that Thorfinn +and his cousin Macbeth must, after the death of their cousin Duncan +in 1040, between them have held all that is now Scotland save the +Lothians, until about 1057, when Macbeth was slain. To us it is +interesting to note[14] that Duncan died, not in old age, (as +Shakespeare, following Boece and the English chronicler Holinshed +would have us believe) but a young man of thirty-nine years, either +in, or after, Thorfinn's battle, and that he fell a victim not of +Groa, Macbeth's wife's cup of poison, but possibly of her husband's +dagger at Bothgowanan or Pitgavenny, a smithy about two miles from +Elgin. We should also note that Thorfinn's cruelty made it difficult +for him ever to hope to obtain and keep the throne of Scotland, which +thus fell to Macbeth. + +Meantime Jarl Brusi had died about 1031, and though he left a son +Ragnvald, this son was long abroad in Norway, where he was taught all +the accomplishments suitable to his rank, and remained there at the +time of his father's death.[15] Ragnvald Brusi-son was "one of the +handsomest of men, his hair long and yellow as silk, and he was stout +and tall and an able splendid man of great mind and polite manners." +He had saved King Olaf's brother Harald Sigurdson at the great battle +of Stiklastad, after King Olaf, Ragnvald's own foster-father, was +killed, and had fought with great distinction in Russia. Shortly after +his father's death, Ragnvald returned, and, fortified by a grant from +King Magnus of Norway, whom he had helped to gain the throne, claimed +his father's two trithings of the Orkney jarldom. To this Thorfinn, +who after 1034 had his hands full with his war with King Duncan, and +had always wars with the Hebrides and the Irish, agreed, and the +two joined forces, and sailed on Viking raids to the Hebrides and +England.[16] + +About 1044 Thorfinn married Ingibjorg,[17] Finn Arnason's daughter, +and it is interesting to find that in the _Saga Book of the Viking +Club_, Vol. IV, page 171, Mr. Collingwood suggests that the King of +Catanesse, who fought for years to gain possession of Gratiana, the +lost wife of William the Wanderer, was Thorfinn. If this story be +founded on fact, as it probably is, this may account for his somewhat +late marriage with Ingibjorg. + +Thorfinn next claimed two trithings of Orkney from his nephew +Ragnvald, who demurred to giving up what the Norse king had conferred +on him, but, finding he could not cope with Thorfinn's Orkney, +Caithness and Scottish forces, Ragnvald fled to King Magnus, who gave +him a force of picked men, and bade Kalf Arnason also to help him, +although Kalf was Thorfinn's friend, and near connection by marriage. + +The two jarls met in battle in the Pentland Firth, off Rautharbiorg or +Rattar Brough in Caithness, east of Dunnet Head, Kalf Arnason with +his six ships standing out of the fight. Thorfinn had sixty ships, +smaller, and, save Thorfinn's own, lower in the waist than those of +his enemy, who thus easily boarded them, and then attacked Thorfinn. +Surrounded and boarded on both sides, Thorfinn cut his ship free and +rowed to land. Arrived there, he removed his seventy dead, and all +his wounded. Next he persuaded Kalf Arnason to join him with his six +ships, and renewed and won the fight, though Ragnvald himself escaped +to Norway.[18] + +Sailing thence in 1046 with one ship and a picked crew, Ragnvald +surrounded Thorfinn,[19] who was wintering in Mainland of Orkney, and +set fire to the Hall at Orphir in which he was, but the earl tore +out a panel at the back, and, escaping through it with his young wife +Ingibjorg in his arms, rowed in the dark over to Caithness, where +he remained in hiding among his friends, all in Orkney believing him +dead. Ragnvald then seized all the islands, and lived at Kirkwall. + +But, while Ragnvald was in Little Papey--now Papa Stronsay--to fetch +malt for Yuletide, Thorfinn returned, and surrounded the house in +which Ragnvald was, by night; and, on his escaping by leaping through +the besiegers in priestly disguise, Thorfinn's men followed him, and, +led by his lapdog's barking, discovered him among the rocks by the +sea, where Thorkel Fostri slew him, Thorfinn meanwhile annihilating +his following, save one man. This man, who like the rest, was one of +King Magnus' bodyguard, he bade go to his king and tell the tale, and +he seized Kirkwall by stratagem. Jarl Ragnvald is said to have been +a man of large stature and great strength, and to have been buried in +Papa Westray, but a grave nearly eight feet long, that would fit him, +has been found where he fell in Papa Stronsay. + +All this left Thorfinn with his great aim achieved. He was now +sole jarl of Orkney and Shetland, and sole earl of Caithness and +Sutherland, and he also held Ross and the western islands and coast +down to Galloway, and part of Ireland, as his _rikis_ or conquered +tributary lands. + +The fourth and last period of his career now begins with his dramatic +visit to King Magnus in Norway; and, on the death of that king, he +became the friend of his successor, Harald Hardrada, in 1047, and +after visiting King Sweyn in Denmark, and Henry III, Emperor of +Germany, rode south to Rome probably in 1050 along with, it is said, +his cousin Macbeth, king, and a good king, of Scotland, returning +thence to Orkney to his Hall at Birsay at the north-west corner of +Mainland. Thorfinn went to the Pope not only for absolution, but to +get Thorolf appointed bishop in Orkney, according to Adam of Bremen, +c. 243. + +We now come to the last years of the fourth period of his life, when +"the earl sate down quietly and kept peace over all his realm. Then +he left off warfare, and he turned his mind to ruling his people and +land, and to law-giving. He sate almost always in Birsay, and let them +build there Christchurch,[20] a splendid Minster. There first was set +up a bishop's seat in the Orkneys." + +The Annals of Tighernac record a great Norse expedition with the aid +of the Galls of Orkney and Innse Gall and Dublin to subdue the Saxons +in 1057, which failed. It is strange that we hear nothing of Thorfinn +in this, and the question arises whether he had died before it took +place. Had he been alive, such an expedition would hardly have been +possible without him.[21] It is interesting to note that so accurate +a chronicler as Sir Archibald Dunbar dates his widow Ingibjorg's +marriage to Malcolm III in 1059. (See _Scottish Kings_, p. 27.) + +Thorfinn's life forms the subject of no less than twenty-six chapters +of the _Orkneyinga Saga_.[22] In his childhood, and later at all the +main turning points of his life, he was blessed with the constant care +and touching devotion, and with the able counsel and active assistance +of his foster-father, Thorkel Fostri, the slayer of his three +chief competitors--Jarl Einar and Earl Moddan and Jarl Ragnvald +Brusi-son--the captain of his armies, the collector of his revenues +and the guardian, in his absence on his Viking cruises and in his +travels abroad, of his widespread dominions. There is a tradition[23] +that Thorkel founded the rock-castle of Borve, near Farr on the north +coast of Sutherland, which was demolished by the Earl of Sutherland +in 1556; but Thorkel is a common name among Vikings, and the story is +otherwise unauthenticated. + +According to the Saga, Thorfinn died of sickness "in the latter days +of Harald Hardrada," (who was killed in September 1066), near the +church which he founded, in his Hall at Birsay, north of Marwick Head +in the north-west corner of Mainland of Orkney, within a few miles +of the scene of Earl Kitchener's recent death at sea, so that the +greatest of our jarls and of our earls rest near each other, the great +Viking on the shore, and the great soldier in the ocean. + +The chronology of Thorfinn and Ingibjorg his wife is extremely +difficult, but on the whole we incline to think that he was born in +1008, and, as grandson of the king regnant, was created an earl at his +birth, married Ingibjorg, then quite young, in 1044, and died in 1057 +or 1058, after being an earl for his whole life of "fifty years," +while his widow married Malcolm III in 1059. The phrase "in the latter +days of Harald Hardrada" is after all an expression wide enough to +cover the last seven years of a reign of twenty-one years, and it is +unlikely that a marriage of policy would be postponed for more than +the year or two after Malcolm's accession in 1057, during which he was +engaged in defeating the claims of Lulach to his throne and settling +his kingdom. + + + + +CHAPTER V. + +_Paul and Erlend, Hakon and Magnus._ + + +After Earl Thorfinn's death his sons Paul and Erlend jointly held the +jarldom, but divided the lands. They were "big men both, and handsome, +but wise and modest"[1] like their Norse mother Ingibjorg, known as +Earls'-mother, first cousin of Thora, queen of Norway, mother of King +Olaf Kyrre. + +On Thorfinn's death, however, the rest of his territories, nine +Scottish earldoms, it is said, "fell away, and went under those men +who were territorially born to rule over them;" that is to say, they +reverted to Scottish Maormors;[2] but Orkney and Shetland remained +wholly Norse, and under Norse rule. + +The date of the succession of Paul and Erlend to the Norse jarldom[3] +was, as we have seen, after 1057. Possibly in 1059, or certainly not +later than 1064 or 1065, Ingibjorg, Thorfinn's widow, as by Norse law +widows alone had the right to do, "gave herself away" to the Scot-King +Malcolm III, known as Malcolm Canmore.[4] + +As a matter of policy, the marriage was a wise step. For it would +tend to strengthen not only the hold of Scotland on Caithness and +Sutherland, but also its connection with Orkney and Shetland, because +Ingibjorg's sons, the young jarls Paul and Erlend, would become +stepsons of the Scottish king and earls of Caithness. Nor was the +marriage unsuitable in point either of the age or of the rank of the +contracting parties. Married to Thorfinn about 1044,[5] Ingibjorg, his +widow, need not in 1064 have been more than forty. She may have been +younger, and Malcolm was, in 1064, about thirty-three. If the +marriage was in 1059, Ingibjorg would be only thirty-five and Malcolm +twenty-eight. That Ingibjorg was not old is proved by the fact that +she had by Malcolm one son and possibly three sons,[6] namely, Duncan +II, and, it may be, also Malcolm and Donald. As regards rank, also, +she was equal to Malcolm, being a cousin of the Queen of Norway, and +widow of Thorfinn grandson of Malcolm II, the great jarl of Orkney who +had then recently subdued all the north of Scotland and the Western +Isles and Galloway to himself, while Malcolm III was in exile in +England, whence he had been brought back with the greatest difficulty, +not by a Scottish force but by the help of an English, or at least a +Northumbrian army. + +After his marriage with Ingibjorg it is clear that there was peace for +thirty years in the north of Scotland, so far as the Norse jarls +were concerned, a fact which of itself justified the marriage, +which, however, may have afterwards been held to have been within the +prohibited degrees, and therefore void, while its issue would be held +to be illegitimate, and not entitled to succeed to the Scottish crown. + +We may add that there is nothing in any Scottish record to prove this +marriage or to disprove it. + +The first important event in the lives of Paul and Erlend happened +just before the Norman conquest of England. They joined King Harald +Sigurdson (Hardrada) and his son Prince Olaf, who was their second +cousin on their mother's side,[7] in an attack on England; and, after +Harald's death, and his army's defeat by King Harold Godwinson of +England at Stamford Bridge, in September 1066, (three days before +William the Conqueror landed at Pevensey) the two Orkney jarls were +taken prisoner, but, along with Prince Olaf, they were released. +On their return to Orkney, Paul asked the Archbishop of York to +consecrate a cleric of Orkney as Bishop in Orkney, and the two +brothers ruled harmoniously there until their sons Hakon on the one +hand and Magnus and Erling on the other, who had been engaged in +Viking cruises together as boys, grew up and quarrelled, and, as is +usual, drew their fathers into the strife. This strife was provoked by +Hakon, and apparently lasted for many years,[8] Erlend supporting +his own sons, and driving Hakon abroad to Norway about the year 1090. +Neither Paul nor Erlend seems to have been much in Sutherland or +Caithness, in which the representatives of the Gaelic Maormors or +Chiefs probably regained power, especially the family of Moddan, and +extended their territories. + +Meantime King Magnus Barelegs[9] of Norway, instigated by Hakon, +and taking advantage of the contentions between 1093 and 1098 of +the various claimants of the Scottish crown, Donald Bane (whom he +supported), Duncan II, and Edgar, had made his several expeditions, in +the closing years of the eleventh century, against the western islands +and coasts of Scotland and Wales. In the battle of the Menai Straits +in 1098 we find that he had with him young Hakon Paulson, and also +Erling and Magnus, Jarl Erlend's sons, though Magnus, who had repented +of his early Viking ways, after declining to take part in the fight +against an enemy with whom he had no quarrel, escaped to the Scottish +court.[10] In 1098 King Magnus had deposed and carried off Jarls Paul +and Erlend to Norway, where they died soon after; and in the meantime +he had appointed his own son, Sigurd, to be ruler of Orkney and +Shetland in their place.[11] But on King Magnus' death, during his +later expedition to Ireland, where Erling Erlendson probably also +fell, Prince Sigurd had to quit Orkney in order to ascend the +Norwegian throne, leaving the jarldom vacant for the two cousins, +Hakon Paulson and Magnus Erlendson. The latter appears to have stayed +for some years at the Scottish Court and afterwards with a bishop in +Wales, and again in Scotland, but on hearing of his father's death, +went to Caithness, where he was well received and was chosen and +honoured with the title of "earl" about 1103. A winter or two after +King Magnus' death, or about 1105, Hakon came back from Norway with +the title of Jarl, seized Orkney, and slew the king of Norway's +steward, who was protecting Magnus' share, which after a time Magnus +claimed, only to find that Hakon had prepared a force to dispute his +rights. Hakon agreed, however, to give up his claims to Magnus' +half share if Magnus should obtain a grant of it from the Norwegian +king.[12] King Eystein about 1106 gave him this moiety and the title +of Jarl; and the two cousins lived in amity for "many winters," +joining their forces and fighting and killing Dufnjal,[13] who was one +degree further off than their first cousin, and killing Thorbjorn at +Burrafirth in Unst in Shetland "for good cause." Magnus then married, +probably about 1107, "a high-born lady, and the purest maid of the +noblest stock of Scotland's chiefs, living with her ten winters" as +a maiden. After "some winters" evil-minded men set about spoiling +the friendship of the jarls, and Hakon again seized Magnus' share; +whereupon the latter went to the court of Henry I of England, where he +appears to have charmed everyone, and to have spent a year, probably +1111, in which Hakon seized all Orkney, and also Caithness, which then +included Sutherland, and laid them under his rule with robbery and +wantonness. Leaving Caithness, Hakon at once went to attack Magnus +in Orkney where he had landed; but the "good men" intervened, and an +equal division of Orkney and Shetland and Caithness was made between +the jarls. After some winters, however, they met in battle array in +Mainland, and the fight was again stopped by the principal men +on either side in their own interest, the final settlement being +postponed until a meeting, which was to take place in Egilsay in the +next spring, Magnus arrived first at the meeting-place with the small +following of two ships agreed upon, but Hakon came later in seven or +eight ships with a great force, and, after those present had refused +to let both come away alive, Magnus was treacherously murdered under +Hakon's orders by Hakon's cook on the 16th of April 1116. The dead +jarl's mother, Thora, had prepared a feast in Paplay to celebrate the +reconciliation of the two cousins, which, notwithstanding the murder, +Hakon attended. After the banquet the bereaved mother begged her son's +corpse for burial in holy ground, and obtained it from the drunken +earl after some difficulty and buried it in Christ's Kirk at Birsay. +Twenty-one years after, on the 13th December 1137, Jarl Magnus' relics +were brought[14] to St. Magnus' Cathedral at Kirkwall. + +After making due allowance for the legends which generally cluster +round a saint or jarl, and grow with time, and for the desire for +dramatic contrast and effect, we must give credit to the writer of +the _Orkneyinga Saga_, probably the Orkney Bishop Bjarni,[15] for the +vividness and simplicity of his account of St. Magnus' life and of the +two most striking episodes in it--his moral courage as a non-combatant +in the battle of Menai Straits, and his saintly forgiveness of his +murderers in his death-scene on Egilsay; and we must hold him worthy +alike of his aureole and of the noble Norman cathedral afterwards +erected in his memory by his nephew, St. Ragnvald Jarl, at Kirkwall, +which took the place of Thorfinn's church at Birsay as the seat of the +Orkney bishopric. Magnus, it seems, was all through assisted by the +Scottish king, and favoured by the Caithness folk,[16] yet the Saga +jealously claims him as "the Isle-earl,"[17] and adds the following +description of him:-- + +"He was the most peerless of men, tall of growth, manly, and lively +of look, virtuous in his ways, fortunate in fight, a sage in wit, +ready-tongued and lordly-minded, lavish of money and high spirited, +quick of counsel, and more beloved of his friends than any man; +blithe and of kind speech to wise and good men, but hard and unsparing +against robbers and sea-rovers; he let many men be slain who harried +the freemen and land folk; he made murderers and thieves be taken, +and visited as well on the powerful as on the weak robberies and +thieveries and all ill-deeds. He was no favourer of his friends in his +judgments, for he valued more godly justice than the distinctions of +rank. He was open-handed to chiefs and powerful men, but still he ever +showed most care for poor men. In all things he kept straitly God's +commandments." + +As for Hakon, his cousin Magnus' death without issue left him sole +Jarl, "and he made all men take an oath to him who had before served +Earl Magnus. But some winters after, Hakon ... fared south to Rome, +and to Jerusalem, whence he sought the halidoms, and bathed in the +river Jordan, as is palmer's wont.[18] And on his return he became a +good ruler, and kept his realm well at peace." He probably then built +the round church at Orphir in Mainland of Orkney, the only Templar +Church in Scotland. + +By Helga, Moddan's daughter, whom he never married, Hakon had a +son Harald Slettmali (smooth-talker, or glib of speech), and two +daughters, Ingibiorg and Margret. Ingibiorg afterwards married Olaf +Bitling, king of the Sudreys; and Ragnvald Gudrodson, the great +Viking, was of her line, and, as we shall see, in 1200 or thereabouts, +had the Caithness earldom conferred upon him for a short time. To +Margret we shall return later. By a lawful wife Hakon had another son, +Paul the Silent, and it seems certain that Paul was not by the same +mother as Margret or Harald Slettmali, and that Paul's mother was not +of Moddan's family. + +Moddan, Earl of Caithness, was killed in 1040. His mother, daughter +of Bethoc, must have been born after 1002. If she was married at +seventeen, her son Earl Moddan could not have been more than twenty +when killed in 1040, and any son of his must have been born by 1041 at +latest. This son may have been Moddan in Dale. Dale was the valley of +the upper Thurso River, the only great valley of Caithness, and the +Saga states as follows:-- + +Moddan[19] "then dwelt in Dale in Caithness, a man of rank and very +wealthy," and "his son Ottar was jarl in Thurso." Frakark, a daughter +of Moddan in Dale, was the wife of Liot Nidingr, or the Dastard, a +Sudrland chief, and during the half century after Thorfinn's death +Moddan's family seems to have owned much of Caithness and Sutherland, +where the Norse steadily lost their hold. We may be sure also that the +Celt always kept his land, if he could, or, if he lost it, regained it +as soon as he could. Amongst its members this family probably held all +the hills and upper parts of the valleys of Strathnavern, Sutherland +and Ness at this time, and, from a centre on the low-lying land at +the head waters of the Naver, Helmsdale and Thurso rivers, kept on +pressing their more Norse neighbours steadily outwards and eastwards. + +Shortly after Hakon's death in 1123, King Alexander I and his brother, +David I, began to organise the Catholic Church in Scotland, and also +to introduce feudalism. Even in the north of Scotland, between the +years 1107 and 1153 they founded monasteries and bishoprics, and +introduced Norman knights and barons holding land by feudal service +from the Crown. Long thwarted in their policy by Moray and its Pictish +maormors, who claimed even the throne itself, these two kings pushed +their authority, by organisation and conquest, more and more towards +the north. Alexander I founded the Bishoprics of St. Andrew's, +Dunkeld, and Moray in 1107, and the Monastery of Scone, afterwards +intimately connected with Kildonan in Sutherland, in 1113 or 1114. +David I, that "sair sanct to the croun," who succeeded in 1124, +founded the Bishoprics of Ross and of Caithness in 1128 or 1130, and +of Aberdeen in 1137, and endowed them with lands. The same king[20] +between 1140 and 1145 issued a mandate "to Reinwald Earl of Orkney and +to the Earl and all the men of substance of Caithness and Orkney to +love and maintain free from injury the monks of Durnach and their men +and property," and also in some year between 1145 and 1153, he granted +Hoctor Common[21] near Durnach, to Andrew, Bishop of Caithness, whose +see was then well established there, and he spent the summer of 1150, +while he was superintending the building of the Cistercian abbey +of Kinloss, in the neighbouring Castle of Duffus, whose ruins still +stand, with Freskyn de Moravia, the first known ancestor of the Earls +of Sutherland.[22] + +Freskyn, probably about 1130[23] or earlier, had built this castle on +the northern estate, comprising the parish of Spynie near Elgin +and other extensive lands in Moray, which had been given to him in +addition to his southern territories of Strabrock, now Uphall and +Broxburn[24] in Linlithgowshire, which he already held from the +Scottish king. Freskyn was thus no Fleming, but a lowland Pict or +Scot, as the tradition of his house maintains,[25] and he was a +common ancestor of the great Scottish families of Atholl, Bothwell, +Sutherland, and probably Douglas. No member of the Freskyn family is +ever styled "Flandrensis" in any writ. + +We find in the extreme north of Scotland, in the first half of the +twelfth century, apart from the Mackays, three leading families with +great followings, which were destined to play an important part in the +future government of Sutherland and Caithness, and with which we shall +have to deal in detail later on. + +First, there was the family of the so-called Norse jarls, descended in +twin strains from Paul and Erlend, Thorfinn's sons, owing allegiance +to the Norwegian crown in respect of Orkney and Shetland and also +holding the earldom of Caithness in moieties or in entirety, nominally +from the Scottish king. Secondly, we have the family of Moddan, Celtic +earls or maormors, with extensive territories held under the kings +of Alban and Scotland for many centuries before this time, but +dispossessed in part by the Norse. Thirdly, we have the family of +Freskyn de Moravia then established at Strabrock in Linlithgowshire, +who about 1120 or 1130 received, for his loyalty and services, +extensive lands at Duffus and elsewhere in Morayshire, and probably +about 1196 the lands in south Caithness known as Sudrland or +Sutherland, from the Scottish crown. + +Of this third line of De Moravias or Morays, two distinct branches +settled north of the Oykel. First, we have Hugo Freskyn, son, it is +said, but, as we shall see, really grandson, of the original Freskyn +and son of Freskyn's elder or eldest son William.[26] This William no +doubt fought for, and may, or may not, have held land in Sutherland, +but his son Hugo certainly had all Sutherland properly so called, that +is, Sudrland, or the Southland of Caithness comprising the parishes of +Creich, Dornoch, Rogart, Kilmalie (afterwards Golspie), Clyne, Loth, +and most of Lairg and Kildonan,[27] formally granted to him, and he +held also the Duffus Estates in Moray, by sea only thirty miles south +of Dunrobin. + +The second branch was that of the younger Freskin de Moravia, +great-great-grandson of the original Freskyn,[28] and ancestor of +the Lords of Duffus, who obtained lands, which were mainly in modern +Caithness, and also in the upper portion of the valley of the Naver +and the valley of Coire-na-fearn in Strathnavern, by marriage with the +Lady Johanna of Strathnaver about 1250.[29] This latter portion +was immediately north of the land granted to Hugo Freskyn; and the +Caithness portion of Johanna's lands marched with Hugo's land on its +eastern boundary. Nor must we forget that a large area of the modern +county of Sutherland, consisting of part of the present parishes +of Eddrachilles and Durness and some part of Tongue and Farr in +Strathnavern, was constantly used as a refuge by Pictish refugees of +the race of MacHeth or MacAoidh, displaced and frequently driven forth +from Moray after the bloody defeat of Stracathro in 1130 and in later +rebellions as part of the policy of the Scottish kings, and first +known as the race of Morgan and then to us as the Clan Mackay. + +They chose, indeed, for their refuge and ultimately for their +settlements a rugged and sterile land, to which their original title +was no charter, but their swords. Difficulties, it is said, make +character, and nowhere is this proverbial saying better illustrated +and proved than in the Reay country by its men and women. They +have given their own and other countries many fine regiments and +distinguished generals and statesmen, and none more so than the late +Lord Reay. Their history is to be found in the _Book of Mackay_, a +piece of good pioneer work from original documents by the late Mr. +Angus Mackay, and also in his unfortunately unfinished _Province of +Cat_. + +Yet another family, of Norse and Viking lineage, which was settled in +Orkney from the earliest Norse times and afterwards in Caithness and +Sutherland, was that of the Gunns, who were descended in the male line +from Sweyn Asleifarson the great Viking, and on the female side from +the line of Paul, and later were by marriage connected with the Moddan +clan and with the line of Erlend. They have for nine centuries lived +and still live in Sutherland and Caithness, and have been noted +alike for the beauty of their women, and for the high attainments and +character and the distinction of their men, particularly in the art of +war, both by land and sea. + +Their descent from Jarl Paul and Sweyn is clear in the Sagas as far as +Snaekoll Gunnison and no further. It was as follows:--Paul Thorfinnson +had four daughters, of whom the third was Herbjorg, who had a daughter +Sigrid, who in turn had a daughter Herbjorg, who married Kolbein +Hruga. One of their sons was Bishop Bjarni and their youngest child +was a daughter Frida, who married Andres, Sweyn Asleifarson's son, +and their son was Gunni, the father, by Ragnhild, Earl and Jarl Harald +Ungi's sister, of Snaekoll Gunnison. We suggest later that Snaekoll +Gunnison was the father, before his flight to Norway, of a daughter, +Johanna of Strathnaver, who inherited the Moddan and Erlend estates, +or that she was otherwise Ragnhild's heiress. + +The male line of the Gunns, according to a pedigree which the writer +has seen, was continued after his flight by Snaekoll who, it is +stated, had a son, Ottar, living in 1280. But after Snaekoll's flight +his right to succeed to Ragnhild's estates was doubtless forfeited, +and they were granted on his father's and mother's death to Johanna +on her marriage with Freskin de Moravia of Duffus about 1245 or later, +before Ottar's birth. + +With the descent of the Gunns in the male line downwards we are not +here concerned. But Snaekoll's forfeiture probably cost their male +line the Moddan and Erlend lands, which were granted to Johanna of +Strathnaver in Snaekoll's absence abroad. + + + + +CHAPTER VI. + +_The Moddan Family--Jarls Harald and Paul and Ragnvald._ + + +From the short forecast of the future given above, let us turn back to +the point whence we digressed, namely the year 1123, when Jarl Hakon +Paulson died at the close of the reign of Alexander I of Scotland. + +Jarl Hakon was succeeded by his sons, Harald the Glib (Slettmali) and +Paul the Silent (Umalgi). Jarl Paul lived mainly in Orkney, while Jarl +Harald "was seated in Sutherland, and held Caithness from the Scot +king" David I, who was crowned in 1124.[1] All Harald's sympathies +seem to have been Scottish, and he was born, bred, and brought up +among Scotsmen, or Picts, probably in North Kildonan. He was always +there with Frakark, daughter of Moddan in Dale, then a widow, her +husband Liot Nidingr or the Dastard being dead; and Frakark and her +sister Helga, Jarl Hakon's mistress, "had a great share in ruling the +land"; while Audhild, daughter of Thorleif, Frakark's sister, also +lived with Frakark,[2] and was the mistress at this time of one of +the strangest characters in the Saga, Sigurd Slembi-diakn, or +the Sham-deacon. Hakon's son Paul being, as appears certain, by a +different mother not of the Moddan line, Frakark and Helga aimed at +obtaining the whole jarldom of Orkney for Harald, Helga's son by Earl +Hakon. With the object of getting rid of Paul, they went over with +Sigurd Slembi-diakn to Orphir in Orkney; and we have the story of +the poisoned shirt,[3] made there by Frakark and Helga, and by them +intended for Paul, but put on, in spite of their expostulations and +entreaties, by Harald, who died of its poison, leaving, however, one +son, Erlend, then an infant. + +After this, Jarl Paul banished these ladies from Orkney about 1127, +and they "fared away with all their kith and kin, first to Caithness, +and then up into Sutherland to those homesteads which Frakark owned +there,"[4] and tradition[5] locates her residence at Shenachu or Carn +Shuin, on the east side of the River Helmsdale near Kinbrace above the +road. Possibly, however, they lived at Borrobol, the "Castle Farm";[6] +and there "there were brought up by Frakark Margret, Earl Hakon's +daughter, and Helga, Moddan's daughter," and also Eric Stagbrellir, +Frakark's grandnephew, and son of her niece Audhild by Eric Streita, +a Norseman, as well as Olvir Rosta and Thorbiorn Klerk, both Frakark's +grandsons, all of whom come prominently into our story. Audhild's son, +Eric Stagbrellir, in the end was the survivor of these, as well as of +all males of the Moddan line, and ultimately we hear of no descendants +in Cat of any of them save of Eric, and Eric's marriage with Ingigerd, +St. Ragnvald Jarl's only child, is the link between the line of Erlend +and that of Moddan, which united the Erlend and Moddan estates. + +Of the line of Thorfinn we already know the royal origin and descent +from Malcolm II's third daughter. + +Of the Moddan line the Saga says[7]--"These men were all of great +family and great for their own sakes, and they all thought they had +a great claim in the Orkneys to those realms which their kinsman Earl +Harald (Slettmali) had owned. The brothers of Frakark were Angus of +the open hand, and Earl Ottir in Thurso: he was a man of birth and +rank." These children of Moddan were probably of royal lineage or +kinship, as Moddan, who had been created Earl of Caithness by King +Duncan I, was that king's sister's son, and was probably, as we have +seen, their ancestor or kinsman. They were also probably descended +more remotely from Moldan, Maormor of Duncansby, a kinsman of Malcolm +II, but had all been driven back from the coast, save Earl Ottir, who +lived at Thurso, and probably owned its valley up to its source in the +Halkirk and Latheron hills. + +The death of Harald the Glib by poison left Paul _de facto_ sole jarl +of Orkney. We are told[8] that "Paul was a man of very many friends, +and no speaker at Things or meetings. He let many other men rule the +land with him, was courteous and kind to all the land-folk, liberal of +money, and he spared nothing to his friends. He was not fond of war, +and sate much in quiet." We may be sure that he was little, if +ever, in Sutherland, the country of his enemy Frakark. His rule was, +however, destined to be disturbed, on the one hand by the Moddan +family's plots, and, on the other hand, by a Norse competitor for the +jarldom, Kali, son of Kol and Gunnhild, Jarl St. Magnus' sister, who +had been re-named Ragnvald from his resemblance to the handsome Jarl +Ragnvald Brusi's son, and was afterwards designated Jarl of Orkney by +King Sigurd of Norway, as the representative of the line of Erlend, +Thorfinn's son. + +With Jarl Ragnvald, Jarl St. Magnus' sequel in estate, and himself +afterwards St. Ragnvald, who was much in Caithness and Sutherland, +and seems to have held and acquired considerable estates there, begins +what is practically a new Saga, which may be styled "The Story of +Ragnvald, and of Sweyn" the great Viking. Of these two we have perhaps +the finest and most vividly painted pictures of the _Orkneyinga Saga_, +full of dramatic touches, full, too, of interesting historical detail. + +First, we have a portrait of the young Ragnvald as Kali Kolson in his +youth at Agdir in Norway, with his mother Gunnhild, sister of Jarl St. +Magnus Erlend's son, and his shrewd old father Kol. We are told that +Kali was "the most hopeful man" or man of promise, "of middle stature, +fine of limb, with light brown hair"; how he "had many friends, and +was a more proper man both in body and mind than most of the other men +of his time, a good player at draughts, a facile writer of runes, +and a reader of books, good at smith's work, ski-ing, shooting, and +rowing, and as skilful at song as at the harp."[9] + +At the age of fifteen, he traded to Grimsby, where many Norwegians +and Orkneymen came, and many from the Hebrides; and here he met Harald +Gillikrist, who became his firm friend, and confided in him alone that +he, Harald, was the son of King Magnus Barelegs, asking how he would +be received by King Sigurd of Norway, and obtaining the diplomatic +reply that he would be well received by the king, if others did not +spoil his welcome. Then Kali returns to Bergen in 1116, about the +time of Jarl Magnus' murder by his cousin Jarl Hakon, and after a +friendship and a feud with Jon Peterson, which is amicably settled +by the marriage of Jon with Kali's sister Ingirid, and of which the +description well illustrates the manners and law of the times, is made +Jarl Ragnvald of Orkney by King Sigurd; and on that king's death in +1126 he is confirmed in the title by his friend King Harald, for whom +he fought in the battle for the throne at Floruvoe near Bergen, when +King Magnus was captured, maimed, and deposed by Harald in 1135. + +Jarl Paul, however, refused to part with half the isles; and, acting +on Kol's advice, Jarl Ragnvald's messengers apply for aid in obtaining +it to Frakark and her grandson Olvir Rosta in Kildonan, and offer +them Paul's half share if they will help Ragnvald to secure his +half. Frakark, having previously arranged that her niece Margret, the +daughter of Earl Hakon and Helga, should marry Earl Maddad of Athole, +second cousin to David I, as his second wife, thought that Orkney +might be had, with half the jarldom and all Caithness, for Margret's +son Harold Maddadson, then an infant in arms. + +Ragnvald and Frakark then made common cause.[10] But in 1136 Paul +defeated Frakark's ships in a sea fight off Tankerness in Deer Sound +in Orkney, and immediately afterwards seized Jarl Ragnvald's fleet in +Yell Sound in Shetland, though Ragnvald and his men escaped to Norway +in merchant vessels, to return later on.[11] + +Meantime Olvir Rosta, Frakark's grandson, who had been stunned and +nearly drowned in the sea fight at Tankerness, in which Sweyn's and +Gunni's father, Olaf Hrolf's son, had aided Jarl Paul, burned Olaf +alive in his home at Duncansby, Asleif, Olaf's wife, escaping only +because she was absent at the time. Further, Valthiof, Sweyn's elder +brother, was drowned in the roost of the West-firth, while rowing +south to Jarl Paul's Yule Feast. Sweyn Asleifarson, as he was ever +afterwards called, then went to Paul's Hall at Orphir to complain of +Olvir Rosta. The news of his brother's death, which arrived during +the feast, was considerately withheld from him, and he was greatly +honoured there; but he roused the jarl's anger by slaying Sweyn +Breast-rope, the jarl's forecastle-man, at Orphir, not indeed so much +for the murder, as because Sweyn had fled and did not come to submit +himself after it to the jarl, and so offended him.[12] + +Then follow the stories, well worth reading in the Saga itself, of +the raising and lowering of the sails on Ragnvald's ships and of the +mutiny of Paul's followers, and of the dowsing of the beacons on the +Fair Isle by Uni, Ragnvald's ally, of Ragnvald's landing in Westray, +of his suppression of all opposition to him, of the spies at Paul's +Thing, of Sweyn's junction of forces with Ragnvald, of Sweyn's visit +to Margret at Athole, and his dramatic kidnapping of Jarl Paul while +hunting otters near Westness[13] in the Isle of Rousay, in Orkney, +and of the jarl's deportation by Sweyn first to Dufeyra and thence via +Ekkjals-bakki[14] to Athole to his sister Margret, who receives him +with the utmost show of cordiality, and finally of Paul's abdication +in favour of Margret's second son, Harold Maddadson, then a boy +of five years of age, with the instructions to Sweyn to tell the +Orkneymen that Paul himself was blinded, or, worse still, maimed, +so that his friends should not seek him out, and restore him to his +jarldom.[15] Such is one version of the story; the other is a more +sinister tale, that his half-sister Margret cast Jarl Paul into a +dungeon and had him murdered, and, so far as the Saga relates, he left +no issue. + +Sweyn then returns to Orkney and tells his version of the affair to +the bishop, the bishop to Ragnvald, and Ragnvald to the "good men" or +_lendirmen_ of Orkney, who express themselves satisfied, and Ragnvald +builds the Cathedral he had vowed to St. Magnus in Kirkwall--a strange +medley of craftiness, murder, and piety. + +Next we have the vivid scene[16] of the arrival from Athole at +Knarstead near Scapa, in his blue cope and quaintly cut beard, on a +fine winter's day, of John, Bishop, probably of Glasgow, and formerly +tutor to King David of Scotland, on whom Jarl Ragnvald waits like a +page, and who passes on to Egilsay to Bishop William the Old; and the +two clerics propose to Jarl Ragnvald that Harald Maddadson, who +had already been created sole Earl of Caithness, shall have Paul +Thorfinnson's half of the Orkney jarldom, an arrangement which +Ragnvald accepts, and which is ratified by the people of Orkney and +of Caithness. In due course the boy arrives in 1139, and the tutor +selected for him is, of all others, Frakark's grandson, Thorbiorn +Klerk, who had married Sweyn Asleifarson's sister, Ingirid, and who +was "one of the boldest of men, and the most unfair, overbearing man +in most things,"[17] differing indeed but little in character from +Sweyn himself "who was a wise man and foresighted about many things; +and an unfair overbearing man and reckless towards others," while they +were both said to be men "of power and weight," and at this time they +were fast friends. + +Then follows the story of Frakark's Burning, one of the most purely +Sutherland tales in the whole Saga.[18] + +Sweyn, to avenge on that lady and her grandson, Olvir Rosta, the +burning of his own father Olaf and of his house in Duncansby, openly +asked Jarl Ragnvald for "two ships well fitted and manned," sailed +to the Moray Firth, the Breithifiorthr or Broadfirth, as it was then +called, "and took the north-west wind to Dufeyra, a market town in +Scotland. Thence he sailed into the land along the shore of Moray +and to Ekkjals-bakki. Thence he fared next of all to Athole to Earl +Maddad, and lay at the place called Elgin and obtained guides, who +knew the paths over fells and wastes whither he wished to go.[19] +Thence he fared the upper way over fells and woods, above all places +where men dwelt, and came out in Strath Helmsdale near the middle of +Sutherland. But Olvir and his men had scouts out everywhere where they +thought that strife was to be looked for from the Orkneys; but in this +way they did not look for warriors. So they were not ware of the +host, before Sweyn and his men had come to the slope at the back of +Frakark's homestead. There came against them Olvir the Unruly with +sixty men; then they fell to battle at once, and there was a short +struggle. Olvir and his men gave way towards the homestead; for they +could not get to the wood. Then there was a great slaughter of men, +but Olvir fled away up to Helmsdale Water and swam across the river +and so up on to the fell: and thence he fared to Skotland's Firth,[20] +and so out to the Southern Isles. And he is out of the story. But when +Olvir drew off, Sweyn and his men fared straight up to the house, and +plundered it of everything; but, after that, they burnt the homestead +and all those men and women who were inside it. And there Frakark lost +her life. Sweyn and his men did there the greatest harm in Sutherland, +ere they fared to their ships." + +Such is this Sutherland tale of Sweyn. According to the current +notions of blood feud, he merely discharged the solemn duty of +avenging his father's burning and death by a like burning and slaying +of the household of his father's murderers. But his acts were wholly +unjustifiable by the law of the time, as he had already accepted an +atonement by were-geld from Earl Ottar. + +After a round of harrying and piracy, especially in Sutherland, no +doubt among the Moddan clan, Sweyn was heartily welcomed home by Jarl +Ragnvald, from whom he immediately obtained another fleet for another +set of raids on Wales, the coasts of the Bristol Channel and the +Scilly Isles. His murder of Sweyn Breast-rope was committed just after +an adjournment of the feast at Orphir for Nones in the Templar Church +there, and Jarl Ragnvald's gift of the ships for Frakark's punishment +was made while the jarl was piously engaged in completing and adorning +St. Magnus' Cathedral at Kirkwall. + +The strategy leading up to the Burning is characteristic of Sweyn and +his stratagems. He _openly_ asks for ships and sails in them, and +thus is expected to land on the coast. But after a purposely +devious course, which has puzzled inquirers into the locality of +Ekkjals-bakki, he came overland by Oykel and Lairg and Strathnaver or +Strathskinsdale, whence he was not looked for. + +Thorbiorn Klerk next has his revenges. First he burnt Earl Waltheof +(who had slain his father) in Moray, and next he killed two of Sweyn's +men who had assisted in the burning of Thorbiorn's relative, Frakok, +or Frakark, in Kildonan. Jarl Ragnvald with difficulty reconciles +Thorbiorn and Sweyn, and they start for a joint raid. Soon, however, +they squabble over the spoils, and Thorbiorn puts his wife Ingirid, +Sweyn's sister, away, a deed that reopened their feud.[21] + +For a series of robberies in Caithness, Sweyn is besieged by Jarl +Ragnvald in Lambaborg, now known as Freswick Castle, but escapes by +swimming in his armour under the cliffs and landing in Caithness, +whence he passed southwards through Sutherland to Scotland and +Edinburgh, where King David I received him with honour, and reconciled +him with Jarl Ragnvald.[22] + +In 1148, Ragnvald decided to visit King Ingi in Norway, taking +Harold Maddadson, then a boy of fifteen, with him.[23] There he meets +Eindridi, who had been long in Micklegarth, as Constantinople was then +called by the Norse, probably in the Emperor's service as one of the +Varangian Guard; and ships are built for a voyage to the East. But +both he and Harold are wrecked in "The Help" and "The Arrow," at +Gulberwick, south of Lerwick, on the Shetland coast, all on board, +however, being saved, and Ragnvald, as usual, making verses and fun of +it all, and of many other things. + +At last in 1150 Ragnvald's and Eindridi's ships are "boun"[24] for +their eastern cruise, Eindridi, however, being wrecked off Shetland. +But he gets another ship, and, in 1151, they set sail for the East, +William, the bishop of Orkney, commanding one vessel. Passing down the +east coast of England and through the Channel to France, they reach +Bilbao[25] in Spain, where Ragnvald lands, and refuses to marry Queen +Ermengarde. Afterwards he rounds Galicia, where Eindridi's treachery +robs them of spoil in taking Godfrey's castle, beats through Niorfa +Sound (the Straits of Gibraltar); is deserted by Eindridi, sails along +Sarkland (Barbary), captures the Saracen ship Dromund, and burns her, +sells the prisoners in Barbary, but releases their prince, coasts +along Crete, lands at Acre, and bathes in Jordan on St. Lawrence's +Day, the 10th of August 1152. After a visit to Jerusalem they come +at last to Constantinople, where the Varangian Guard heartily welcome +them, although Eindridi, who has arrived there before him, tries to +set everyone against them; and Ragnvald finally returns to Bulgaria +and Apulia and Rome, and thence overland to Denmark and Norway.[26] + +When Ragnvald reached Norway in 1153, he heard what had been going on +at home during his absence in the east. King Eystein of Norway, King +Harald Gilli's son, had seized Jarl Harold Maddadson, then a young +man of twenty, at Thurso, and made him swear allegiance to himself, +letting him go on his paying three marks of gold as his ransom. Then +Maddad, his father, Earl of Athole, died; and the widowed Margret, +Harold's mother, came north to Orkney, still dangerous, still +beautiful and attractive, especially to Gunni, Sweyn's brother, by +whom she had a child, for which Gunni was outlawed, a punishment which +alienated his brother Sweyn from Harold Maddadson.[27] + +Erlend, only son of Harald Slettmali, and really entitled to the whole +earldom, obtained from his relative[28] King Malcolm, then a boy of +under twelve, through his powerful kin, a grant of half of the earldom +of Caithness jointly with Harold Maddadson, who objected to give +him half the Orkney jarldom unless King Eystein confirmed the grant. +Erlend then went to Norway to get it confirmed. Meantime Sweyn seized +a ship of Harold's; but, to help Erlend, tried to reconcile Harold to +him, as King Eystein (said Erlend) had given him half of Orkney. And +the half given to him was, he added, Harold's half.[29] + +Sweyn and Erlend then force Harold, who had then just come of age, to +agree to give up this half, under duress, in order to secure his own +liberty, and the Orkney folk agree that Erlend shall have this half, +Ragnvald having the other. This, Sweyn knew, Harold would not stand, +and, as he drank at a feast with his house-carles in his castle in +Gairsay,[30] the wily Viking said, slily rubbing his nose, "I think +Harold is now on his voyage to the isles," a shrewd surmise which +proved correct in spite of the midwinter storm then prevailing. +Harold's expedition, however, failed, and he went back to Caithness to +raise a force to kill a man called Erlend the Young who had seized his +mother Margret and taken her by force to Shetland, where he fortified +Mousa Broch[31] and held her prisoner there. After a siege, Harold, +who had followed them, at last allowed their marriage, Erlend the +Young becoming his ally, and going that summer with his wife and +Harold to Norway. When that was heard in the Orkneys, Sweyn and Earl +Erlend went raiding off the east coast of Scotland and afterwards +a-viking to North Berwick, and got much plunder, and Harold returned +in the autumn to Orkney. In the winter Jarl Ragnvald came back from +the east to Turfness (Burghead), whence he went about Yule 1153 to +Orkney, to find that the Orkney-men want himself and Erlend, not +himself and Harold, as joint jarls over them. + +Harold had then to fight for his own hand; and, finding that Earl +Erlend and Sweyn were in Shetland, he sought them out but missed them, +and afterwards, though he hated Jarl Ragnvald, tried to get him on his +side. + +We come to another Sutherland event, historically of the first +importance to us, in 1154.[32] "Jarl Ragnvald was then up the country +in Sutherland, and sat there at a wedding at which he gave his only +daughter and child Ingirid or Ingigerd, to Eric Stagbrellir," who, as +we have seen, as Audhild's son, had been brought up in Kildonan. +"News came to him at once that Earl Harold was come into Thurso. +Jarl Ragnvald, rode down with a great company to Thurso from the +bridal.[33] Eric was Harold's kinsman and tried to reconcile the +earls." + +There was a fight in Thurso between their followers, Thorbiorn Klerk +instigating it, no doubt because after Eric's marriage with Ingigerd, +Ragnvald's daughter, he knew he could not hope to force Eric to give +up the Moddan lands in Strathnavern and in the upper valleys and +hills of Sudrland and Caithness, to which he had a claim. Thirteen +of Ragnvald's men fell in the fray, and he himself was wounded in the +face. Ultimately, the earls were reconciled on the 25th of September +1154, and about 1156 joined forces and went to Orkney against Sweyn +and Erlend, who pretended they were sailing for the Hebrides, but +put their ships about at Store[34] Point in Assynt, and after all but +seizing Jarl Ragnvald at Orphir in Orkney, captured his ships, though +he and Harold escaped, each in a small boat, across the Pentland Firth +to Caithness.[35] Returning thence, in Sweyn's absence for the night +they attacked Erlend, who had disregarded all Sweyn's warnings and +advice to keep a good look-out, off Damsey, near Finstown. In this +fight Jarl Erlend, the last descendant in the male line of Thorfinn +then alive, was slain, while drunk, his body being found next day +transfixed by a spear, and he left no issue to inherit his title +of earl or the other Moddan lands, left to him by Earl Ottar, which +probably devolved on Eric Stagbrellir in 1156, as he could hold them +against Thorbiorn Klerk. + +All Erlend's success, if we are to believe the Saga, this portion of +which is written largely to glorify Sweyn, probably by his relative +Bishop Bjarni, had been arranged by Sweyn's really marvellous cunning; +and Ragnvald, no doubt feeling how dangerous an enemy Sweyn was, and +that he was backed by the Scottish king, immediately sent for him in +order to reconcile him to Harold. But Harold, soon afterwards, robbed +Sweyn's house in Gairsay; and Sweyn, in his turn, attacked the house +where Harold was, and nearly succeeded in burning him alive. Later on +Harold all but caught Sweyn off Kirkwall, but Sweyn gave him the slip, +by running his ship into a tidal cave in Ellarholm, off Elwick in +Shapinsay, in 1155, and disappearing till the coast was clear, when he +got away in a small boat. + +Afterwards Sweyn and Earl Harold were reconciled, and Sweyn and +Thorbiorn Klerk and Eric Stagbrellir went on a viking cruise to the +Hebrides, and, after a great victory at the Scilly Isles, returned +with much booty to Orkney.[36] + +In the year 1157 or 1158, Sweyn defeated Gilli Odran, steward of Earl +Ragnvald's lands in Caithness, who had fled to the west and was caught +in Murkfjord (possibly Loch Glendhu at Kylestrome in Eddrachilles) and +was slain there with fifty of his men by Sweyn.[37] + +In 1158, Ragnvald and Harold went, as they did every year, to hunt +red deer and reindeer[38] in Caithness, their hunting ground being +probably near the Ben-y-griams, which lay on the way to Kildonan, or +Strathnaver, where Eric probably lived; and some think there are still +remains of walls used as a pen for driven deer on Ben-y-griam +Beg, though these are more probably the ancient ramparts of a +hill-fort.[39] When they landed at Thurso, they heard that Thorbiorn +Klerk was hiding and lying in wait in Thorsdale[40] in order to make +an onslaught on Ragnvald, if he got a chance. After riding with a band +of a hundred men, twenty of them mounted, they spent the night at a +place where there was what the Celts call an "erg" (_airigh_) but +the Norse call "setr," the modern sheiling. Next day, as they rode +up along Calfdale, Ragnvald was in advance of the party, and, at +a homestead called Force,[41] Halvard hailed him loudly by name. +Thorbiorn was inside the house, and burst out through an old doorway, +and dealt Ragnvald a great wound, and the jarl fell, his foot sticking +in his stirrup, when Stephen, an accomplice, gave him a spear thrust; +whereupon Thorbiorn, after dealing him another wound, and receiving +a spear thrust in the thigh himself, fled to the moor. Earl Harold at +first would not interfere; and though Magnus son of Havard Gunni's son +insisted, Earl Harold again declined to pursue Thorbiorn to the death, +but left Magnus to besiege him at Asgrim's Ergin or Shielings,[42] now +Assary, near Loch Calder, where, by setting fire to the hut in which +he was, his pursuers succeeded in smoking him out and killing him. +They then brought the jarl's body from Force to Thurso, and thence +took it over to Orkney, to be buried in the choir of St. Magnus' +Cathedral, which he had founded and built in his uncle's honour. + +"Jarl Ragnvald's death was a very great grief, for he was very much +beloved there in the Isles, and far and wide elsewhere." It took place +on the 20th August 1158. + +"He had been a very great helper," the Saga adds, "to many men, +bountiful of money, gentle, and a steadfast friend; a great man for +feats of strength, and a good skald" or poet. In 1192 he was canonised +as St. Ragnvald[43] with, it is said, full Papal sanction. Save during +Harold Maddadson's minority he was never Earl of Caithness, and then +had the title only as guardian of his ward Harold. + +Ragnvald left a daughter, his only surviving child, Ingirid or +Ingigerd, whom as we have seen, Audhild's son, Eric Stagbrellir had +married four years before her father's death; and their children, who +come into the story afterwards, were three sons, Harald Ungi or Harald +the Young, Magnus nick-named Mangi, and Ragnvald, and three daughters, +Ingibiorg, Elin[44] and Ragnhild, all of whom, so far as the Saga +relates, died childless save Ragnhild, whose son by her second husband +Gunni, was Snaekoll Gunni's son, who about 1230 claimed the Ragnvald +lands in Orkney from Earl John, son of Earl Harold Maddadson,[45] +and complained that Earl John was keeping him out of his rights in +Caithness to Ragnvald's share of the earldom lands there. + +After Thorbiorn Klerk's death, Olvir Rosta being "out of the story," +Eric's children, who were mainly Norse in blood, were the only heirs +left in Caithness not only for Jarl Ragnvald's lands, but also for the +upper parts of the river valleys of Strathnavern and Ness, which the +Moddan family had held through the whole Norse occupation of Caithness +and Sutherland, along with the hill country in Halkirk and Latheron +and Strathnavern and probably also in Sutherland, lands on which few +Norse place-names are found, and which came to Eric through Audhild +his mother on the deaths of Earls Ottar and Erlend Haraldson without +issue. These lands would of right descend to Eric's eldest son, Harald +Ungi, and on his death without issue, to his brothers if alive, and, +failing them, to his sisters and their heirs, as happened in the case +of Ragnhild and her son Snaekoll Gunni's son, neither Ingibiorg +nor Elin receiving any share of this property, for reasons now +undiscoverable, but which we shall endeavour to explain later, by +presuming that one of them had died unmarried, or had married abroad, +while the other and her descendants were amply provided for otherwise +by marriage with Gilchrist, Earl of Angus. + + + + +CHAPTER VII. + +_Harold Maddadson and the Freskyns._ + + +After the death of Jarl Ragnvald in 1158, Harold Maddadson at the age +of twenty-five "took all the isles under his rule, and became sole +chief over them."[1] Ever since 1139 he had been sole Earl of Cat save +for Erlend Haraldson's grant,[2] though Jarl Ragnvald seems to have +had a share of its lands and managed the Earldom of Caithness for +Harold during his minority, bearing the title of his ward till the +latter attained his majority in 1154. Harold had married Afreka, +daughter of Duncan, Earl of Fife, one of the most loyal supporters +of the Scottish kings, and their children were two sons, Henry, who +afterwards claimed Ross, and of whom we hear no more, and Hakon, Sweyn +Asleifarson's foster-child, and two daughters, Helena and Margret, of +whom we hear nothing save their names. Hakon, from boyhood, went with +Sweyn on all his spring and autumn "vikings" or piratical cruises, +undertaken every year to the Hebrides, Man, and Ireland, in one of +which Sweyn took two English ships near Dublin, and returned to Orkney +laden with broadcloth, wine, and English mead.[3] Sweyn's life is +thus described in c. 114 of the _Orkneyinga Saga_. "He sat through the +winter at home in Gairsay, and there he kept always about him eighty +men at his beck. He had so great a drinking-hall that there was not +another as great in all the Orkneys. Sweyn had in the spring hard +work, and made them lay down very much seed, and looked much after it +himself. But when that toil was ended, he fared away every spring on a +Viking-voyage, and harried about among the southern isles and Ireland, +and came home after midsummer. That he called spring-viking. Then he +was at home until the cornfields were reaped down, and the grain seen +to and stored. Then he fared away on a viking-voyage, and then he did +not come home till the winter was one month spent, and that he called +his autumn-viking." At last, in a cruise to Dublin, which he captured, +Sweyn was killed by stratagem on landing to receive payment of its +ransom from the town, and the boy Hakon probably fell there with him +in 1171. "And," the Saga adds, "it is the common saying of Sweyn that +he was the most masterful man in the western lands, both of yore and +now-a-days, among those men who had no higher rank than himself." +Sweyn was, in fact the greatest man of his time. For he robbed whom +he pleased, made and undid jarls and earls as he chose, and was the +friend or tool of more than one Scottish king. + +Earl Harold had put his wife Afreka away, and probably after Sweyn's +death formed a union, at a date which it seems impossible to fix, with +Hvarflod or Gormflaith, daughter of Malcolm MacHeth of Moray, who +was in rebellion in 1134, and was imprisoned in Roxburgh Castle +until 1157, when he was released and created Earl of Ross, so that +Gormflaith, who could hardly have been born during her father's +imprisonment, must have been born either before 1135 or after 1157. +Harold and Gormflaith's children were Thorfinn, who predeceased +him, and also David and John, both afterwards in succession earls +of Caithness and jarls of Orkney, and three daughters, Gunnhilda, +Herborga, and Langlif; and of the daughters the Saga-writers tell us +nothing, except that the Icelander Sæmund, Magnus Barelegs' grandson, +wished to marry Langlif but did not do so;[4] and her son Jon +Langlifson, according to the Saga of Hakon was in 1263 a spy on the +Norse side. + +Here the _Orkneyinga Saga_ ends. But additions to its generally +received text are found in the _Flatey Book_,[5] and the additions +are by no means so trustworthy as the Saga proper. From these we learn +that of Eric Stagbrellir and Ingigerd's children, who were settled in +Sutherland, the sons, Harald Ungi, Magnus, and Ragnvald Eric's son, +fared east to Norway to King Magnus Erling's son, where young Magnus +Eric's son fell with that king in the battle of Norafjord in Sogn +in 1184.[6] Probably some of them were, on Eric Stagbrellir's death, +subjected to exactions in respect of their lands by Harold Maddadson. + +Having arrived, under the guidance of the _Orkneyinga_, at the +closing years of the 12th century, so far as the affairs of Orkney and +Shetland and Sutherland and Caithness are concerned, it remains for us +to turn and observe the tide of civilisation and order which under our +Scottish kings was now setting strongly northwards and ever further +north in each successive reign, the Catholic Church and the feudal +baron being the chosen instruments of national organisation and +discipline, and the charter being the method of establishing them in +the land. + +To this tide the Pictish and Columban Churches, and the Province of +Moray and its Maormors had formed the main barriers and obstacles; and +the Saxon nobility, introduced by the elder sons of Malcolm Canmore's +second queen, St. Margaret, had proved quite unable to break them +down. The Pict of Moray was obstinately hostile to the Scots, and +his leaders and rulers aspired to, and claimed the crown of Scotland +itself. Rebellion after rebellion took place, and it was not until +King David I had introduced the feudal baron with his mail-clad +tenants, and settled them on the land by charter, that any success in +establishing peace and civil order was achieved in the vast Pictish +province of Ross and Moray, which stretched across Scotland from the +North Sea to the Minch, and whose people resisted to the utmost. + +It is not part of our purpose to treat generally of the feudal and +largely Norman families, which gradually asserted their power over +the Picts in the north, and were accepted as Chiefs, such as were the +Umphraville Earls of Angus, the Roses of Kilravock, the Chisholms +of Strath Farrer, the Bissets and Fresels or Frasers of Beauly, the +Grants of Moray and Inverness, and the Comyns of Badenoch; for none +of these held land north of the Oykel. But later on in the thirteenth +century we shall have more particularly to note the Chens or Cheynes +in Caithness, and the Scottish or Pictish family of Freskyn of +Strabrock and Moray, in its two branches, that of Hugo of Sutherland +and that of his grandson Freskin the younger in Sutherland and +Caithness. + +Of Freskyn or Fretheskin I, the founder of the line, we have no +mention in any charter direct to him,[7] either of his Linlithgowshire +lands at Strabrock, or of his estate near Spynie in Moray with its +Castle at Duffus. + +To us he is as Melchizedek; for neither his father nor his mother is +known. We believe him to have been born before 1100, and so to have +been a contemporary of Frakark, Thorbiorn Klerk, and Olvir Rosta, of +Jarl Ragnvald, of Margret of Athole, Erlend Haraldson and Sweyn, and +also of Harold Maddadson; and to have won his Duffus estate, as an +addition to his lands at Strabrock, about 1120 or at latest 1130, +before or after the crushing defeat, at Stracathro, of the Picts of +Angus and Moray; and between these dates to have built the Castle of +Duffus on the bank of Loch Spynie, in order to check Norse raids on +the Moray coast while the Norse held Turfness or Burghead; and we +know that he entertained King David I there during the whole summer of +1150, while that king was superintending the building of the Abbey of +Kinloss. From notices in a charter of King William the Lion granting +and confirming to Freskyn's son, William, his father's lands of +Strabrock in West Lothian and of Duffus, Roseisle, Inchkeile, Macher +and Kintrai,[8] forming almost the whole parish of Spynie, we believe +him to have been dead by 1166, or, at the latest, 1171, the year of +Sweyn Asleifarson's death, and we know that he held all these lands +from David I, with probably many more in Moray. Contrary to the +general impression, it seems probable that Freskyn had not one son, +but two sons, William above mentioned and also Hugo, who witnessed a +charter, not necessarily spurious, granting Lohworuora, now Borthwick, +Church to Herbert, bishop of Glasgow, about 1150. But of this Hugo's +existence we have no definite record, and of him we know nothing more +than that he witnessed the document above referred to, and one other +about 1195, namely, a Charter of Strathyla, in which the words occur +"Willelmo filio Freskyn, Hugone filio Freskyn" quoted by Shaw, page +406, App. No. xxvii, in the edition of 1775. This Hugo thus seems to +have been uncle of, and not identical with Hugo de Moravia, grantee of +Sutherland, known as Hugo Freskyn. + +William, son of Freskyn, held those lands in West Lothian and Moray +probably until near the end of the twelfth century; and this William, +son of Freskyn, had at least three sons,[9] (1) Hugo Freskyn, the +ancestor of the de Moravias, or Murrays, of Sutherland, (2) William of +Petty, and (3) Andrew, parson[10] of Duffus, who appears in a writ as +a son of Freskyn, and as a brother of Hugo Freskyn of Sutherland.[11] +Andrew was alive in 1190, and lived probably till 1221, and has been +taken to have been the same person as Andrew Bishop of Moray who built +Elgin Cathedral. More probably he was that Bishop's uncle, and refused +the bishopric of Ross. He witnessed the great Charter of Bishop +Bricius founding the Cathedral at Spynie between 1208 and 1215. (Reg. +Morav. c. 39). + +William, son of Freskyn, probably had several other sons from one of +whom were descended the Earls of Atholl.[12] + +William, son of William, and so grandson of Freskyn, with whom, as he +was not interested in Caithness or Sutherland, we have nothing to do, +frequently appears as witness to charters in and after 1195 along +with his elder brother Hugo, whom in one charter, William being the +younger, is reported to call "his lord and brother."[13] This William, +son of William son of Freskyn, was lord of Petty, near Fort George, +and of Bracholy, Boharm, and Artildol, and died before 1226, leaving +an eldest son Walter of Petty, a cousin of Sir Walter of Duffus, and +from Walter of Petty are descended the great family, notorious in +Orkney, of Bothwell, his great-great-grandson having been Sir Andrew +of Bothwell, Wardane of Scotland, who died in 1338. William of Petty, +to whom and whose descendants we now bid adieu, was probably sheriff +of Invernarrin or Invernairn in 1204,[14] and uncle of another William +who became first earl of Sutherland. + +In Hugo, the elder son of William son of Freskyn, we are deeply +interested. For, if his father "William son of Freskyn" had no grant +of Sutherland, Hugo Freskyn certainly had not only such a grant but +possession as well. Two Charters, the _Carta de Suthirland_ and _Alia +Carta Suthirlandiae_ appear in the list of documents in the Treasury +of Edinburgh in 1282, and one or both of these may have been the +original grant or grants of his Sutherland estate.[15] They may, on +the other hand, have been the later grants of the earldom, or still +later charters relating to it. They have, however, disappeared. + +Notwithstanding their disappearance, ample evidence of the tenure of +the estate of Sutherland by Hugo Freskyn has been preserved until the +present day in the Charter-room at Dunrobin; and the documents are +happily as legible as they were over 700 years ago. + +By a charter,[16] dated about 1211, Hugo granted to Master Gilbert, +Archdeacon of Moray and to those heirs of his family whom he should +choose and their heirs, all his land of Skelbo in Sutherland and of +Fernebuchlyn and Inner-Schyn, and also his whole land of Sutherland +towards the west which lay between the aforenamed land and the marches +of Ross, to be held to himself and to his own heirs for ever from the +granter and his heirs, performing for such lands the service of one +bowman and the forinsec service due to the king in respect of such +lands; and this grant was confirmed by King William the Lion (who +died in December 1214) on the 29th of April, probably in 1212, at +Seleschirche, now Selkirk, and was also confirmed by Hugo's son +William, Lord of Sutherland, about 1214.[17] This renders it certain +that Hugo himself had died before December 1214, the latest possible +limit of the date of this charter. He was buried in the Church of +Duffus, as the Register of Moray states,[18] and he can hardly have +been the Hugo who witnessed the Charter of the Church of Lohworuora +sixty-two years at least before, to which Prince Henry, who died in +1152, was a witness.[19] For Hugo of Sutherland would then have been +too young to have been selected as a witness, and he was not Hugo, son +of Freskyn (Hug. filio Fresechin), but Freskyn's grandson. + +Hugo Freskyn of Sutherland had three sons, (1) William, great-grandson +of the original Freskyn, _dominus_ or Lord of Sutherland, and +afterwards first earl, (2) Walter, who succeeded to Strabrock in +Linlithgowshire and to Duffus and the family estates in Moray, which +were thus severed in ownership from Sutherland, and (3) Andrew. Walter +of Duffus married Euphamia, daughter of the most able and renowned +general of his time, Ferchar Mac-in-Tagart, Earl of Ross;[20] and +Walter was known as Sir Walter de Moravia, and lived till 1243, but +was dead by 1248, his widow surviving him, and later on we shall come +to another Freskin, their eldest son, (who was _dominus de Duffus_ +on 20th March 1248), in Strathnaver and Caithness. Hugo's third son, +Andrew, was the parson of Duffus[21] who became Bishop of Moray, +and moved the see from Spynie to Elgin, where he erected a specially +beautiful Cathedral, the predecessor of that whose splendid ruins +still stand. According to the Chronicle of Melrose he died in 1242. + +Hugo Freskyn's eldest son, William, Lord of Sutherland, was simply +"William de Sutherlandia" on the 31st August 1232, and "W. de +Suthyrland" appears as a witness to a grant of a mill on 10th October +1237. But William, Hugo's son, was by Alexander II created Earl of +Sutherland, as we hope to show, soon after 1237, probably as a reward +for long and loyal service to William the Lion and to Alexander II, +between the year 1200 and the date of his creation, in the various +difficulties and rebellions in Moray and Caithness, between which +two centres of disaffection his territory of Sutherland lay.[22] For +William's family had then its "three descents" and more, and its chief +had a sufficient body of retainers settled on the land to entitle +him to the dignity of an earldom. That he was earl there is no doubt, +because a deed of 1275 settling litigation between the Earl William +of that date and the Bishop of Caithness refers to William of glorious +memory and William his son, _earls of Sutherland, nobiles +viros, Willelmum clare memorie et Willelmum ejus filium, comites +Sutthirlandie_, (c.f. The Sutherland Book, p. 7). + +The first four generations of the Freskyn family seem to be also +clearly proved in one line of a grant by William the Lion to Gaufrid +Blundus, burgess of Inverness, of 2nd May (year omitted) which is +attested "Willelmo filio Freskin Hugone filio suo et Willelmo filio +ejus," which is strange Latin, but embraces all four generations. It +is quoted in the New Spalding Club's Records of Elgin, p. 4, as from +Act Parl. Scot, vol. 1, p. 79. The Charter is dated at Elgin probably +near the end of the twelfth century, when William Mac-Frisgyn, Hugo, +and William of Sutherland were all alive. Not a single member of the +family was, as every Fleming was, styled "Flandrensis" in any charter +or writ, and Fretheskin is probably a Gaelic name, of which the latter +part may mean "knife" or "dagger." The name does not mean Flemish or +Frisian. + +Having now introduced the various prominent persons in the north of +Scotland over seven hundred years ago, both on the Norse and on the +Scottish sides, let us now look more closely and in detail at the main +events which had been taking place there and elsewhere since the end +of the reign of David I, when his grandson Malcolm IV, known as The +Maiden, succeeded in 1153. + +The first event in the brilliant reign of this boy king was the +invasion and plundering of Aberdeen by Eystein king of Norway about +1153,[23] in repelling which the feudal Barons of Moray and Angus, +including the first Freskyn of Duffus and his son William MacFrisgyn, +must have been of service. In the same year Somarled of Argyll and the +sons of MacHeth engaged in a joint rebellion, which lasted three years +until the eldest of them, Donald, was taken and placed as a prisoner +with his father in Roxburgh Castle, leaving Somarled to continue +the war alone. This war was put an end to by the release of Malcolm +MacHeth, who was created Earl, probably of Ross,[24] after another +civil war in Somarled's own country had called Somarled back to the +Isles; and the young king Malcolm joined Henry II of England in his +wars in France. During King Malcolm's absence abroad Fereteth, Earl +of Stratherne, and five other earls, of whom Harold Maddadson was +probably one, rebelled in 1160; and, on failing in an attempt to +kidnap the young king, who had returned to quell the disturbance, +the six earls were reconciled to him; and in the same year he subdued +another rising in Galloway, and yet another in Moray. The subjugation +of Moray is said to have been carried out with the greatest severity. +According to Fordun[25] the king "removed the rebel nation of Moray +men and scattered them throughout the other districts of Scotland, +both beyond the hills and this side thereof," though Robertson in his +_Early Kings_ expresses the opinion that this clearance took place +in the reign of David his predecessor.[26] He is probably right, but +whenever it took place, it doubtless gave Sutherland the first of its +Mackays, originally MacHeths, who were at first refugees from Moray, +and ultimately in the thirteenth century are found settled in Durness +in the north-western parts of the modern county of Sutherland. It was +at this time, too, that the Innes family, afterwards so well known in +Caithness and Sutherland, were, in the person of Berowald the Fleming, +given their lands in Moray,[27] William MacFrisgyn, Freskyn's eldest +son, and father of Hugo Freskyn of Sutherland, witnessing the charter, +a neighbourly turn which has ever since caused some to believe wrongly +that the Freskyns were Flemings. + +Malcolm next defeated another rising by Somarled, who was killed in +1164, by treachery or surprise, in a skirmish at Renfrew,[28] and was +not Somarled the freeman, who is said in the _Orkneyinga Saga_ to have +been slain by Sweyn in the Isles, in his pursuit and defeat of Gilli +Odran in the Myrkfjord about seven years earlier.[29] + +Then King Malcolm, after a short but brilliant reign, died in his +24th year. He was succeeded by his brother William the Lion, who was +forthwith crowned at Scone on Christmas Eve 1165 in his twenty-second +year. + +We may now try to state how things stood in the north at the date +of his accession. Soon after this time his grandfather's friend, the +first Freskyn, died between 1166 and 1171, and was succeeded by his +son William MacFrisgyn, whose son Hugo would then be quite young. +Harold Maddadson had in 1165 been for twenty-six years Earl of +Caithness, and Jarl of Orkney and Shetland for nineteen years jointly +with Ragnvald, and for seven years sole jarl of those islands.[30] He +had probably put away his first wife Afreka of Fife about 1165, but he +afterwards lived with Gormflaith, the daughter of Malcolm MacHeth from +a date which cannot be fixed with certainty. Led by her, it is said, +Harold was openly hostile to the Scottish king, of whom, however, he +held the earldom of Caithness, which at that time included not only +the parishes of Creich, Dornoch, Rogart, Kilmalie or Golspie, Clyne, +Loth, and most of Kildonan and of Lairg, then called by the Norse +Sudrland, but also the districts of Strathnavern, Eddrachilles, and +Durness (where Mackay refugees had not yet permanently settled) as +well as Ness, which is now known as the County of Caithness. + +The diocese of Caithness, which then was co-terminous with the earldom +and comprised all the above districts which now form the modern +counties of Caithness and Sutherland, had in 1165 been in existence +for about thirty-five years; its chief church being at first at +Halkirk in Caithness and thereafter being the old Church of St. Bar +at Dornoch, but it was scantily endowed, and therefore its clergy were +but few.[31] Its Bishop was Andrew, a Culdean monk of Dunfermline, +and probably Abbot of Dunkeld, who had been promoted to the see of +Caithness before 1146, and died at Dunfermline on the 30th December +1184. Ingigerd, Earl Ragnvald's daughter, would at this time be +a young wife and mother living with some of the elder of her six +children, probably near Loch Naver, on part of the Moddan family lands +there with her husband, Audhild's son Eric Stagbrellir, until their +sons, Harald Ungi, Magnus, and Ragnvald, should grow up. But these +sons, possibly on their father's death, and certainly before 1184, +when young Magnus Mangi was killed[32] at the battle of Norafjord, +emigrated to Norway to obtain the Orkney jarldom about ten or fifteen +years after King William's accession; while of Ingigerd's daughters, +Ingibiorg, Elin, and Ragnhild, nothing is recorded at this time, +though Ragnhild appears later on, and one of her sisters is believed +to have married Gilchrist, Earl of Angus during the last twenty years +of the twelfth century. The other may have married in Norway, or died +young and unmarried. + +All these children and their descendants successively according to +sex and seniority would have claims as being of the line of Erlend +Thorfinnson, to half the Caithness earldom and Jarl Ragnvald's lands +there, claims which, however, it would be impracticable, while Harold +Maddadson lived, to enforce. + +Harold Maddadson's children by his first wife, namely Henry of Ross, +Hakon, Helena and Margaret would, in 1165, all be born, but would be +well under twenty-one, while of his second family, if Gormflaith was +born by 1135, which is unlikely, his eldest son, Thorfinn could have +been born, and some of the others. Thorfinn is mentioned by name in +a grant[33] of a silver mark per annum to the Church of Scone issuing +out of Harold's lands, of which the date is after 1166, but no one can +say how much before the 30th December 1184, the date of the death of +one of its witnesses, Andrew, Bishop of Caithness. + +If the union with Gormflaith took place after 1174, no child of that +union would exist until 1175. That this is in fact true is rendered +more probable because their union is not mentioned in the _Flatey +Book_ until after the death of Sweyn in 1171. But the passage is of +doubtful authenticity, (see Rolls Edition p. 224), and inconclusive +even if genuine. From the various allusions to Harold's union with +Gormflaith, it would seem that Harold lived with her before he married +her for many years, but married her legally after his first wife +Afreka's death after 1198 when William the Lion stipulated that he +should take Afreka back, and the subsequent legal marriage might +in those days, under the Canon and Roman law, suffice to make +Gormflaith's children, though born in adultery, legitimate and capable +of succeeding to the earldom (see Dalrymple's Collections, p. 221). + +In 1165 Sweyn Asleifarson, the great Viking, would be cruising on the +northern and western coasts with Harold's son, Hakon, on board, until +their deaths in Dublin in 1171. + +As for those in authority, Harold Maddadson would have as +contemporaries, Freskyn of Duffus till his death between 1166 and +1171, and his son William till his death near the end of the 12th +century, when Hugo, son of William, would succeed to the Morayshire +estates, though probably he had previously obtained a grant of the +land then known as Sudrland or Sutherland, which is defined above. +Hugo probably received this grant after William the Lion's first +conquest of Sutherland and Caithness in 1196, shortly before the time +when, as we shall see, Harald Ungi obtained in right of his mother a +grant of half Orkney from the Norse king, and another from the king of +Scotland of half Caithness, and probably a confirmation of his title +to the Moddan lands in Strathnaver and in Halkirk and Latheron, to +which he was heir in right of his father and grandmother Audhild of +the Moddan line. But this half of Caithness would be conferred on +Harald Ungi subject to the prior grant of Sudrland to Hugo Freskyn. +For Harold Maddadson must, in the opinion of so eminent an authority +as Lord Hailes, have been forfeited in 1196, if not earlier, for +both he and his son Thorfinn were then in open rebellion against the +Scottish Crown.[34] + +Further deprivations of lands, it is conjectured, must have attended +Harold Maddadson's later rebellions, and the events which must have +led to those deprivations may now be recounted, though it is very +difficult to reconcile Scottish and Norse records during the period. + +In 1179 King William the Lion had marched an army into Ross, and +subdued it to his sway; and, ere he left it, caused two castles of +Eddirdovir on the site of Redcastle in the Black Isle on the Beauly +Firth, and of Dunskaith[35] on the northern Suter of Cromarty, which +is full of Norse remains, to be built, to enable him to hold his +conquests. + +Two years later he made war on Donald Ban MacWilliam, who claimed the +Scottish Crown itself, as the third son of William FitzDuncan only +son of Duncan II, who was himself the eldest son of Malcolm Canmore by +Malcolm's first marriage, so productive of civil war in Scotland, with +Ingibjorg, widow of Earl Thorfinn. Civil war ensued, and lasted for +six or seven years, when, by good luck, Roland of Galloway fell in +with a force of the rebels at an unknown spot called Mamgarvie near +Inverness, and routed them, killing Donald Ban MacWilliam there on the +31st July 1187.[36] + +In 1196, Harold Maddadson, who through the ambition of Gormflaith +had, as we have seen, designs on Ross and Moray, sent an expedition +southwards to occupy those districts, of which probably Gormflaith's +father, Malcolm MacHeth, had been Earl at his death after 1160. But +William collected an army,[37] and, after defeating Harold's son +Thorfinn near Inverness, crossed the Oykel, entered Sutherland, +subdued it and Caithness, and pursued Harold up to his castle at +Thurso, and destroyed it in his sight. Harold then submitted, and +promised to surrender his son and heir, Thorfinn, as a hostage, with +others of his friends to be delivered to the king at Nairn. Harold +left all his hostages close by at Lochloy, and went alone to the king +at Nairn, and endeavoured to excuse himself by offering two grandsons +to the king and stating that Thorfinn was his heir[38] and could not +therefore be given up; but was taken prisoner himself and lodged in +Edinburgh Castle, till his son Thorfinn came to take his place. On +this occasion Harold Maddadson was deprived of Sudrland or Sutherland, +which had been given to Hugo Freskyn; and in the next year, or soon +after, half of the earldom of Caithness, which the _Flatey Book_ +states Jarl Ragnvald had held,[39] was conferred by King William the +Lion on Harald Ungi or The Young, as grandson of Jarl Ragnvald, and +son of Eric, who, however, had to make good the grant by conquest. +Harald Ungi had, as stated above, already obtained a grant from King +Sverri of half Orkney by a visit to the Norwegian Court. + +In order to enforce his rights under both these grants, Harald +Ungi collected a force, and, together with Sigurd Murt, and Lifolf +Baldpate, the first husband of his youngest sister Ragnhild, invaded +Orkney, while Harold the Old fled to the Isle of Man; but, on his +namesake following him thither, he doubled back to Orkney, and, +after killing all the adherents of his enemies there, crossed over to +Caithness with a strong force. In a pitched battle "near Wick," said +to have been fought at Clairdon near Thurso, he slew Harald Ungi, +and utterly defeated his army, in 1198.[40] Harold the Old then +endeavoured to make terms with the king, and offered him a large +sum for the redemption of Caithness. The king, however, attached as +conditions to any regrant, that the earl should put away Gormflaith, +the daughter of MacHeth, and take back his wife, Afreka of Fife, and +deliver up Laurentius, his priest, and Honaver, son of Ingemund, +as hostages.[41] The earl, on his part, refused the terms; and, +the earldom thus remaining forfeited, King William at once invited +Ragnvald Gudrodson, the great Viking king of the Sudreys and Man, and +then his friend and ally, to assemble a force and drive Harold out +of Caithness, promising to confer that earldom upon his general, if +successful in the campaign. + +Ragnvald Gudrodson, it may here be noted, had, if we pass over his own +illegitimacy, in the absence of direct male heirs of Earl Hakon since +Erlend Haraldson's death in 1156, probably the best title to receive +a grant of the jarldom of Orkney and Shetland and the earldom of +Caithness of all the surviving descendants of Earl Thorfinn Sigurd's +son. For Ragnvald Gudrodson was the grandson of Ingibjorg, Earl +Hakon's elder daughter, while Harold Maddadson was the son of +Ingibjorg's younger sister, Margret of Athole. Ragnvald Gudrodson's +title was, but for his own illegitimacy (in spite of which he held his +own kingdom) equal, if not superior to that of all survivors of the +Erlend Thorfinnson line, which was now represented in the male line +only by another Ragnvald the son of Eric Stagbrellir, who would claim, +in default of male heirs of Jarl St. Magnus, through the female line +of Erlend Thorfinnson, as being descended successively from Gunnhild, +Erlend's daughter, her son Ragnvald Jarl and Saint, and Ingigerd his +only child. And there is no proof that Ragnvald Ericson was alive at +this date, or that he ever returned from Norway to prefer his claim. + +Ragnvald Gudrodson forthwith collected a great army in Ireland and the +Sudreys and invaded Caithness,[42] and, meeting Harold Maddadson in +battle at Dalharrold,[43] where the River Naver issues from the loch, +drove him northwards down the strath to the coast, whence he escaped +to Orkney. The Saga says simply that Harold stayed in Orkney, and this +location of the battle near Achness rests solely on tradition, which, +however, in the Highlands, is often a solid enough foundation. + +King William next conferred the earldom on Ragnvald Gudrodson, for, +it is said, a considerable sum of money, reserving his own annual +tribute. + +On receiving the earldom, Ragnvald Gudrodson left in charge of +Caithness six[44] stewards, of whom Lagmann Rafn was the chief, +and went back to the Isle of Man. Harold had one of these stewards +murdered by an assassin, and returned with a large force to Thurso to +punish the Caithness folk; and, when Bishop John interceded for the +people of his diocese, Harold, whom he had irritated by refusing to +collect the Peter's Pence which the Earl had given to Rome, would not +listen to him, but mutilated him, probably in 1201, nearly blinding +him, and all but cutting out his tongue, though afterwards the bishop +regained his sight and speech in some measure, and may have lived to +administer his diocese till 1213. It is noteworthy that Pope Innocent +III, in his letter of 1202, does not directly blame Harold for the +illtreatment of the bishop, but Lumberd, a layman, whose penance the +letter prescribes. + +Harold then drove out the stewards, and they fled to the Scottish +king, who made the best amends he could to them,[45] and Rafn, the +Lawman, seems to have returned and to have lived and enforced the law +in Caithness until at least 1222.[46] + +To punish Earl Harold, King William at once had Harold's son Thorfinn +blinded and so mutilated in Roxburgh Castle that he died there. +William also collected a large army and marched in person to +Eysteinsdal or Ousedale near the Ord of Caithness, and Harold, though +he is said to have brought together seven thousand two hundred men, +avoided battle and evaded the king's pursuit.[47] Harold also began +negotiations with King John of England and received a safe conduct for +a journey to England to see him.[48] + +Later in the year Harold is said to have recovered his earldom through +the intercession of Bishop Roger of St. Andrews, for a payment of +two thousand pounds of silver, which Munch conjectures may have been +handed over to Ragnvald Gudrodson to replace the sum which he had paid +to the king for the earldom; and it is true that we hear no more of +Ragnvald in connection with Caithness, though he lived until 1229. At +the same time, we can hardly believe that Harold, as the _Flatey +Book_ says, received back "all Caithness as he had it before that +Earl Harald the Young took it from the Skot-king."[49] What happened +probably was, that Harold Maddadson, who had been stripped by King +Sverri of Shetland in 1195,[60] was allowed by King William in 1202 to +keep part of his Caithness earldom upon payment by its inhabitants of +a fine of every fourth penny they possessed. Otherwise his son David +could not have succeeded to any part of Caithness, as he undoubtedly +did, when, four years later, in 1206, his father's long and chequered +career of sixty-eight years in the earldom was closed by his death at +the age of seventy-three. + +Ugly of countenance, but of great bodily strength and stature, crafty, +self-seeking, treacherous and wholly unscrupulous, he is still known +in the North as "the wicked Earl Harold," yet the Saga classes him +with Sigurd Eysteinsson and Thorfinn Sigurdson as one of the three +greatest of the Jarls and Earls of Orkney and Caithness. + +On the mainland, no new earldom north of the Oykel was conferred on +anyone for a further period of thirty years. It was, in fact, neither +the policy nor, save in very exceptional cases, the practice of the +Scottish kings to grant earldoms to men with powerful followings +and vast territories;[51] for these made them, especially in remote +situations, almost independent rulers, and dangerous enemies, and it +was undesirable to increase their importance by additional dignities. +It was, on the contrary, usual by charter to create barons and other +military tenants, who should hold their lands, described in their +charters, by military service, in male succession direct from the +Scottish Crown, and liable to forfeiture for disloyal conduct. Nowhere +were military tenants so essential as they then were in the extreme +north of Scotland on lands immediately adjoining the territories of +Norse jarls owing double allegiance, and therefore of doubtful loyalty +to the Scottish Crown. For this reason also no part of the lands of +the Erlend line would be granted to the line of Paul, as an addition +to their own. + +From what has been above stated, it will appear that we have treated +the well known history, intituled _The Genealogie and Pedigree of the +Earles of Southerland_ and written down to 1630 by Sir Robert Gordon, +Baronet of Gordonstoun, and continued by Gilbert Gordon of Sallach[52] +until 1651, as mere fiction as regards all persons before William, +first Earl. "Alane Southerland, Thane of Southerland," Walter "first +Earle," Robert, second earl, who is alleged to have founded "Dounrobin +Castell" were purely fictitious persons. "Hugh Southerland, Earle of +Southerland nicknamed Freskin" existed, but never was an earl, as Sir +Robert well knew, because he quotes charters right up to his death, +in which he was styled simply Hugo Freskyn. The _Sutherland Book_ also +wholly omits William MacFrisgyn, second Lord of Duffus and Strabroc, +the son and heir of Freskyn I and the father of Hugo. A revised +pedigree of the early generations of Freskyn's family will be found +in an Appendix to this book, and it is believed to be correct. At the +same time it is in conflict as to the first three generations with +so high an authority as the late Cosmo Innes, and Sir William Fraser +followed him. However this may be, it is abundantly clear, from +contemporary and undoubtedly authentic records still happily extant, +that in the twelfth century Freskyn de Moravia and his immediate +successors were the guardians appointed by one Scottish king after +another to protect the fertile coast lands of Moray and Nairn alike +against the race of MacHeth from the hills and the Norse invader from +the sea; and that on the extensive territories which they possessed, +they built stately castles and endowed cathedrals and churches +with lands and tithes, providing from their family not only high +ecclesiastical dignitaries to serve them, but distinguished soldiers +and administrators to give them peace; services which their successors +in the thirteenth century were, in their turn, destined to repeat and +continue in Sutherland, Strathnavern and Caithness, when the old Norse +earldom there had been broken up and effectively incorporated in the +kingdom of Scotland. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. + +_Earls David and John._ + + +On the death of Earl Harold Maddadson in 1206, he was followed in +the earldom of Orkney, without Shetland, by his elder surviving +son, David, who also, it would seem, was allowed to succeed to the +Caithness earldom and some of its territory. But out of the Caithness +earldom there had been taken the lands forming the Lordship of +Sudrland or Sutherland held by Hugo Freskyn from about 1196, and this +comprised, as already stated, the parishes of Creich, (then including +Assynt), Dornoch, Rogart, Kilmalie (now Golspie), Clyne, Loth, and +by far the greater part of the parishes of Kildonan and Lairg. Out of +these lands Hugo granted, as already stated, to his relative Gilbert +de Moravia, Archdeacon of Moray from 1204 till 1222, and to his heirs +and assigns whomsoever, all Creich and much of Dornoch parish up to +the boundaries of Ross, and the date of this grant was probably +about 1211. The Mackays were beginning to occupy the western parts of +Strathnavern, their title being probably their swords, and they held +their lands "manu forti," their country being a refuge for their +Morayshire kinsmen, the MacHeths, who were in constant rebellion. The +eastern portion of Strathnavern, and particularly the neighbourhood +of Loch Coire and Loch Naver, and all the Strathnaver valley were +probably insecurely held by members of the Erlend and Moddan family +after Harald Ungi's death at the battle of Clairdon in 1198; and +Gunni, probably a grandson of Sweyn Asleifarson, who had married +Ragnhild, Harald Ungi's youngest sister, after the death in the same +battle of Lifolf Baldpate, her first husband, became chief of the +Moddan Clan there and in Caithness. After 1200 Ragnhild had by Gunni +a son called Snaekoll Gunni's son, who thus became, on his father's +death, the chief representative in Scotland, both of the Moddan family +and of the line of Jarls Erlend Thorfinnson, St. Magnus, and St. +Ragnvald, and of Eric Stagbrellir and of Earl and Jarl Harald Ungi; +and Snaekoll afterwards laid claim to their possessions in Orkney, +as the sole male representative of this line. Gunni and Ragnhild +must have held the Strathnaver lands, and the Moddan family lands +in Caithness, formerly Earl Ottar's estates, till their deaths, and +Snaekoll was their sole known male heir. The Harald Ungi share of the +Caithness earldom lands, which _The Flatey Book_ and _Torfaeus_ state +that Jarl Ragnvald had held, does not appear to have been granted to +David, or to any successor to the Caithness earldom of his line, or to +any other person at this time. Indeed, the line of Paul were the last +persons to whom such a grant would be made. + +It was, therefore, to a very much reduced territory and earldom that +David succeeded in 1206, as Earl of Caithness. We hear almost nothing +of him, save that for the latter part of the eight years of his +rule,[1] more or less inefficient probably through ill health, he +shared the earldom and what had been left to him of its lands with +his younger brother John. David died without issue in 1214[2] probably +soon after Hugo Freskyn, and David was succeeded by his brother John +in the jarldom of Orkney and in the reduced earldom of Caithness as +sole jarl and earl. + +Immediately after David's death, King William the Lion, who had, in +1211, suppressed a rebellion in Moray of the Thanes of Ross under +Guthred son of Donald Ban MacWilliam whom a few years later he +captured and beheaded,[3] came to Moray again; and, about the 1st +of August 1214, King William demanded, and received[4] Earl John's +daughter, whose name is not known, as a hostage for her father's +loyalty, and a guarantee of the peace then made, under which John was +probably recognised as earl and as entitled to his reduced territory. +His daughter may, at this time, have been her father's sole heiress, +although she did not remain so, because we find that he had a son who +lived till 1226, called Harald. Meantime Bishop Adam, after the death +in 1213 of Bishop John, his half-blinded and mutilated predecessor, +succeeded to the Episcopal See of Caithness,[5] and seems to have +reversed Bishop John's policy of leniency to his flock by exacting +from them heavier and heavier tithes, as years went by. + +In 1217, King Hakon's rival, Jarl Skuli, thought Earl John so +promising a traitor as to send him letters forged with the Norse +king's seal.[6] In 1218 John was present at Bergen to witness the +ordeal successfully undergone by King Hakon's mother in order to prove +that king, then a boy, to be her son by the late King Hakon Sverri's +son, and so rightly entitled to the Norwegian crown.[7] + +After Earl John's return from Norway, the bishop's exactions of tithes +of butter reached such a pitch that the Caithness folk met near his +house at Halkirk, and demanded that the earl should protect them +against the bishop's rapacity, and, either at the earl's suggestion +or without any opposition on his part, they attacked the bishop in his +house, which was close to _Breithivellir_ (now Brawl) Castle, +where John lived. The Saga gives the following description of this +affair:--[8] + +"They then held a Thing on the fell above the homestead where the earl +was. Rafn the Lawman was then with the bishop, and prayed the bishop +to spare the men; also he said he was afraid how things might go. Then +a message was sent to Earl John with a prayer that he would reconcile +the bishop and the freemen; but the earl would come never near the +spot. Then the freemen ran down from the fell and fared hotly and +eagerly. And when Rafn the Lawman saw that, he bade the bishop devise +some plan to save himself. He and the bishop were drinking in a loft, +and when the freemen came to the loft, the monk went out at the door; +and was straightway smitten across the face, and fell down dead inside +the loft. And when the bishop was told that, he answered, 'That had +not happened sooner than was likely, for he was always making our +matters worse.' Then the bishop bade Rafn tell the freemen that he +wished to be reconciled with them. But when this was told to the +freemen, all those among them who were wiser were glad to hear it. +Then the bishop went out and meant to be reconciled. But when the +worse kind of men saw that, those who were most mad, they seized +Bishop Adam, and brought him into a little house and set fire to +it. But the house burned so quickly that they who wished to save +the bishop could do nothing. Thus Bishop Adam died, and his body was +little burnt when it was found. Then a fitting grave was bestowed +on it,[9] and a worthy burial. But those who had been the greatest +friends of the bishop, then sent men to find the King of Scots. +Alexander was then King of Scots, the son of King William the Saint. +But when the king was ware of these tidings" (he took it) "so ill that +men have those miseries in mind which he wrought after the burning of +the bishop, in maiming of men and manslaying, and loss of goods and +banishment out of the land." + +From the above account of the matter, it appears that Earl John, who +was responsible for law and order in Caithness at the time, although +invited by Rafn the Lawman to intervene, and although he was on the +spot, did nothing, saying "he could give no advice" and "that he +thought it concerned him very little," and adding that "two bad things +were before them, that it was unbearable" and that "he could suggest +no other choice,"[10] that is, but to pay the bishop's tithes, however +exorbitant, or not pay them, or possibly to make an end of him. It is +clear also that the monk who was with the bishop was to blame for his +exactions. But there is some excuse in the fact that Bishop John had +been censured by Rome for his neglect in collecting the dues of Rome +or Peter's Pence as greatly as Bishop Adam was blamed by the people of +Caithness for his greediness. There is no need to brand Bishop Adam as +a voluptuary for excessive drinking and immorality.[11] + +These events took place in 1222, and King Alexander, urged by the +remainder of the bishops in Scotland, at once marched into Caithness +with an army, and took vengeance on the bishop's murderers by +mutilating a large number of those concerned and seizing their +lands,[12] while in 1223 the Pope excommunicated them and also +interdicted them from their lands. + +The Annals of Dunstable, however, paint Earl John in much blacker +colours, and state that he himself caused the bishop, who was escaping +from the fire, to be cast into it again, and the bodies of two others +previously slain, his nephew and the monk, to be thrown upon him, and +that King Alexander forfeited half John's earldom.[13] + +The Saga says that the king forfeited Earl John's lands for the murder +of the bishop. Wyntoun, however, states that afterwards, at Christmas +festivities at Forfar, + + "Thare borwyd that erle than his land + That lay unto the Kyngis hand + Fra that the byschape of Cateness, + As yhe before herd, peryst wes."[14] + +By this "borrowing," however, Earl John recovered only the reduced +earldom above described, that is without the Lordship of Sutherland, +to which William de Moravia, Hugo's son, had succeeded between 1211 +and 1214, and without that south-western portion of it, which, as +stated, had been given to Gilbert de Moravia by Hugo in 1211, and +without the Moddan family's lands near Loch Coire and in Strathnaver +and Caithness, and without Harald Ungi's moiety or half share of the +Caithness earldom; and, as already stated, the lands appertaining +to this share were probably occupied by his family as represented by +Gunni and Ragnhild, Eric Stagbrellir's youngest daughter, and by the +members of the Moddan clan, and the retainers of the Erlend line. + +In 1223, Earl John was again at Bergen, with Bishop Bjarni of Orkney +and others, to consider the rival claims of King Hakon and Jarl Skuli +to the Norse crown,[15] and in 1224 he went thither again to leave +his only son, Harald, as a hostage for his own loyalty.[16] In 1226, +Harald was drowned at sea, probably on his return voyage, thus leaving +John without any male heir, and save for his nameless hostage daughter +or her children, if any, without any direct lineal heirs for the +jarldom and earldom of Orkney and of Caithness respectively. + +In 1228 John sent presents to the Norse king, and received in return a +good long-ship and many other gifts; and in 1230 John is found aiding +Olaf, King of Man, a friend of the Norse king, by giving him a like +vessel, "The Ox," to enable him to complete his voyage back from +Norway to his own kingdom, and in the same year John rendered +assistance to the Norse expedition, which had attacked the South +Hebrides, by harbouring its ships in Orkney on their voyage back to +Norway.[17] + +From the above facts it is clear that Earl John, though he owed +allegiance to both kings, was more inclined to favour Norway than +Scotland, and that he was more constantly in attendance at the Norse, +than at the Scottish Court. At the same time it became more and more +likely that he would have to choose between his two masters, as war +for the Sudreyar or Hebrides was already certain to break out between +the two countries, and, save for civil war in Norway, would have +broken out at once. + +Snaekoll[18] Gunni's son, as the sole male representative of the +Erlend Thorfinnson, St. Magnus, St. Ragnvald, Eric Stagbrellir and +Harald Ungi line remaining in Scotland, who had probably about this +time succeeded, or at least was recognised as next heir to the Moddan +family estates in Strathnaver and Caithness, approached Earl John in +1231, and demanded from him Jarl Ragnvald's lands in Orkney. But the +earl, who held Orkney in its entirety as the representative of the +line of Paul and of Harold Maddadson, who had seized it when Jarl +St. Ragnvald died in 1158, refused to give Snaekoll any part of those +lands; and Snaekoll, failing to obtain any redress, sought the aid of +Hanef, formerly a page, but now Commissioner in Orkney, of the Norse +King, and demanded his help in recovering his lands there. Snaekoll +and Hanef with a large following accordingly crossed the Pentland +Firth to Thurso to enforce the claim, but the earl again angrily +refused to restore the lands in Orkney, and it would seem that he was +also unwilling to let Snaekoll have his rights in Caithness.[19] + +Each party occupied separate lodgings in Thurso with their separate +followings, and Hanef and his friends, warned by a messenger of the +earl's reported design of killing them, forestalled it by attacking +the earl first, and they slew him with nine wounds in the cellar of +his lodgings. After the affray they crossed over to Orkney, where they +fortified the small but massive castle[20] or tower of Kolbein Hruga +or Cobbie Row, in the Island of Vigr or Wyre, now called Veira, near +Rousay in Orkney, and provisioned it for a siege, which lasted the +whole winter, and was raised only after both sides had come to an +agreement that all questions arising out of the earl's death at +Thurso, should be referred, not to the Scottish courts, but to the +Norse king, Hakon, in Bergen. + +Both parties, with their witnesses, accordingly crossed the North +Sea in 1232, and Hakon heard the case, and punished the partisans +of Snaekoll, some with death and others with imprisonment. Snaekoll +himself, who, as the heir of Jarl Ragnvald, was too valuable a pawn to +be sacrificed, was retained, and lived long in Norway with Earl Skuli, +and afterwards with King Hakon.[21] It is noteworthy that a _gaedinga_ +ship (no Jewish Ship,[22] as Torfaeus states, but a ship of the +_gaedingar_ or _lendirmen_ of the Earl of Orkney) was, on the return +voyage, lost at sea; and, bearing in mind the large number of Orkney +notables who had been slain at the battle of Floruvagr in Norway in +1194, men of means and standing must have been scarce in Orkney for +long after this time. + +There is a tradition mentioned by Alexander Pope of Reay,[23] the +translator of the _Orcades_ of Torfaeus, that Snaekoll, being deprived +of his rights in Orkney by King Hakon, returned late in life to +Caithness, where the Norse King could not deprive him of anything, and +lived in that county at Ulbster. If so, why did he return? + +The answer brings us to a mysterious lady, who is known to us through +a charter[24] of May 1269 preserved in the _Registrum Episcopatus +Moraviensis_ or Chartulary of the Bishopric of Moray, and who is +called therein _nobilis mulier domina Johanna_, the then deceased wife +of Freskin de Moravia, Lord of Duffus, who had died before her. From +her name of Johanna this lady is stated to have been a daughter of +Earl John, amongst others by so eminent an authority as the late Mr. +William F. Skene in a paper "on the Earldom of Caithness," first read +to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland on the 11th March 1878, +which is reprinted as Appendix V to the Third Volume of his _Celtic +Scotland_ at pages 448 to 453, and the lady is generally known as Lady +Johanna de Strathnavir; and on her descent much subsequent history +depends. + +Skene's conclusion is that the half of Caithness which afterwards +belonged to the Angus earls was that half usually possessed by the +line of Erlend Thorfinnson, and that Joanna (or Johanna) was Earl +John's daughter, and, as such, inherited the Paul share of the earldom +and brought it to Freskin de Moravia, when he married her, without the +title. + +We doubt the accuracy of this conclusion, for reasons which, however, +rest not on direct evidence, but, like those given in Mr. Skene's +paper, on mere probabilities; and we hold that the converse is true, +and that Johanna was no daughter of John, and that it was the Erlend +half of the Caithness earldom lands that went to her and her husband +Freskin de Moravia of Duffus, while the moiety of Paul, in our +opinion, remained with a nameless daughter of John, and went along +with the title of Earl of Caithness, to her husband Magnus, and so to +the Angus earls of Caithness, though the lands which went with it were +then much curtailed in extent. + +But it must be remembered that, in the absence of records, any +solution of this difficult problem at present rests on mere +speculation and guesswork, and the opinions expressed here must +be accepted as mere conjectures unsupported by direct contemporary +evidence, and based only upon reasonable probability. + +We propose to attempt to deal with this difficult subject in the next +chapter. + + + + +CHAPTER IX. + +_The Succession to the Caithness Earldom._ + + +After the death of Earl John in 1231, we come to a most perplexing +time, and it is almost impossible to discover a way out of the maze +of genealogical difficulties in which we find ourselves involved. Not +only is there no chronicle of the period, but there are hardly any +records at all to help us. The pedigree of the descendants of Earl +Harold Maddadson, and particularly of his daughters, who are named in +the _Orkneyinga Saga_, ceases;[1] and that of Earl John's family and +of Harald Ungi and his sisters downwards stops also, save in the case +of Ragnhild, the youngest of them, whose son Snaekoll Gunni's son +is mentioned as claimant in 1231 from Earl John of certain lands in +Orkney and in Caithness as well. + +Attempts to clear up the mystery have been made,[2] but none of them +have resulted in any certain or trustworthy conclusions. Nor can +anyone now expect to fare much better; for not only are authentic +pedigrees of the Caithness earls and the materials for framing them +undiscovered or non-existent, but yet another pedigree, namely that of +the Angus line, which provided, from its male members, successors to +the title and to a moiety of the Caithness earldom, is very obscure. + +This chapter, therefore, is largely conjectural, and must be accepted +as such. It deserves, and will doubtless receive, severe criticism. + +So far as the Angus pedigree can be ascertained, it appears that Earl +Gillebride died about 1187, leaving two sons, Adam and Gilchrist, who +succeeded in turn to that earldom, and Gillebride also left a third +son, Gilbert,[3] a fourth, William, and a fifth, Angus, who had a son +Gillebert or Gillebryd. Gilchrist died about 1204, leaving an eldest +son, Duncan, Earl of Angus, and another son called Magnus, by his two +wives respectively, his second wife, from the name of Magnus given to +her eldest son and to many subsequent earls of that son's line, being +assumed with considerable probability to have been, not a sister of +Earl John, but a sister of Harald Ungi, either Ingibiorg or Elin. +Duncan died about 1214, and left a son, Malcolm, Earl of Angus, whose +sole heiress was a daughter, Matilda, who, about 1240, married, first, +John Comyn, who was killed in France shortly after the marriage, +without leaving issue to inherit. As her second husband, Matilda, +Countess of Angus married Gilbert d'Umphraville, Lord of Prudhoe and +Redesdale in Northumberland in 1243; and their son, also named Gilbert +d'Umphraville, was born about 1244, and succeeded his father as Earl +of Angus in 1267, and though both these Gilberts became successively +Earls of Angus,[4] neither of them ever became Earl of Orkney. +Robertson's contention in his _Early Kings of Scotland_, (vol. II, p. +23 note) that they were grafted on the wrong pedigree seems justified +by the discrepancy in dates; for the Icelandic Annals give only one +Gibbon who died in 1256, and we know that Magnus III was earl in 1263 +and till 1273. Indeed little confidence can be reposed in the Diploma +of the Orkney Earls, the only authority for the existence of two +Orkney Earls called Gilbert, and in the period covered by the +_Orkneyinga Saga_, we can prove many errors in the Diploma. + +Of Magnus son of Gilchrist, Earl of Angus, we know something. He was +alive in 1227, when he attested the record of the perambulation of the +boundaries of the lands of the Abbey of Aberbrothock,[5] and in the +List of the Oliphant family charters dated 1594 in the Register House +in Edinburgh there is an entry of "Ane charter under the Great Seill +made be Alexr to Magnus sone to Gylcryst sometime Earle of Angus of +the Erledome of South Caithness" which included Berridale and lands +which Magnus' granddaughter's great-grandson Malise II conveyed to +Reginald Chen III, known as "Morar na Shein," after 1340. + +It has been suggested that after Earl John's death in 1231, the +successor to the earldom of Caithness was a minor, which Earl +Gilchrist's son, Magnus, could not have been in 1231, and that this +minor and ward was a son of Magnus, and bore the same name as his +father. + +The wardship seems at first sight to be proved in Robertson's _Early +Kings_,[6] and the proof is to the following effect:--Malcolm of Angus +attested a charter in Earl John's lifetime on 22nd April 1231, using +his own title of "Angus" only. After John's death, Malcolm attested +another charter on 7th October 1232 as "M. Comite de Anegus et +Katania,"[7] using, in addition to his own title of Angus, as was +customary, the title of a ward, who was heir to another earldom, in +this case that of Caithness. But on 3rd July 1236, Malcolm Earl of +Angus, who lived till 1237 if not longer, attested a third charter +using his own title of "Angus" only, without the addition "and of +Caithness." These facts can be explained by his ward's having attained +his majority and entered upon his earldom of Caithness between 7th +October 1232 and 3rd July 1236. They cannot be explained by saying +that "M" was not Malcolm, but Magnus, and that "M" stands for +Gilchrist's son Magnus, who had become Earl of Caithness. For there +was no "M. Comes de Angus" at the time save Malcolm, and Malcolm was +therefore for about four years Earl of Caithness as well as of Angus. + +Robertson's explanation is that Malcolm was Earl of Caithness only as +guardian of a ward entitled to that earldom. The question then +arises, as Robertson puts it, "who was the heir?" and he answers it, +"certainly not his[8] uncle Magnus, son of Gillebride,[9] but very +probably the son of Magnus by Earl John's daughter; the supposed grant +of the Earldom to this Magnus being probably grounded upon his real +marriage with the heiress," and he adds "If, on the death of Earl John +in 1231, his grandson was an orphan and a minor, his wardship would +naturally have been granted to the next of kin, his cousin the Earl of +Angus." + +One further charter has to be dealt with. In _Reg. Hon. de Morton_, +vol. I, p. xxxv, cited in _Origines Parochiales_ vol. II, p. 805, a +grant by King Alexander II, to Patrick Earl of Dunbar dated 7th July +1235 is attested by a witness, whose name or initial is illegible, but +who is styled ... _Earl_ ... _Katanay_, ... _Comite_ ... _Katanay_, +and a confident opinion is expressed in a note to the citation that +the witness was Magnus, Earl of Caithness. Now, Earl John's daughter +was taken as a hostage on August 1, 1214, and, if she was then +marriageable and was married at once, her eldest child could have been +born about May 1215, and would attain twenty-one about May 1236, but +to suppose her son of the name of Magnus to have been the ward for +whom the Earldom of Caithness was being kept till 7th July 1235 from +1232 and that he had become Earl of Caithness on the 7th July 1235 +seems impossible. If the blank should be filled up with "de Anegus +et," then Malcolm Earl of Angus must still have been the guardian, and +the ward's father and mother must both have been dead by 7th October +1232. This involves three unproved assumptions, of two unrecorded +deaths and one unrecorded birth. + +On the whole, therefore, we believe that there is another and simpler +explanation, and it seems probable that there was in this case no +wardship, or if there was, that there was a great deal more, and that +Malcolm held the earldom of Caithness as _Custos_ or administrator or +trustee for the Crown for four years after Earl John's death till the +succession was settled, and till all Caithness except Sutherland was +parcelled out among three claimants, namely the two heirs, each of one +of two sisters of Harald Ungi, and the hostage daughter of Earl John. + +When all this was settled, Magnus, as the son of one of the two +elder sisters of Harald Ungi, and also as the husband of Earl John's +daughter, would be entitled on Earl John's death, _jure maritae_, +in Orkney, to a grant from the Norse king of the Orkney jarldom, +and also, in Caithness, _first, jure maritae_, to a grant from the +Scottish king in or after 3rd July 1236, of the North Caithness +earldom and lands held by Earl John, which Dalrymple in his +Collections (p. lxxiii) states positively, without quoting his +authority, that Magnus had for a payment of £10 per annum, and, +_secondly, jure matris_ (Ingibiorg or Elin) to a grant, also from the +Scottish king, of the earldom of South Caithness, which by the Charter +of Alexander "under the greit Seill," above alluded to, Magnus also +got. + +The other moiety of the Caithness earldom lands would be fairly given +to Johanna as heiress of Ragnhild, Harald Ungi's youngest sister, and +we know that Johanna got that other moiety, because we find that her +descendants inherited it, and conveyed it or parts of it by writs +still extant, by the description of "half Caithness." + +There are, however, other views. Skene's opinion on the subject of the +succession, in his very able paper (given in Appendix V, vol. iii, pp. +449-50 of his _Celtic Scotland_), is as follows:-- + +"Earl Harald died in 1206, and was succeeded by his son David, +who died in 1214, when his brother John became Earl of Orkney and +Caithness. Fordun tells us that King William made a treaty of peace +with him in that year, and took his daughter as a hostage, but the +burning of Bishop Adam in 1222 brought King Alexander II down upon +Earl John, who was obliged to give up part of his lands into the hands +of the king, which, however, he redeemed the following year by paying +a large sum of money, and by his death in 1231 the line of Paul again +came to an end. + +"In 1232, we find Magnus, son of Gillebride, Earl of Angus, called +Earl of Caithness, and the earldom remained in this family till +between 1320 and 1329, when Magnus Earl of Orkney and Caithness, died; +but during this time it is clear that these earls only possessed one +half of Caithness and the other half appears in the possession of the +De Moravia family, for Freskin, Lord of Duffus, who married Johanna, +who possessed Strathnaver in her own right, and died before 1269, had +two daughters, Mary, married to Sir Reginald Cheyne, and Christian, +married to William de Fedrett; and each of these daughters had one +fourth part of Caithness, for William de Fedrett resigns[11] his +fourth to Sir Reginald Cheyne,[12] who then appears in possession +of one-half of Caithness (Chart. of Moray; Robertson's Index). These +daughters probably inherited the half of Caithness through their +mother Johanna. Gillebride[13] having called one of his sons by the +Norwegian name of Magnus, indicates that he had a Norwegian mother. +This is clear from his also becoming Earl of Orkney, which the king of +Scots could not have given him. Gillebride died in[14] 1200, so that +Magnus must have been born before that date, and about the time of +Earl Harald Ungi, who had half of Caithness, and died in 1198. Magnus +is a name peculiar to this line, as the great Earl Magnus belonged to +it, and Harald Ungi had a brother Magnus. The probability is that the +half of Caithness which belonged to the Angus family was that half +usually possessed by the earls of the line of Erlend,[15] and was +given by King Alexander with the title of Earl to Magnus, as the son +of one of Earl Harald Ungi's sisters, while Johanna, through whom the +Moray family inherited the other half, was, as indicated by her name, +the daughter of John, Earl of Caithness of the line of Paul, who had +been kept by the king as a hostage, and given in marriage to Freskin +de Moravia." + +Sir William Fraser[16] in a note to the _Sutherland Book_--a mere +_obiter dictum_, however--doubts Skene's suggestions "that Johanna, +Lady of Strathnaver, who married Freskin de Moravia, Lord of Duffus, +about 1240, was the daughter of John Haraldson," that is Earl John, +and that "Magnus of Angus was the son of a sister of a former Earl +of Caithness," and states that "Skene's arguments are plausible, but +there is no very good evidence in support of them." Skene's argument +rests mainly on the names "Johanna" and "Magnus," by itself an +insecure foundation, and one which it is hoped to explain or remove, +adopting the argument from "Magnus," a name which constantly recurs, +and rejecting the argument from "Johanna," a name which never again +appears, in this family. + +A century or more after the death in 1231 of Earl John, we find +Reginald Chen III, known as Morar na Shein or "Lord" Schen, in +possession of a moiety of the Caithness earldom, without the title, +and living in Latheron and Halkirk parishes, while the other moiety +was held by the Caithness Earls of the line of Angus, and in 1340 we +find Reginald More, Chamberlain of Scotland, ancestor of the Crichton +or Sinclair Earls of Caithness, acquiring from Malise II, one of the +Stratherne Earls of Caithness and a descendant of the line of Paul +and also of the line of Erlend, part of south Caithness (including +Berridale), which therefore Reginald Chen III did not then own or +acquire, though he owned half Caithness. But Reginald Chen III did +acquire Berridale and other lands later in David II's reign according +to _Origines Parochiales_, II, p. 764. + +Now it is known from other sources that Reginald Chen III was a +grandson of Johanna of Strathnaver, the mysterious lady of unrecorded +parentage already referred to, who owned land in "Strathnauir," and +who was dead in 1269, and who had married, at a date which we hope to +fix, Freskin de Moravia, Lord of Duffus, then also dead, and had +had by him two daughters, Mary and Christian, who were married +respectively to Reginald Chen II and William de Federeth I (whose sons +respectively were Reginald Chen III and William de Federeth II) +and these ladies succeeded each to one fourth of Caithness; and a +grant,[17] which was made in David II's time by William de Federeth II +in favour of Reginald Chen III, placed him in possession of William de +Federeth II's quarter of Caithness. Reginald Chen III thus had all the +half share of Caithness which was held by his grandmother, Johanna of +Strathnaver. We also know that by another grant in 1286[18] William +de Federeth I had already conveyed to Reginald Chen II four davachs of +land in Strathnaver and all his other lands there; and, besides these +grants, we have authentic record in May 1269, which recites that Lady +Johanna had before that date granted a considerable part of her lands +in Strathnaver to the Bishop of Moray for the maintenance of two +chaplains to minister in the Cathedral of Elgin. + +By the above record, which is a regrant of the Strathnaver lands by +Archebald Bishop of Moray in May 1269 to Reginald Chen II, not only is +his marriage before that date to Mary daughter of Johanna by Freskin +de Moravia proved, but the lands in Strathnaver are identifiable. They +were "Langeval and Rossewal, tofftys de Dovyr, Achenedess, Clibr', +Ardovyr and Cornefern," which now are known in part as Langdale, +Rossal, Achness, Clibreck and Coire-na-fearn, while "tofftys" are +"tofts," and "Dovyr" and "Ardovyr" are respectively old Gaelic for +"water" and for "upper water." "Dovyr" would denote the River Naver +and loch of that name, and "Ardovyr" would mean Loch Coire and the +Mallard River, that is the "Abhain 'a Mhail Aird" of the Ordnance Map +(whatever that may mean),[19] which rises in Loch Coire, and, after a +course of six miles from its upper valley, falls about 330 feet below +its source into the River Naver at Dalharrold. These lands of the Lady +Johanna lay partly to the south of Loch Naver, extended southwards +nearly to Ben Armine, and stretched westwards to Loch Vellich or +Bealach and the Crask and Mudale, eastwards to Loch Truderscaig, and +northwards down the valley of the Naver at least as far as Syre. +Part of them, close to Achness,[30] is to this day known locally as +Kerrow-na-Shein, or Chen's Quarter, either after Johanna's son-in-law, +Sir Reginald Chen II, or after her grandson of the same name, the +great "Morar na Shein," about whom so many legends still survive in +Cat. These lands in Strathnaver are roughly hatched on the map of Cat +in this volume, and, as she gave them away in charitable trust, +they probably formed only a small part of her whole estate after her +marriage with Freskin de Moravia, which probably comprised the old +Parish of Farr, now divided into Tongue, Farr, and Reay. + +It is suggested that the ownership of these lands in Strathnaver and +of the other upland territories in Halkirk and Latheron parishes, held +by her descendants and sequels in all her estate, the Chens, connects +the Lady Johanna with the family of Moddan "in dale" in Caithness +and with Earl Ottar, and with Frakark and Audhild her niece, and that +Johanna was entitled to these lands in their entirety in her own right +as the sole descendant remaining in Scotland after 1232 of Harald +Ungi's younger surviving sister Ragnhild, possibly through her son +Snaekoll by Gunni, and that Snaekoll was next heir to these lands +before he went abroad, and either that he was Johanna's father, or +that she became Ragnhild's heir in his place. In this way Johanna +would have a good right, especially if Magnus, son of Gilchrist, had +been compensated for his mother's share by receiving a grant of South +Caithness and its earldom, to receive a grant of the rest of the +Harald Ungi half share of the Caithness earldom, lands previously held +by Jarls and Earls St. Magnus and Erlend Thorfinn's son or some lands +of equal value, and the reason why she had such very large estates as +those which she brought to her husband and the Chen family as their +successors would be made clear. For she would have completed her title +to a large share of the Erlend lands, and also to the Moddan lands +which Gunni and Ragnhild had entered upon and held after the elder +sister of Ragnhild had left Caithness on her marriage with Gilchrist +Earl of Angus. + +In support of Johanna's title it is to be observed that neither +Magnus II, nor his wife, is recorded to have claimed any part of +the Strathnaver lands, a fact which indicates that Johanna and her +predecessors had acquired an independent title to them, and that, too, +a title not derived through Earl John. Again, (though in a time when +records fail us, the argument proves little) Johanna, although from +her probable date she might have been so, is not recorded to have +been a daughter of John. Further, to be of suitable age[21] to marry +Freskin she must have been born long after any known child of Earl +John, even his son Harald who had died in 1226. Lastly, neither +Johanna nor her husband Freskin nor any descendant of hers ever +claimed either the whole of or any share in the Orkney jarldom,[22] +which Earls Harald Maddadson, David and John had held in its entirety, +and to which Johanna, had she been Earl John's only daughter, or her +husband Freskin would have been entitled to claim to succeed as sole +heir; while if John had had two daughters, and Johanna had been one of +them, she or her husband Freskin would have been entitled to claim a +grant of some share at least of the lands appertaining to the Orkney +jarldom. + +It was, however, Earl Magnus who made such claims, and with success, +and he may well have obtained the Orkney jarldom and lands, and part +of the Caithness earldom as well, with the title, not only as being +the son of the elder of Harald Ungi's sisters, but as the husband of +Earl John's nameless daughter, while his name of Magnus, afterwards +so often repeated in the Angus line, came into that line obviously +through his mother at his baptism, and not through his wife at his +marriage. + +The name of Johanna, on which Skene mainly founds his assertion that +Johanna of Strathnaver was Earl John's daughter, is just as easily +explicable, and with equal verisimilitude, if she was not. Snaekoll +went to Norway in 1232, leaving behind him, on our hypothesis, one +child, an infant daughter of tender years, or possibly as yet unborn. +The child of a younger child of Ragnhild would probably be still +younger. Heiress to very large landed estates and justly entitled to +claim a moiety of the Erlend Thorfinnson half of Caithness and all the +Moddan territories, this child would be made by the king of Scotland +a ward, to be married, if female, in due course to a suitable husband. +The Queen of Scotland, who in 1232 had been childless for eleven years +and never had any children afterwards, was an English princess who was +married to Alexander II on 19th June 1221, and lived till 4th March +1237-8, a period which would cover all Johanna's early years. The +queen's name was Joanna, and Johanna of Strathnaver may have been +called after her, as Earl John had possibly been called after her +father King John of England, the friend of Earl John's father, Harold +Maddadson. + +We now have to fix the date of Freskin de Moravia, nephew of William, +_dominus Sutherlandiae_ since about 1214. Freskin, as stated, was +undoubtedly the husband of Johanna of Strathnaver, and became on +his marriage owner of her lands there as well as of a moiety of the +Caithness earldom lands. + +Freskin was, as also stated, the eldest son of Walter de Moravia of +Duffus, second son of Hugo Freskyn of Strabrock, Duffus and Sutherland +by Walter's marriage with Euphamia, probably, from her name, a +daughter of Ferchar Mac-in-tagart, who became Earl of Ross.[23] As +Ferchar granted[24] certain lands at Clon in Ross about the year 1224 +to Freskin's father Walter de Moravia of Duffus without pecuniary +or other valuable consideration, it has been concluded, probably +correctly, that this grant was made on the occasion of the marriage +of Walter to Ferchar's daughter Euphamia; and Freskin, their heir, was +born in or after 1225, and had become _dominus_ de Duffus by 1248 on +his father's death. Johanna, on our hypothesis, would have to be born +by 1232 at latest, that is, before or soon after her supposed father +Snaekoll went to Norway, and from her supposed father's date she could +hardly have been born before 1225. Snaekoll's date can be ascertained +with comparative accuracy. For his mother lost her first husband, +Lifolf Baldpate, only in 1198, at the battle of Clairdon, and she can +hardly have married Snaekoll's father, Gunni, much before 1200. From +these dates Snaekoll could have been born by 1201, and married in +Scotland between 1224 and 1231, and Freskin and Johanna would thus +be of very suitable ages to marry each other, and their marriage +therefore would take place after 1245, or possibly as late as 1250. If +Johanna was the daughter of a younger child of Ragnhild, she might be +born later than 1225. + +This would involve a long minority for Johanna, and by reason of her +marriage with Freskin de Moravia in 1245 or later, we suspect that +Freskin's uncle, William _dominus Sutherlandiae_, whose territories +were bounded on the north and east by her lands, was her guardian, +an office whose duties the head of the powerful and loyal House +of Sutherland alone could efficiently perform in the troublous and +turbulent times of her minority. + +From Bain's _Calendar of Documents_ relating to Scotland[25] we know +that Freskin was one of the signatories of the National Bond of mutual +alliance and friendship with Sir Llewelin son of Griffin, Prince of +Wales, and other leading Welshmen on the 18th of March 1259. Freskin +would not have been asked to sign a document of such international +importance unless, like another of its signatories, Sir Reginald Chen +I (whose son of the same name, Reginald Chen II, married Freskin's +daughter, Mary of Duffus, later on) he had been one of the leading men +of his time in Scotland. We also find that his rights were saved in a +charter of 11th April 1260 and that on 13th October 1260 he was one of +the three vice-gerents of Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan, Justiciar +of Scotland, present in Court at Perth on that date.[26] + +On the 16th March 1262-3 from a grant of two chaplains[27] for the +weal of the soul of the deceased Freskin of Moray, Lord of Duffus, we +know that he had died before that date, that is, probably before his +fortieth year. Freskin, then, died after 13th October 1260 and before +16th March 1262-3, and was buried in the chapel of St. Lawrence in the +Church of Duffus, which he had founded and endowed with lands at +Dawey in Strath Spey, and Duffus. His wife Johanna ("quondam sponsa" +"quondam Friskyni de Moravia") was certainly dead in May 1269 (Reg. +Morav., ch. 126, p. 139). + +They left no male heir, but they left two daughters, Mary and +Christian, both minors at their father's death and probably too young +to have been married in August 1263, when, as we shall find, their +lands and their half share of the Caithness earldom sadly needed +defenders from Norse invaders. + +Owing to subsequent additions of territory, it is impossible at the +present time to say exactly what all the lands owned by an independent +title by Lady Johanna of Strathnaver were, but some guidance towards +the further identification of her lands in Caithness is found in the +fact that later charters give the names of the lands which her sequel +in all her estate, Reginald Chen III, known as "Lord Schein" or "Morar +na Shein" held,[28] and that he lived in and hunted from a castle at +the exit of the river Thurso from Loch More above Dirlot or Dilred +in Strathmore in Halkirk parish, but never owned Brawl, a capital +residence of the Caithness earls, but did own to the end of his life +"half Caithness," and acquired South Caithness after 1340 by purchase. +Adding to this the facts, indications, and probabilities alluded to in +this and preceding chapters as to the position of lands in Caithness +variously owned, we are able to venture to come to a general +conclusion as to the devolution of the Caithness earldom and lands. + +This conclusion is, that what may be termed the shares of the +respective lines of Paul and Erlend, the sons of Earl Thorfinn and +others, in the Caithness earldom lands probably went respectively +between 1231 and 1239 and afterwards in the following manner. + +The right to succeed to the share of Paul passed, on his descendant +Earl John's death in 1231, to Earl John's only child then alive, the +nameless hostage daughter, who, according to our theory, had after +1st August 1214 married Magnus, son of Earl Gilchrist of Angus by his +second marriage with either Ingibiorg or Elin, both sisters of Harald +Ungi, and both older than Ragnhild. But the title of Earl of Caithness +and the enjoyment of the whole earldom was on Earl John's death +temporarily conferred, in addition to his title of Earl of Angus, on +Malcolm, Earl of Angus, and nephew of Magnus the husband of John's +hostage daughter, as being the head of the Angus family and one of the +most powerful earls in Scotland, pending a general settlement of the +affairs of Sutherland and Caithness; and Malcolm held his own Earldom +of Angus, and, in addition, for the Crown, as _Custos_, trustee, or +administrator _pendente lite_, held Caithness after 22nd April 1231 +and certainly at 7th October 1232, possibly till 3rd July 1236, when +the following settlement was made. + +Caithness, without Sutherland, was with the title of Earl of +Caithness, North and South, confirmed to Earl Magnus II by two grants, +the one of North Caithness in right of his wife and the other of South +Caithness in right of his mother. The estate of Sutherland was after +10th October 1237 erected into an earldom in the person of William, +who was the eldest son of Hugo Freskyn, and was then owner of the +estate, this earldom being, as stated in the Diploma of the Orkney +Earls, "taken away from Magnus II" in his lifetime, possibly out of +South Caithness, by Alexander II. + +On Magnus' death in 1239, Gillebryd or Gillebride, called in the +Icelandic Annals Gibbon, who was either a son or younger brother of +Magnus, succeeded Magnus II in the Orkney and Caithness titles and in +the Paul share of the Caithness earldom, and it appears from a +grant of the advowson of Cortachy on 12th December 1257 that Matilda +daughter of Gillebert, "then late Earl of Orkney," married Malise +Earl of Stratherne. On Gillebride's death in 1256, his son Magnus III +succeeded to Orkney and to the share of Paul in the Caithness earldom, +as held by Earl Magnus II and Earl Gillebride his successor, that +is without the Sutherland earldom, and without Freskin and Johanna's +share of Caithness. + +The right to succeed to the other share of Caithness, that of Erlend +Thorfinnson, which, according to _The Flatey Book_ had belonged to +Jarl Ragnvald, and had been conferred on Harald Ungi by William the +Lion in 1197, passed through Ragnhild, another and the youngest sister +of Harald Ungi, and then through a child of hers, possibly Snaekoll +Gunni's son, the only known male representative of this line at the +time, or through Snaekoll's younger brother or sister, along with +the Moddan estates in Strathnaver and in various highland and Celtic +parishes in Caithness, to Johanna of Strathnaver as Ragnhild's heir; +but this share did not carry with it the title of Countess. It +was held for her in wardship, but it was not formally granted and +confirmed by the Crown to her or her husband Freskin de Moravia, who +had become Lord of Duffus by 1248, until their marriage, in or after +1245, or even later, and when the settlement was made, possibly South +Caithness was taken partly out of it. + +If Earl John had left no daughter at all, the result in Caithness +might well have been much the same; for in that case the Caithness +title and lands might well have been conferred as to the title and +a share of the earldom lands on the elder surviving sister of Harald +Ungi, Ingibiorg or Elin, and her heir, while the other share without +the title would go to the heir of the younger sister Ragnhild. But +Magnus, if he had not married John's daughter, would not have got +North Caithness, and it seems essential that Magnus should have +married into the line of Earl John, in order to found a claim on his +part to the Jarldom of Orkney, which Harold Maddadson, David, and John +(with whom Magnus had no relationship at all, so far as is known) +had held in its entirety, in spite of the grant of a moiety of it +to Harald Ungi, ever since Harald Ungi's death in 1198, and to the +exclusion of the Erlend line from all share in Orkney, (save for +Harald Ungi's grant) ever since Jarl Ragnvald's death in 1158. + +But who will find _evidence to prove_ our conjectures to be even +approximately true? + +Till this is done, these matters rest upon mere conjecture, based +mainly upon known Scottish policy, the name of "Magnus," and the +probable situation of the lands owned by the parent lines and the +families known afterwards to have held them, namely, the families of +Cheyne, Federeth, Sutherland, Keith, Oliphant, and Sinclair, among +whose writs or inventories of them search might be made. + + + + +CHAPTER X. + +_King Hakon and the North of Scotland._ + + +We can now turn with some sense of relief from the intricate maze +of the genealogy of the Caithness earls to the more open ground of +Scottish history, which we left at the date of the death of William +the Lion in December 1214, when he was succeeded on the throne of +Scotland by his son, Alexander II, a youth who had then just entered +his seventeenth year. We can then work the results of our genealogical +conjectures into the general history of the northern counties. + +Alexander II, like his predecessors, was in the year after his +accession immediately confronted with a revolt headed by Donald Ban +MacWilliam the younger, another of the descendants of Ingibjorg of +Orkney, widow of Earl Thorfinn and first wife of Malcolm Canmore. The +scene of the rising was, as usual, Moray; and Donald was aided not +only by the inhabitants of that province, but also by a large force +of Irish mercenaries. This rebellion, however, was speedily crushed by +Ferchar Mac-in-tagart of the family of the Lay Abbots of Applecross +in the west of Ross, a county to which Henry, the eldest son of Harold +Maddadson had in vain laid claim. + +Differences which threatened to break out between Scotland and England +were speedily settled, and the young king, as we have seen, married +Joanna, sister of King Henry III of England, in 1221. Alexander next +conquered the district of Argyll in 1222, and in the same year reduced +Caithness to subjection on the occasion of Bishop Adam's murder, and +he shortly afterwards put down two rebellions, the one in Moray, as +above stated, and the other in Galloway, a district which, however, he +did not finally conquer till 1235, although Mac-in-tagart was knighted +for a victory there in 1215, and soon after, by 1226, became Earl of +Ross.[1] In 1236, as a punishment for burning to death the Earl of +Atholl, in revenge for the defeat of a member of their family at a +tournament, the Bissets were deprived of their estates near Beauly, +and fled to England, where they endeavoured to embroil that country +again with Scotland. In this they failed, and a treaty was signed +between the two nations that neither should make war on the other +unless it were first attacked itself.[2] + +Argyll, Galloway, and Moray being subdued and settled, and the old +Earldom of Caithness broken up, and divided among trustworthy feudal +tenants holding their lands by military service from the Scottish +king, the whole of the mainland of Scotland may now be said to have +been effectively incorporated into one kingdom under the Scottish +Crown. Ecclesiastically, also, the whole realm was divided into +dioceses, whose bishops were appointed by consent of the king. + +The dream of Malcolm II at last was realised. + +The western islands of the Hebrides, however, still owed allegiance to +the king of Norway, who was till 1240 engaged in civil war with Duke +Skuli in his own kingdom. Alexander II therefore equipped a naval +expedition to reduce the islands, but, soon after he had embarked, +he sickened and died on the island of Kerrera, near Oban, in 1249, +leaving as his successor, his son Alexander III, then only in his +eighth year, who was married in 1251, before his eleventh year, to +Margaret, daughter of Henry III of England, then a child of about +the same age as himself. The marriage was followed by a nine years' +struggle between the rival factions of Alan Durward, Justiciar of +Scotland, and of Walter Comyn, Earl of Menteith, in which England +constantly interfered, till the Comyn, or Scottish, faction finally +gained the upper hand. In 1261, Alexander III's only child Margaret, +who afterwards became Queen of Norway, was born. + +Between 1242 and 1245 two Scottish bishops had been sent to Norway by +Alexander II to induce King Hakon to give up the Hebrides to Scotland, +and now his son Alexander III sent another embassy of an Archdeacon +and a Scot, called in the Saga Misel, but more probably Frisel or +Fraser, who, being found to be spies, tried to escape, but were caught +and made to witness the young King Magnus' coronation in his father's +lifetime.[3] These embassies, though backed by offers of money +compensation, were wholly unsuccessful. + +Meantime affairs in Sutherland and Caithness had been pursuing an +orderly course for nearly forty years. William, eldest son of Hugo +Freskyn, had succeeded his father in Sutherland before 1214, the year +of Earl David's death, and had in or after 1237 become its first Earl, +and three years afterwards, according to tradition, though probably +this event happened later, with the aid of Richard of Moray, Bishop +Gilbert's brother, a Norse landing at Unes or Little Ferry is said to +have been repulsed in a battle at Embo, near Dornoch in Sutherland. +In this battle Richard fell, and the Norse Prince was also killed, +the Ri-Crois at Embo, which has disappeared long ago, being erected in +memory of the latter.[4] Earl William had died in 1248, and had been +buried in the Cathedral at Dornoch, which Bishop Gilbert had founded +close to and west of the site of the older Church of St. Bar, and +which he had dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary in or after 1222. + +The Bishop had given to his diocese of Caithness[5] the Constitution +which is still extant at Dunrobin. This Constitution, like that of +Elgin, was in the main based on that of Lincoln. But the Bishop was to +be _Primus_ and above all other dignitaries of the Cathedral. For +it was ordained that instead of the one priest who had previously +officiated, there should be ten Canons with the Bishop as their head, +five of them holding the dignities of Dean, Precentor, Chancellor, +Treasurer, and Archdeacon, each of them during residence to minister +there daily, as well as the Abbot of Scone, who was a Canon, but had a +Vicar to perform his duties in his absence. The teinds (or tithes) +of certain parishes were allocated to each member of the Chapter; and +lands, residences, and prebends were assigned to them, provision also +being made from the teinds of other parishes for the lighting and +services of the Church. Bishop Gilbert built and completed the +Cathedral, making, it is said, the glass for its windows at Sidera, +from sand taken from near the howe of the first Jarl Sigurd, a +worshipper of Odin.[6] + +Bishop Gilbert had also translated the Psalms into Gaelic; and, +having set his diocese of Caithness, comprising the modern counties of +Sutherland and Caithness, in good working order, and having re-buried +his predecessor Adam, with a stately funeral, at Dornoch in 1239, had +made his will in 1242, and died in the episcopal palace at Scrabster, +near Thurso, in 1245. It was probably during his episcopate that +King Alexander II gave his open letter,[7] directed to the sheriffs, +bailies, and other good men of Moray and Caithness, and enjoining them +to protect the ship of the Abbot and Convent of Scone and their men +and goods from injury, molestation or damage in their journeys to +the north. Bishop Gilbert was buried at Dornoch, and was succeeded by +Bishop William,[8] and he in his turn, in 1261, by Bishop Walter de +Baltroddi, who doubtless suffered from King Hakon's fines levied in +Caithness in 1263, and whose daughter the Chief of the Mackays is said +to have married after that date. + +In 1261 the Hebrides had been harried by William, MacFerchar, Earl of +Ross and uncle of Freskin de Moravia the younger, with great cruelty +and barbarity, and King Hakon in 1263 began to collect and equip a +fleet with a view to revenging the injury done to his subjects in the +west.[9] In the preparation for this in the spring of 1263, we find +Jon Langlifson, whose mother Langlif was Harold Maddadson's youngest +daughter, and who was thus himself a nephew of Earl John, sent over +with Henry Skot to Shetland to obtain pilots for King Hakon,[10] while +Dougal of the Isles met them in Orkney, and was let into the secret of +Hakon's intended expedition. + +Meantime Earl Magnus II, being, according to our conjectures, a member +of the Angus line, whose mother was an elder sister of Harald Ungi, +and being also the husband of Earl John's daughter, had become +entitled to the earldom of Orkney soon after Earl John's death in +1231, and probably since 1236 had held part of Caithness as Earl, by +heirship, and by charter from the Scottish King. Magnus II, soon after +the earldom of Sutherland had been taken away from him, had died +in 1239. Gillebride had then succeeded to both the reduced Scottish +earldom of Caithness and the whole of the Orkney jarldom as successor +in the Angus line of Magnus II; and Gillebride had died in 1256 +leaving a son Magnus III. Like his predecessors, Magnus III seems to +have found himself in the awkward position of being bound to serve two +masters who were rapidly approaching a state of war with each other. +Freskin de Moravia, _dominus_ de Duffus by 1248, who about that date +had married the Lady Johanna, had with her obtained not only her lands +in Strathnaver and Caithness, but also the bulk of the Erlend share +of the earldom lands of Caithness, while Magnus held the rest of +Caithness, and William, second Earl of Sutherland, then a mere boy, +had succeeded to that earldom on his father's death in 1248.[11] + +As already stated, Alexander II's attempt on the Sudreys had proved +abortive through his death in 1249, and the further attacks on them +in Alexander III's reign by William, son of Ferchar Mac-in-tagart, and +Earl of Ross, had been made in 1261; and by 1262 or 1263, Freskin +had died, leaving two daughters Mary and Christian, both minors and +unmarried, to inherit his share of Caithness, as co-parceners, each +entitled to one quarter of that county. + +Early in 1263 Magnus III of Orkney and Caithness, was in Bergen with +King Hakon. For the Saga says,[12] "with him from Bergen came Magnus, +Jarl of Orkney, and the king gave him a good long-ship." + +Sailing from Norway in the end of July 1263, King Hakon found a +fair wind, and crossed in two days to Shetland, where he lay for a +fortnight assembling his fleet in Bressay Sound off Lerwick. While he +was here Jon Langlifson, son of Langlif, the youngest daughter of Earl +Harold Maddadson, brought the disappointing news that King John of the +Sudreys had gone over to the side of the Scottish king, but the news +was disbelieved, and Hakon, at the time, had every reason to think +that, while he was sure of the support of the Orkneymen and their +earl, the western islanders would support him to a man. Quitting +Shetland, therefore, he sailed to Orkney, and his fleet lay first at +Ellidarvik or Ellwick in The String off the south of Shapinsay, a few +miles from Kirkwall. While it was here, King Hakon conceived the idea +of sending a squadron of his ships to raid the shores of the Moray +Firth, and there is little doubt that this project was aimed at the +lands of the families of De Moravia in Sutherland and Moray. The +question, however, was submitted to a council of the freemen of the +fleet, who proved to be unwilling that any of them should leave their +king and decided that the fleet should not be divided, but that the +original object of the expedition, the reconquest of the Western Isles +and West of Scotland, should be adhered to instead. What Earl Magnus' +feelings on the subject were is not recorded, but it can hardly have +been pleasing to him to find that his people in Caithness were to be +subjected to a fine by his suzerain in Orkney, though, probably by his +advice, the Caithness folk paid the fine exacted from them,[13] and +had hostages taken from them, in consequence, by the Scottish king. + +Hakon's fleet then sailed round the Mull of Deerness into the +roadstead of Ragnvaldsvoe, in the north of South Ronaldsay, which is +now known either as St. Margaret's Hope or possibly as Widewall Bay in +Scapa Flow, and it was while it was there that the annular eclipse +of the sun, ascertained by astronomical calculation[14] to have taken +place on the 5th August 1263, was reported by the writer of the Saga +to have been seen by him. While the fleet was here, it appeared that +the Orkney contingent of ships which Hakon had commanded to join him, +were not "boun" or ready for sea, and Jarl Magnus accordingly "stayed +behind" with his people in Orkney under orders to follow the main +fleet. + +On St. Lawrence's day, the 10th of August 1263, Hakon weighed anchor +without the jarl, or his men, and the fleet, the largest then ever +seen in these waters, sailed from Ragnvaldsvoe into the Pentland +Firth, and, rounding Cape Wrath on the same day, anchored in +Asleifarvik, now corruptly called Aulsher-beg or Old-shore, on the +west coast of the parish of Durness[15] in Sutherland. Thence the +fleet ran across to the Lewis, whence it proceeded on a southerly +course by Rona, into the Sound of Skye, and brought up at the Carline, +now the Cailleach, Stone, in Kyleakin or the Kyle of Hakon. The Norse +King was soon joined by King Magnus of Man, and Erling Ivar's son, and +Andres Nicholas' son, and Halvard and Nicholas Tart, the last having +made no land since he left Norway till he sighted the Lewis. Dougal, +king of the Sudreys also joined King Hakon, and the fleet shortly +afterwards reached Kerrera, near Oban in the Sound of Mull. The events +which followed are recounted, in considerable detail and with much +exaggeration on both sides, by Scottish and Norse chroniclers, but it +is impossible to reconcile their different versions of the story of +the battle of Largs. Nor does such detail, save in the result, affect +Sutherland or Caithness. Suffice it to say, then, that after much +fruitless negotiation between the two kings, purposely prolonged by +the Scottish monarch, a severe and protracted October storm drove many +of the Norse ships ashore near Largs, where the Scots attacked their +crews; and five days later King Hakon withdrew, and sailed with the +remnants of his starving and shattered fleet northwards by the Sound +of Mull and Rum and Loch Snizort in Skye, and thence round Cape +Wrath, to the Goa-fiord or Hoanfiord, which we know as Loch Erriboll, +reaching it on Sunday, October 28th, 1263, in a profound calm. + +On their way south, Erling Ivar's son, Andrew Nicolas' son, and +Harvard the Red had[16] "sailed into Scotland under Dyrnes, from which +they went up country, and destroyed a castle and more than twenty +hamlets." But on the return voyage the children of Heth were waiting +for the invaders, and on the day[17] "of St. Simon and St. Jude, when +Mass had been sung, some Scottish men, whom the Northmen had taken, +came. King Hakon gave them peace and sent them up into the country; +and they promised to come down with cattle to[18] him; but one of them +stayed behind as a hostage. It happened that day that eleven men of +the ship of Andrew Kuzi landed in a boat to fetch water. A little +after, it was heard that they called out. Then men rowed to them from +the ships, and there two of them were taken up, swimming much wounded, +but nine were found on land all slain. The Scots had come down on +them, but they all ran to the boat, and it was high and dry, and they +were all weaponless, and there was no defence. But as soon as the +Scots saw the boats were rowing up, they ran to the woods, but the +Northmen took the bodies with them. + +"On Monday King Hakon sailed out of the Goa-fiord and let the Scottish +man be put on shore, and gave him peace."[19] + +Such is the story, so far as Sutherland and Caithness are concerned, +of Hakon's expedition as told in his Saga, which adds that after +losing one ship in the Pentland Firth, while another was all but sunk +in the Swelchie near Stroma, he sheltered for the night in the Sound +north of Osmundwall, and finally landed again near Ragnvaldsvoe and +went to Kirkwall. Retaining twenty of his ships, he let such of the +rest of them as had not already gone home sail for Norway. + +Deserted by his Jarl, the aged king found a home in the Palace of the +faithful bishop, Henry of Orkney, who, alone of all Orkney men, had +followed the fortunes of the fleet. Then King Hakon's health gradually +failed, and after laying up his ships in Scapa Flow, and seeing to the +welfare of his men, he lay down to die of a broken heart, listening as +he sank to Masses indeed, but afterwards with greater joy to the Sagas +of the Norse kings. "Near midnight" on the 15th of December "Sverri's +Saga was read through. But just as midnight was past Almighty God +called King Hakon from this world's life." + +His body lay in state, first in the Palace and then in the Cathedral +of St. Magnus, where after a Solemn Mass it was temporarily buried +in the Choir, and it was removed in his flag-ship to Christ Church in +Bergen three months afterwards.[20] + +The consequence of King Hakon's failure was the immediate conquest of +the Isle of Man and of the Hebrides by Alexander III. + +Sutherland and Caithness were saved for Scotland, it would seem, only +by the vote of King Hakon's freemen before sailing for Largs, while +the defeat of his fleet there led directly to the cession by King +Magnus, his successor, under the treaty of Perth in 1266, of all the +Western Highlands and Islands, for a payment of 4000 marks down and +of 100 marks a year, and the treaty also secured their permanent +political union with Scotland. + +Orkney and Shetland, however, remained part of Norway for two hundred +years more, and have since 1468 been held by Scotland and afterwards +by the United Kingdom only under a wadset or mortgage securing 58,000 +crowns, the unpaid balance of the dower of Margaret, wife of James +III of Scotland and daughter of King Christian of Norway. The right +to redeem them was frequently though fruitlessly claimed by Norway and +Denmark in succession until the reign of Charles II and even later; +and possibly this right remains, to the legal mind, open until the +present day. + +On the 20th February 1471 the Earldom of Orkney and Lordship of +Shetland were, by an Act of the Scottish Parliament, finally annexed +to the Scottish Crown. But Norse law and usages and the Norse language +long lived on in Orkney and longer still in Shetland. + + + + +CHAPTER XI. + +_Results and Conclusion._ + + +Restless energy, and a religion that taught its followers that death +in combat alone conferred on the happy warrior a title to immortal +glory and a perpetual right to the unbroken joy of battle daily +renewed in Valhalla drove the Viking to war. + +Headed off on the south by the vast army and feudal system of +Charlemagne, this energy in war could be exercised, and its religious +aims achieved, solely on the sea, which skill in shipbuilding and in +navigation as well had converted from a barrier into a highway to the +west. + +As already stated, over-population in the sterile lands of Norway, +and famine probably increased by immigration from the east and south, +drove its people "at times in piracy and at times in commerce"[1] +forth from the western fjords and The Vik across the North Sea to +the opposite coasts of Scotland, and so to its western lochs and to +Ireland, where they found cattle to slaughter on the nesses, stores of +grain, and other booty. + +War, in fact, paid; and, after generations of harrying, many of the +raiders concluded that the western lands in Britain were fairer and +more fertile than their native shores, and desired to settle in the +west. + +Finally the feudalism of Charlemagne was imitated by Harald Harfagr in +Norway; and, against that, Norse independence revolted and rebelled. +The true Viking would be no other man's man, and to secure Harald's +feudal power he was driven forth from Norway by an organised navy +manned by those of his countrymen who had agreed to accept King Harald +as feudal overlord and to pay him tribute. Defeated, as we have seen, +at the naval battle of Hafrsfjord in 872, the rebel remnant of the +Vikings found their return to Norway barred; and those of them who +became pirates in Orkney and Shetland and raided Norway as such, +were, in their turn, assailed in these islands by King Harald, and +destroyed. Others of them colonised Ireland, the Hebrides, and the +Faroes; and from all these islands as well as from Scotland and Norway +issued the swarms that settled in Iceland, and afterwards gave us a +code of law, our system of trial by jury, much of our legal procedure, +and, when crossed with Gaelic blood, produced the glorious literature +of the Sagas. But in their exodus, whencesoever they started, what +all alike sought was liberty; which, for them, meant the right to do +exactly as they pleased to others, and freedom from paying "scat" or +dues to a superior lord. + +When the Vikings came, they came as worshippers of Thor and Odin and +the old Teutonic gods. To them the Christianity of the Pict was "a +weak effeminate creed." They, therefore, slew its followers, plundered +its shrines, and drove its clergy south from Orkney, from north-east +Caithness and the coasts of Sutherland, and from the seaboard of Ross +and Moray, and for a century and a half Christianity was uprooted +and almost wholly expelled. No jarl before Sigurd Hlodverson was a +Christian, and he was baptized by force, and died fighting for Odin +at Clontarf. With all "the fury of an expiring faith, its last lambent +flickering flame, against a creed that seemed to contradict every +article of the old belief,"[2] wherever they came, they destroyed the +cult and culture of Columba, which it had taken several centuries to +establish in the north and west of Alban. + +When the conquerors settled in the land, they enslaved such of its +inhabitants as remained among them for a time, and gave to the best +coastal lands and lower valley farms the Norse names which they still +bear, but they left the heads of the river valleys and the hills +mainly to the Moddan family and their Pictish followers and clansmen, +who held them tenaciously and extended their holdings, as the Norse +became less hostile through inter-marriage, or less strong. Once +settled, the Norse exerted such steady pressure on their southern +Pictish neighbours in Ross and Moray, and kept them so fully occupied +in war or by the constant menace of it from the north, that successive +Scottish kings were in their turn left comparatively free, on their +own northern frontier, from Pictish attacks, and were therefore +enabled to consolidate their own kingdom in the south of Scotland and +to beat the English back to the line of the Tweed. Afterwards they +were able to turn their attention to the consolidation of the mainland +north of the Grampians,[3] by first overcoming the Picts in Moray, +and then the Norse in Cat, and establishing the feudal system and the +Catholic Church. + +Worshipping, as the Vikings did, amongst others, the "fair white god +Baldr of golden beauty," and accounting as base-born "hellskins" those +of darker hue, it seems strange that they should so soon have taken +to themselves Celtic wives. But we have seen that they came by sea and +that no Norse women were allowed in Viking ships,[4] and thus it was +Celtic mothers alone that perpetuated the race. They also taught the +children the Gaelic tongue, and, on the mainland in all Sutherland and +Caithness save the north-eastern portions of the latter, Gaelic soon +became again the only spoken language. + +But the language was Gaelic with a difference. As already stated, it +contained, especially in connection with the sea, and ships, gear, and +tackle, many old Norse words,[5] and, in the Gaelic of Sutherland, as +in the English of Orkney and Shetland and of Caithness and Moray +the Old Norse roots remain. Nor need we believe that every Magnus or +Sweyn, or Ragnvald was a pure Norseman. For their Celtic mothers often +preferred to give their children Old Norse names. + +The Norse place-names,[6] too, have been faithfully preserved by +Gaelic inhabitants, and are still with us; and despite their varying +spellings in documents of title and maps of different dates, these +names generally yield up the secret of their original meanings when +they can be traced back to the earliest charters, especially if they +can be compared with the corresponding Gaelic versions of them in use +at the present time. For Gaelic was ever a trustworthy vehicle of the +original Norse. The Norse place-names too are found in the same spots +on which the remains of brochs exist, that is, on the best land at the +lowest levels which the Picts had already cultivated, and which the +Norse invaders seized. Such names are also found on the eastern coast +as far south as Dingwall, both in Ross and Cromarty. They were never +imposed on the Moray seaboard, which was not permanently held by the +Norse. Freskyn and his descendants saw to that. His fortress at Duffus +checked all raids from their fort at Burghead. + +Of outward and visible monuments, save here and there a howe or +grave-mound, the Vikings, unlike their Pictish predecessors, have +left us little or nothing on the mainland. In Iceland the skali[7] or +farm-house of the Norseman was built with some stone and turf below, +and a superstructure of wood which has long ago perished,[8] and but +slight traces of foundations are visible on the surface there. From +the frequent burnings in the Saga we know that such houses were of +highly inflammable materials which would soon perish. The place-name, +"Skaill," remains both in Sutherland and Caithness. But no skilled +antiquary, has as yet laid bare by excavation the secrets of likely +sites of Norse dwellings in these counties, as Mr. A.W. Johnston has +done at The Jarls' Bu at Orphir, in Orkney.[9] And yet, if Drumrabyn +or Dunrabyn, Rafn's Ridge or Broch, be the true derivation of Dunrobin +(and the name is found at a time when as yet no Robin had inhabited +the place) possibly the Norse Lawman Rafn had a house of consequence +there like his Pictish predecessors, if, indeed, he did not inhabit +the Pictish broch whose foundations were found on or under the present +castle's site. There was also a castle of note on the northern shore +of the modern port of Helmsdale, which is probably the castle of +Sorlinc of Mr. Collingwood's _William the Wanderer_, also called +Surclin, both words being a corrupt form, it is suggested, of +Scir-Illigh, the old name of the parish of Kildonan. + +In Caithness especially, we have many a Norse castle site, such as +Earl Harold's borg at Thurso, and Lambaborg, the modern Freswick, +which we know to have been inhabited by noted Norsemen, while, in +Sutherland, Borve near Farr, and Seanachaistel on the Farrid Head near +Durness seem to be ideal Viking sites. _Breithivellir_[10] or Brawl +Castle was a known residence of Earl John and later earls, and search +for foundations might well be made on the coasts of Caithness, and +round Tongue and at the mouths of the Naver and of the Borgie and +other rivers, and at or near Unes or Little Ferry, possibly at Skelbo, +(Skail-bo) and in Kildonan at Helmsdale. That the Norsemen used many +of the Pictish brochs as dwelling-places is more than probable, and +is proved by the Sagas in certain instances.[11] At the same time few +articles used distinctively by Norsemen have been found in them. + +No stately church like the Cathedral of St. Magnus at Kirkwall, itself +the finest specimen of Norman architecture in Scotland, survives on +the mainland from Viking days; nor, so far as is known, was any such +edifice built there by any Norseman; but the original High Church of +Halkirk, and also the old church of St. Bar at Dornoch, which preceded +and is believed to have occupied a site immediately to the east of St. +Gilbert's later Cathedral, may have been used by the later jarls, and +a few miles south of Halkirk are the foundations of the Spittal of St. +Magnus,[12] part of which, and of St. Peter's Church at Thurso may be +Norse. + +Though the towns of Wick and Thurso[13] are frequently mentioned +in the _Orkneyinga Saga_, and earls and jarls stayed at both, no +Sutherland village (if any save Dornoch existed) is named in it; but +the site of modern Golspie (Gol's-by) appears in ancient charters as +Platagall, "the Flat of the Stranger."[14] + +If in his outward and visible man the Norseman has all but faded away +in Sutherland, he remains more in evidence in Caithness, in spite of +Celtic mothers and successive waves of Scottish immigration. The high +Norse skull, the tall frame with broad shoulders and narrow hips,[15] +the fair hair and skin, the sea-blue eyes and sound teeth are still +to be seen; and from time to time, amid greatly preponderating Celtic +types, we are startled by coming across some perfect living specimen +of the pure Viking type almost always on or near the coast. + +But, if the outward type is rarely seen, its inward qualities remain. +What were those qualities? + +The late Professor York Powell summed up the character of the Viking +emigrant folk in his introduction to Mr. Collingwood's _Scandinavian +Britain_, as follows:-- + +"A sturdy, thrifty, hardworking, law-loving people, fond of good cheer +and strong drink, of shrewd, blunt speech, and a stubborn reticence, +when speech would be useless or foolish; a people clean-living, +faithful to friend and kinsman, truthful, hospitable, liking to make a +fair show, but not vain or boastful; a people with perhaps little +play of fancy or great range of thought, but cool-thinking, resolute, +determined, able to realise the plainer facts of life clearly, and +even deeply."[16] + +Blend these qualities with those of the Gael, and what infinite +possibilities appear; for the characteristics of the two races +supplement each other. Fuse them together in proper proportions for +a few generations, the improvident and dreamy with the thrifty and +energetic, the voluble with the reticent, the romantic and humorous +with the truthful and blunt of speech, the fiery and impulsive with +the sober of thought, and how greatly is the type improved in the new +race evolved from the union of both. + +Turning from eugenics to more practical matters, it was the brain and +the manual skill of the Viking that invented and perfected our modern +sailing ship. Stripped of its barbaric excrescences at stem and stern, +and of its rows of shields and ornaments, the lines of the Viking ship +of Gokstad[17] found there buried but entire, are the lines of our +herring boats of fifty years ago. Sharp and partly decked at stem and +stern only, like those boats, the Viking ship could live, head to the +waves, even in the roughest sea. It was, too, a living thing, a new +type of vessel handy to row or sail, and far in advance not only of +the early British ship and Pictish coracle[18] but also of the Roman +galley with lines like those of a canal barge, and also far in advance +of the Saxon ship of war or merchandise. The only points of difference +between the older type of herring boat and the Viking ship were the +stepping of the mast further forward and the use of the fixed rudder +in the modern vessel. + +Not only did the Viking brain invent our modern ship, but it was +the Viking spirit that impelled us as a nation to use the ocean as +a highway. The Norseman had discovered America and West Africa many +centuries before Columbus or Vasco di Gama. The Norse colonised[19] +Greenland, Labrador, and possibly even Massachusetts, and it was on a +voyage to Iceland that Jean Cabot heard of America, on whose continent +he was the first modern sailor to land, and it is said that it was +through him that Columbus, after he had discovered the West Indian +Islands, first heard that North America had been proved to be a +continent by Cabot's coasting voyage along its shore from Maine to +Florida. The Vikings, too, taught us the discipline without which no +ship can live through an ocean storm. Their spirit, too, when piracy +had died out, led us into trade; for, as we have seen, the Viking was +no mere pirate, but ever a trader as well.[20] Their sea-fights live +in story, though their traders found no skald or bard, and it is thus +that we hear less of their trading or of their civic or domestic life. + +This spirit of theirs, like their blood, is ever with us still. It has +gone into our race, and it keeps coming out in unexpected quarters. +Hidden under Celtic colouring and Highland dress, the Viking warrior +is there in spirit, glorying in battle, though often apparently no +more of a real "Barelegs" by race than was kilted King Magnus. The +Berserk fury and stubborn tenacity of our Highland regiments derive +their origin from the Viking as well as from the Celtic strain.[21] +Our sailors too, had they been Celts, would not readily have left +smooth water. It was Viking not Celtic blood that drove them to the +open sea. It was Viking skill that built the ships, managed them in +storms through Viking discipline, navigated them across the ocean, and +gave us the naval and commercial supremacy which founded and preserves +our empire overseas. + +They came to us not only from Norway direct, westwards across the sea. +They came to us also from Normandy northwards through England. The +first swarms of Norsemen had brought with them rapine and disorder. +Later on the Norman came to the north to curb such evils, and to +organise, administer, and rule the land. The Normans succeeded in +this as signally as the Saxon barons, introduced under Saint Margaret, +Malcolm Canmore's Saxon queen, had failed. David I was by education a +Norman knight. At heart he was an ecclesiastic. As Scotland's king, +he was, in theory, owner of Scotland's soil from the Tweed to the +Pentland Firth, and he disposed of it to his feudal barons, mainly +Norman, and to religious foundations on Norman lines, as the Norman +kings of England had done there before him, in order to organise and +consolidate his kingdom; and his successors did the same. + +Thus, as Professor Hume Brown puts it--[22] + +"Directly and indirectly the Norman conquest influenced Scotland only +less profoundly than England itself. In the case of Scotland it was +less immediate and obtrusive, but in its totality it is a fact of the +first importance in the national history." + +It affected Scotland in the latter part of the times which we have +considered right up to John o' Groats. Moray was divided among +Normans and "trustworthy natives," and the scattering of its Pictish +population gave the Mackays to Sutherland, and, largely blended with +the Norse, they still occupy the greater part of it. The Freskyns, as +"trustworthy natives," were introduced into Sutherland, after many +a fight for it, by charter doubtless in Norman form; and Normans won +Caithness in the persons of the earlier Cheynes and Oliphants and St. +Clairs, who, by inter-marriage with the descendants in the female +line of a branch of the Freskyns, possessed themselves not only of the +lands of the family of Moddan but of most of the mainland territories +of the Erlend line, through Johanna of Strathnaver's daughters and +great-grand-daughters. + +At a time and in an age when liberty meant licence, the order which +the Norman introduced into the north made more truly for real liberty +and the supremacy of law, than the individual independence which +the Norseman had left his native land to preserve; and though both +feudalism and the blind obedience to authority then enjoined by the +Catholic Church are no longer approved or required, and have long +been rightly discarded, yet they served their purpose in their day, +by evolving from the wild blend of Gaels and Norsemen, which held the +land, a civilised people free from many of the worse, and endowed with +many of the better qualities of either race. + + + + +NOTES + + +_The following abbreviations are used: + +H.B. for Hume Brown's History of Scotland. + +O.S. for Orkneyinga Saga. + +O.P. for Origines Parochiales. + +F.B. for Flatey Book. + +O. and S. for Tudor's Orkney and Shetland. + +B.N. Burnt Njal. + + And see List of Authorities (ante) for full titles of Books referred + to. Save where otherwise stated the references to the Sagas + are to the chapters not pages_. + + + + +NOTES + + + +CHAPTER I. + + +[Footnote 1: _Rhind Lectures_ 1883 and 1886, and see _The County of +Caithness_, pp. 273-307.] + +[Footnote 2: _Royal Commission 2nd Report, 1911_, and _3rd Report, +1911_; see also Laing and Huxley's _Prehistoric Remains of Caithness_, +1866.] + +[Footnote 3: _Survivals in Belief among the Celts_, 1911.] + +[Footnote 4: _Tacitus, Agricola_ 22-28.] + +[Footnote 5: Coille-duine, or Kelyddon-ii.] + +[Footnote 6: _H.B._, vol. i, p. 5.] + +[Footnote 7: Anderson, _Scotland in Pagan Times_, p. 222. Two plates +of brass found in Craig Carrill Broch. Copper 84%, tin 16%.] + +[Footnote 8: See Laing and Huxley's _Prehistoric Remains in +Caithness_, Laing ascribes a much greater antiquity to the _Burgs_, +pp. 60-61. See Skene, _Chron. Picts and Scots_, pp. 157-160 as to a +legend of their Scythian origin, and p. xcvi and p. 58.] + +[Footnote 9: See Reeves' Life, and see _H.B._, vol. i, pp. 12-15; also +Dr. Joseph Anderson's _Scotland in Early Christian Times_, 1879, p. +139.] + +[Footnote 10: _H.B._, vol. i, pp. 10-17.] + + + +CHAPTER II. + + +[Footnote 1: See MacBain's note at p. 157 of Skene's _Highlanders of +Scotland_.] + +[Footnote 2: For the boundaries of Sutherland, see Sir R. Gordon's +_Genealogie of the Earles_, pp. i and 2, and map hereto.] + +[Footnote 3: In Ness the subjacent stone is too near the surface to +have ever admitted of the growth of large trees.] + +[Footnote 4: Scrope, _Days of Deerstalking_, 3rd edit., pp. 374-377.] + +[Footnote 5: Curie's _Inventories of Monuments, &c._, 1911 (Caithness) +1911 (Sutherland), and see his maps. Why are there no brochs in Moray, +Aberdeenshire and the Mearns? Did the Picts come there from the west +and south-west coast after the age of broch-building, driven before +the Scots, first eastward, then north into the Grampians?] + +[Footnote 6: For example in Loch Naver.] + +[Footnote 7: Anderson's _Scotland in Pagan Times_, pp. 174-259.] + +[Footnote 8: See Munro's _Prehistoric Scotland_, p. 356.] + +[Footnote 9: Often spelt Mormaor. See Ritson, _Annals of the +Caledonians_, pp. 62-3.] + +[Footnote 10: See _Scotland in Early Christian Times_ (Anderson), pp. +141-2.] + +[Footnote 11: Despite _The Pictish Nation_, pp. 69 and 401. But see +Skene, _Chron. Picts and Scots (Annals of Tighernac_) p. 75, where 150 +Pictish ships are said to have been wrecked in 729 A.D.] + +[Footnote 12: See Du Chaillu, _The Viking Age_, vol. ii. pp. 65-101.] + +[Footnote 13: Worsaae, _The Prehistory of the North_, pp. 184-7. +_Scandinavian Britain_, pp. 34-42.] + +[Footnote 14: Viking Society's _Orkney and Shetland Folk_, 1914.] + +[Footnote 15: Robertson, _Early Kings_, vol. i, p. 105, and ii, p. +469.] + +[Footnote 16: Dun-bretan, or the fort of the Britons; Alcluyd, the +rock of the Clyde.] + + + +CHAPTER III. + + +[Footnote 1: _H.B._, vol. i, p. 22.] + +[Footnote 2: _Chron. Hunt._ Skene, _Chron. Picts and Scots_, p. 209.] + +[Footnote 3: See also Rhys, _Celtic Britain_, p. 198.] + +[Footnote 4: _Flatey Book_, vol. i, ch. 218.] + +[Footnote 5: _H.B._, vol. i, p. 27.] + +[Footnote 6: Haroldswick in Unst is said to have been called after +King Harald. Tudor, _O. and S._, p. 570.] + +[Footnote 7: _Ekkjals-bakki_ is clearly Oykel's Bank, the high bank or +[Greek: ochthê hypsêle] of Ptolemy. "Ochill" is the same word. As for +Bakke, see Coldbackie and Hysbackie near Tongue.] + +[Footnote 8: _O.S._, ch. 4, 5.] + +[Footnote 9: The late Dr. Joass had identified the site of the burial +mound. It is said to be Croc Skardie on the S.E. bank of the River +Evelix, near Sidera. Skardi is a Norse word, and probably means a gap, +or a twin-topped hillock, which it is.] + +[Footnote 10: _H.B._, i, p. 28.] + +[Footnote 11: See Skene's _Chronicles of the Picts and Scots_, pp. 8, +9 and lxxv, and _Celtic Scotland_, vol. i, 339, note.] + +[Footnote 2: An able paper on this subject by the late Mr. R.L. +Bremner was read to the Viking Society, and it is hoped may be +printed. But Brunanburgh is usually located south of the Humber, or in +the Wirral in Cheshire. See _Scandinavian Britain_, pp. 131-4 where it +is located on the west coast, and on this coast it probably was.] + +[Footnote 13: See _Genealogie of the Earles_, pp. 1 and 2, as to the +"boundaries of Southerland."] + +[Footnote 14: _F.B._, vol. i, pp. 221-9. See Trans. of _O.S._, +Hjaltalin and Goudie, App. pp. 203-212. See also _St. Olaf's Saga_, c. +cix. See also generally Vigfusson's _Prolegomena to Sturlunga Saga_, +Introduction, p. xcii, vol. i.] + +[Footnote 15: The "scurvy Kalf" and "tree-bearded Thorir."] + +[Footnote 16: _O.S._, ch. 6, 7.] + +[Footnote 17: _O.S._, ch. 8, on Rinar's Hill. Tudor, _O. and S._, p. +364.] + +[Footnote 18: _O.S._, ch. 80. But see _Heimskringla_, Saga Library, i, +96 and _St. Olaf's Saga_, ch. cv and cvii.] + +[Footnote 19: See _Blackwood's Magazine_, April 1920; an able and +interesting article intituled _A Branch of the Family_, by J. Storer +Clouston.] + +[Footnote 20: _F.B._, ch. 183, 184.] + +[Footnote 21: Tudor, _Orkney and Shetland_, p. 336.] + +[Footnote 22: _Torf. Orc._, p. 25, "facile de alieno largientis."] + +[Footnote 23: _F.B._, 115. _O.P._, 783. _F.B._, 186. _O.S._, 10, 11. +_O.S._, 8. Skene, _Celtic Scotland_, i, 374-9.] + +[Footnote 24: Dalrymple, _Collections_, p. 99.] + +[Footnote 25: Viking Society, _Orkney and Shetland Folk_, 1914, p. 5.] + +[Footnote 26: _O.P._, (Canisbay), vol. ii, 794, 816.] + +[Footnote 27: _O.S._, 11.] + +[Footnote 28: _B.N._, c. 85.] + +[Footnote 29: _O.S._, 12. _F.B._, 187. The _F.B._ makes the scene of +this battle Skitten Moor.] + +[Footnote 30: _F.B._, 187.] + +[Footnote 31: _Thorgisl_, I, 4. (_Orig. Islandicae_, ii, p. 635.) In +_The Old Statistical Account_ (Tongue) there is a tradition of such a +fight on Eilean nan Gall at the entrance to the Bay of Tongue, then in +Caithness.] + +[Footnote 32: p. 23.] + +[Footnote 33: See Sir Wm. Fraser's _Book of Sutherland_, and Pedigree +in Appendix. There is a Craig Amlaiph (Olaf) above Torboll and +Cambusmore (both in Cat) near the Mound in Sudrland. There were no +Thanes of the De Moravia line in Sutherland.] + +[Footnote 34: See _The Pictish Nation and Church_, pp. 129-32, and +341.] + +[Footnote 35: See _Darratha-liod_, published by the Viking Club, +1910.] + +[Footnote 36: _Burnt Njal_, c. 151.] + +[Footnote 37: Iceland accepted Christianity by a vote of its Thing in +1000 A.D. "Blood" often fell in Iceland; after a volcanic eruption, +rain was tinged with red.] + +[Footnote 38: Tudor, _O. and S._, p. 20.] + +[Footnote 39: Rods used for dividing and pressing downwards.] + +[Footnote 40: See _Scandinavian Britain_ (Collingwood), p. 256-7, +where Mr. Gilbert Goudie's _Antiquities of Shetland_ is referred to.] + + + +CHAPTER IV. + + +[Footnote 1: _Reg. Morav._, p. xxiv, and _Charter_ No. 264, p. 342.] + +[Footnote 2: Dunbar, _Scottish Kings_, pp. 4-7.] + +[Footnote 3: Some authorities hold that Macbeth was the son of a +sister of Malcolm. His property was probably in Ross and Cromarty. See +also Rhys' _Celtic Britain_, p. 196.] + +[Footnote 4: Skuli was first Earl of Caithness, which then included +Sutherland, see _ante_, but he was Norse.] + +[Footnote 5: _O.S._, 16.] + +[Footnote 6: Trithing--the same word as Riding in Yorkshire, +one-third. See _Scot. Hist. Review_, Oct. 1918. J. Storer Clouston. +Ulfreksfirth is Larne Bay.] + +[Footnote 7: _O.S._, 17, 18.] + +[Footnote 8: _O.S._, 20, 21, and _St. Olaf's Saga_, cix.] + +[Footnote 9: _O.S._, 22.] + +[Footnote 10: _O.S._, 22. See _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_, vol. ii, pp. +180-3, 195 and notes.] + +[Footnote 11: _O.S._, 22. Dunbar, _Scottish Kings_, p. 15 and note +22. The Standing Stane was removed to Altyre about 1820. See Romilly +Allen, _Early Christian Monuments of Scotland_, p. 136, "removed from +the College field at the village of Roseisle."] + +[Footnote 12: _O.S._, 22.] + +[Footnote 13: _O.S._, 22, 23.] + +[Footnote 14: Robertson, _Early Kings_, vol. i, p. 116 and note, 116 +and 117.] + +[Footnote 15: _O.S._, 23, 24, 25, 26. _St. Olaf's Saga_, c. cviii, +ccxlv.] + +[Footnote 16: _O.S._, 27. These raids are unknown to English +historians.] + +[Footnote 17: _O.S._, 30.] + +[Footnote 18: _O.S._, 31.] + +[Footnote 19: _O.S._, 33, 34. See Tudor's _Orkney and Shetland_, p. +356. "Roland's Geo" is at the N. end of Papa Stronsay.] + +[Footnote 20: "Christ Church" in the Sagas denotes a Cathedral +Church.] + +[Footnote 21: _O.S._, 37. See _Chronicles of the Picts and Scots_ +(Skene), p. 78.] + +[Footnote 22: _O.S._, 13-39.] + +[Footnote 23: Pope, _Torf._ (Trans.), p. 62 note. See _Genealogie of +the Earles_, p. 135.] + + + +CHAPTER V. + + +[Footnote 1: _Short Magnus Saga_, I. _O.S._, 37.] + +[Footnote 2: _O.S._, 38.] + +[Footnote 3: See _Orkney and Shetland Folk_ (Viking Society, 1914), +A.W. Johnston's note, p. 35. See Dunbar's _Scottish Kings_, p. 7.] + +[Footnote 4: See _Dalrymple's Collections_ (1705), p. 153 for the date +of Malcolm's marriage with St. Margaret, p. 157, where he puts the +marriage in 1070, after three years' courtship. See also pp. 163 and +164. Sir Archibald Dunbar puts Ingibjorg's marriage in 1059, as stated +above, and if Thorfinn was an Earl from his birth in 1008, he would +have been 50 years earl in 1058. As a king's grandson he might well +have been an earl from his birth.] + +[Footnote 5: Rolls Edition _O.S._, p. 45, c. 30. She must have died +before 1068 when Malcolm Canmore married Margaret, daughter of Edward +Atheling, sister of Edgar Atheling. Dunbar, _Scottish Kings_, p. +27. Was Ingibjorg's marriage within the prohibited degrees, and so +dissolved? See also Henderson, _Norse Influence, &c._, p. 25-26, +which is not correct. Earl Orm married Sigrid, d. of Finn Arneson not +Ingibjorg. See Table ix, _Saga Library_, vol. 6, Earls of Ladir, and +Table xi.] + +[Footnote 6: The _O.S._ mentions only Duncan. The other sons seem +doubtful. But see Dunbar, _Scottish Kings_, p. 31 and notes, and p. +38.] + +[Footnote 7: _O.S._, 40.] + +[Footnote 8: As to the Bishop, see _Orkney and Shetland Records_, +pp. 3-8; and as to their quarrels, see _O.S._, 40.; _Magnus Saga +the Longer_, 6 and 8. For St. Magnus, see Pinkerton's _Lives of +the Scottish Saints_, revised by W.M. Metcalfe (Paisley, Alexander +Gardner, 1889), p. xlii, and pp. 213-266.] + +[Footnote 9: So called because he wore the kilt, in its original form, +not the philabeg.] + +[Footnote 10: _Magnus Saga_, 10, 11 and 20. The story of this time +is confused and difficult. _Torfaeus_, trans., p. 85 and _Torfaeus +Orcades_, c. xviii. From c. 20 of _Magnus Saga the Longer_ it is clear +that Hakon in 1112 took Paul's share of Caithness also and Magnus took +Erlend's share, and that they divided that earldom and lands.] + +[Footnote 11: _O.S._, 45.] + +[Footnote 12: _Magnus Saga the Longer_, c. 10 to 28. _O.S._, c. 46 to +55. There is little doubt but that Magnus was the Scottish candidate +for Caithness, and Hakon the Norse favourite, and Hakon had to conquer +Cat.] + +[Footnote 13: Who was Dufnjal? What does "_firnari en broethrungr_" +mean? Who was Duncan the Earl? Possibly the Norse expression +means half first cousin, and if Dufnjal was Earl Duncan's son, the +relationship was through Malcolm III, and Dufnjal was a son of King +Duncan II, called "Duncan the Earl," of whom, however, the _O.S._ +and _Longer Magnus Saga_ say nothing in this connection. But see +Henderson, _Norse Influence, &c._, p. 26 contra.] + +[Footnote 14: Paplay, Thora's home, was probably in Firth Parish in +mainland, near Finstown. _Short Magnus Saga_, c. 18, not "twenty," but +twenty-one years after his death. See _O.S._, c. 60. But vide Tudor +_O. and S._, pp. 251-2 and 348. See also Anderson's Introduction, p. +xc, to Hjaltalin and Goudie's _O.S. contra._] + +[Footnote 15: _Viking Club Miscellany_, vol. i, pp. 43-65 (J. +Stefansson), but the authorship is disputed.] + +[Footnote 16: _O.S._, 47] + +[Footnote 17: _O.S._, 48. Both Hakon and Magnus were about five-sixths +Norse.] + +[Footnote 18: _O.S._, c. 55; _Magnus Saga_, 30.] + +[Footnote 19: _O.S._, 56.] + +[Footnote 20: See _Reg. Dunfermelyn_, No. 1 and 23 (p. 14); Lawrie, +_Scot. Charters_, pp. 100, 179; Viking Club, _Caithness and Sutherland +Records_, p. 18, the note to which seems correct. "The Earl" was +Ragnvald, who ruled as Harold's guardian at this time, in Caithness +also. Durnach is now Dornoch.] + +[Footnote 21: _Reg. Dunfermelyn_, No. 24 (p. 14). Supposed to be the +Huchterhinche of St. Gilbert's Charter to the Cathedral of Durnach. +_Sutherland Book_, iii, p. 4.] + +[Footnote 22: Dunbar, _Scot. Kings_, pp. 51, 60, 61, 63. The name is +spelt "Fretheskin" also.] + +[Footnote 23: Possibly 1120.] + +[Footnote 24: See _History and Antiq. of the Parish of Uphall_ by the +Rev. J. Primrose (1898).] + +[Footnote 25: _Family of Kilravoch_, p. 61. Robertson, _Early Kings_, +ii, 497, note.] + +[Footnote 26: See _Familie of Innes_ (Spalding Club), pp. 2. 51, 52.] + +[Footnote 27: _Sutherland Book_, vol. I, p. 7, and see map of Cat.] + +[Footnote 28: See Pedigree in Appendix. _Reg. Morav._, c. 99, p. 114. +Freskyn I was his _attavus_, or great-great-grandfather.] + +[Footnote 29: _Reg. Morav._ p. 139, ch. 126.] + + + +CHAPTER VI. + + +[Footnote 1: _O.S._, 57, 58.] + +[Footnote 2: _O.S._, 56, 57.] + +[Footnote 3: _O.S._, 58.] + +[Footnote 4: _O.S._, 58.] + +[Footnote 5: Pope, _Torfaeus_ (trans.), note p. 133.] + +[Footnote 6: Can she have inhabited the Broch at Feranach, which had +six chambers in the thickness of the wall, (Curle's _Inventory_, +No. 314), or is the site of her homestead (probably of wood) now +undiscoverable? She was burnt in her homestead, not in her residence. +The Saga account points to a site on the west bank of the river.] + +[Footnote 7: _O.S._, 58.] + +[Footnote 8: _O.S._, 59.] + +[Footnote 9: _O.S._, 61, 62, 63, 65, c.f. the modern phrase "a young +hopeful."] + +[Footnote 10: _O.S._, 66.] + +[Footnote 11: _O.S._, 68.] + +[Footnote 12: _O.S._, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73-80.] + +[Footnote 13: See Tudor, _Orkney and Shetland_, pp. 35 and 375.] + +[Footnote 14: See note to Hjaltalin and Goudie _O.S._, p. 107, where +Atjokl's-bakki is suggested as an emendation, and also p. 115.] + +[Footnote 15: Maiming made a Northman impossible.] + +[Footnote 16: _O.S._, 81.] + +[Footnote 17: _O.S._, 81.] + +[Footnote 18: _O.S._, 82.] + +[Footnote 19: Guides would be easily got from Elgin. For the MacHeths, +constantly fled to the wilds of Cat for refuge, before, in 1210 or +later, they settled there, getting land in Durness after 1263.] + +[Footnote 20: i.e. The Minch. It is said that he was the ancestor of +the Macaulays of the Lewis, but Macaulay means son of Olaf, not of +Olvir.] + +[Footnote 21: _O.S._, 88. Earl Waltheof must have been a neighbour of +Freskyn in Moray.] + +[Footnote 22: _O.S._, 86.] + +[Footnote 23: _O.S._, 89. Ragnvald's verses are collected in _Corpus +Poet Boreale_, vol. ii, pp. 276-7. See Tudor, _O. and S._ p., 471.] + +[Footnote 24: Whence the English expression "bound" for a destination +by sea, i.e. "equipped," which is also a Norse word which has nothing +to do with the Latin "equus" a horse.] + +[Footnote 25: _O.S._, 91. Bilbao=the sea-borg on the River Nervion, +not Narbonne, see Rolls Ed., p. 163, note, and _Introduction_, p. +lix.] + +[Footnote 26: _O.S._, 89-99.] + +[Footnote 27: _O.S._, 99 and 100.] + +[Footnote 28: He was grandson of Hacon Paulson, a grandson of +Thorfinn, and he was also a grandson of Helga, Moddan's daughter.] + +[Footnote 29: _O.S._, 100.] + +[Footnote 30: See Tudor, _O. and S._, p. 344.] + +[Footnote 31: _O.S._, 101. Who this Erlend the Young was is unknown, +but he can hardly have been Jarl Erlend Haraldson, Margret's nephew. +Dasent, Rolls Edit., trans., p. xi. Tudor, _O. and S._, p. 445.] + +[Footnote 32: _O.S._, 102. Ingigerd would thus be born not later than +1136. She is possibly the "Ingigerthr, of women the most beautiful" in +the Runes of Maeshowe.] + +[Footnote 33: _O.S._, 102, not "from Beruvik," but "from the bridal" +(brudkaupi) probably.] + +[Footnote 34: This may be another headland. Brimsness is suggested. +_O.P._, ii, 801, contra.] + +[Footnote 35: _O.S._, 103, 104.] + +[Footnote 36: _O.S._, 105. See as to Ellar-holm (Helliar-holm) Tudor, +_O. and S._, 283.] + +[Footnote 37: _O.S._, 110, 111.] + +[Footnote 38: _O.S._, 111.] + +[Footnote 39: Curle, _Early Mon. Suthd._, p. 108 No. 316; and note +that the horns of the elk or reindeer have been found in Sutherland. +See _Proceedings of Scot. Antiq._, viii, p. 186; and ix, p. 324.] + +[Footnote 40: Thorsdale is the valley of the Thurso River. Calfdale is +the Calder Valley.] + +[Footnote 41: Force; possibly Forsie, or some waterfall said to be +near Achavarn on Loch Calder at the S.E. end of it. Halvard is in the +_Flatey Book_ called Hoskúld. _O.P._, ii, 761, at a ruin of a castle, +Tulloch-hoogie.] + +[Footnote 42: _O.S._, 112, 113. "Ergin" is the plural of airidh, +airidhean or "sheilings."] + +[Footnote 43: _Torfaeus._ Lib. 1, c. 36, _sub. fin._, with Papal +authority (_sed quaere_).] + +[Footnote 44: Ingibiorg or Elin possibly married Gilchrist, Earl of +Angus, as his second wife. But as to this the Sagas are silent.] + +[Footnote 45: _O.S._, 113. See _O.S._, Dasent trans., p. 225. _Hakon +Saga_, 169, Rolls edition.] + + + +CHAPTER VII. + + +[Footnote 1: _O.S._, 114. There is a Mac William Earl of Caithness on +record in 1129. _Seats Peerage_ (Paul).] + +[Footnote 2: _O.S._, 81. _O.S._, Dasent trans., p. 225.] + +[Footnote 3: _O.S._, 115-118.] + +[Footnote 4: _Torf. Orc._, p. 153. He declined to come and fetch her.] + +[Footnote 5: _O.S. Addenda_, p. 225. Rolls edition, trans.] + +[Footnote 6: _Sverri Saga_, 90-93.] + +[Footnote 7: _Scottish Peerage_, vol. viii, p. 318 sqq.] + +[Footnote 8: Quoted by Nisbet, _Heraldry_, App. p. 183, and +_Dalrymple's Collections_, 1705, pp. 66-7 "quas terras pater suus +Friskin tenuit tempore regis David." Felix, Bishop of Moray, who is a +witness to it, was appointed in 1162 and died not later than 1171. As +to David's visit to Duffus, see _Chron. Mailros_, 74.] + +[Footnote 9: Shaw's _Moray_, Edit. 1775, p. 75, "several sons." _Reg. +Morav._ p. 10, and Nos. 12, 13, 19. See _Records of the Monastery of +Kinloss_, p. 112 and _Reg. Morav._, p. 456 "W. filius Frisekin. Hugo +filius ejus." Lohworuora--see Lawrie, _Early Scottish Charters_, pp. +185-6 and 429-30.] + +[Footnote 10: See _Lawrie Annals_, p. 389 and _Chron. Mailros_, +p, 113. See _Records of Kinloss_, p. 113, "Andreas filius Willelmi +Fresekin."] + +[Footnote 11: _Reg. Morav._, No. 1 charter of Skelbo to Gilbert. Hugo +grants it "Testibus Willielmo fratre meo, Andrea fratre meo." See also +_Reg. Morav._, p. 43, No. 40, rector of St. Peter's, Duffus, and No. +119, p. 131.] + +[Footnote 12: Shaw's _Moray_, edit. 1775, p. 75, and note ante, and p. +407, No. xxviii, "Willelmi filii Willelmi filii Freskini."] + +[Footnote 13: Paul, _Scot. Peerage_ (Sutherland), quotes Reg. Mag. +Sigil. Augt. 1452.] + +[Footnote 14: See _Robertson's Index_, p. xix. _O.P._, ii, p. 543.] + +[Footnote 15: _O.P._ II, ii, 655. _Acta Parl. Scot._, 1, p. 606, +_Robertson's Index_, p. xxiv.] + +[Footnote 16: _Sutherland Book_, vol. iii, p. 1. It may have been +hoped that Gilbert would succeed the maimed Bishop John, _Reg. Morav._ +p. xxxiii, note.] + +[Footnote 17: _Sutherland Book_, vol. iii, p. 2. The tenure was thus +by Scottish service of these lands, and so also of Sutherland itself. +It was no grant for religious or charitable purposes.] + +[Footnote 18: _Reg. Morav._ xxxv, a late marginal note.] + +[Footnote 19: Lawrie, _Early Scot. Charters_, pp. 185 and 430, note, +which puts the date at 1147-1150. Children, however, did witness +charters, and Hugo attests last.] + +[Footnote 20: _O.P._, ii, 486. _Reg. Morav._, xxxv, note q. Nos. 259, +215, 216; and _O.P._ ii, 482; and as to Freskin's succession, see No. +99 _Reg. Morav._, p. 113.] + +[Footnote 21: _Reg. Morav._ xiii, and No. 211.] + +[Footnote 22: See _Early Pedigree of the Freskyns_ at the end of this +book. See _Reg. Morav._, p. 89 (No. 80) and p. 133 (No. 121).] + +[Footnote 23: This may have happened a year earlier.] + +[Footnote 24: Skene, _Celtic Scotland_, vol. i, p. 470, quotes _Will. +Newburgh Chron._, b. 1, c. xxiv. Malcolm was personated by Wemund the +monk of Furness. See Note pp. 48-9 of _Viking Society's Year Book_, +vol. iv, 1911-2.] + +[Footnote 25: Fordun, _Annals 4._ Mackay, _Book of Mackay_, p. 24.] + +[Footnote 26: Robertson, _Early Kings_, vol. i, pp. 360-1. As to the +name Macheth and Macbeth, see _Scottish Hist. Rev._ 1920-1. We believe +the names to be distinct, not identical, Mackay being the son of Aedh, +in Gaelic MacAoidh.] + +[Footnote 27: Shaw's _Moray_, edit. 1775, p. 391, No. xiv. Innes says +Berowald was no Fleming.] + +[Footnote 28: See _Viking Club's Year Book_, iv, 1911-12, notes pp. +18-20.] + +[Footnote 29: _O.S._ III. This may be a translation of Loch Glendhu.] + +[Footnote 30: _F.B._, Addenda to _O.S._, trans. Dasent, Rolls edit.] + +[Footnote 31: Charter of St. Gilbert's Cathedral. _Sutherland Book_, +vol. iii, p. 3, No. 4. _Robertson's Index_, p. 16. _Reg. Dunfermelyn_, +7. See _O.P._ ii, p. 598. _Dalrymple's Collections_, p. 248.] + +[Footnote 32: _Sverri's Saga_ (Sephton, pp. 114 to 117), c. 90-93.] + +[Footnote 33: _O.P._, 11, ii, pp. 598 and 735. _Lib. Eccles. de Scon_, +p. 37, No. 58. Viking Club, _Caithness and Sutherland Records_, p. 2. +(_Chron. Mailros_), _Lawrie's Annals_, p. 257. A penny per house for +Peter's Pence was paid in his lifetime, _Viking Club Records_, p. 3, +4; _O.P._ says (p. 598) before 1181.] + +[Footnote 34: _The Sutherland Book_ quotes this opinion, vol. 1, p. +9, and Lord Hailes had special knowledge, see _Annals of Scotland_ +(Hailes), vol. 1, p. 148, anno 1222.] + +[Footnote 35: _O.P. Preface_, p. xxi, and pp. 458 and 529; and 413-4.] + +[Footnote 36: _Scottish Kings_, Dunbar, p, 80.] + +[Footnote 37: _Lib. Pluscard_, xxxvi, 1197-8. _Chron. Mailros_, 1197.] + +[Footnote 38: If it were true, as his son Hakon had died in 1171, it +would prove the death of Henry of Ross, Harold's eldest son by his +first marriage, before 1196. The grandsons would be sons of Harold's +daughter.] + +[Footnote 39: _O.S._ (Dasent trans.), p. 225. _Torfaeus Orcades_, i, +c. 38.] + +[Footnote 40: _O.S._ (Rolls Ed.), pp. 226-231. It was nearer, and +close to Thurso.] + +[Footnote 41: See _Hoveden Chron._, vol. iv, pp. 10-12, and _Scottish +Annals from English Chroniclers_, pp. 316-8. (Alan O. Anderson.)] + +[Footnote 42: _O.P._ ii, 803.] + +[Footnote 43: Dalharrold afterwards belonged to Johanna of +Strathnaver. _Reg. Morav._, p. 139, No. 126. Pope, _Torfaeus_, trans., +Note p. 169. This battle is also said to have been fought by William +the Lion himself, not by Reginald Gudrodson.] + +[Footnote 44: Only three are named, but six are afterwards referred +to. For Pope Innocent's letter see _O. and S. Records_, vol. 1, p. +25.] + +[Footnote 45: _O.S._, Dasent, Rolls edit., pp. 228-30. It is not +clear that the bishop lived till 1213. See _Two Ancient Records of the +Bishopric_, Bannatyne Club, pp. 6 and 7.] + +[Footnote 46: He was there when Bishop Adam was murdered in that +year.] + +[Footnote 47: This is a very large number and hardly credible. It was +not 6000. Can Eystein be the Island Stone, the Man of the Ord?] + +[Footnote 48: Bain, _Calendar of Documents_, Nos. 321 and 324.] + +[Footnote 49: _O.S._, Rolls edit., p. 230.] + +[Footnote 50: _Sverri Saga_, 118, 119, 125.] + +[Footnote 51: _Lord Hailes' Addional Case of Elizabeth, claimant of +the Earldom of Sutherland_, p. 8, and see Robertson, _Early Kings_, +vol. ii, p. 446; App. N. esp. p. 494.] + +[Footnote 52: One of the Gordons of Garty in Sutherland.] + + + +CHAPTER VIII. + + +[Footnote 1: See Peter Clauson Undal's Translation of the lost Inga +Saga, _O.S._, Dasent's trans., Rolls ed., pp. 234-6, from which David +and John appear as joint earls in Orkney and Shetland also, on payment +of a large sum, only after King Sverri's death.] + +[Footnote 2: _O.S._, Rolls edit., p. 231.] + +[Footnote 3: _Scotichronicon_, VIII, clxxvi.] + +[Footnote 4: _Fordun Gesta Annal._, xxviii, _Lawrie Annals_, p. 397, +"circa festum S. Petri ad vincula", i.e., Augt. 1. 1214. There is no +evidence whatever that her name was Matilda.] + +[Footnote 5: _Chron. Mailros_, p. 114; _Lawrie_, p. 395.] + +[Footnote 6: _Hakon Saga_, c. 20.] + +[Footnote 7: Do. c. 45.] + +[Footnote 8: _Flatey Book_; Rolls edit., _O.S._ p. 232. +_Breithivellir_ means Broadfield.] + +[Footnote 9: At Skinnet first; then, in 1239, at Dornoch even more +worthily and in state.] + +[Footnote 10: _Flatey Book_; Rolls edit. _O.S._, p. 232.] + +[Footnote 11: _Province of Cat_, p. 73; see _Wyntoun Chron._, vii, c. +9.] + +[Footnote 12: See _Robertson's Index_, p. xxv.] + +[Footnote 13: See _Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers_, Alan O. +Anderson, pp. 336-7, where the _Chronicle of Melrose_, 139, (1222) is +quoted, Lib. Pluscard, vii, 9.] + +[Footnote 14: _Wyntoun Chron._ vii, c. 9.] + +[Footnote 15: _Hakon Saga_, c. 86.] + +[Footnote 16: Do. c. 101. The Iceland Annals prove Harald's drowning.] + +[Footnote 17: _Hakon Saga_, c. 162, 165 and 167.] + +[Footnote 18: Snaekollr means Snowball. Being largely of Norse blood, +he was probably a fair Viking.] + +[Footnote 19: _Hakon Saga_, 169.] + +[Footnote 20: See Tudor's _Orkney and Shetland_, p. 344 and p. 53, and +_Hakon Saga_, 169-171.] + +[Footnote 21: _Hakon Saga_, 173.] + +[Footnote 22: Not _gydinga. Flatey Book_, iii, p. 528; _Torf. Orc._, +ii, p. 163.] + +[Footnote 23: Pope, _Torfaeus_ (trans.), p. 184, note.] + +[Footnote 24: No. 126.] + + + +CHAPTER IX. + + +[Footnote 1: One daughter married Olaf, who was killed at Floruvagr in +battle in 1194, see _O.S._, Rolls edit., pp. 230-1 (trans.) Dasent.] + +[Footnote 2: Notably in Paul's _Scottish Peerage_ sub _Angus_ and +_Caithness_.] + +[Footnote 3: Ancestor of the Ogilvies, Earls of Airlie.] + +[Footnote 4: _Scots Peerage_ (Cokayne & Gibbs), sub _Angus_ and +_Caithness_. Dalrymple, _Collections_, p. 220.] + +[Footnote 5: _Reg. Aberbrothoc_, pp. 163 and 262, 1227, Jan. 16, +"Magno filio comitis de Anegus."] + +[Footnote 6: Robertson, _Early Kings_, vol. ii, p. 23 (note), who +quotes _Reg. Dunfermelyn_, No. 80, _Reg. Morav._ 110; _Lib. Holyrood_, +58, in support.] + +[Footnote 7: Shaw, _Moray_, 1775, p. 387, No. iv.] + +[Footnote 8: i.e., Malcolm's.] + +[Footnote 9: Surely an error for "Gilchrist."] + +[Footnote 10: See _Dalrymple's Collections_, 1705, pp. lxxiii-iv, +where "North Caithness" is distinguished from Sutherland +conjecturally. Probably, however, it was distinguished rather from the +southern part of modern Caithness, viz. Latheron and Wick parishes.] + +[Footnote 11: This was William de Federeth II, son of Christian, not +her husband of the same name.] + +[Footnote 12: This was Sir Reginald Cheyne III.] + +[Footnote 13: "Gilchrist" not "Gillebride" all through this +quotation.] + +[Footnote 14: Gilchrist, however, died in 1204.] + +[Footnote 15: Not, we think, of Erlend, but of Paul. But South +Caithness probably belonged to the Erlend share, i.e., Latheron and +Wick parishes.] + +[Footnote 16: _Sutherland Book_, vol. 1, p. 12, note.] + +[Footnote 17: _Robertson's Index_, p. 62.] + +[Footnote 18: _Reg. Morav._, p. 341. _O.P._, vol. ii, 709.] + +[Footnote 19: Can the Mallard or Mallart be _Abhainn na mala airde_, +"the river of the high brow"? Another interpretation, _Abhain na +malairte_, "river of the excambion" has been suggested.] + +[Footnote 20: Achness--_Ach-an-eas_ or the field of the waterfall, old +Gaelic _Achanedes_.] + +[Footnote 21: Marriages, however, of persons of unsuitable ages were +freely made in these old times.] + +[Footnote 22: Norse jarldoms were not given to females, but the +jarldom of Orkney was, failing sons, given to the sons of daughters of +preceding jarls, such as Ragnvald, son of Gunnhild, and Harald Ungi, +son of Jarl Ragnvald's daughter.] + +[Footnote 23: _Reg. Morav._, 215, 216; _O.P._, vol. ii, p. 486.] + +[Footnote 24: _O.P._, ii, p. 482. Euphamia or Eufemia is a Ross family +name for centuries. _Reg. Morav._, p. 333.] + +[Footnote 25: _Bain_, vol. 1, year 1258-9.] + +[Footnote 26: _St. Andrew's_, pp. 346 and 347; and for the charter see +_Reg. Morav._, p. 138.] + +[Footnote 27: _Reg. Morav._, p. xxxvi. We do not lay stress upon this +argument from the endowment of _two_ chaplains; but it may import that +Freskin died a violent death, unshriven.] + +[Footnote 28: We can, however, trace many parts of "Lord" Chen's +lands. For they are called the lands of "Lord" Chen in the +descriptions in later charters quoted in _Origines Parochiales_, vol. +ii, pp. 745 Reay, 749 Thurso, 760 Halkirk, 764 Latheron, 774 Wick, +787-8 Olrig, 790 Dunnet, and 814 Canisbay. His lands in all these +parishes were of considerable extent. They included probably the whole +modern estate of Langwell and most of the parish of Latheron, and +Wick up to Keiss Bay and beyond Ackergill and Riess. In Watten they +comprised Lynegar, Dunn, Bilbster, and others: in Halkirk Parish, +Sibster, Leurary, Gerston, Baillecaik, Scots Calder, North Calder, and +Banniskirk; in Reay Parish, Lybster, Borrowstoun, Forss, and part of +Skaill and Brawlbin: in Thurso, Clairdon, Murkle, Sordale, Amster, +Ormelie and the Thurso fishings; in Dunnet Parish, Rattar, Haland, +Hollandmaik, Corsbach, Ham, and Swiney; while in Canisbay Parish, +Brabstermyre, Duncansby, and Sleiklie belonged to Lord Chen. But +neither "Lord" Chen nor Johanna ever owned Brawl, the principal seat +of the Earls of Caithness; and the Earls of the Angus line had +the rest, mainly in Canisbay, Bower, and the northern part of Wick +parishes. Johanna did not own any of the Chen lands in the Earldom of +South Caithness, which Reginald Chen III acquired after 1340, i.e. the +parishes of Latheron and Wick. She probably owned the old parish of +Far and Halkirk but not Latheron, though this is erroneously implied +in the text.] + + + +CHAPTER X. + + +[Footnote 1: _Reg. Morav._, pp. 88, 89, 99, 101, 333. Knighted 1215, +was earl in 1226, founded the Abbey of Fearn before 1230, died about +1251.] + +[Footnote 2: _Robertson's Index_, p. xxi.] + +[Footnote 3: _Hakon Saga_, 245 and 307.] + +[Footnote 4: _Genealogie of the Earles_, p. 30, and _Sutherland Book_, +vol. ii, p. 3 No. 4; _O.P._, ii, 647 note. This is not the Cross now +standing. See Macfarlane, _Geog. Collections_, vol. ii, pp. 450 and +467, where it is called Ri-crois. The story that Dornoch took its +name from the slaying of this Chief with the leg of a horse is quite +unfounded, for the name Durnach appears in a charter about a hundred +years earlier, and has nothing to do with a "horse's hoof." Its +derivation and meaning are alike obscure. Chalmers, _Caledonia_, v, p. +192, gives to Dornock in Dumfriesshire the derivation "Dur-nochd" or +the "bare" or "naked water." Its situation is like that of Dornoch, +with a wide expanse of tidal sands.] + +[Footnote 5: _Sutherland Book_, vol. iii, p. 3, No. 4. See also _Two +Ancient Records of Caithness_, Bannatyne Club. The bishop himself was +a Canon.] + +[Footnote 6: _Genealogie of the Earles_, pp. 6 and 31; _O.P._, ii, +601.] + +[Footnote 7: _Liber Eccles. de Scon_, p. 45, No. 73. Viking Club, +_Sutherland and Caithness Records_, No. 8, pp. 12 and 13.] + +[Footnote 8: _O.P._, ii, p. 603. As regards the marriage of Iye Mor +Mackay to the daughter of Walter de Baltroddi (Bishop), see _Book of +Mackay_, p. 37.] + +[Footnote 9: _Hakon Saga_, 312, 314.] + +[Footnote 10: Do. 317.] + +[Footnote 11: _Sutherland Book_, vol. 1, p. 15. _Genealogie of the +Earls_, p. 33.] + +[Footnote 12: _Hakon Saga_, 319.] + +[Footnote 13: _Hakon Saga_, 318. As to the hostages and their expenses +see _Compot. Camer._ 1-31. From additions to _Hakon's Saga_, Rolls +edition, it appears that Caithness was also fined and an army sent +there by the king of Scotland with a view to the conquest of Orkney.] + +[Footnote 14: _Hakon Saga_, 319. The calculation was made by Sir David +Brewster.] + +[Footnote 15: Also called Port Droman. Possibly Hals-eyar-vik = +neck-island-bay.] + +[Footnote 16: _Hakon Saga_, 318.] + +[Footnote 17: _Hakon Saga_, 327.] + +[Footnote 18: There is a tradition that Hakon slaughtered cattle on +Lechvuaies, a rock in Loch Erriboll.] + +[Footnote 19: _Hakon Saga_, 328-331. Goafiord--Eilean Hoan at the +entrance to Loch Erriboll still retains the name.] + +[Footnote 20: See Tudor, _Orkney and Shetland_, p. 307. What happened +to Earl Magnus III, who in July 1263 had been obliged to join his +overlord, King Hakon, and sail with him from Bergen? The Orkneymen +were far from Norway, but dangerously close to Scotland. Their jarl +had large possessions in Caithness, which he feared to lose if he made +war on the Scottish king. Magnus therefore "stayed behind" in Orkney, +and never went to Largs, but probably went to the Scottish king. +Caithness first suffered from levies of cattle and provisions at the +hands of Hakon, and afterwards from fines levied and hostages taken +by the Scottish King, who sent an army, no doubt under the Chens and +Federeths and others, to threaten Orkney and hold Caithness and levy +the fine. Dugald, king of the Sudreys, intercepted the fine, and +disappeared. Orkney had a Norse garrison, and the Scottish army never +went to Orkney, Magnus was reconciled to Alexander III, and after +the Treaty of Perth, in 1267, was reconciled also to King Magnus of +Norway, on terms that he should hold Orkney of him and his successors, +but that Shetland should remain a direct appanage of the Norse Crown, +as it had been ever since Harold Maddadson's punishment in 1195. (See +Munch's _History of Norway_; and _Torfaeus Orcades_, p. 172; and _King +Magnus Saga_, Rolls edition of _Hakon's Saga_, pp. 374-7).] + + + +CHAPTER XI. + + +[Footnote 1: _Scandinavian Britain_, p. 62. To Orkney and Shetland +they came mainly from the fjords north of Bergen.] + +[Footnote 2: _Oxford Essays_, 1858, p. 165, Dasent, an admirable +account of the Norsemen in Iceland.] + +[Footnote 3: _Hume Brown, History_, ante.] + +[Footnote 4: _Scandinavian Britain_, p. 35.] + +[Footnote 5: See _Norse Influence on Celtic Scotland_ (Henderson), +_passim_; and _Sutherland and the Reay Country_, (Rev. Adam Gunn), +chapter on "Language," p. 172.] + +[Footnote 6: Viking Club, _Old Lore Miscell._, vol. ii, 213; vol. iii, +14, 182, 234.] + +[Footnote 7: See _Burnt Njal_, (Dasent) for a plan and elevation of a +Skali. Skelpick may be Skaill-beg, or Little Hall.] + +[Footnote 8: _Ruins of Saga-time_ (in Iceland) by Thorsteinn +Erlingson, David Nutt (1899).] + +[Footnote 9: See his _Essay_ with plans in the _Saga Book of the +Viking Club_, vol. iii, pp. 174-216.] + +[Footnote 10: i.e. Broadfield; see _O.S._, Rolls edition, p. 232, +formerly Brathwell.] + +[Footnote 11: Mousa in Shetland was twice so used, by two honeymoon +pairs. See Tudor, _O. and S._, p. 481.] + +[Footnote 12: _O.P._, vol. ii, 758.] + +[Footnote 13: _O.S._, 84, 100 and 22; 58, 78, 100, 101, 102, 113, and +pp. 226, 227, 228, in Rolls edition. Hjalmundal is the strath, not the +village of Helmsdale.] + +[Footnote 14: We find in Latheron in Caithness "Golsary" the shieling +of Gol. Platagall, see _O.P._, ii, p. 680.] + +[Footnote 15: The bodily form often follows that of fathers of a fair +race, it is said.] + +[Footnote 16: See p. 21.] + +[Footnote 17: Frontispiece to vol. 1 of Du Chaillu's _Viking Age_.] + +[Footnote 18: See _Scotland in Early Christian Times_, Dr. Joseph +Anderson's _Rhind Lectures_ in 1879, pp. 141-2; _Scandinavian +Britain_, p. 29.] + +[Footnote 19: _Saga of Erik the Red_ and _St. Olaf's Saga_. See _Orig. +Islandicae_, vol. ii, Bk. v, pp. 588-756 "Explorers."] + +[Footnote 20: Yet see the Romance of _Guillaume le Roi_, Chroniques +Anglo-Normandes, vol. iii, Francisque Michel.] + +[Footnote 21: As witness the Seaforths (Sæ-fjorthr) of the 51st +Division in France.] + +[Footnote 22: Vol. 1, p. 45. See also Burton's _History of Scotland_, +vol. i, chapter xi, and vol. ii, pp. 14 and 15.] + + + + +APPENDIX. + +EARLY PEDIGREE OF THE FRESKYNS. + + FRESKYN I + + of Strabrock and Duffus, b. about 1100, was granted Duffus about 1130; + entertained David I in 1150 there; died between 1166 and 1171. + | + .--------------------+--------------------. + | | +(1)William MacFrisgyn, Grantee of (2)Hugo Fresechin witnessed the +Strabrock, Duffus, &c., "_quas Charter of Lohworuora Church +terras pater suus Friskin tenuit (Borthwick) to Herbert, Bishop +tempore regis David_," 1165-1171. of Glasgow before 1152, (_Hug. +Witnessed Charter of Innes to filio Fresechin_). +Berowald the Fleming about 1160. + | + .--+-------------------------------+----------------------. + | | | +(1)Hugo Freskyn of Sutherland, (2)William filius Willelmi filii (3)Andrew, +father was William, son Freskin, who calls Hugo his parson +of Freskin, died before 1214. lord and brother, was Lord of + | of Petty, Bracholie, Boharm Duffus. + | and Artildol: d. before 1226. + | | + | +---------------------. + +------------------------------------+------------. | + | | | | +(1)William _dominus (2)Walter de Moravia (3)Andrew, Bishop Walter de +Sutherlandiae, b. ? d. before 20th of Moray. Moravia de +filius et heres March 1248, of Duffus Petty, +quondam Hugonis_, buried there guardian +cr. first Earl with his father of King +after 1237, died Hugo 'beatus,' m. Alexander +1248. | Euphamia, d. of Ferchar III and + | Macintagart, his + | Earl of Ross, circa Queen, + | 1224. | 1255 + | | | +William, 2nd Earl Freskinus II, who had a "proavus et Walter dominus +of Sutherland, attavus" in Moray and was _nepos_ de Bothwell, +1248-1307. (grandson) Hugonis, m. Lady Johanna m.d. of John + | of Strathnaver. He was born (?) Cumyn, d. circa + | about 1225, Lord of Duffus by 1248, 1294. | + | d. 1262-3 (Ch. 99 _Reg. Morav._) | + | | .------+--. + .--+----------. .---+----------. | | + | | | | | | +William, Kenneth, (1)Mary of (2)Christian, William, Andrew. +Third Fourth Duffus, William d.s.p. | +Earl of Earl of m. Federeth I. | +Sutherland, Sutherland, Reginald | | +1307-1327. 1327-1333, fell Chen II. | | + +--at Halidon Hill. | .----------+ .-----------.---+ + | .----------+ | | | + | | | | | + | Reginald Chen III William de Sir Andrew John of + | "Morar na Shein" Federeth II Bothwell, Abercairney. + | had half Caithness, granted one Wardane of + | one quarter by quarter of Scotland, + | grant. | Caithness d. 1338. + | | to Reginald + | | Chen III. + | | + .------+-------. +----.------------------. + | | | | +William Nicolas m. Mary Marjory +Fifth Earl of of | of m. 1 Sir John +Sutherland, Torboll | Duffus Douglas +1333. | m. 2 Sir John + | | Keith of + | Whence the Inverugie + | Duffus Family | + | and Peerage. | +(For rest of (For rest of pedigree | +pedigree see see Sutherland book.) | +Sutherland Book.) Andrew Keith + of Inverugie. + + +NOTE.--William MacFrisgyn is said by Shaw in his History of +Moray, 1775 edit., p. 75, to have had several sons, viz.:--Hugo of +Sutherland, (2) Sir John (whence the Atholl family), (3) William of +Petty, (4) Sir John of Moray (whence Abercairney), (5) Andrew, Bishop +of Moray, (6) Gilbert, Bishop of Caithness, and (7) Richard of Culbin: +_sed quaere_. + + + + +INDEX. + + + Aberbrothock. + + Aberdeen; + bishopric; + invaded. + + Aberdeenshire; + why no brochs? + + Achavarn. + + Achness. + + Acre. + + Adam, earl of Angus. + + Adam, bishop of Caithness; + buried. + + Adamnan. + + Aethelfrith. + + Afreka, dau. of earl of Fife, m. Earl Harold Maddadson, their children; + divorced by Harold. + + Agricola, Tacitus. + + Alane, thane of Sutherland. + + Alban; + its provinces; + common language; + ravaged by Irish Danes; + wars of kings of A. against Northmen; + Moray stretched across A.; + Caithness. + + Alcluyd (Dunbarton). + + Alexander I. + + Alexander II cr. Wm. Freskyn earl of Sutherland; + punished burners of Bishop Adam; + confiscated half Caithness; + grant of earldom of south Caithness to Magnus, earl of Angus; + Magnus II, or Malcolm witness to charter; + succession to throne; + revolt of Donald Ban MacWilliam; + Argyll conquered; + Caithness subdued (1222); + rebellions in Moray and Galloway; + embassy to Norway; + open letter for Scone; + died. + + Alexander III; + m. Margaret, dau. of Henry III; + his only child, Margaret; + embassy to Norway; + conquered Isle of Man and Hebrides. + + Altyre, Standing Stane of Duffus removed to. + + America, Norsemen discovered; + heard of by Jean Cabot in Iceland. + + Amlaiph (Olaf) Craig. + + Anderson, Alan O.; + _Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers_. + + Anderson, Joseph, 11; + O.S. trans.; + _Scotland in Pagan Times_, q.v.; + _Scotland in Early Christian Times_, q.v. + + Andres Nicholas' son. + + Andres, son of Sweyn. + + Andrew, Bishop of Caithness, had grant of Hoctor Common; + Culdean monk; + abbot of Dunkeld; + died at Dunfermline; + a witness. + + Andrews, St., bishopric founded; + Roger, bishop of. + + Anglo-Normandes, Chroniques, (F. Michel). + + Angus, earls of (see also under names), + Gillebride; + Adam, son of Gillebride; + Gilchrist, son of Gillebride, and father of Magnus II, earl of Orkney + and Caith., + Duncan, son of Gilchrist; + Malcolm, earl of Caithness and Angus; + Matilda, countess of, dau. of Malcolm; + Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of A., husband of Matilda, + Gilbert d'Umphraville, son of Matilda. + Pedigree. + + Angus, son of Gillebride, earl of Angus. + + Anlaf, or Olaf, earl in C. + + Applecross, in Ross, lay abbots. + + Archibald, bishop of Moray. + + Ardovyr (Gael., upper water), identified as Loch Coire and Mallard River, + i.e., "Abhain 'a Mhail Aird" of Ord. Map, part of Johanna's estate in + Strathnaver. + + Argyll; + St. Columba landed from Ulster; + Scots king; + Dalriadic territory; + known as Airergaithel; + Galgaels; + Somerled of; + conquered by king Alexr. + + Arnfinn Thorfinnson, earl, m. Ragnhild, Eric's dau. + + Arnkell Torf-Einarson, earl, slain in England. + + Artildol. + + Asgrim's Ergin, now Assary. + + Asleif, mother of Sweyn. + + Asleifarvik (now Old-shore, also called Port Droman). + + Assynt; + included in Creich (q.v.); + Store Point. + + Athelstan. + + Atholl (Atjokl); + Ath-Fodla, a Pictish province; + Picts absorbed by Scots; + earls of; + Sweyn Asleifarson visits; + earl Paul died; + bishop John. + + Atholl, earls of; + Maddad, m. Margret dau. of Hakon; + earl of A., in 1236, burned to death; + earls descended from Freskyn. + + Aud the deeply wise, in Caith., settled in Iceland. + + Audhild, dau. of Thorleif, mistress of Sigurd Slembi-diakn; + m. Eric Streita; + her son, Eric Stagbrellir; + Johanna of Strathnaver, a connection. + + Audna, or Edna, dau. of Kiarval, m. Hlodver, jarl. + + + Backies, Norse derivation. + + Bakke, in place-names. + + Baltroddi, Walter de, bishop of C. + + Bard, next of kin of Ulf the Bad, Orkney. + + Barelegs, nickname of king Magnus, because he wore the kilt. + + Barr, St., of Dornoch; + his Fair in Dornoch; + old church of St. Barr; + site. + + Barth, or Bard, Helgi's son, and St. Barr. + + Beauly, estate of Bissets. + + Beauly Firth; + site of Redcastle on. + + Ben-y-griams. + + Bergen, St. Ragnvald returned to, from Grimsby; + John, earl of Caithness, present at; + earl John left his son as hostage; + king Hakon buried in Christchurch; + k. Hakon and earl Magnus III sailed from. + + Berowald the Fleming (Innes q.v.), had grant in Moray. + + Berridale conveyed by Malise II, earl, to Reginald More, afterwards acquired + by Chens. + + Beruvik, misreading of. + + Berwick, North, raided by Sweyn. + + Bethoc, eld. dau. of Malcolm II, m. Crinan; + grandmother of earl Moddan. + + Bilbao, Spain; + Nervion. + + Birrenswark, near Ecclefechan, was Brunanburg. + + Birsay, Orkney, earl Thorfinn's Hall; + cathedral built by Thorfinn; + but replaced by St. Magnus' Cathedral. + + Bisset, a Norman family; + at Beauly. + + Bjarni, bishop of Orkney, probable author of _Orkneyinga Saga_; + his parents; + relative of Sweyn; + at Bergen. + + Blood-eagle. + + Blood-rain in Iceland. + + Blundus, Gaufrid, burgess of Inverness. + + Boar, wild, in Cat. + + Boece. + + Boreale, Corpus Poeticum. + + Borrobol. + + Borve, rock-castle. + + Bothgowanan, or Pitgavenny. + + Bothwell, family of, descended from Freskyn. + + Bothwell, Sir Andrew of. + + Boun, whence Eng. bound, i.e., equipped. + + Bracholy. + + Brawl, formerly Brathwell (Breithivellir), Castle; + deriv. + + Breithifjorthr, i.e., Broad-firth, Moray Firth. + + Bressay Sound. + + Brewster, Sir David. + + Brian Borumha, king of Ireland. + + Brichan, Jas.; + _Orig. Paroch. Scot._. + + Bricius, bishop. + + Brochs, or Pictish towers; + Roman relics found in; + date, number, distribution, rise, construction, &c.; + Norse place-names near brochs; + at Dunrobin; + used by Norse as dwellings; + Craig Carrill, Roman tablets found; + Skene on origin of; + at Feranach. + + Broethrungr, firnari en, first cousin once removed. + + Broxburn, (Strabrock). + + Brunanburgh, site. + + Brusi Sigurdson, earl. + + Buchan, earl of. + + Burghead, Turfness of Saga; + Norse raids from B. checked by Duffus. + + Burnt Njal, Saga of; + transl. by Sir G.W. Dasent. + + + Cabot, Jean, in Iceland. + + Cailleach (Carline) Stone in Kyleakin. + + Cait, or Cat, Pictish province of, (now Caithness and Sutherland, q.v.), + in three parts, (1) Ness, (2) Strathnavern, and (3) Sudrland; + description of land; + unsuitable for trees in Ness; + west uninhabited in Viking times; + deer, etc., abounded; + Athelstan's naval demonstration; + held by earls of Orkney; + Duncan the maormor; + Picts and Norse; + map; + Pictish clergy driven from north-east by Norse; + land and people on arrival of Norse. + + Cat, maormors of; + Duncan, or Dungall; + Moldan or Moddan. + + Caithness (Ness), part of the ancient province of Cat, q.v.; + Norse occupied fertile parts; + ancient monuments; + writing; + _Orkneyinga Saga_ only record before 12th cent.; + earlier notices and later records; + earldom claimed by Sigurd Hlodverson; + Skuli Thorfinnson cr. earl; + C. people in Iceland; + sea battle between Ulf and Helgi; + Moddan, earl of C.; + his expedition to; + Norse earls; + Thorfinn returns to, after Scottish conquests; + "king of Catanesse," in "William the Wanderer"; + St. Magnus; + seized by earl Hakon; + earl Magnus favoured in; + earldom conferred on Ragnvald Gudrodson; + much of owned by Moddan's family; + Norse steadily lost hold on C.; + Norse driven outward and eastward; + bishopric founded; + bishop Andrew; + Norse earls; + family of Freskyn de Moravia; + earldom of David I; + robberies by Sweyn; + Malcolm IV granted half earldom to Erlend Haraldson; + red deer and reindeer hunting; + rebellions; + bishop's litigation with earls of Sutherland; + Innes family; + earldom held of Scottish crown; + diocese and cathedral; + bishop Andrew; + first conquest by King William; + subdued by King William; + earl Ragnvald's half conferred on Harald Ungi; + earl Harold slew earl Harald Ungi; + Caithness given to Ragnvald Gudrodson; + who defeated earl Harold at Dalharrold; + Ragnvald's stewards left in charge, their fate; + the lawman; + Ragnvald bought earldom; + extent of earl Harold's earldom; + Scottish policy in the north; + old Norse earldom broken up; + services of Freskyn family; + extent of earldom of earl David; + the burning of bishop Adam; + thingstead and lawman; + the earldom; + succession to earldom; + subjected by king Alexr. II, 1222; + king Hakon's fine; + escaped attack by Hakon; + Scottish subjection of Norse; + Norse adopted Gaelic; + Norse place-names; + Norse type still in evidence; + Normans, Cheynes, Oliphants and St. Clairs; + inheritance of Erlend lands by Normans; + inhabitants a blend of Gael and Norse. + + Caithness, church in; + bishopric founded; + cathedral at Halkirk, + at Dornoch; + bishop's palace at Thurso; + constitution of diocese; + records; + bishops: Andrew; + John; + Adam; + Gilbert; + William; + Walter de Baltroddi. + + Caithness, earldom of; + in the 14th cent. a moiety in the Angus earls and the Chen family; + South Caithness granted to earl Magnus II; + Brawl, a capital residence of the earls in C.; + devolution of earldom and tribal owners; + North and South divisions; + hostages taken by Scotland after Largs; + paid a fine to king Hakon. + + Caithness, earls of; + Thorfinn Sigurdson, first Scottish earl; + Skuli cr. earl by Scots king; + Moddan cr. earl by Scots king; + Crichton and Sinclair earls; + earl's office descended to females; + Norse and tribal land-owners; + Scottish policy in regard to succession in C. + + Caithness and Sutherland Records, Viking Society. + + Caithness, Inventory of Monuments and Constructions in the County of. + + Caithness, Prehistoric Remains of, (S. Laing and T.H. Huxley). + + Calder, Loch. + + Calder Valley, Calfdale of Saga. + + Caledonia, (G. Chalmers). + + Caledonians, Annals of the, (Ritson). + + Caledonians inhabited the Grampians; + Romans failed to conquer; + Roman wars effected union of; + St. Ninian, Christian mission, through Roman influence. + + Cantyre. + + Carham; victory of Malcolm II. + + Cat, Province of, (Angus Mackay). + + Ce, the province Keith, or Mar. + + Celtic Britain, (Rhys). + + Celtic Scotland, (W.F. Skene); + on succession to Caithness; + Sir W. Fraser's criticism. + + Celts, non-seafaring; + Norse influence; + Gall-gaels; + influence of Norse on Gaelic, and of Gael on Norse; + "P" and "Q" Celts; + kilted warriors of Norse extraction. + + Celts, Survival of Beliefs among the, (George Henderson). + + Chen, or Cheyne, family in Caithness; + descendants of Johanna of Strathnaver; + family lands. + + Chen II, Reginald; + signatory of National Bond with Wales; + father of Reginald Chen III; + m. Mary, dau. of Freskin and Johanna of Strathnaver, got one-fourth of + Caithness; + had regrant of Strathnaver lands; + Kerrow-na-Shein. + + Chen III, Reginald, known as "Morar na Shein," acquired Berridale in south + Caithness from Malise II; + owned a moiety of earldom of Caith., lived in parish of Halkirk; + grandson of Johanna; + Kerrow-na-Shein; + his estate; + acquired south Caithness lands after 1340; + acquired Christian (Freskyn's) fourth; + lands. + + Christ Church, Norse name for a cathedral. + + Christ Church, Bergen; + king Hakon buried. + + Christ's Kirk, Birsay; + burial of St. Magnus. + + Christian I, king of Norway; + mortgaged Orkney and Shetland to Scotland. + + Christiania Fjord, or the Vik. + + Church; + Pictish, Columban and Catholic; + Norse influence. + + Clairdon, near Thurso; + earl Harald Ungi defeated; + where Lifolf Baldpate fell. + + Clibreck (Clibr'), part of Johanna's estate. + + Clon, in Ross, granted by earl of Ross to Walter de Moravia. + + Clontarf, the battle of. + + Clouston, J. Storer; + _A Branch of the Family_; + Orkney trithing. + + Clyne. + + Cobbie Row, ruins of the castle of Kolbein Hruga, in Wyre. + + Coire, Loch; + lands probably held by Moddan family. + + Coire-na-fearn, (Cornefern) Strathnavern; + part of Johanna's estate. + + Collingwood, W.G., on Thorfinn as "king of Catanesse."; + see _Scandinavian Britain_, transl. _William the Wanderer_. + + Columba, St.; + Adamnan's Life of; + mission to Picts, settlement in Iona; + clergy removed to Dunkeld; + relics removed; + patron saint of Scot and Pict; + his cult and culture destroyed by Norse. + + Columban settlements of hermits and missionaries; + Columban church; + replaced by Catholic. + + Columbus; + discovered America long after Norsemen. + + Comyn, Alexr.; + see Buchan, earl of. + + Comyn, John, m. Matilda heiress of Malcolm, earl of Angus. + + Comyn, Walter; + earl of Menteith. + + Constantine I; + viking raids. + + Constantine II; + Norse seize C. and S. + + Constantine III; + Danish attacks. + + Constantinople (Micklegarth). + + Coracles, Pictish boats. + + Cortachy, advowson of. + + Craig Carrill Broch; + Roman tablets found. + + Crakaig, crooked bay, now drained. + + Creich, owned by Hugo Freskyn; + including Assynt; + granted by Hugo Freskyn to Gilbert while archdeacon of Moray. + + Crinan, Abthane of Dunkeld, m. Bethoc, dau. of Malcolm II. + + Croc Skardie; + (?) Sigurd's Howe. + + Cromarty; + northern Suter of; + Norse place-names; + Macbeth's property. + + Cruithne and his seven sons. + + Curle, A.O.; + early monuments of Caith. and Sutherland. + + Cyderhall, see Sigurd's Howe. + + + + Dale, Dalar or Dalr, C.; + earl Skuli slain; + home of Moddan. + + Dalharrold, on River Naver; + belonged to Johanna. + + Dalriadic kingdom. + + Dalrymple's Collections, on divorce; + on earl Magnus II. + + Damsey; + earl Erlend killed. + + Danes; + Irish Danes. + + Darratha-Liod. + + Dasent, Sir G.W.; + transl. _Orkneyinga Saga_, q.v.; + _Oxford Essays_, q.v.; + _Saga of Burnt Njal_, q.v. + + David I, king of Scotland; + church organisation; + earldom of Caithness held of him; + his tutor John, bishop of Glasgow; + visited by Sweyn Asleifarson; + introduced feudal barons and charters; + at Duffus Castle; + by education a Norman knight. + + David II. + + David Haraldson, earl of Orkney and Caith.; + did not have earl Ragnvald's share of Caith. earldom; + succeeded to a reduced territory; + sole earl of Orkney; + joint earl with earl John; + death. + + Dawey (Dalvey). + + Death in bed, a reproach among Norse. + + Deer; + earls Ragnvald and Harald hunted red deer and reindeer in + Caithness; + red deer abounded in Cat. + + Deerness, Mull of; + sea-fight between Thorfinn and Duncan I; + king Hakon's fleet passed. + + Deerstalking, days of, Scrope. + + De Moravia, see under Freskyn. + + Dingwall; + southern limit of Norse. + + Dirlot, or Dilred, in Strathmore, C. + + Dolfin, son of Maldred. + + Dollar; + Scots defeated by Danes. + + Donada, dau. of Malcolm II, m. Finnleac. + + Donald, supposed son of Malcolm III. + + Donald Bane, claimant to Scottish crown. + + Donald Ban MacWilliam; + claimant of Scottish crown; + his son Guthred slain; + descended from Ingibjorg, widow of Thorfinn and Malcolm Canmore. + + Dornoch (Durnach); + supposed dedication of Cathedral; + monks to be protected; + owned by Hugo Freskyn; + in earldom of Caithness; + cathedral of St. Barr; + excluded from earldom of earl David; + part granted by Hugo Freskyn to Gilbert; + Embo near D., Norse defeated; + existed in Norse times; + Durnach; + cathedral lands; + bishop Adam buried in; + traditional origin of name. + + Dornock, Dumfriesshire, deriv. + + Dorruthar. + + Dougal of the Isles, in Orkney; + joined Hakon's expedition. + + Douglas, family of. + + Dovyr, tofftys de; + part of Johanna's estate; + from Gael. for water, identified as River and Loch Naver. + + Draughts; + played by St. Ragnvald. + + Dublin; + Sweyn killed at. + + Dufeyra. + + Duffus; + near Burghead or Turfness; + castle built by Freskyn de Moravia; + estates owned by Hugo Freskyn; + Freskyn, lord of; + estate succeeded to by Walter Freskyn; + church; + William MacFrisgyn second lord of; + chapel of St. Lawrence; + Freskyn's fortress checked Norse raids; + king David's visit; + rector of St. Peter's. + + Dufnjal. + + Dugald, king of Sudreys; + intercepted the Scotch fine on C. + + D'Umphraville, Gilbert--earl of Angus; + m. Matilda, countess of Angus. + + D'Umphraville, Gilbert--earl of Angus; + son of Matilda. + + Dunadd. + + Dunbar, Sir Archibald; _Scottish Kings_, q.v. + + Dunbarton, Dun-bretan, fort of the Britons. + + Duncan I; + parentage; + Karl Hundason; + at North Berwick; + defeated by earl Thorfinn off Deerness; + and at Turfness; + his death and age; + created Moddan, his sister's son, earl of Caithness. + + Duncan II, king of Scotland; + son of Malcolm and Ingibjorg. + + Duncan, earl; + father of Dufnjal. + + Duncan, earl of Angus. + + Duncan, maormor of Duncansby; + m. Groa; + his dau. Grelaud. + + Duncan, earl of Fife; + dau. Afreka m. Harald Maddadson. + + Duncansby or Dungallsby. + + Dundas, Sir David. + + Dunfermelyn, Reg. + + Dunfermline; + Bishop Andrew a Culdean monk of. + + Dungal's Noep, C.; + battle. + + Dunkeld; + clergy of Iona removed to, eccl. capital for Scots and Picts; + capital of southern Picts; + bishopric founded; + Andrew, bishop of Caith., abbot of. + + Dunnet Head. + + Dunrobin; + glen; + charter room; + Robert, legendary 2nd earl of Sutherland, founder (?); + MS. of Constitution of diocese; + Norse derivation. + + Dunskaith, Castle of. + + Dunstable, Annals of. + + Durness (Dyrness); + clan Mackay; + in old earldom of Caithness; + Asleifarvik, anchorage of Hakon's fleet; + raided by Norse in retreat from Largs; + Seanachaistel, chaistel; + MacHeth settlement. + + + Egilsay; + martyrdom of St. Magnus; + bishop John from Athole visited. + + Einar Oily-tongue; + slew Havard jarl. + + Eindridi; + wrecked off Shetland; + sailed with earl Ragnvald to the East; + his treachery; + and desertion. + + Ekkjal, Norse name of Oykel. + + Ekkjals-bakki; + southern limit of conquest of earl Sigurd I; + indentification disputed; + earl Paul's journey to Athole; + in Sweyn's track to burn Frakark; + Atjokl's bakki. + + Eclipse of sun in Orkney, Augt. 5th, 1263. + + Eddirdovir, castle of, at Redcastle. + + Eddrachilles. + + Edgar, claimant to Scottish crown. + + Einar Sigurdson, earl; + his slaughter. + + Elgin; + cathedral, built by Andrew, bishop of Moray; + records; + Johanna granted lands in Strathnaver for the cathedral; + constitution of diocese based on Lincoln; + guides for Sweyn. + + Elin, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir; + at home near Loch Naver; + she, or sister, m. Gilchrist, earl of Angus, and was mother of + Magnus II, earl of Caithness. + + Elk; + abounded in Cat; + horns found. + + Ellarholm. + + Ellwick (Ellidarvik). + + Embo, near Dornoch; + Norse defeated and their "prince" slain, to whom the Ri-Crois erected. + + Erde-houses, of Pictish times. + + Erg (Gaelic, airigh), a sheiling, Norse, setr; + pl. ergin, sheilings, in Asgrim's Ergin. + + Eric bloody-axe. + + Erik the Red, Saga of. + + Eric Stagbrellir, son of Audhild, brought up in Kildonan by Frakark; + sole male survivor of Moddan line; + m. Ingigerd, dau. of earl St. Ragnvald, united the Erlend and Moddan + estates; + tried to reconcile earls Ragnvald and Harold; + probably got earl Ottar's lands on the death of earl Erlend; + viking raid to Hebrides and Scilly Isles; + his son Harald Ungi made earl of Orkney and Caithness (excluding + Sutherland); + his son, Ragnvald; + line represented by Snaekoll Gunni's son. + + Eric Streita; + husband of Audhild, dau. of Thorleif. + + Erlend Haraldson, earl of Orkney and Caith.; + heir of earl Ottar; + granted half earldom of Caith.; + granted half earldom of Orkney; + supported by Sweyn; + in Shetland; + slain; + last of male line of Thorfinn Sigurdson; + nearest heir, Ragnvald Gudrodson, king of Man; + grandson of Hakon Paulson; + not Erlend Ungi. + + Erlend Torf-Einarson, earl; + slain in England. + + Erlend Thorfinnson; + joint earl of Orkney and Caith. with his brother Paul; + at battle of Stamford Bridge; + banished to Norway where he died; + his descendants; + his line of heirs; + Scottish policy as to succession; + Snaekoll Gunni's son, chief of line; + Skene's theory; + the converse theory that Magnus of Angus m. the nameless dau. of earl + John, through whom he got the title, and Paul's lands; + his share of earldom of Caithness; + inherited by Johanna of Strathnaver; + his line (excepting Harald Ungi) excluded from Orkney during rule + of earl Harold, David and John; + succession to Erlend lands in C. + + Erlend Ungi; + eloped with Margret, mother of earl Harold Maddadson, to Mousa Broch; + reconciled to earl Harold, with whom he went to Norway; + not earl Erlend. + + Erling Erlendson; + in Norwegian expedition to Wales; + probably killed in Ireland. + + Erling Ivar's son; + in Hakon's expedition; + in raid on Dyrnes. + + Erlingson, Thorsteinn; + _Ruins of Saga-time in Iceland_, (Viking Society, extra series). + + Ermengarde, queen. + + Erriboll, Loch; + the Goafiord, or Hoanfiord, Hakon's fleet in; + Lochvuaies. + + Euphemia, wife of Walter Freskin de Moravia of Duffus, dau. of + Ferchar Mac-in-Tagart, earl of Ross. + + Evelix, River; + + Eystein, king of Norway; + seized earl Harold Maddadson; + invaded Aberdeen. + + Eysteinsdal, or Ousedale, near the Ord of Caithness; + to which king William marched against earl Harold + + Eyvind Urarhorn. + + + Fair Isle; + + Faroes; + Picts. + + Farr; + old parish was Johanna's estate in Strathnaver; + Borve Castle. + + Federeth I (Fedrett), William de; + m. Christian, dau. of Freskin and Johanna, and got one fourth of + Caithness; + Caithness lands. + + Federeth II, William de; + son of W.F. and Christian Freskin, sold his fourth of C. to Sir + Reginald Chen III. + + Felix, bishop of Moray; + witness. + + Feranach, Broch at; + Frakark's residence (?). + + Fernebuchlyn. + + Feudalism; + introduced into Scotland by Alexander I and David I. + + Fib (Fife). + + Fidach (Moray). + + Fife; + conquests by earl Thorfinn. + + Finleac or Finlay MacRuari, maormor of Moray; + fought earl Sigurd at Skidamyre; + m. dau. of Malcolm II. + + Finn Arnason, father of Ingibjorg; + and of Sigrid. + + Firth par., Orkney; + Paplay, Thora's residence. + + Flandrensis, not applied to Freskin de Moravia. + + Flatey Book; + Thorstein the Red; + earls of Orkney; + story of Barth; + continuation of _Orkneyinga Saga_; + earl Ragnvald's half of Caith. earldom; + extent of Harold's later earldom; + battle of Skitten. + + Fleet, Loch; + no longer reaches to Pittentrail. + + Floruvoe, Floruvagr; + battle in 1135; + battle in 1194. + + Fordun; + rebellion in Moray; + earl John's hostage dau.; + Annals. + + Forfar. + + Forsie, Force of Saga. + + Fortrenn; + Menteith. + + Fotla, Ath-Fodla; + Athol. + + Frakark, or Frakok, dau. of Moddan; + m. Liot Nidingr; + earl Harald Slettmali with her in N. Kildonan; + banished from Orkney, went to her homesteads in Sutherland; + earl Ragnvald seeks her aid; + burnt alive; + Freskyn I her contemporary; + Johanna of Strathnaver a connection; + her residence. + + Fraser, or Fresel, of Beauly. + + Fraser, Sir William; + genealogy of Freskyn family; + on Johanna of Strathnaver; + _The Sutherland Book_, q.v. + + Freskyn de Moravia, and family; + the family the mainstay of Scottish rule in the north; + superintended building of Kinloss Abbey; + ancestor of earls of Sutherland; + built Duffus Castle; + not a Fleming; + a Pict or Scot, and ancestor of families of Athole, Bothwell, + Sutherland and probably Douglas; + his family in Caith.; + great-great-grandfather of Freskin the younger, husband of Johanna; + two branches of family settled north of the Oykel; + Freskyn, of Strabrock and Moray, its two branches in Sutherland + and Caith.; + founder of the family; + entertained king David I at Duffus Castle; + year of death; + his two sons; + father of William MacFriskyn, and Hugo the witness; + derivation of name; + revised pedigree; + he and successors appointed guardians of Moray and Nairn; + defended Moray against the Norse; + the family introduced into Sutherland; + no thanes of this line in Sutherland; + name also spelt Fretheskin; + his neighbour in Moray, earl Waltheof. + (See Appendix, Pedigree.) + + Freskin de Moravia, younger, lord of Duffus; + eld. son of Sir Walter de Moravia; + in Strathnaver and Caith.; + m. Johanna of Strathnaver; + his date fixed; + by marriage became owner of lands in Strathnaver and of a + moiety of earldom of Caith.; + lineage; + born in or after 1225, lord of Duffus by 1248; + m. 1245-1250; + nephew of William, earl of Sutherland; + signatory to National Bond; + d. 1260-1263; + buried in church of Duffus; + his maternal uncle, William MacFerchar, earl of Ross; + possible violent death. + (See Appendix, Pedigree.) + + Freskyn, Andrew, son of Hugo F. of Sutherland; + parson of Duffus, bishop of Moray. + + Freskyn, Andrew, son of William son of Freskyn; + parson of Duffus. + + Freskin, Christian; + dau. of Freskin younger and Johanna of Strathnaver, m. William + de Fedrett, had one fourth of Caithness, which their son + resigned to her sister's husband, Sir Reginald Chen III. + + Freskyn, Hugo, son of Freskyn; + the witness, uncle of Hugo de Moravia of Sutherland. + + Freskyn, Hugo, eld. son of William MacFreskyn; + his family settled north of the Oykel and owned Sutherland; + northern boundary of his estate; + ancestor of the de Moravias, or Murrays, of Sutherland; + called "my lord" by his younger brother, William; + his family; + burial place; + succession to Morayshire estates; + grant of Sutherland; + not earl; + his lordship of Sutherland, excluded from earldom of Caithness + as inherited by earl David; + grant to Gilbert, archdeacon of Moray; + of Strabrock, Duffus and Sutherland, father of Walter de Moravia + of Duffus, whose son m. Johanna of Strathnaver; + his eld. son, William; + a witness. + + Freskin, Mary; + dau. of Freskin, younger, and Johanna of Strathnaver, m. Sir + Reginald Chen II, had one fourth of Caithness. + + Freskyn, Walter, de Moravia of Duffus; + son of Hugo F. of Sutherland, succeeded to Strabrock and Duffus; + his wife; + known as Sir Walter de Moravia; + of Duffus; + his son, Freskin, m. Johanna of Strathnaver; + grant of land in Clon from earl of Ross. + + Freskyn, Walter, of Petty. + + Freskyn (MacFreskyn), William, eld. son of Freskyn de Moravia; + charter of Strabrock and other lands in Lothian and Moray; + his sons; + omitted in _Sutherland Book_; + second lord of Duffus and Strabroc; + his eldest son, Hugo of Sutherland. + + Freskyn, William, _dominus Sutherlandiae_, first earl of Sutherland; + eld. son of Hugo F.; + de Sutherland; + cr. earl of Sutherland: + _dominus Sutherlandiae_ from about 1214; + uncle of Freskyn the younger; + his lands bounded by those of Johanna on the north and east; + was probably Johanna's guardian; + cr. earl after 10th October 1237; + repulsed a Norse invasion (?) at Embo; + death. + + _N.B.--All these Freskyns' name was de Moravia, not Freskyn.--J.G._ + + Freskyn, William, of Petty, son of William son of Freskyn. + + Freswick (now Bucholie) Castle, (Lambaborg). + + Fretheskin, see Freskin. + + Frida, dau. of Kolbein Hruga, m. Andres, son of Sweyn Asleifarson. + + Furness; + Wemund, monk of. + + + Gaedingar, too, 152 (n. 22). + + Gaelic; + superseded Pictish; + in Sutherland full of Norse words; + Psalms translated into by Gilbert, bishop; + Gaelic blood crossed with Norse produced the Saga; + Gaelic in Sutherland and Caithness included many Norse words; + a trustworthy vehicle of Norse. + + Gairsay; + Sweyn's castle; + robbed by earl Harald; + Sweyn's life and large drinking hall. + + Gall, Eilean nan; + traditional combat. + + Gall-gaels, or Gaelic strangers; + mixed Gaelic-Norse; + held sea from Lewis to Isle of Man; + of Argyll. + + Galloway; + part of Valentia; + subdued by earl Thorfinn; + rebellion subdued; + Roland of, defeated Donald Ban MacWilliam; + rebellion put down by king Alexr. II. + + Geographical Collections, (W. Macfarlane). + + Gibbon, Gillebride or Gilbert, earl of Orkney and Caithness; + son or brother of earl Magnus II; + his dau. Matilda m. Malise, earl of Stratherne; + d. 1256, succ. by son Magnus III. + + Gilbert, alleged earl of Orkney. + + Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of Angus, m. Matilda, countess of Angus. + + Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of Angus; + son of Matilda. + + Gilbert de Moravia, archdeacon of Moray; + grant of Skelbo, etc.; + afterwards became bishop of C.; + founded cathedral at Dornoch, in which he was buried. + + Gilbert, son of Gillebride, earl of Angus, and uncle of Magnus, earl of + Caithness. + + Gilchrist, earl of Angus; + m. as 2nd wife, Ingibiorg or Elin, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir; + Skene's theory; + converse theory; + pedigree of Angus family; + charter of south Caith. to his son Magnus; + his death. + + Gildas. + + Gillebert, or Gillebryd, son of Angus. + + Gillebride, earl of Angus; + his sons; + grandson (not son) Magnus II, earl of Orkney and Caith.; + his death. + + Gilli Odran. + + Glasgow; + John bishop of, mission to Orkney; + Herbert, bishop of, grant of Borthwick Church. + + Glendhu, Loch; + identified as Murkfjord. + + Goa-fiord, or Hoanfiord, (now Loch Erriboll); + Hakon's fleet at; + Eilean Hoan retains the name. + + Gokstad; + viking ship. + + Golsary, the shelling of Gol, in Latheron, Caithness, cf. Golspie. + + Golspie (formerly Kilmalie); + owned by Hugo Freskyn; + (Gol's-by) formerly Platagall. + + Good men. + + Gormflaith. + + Gospatric, eld. son of Maldred. + + Goudie, Gilbert; + transl. _Orkneyinga Saga_; + _Antiquities of Shetland_. + + Grants, Normans. + + Gratiana, wife of William the Wanderer. + + Gray, Thomas; + _The Fatal Sisters_. + + Greenland. + + Grelaud, dau. of Duncan, maormor of C. + + Grimsby; + St. Ragnvald traded at, met Harald Gillikrist. + + Gritgard, son of Moldan. + + Groa, dau. of Thorstein the Red, m. Duncan of Duncansby. + + Groa, wife of Macbeth. + + Gudrun, sister of Anlaf, earl of C. + + Guillaume le Roi. + + Gulberwick. + + Gunn, in Darratha-Liod. + + Gunn family; + descent. + + Gunn, Adam; + _Sutherland and the Reay Country_. + + Gunnhild, wife of Eric Bloody-axe, in Orkney. + + Gunnhild, Erlend's daughter, sister of earl St. Magnus, m. Kol; + her descendants. + + Gunnhilda, dau. of earl Harold Maddadson and Hvarflod. + + Gunni, brother of Sweyn Asleifarson; + outlawed. + + Gunni; + m. (as 2nd husband) Ragnhild sister of earl Harald Ungi; + probably grandson of Sweyn Asleifarson; + became chief of Moddan family. + + Guthorm Sigurdson, earl. + + Guthred, son of Donald Ban MacWilliam; + led rebellion in Moray and slain. + + + Hadrian's Wall. + + Hafrsfjord; + battle, (872). + + Hailes, lord; + on forfeiture of earl Harold Maddadson; + _Annals of Scotland_, q.v.; + case of Elizabeth claimant of earldom of Sutherland. + + Hakon Hakonson, king of Norway; + his mother's ordeal; + expedition to Scotland; + account of his expedition (1263); + died in the bishop's palace, Kirkwall; + result of expedition. + + Hakon Sverri's son, king of Norway; + his son Hakon. + + Hakon Haroldson, son of Earl Harold Maddadson and Afreka; + foster-child of Sweyn Asleifarson; + probably fell with Sweyn at Dublin; + with Sweyn; + his death. + + Hakon Paulson, earl; + went to Norway; + in Norwegian expedition to Wales; + returned to Orkney; + slew the king's steward; + dispute with earl Magnus; + slew his cousin Dufnjal, and Thorbjorn in Burrafirth; + seized Magnus' share of earldom; + slew St. Magnus; + sole earl; + pilgrimage to Rome and Jerusalem, builder of the round church of + Orphir; + Helga and their children; + his son Paul by a lawful wife; + his descendant Ragnvald Godrodson; + Norse favourite for earldom of C., as against Magnus, had to + conquer C.; + mixed blood; + his grandson Erlend. + + Hakonar Saga; + record until 13th cent. + + Halfdan Halegg, or long-shanks; + slain by Torf-Einar. + + Halkirk; + source of Thurso River in; + Moddan lands; + first cathedral of bishopric; + bishop's house; + residence of Chen family inherited from Johanna of Strathnaver; + Johanna's estate; + castle of Reginald Chen III; + Spittal of St. Magnus. + + Hall o' Side, Iceland. + + Hallad Ragnvaldson, earl. + + Halvard, an Icelander. + + Halvard of Force; + called Hoskuld also. + + Halvard the Red. + + Hanef, Norse commissioner; + aids Snaekoll. + + Harald, of N. Ronaldsay; + slain by Ulf the Bad. + + Harald Gillikrist; + St. Ragnvald fought for him at Floruvoe. + + Harold Godwinson, king of England, defeated Harald Hardrada. + + Harald Hakonson Slettmali (smooth-talker), earl of Orkney and Caith.; + son of earl Hakon and Helga; + held Caithness; + his death; + his Moddan kinsmen. + + Harald Sigurdson Hardrada, king of Norway; + killed at Stamford Bridge. + + Harald Harfagr; + battle of Hafrsfjord, (872); + subdued Orkney and Shetland which he erected into an earldom; + cr. Torf-Einar earl of Orkney; + second expedition to Orkney; + imitated Charlemagne's feudalism. + + Harald Jonson; + son of John, earl of Caithness; + left as hostage at Bergen; + drowned, (1226). + + Harold Maddadson, earl; + son of Margret, Hakon's daughter and Maddad, earl of Atholl; + earl St. Ragnvald ruled Caith. as his guardian; + to Norway with earl Ragnvald; + seized at Thurso by king Eystein; + outlawed Gunni; + conflict with earl Erlend Haraldson; + reconciled to earl Ragnvald at Thurso; + quarrels with Sweyn and robbed his house; + annual deer hunt in Caith.; + present at earl Ragnvald's slaughter; + seized Ragnvald's share of earldom; + became sole earl; + contemporaries; + forfeited in 1196; + later rebellions and loss of lands; + expedition to Ross and Moray; + subdued by king William; + imprisoned for failure to deliver hostages; + deprived of Sutherland; + earl Ragnvald's half of Caith. conferred on Harald Ungi; + his grandsons; + his heir, Thorfinn; + fled to Isle of Man; + defeated earl Harald Ungi; + king William conferred Caith. on Ragnvald Gudrodson; + defeated in Caithness by Ragnvald; + had one of Ragnvald's stewards slain, mutilated the bishop, drove + the stewards out; + son Thorfinn mutilated and died in prison; + king William marched with an army to Caith., and Harold ultimately + came to terms; + negotiated with king John of England; + extent of his later earldom; + deprived of Shetland; + death; + character and personal appearance; + his two wives and descendants. + + Harald Ungi; + earl of Orkney and Caithness; + his parents; + heir of Moddan lands; + fared to Norway; + at home near Loch Naver; + grant of half earldom of Orkney; + grant of half of Caithness (exclusive of Sutherland); + Invaded Orkney, defeated and slain in Caithness; + line represented by Snaekoll Gunni's son; + his share of earldom of Caithness never granted to the Paul line; + probably held by Moddan line; + pedigree ceases; + sister m. earl of Angus; + date of death; + his half of Caithness earldom; + his heirs, earl Magnus II and Johanna; + succeeded to earldom through a female. + + Haroldswick, Unst; + said to have been called after king Harald. + + Havard Thorfinnson, earl; + m. Ragnhild, k. Eric's dau. + + Hebrides (see also Sudreys); + Vikings, subdued by king Harald Harfagr; + Norse influence on Gaelic; + under Norway; + raided by Sweyn; + Norse expedition against south H. assisted by earl John; + king Alexander's naval expedition; + king Alexr. II sent embassy to Norway to get cession of; + harried by earl of Ross; + king Hakon's expedition; + Scottish expedition; + ceded to Scotland; + conquered by Alexander III; + ceded by Norway to Scotland. + + Heimskringla. + + Helena, dau. of earl Harald Maddadson and Afreka. + + Helga, dau. of Moddan; + associated with Helgarie; + concubine of earl Hakon; + banished from Orkney; + her grandson, earl Erlend. + + Helga Ulfs-datter, Sanday, Orkney. + + Helgarie, near Helmsdale. + + Helgi, Harald's son, N. Ronaldsay, elopes with Helga Ulfsdatter. + + Helgi Njal's son. + + Helliar-holm, Ellar-holm. + + Helmsdale; + strath in Sutherland, Frakark; + H. Water; + Sorlinc; + Hjalmundal, the strath, not village. + + Henry I of England; + visited by earl St. Magnus. + + Henry II of England; + wars in France,. + + Henry III of England; + his sister Joanna, m. Alexr. II of Scotland; + his dau. Margaret m. Alexr. III of Scotland. + + Henry III, emperor of Germany; + earl Thorfinn's visit. + + Henry, prince; + son of king David I; + witness. + + Henry, son of Harold Maddadson by Afreka; + claimed Ross; + date of death. + + Henry, bishop of Orkney; + in whose palace, in Kirkwall, king Hakon died. + + Herbjorg, 3rd dau. of earl Paul Thorfinnson. + + Herbjorg, dau. of Sigrid; + m. Kolbein Hruga. + + Herborga, dau. of earl Harald Maddadson. + + High Church (ha-kirkja), Halkirk. + + Highlanders of Scotland (Skene). + + Hill fort; + Ben-y-griam Beg, Caithness. + + Hjaltalin, Jon; + transl. _Orkneyinga Saga_. + + Hlodver Thorfinnson, earl; + m. Audna. + + Hoanfiord, or Goa-fiord, (Loch Erriboll); + Hakon's fleet at; + Eilean Hoan. + + Hoctor Common; + granted to bishop of C. + + Hofn, Caithness; + Hlodver's howe. + + Holinshed. + + Honaver. + + Houses; + Norse skali described. + + House-burnings; + earl Moddan's burning, in Thurso; + Olaf Hrolfson, in Duncansby; + Frakark, in Sutherland; + earl Waltheof, in Moray. + + Hoxa, South Ronaldsay; + Thorfinn Hausa-kliufr buried. + + Hrolf the Ganger. + + Hrollaug Rognvaldsson. + + Hrossey, now Mainland, Orkney. + + Hundi (possibly Crinan). + + Hundi Sigurdson. + + Hut-circles of Pictish times. + + Hvarflod, or Gormflaith, dau. of Malcolm MacHeth, m. earl Harold + Maddadson. + date of birth. + + + Iceland; + Pictish mission; + Aud's settlement; + Hrollang Rognvaldsson settled; + viking settlement; + the skali described; + Jean Cabot first heard of America in; + Christianity accepted; + blood-rain, ib., Norsemen in; + ruins of Saga-time. + + Icelandic Annals; + earls of Orkney. + + Inga Saga, transl. + + Ingibjorg, Finn Arnason's daughter, m. earl Thorfinn Sigurdson; + after Thorfinn's death m. Malcolm III; + cousin of queen Thora of Norway; + her descendant, Donald Ban MacWilliam. + + Ingibiorg, daughter of earl Hakon and Helga; + m. Olaf Billing; + her grandson, Ragnvald Gudrodson, of Man. + + Ingibiorg, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir; + at home near Loch Naver; + she or her sister m. Gilchrist, earl of Angus. + + Ingirid or Ingigerthr, only dau. and child of earl Ragnvald, m. Eric + Stagbrellir; + her children; + date of birth; + probably the same Ingigerthr commemorated in Maeshowe runes. + + Ingirid, sister of Kali (St. Ragnvald), m. Jon Peterson. + + Ingirid, sister of Sweyn Asleifarson; + m. Thorbiorn Klerk. + + Inner-Schyn. + + Innes, Familie of. + + Innes family; + Berowald the Fleming. + + Innes, Cosmo; + _Orig. Par. Scot._, q.v.; + genealogy of Freskyn family. + + Invernairn; + sheriff. + + Iona; + St. Columba's settlement. + + Ireland; + Duncan I; + Sweyn Asleifarson's raids. + + Islandicae, Origines. + + Ivar Rognvaldsson. + + + Jerusalem; + pilgrimages to. + + Joanna, queen of Alexander II, possibly name-mother of Johanna of + Strathnaver; + dau. of king John, and sister of king Henry II of England. + + Johanna of Strathnaver, lady; + m. Freskin de Moravia of Duffus; + her estate; + her father; + relationship to Snaekoll Guuni's son; + supposed dau. of earl John; + Skene's theory that she inherited earl John's, i.e. earl Paul's, + half of the earldom without the title; + the opposite theory, that she inherited Erlend lands; + Skene's opinion; + her daughters; + Skene's suggestion that she was the hostage dau. of earl John, and + given in marriage to Freskin; + Fraser's criticism of Skene; + her grandson, Reginald Chen III, in possession of half of Caithness + and resided in Halkirk and Latheron; + granted land in Strathnaver to the bishop of Moray; + her estate in Strathnaver; + her connection with Moddan family and descent from Harald Ungi's + sister Ragnhild; + her inheritance of Moddan and Erlend lands; + her right to half share of Harald Ungi's half share of Caithness + earldom; + her title to Strathnaver lands not derived through earl John; + circumstantial evidence against her being a dau. of earl John, + never claimed any share of earldom of Orkney; + Skene's opinion that she was a dau. of earl John based on name + Johanna; + theory as to her being a dau. of Snaekoll, and, as such, heiress of + large estates, made a ward by the king, whose queen was Johanna; + her husband's lineage; + suggested born by 1232 at latest, when her supposed father, + Snaekoll, went to Norway, but not before 1225; + possibility of her being a dau. of a younger child of Ragnhild and + born later than 1225; + her guardian; + her lands bounded those of the lord of Sutherland; + d. ca. 1269; + her children and estates; + succ. to Erlend and Moddan lands in C.; + owned Dalharrold; + she did not own any lands in south C., which were acquired by + R. Chen III, i.e., Latheron and Wick; + she probably owned Far and Halkirk, but not Latheron. + + John, king of England. + + John, king of the Sudreys. + + John o' Groat's; + Huna. + + John, bishop of Caithness; + mutilated by earl Harald; + succeeded by Adam; + neglect to collect Peter's Pence; + date of death. + + John, bishop (of Glasgow). + + John Haroldson, earl of Orkney and Caithness; + from whom Snaekoll Gunni's son claimed Ragnvald lands in Orkney; + shared earldom with his brother, earl David; + succeeded David as sole earl of Orkney and of Caithness; + his dau. given as hostage; + letters from earl Skuli; + at Bergen; + at the burning of bishop Adam; + his castle at Brawl; + confiscated; + the lordship of Sutherland not in his earldom; + visited Bergen; + his hostage dau. his only heir; + assisted Norse against Hebrides; + favoured Norway; + representative of line of Paul and Harold Maddadson; + attacked and slain by Snaekoll; + his supposed dau. Johanna; + his nameless dau. m. Magnus of Angus; + succession to earldom; + theories as to his daughter's marriage; + treaty with king William; + lands confiscated and restored; + the last male of the Paul line; + Johanna's title not derived through him; + his nameless dau. probably wife of earl Magnus II; + reasons why Johanna was not his dau.; + probably named after king John of England; + his legal successor, his nameless dau.; + sole earl of O.; + his sister's son, Jon Langlifson, in 1263; + succeeded in earldom of Orkney by Magnus II; + his castle at Brawl; + joint earl with David; + Matilda not his daughter's name. + + Jon Langlifson. + + Jon Peterson, m. Ingirid, sister of St. Ragnvald. + + Jury trial. + + + Kalf Arnason. + + Kalf Skurfa. + + Kali Ragnvald Kolson. + + Kari Solmundarson. + + Karl Hundason, name of Duncan I, in Saga. + + Keith, or Mar; + Ce, Pictish province. + + Keiths. + + Kenneth, k. of Scots. + + Kentigern, or Mungo, St. + + Kerrera, near Oban. + + Kerrow-Garrow, (Eddrachilles). + + Kerrow-na-Shein, i.e. Chen's quarter. + + Kildonan; + Frakark's homesteads; + connection with Scone; + owned by Hugo Freskyn; + earl Ragnvald sends messengers to Frakark; + part of lordship of Sutherland; + old name Scir-Illigh. + + Kildonan, North; + earl Harald Slettmali brought up; + Frakark burnt. + + Kilmalie (now Golspie). + + Kilravock (Rose). + + Kinloss; + Cistercian abbey. + + Kinloss, Records. + + Kirkwall; + cathedral built; + earl Ragnvald Brusi-son resided at; + seized by earl Thorfinn; + relics of St. Magnus removed to cathedral; + king Hakon died in bishop's palace; + St. Magnus' cathedral. + + Kol. + + Kolbein Hruga; + m. Herbjorg; + his castle in Wyre. + + Kyleakin, or the Kyle of Hakon. + + + Lairg; + owned Hugo Freskyn; + in Sweyn's track to burn Frakark; + in old earldom of Caithness. + + Lambaborg (Freswick Castle). + + Langdale (Langeval). + + Langlif, dau. of earl Harold Maddadson; + marriage with Sæmund, abandoned; + her son Jon. + + Largs, battle of; + earl Magnus III never went to L. + + Larne Bay, Ulfreksfirth of Saga. + + Latheron; + Latheron hills, source of Thurso River; + Moddan lands; + residence of Chens in 14th cent.; + in South C.; + not owned by Johanna; + Golsary. + + Lawman; + Rafn, of Caithness. + + Lawrence, chapel of St.; + at Duffus. + + Lechvuaies. + + Lewis, the; + passed by Hakon's fleet; + Macaulays of. + + Lifolf Baldpate. + + Ljot Thorfinnson, earl of Orkney and Caith., m. Ragnhild, Eric's dau.; + slew Skuli in C.; + fought earl Macbeth in C.; + buried at Stenhouse in Watten, C.. + + Liot Nidingr, m. Frakark. + + Little Ferry, or Unes; + Norse invasion; + site of Norse Castle. + + Lohworuora, now Borthwick; church granted to bishop of Glasgow. + + Loth; + water of; + owned by Hugo Freskyn. + + Lothians, formed part of Valentia; + Berenicians of. + + + MacBain, A.; + on seven Pictish provinces. + + Macbeth, king of Scotland; + son of Finlay MacRuari; + parentage; + property in Ross and Cromarty; + king of Scotland; + slain; + visited Rome; + MacHeth. + + MacFrisgyn, William; + (see Freskyn, William). + + MacHeth, or MacAoidh, see Mackay, deriv. of name. + + MacHeth, Donald. + + MacHeth, Malcolm; + earl of Ross; + dau. Gormflaith m. Harold Maddadson; + personated by Wemund. + + Mac-in-Tagart, Ferchar; + see Ross, earl of. + + Mackay (MacHeth) clan; + came from Moray to Sutherland; + Freskyns guardians of Moray against MacHeths; + occupation of Durness; + rebellion of MacHeths of Moray; + the chief m. dan. of bishop; + children of Heth attacked Hakon's expedition; + largely blended with Norse. + + Mackay, Iye Mor. + + Mackay, Book of, (Angus Mackay). + + MacWilliam, earl of Caithness (?) (Scots Peerage). + + Maddad, earl of Athole; + m. Margret, dau. of earl Hakon Paulson; + visited by Sweyn; + his death. + + Maeshowe, runes of. + + Magbiod, or Macbeth, earl; + fought at Skidamyre, C. + + Magnus the Good, king of Norway; + grants Orkney to Ragnvald Brusison; + Thorfinn's visit. + + Magnus Barelegs, king of Norway; + expeditions to Scotland; + father of Harald Gillikrist; + why called "barelegs". + + Magnus the Blind, king of Norway; + defeated by king Harald at Floruvoe. + + Magnus Erlingson, king of Norway; + fell at Norafjord. + + Magnus Hakonson, crowned king of Norway in his father's lifetime; + ceded Hebrides to Scotland. + + Magnus, king of Man; + joined Hakon's expedition. + + Magnus, or Mangi, son of Eric Stagbrellir; + fared to Norway, fell at Norafjord; + his home. + + Magnus Erlendson, St., earl and saint; + in expedition to Wales; + in England and Wales; + went to Caithness after king Magnus' death and received as earl there; + his steward in Orkney killed by earl Hakon; + dispute with earl Hakon; + slew his cousin, Dufnjal, and Thorbjorn in Burrafirth; + his marriage; + his share seized by Hakon, upon which he went to England; + martyrdom; + burial in Birsay, and removal of relics to St. Magnus' Cathedral, + Kirkwall; + legends, character and appearance; + his sister, Gunnhild, m. Kol; + his successor in estate; + cathedral built by his nephew, earl Ragnvald; + his heirs; + Snaekoll Gunni's son, representative of his line; + heirs of his share of Caithness earldom; + his sagas see below; + his life; + took Erlend share of earldom; + Scottish candidate for earldom of C.; + mixed blood. + + Magnus II, earl of Orkney and Caithness; + obscure pedigree; + parentage; + erroneously called son of Gillebride of Angus; + his name suggests a Norse mother of the line of earl Erlend; + perambulated lands of Arbroath Abbey; + not a minor on earl John's death; + regarding his supposed son, Magnus; + grant of earldom of south Caith.; + probably possessed by line of Erlend; + supposed marriage to the nameless dau. of earl John; + got earl John's earldom lands and title; + remainder of the earldom granted to him as son of a sister of earl + Harald Ungi; + neither he nor wife claimed any part of Strathnaver lands; + Sutherland excluded from earldom; + Erlend line excluded from Orkney since Ragnvald's death (excepting + Harald Ungi); + earl of Orkney; + Caith. lands of the Angus line of earls; + death, successor. + + Magnus III, Gibbonson, earl of Orkney and Caithness; + extent of his estate in Caithness; + in Bergen with king Hakon (1263); + his position as earl of C.; + stayed behind under orders to follow Hakon; + deserted him; + reconciled to Alexander III and to king of Norway. + + Magnus, son of Havard Gunni's son. + + Magnus' Cathedral, St., Kirkwall; + relics of saint were removed to; + erected by St. Ragnvald; + king Hakon temporarily buried in; + built by Norse. + + Magnus Saga, St. + + Magnus Saga the Longer. + + Magnus Saga the Short. + + Magnus Hakonson Saga. + + Magnus, Spittal of St., near Halkirk. + + Magnusson, Eirikr; + transl. of Darratha-liod. + + Maiming, made a Northman impossible. + + Mainland, Orkney; + Thorfinn's Hall; + meeting between earls Hakon and Magnus. + + Malbrigde of the buck-tooth. + + Malcolm I, (954). + + Malcolm II, king of Scotland; + dau. m. Sigurd Hlodverson; + kingdom of Scotland produced; + contemporary records begin; + defeated Norse at Mortlach; + his daughters; + Macbeth also supposed son of his sister; + policy in Caith. and Orkney; + death; + kinsman, Moldan, maormor of Caith.; + his dream of a consolidated kingdom realised. + + Malcolm III, Canmore, king of Scotland; + m. Ingibjorg, Thorfinn's widow; + m. 2nd, St. Margaret, introduced Saxon nobility; + his son Duncan II, whose descendant was Donald Ban MacWilliam. + + Malcolm IV, + granted half earldom of Caithness to Erlend Haraldson; + defeated Somarled; + his death. + + Malcolm, supposed son of Malcolm III. + + Malcolm, earl of Caithness and Angus; + earl of Caith. (1232-36); + earl of C. as guardian of a minor, as trustee or custos; + his dau. heiress, and successors. + + Maldred, of Cumbria. + + Malise, earl of Stratherne; + m. Matilda, dau. of Gibbon, earl. + + Malise II, earl of Orkney and Caithness; + heir of Matilda, dau. of earl Gibbon; + conveyed Berridale, to Reginald More, and Reginald Chen III; + descendant of the lines of Paul and Erlend. + + Mallard River; + see Ardovyr, + deriv. + + Mamgarvie, near Inverness. + + Man; + Sweyn's annual raids; + earl Harold Maddadson in; + Ragnvald Gudrodson, king of; + returned to Man; + king Magnus of M. joined Hakon's expedition; + conquered by Alexander III after Largs; + incorporated in Scotland. + + Maor and maormor, Pictish rulers. + + Margaret, St.; + 2nd wife of king Malcolm Canmore. + + Margaret's Hope, St.; + Orkney. + + Margret, earl Hakon's dau.; + brought up by Frakark in Kildonan; + m. Maddad, earl of Athole; + visited by Sweyn; + received her brother earl Paul, his fate; + returned to Orkney, had a child by Gunni, Sweyn's brother; + eloped with Erlend the Young; + contemporary of Freskyn I; + younger sister of Ingibiorg. + + Margret, dau. of earl Harold Maddadson and Afreka. + + Matilda, countess of Angus; heiress of Malcolm, earl of A., + m. (1) John Comyn; + m. (2) Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of A. + + Matilda, dau. of Gibbon, earl of Orkney and Caithness, m. Malise, + earl of Stratherne. + + Matilda. + + Mearns; + why no brochs?; + Cirig, for Magh-Circinn, or, Mearns, a Pictish province. + + Melrose, Chronicle of; + + Melsnati. + + Menteith; + Fortrenn, a Pictish province. + + Michel, Francisque; + _Chroniques Anglo-Normandes_. + + Minch, the, + or Skotlands-fiorthr. + + Missel (probably Frisel or Fraser), in embassy to Norway. + + Moddan, earl of C.; + parentage; + sister's son of Duncan I; + at North Berwick; + slain by Thorkel Fostri; + his family in Caithness. + + Moddan, in Dale, and family; + possible son of earl Moddan; + the clan and family; + held the hills and upper parts of valleys; + family and Pictish clansmen; + family plots; + clan harried by Sweyn; + his daughters and estates; + dau. Helga; + Eric Stagbrellir's children sole heirs; + family lands; + Harald Ungi's title to Moddan lands; + Gunni, Ragnhild's husband, became chief of M. clan; + estates left to earl Erlend Haraldson, then went to Eric Stagbrellir; + Snaekoll Gunni's son next heir to estates; + Johanna inherited Moddan lands; + estates passed to Norman families. + + Moldan, (see Moddan), of Duncansby; + kinsman of Scots king; + connection with Moddan family. + + Monuments of C. and S., early. + + Moravia, family, de; + see Freskin. + + Moraviensis, Registrum Episcopatûs. + + Moray, province of; + Pictish province of Fidach including Ross; + northern limit of Roman penetration; + no brochs; + Norse influence; + last Pictish province subdued by Scots; + wars between kings of Alban and the Norsemen in; + Pictish clergy driven from seaboard by Norse; + Norse driven from laigh of M.; + taken from Norse; + Norse defeated at Mortlach; + ravaged by earl Thorfinn Sigurdson; + bishopric founded; + estate of Freskyn de Moravia; + earl Waltheof burnt in his house; + a barrier to Scottish civilisation; + Pictish province stretched across to the Minch; + defeat of Picts of M. at Stracathro; + Register of Moray; + Freskyn estate; + rebellions; + feudal barons repel Eystein's invasion; + rebellion subdued; + estates of Freskyn; + earl Harold Maddadson's expedition; + Freskyn family appointed guardians; + rebellion of MacHeths; + king William's expedition against thanes of Ross: + chartulary; + revolt of Donald Ban MacWilliam; + king Hakon's proposed raid (1263); + no Norse place-names on seaboard; + Pictish inhabitants scattered, the Mackays to Durness. + + Moray, bishops of; + Andrew Freskyn; + grant from Johanna of Strathnaver; + Archibald, regrant to Reginald Chen II; + Felix. + + Moray, Gilbert, archdeacon of and bishop of Caithness. + + Moray, Richard of; + brother of Gilbert; + fell repulsing Norse. + + Moray, Shaw's. + + More, Loch. + + More, Reginald; + chamberlain of Scotland. + + Morgan; + first name of clan Mackay, MacHeth, or MacAoidh. + + Mortlach, in Moray; + Norse defeated by Malcolm II. + + Morton, Reg. Hon. de, earl of Katanay. + + Mound, the; + Craig Amlaiph near. + + Mounth, or Grampians, home of Caledonians. + + Mousa Broch; + used by run-away honeymoon couples. + + Munch, P.A.; + _History of Norway_. + + Mungo, or Kentigern, St., in Strathclyde and Pictland. + + Murkfjord or Myrkfjord (possibly Loch Glendhu). + + Murkle, C. + + Mydalr, Iceland. + + + Nairn. + + Naver, Loch; + broch; + River Naver; + lands of Moddan family; + Dovyr. + + Naver, River; + Dalharrold; + see Dovyr. + + Nechtan. + + Nerbon, sae-borg on the; + Bilbao on the Nervion. + + Ness, now Caithness. + See Cait and Caithness. + + New Spalding Club; + _Records of Elgin_. + + Niorfa Sound (Straits of Gibraltar). + + Nisbet's Heraldry. + + Norafjord in Sogn. + + Normans; + Conquest; + families accepted as chiefs; + influence of, in Caithness and Sutherland. + + Norman architecture; + St. Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall. + + Norse mythology; + of early settlers in Britain. + + Norsemen; + occupation of Caith. and Sutherland; + no women brought; + early Norse rulers; + defeated at Mortlach; + raids on Moray coast; + Freskyns appointed guardians of Moray against; + expedition against south Hebrides; + invasion of Sutherland repulsed at Embo; + law and language in Orkney and Shetland; + intermarriage with Celts; + influence of, on British law; + religion of early settlers in British Isles; + destroyed culture of St. Columba; + enslaved aborigines in their colonies; + their place-names in Scotland; + settled on coasts and lower valleys; + subdued by Scots in north; + Gaelic language adopted by; + few monuments in Scotland; + domestic and ecclesiastical buildings of wood or stone; + York Powell on; + discovery of America, and Africa. + + Norse Influence on Celtic Scotland, (George Henderson). + + Northman and Pict. + + Norway; + viking raids on British Isles; + trade with Grimsby; + earl Ragnvald visited king Ingi; + earl Ragnvald returned from Jerusalem through Norway; + Margaret, queen of N.; + Scottish embassy to; + Hebrides ceded to Scotland. + + Norway, kings of; + Harald Harfagr, (860-933); + Eric Bloody-axe, (930-935); + Olaf Tryggvi's son, (995-1000); + Magnus the Good, (1035-1047); + Harald Sigurdson Hardrada, (1045-1066); + Olaf Haraldson, (1067-1093); + Magnus Barelegs, (1093-1103); + Sigurd Magnusson, (1103-1130); + Magnus the Blind, (1130-1135); + Harald Gilli, (1130-1136); + Eystein Haraldson, (1142-1157); + Ingi, (1136-1161); + Magnus Erlingson, (1162-1184); + Sverrir, (1184-1202); + Hakon, Sverri's son, (1202-1204); + Hakon Hakonson, (1217-1263); + Magnus Hakonson, (1263-1280); + Christian I, (1459-1481), q.v. + + Norway, History of, P.A. Munch. + + + Ochill, (Oykel). + + Odal lands; + in Orkney; + none in Cat. + + Odin; + blood-eagle rite; + worshipped by Norse in Britain; + Sigurd Hlodverson died fighting for; + and defeated at Clontarf. + + Olaf, king of Norway; + received Thorfinn Sigurdson, earl of Orkney and Caithness; + and Thorkel Fostri; + his award; + killed at Stiklastad. + + Olaf's Saga, St.; + account of earls of Orkney. + + Olaf Haraldson Kyrre, king of Norway. + + Olaf Tryggvi's-son; + conversion of Sigurd Hlodverson. + + Olaf Tryggvason Saga; + account of earls of Orkney. + + Olaf Bitling, king of the Sudreys; + m. Ingibiorg, daughter of earl Hakon. + + Olaf the White, king of Dublin; + invasion of Scotland. + + Olaf, king of Man. + + Olaf Hrolfson, father of Sweyn and Gunni. + + Olaf, son-in-law of earl Harold Maddadson. + + Old-Lore Miscellany (Viking Society); + Darratha-liod; + authorship O.S.; + _Orkney and Shetland Folk_. + + Old-shore (Asleifarvik). + + Oliphant family; + charters, earldom of Caithness. + + Olvir Rosta; + grandson of Frakark; + aid sought by earl Ragnvald; + defeated in sea fight; + burned Sweyn's father, Olaf; + fled before Sweyn and not heard of afterwards; + no direct heirs; + his contemporary, Freskyn I; + supposed ancestor of Macaulays. + + Orcades, of Torfaeus; + for transl. see Pope, Alex. + + Ord of Caithness; + king William marched his army to, against earl Harald; + Man of. + + Origines Parochiales Scotiae. + + Orkney; + St. Kentigern's mission; + Picts; + influence of Gael on Norse; + foundation of Norse earldom; + earls' attacks on north of Scotland; + succession of earls; + converted by Olaf Tryggvi's son; + under Norway; + first cathedral and bishop's seat at Birsay; + double bishops; + a contingent in expedition against Saxons; + trade with Grimsby; + the bishops; + Sweyn's viking life; + agriculture; + invasion of earl Harald Ungi; + earl Harold Maddadson, after defeat by Ragnvald Gudrodson, fled to; + Cobbie Row Castle, in; + the gaedingar of the earl of Orkney; + king Hakon at; + and died in Kirkwall, in the palace of bishop; + mortgaged to Scotland; + adopted English with many Norse words; + old Norse ballad sung in 18th cent.; + proposed Scot. conquest after Norse reverse at Largs; + annular eclipse of sun in 1263; + Orkney and Shetland colonised mainly from the fjords north of Bergen; + see also Orkney and Caithness, earls of. + + Orkney and Caithness, earls of; + (see also under their individual names); + Ragnvald; + Sigurd Eysteinson; + Guthorm Sigurdson; + Hallad Ragnvaldson; + Torf-Einar Ragnvaldson; + Arnkell, Erlend and Thorfinn Hausa-kliufr, sons of Torf-Einar; + Arnfinn, Havard, Hlodver, Ljot and Skuli, sons of Thorfinn; + Sigurd Hlodverson; + Somarled, Brusi, Einar and Thorfinn, sons of Sigurd; + Ragnvald Brusi's son; + Paul Thorfinnson; + Erlend Thorfinnson; + Sigurd Magnusson, son of k. Magnus Barelegs; + Hakon Paulson; + St. Magnus Erlendson; + Paul Hakonson the Silent; + Harald Hakonson Slettmali; + Erlend Haraldson; + St. Ragnvald Kolson; + Harald Ungi; + Harold Maddadson; + David Haroldson; + John Haroldson; + no pedigree of earls after John; + diploma of earls unreliable; + various theories as to genealogy of the earls after John; + no claim to earldom of Orkney by Johanna of Strathnaver; + diploma on earldom of Sutherland; + Malcolm, earl of C. and Angus; + Magnus II, son of Gilchrist, earl of Angus; + Gibbon; + Magnus III Gibbonson; + Malise II, heir of Matilda, dau. of earl Gibbon; + the earldom acquired through females; + unknown earls; + MacWilliam; + Gilbert; + Olaf. + + Orkney and Shetland Folk, (Viking Society, Old-lore Miscellany and + reprint), A.W. Johnston. + + Orkney and Shetland, (Tudor); + Ellar-holm. + + Orkney and Shetland Records, (Viking Society). + + + Orkneyinga Saga (Rolls text and transl.); + historical record until 12th cent.; + battle of Turfness; + Thorfinn's life; + St. Magnus; + authorship; + Ragnvald and Sweyn Saga; + its end; + Somarled the Freeman slain; + earl Harold Maddadson's family; + earls; + Wick and Thurso; + transl. by Hjaltalin and Goudie; + Thorfinn's residence in C; + residence of Frakark; + Atjokl's Bakki. + + Orm, earl; + m. Sigrid, not Ingibjorg, dau. of Finn Arnason. + + Orphir; + the earl's hall burned; + round church; + incident of the poisoned shirt; + earl Paul's Yule feast, Sweyn slew Sweyn; + Jarls' Bu; + earl Ragnvald at. + + Orphir; + The Round Church and Earl's Bu of, (Viking Society Saga-Book), + A.W. Johnston. + + Osmundwall, or Kirk Hope, Orkney; + conversion of Sigurd Hlodverson; + king Hakon's fleet in. + + Oswy, king. + + Ottar, earl in Thurso; + his heir; + son of Moddan in Dale; + probably owned Thurso valley; + paid wergeld to Sweyn; + his lands left to earl Erlend Haraldson, and afterwards went to + Eric Stagbrellir; + his estates, forming the Moddan lands in Caith., held by Ragnhild + and Gunni; + Johanna of Strathnaver a connection. + + Ottar, son of Snaekoll Gunnison. + + Ousedale, or Eysteinsdal. + + Oxford Essays, (Sir G.W. Dasent); + Norsemen in Iceland. + + Oykel; + boundary between Cat and Ross; + identified as the Norse Ekkjal; + family of Freskyn de Moravia settled north of the; + in Sweyn's track to burn Frakark; + crossed by king William. + + + Papa Stronsay. + + Papa Westray. + + Paplay; + location. + + Paul Hakonson, the Silent, earl of Orkney and Caith.; + his mother, 52; + lived in Orkney, 58; + banished Frakark and Helga from Orkney, 59; + sole earl, 60; + not a speaker at things, 60; + refused to share earldom with St. Ragnvald, 61; + defeated earl Ragnvald, 62; + seized his fleet in Shetland, 62; + yule feast at Orphir, 62; + kidnapped by Sweyn, 62; + deported to Athole, his fate, 63. + + Paul Thorfinnson, earl of Orkney and Caith.; + joint earl of O. with his brother Erlend; + at battle of Stamford Bridge; + banished to Norway, where he died; + his descendants; + his daughters; + Scottish policy regarding later succession in Caithness; + Skene's theory as to Johanna of Strathnaver; + the converse theory; + John the last male of Paul's line; + his share of earldom of C., descended to daughter and Angus line + of C. earls. + + Pentland Firth. + + Perth; + court held (1260); + treaty of. + + Peter, St. + + Peter's church, St., Duffus. + + Peter's church, St., Thurso. + + Peter's pence. + + Petty, William Freskyn of. + + Picts; + settlements of hermits and missionaries; + chronicles; + Pictish church replaced by Catholic church; + driven eastward and northward by Scots; + seven provinces; + P. and Northmen; + hunters and fishers; + brochs for defence, arms, etc.; + clans; + non-seafaring Celts; + never conquered by Romans; + did not have mastery of sea in Norse times; + Christian missions and Columban church; + viking invasion; + Pictish language superseded by Gaelic; + never dispossessed of upper parts of valleys throughout Norse + occupation; + conquered by Scots; + language, "P" Celtic; + Picts of Athole, Moray, Ross and Cat; + Pictish church and Pictish province of Ross and Moray resisted + Scottish civilisation; + Normans accepted as chiefs; + their Christianity; + Norse drove clergy from Orkney, N.E. Caithness, coasts of + Sutherland and sea-board of Ross and Moray; + Norse attacks on Picts, effect of; + their lands seized by Norse. + + Pictish Nation and Church, The; + (Rev. A.B. Scott), Pictish navy. + + Pictland; + St. Ninian's mission; + St. Kentigern's mission. + + Picts and Scots, Chronicle of the; + origin of brochs; + (Tighernac); + the Pictish navy. + + Place-names; + Norse p.n. preserved; + near brochs. + + Plantula, dau. of Malcolm II, m. Sigurd, earl of Orkney. + + Platagall, "flat of the stranger," old name of Golspie. + + Pluscardensis, Liber. + + Pope, Alexander, of Reay; + a tradition of Snaekoll's return; + transl. Torf. + + Popes; + Innocent III, letter. + + Powell, York. + + Prehistoric races. + + Primrose J.; + _Hist, and Antiq. of the Parish of Uphall_. + + + Rafn the Lawman; + chief of stewards of Caithness; + remained as lawman; + at bishop Adam's burning; + in derivation of Dunrobin--Drum-Rafn. + + Ragnhild, dau. of Eric Bloody-axe. + + Ragnhild, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir; + sister of earl Harald Ungi; + m. (2) Gunni; + by whom she had a son, Snaekoll; + her children the only heirs of Ragnvald and of Moddan; + at home near Loch Naver; + m. (1) Lifolf Baldpate; + Johanna of Strathnaver, her sole descendant after 1232; + held Moddan lands. + + Ragnvald, jarl of Maeri; + made first Norse earl of Orkney; + slain in Norway. + + Ragnvald Brusi's son, earl of Orkney; + personal appearance; + at Stiklastad; + in Russia; + Thorfinn's claims and their sea fight; + escaped to Norway; + returned and burned Thorfinn's hall; + his slaughter; + his grave; + Kali Kolson named after him. + + Ragnvald, son of Eric Stagbrellir; + fared to Norway; + lived near Loch Naver; + sole male representative of Erlend Thorfinnson; + not known what became of him. + + Ragnvald Gudrodson, the viking; + his descent; + his title to earldom; + invaded Caithness. + + Ragnvald Kolson, St., earl of Orkney and Caith.; + sold odal lands back to bonder, to raise money for St. Magnus' + cathedral; + letter from David I; + re-named after Ragnvald Brusi's son; + estates in Caith. and Sutherland; + personal description; + accomplishments; + earldom grant confirmed by king Harald; + sought aid of Frakark to win earldom; + defeated by earl Paul in a sea fight; + earl Paul seized his fleet in Shetland; + escaped to Norway; + returned to Westray; + assisted Sweyn against Frakark; + welcomed Sweyn on his return from Frakark's burning; + reconciled Sweyn and Thorbiorn; + besieged Sweyn in Lambaborg; + reconciled to Sweyn; + visited king Ingi in Norway; + his eastern pilgrimage; + description of route, etc.; + visited queen Ermengerde at Bilbao; + visited Jordan, Jerusalem, Constantinople, etc.; + returned to Turfness; + in Shetland; + in Sutherland at his daughter's wedding; + reconciled to earl Harold at Thurso; + reconciled earl Harold and Sweyn; + annual deer-hunt in Caith.; + slain by Thorbiorn; + buried in St. Magnus' cathedral; + his only child; + had lands in Caith., + and managed earldom; + never earl of Caith.; + succeeded through a female; + his mother and dau.; + his half of Caith. earldom conferred on his grandson, + Harald Ungi; + his lands in Orkney claimed by Snaekoll; + who was representative of his line; + his share of Caith. earldom inherited by Johanna; + his poetry. + + Ragnvaldsvoe, South Ronaldsay. + + Rautharbiorg or Rattar Brough; + sea fight. + + Raven-banner of Sigurd, jarl. + + Redcastle is Eddirdovyr. + + Red deer and reindeer in C. and S. + + Redesdale, lord of. + + Reeves' _Life of St. Columba_. + + Register House, Edinburgh; + list of Oliphant charters. + + Reindeer, or elk; + horns found in Sutherland. + + Ri-Crois, at Embo. + + Rinansey, Rinarsey (Ninian's Island), now North Ronaldsay. + + Rinar's Hill. + + Robert, legendary second earl of Sutherland. + + Rogart. + + Roger, bishop of St. Andrews. + + Roland of Galloway. + + Roland's Geo, Papa Stronsay. + + Romans in Britain; + Caledonians not conquered. + + Ronaldsay, North; + Darratha-Liod recited. + + Roseisle. + + Ross; + northern part of Airergaithel; + Picts; + Pictish clergy; + subdued by Thorfinn; + bishopric founded; + claimed by Henry, son of earl Harold and Afreka; + Malcolm MacHeth cr. earl; + Pictish province; + bishopric refused by Andrew Freskyn; + marches; + earldom; + king William's expedition; + earl Harold Maddadson's expedition; + boundary; + king William's expedition against thanes of Ross; + Norse place-names; + Macbeth's property. + + Ross, earl of; + Ferchar Mac-in-Tagart; + granted land to Walter de Moravia on his daughter's marriage; + career; + lay abbot of Applecross; + knighted for a victory in Galloway; + cr. earl of Ross in 1226; + second earl, William MacFerchar, harried Hebrides. + + Ross, Euphemia of; + m. Walter de Moravia. + + Rossal (Rossewal). + + + Sæmund, of Iceland\. + + Saga-Book of the Viking Society. + + Saga-time, Ruins of. + + Saga; + writer's historical accuracy; + Norse crossed with Gaelic blood produced the Saga. + + Sandvik, Deerness. + + Saxon nobility and Scotland; + St. Margaret. + + Scandinavian Britain, by (W.G. Collingwood). + + Scapa Flow. + + Scatt; + of Orkney. + + Scilly Isles. + + Scir-Illigh, old name of Kildonan parish. + + Scon, Lib. Eccles. de. + + Scone. + + Scotichronicon. + + Scotland. + + Scotland, Annals of, (Lord Hailes). + + Scotland, Annals of the Reigns of Malcolm and William, Kings of, + (Lawrie). + + Scotland, Bain's Calendar of Documents relating to; + Freskin signatory of National Bond. + + Scotland, Early Christian Monuments of, (J. Romilly Allen). + + Scotland, Early Chronicles relating to, (Sir Herbert Maxwell). + + Scotland, Early Kings of, (Robertson's); + on earls of Angus. + + Scotland, History of, (Hume Brown). + + Scotland in Early Christian Times, (Joseph Anderson). + + Scotland in Pagan Times, (Joseph Anderson). + + Scotland, Prehistoric, (Munro). + + Scotland, Register of the Great Seal of. + + Scotland, S.A., Proceedings. + + Scots. + + Scots Peerage, The, (Sir J.B. Paul); + MacWilliam, earl of C. + + Scott, A.B.; + The Pictish Nation and Church. + + Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers, (A.O. Anderson). + + Scottish Charters, Early, (Lawrie). + + Scottish Historical Review. + + Scottish Kings, (Sir A.H. Dunbar). + + Scrabster. + + Scrope; + Days of Deerstalking. + + Shakespeare. + + Shenachu, or Carn Shuin. + + Shaw's Moray. + + Shetland. + + Shetland, Antiquities of, (Gilbert Goudie). + + Ships; + Viking, British, Pictish, Roman; + Pictish coracles. + + Sidera; + Sigurd's Howe. + + Sigrid. + + Sigtrigg Silkbeard, king of Dublin. + + Sigurd Eysteinson, earl, conquered C. and S.; + Odin; + buried. + + Sigurd Hlodverson, jarl; + his conversion; + marriage; + in Darrath-Liod; + his wife, dau. of Malcolm II. + + Sigurd Magnuson; + prince of Orkney. + + Sigurd Marti. + + Sigurd Slembi-diakn. + + Sigurd's Howe, Cyderhall. + + Skaill, Norse skali. + + Skali, Norse farm-house. + + Skardi, a "gap" in place-names. + + Skelbo, (Skail-bo). + + Skelpick, deriv. + + Skene, W.F.; + _Chronicle of the Picts and Scots_, q.v. _Highlanders of_ + _Scotland_, q.v. _Celtic Scotland_, q.v. + + Skidamyre (Skitten in Watten) C. + + Skotlands-fiorthr, or Minch. + + Skuli, duke. + + Skuli Thorfinnson, cr. earl. + + Snaekolf, son of Moldan. + + Snaekoll Gunni's son; + parentage; + sole male representative of Erlend and Moddan lines, claimed earl + Ragnvald's lands from earl John; + heir of Erlend lands in Caith.; + killed earl John; + return to Caith.; + father of Johanna of Strathnaver; + deriv. of name. + + Somarled Sigurdson, earl of Orkney and Caith. + + Somarled the Freeman; + slain in the Isles by Sweyn Asleifarson. + + Somarled of Argyll, in rebellion. + + Sorlinc, or Surclin, castle of; + in William the Wanderer, at Helmsdale, Scir-Illigh. + + Southern Isles. + + Spalding Club. + + Spittal of St. Magnus. + + Spynie, near Elgin; + cathedral. + + Standing Stane, Duffus. + + Stenhouse, Watten. + + Stefansson, Jon. + + Store Point. + + Strabrock, now Uphall and Broxburn. + + Stracathro. + + Strathclyde. + + Stratherne, earls of; + Fereteth, in rebellion; + Malise, m. Matilda dau. of Gibbon; + see also Malise II. + + Strathmore, in Halkirk. + + Strathnaver; + lady Johanna of; + grant of lands for Elgin cathedral; + Johanna's estate. + + Strathnaver valley. + + Strathnavern; + lady; + Moddan lands; + Freskin of Duffus, in. + + Strathyla; + charter. + + String, The; + Orkney. + + Sturlunga Saga, Prolegomena by Vigfusson. + + Sudreys (see also Hebrides and Southern Isles). + + Sutherland (Sudrland); + part of ancient Pictish province of Cait, q.v.; + its boundaries; + outwardly much the same now as in Pictish times; + deer abounded; + Pictish clergy driven from coasts by Norse; + subdued by Thorfinn; + Norse earls; + seized by earl Hakon; + Liot Nidingr; + much owned by Moddan family; + Norse steadily lost hold of; + Celts kept their land; + Norse driven outwards and eastward; + family of Freskyn de Moravia; + Norse occupied fertile parts; + freed from Norse influence in 1266; + inventory of ancient monuments; + writing began in 12th cent.; + Orkneyinga Saga only record before 12th cent.; + earlier notices; + land and people at arrival of Norsemen, all owned by Hugo Freskyn; + earl Harald Slettmali seated in; + seldom visited by earl Paul; + Frakark burnt alive; + Strath Helmsdale; + Sweyn's raid; + earl Ragnvald at his daughter's wedding; + children of Eric Stagbrellir; + William de Sutherlandia; + Mackay settlement; + Innes family; + part of old earldom of Caithness; + granted to Hugo Freskyn; + excluded from grant of half of earldom of Caithness to Harald Ungi; + subdued by king William; + services of Freskyn family; + lordship of Sutherland; + erected into an earldom after 10th Oct. 1237; + escaped attack by king Hakon; + Norse adopted Gaelic language; + Norse place-names; + part settled by Mackays; + Freskyns introduced into; + inhabitants of Gael-Norse blend; + no thanes of Moravia line in; + horns of reindeer or elk found; + see also Orkney and Caithness. + + Sutherland, earls of; + fictitious earls, Alane, Walter and Robert; + Freskyn de Moravia ancestor of; + William Freskyn, first earl; + William (1275), litigation with bishop; + case of Elizabeth, claimant of earldom. + See also Freskyn. + + Sutherland, Genealogie of the Earles of, (Sir R. Gordon); + on Alane, thane of S.; + treated as fiction; + boundaries of Sutherland. + + Sutherland Book; + William MacFrisgyn omitted; + on Johanna of Strathnaver; + references. + + Sutherland and the Reay Country, (A. Gunn). + + Sutherland, Inventory of the Monuments in. + + Sutherland; + duke of. + + Sverrir, king of Norway. + + Sverri's Saga. + + Swart Ironhead. + + Swart Kell, or Cathal Dhu. + + Swelchie (whirl-pool) near Stroma. + + Sweyn; + ancestor of Gunn family; + his son, Andres; + his father, Olaf, burned at Ducansby, his mother, Asleif; + his character; + burned Frakark; + his brother, Gunni; + quarrels with earl Harold; + annual viking cruises and life described; + death at Dublin. + + Sweyn Breast-rope. + + Syre. + + + Tankerness. + + Templar church of Orphir. + + Thanes; + none of Moravia line in Sutherland. + + Thing (parliament), in Caithness. + + Thora, queen of Norway. + + Thora, mother of earl St. Magnus. + + Thorbiorn Klerk, grandson of Frakark; + tutor to earl Harold Maddadson; + m. Ingirid, sister of Sweyn; + his character; + burned Waltheof; + divorces Sweyn's sister; + instigated quarrel between earls in Thurso; + viking raid; + ambushed earl Ragnvald; + burnt alive; + no direct heirs. + + Thorbjorn in Burrafirth, Shetland. + + Thorfinn, son of Harold Maddadson; + in rebellion against Scotland; + promised as hostage to king William. + + Thorfinn, a farmer, C. + + Thorfinn Sigurdson, earl of Orkney and Caith.; + birth; + cr. earl of Caith. and Sutherland; + ancestor of all subsequent Norse earls; + established at Duncansby; + character; + claimed Orkney; + war with Duncan I; + at Deerness; + Turfness; + conquests in Fife; + Ragnvald Brusi-son co-earl; + raids on England; + his wife, Ingibjorg; + "king of Catanesse,"; + claimed two-thirds of Orkney; + sole earl; + visited Rome; + death; + chronology; + his widow m. king Malcolm Canmore; + earl Erlend his grandson's grandson. + + Thorfinn Torf-Einarson Hausa-kliufr (skull-cleaver), earl, m. Grelaud. + + Thorgisl. + + Thorgisl, Saga of. + + Thorir Rognvaldson. + + Thorir Treskegg. + + Thorkel Amundson, or Fostri; + at Sandvik, Deerness, slew Einar; + and Moddan; + and Ragnvald Brusi-son. + + Thorkel, son of Cathal Dhu of C. + + Thorleif, Frakark's sister. + + Thorolf, bishop of Orkney. + + Thorsdale; + valley of Thurso river. + + Thorstan the White. + + Thorstein the Red, seized C. and S.; + father of Groa, who m. Duncan, maormor of Cat. + + Thorstein, son of Hall O' Side. + + Thurso; + the river; + earl Moddan killed at; + Ottar, jarl in; + earl Harold Maddadson seized; + earls Ragnvald and Harold reconciled; + St. Peter's church; + earls' residence. + + Tighernac, The Annals of. + + Torfaeus, _Orcades_, q.v., for transl. see Pope, Alex. + + Torf-Einar Ragnvaldson, earl; + slew Halfdan Halegg. + + Turfness (probably Burghead), Moray; + battle; + Ragnvald Kali went to; + held by Norse. + + Tweed. + + + Ulbster. + + Ulern. + + Ulf the Bad. + + Ulfreksfirth (Larne Bay). + + Ulster. + + Undal, Peter Clauson. + + Unes, or Little Ferry. + + Uphall, History and Antiquities of, (J. Primrose). + + + Valentia. + + Valthiof, brother of Sweyn. + + Varangian Guard. + + Vallich, Loch, or Bealach. + + Vikings; + origin; + settlers as well as raiders; + settlements place-names, including the; + intermarriage, influence; + held and named most of coasts and valleys of Cat and Ross; + survival of place and personal names; + Valhalla influence; + ships; + traders. + + Viking Age, The, (Du Chaillu). + + Viking expeditions. + + Viking Society for Northern Research. Publications: + _Saga-Rook_ (Proceedings), The Round Church and Earl's Bu of Orphir; + _Year-Book_, 150 (ns. 24, 28); + _Old-Lore Miscell. of O.S.C. and S._, q.v.; + _Orkney and Shetland Records_, q.v.; + _Caithness and Sutherland Records_, q.v.; + _Ruins of Saga-Time_, q.v. + + + Wales. + + Walter de Baltroddi, bishop. + + Waltheof, earl. + + Wardships, granted by Crown. + + Wemund (monk). + + Wergeld, for Halfdan; + Olaf Hrolfson. + + Wick; + earl Harald Ungi defeated; + earls' residence. + + Widow. + + Will. Newburgh Chron. + + William the Lion; + charter of Strabrock; + confirmed charter in Sutherland; + service of Wm. Freskyn; + grant to Gaufrid Blundus; + crowned; + first conquest of Caithness, Sutherland granted to Hugo Freskyn; + with army in Ross; + war against Donald Ban MacWilliam; + defeated Thorfinn, Harold's son; + subdued Sutherland and Caithness; + conferred half of earldom of C. on Harald Ungi; + conferred it on Ragnvald Gudrodson; + came to terms with Harald; + war with thanes of Ross; + the dau. of John as hostage; + treaty with John, Caithness; + death. + + William, son of Gillebride, uncle of Magnus II. + + William FitzDuncan, son of Duncan II. + + William the Old, bishop of Orkney; + at Egilsay; + went to the east. + + William the Wanderer, transl. W.G. Collingwood; Thorfinn, "king of + Catanesse,". + + Wolves, in Cat. + + Worsae; + _The Prehistory of the North_. + + Wrath, Cape. + + Wyntoun's Chronicle. + + Wyre, Vigr, now called Veira; + Cobbie Row's Castle. + + + Yell Sound. + + Yorkshire ridings, trithings. + + Yuletide; + feasts. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Sutherland and Caithness in Saga-Time +by James Gray + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUTHERLAND AND CAITHNESS *** + +***** This file should be named 15856-8.txt or 15856-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/8/5/15856/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Alison Hadwin and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/15856-8.zip b/15856-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b88b29b --- /dev/null +++ b/15856-8.zip diff --git a/15856-h.zip b/15856-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9f39a82 --- /dev/null +++ b/15856-h.zip diff --git a/15856-h/15856-h.htm b/15856-h/15856-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b610c68 --- /dev/null +++ b/15856-h/15856-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,25624 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> + <meta name="generator" content= + "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2004), see www.w3.org" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content= + "text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> + + <title>The Project Gutenberg ebook of Sutherland and Caithness in Saga-Time, or, +The Jarls and The Freskyns, by James Gray, M.A. Oxon.</title> +<style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[*/ + + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify;} + blockquote {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center;} + h2 {margin-top: 2em;} + pre {font-size: 0.7em;} + + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.short {text-align: center; width: 20%;} + html>body hr.short {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;} + .author {text-align: right; margin-right: 5%;} + .center {text-align: center;} + .note + {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + + span.pagenum + {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;} + + .poem + {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem p.i2 {margin-left: 1em;} + .poem p.i4 {margin-left: 2em;} + .poem p.i6 {margin-left: 3em;} + .poem p.i8 {margin-left: 4em;} + .poem p.i10 {margin-left: 5em;} + + .figure, .figcenter, .figright, .figleft + {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em;} + .figure img, .figcenter img, .figright img, .figleft img + {border: none;} + .figure p, .figcenter p, .figright p, .figleft p + {margin: 0; text-indent: 1em;} + .figcenter {margin: auto;} + .figright {float: right;} + .figleft {float: left;} + + .footnote {font-size: 0.9em; margin-right: 10%; margin-left: 10%;} + + .side { float:right; + font-size: 75%; + width: 25%; + padding-left:10px; + border-left: dashed thin; + margin-left: 10px; + text-align: left; + text-indent: 0; + font-weight: bold; + font-style: italic;} + --> +/*]]>*/ +</style> +</head> + +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's Sutherland and Caithness in Saga-Time, by James Gray + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Sutherland and Caithness in Saga-Time + or, The Jarls and The Freskyns + +Author: James Gray + +Release Date: May 18, 2005 [EBook #15856] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUTHERLAND AND CAITHNESS *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Alison Hadwin and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + + +</pre> + + <hr class="full" /> + + <h1>SUTHERLAND AND</h1> + + <h1>CAITHNESS IN SAGA-TIME</h1> + + <h4>OR,</h4> + + <h2>THE JARLS AND THE FRESKYNS</h2> + + <h4>BY</h4> + + <h3>JAMES GRAY, M.A. OXON.</h3> + + <h3>EDINBURGH</h3> + + <h3>OLIVER & BOYD.</h3> + + <h3>1922</h3> + + <h4>STROMNESS:</h4> + + <h4>PRINTED BY W.R. RENDALL.</h4> + + <p> </p> + <span class="pagenum"><a name= + "pagevi" id="pagevi"></a>[pg vi]</span> + + <h2>PREFACE.</h2> + + <p>Originally delivered as a Presidential Address to The Viking + Society for Northern Research, the following pages, as amplified + and revised, are published mainly with the object of interesting + Sutherland and Caithness people in the early history of their + native counties, and particularly in the three Sagas which bear + upon it as well as on that of Orkney and Shetland at a time + regarding which Scottish records almost wholly fail us.</p> + + <p>When, however, these records are extant, use has been made of + them together with later books upon them, of which a list + follows, and to which references are given in the notes.</p> + + <p>A special effort has been made to deal with the vexed question + of the succession to the Caithness Earldom after Earl John's + death in 1231, with the pedigree of the first known ancestors of + the House of Sutherland, and with the mystery of the descent of + Lady Johanna of Strathnaver.</p> + + <p>Acknowledgments of assistance received are tendered to the + writers of the books above referred to, but thanks are specially + due to Mr. A.W. JOHNSTON, Founder and Past President of the + Viking Society, for numerous hints, and for making the Index; to + Mr. JON STEFANNSON for reading the manuscript; and to Mr. ALAN O. + ANDERSON, whose knowledge of the English and Scottish Records of + the period is as accurate as it is extensive, and who has made + several valuable suggestions.</p> + + <p>But for the opinions expressed no one save the writer is + responsible, and, where records are scanty, much has necessarily + been left to conjecture.</p> + + <p class="author">J.G.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>53 MONTAGU SQUARE,</p> + + <p class="i4">LONDON, W., 1922.</p> + </div> + <p> </p> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagevii" id= + "pagevii"></a>[pg vii]</span> + + <h2>TABLE OF CONTENTS.</h2> + + <p>LIST OF AUTHORITIES AND BOOKS REFERRED TO <a href= + "#pageix"> ix</a><br /></p> + + <p>CHAPTER I.—INTRODUCTORY <a href="#page1">1</a><br /></p> + + <p>A.D. 82-790—Scope of this + Book—Authorities—Roman times and their + result—Post-Roman days.</p> + + <p>CHAPTER II.—THE PICT AND THE NORTHMAN <a href= + "#page7">7</a><br /></p> + + <p>Geography and description of + Cat—Brochs—Picts—Christianity + —Vikings—Gall-gaels—Gaelic—Land + Settlement—The rise of the Scots.</p> + + <p>CHAPTER III.—THE EARLY NORSE JARLS <a href= + "#page18">18</a><br /></p> + + <p>790-1014—Constantine I and the Northmen—Kenneth + and the Union of the Picts and Scots—Thorstein the Red and + Aud—Groa and Duncan of Duncansby—The Vikings and + Harald Harfagr—Ragnvald of Maeri and Jarl + Sigurd—Cyderhall—Torf-Einar, Thorfinn Hausakliufr, + Skuli and others—War for the Moray seaboard—Jarl + Sigurd Hlodverson—Christianity introduced in + Orkney—Swart Kell—Earl Anlaf—Story of + Barth—Sigurd Hlodverson, + Clontarf—"Darratha-liod"—Resum é.</p> + + <p>CHAPTER IV.—THORFINN, EARL AND JARL <a href= + "#page36">36</a><br /></p> + + <p>1008-1064—King Malcolm's matrimonial + alliances—Victory of Carham—Thorfinn Sigurdson, Earl + of Caithness and Sutherland—His attempts on + Orkney—Somarled, Brusi and Einar—Thorkel Fostri slays + Einar—Moddan created Earl of Caithness and slain by + Thorkel—Battle of Torfness—Death of + Duncan—Thorfinn and Macbeth—Thorfinn and Ragnvald + Brusison—Marriage with Ingibjorg—Battle of + Rautharbiorg—Thorfinn sole Jarl of Orkney and + Shetland—His travels, retirement, and death—His + chronology.</p> + + <p>CHAPTER V.—PAUL AND ERLEND, HAKON AND MAGNUS <a href= + "#page47">47</a><br /></p> + + <p>1058-1123—Paul and Erlend, jarls—Ingibjorg's + marriage with Malcolm III—Its objects—Norman conquest + of England—King Magnus Barelegs—Hakon and Magnus, + jarls—Harold Slettmali and Paul the Silent, + jarls—Ingibiorg and Margret—Moddan in + Dale—Feudalism in Scotland—The Catholic + Church—Alexander I and David I—The three leading + families in Caithness and Sutherland, of the Norse Jarls, Moddan, + and Freskyn de Moravia—The Mackays—The Gunns.</p> + + <p>CHAPTER VI.—THE MODDAN FAMILY, JARLS HARALD AND PAUL AND + RAGNVALD <a href="#page58">58</a><br /></p> + + <p>1123-1158—Harald Slettmali and Paul the + Silent—Frakark and Helga—Harald + poisoned—Frakark in Kildonan—Plot against Jarl + Paul—The Moddan family—Audhild—Eric + Stagbrellir—Ragnvald's history and jarldom—Battle of + Tankerness—Olvir Rosta and Sweyn—Paul + kidnapped—Harold Maddadson—Frakark's + Burning—Thorbiorn Klerk—Ragnvald's cruise to the + East—Erlend Haraldson's grant of half + Caithness—Scramble for the earldom—Ragnvald's + daughter Ingirid's marriage to Eric Stagbrellir—Fight at + Thurso—Erlend and Sweyn—Erlend's + death—Ragnvald's murder—His + descendants.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="pageviii" id= + "pageviii"></a>[pg viii]</span> + + <p>CHAPTER VII.—HAROLD MADDADSON AND THE FRESKYNS <a href= + "#page73">73</a><br /></p> + + <p>1158-1206—Harold sole Jarl and Earl; his first + family—Sweyn's cruises and death in 1171—Harold's + second wife, and family—Eric Stagbrellir's + family—Scottish affairs—Moray and the + MacHeths—Freskyn and Duffus—William + MacFrisgyn—Hugo Freskyn of Sutherland, and his brother, + William of Petty—Hugo's grant to Gilbert, Archdeacon of + Moray—Hugo's family—William <i>dominus + Sutherlandiae</i>—Events in the North in 1153 and + after—William the Lion's accession, 1165—Persons of + note at that date—Those in authority—Harold's + forfeitures—Events leading up to them—Eddirdovir and + Dunskaith—Donald Ban MacWilliam—Defeat of Thorfinn, + Harold's son, and of Harold, 1196—Harald + Ungi—Ragnvald Gudrodson—Victory of + Dalharrold—The Stewards—Death of Thorfinn, Harold's + son—William the Lion in Caithness—Death of Harold + Maddadson, 1206.</p> + + <p>CHAPTER VIII.—JARLS DAVID AND JOHN, FRESKIN II <a href= + "#page93">93</a><br /></p> + + <p>1206-1263—David's eight years, 1206-1214—King + William takes John's daughter as a hostage—Murder of Bishop + Adam, 1222—King Alexander's expedition—John's + forfeiture—Death of John's son, Harald, 1226—Snaekoll + Gunni's son, grandson of Eric Stagbrellir—Murder of Earl + John—Trial at Bergen—Lady Johanna of Strathnaver.</p> + + <p>CHAPTER IX.—THE SUCCESSION TO THE CAITHNESS EARLDOM + <a href="#page102">102</a><br /></p> + + <p>1231-9—Difficulty of the subject—The Angus + pedigree—The Diploma of the Orkney Earls—Magnus II's + charter—The wardship question—Three claimants (1) + Magnus, (2) Johanna of Strathnaver and (3) Earl John's nameless + hostage daughter—Skene's opinion—The Cheynes and + Federeths, descendants of Johanna—Her charitable + gift—Her Moddan and Erlend descent—Magnus II, his + descent and marriage—Freskin de Moravia, his descent, + marriage, life, and death—The settlement of Caithness and + Sutherland—Creation of the Sutherland Earldom between 10th + October 1237 and Magnus' death in 1239—Conclusion.</p> + + <p>CHAPTER X.—KING HAKON'S EXPEDITION AND THE NORTH + <a href="#page119">119</a><br /></p> + + <p>1263-1266—Recapitulation—Norse jarls and the Norse + Crown—Affairs in Sutherland—Battle at + Embo—Dornoch Cathedral and its constitution—The Angus + line and the Freskyns—Hakon's fleet at Ragnvaldsvoe sails + south—Battle of Largs—Hakon's retreat and + death—The mainland of Scotland and the Hebrides won for + Scotland—Treaty of Perth, 1266.</p> + + <p>CHAPTER XI.—RESULTS AND CONCLUSION <a href= + "#page129">129</a><br /></p> + + <p>The creed of the Viking—The causes of his + migration—Odinism—Settlement in the West—Celtic + mothers—Effect on race, language and + place-names—Viking remains—Skaill, + Dunrobin—Castles—The Viking type of man—The + blended race—Norman influence.</p> + + <p>NOTES. <a href="#page141">141</a><br /></p> + + <p>APPENDIX.—EARLY PEDIGREE OF THE FRESKYN FAMILY <a href= + "#page163">163</a><br /></p> + + <p>INDEX <a href="#page165">165</a><br /></p> + <p> </p> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="pageix" id="pageix"></a>[pg ix]</span> + + <h2>LIST OF AUTHORITIES AND BOOKS REFERRED TO.<a id= + "footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href= + "#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a></h2> + + <p>Anderson, Dr. Joseph. Rhind Lectures, "Scotland in Pagan + Times." Edinburgh, 1883 and 1886.</p> + + <p>Antiquaries. Proceedings of The Society of Scottish.</p> + + <p>Bain. Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland in Record + Office.</p> + + <p>Bannatyne Club—Publications of.</p> + + <p>Barry, History of Orkney. Edinburgh, Constable, 1805.</p> + + <p>Broxburn. (Strabrock.) History and Antiquities of Uphall, by + Rev. James Primrose. Edinburgh, Andrew Elliott, 1898.</p> + + <p>Burnt Njal. Dasent's Translation. (B.N.)<a id="footnotetag2" + name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> + Edinburgh, Edmonston & Douglas, 1861.</p> + + <p>Caithness Family History, by John Henderson. Edinburgh, David + Douglas, 1884.</p> + + <p>Caithness, The County of—by John Home. Wick, W. Rae, + 1907.</p> + + <p>Calder's History of Caithness. Glasgow, Thomas Murray & + Son, 1861.</p> + + <p>Cat, History of the Province of—by Rev. Angus Mackay. + Wick, Peter Reid & Co., Ltd., 1914.</p> + + <p>Chalmers. Caledonia.</p> + + <p>Chroniques Anglo-Normandes. Francisque Michel. Rouen, Ed. + Frere, 1836.</p> + + <p>Corpus Poeticum Boreale. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1883.</p> + + <p>Curie. Monuments of Caithness. Royal Commission's Report, + 1911.</p> + + <p>Curie. Monuments of Sutherland. Royal Commission's Report, + 1912.</p> + + <p>Dalrymple's Collections, (1705).</p> + + <p>Diploma of the Earls of Orkney.</p><span class= + "pagenum"><a name="pagex" id="pagex"></a>[pg x]</span> + + <p>Du Chaillu. The Viking Age. John Murray, 1889.</p> + + <p>Dunfermelyn, Register of. (Bannatyne Club.)</p> + + <p>Early Scottish Kings, by E. William Robertson, 1862.</p> + + <p>Eric the Red—Saga of.</p> + + <p>Flatey Book (Flateyjarbok). Christiania, Mailings, 1860. + (F.B.)</p> + + <p>Fordun. Scottish Annals. Edited by W.F. Skene. Edinburgh, + Edmonston & Douglas, 1871.</p> + + <p>Genealogie of the Earles of Southerland, by Sir Robert Gordon, + Bart. Edinburgh, A. Constable, 1813.</p> + + <p>Hailes (Lord) Additional Case of Elizabeth, Claimant of the + Earldom of Sutherland and Annals of Scotland, (Dalrymple's Works, + vol. 4).</p> + + <p>Hakon Saga. Dasent's Translation, Rolls Edition, 1894. + (H.S.)</p> + + <p>Henderson, George—Norse Influence on Celtic Scotland. + Glasgow, Maclehose, 1910.</p> + + <p>Henderson, George—Survivals in Belief among the Celts. + Glasgow, Maclehose, 1911.</p> + + <p>Hume Brown. History of Scotland. (H.B.)</p> + + <p>Innes, Familie of. (Spalding Club).</p> + + <p>Laing and Huxley. Prehistoric Remains of Caithness. Williams, + & Norgate, 1866.</p> + + <p>Lawrie, Early Scottish Charters. Glasgow, Maclehose, 1905.</p> + + <p>Lawrie, Annals of the Reigns of Malcolm and William, + 1153-1214. Glasgow, Maclehose, 1910.</p> + + <p>Liber Pluscardensis. Edited by Felix J.H. Skene. Edinburgh, + William Paterson, 1877.</p> + + <p>Mackay, Rev. Angus. Book of Mackay. Edinburgh, Norman Macleod, + 1906.</p> + + <p>Magnus Saga (in Rolls Edition of Dasent's Translation of + Orkneyinga Saga).</p> + + <p>Maxwell, Sir Herbert, Early Chronicles relating to Scotland. + Glasgow, Maclehose, 1912.</p> + + <p>Moray—Registrum Episcopatus Moraviensis (Bannatyne Club) + (Reg. Morav.)</p> + + <p>Moray—Shaw's History of.</p> + + <p>Munch's Symbolae or Notes to the Diploma of the Orkney + Earls.</p> + + <p>Munro, Dr. Robert. Prehistoric Scotland.</p> + + <p>Nisbet's Heraldry.</p> + + <p>Orcades, by Thormodus Torfaeus. Copenhagen, + 1715.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexi" id= + "pagexi"></a>[pg xi]</span> + + <p>Orcades, (Torfaeus) Translation by the Rev. A. Pope. Wick, + Peter Reid, 1866.</p> + + <p>Origines Islandicae. Vigfusson & York Powell. Oxford, + Clarendon Press, 1905.</p> + + <p>Origines Parochiales Scotiae. Vol. ii, part ii. Edinburgh, + W.H. Lizars, 1855. (O.P.)</p> + + <p>Orkney and Shetland, by John R. Tudor. London, Edward + Stanford, 1883. (O. &. S.)</p> + + <p>Orkney and Shetland Folk, by A.W. Johnston. Viking Society, + 1914.</p> + + <p>Orkneyinga Saga. Dasent's Translation, Rolls Edition. + (O.S.)</p> + + <p>Orkneyinga Saga. Anderson, and Hjaltalin and Goudie's + Translation. Edinburgh, Edmonston & Douglas, 1873.</p> + + <p>Oxford Essays, 1858. (Dasent's Essay). London, John W. Parker + & Son, 1858.</p> + + <p>Pinkerton's History of Scotland preceding Malcolm III. + Edinburgh, Bell & Bradfute, 1814.</p> + + <p>Rhys' Celtic Britain. London, S.P.C.K., 1908.</p> + + <p>Robertson's Index. Edinburgh, Murray and Cochrane, 1798.</p> + + <p>Rymer. Foedera.</p> + + <p>Saint-Clair. Roland William. The Saint-Clairs of the Isles. + Auckland, H. Brett, 1898.</p> + + <p>Scandinavian Britain, by W.G. Collingwood. London, S.P.C.K., + 1908.</p> + + <p>Scon. Liber Ecclesiae de.</p> + + <p>Scott, Rev. Archibald—The Pictish Nation, its people and + Church. Edinburgh and London, Foulis Press, 1918.</p> + + <p>Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers, Alan O. Anderson. + London, David Nutt, 1908.</p> + + <p>Scottish Kings. Sir Archibald Dunbar, Bart. Edinburgh, David + Douglas, 1906.</p> + + <p>Scottish Peerages. Paul and Cokayne (Gibbs).</p> + + <p>Skene, W.F. Celtic Scotland. Edinburgh, Edmonston & + Douglas, 1878.</p> + + <p>Skene, W.F. Chronicles of the Picts and Scots. Edinburgh, H.M. + General Register House, 1867.</p> + + <p>Sutherland Book, by Sir William Fraser. Edinburgh, + 1892.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexii" id= + "pagexii"></a>[pg xii]</span> + + <p>Sutherland and the Reay Country, by the Rev. Adam Gunn. + Glasgow, John Mackay, Celtic Monthly Office, 1897.</p> + + <p>Sverri's Saga. Translation by J. Sephton. London, David Nutt, + 1899.</p> + + <p>Tacitus—Agricola.</p> + + <p>Thorgisl's Saga in Origines Islandicae (as above).</p> + + <p>Viking Club. Caithness and Sutherland Records. London, 29 + Ashburnham Mansions, Chelsea</p> + + <p>Viking Club. Old Lore Miscellany. London, 29 Ashburnham + Mansions, Chelsea</p> + + <p>Viking Society. Saga Books, &c. London, 29 Ashburnham + Mansions, Chelsea</p> + + <p>William the Wanderer, by W.G. Collingwood. G.C. Brown Langham + & Co., 47 Great Russell Street, London, W.C., 1904.</p> + + <p>Worsaae. Danes and Norwegians. London, John Murray, 1852.</p> + + <p>Worsaae. The Prehistory of the North. London, + Tr übner, 1886.</p> + + <p>Wyntoun's Chronicle. Edinburgh, Edmonston & Douglas, + 1872.</p> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a> + + <p>An excellent Bibliography of Caithness, by Mr. John Mowat, + was published by W. Rae, Wick, in 1909, and of Caithness and + Sutherland by The Viking Club, 1910, by the same author.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a> + + <p>The Capitals and abbreviations placed in brackets after + certain authorities, give their initial letters and short + titles, (e.g. (O.S.) Orkneyinga Saga), as used in the notes at + the end of this volume.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286, by Alan + O. Anderson. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh.</p> + + <p>NOTE.—Since this little book was printed, the above + great work has appeared. To the student of the Norse invasions + its value is inestimable.</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p><i>[Transcriber's note: The following errata have been applied + to the text.]</i></p> + + <p class="center"><i>ERRATA.</i></p> + + <p>Page 1, line 13, for "they" read "Man."<br /> + + " 28, line 9, for "or" read "of."<br /> + + " 40, line 23, for "Kundason" read "Hundason."<br /> + + " 42, line 24, after "note" reference 14 omitted.<br /> + + " 50, line 17, for "mainland of" read "Unst in."<br /> + + " 65, line 35, for "burnings" read "revenges."<br /> + + " 65, line 37, for "burnt" read "killed."<br /> + + " 87, line 18, for "Earl Ragnvald" read "Jarl + Ragnvald."<br /> + + " 104, lines 4 and 5, for "Magnus' great-grandson's + granddaughter's husband" read "Magnus' granddaughter's + great-grandson."<br /> + + " 117, line 16, omit "a child of."</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <div class="figcenter" style="width:470px;"> + <a href="images/map1.jpg"><img width="470" src= + "images/mapthumb.jpg" alt="MAP OF SUTHERLAND AND CAITHNESS" /></a> + + <h3>MAP OF SUTHERLAND AND CAITHNESS<i>[Originally a fold-out + map]</i></h3> + + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page1" id="page1"></a>[pg + 1]</span> + + <h1>SUTHERLAND AND CAITHNESS</h1> + + <h1>IN SAGA-TIME</h1> + + <h4>OR,</h4> + + <h1>THE JARLS AND THE FRESKYNS.</h1> + <hr class="short" /> + <h2>CHAPTER I.</h2> + + <h3>Introductory.</h3> + + <p>In the following pages an attempt is made to fit together + facts derived, on the one hand, from those portions of the + Orkneyinga, St. Magnus and Hakonar Sagas which relate to the + extreme north end of the mainland of Scotland, and, on the other + hand, from such scanty English and Scottish records, bearing on + its history, as have survived, so as to form a connected account, + from the Scottish point of view, of the Norse occupation of most + of the more fertile parts of Sutherland and Caithness from its + beginning about 870 until its close, when these counties were + freed from Norse influence, and Man and the Hebrides were + incorporated in the kingdom of Scotland by treaty with Norway in + 1266.</p> + + <p>References to the authorities mentioned above and to later + works bearing on the subject have been inserted in the hope that + others, more leisured and more competent, may supplement them by + further research, and convert those portions of the narrative + which are at present largely conjectural from story into + history.</p> + + <p>What manner of men the prehistoric races which in early ages + successively inhabited the northern end of the Scottish mainland + may have been, we can now hardly imagine. Dr. Joseph Anderson's + classical volumes<a id="footnotetag3" name= + "footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>1</sup></a> on + <i>Scotland in Pagan Times</i> tell us something, indeed all that + can now be known, of some of <span class="pagenum"><a name= + "page2" id="page2"></a>[pg 2]</span> them, and in the Royal + Commission's<a id="footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href= + "#footnote4"><sup>2</sup></a> <i>Reports and Inventories of the + Early Monuments</i> of Sutherland and of Caithness respectively, + Mr. Curle has classified their visible remains, and may, let us + hope, with the aid of legislation, save those relics from the + roadmaker or dykebuilder. Lastly, such superstitions, or + survivals of beliefs, as remain in the north of Scotland from + early days have been collected, arranged, and explained by the + late Mr. George Henderson in an able book on that subject.<a id= + "footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a href= + "#footnote5"><sup>3</sup></a> Enquiries such as these, however, + belong to the provinces of archæology and + folk-psychology, and not to that of history, still less to that + of contemporary history, which began in the north, as elsewhere, + with oral tradition, handed down at first by men of recording + memories, and then committed to writing, and afterwards to print; + and both in Norway and Iceland on the one hand, and in the + Highlands on the other such men were by no means rare, and were + deservedly held in the highest honour.</p> + + <p>Writing arrived in Sutherland and Caithness very late, and was + not even then a common indigenous product. Clerks, or scholars + who could read and write, were at first very few, and in the + north of Scotland hardly any such were known before the twelfth + century of our era, save perhaps in the Pictish and Columban + settlements of hermits and missionaries. Of their writings, if + they ever existed, little or nothing of historical value is + extant at the present time. But the <i>Orkneyinga, St. + Magnus</i>, and <i>Hakon's Sagas</i>, when they take up their + story, present us with a graphic and human and consecutive + account of much which would otherwise have remained unknown, and + their story, though tinged here and there with romance through + the writers' desire for dramatic effect, is, so far as the main + facts go, singularly faithful and accurate, when it can be tested + by contemporary chronicles.</p> + + <p>Until the twelfth or the thirteenth century, save for + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page3" id="page3"></a>[pg + 3]</span> these Sagas, we learn hardly anything of Sutherland, + or, indeed, of the extreme north of Scotland from any record + written either by anyone living there or by anyone with local + knowledge, and for facts before those given in the <i>Orkneyinga + Saga</i> we have to cast about among historians of the Roman + Empire and amongst early Greek geographers, or later + ecclesiastical writers, to find nothing save a few names of + places and some scattered references to vanished races, tongues + and Churches. For information about the Picts we have at first to + rely on the researches of some of our trustworthy + archæologists, and at a later date on the annals, + largely Irish, collected by the late Mr. Skene in his + <i>Chronicles of the Picts and Scots</i>, and in the works of Mr. + Ritson, into which it is no part of our purpose to enter in + detail. All the authorities for early Scottish history have been + ably dealt with by Sir Herbert Maxwell in his book on the + <i>Early Chronicles Relating to Scotland</i>, reproducing the + Rhind lectures delivered by him in 1912. At the end of our period + reliable references to charters from the twelfth century onwards + will be found in <i>Origines Parochiales Scotiae</i>, and + especially in the second part of the second volume of that + valuable work of monumental research, produced, under the late + Mr. Cosmo Innes, by Mr. James Brichan, and presented to the + Bannatyne Club by the second Duke of Sutherland and the late Sir + David Dundas. There are also the reprints, often with elaborate + notes, of Scottish Charters by Sir Archibald C. Lawrie, The + Bannatyne Club, The Spalding Club, The Viking Society, Mr. Alan + O. Anderson, and others. The first volume of the Orkney and + Shetland Records published by the Viking Society is prefaced by + an able introduction of great interest.</p> + + <p>By way of introduction to Norse times, we may attempt to state + very shortly some of the leading events in Caledonia in Roman, + Pictish, and Scottish times <span class="pagenum"><a name="page4" + id="page4"></a>[pg 4]</span> from near the end of the first + century to the beginning of the tenth, so far as they bear on the + agencies at work there in Norse times.</p> + + <p>The first four of the nine centuries above referred to had + seen the Romans under Agricola<a id="footnotetag6" name= + "footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>4</sup></a> in 80 to + 84 A.D. attempt, and fail, to conquer the Caledonians or men of + the woods,<a id="footnotetag7" name="footnotetag7"></a><a href= + "#footnote7"><sup>5</sup></a> whose home, as their name implies, + was the great woodland region of the Mounth or Grampians. Those + centuries had also seen the building of the wall of Hadrian + between the Tyne and Solway in the year 120, the campaigns of + Lollius Urbicus in 140 A.D. and the erection between the Firths + of Forth and Clyde of the earthen rampart of Antonine on stone + foundations, which was held by Rome for about fifty years. + Seventy years later, in the year 210, fifty thousand Roman + legionaries had perished in the Caledonian campaigns of the Roman + Emperor Severus, and over a century and a half later, in 368, + there had followed the second conquest of the Roman province of + Valentia which comprised the Lothians and Galloway in the south, + by Theodosius. Lastly, the final retirement of the Romans from + Scotland, and indeed from Britain, took place, on the destruction + of the Roman Empire in spite of Stilicho's noble defence, by + Alaric and the Visigoths, in 410.</p> + + <p>From the Roman wars and occupation two main results followed. + The various Caledonian tribes inhabiting the land had then + probably for the first time joined forces to fight a common foe, + and in fighting him had become for that purpose temporarily + united. Again, possibly as part of the high Roman policy of + Stilicho, St. Ninian had in the beginning of the fifth century + introduced into Galloway and also into the regions north of the + Wall of Antonine the first teachers of Christianity, a religion + which, however, was for some time longer to remain unknown to the + Picts generally in the north. But, as Professor Hume Brown also + tells <span class="pagenum"><a name="page5" id="page5"></a>[pg + 5]</span> us in the first of the three entrancing volumes of his + History, "In Scotland, if we may judge from the meagre accounts + that have come down to us, the Roman dominion hardly passed the + stage of a military occupation, held by an intermittent and + precarious tenure." What concerns dwellers in the extreme north + is that although the Romans went into Perthshire and may have + temporarily penetrated even into Moray, they certainly never + occupied any part of Sutherland or Caithness, though their + tablets of brass, probably as part of the currency used in trade, + have been found in a Sutherland Pictish tower or broch,<a id= + "footnotetag9" name="footnotetag9"></a><a href= + "#footnote9"><sup>7</sup></a> a fact which goes far to prove that + the brochs, with which we shall deal later on, existed in Roman + times.<a id="footnotetag10" name="footnotetag10"></a><a href= + "#footnote10"><sup>8</sup></a></p> + + <p>As the Romans never occupied Sutherland or Caithness or even + came near their borders, their inhabitants were never disarmed or + prevented from the practice of war, and thus enfeebled like the + more southerly Britons.</p> + + <p>After the departure, in 410, of the Romans, St. Ninian sent + his missionaries over Pictland, but darkness broods over its + history thenceforward for a hundred and fifty years. Picts, Scots + of Ireland, Angles and Saxons swarmed southwards, eastwards, and + westwards respectively into England, and ruined Romano-British + civilisation, which the Britons, unskilled in arms, were + powerless to defend, as the lamentations of Gildas abundantly + attest.</p> + + <p>In 563 Columba, the Irish soldier prince and missionary, whose + Life by Adamnan still survives,<a id="footnotetag11" name= + "footnotetag11"></a><a href="#footnote11"><sup>9</sup></a> landed + in Argyll from Ulster, introduced another form of Christian + worship, also, like the Pictish, "without reference to the Church + of Rome," and from his base in Iona not only preached and sent + preachers to the north-western and northern Picts, but in some + measure brought among them the higher civilisation then + prevailing in Ireland. About the same time Kentigern, or St. + Mungo, a Briton of Wales, carried on missionary <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page6" id="page6"></a>[pg 6]</span> work in + Strathclyde and in Pictland, and even, it is said, sent preachers + to Orkney.</p> + + <p>In the beginning of the seventh century King Aethelfrith of + Northumbria had cut the people of the Britons, who held the whole + of west Britain from Devon to the Clyde, into two, the northern + portion becoming the Britons of Strathclyde; and the same king + defeated Aidan, king of the Scots of Argyll, at Degsastan near + Jedburgh, though Aidan survived, and, with the help of Columba, + re-established the power of the Scots in Argyll.</p> + + <p>About the year 664, the wars in the south with Northumbria + resulted in the introduction by its king Oswy into south Pictland + of the Catholic instead of the Columban Church, a change which + Nechtan, king of the Southern Picts, afterwards confirmed, and + which long afterwards led to the abandonment throughout Scotland + of the Pictish and Columban systems, and to the adoption in their + place of the wider and broader culture, and the politically + superior organisation and stricter discipline of the Catholic + Church, as new bishoprics were gradually founded throughout + Scotland by its successive kings.<a id="footnotetag12" name= + "footnotetag12"></a><a href="#footnote12"><sup>10</sup></a></p> + + <p>Meantime, during the centuries which elapsed before the + Catholic Church reached the extreme north of Scotland, the + Pictish and Columban churches held the field, as rivals, there, + and probably never wholly perished in Norse times even in + Caithness and Sutherland.</p> + + <p>During these centuries there were constant wars among the + Picts themselves, and later between them and the Scots, + resulting, generally, in the Picts being driven eastward and + northward from the south centre of Alban, which the Scots seized, + into the Grampian hills.</p> + + <p>After this very brief statement of previous history we may now + attempt to give some description of the land and the people of + Caithness and Sutherland as the Northmen found them in the ninth + century.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page7" id= + "page7"></a>[pg 7]</span> + + <h2>CHAPTER II.</h2> + + <h3>The Pict and the Northman.</h3> + + <p>The present counties of Caithness and Sutherland A together + made up the old Province of Cait or Cat, so called after the name + of one of the seven legendary sons of <i>Cruithne</i>, the + eponymous hero who represented the Picts of Alban, as the whole + mainland north of the Forth was then called, and whose seven + sons' names were said to stand for its seven main + divisions,<a id="footnotetag13" name="footnotetag13"></a><a href= + "#footnote13"><sup>1</sup></a> <i>Cait</i> for Caithness and + Sutherland, <i>Ce</i> for Keith or Mar, <i>Cirig</i> for + Magh-Circinn or Mearns, <i>Fib</i> for Fife, <i>Fidach</i> + (Woody) for Moray, <i>Fotla</i> for Ath-Fodla or Athol, and + <i>Fortrenn</i> for Menteith.</p> + + <p>Immediately to the south of Cat lay the great province of + Moray including Ross, and, in the extreme west, a part of north + Argyll; and the boundary between Cat and Ross was approximately + the tidal River Oykel, called by the Norse Ekkjal, the northern + and perhaps also the southern bank of which probably formed the + ranges of hills known in the time of the earliest Norse jarls as + Ekkjals-bakki. Everywhere else Cat was bounded by the open sea, + of which the Norse soon became masters, namely on the west by the + Minch, on the north by the North Atlantic and Pentland Firth, and + on the east and south by the North Sea; and the great valley of + the Oykel and the Dornoch Firth made Cat almost into an + island.</p> + + <p>Like Cæsar's Gaul, Cat was "divided into three + parts"; first, <i>Ness</i>, which was co-extensive with the + modern county of Caithness, a treeless land, excellent in crops + and highly cultivated in the north-east, but elsewhere mainly + made up of peat mosses, flagstones and flatness, save in its + western and south-western borderland of hills; secondly, to the + west of Ness, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page8" id="page8"> + </a>[pg 8]</span> <i>Strathnavern</i>, a land of dales + and hills, and, especially in its western parts, of peaks; and, + thirdly, to the south of Strathnavern, <i>Sudrland</i>, or the + Southland, a riviera of pastoral links and fertile ploughland, + sheltered on the north by its own forests and hills, and sloping, + throughout its whole length from the Oykel to the Ord of + Caithness, towards the <i>Breithisjorthr</i>, Broadfjord, or + Moray Firth, its southern sea.<a id="footnotetag14" name= + "footnotetag14"></a><a href="#footnote14"><sup>2</sup></a></p> + + <p>Save in north-east Ness, and in favoured spots elsewhere, also + below the 500 feet level, the land of Cat was a land of heath and + woods<a id="footnotetag15" name="footnotetag15"></a><a href= + "#footnote15"><sup>3</sup></a> and rocks, studded, especially in + the west, with lochs abounding in trout, a vast area of rolling + moors, intersected by spacious straths, each with its salmon + river, a land of solitary silences, where red deer and elk + abounded, and in which the wild boar and wolf ranged freely, the + last wolf being killed in Glen Loth within twelve miles of + Dunrobin at a date between 1690 and 1700.<a id="footnotetag16" + name="footnotetag16"></a><a href="#footnote16"><sup>4</sup></a> + No race of hunters or fishermen ever surpassed the Picts in their + craft as such.</p> + + <p>The land, especially Sutherland, is still a happy + hunting-ground not only for the sportsman but also for the + antiquary. For the modern County of Sutherland is outwardly much + the same now as it was in Pictish times, save for road and rail, + two castles, and a sprinkling of shooting lodges, inns, and good + cottages, which, however, in so vast a territory are, as the + Irishman put it, "mere fleabites on the ocean." Much of the west + of the land of Cat was scarcely inhabited at all in Pictish or + Viking days, because as is clearly the case in the Kerrow-Garrow + or Rough Quarter of Eddrachilles, it would not carry one sheep or + feed one human being per hundred acres in many parts. The rest of + it also remains practically unchanged in appearance from the + earliest days till the present time, as it has been little + disturbed by the plough save in the north-east of Ness and at + Lairg and Kinbrace, and in its lower levels along <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page9" id="page9"></a>[pg 9]</span> the coast. + But Loch Fleet no longer reaches to Pittentrail, and the crooked + bay at Crakaig has been drained and the Water of Loth sent + straight to the sea.</p> + + <p>The only buildings or structures existing in Cat in Pictish + and early Norse times were a few vitrified forts, some + underground erde-houses, hut-circles innumerable, and perhaps a + hundred and fifty brochs, or Pictish towers as they are popularly + called, which had been erected at various dates from the first + century onwards, long before the advent of the Norse Vikings is + on record, as defences against wolves and raiders both by land + and sea, and especially by sea. Notwithstanding agricultural + operations, foundations of 145 brochs can still be traced in Ness + and 67 in Strathnavern and Sudrland, but they were not all in use + at the same time, and they are mostly on sites taken over later + on by the Norse,<a id="footnotetag17" name= + "footnotetag17"></a><a href="#footnote17"><sup>5</sup></a> + because they were already cultivated and agriculturally the + best.</p> + + <p>A well-known authority on such subjects, the late Dr. Munro, + in his <i>Prehistoric Scotland</i> p. 389 writes of the brochs as + follows:—"Some four hundred might have been seen + conspicuously dotting the more fertile lands along the shores and + straths of the counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross, + Inverness, Argyll, the islands of Orkney, Shetland, Bute, and + some of the Hebrides. Two are found in Forfarshire, and one each + in the counties of Perth, Stirling, Midlothian, Selkirk and + Berwick."</p> + + <p>If one may venture to hazard a conjecture as to their date, + they probably came into general use in these parts of Caledonia + as nearly as possible contemporaneously with the date of the + Roman occupation of South Britain, which they outlasted for many + centuries. But their erection was not due to the fear of attack + by the armies of Rome. For their remains are found where the + Romans never came, and where the Romans came almost none are + found. Their construction is more probably <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page10" id="page10"></a>[pg 10]</span> to be + ascribed to very early unrecorded maritime raids of pirates of + unknown race both on regions far north of the eastern coast + protected later by the Count of the Saxon shore, and on the + northern and western islands and coasts, where also many ruins of + them survive.</p> + + <p>In Cat dwelt the Pecht or Pict, the Brugaidh or farmer in his + dun or broch, erected always on or near well selected fertile + land on the seaboard, on the sides of straths, or on the shores + of lochs, or less frequently on islands near their shores and + then approached by causeways;<a id="footnotetag18" name= + "footnotetag18"></a><a href="#footnote18"><sup>6</sup></a> and + the rest of the people lived in huts whose circular foundations + still remain, and are found in large numbers at much higher + elevations than the sites of any brochs. The brochs near the + sea-coast were often so placed as to communicate with each other + for long distances up the valleys, by signal by day, and beacon + fire at night, and so far as they are traceable, the positions of + most of them in Sutherland and Caithness are indicated on the map + by circles.</p> + + <p>Built invariably solely of stone and without mortar, in form + the brochs were circular, and have been described as truncated + cones with the apex cut off,<a id="footnotetag19" name= + "footnotetag19"></a><a href="#footnote19"><sup>7</sup></a> and + their general plan and elevation were everywhere almost uniform. + The ground floor was solid masonry, but contained small chambers + in its thickness of about 15 feet. Above the ground floor the + broch consisted of two concentric walls about three feet apart, + the whole rising to a height in the larger towers of 45 feet or + more, with slabs of stone laid horizontally across the gap + between and within the two walls, at intervals of, say, five or + six feet up to the top, and thus forming a series of galleries + inside the concentric walls, in which large numbers of human + beings could be temporarily sheltered and supplies in great + quantities could be stored for a siege. These galleries were + approached from within the broch by a staircase which rose from + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page11" id="page11"></a>[pg + 11]</span> the court and passed round between the two concentric + walls above the ground floor, till it reached their highest + point, and probably ended immediately above the only entrance, + the outside of which was thus peculiarly exposed to missiles from + the end of the staircase at the top of the broch. The only + aperture in the outer wall was the entrance from the outside, + about 5 feet high by 3 feet wide, fitted with a stone door, and + protected by guard-chambers immediately within it, and it + afforded the sole means of ingress to and egress from the + interior court, for man and beast and goods and chattels alike. + The circular court, which was formed inside, varied from 20 to 36 + feet in diameter, and was not roofed over; and the galleries and + stairs were lighted only by slits, all looking into the court, in + which, being without a roof, fires could be lit. In some few + there were wells, but water-supply, save when the broch was in a + loch, must have been a difficulty in most cases during a + prolonged siege.</p> + + <p>In these brochs the farmer lived, and his women-kind span and + wove and plied their querns or hand-mills, and, in raids, they + shut themselves up, and possibly some of their poorer neighbours + took refuge in the brochs, deserting their huts and crowding into + the broch; but of this practice there is no evidence, and the + nearest hut-circles are often far from the remains of any + broch.</p> + + <p>For defence the broch was as nearly as possible perfect + against any engines or weapons then available for attacking it; + and we may note that it existed in Scotland and mainly in the + north and west of it, and nowhere else in the world.<a id= + "footnotetag20" name="footnotetag20"></a><a href= + "#footnote20"><sup>8</sup></a> It was a roofless block-house, + aptly described by Dr. Joseph Anderson as a "safe." It could not + be battered down or set on fire, and if an enemy got inside it, + he would find himself in a sort of trap surrounded by the + defenders of the broch, and a mark for their missiles. The broch, + too, was quite <span class="pagenum"><a name="page12" id= + "page12"></a>[pg 12]</span> distinct from the lofty, narrow + ecclesiastical round tower, of which examples still are found in + Ireland, and in Scotland at Brechin and Abernethy.</p> + + <p>To resist invasion the Picts would be armed with spears, short + swords and dirks, but, save perhaps a targe, were without + defensive body armour, which they scorned to use in battle, + preferring to fight stripped. They belonged to septs and clans, + and each sept would have its Maor, and each clan or province its + Maormor<a id="footnotetag21" name="footnotetag21"></a><a href= + "#footnote21"><sup>9</sup></a> or big chief, succession being + derived through females, a custom which no doubt originated in + remote pre-Christian ages when the paternity of children was + uncertain.</p> + + <p>Being Celts, the Picts would shun the open sea. They feared + it, for they had no chance on it, as their vessels were often + merely hides stretched on wattles, resembling enlarged coracles. + Yet with such rude ships as they had, they reached Orkney, + Shetland, the Faroes and Iceland as hermits or + missionaries.<a id="footnotetag22" name= + "footnotetag22"></a><a href="#footnote22"><sup>10</sup></a> In + Norse times they never had the mastery of the sea, and the + Pictish navy is a myth of earlier days.<a id="footnotetag23" + name="footnotetag23"></a><a href= + "#footnote23"><sup>11</sup></a></p> + + <p>Lastly, as we have seen, the Picts of Cat had never been + conquered, nor had their land ever been occupied by the legions + of Rome, which had stopped at the furthest in Moray; and the sole + traces of Rome in Cat are, as stated, two plates of hammered + brass found in a Sutherland broch, and some Samian ware. Further, + Christian though he had been long before Viking times, the Pict + of Cat derived his Christianity at first and chiefly from the + Pictish missions, and later from the Columban Church, both + without reference to Papal Rome; and his missionaries not only + settled on islands off his coasts, but later on worshipped in his + small churches on the mainland; and many a Pictish saint of holy + life was held in reverence there.</p> + + <p>About the eighth century and probably earlier, immigrants from + the southern shores of the Baltic pressed <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page13" id="page13"></a>[pg 13]</span> the + Norse westwards in Norway, and later on over-population in the + sterile lands which lie along Norway's western shores, drove its + inhabitants forth from its western fjords north of Stavanger and + from The Vik or great bay of the Christiania Fjord, whence they + may have derived their name of Vikings, across the North Sea to + the opposite coasts of Shetland, Orkney and Cat, where they found + oxen and sheep to slaughter on the nesses or headlands, and + stores of grain, and some silver and even gold in the shrines and + on the persons of those whom they attacked, and in still later + days they sought new lands over the sea and permanent + settlements, where they would have no scat to pay to any overlord + or feudal superior.</p> + + <p>When the Vikings landed, superior discipline, instilled into + them by their training on board ship, superior arms, the long + two-handed sword and the spear and battle-axe and their deadly + bows and arrows, and superior defensive armour, the long shield, + the helmet and chain-mail, would make them more than a match for + their adversaries.<a id="footnotetag24" name= + "footnotetag24"></a><a href="#footnote24"><sup>12</sup></a> Above + all, the greater ferocity of these Northmen, ruthlessly directed + to its object by brains of the highest order, would render the + Pictish farmer, who had wife and children, and home and cattle + and crops to save, an easy prey to the Viking warrior bands, and + the security of his broch would of itself tend to a passive and + inactive, rather than an offensive, and therefore successful + defence.</p> + + <p>After long continued raids, the Vikings no doubt saw that much + of the land along the shore was fair and fertile compared with + their own, and finally they came not merely to plunder and + depart, but to settle and stay. When they did so, they came in + large numbers and with organised forces<a id="footnotetag25" + name="footnotetag25"></a><a href="#footnote25"><sup>13</sup></a> + and carefully prepared plans of campaign, and with great reserves + of weapons on board their ships; and having the ocean as their + highway, they could select their points of attack. They + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page14" id="page14"></a>[pg + 14]</span> then, as we know from the localities which bear their + place-names, cleared out the Pict from most of his brochs and + from the best land in Cat, shown on the map by dark green colour, + that is, from all cultivated land below the 500 feet level save + the upper parts of the valleys; or they slew or enslaved the Pict + who remained. Lastly, on settling, they would seize his + women-kind and wed them; for the women of their own race were not + allowed on Viking ships, and were probably less amenable and less + charming to boot. But the Pictish women thus seized had their + revenge. The darker race prevailed, and, the supply of fathers of + pure Norse blood being renewed only at intervals, the children of + such unions soon came to be mainly of Celtic strain, and their + mothers doubtless taught them to speak the Gaelic, which had then + for at least a century superseded the Pictish tongue. The result + was a mixed race of Gall-gaels or Gaelic strangers, far more + Celtic than Norse, who soon spoke chiefly Gaelic, save in + north-east Ness. Their Gaelic, too, like the English of Shetland + at the present time, would not only be full of old Norse words, + especially for things relating to the sea, but be spoken with a + slight foreign accent. How numerous those foreign words still are + in Sutherland Gaelic, the late Mr. George Henderson has ably and + elaborately proved in his scholarly book on "Norse Influence on + Celtic Scotland." We find traces of Norse words and the Norse + accent and inflexions also on the Moray seaboard, on which the + Norse gained a hold. The same would be true of the people on the + western lands and islands of the Hebrides.</p> + + <p>As time went on, the Gaelic strain predominated more and more, + especially on the mainland of Scotland, over the Gall, or + foreign, strain, which was not maintained. Mr. A.W. Johnston, in + his "<i>Orkney and Shetland Folk—850 to 1350</i>,"<a id= + "footnotetag26" name="footnotetag26"></a><a href= + "#footnote26"><sup>14</sup></a> has worked out the <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page15" id="page15"></a>[pg 15]</span> + quarterings of the Norse jarls, of whom only the first three were + pure Norsemen, and he has thus shown conclusively how very Celtic + they had become long before their male line failed. The same + process was at work, probably to a greater extent, among those of + lower rank, who could not find or import Norse wives, if they + would, as the jarls frequently did.</p> + + <p>One or two other introductory points remain to be noted and + borne in mind throughout.</p> + + <p>We must beware of thinking that all the land in an earldom + such as Cat was the absolute property of the chief, as in the + nineteenth century, or the latter half of it, was practically + true in the modern county of Sutherland. The fact was very much + otherwise. The Maormor and afterwards the earl doubtless had + demesne lands, but he was in early times, <i>ex officio</i>, + mainly a superior and receiver of dues for his king;<a id= + "footnotetag27" name="footnotetag27"></a><a href= + "#footnote27"><sup>15</sup></a> and this possibly shows why very + early Scottish earldoms, as for instance that of Sutherland, in + the absence of male heirs, often descended to females, unless the + grant or custom excluded them. It was quite different with later + feudal baronies or tenancies, where military service, which only + males could render, was due, and which with rare exceptions it + was, after about 1130, the policy of the Scottish kings to + create; and in the case of baronies or lordships the land itself + was often described and given to the grantee and his heirs by + metes and bounds, in return for specified military service, and + his heirs male were exhausted before any female could + inherit.</p> + + <p>In Ness and in the rest of Cat there were many Norse and + native holders of land within the earldom, and much tribal + ownership. Duncan of Duncansby or Dungall of Dungallsby, as he is + variously called, allowed part at least of his dominions to pass + by marriage to the Norse jarls; but both Moddan and Earl Ottar, + whose heir was Earl Erlend Haraldson, who <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page16" id="page16"></a>[pg 16]</span> left no + heir, owned land extensively in Ness and elsewhere, while Moddan + "in Dale" had daughters also owning land, one of whom, Frakark, + widow of Liot Nidingr, had many homesteads in upper Kildonan in + Sudrland and elsewhere, and possibly it is her sister Helga's + name that lingers in a place-name lower down that strath near + Helmsdale, at Helgarie.</p> + + <p>What is worthy of notice is that it is clear from the + place-names that after the Norse conquest the Norse held and + named most of the lower or seaward parts of the valleys and + nearly all the coast lands of Cat and Ross as far south as the + Beauly Firth, and the Picts occupied and were never dispossessed + of the upper parts of the valleys or the hills all through the + Norse occupation. In other words, as conquerors coming from the + sea, the Norsemen seized and held the better Pictish lands near + the coast, which had been cultivated for centuries, and on which + crops would ripen with regularity and certainty year after year. + But as time went on the Pictish Maormor pressed the Norse Jarl + more and more outwards and eastwards in Cat.</p> + + <p>We must also remember the enormous power of the Scottish Crown + through its right of granting wardships, especially in the case + of a female heir. Under such grants the grantee, usually some + very powerful noble, took over during minority the title of his + ward and all his revenues absolutely, in return for a payment, + correspondingly large, to the Crown. If the ward was a female, + the grantee disposed of her hand in marriage as well.</p> + + <p>After these preliminary notes, we may now again glance at the + Scots, who were destined, from small beginnings, by a series of + strange turns of fortune and superior state-craft, in time to + conquer and dominate all modern Scotland north of the Forth, then + known as Alban.</p> + + <p>The Scots, as already stated, had come over from <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page17" id="page17"></a>[pg 17]</span> Ulster + and settled in Cantyre about the end of the fifth century, and + for long they had only the small Dalriadic territory of Argyll, + and even this they all but lost more than once. At the same time, + after 563, they had a most valuable asset in Columba, their + soldier missionary prince, and his <i>milites Christi</i>, or + soldiers of Christ, who gradually carried their Christianity and + Irish culture even up to Orkney itself, with many a school of the + Erse or Gaelic tongue, and thus paved the way for the + consolidation of the whole of Alban into one political unit by + providing its people with a common language.</p> + + <p>But in order to live the Scots had been forced to defeat many + foes, such as the Britons of Strathclyde, whose capital was at + Alcluyd or Dunbarton,<a id="footnotetag28" name= + "footnotetag28"></a><a href="#footnote28"><sup>16</sup></a> the + Northumbrians on the south, and the Picts of Atholl, Forfar, Fife + and Kincardine, which comprised most of the fertile land south of + the Grampians. The great Pictish province of Moray on the north + of the Grampians, however, remained unsubdued, and it took the + Scots several centuries more to reduce it.</p> + + <p>It was when the Scottish conquests above referred to were thus + far completed that the new factor, with which we are mainly + concerned, was introduced into the problem. This factor was, as + stated, <i>the Northmen</i>.</p> + <p><i>[Transcriber's note: the marker for footnote 6 of this + chapter is missing in the original.]</i></p><span class="pagenum"> + <a name="page18" id="page18"></a>[pg 18]</span> + + + <h2>CHAPTER III.</h2> + + <h3>The Early Norse Jarls.</h3> + + <p>It was in the reign of Constantine I, son of the great Pictish + king, Angus MacFergus, that the new and disturbing influence + mentioned above appeared in force in Alban. Favoured in their + voyages to and fro by the prevailing winds, which then, as now, + blew from the east in the spring and from the west later in the + year, the Northmen, both Norsemen and Danes, neither being + Christians, had, like their predecessors the Saxons and Angles + and Frisians, for some time made trading voyages and desultory + piratical attacks in summer-time on the coasts of Britain and + Ireland, and probably many a short-lived settlement as well. But + as these attacks and settlements are unrecorded in Cat, no + account of them can be given.</p> + + <p>In 793 it is on record that the Vikings first sacked Iona, + originally the centre of Columban Christianity but then + Romanised, and they repeated these raids on its shrine again and + again within the next fifteen years. Constantine thereupon + removed its clergy to Dunkeld, "and there set up in his own + kingdom an ecclesiastical capital for Scots and Picts + alike,"<a id="footnotetag29" name="footnotetag29"></a><a href= + "#footnote29"><sup>1</sup></a> as a step towards the political + union of his realm, which Norse sea-power had completely severed + from the original home of the Scots in Ulster.</p> + + <p>The Northmen now began the systematic maritime invasions of + our eastern and northern and western coasts and islands, which + history has recorded. North Scotland was attacked almost + exclusively by Norsemen, and Norsemen and Danes invaded Ireland. + The Danes seized the south of Scotland, and the north of + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page19" id="page19"></a>[pg + 19]</span> England, of which latter country, early in the + eleventh century in the time of King Knut, they were destined to + dominate two-thirds, while Old Norse became the <i>lingua + franca</i> of his English kingdom, and enriched its language with + hundreds of Norse words, and gave us many new place and personal + names.</p> + + <p>In 844, Kenneth, king of the Scots, the small North Irish sept + which, as stated above, had crossed over from Erin and held the + Dalriadic kingdom of Argyll with its capital at Dunadd near the + modern Crinan Canal, succeeded in making good his title, on his + mother's side, to the Pictish crown by a successful attack from + the west on the southern Picts<a id="footnotetag30" name= + "footnotetag30"></a><a href="#footnote30"><sup>2</sup></a> at the + same time as their territory was being invaded from the east + coast by the Danes. Thereafter, these Picts and the Scots + gradually became and ever afterwards remained one nation, a + course which suited both peoples as a safeguard not only against + their foreign foes the Northmen, but also against the Berenicians + of Lothian on the south. With the object of ensuring the union of + the two peoples Kenneth is said to have transferred some of the + relics of Columba, who had become the patron saint of both, from + Iona to Dunkeld, which thus definitely remained not only the + ecclesiastical capital of the united Picts and Scots, but the + common centre of their religious sentiment and veneration. + Incidentally, too, the Pictish language gradually became disused, + as that people were absorbed in the Scots; and unfortunately, + through the fact that no written literature survived to preserve + it, that language has almost entirely disappeared. The better + opinion is that it was more closely akin to Welsh and Breton than + to Erse or Gaelic, the Welsh and the Picts being termed "P" + Celts, and the other races "Q" Celts, because in words of the + same meaning the Welsh used "P" where the Gaelic speaking Celt + used the hard "C". For instance, "Pen" and "Map" in <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page20" id="page20"></a>[pg 20]</span> Welsh + became "Ken" (or Ceann) and "Mac" in Gaelic.<a id="footnotetag31" + name="footnotetag31"></a><a href= + "#footnote31"><sup>3</sup></a></p> + + <p>In the reign of Constantine II, Kenneth's son and next + successor but one, further incursions by the Northmen took place + under King Olaf the White of Dublin in 867 and 871; while in 875 + his son Thorstein the Red, by Aud "the deeply-wealthy" or + "deeply-wise," landed on the north coast, and, we are told, + seized "Caithness and Sutherland and Moray and more than half + Scotland,"<a id="footnotetag32" name="footnotetag32"></a><a href= + "#footnote32"><sup>4</sup></a> being killed, however, by + treachery within the year. His mother Aud thereupon built a ship + in Caithness, and sailed for the Faroes and Iceland with her + retinue and possessions, marrying off two grand-daughters on the + way, one, called Groa, to Duncan, Maormor of Duncansby in + Caithness, the most ancient Pictish chief of whom we hear in that + district, and probably ancestor of the Moldan, or Moddan, line in + Cat. Two years later, in 877, King Constantine was defeated by a + force of Danes at Dollar, and slain by them at Forgan in + Fife.<a id="footnotetag33" name="footnotetag33"></a><a href= + "#footnote33"><sup>5</sup></a></p> + + <p>After the great decisive battle of Hafrsfjord in Norway in + 872, because Orkney and Shetland and the Hebrides had become + refuges for the Norse Vikings, who had been expelled from their + country or had left it on the introduction of feudalism with its + payment of dues to the king, but were raiding its shores, Harald + Harfagr,<a id="footnotetag34" name="footnotetag34"></a><a href= + "#footnote34"><sup>6</sup></a> king of Norway, along with Jarl + Ragnvald of Maeri attacked and extirpated the pirate Vikings in + their island lairs; and, as compensation to the jarl for the loss + of his son Ivar in battle, Harald transferred his conquests with + the title of Jarl of Orkney and Shetland to Ragnvald, who, in his + turn, with the king's consent, soon made over his new territories + and title to his brother Sigurd.</p> + + <p>This new jarl, the second founder of the line of Orkney jarls, + conquered Caithness and Sutherland as far south as + Ekkjals-bakki,<a id="footnotetag35" name= + "footnotetag35"></a><a href="#footnote35"><sup>7</sup></a> which + is believed by some <span class="pagenum"><a name="page21" id= + "page21"></a>[pg 21]</span> to be in Moray, and by others, with + more truth, to be the ranges of hills in Sutherland and Ross + lying to the north and to the south of the River Oykel and its + estuary, the Dornoch Firth; and the second part of the name still + happens to survive in the place-name of Backies in Dunrobin Glen + and elsewhere in Cat where the Norse settled. About the year + 890,<a id="footnotetag36" name="footnotetag36"></a><a href= + "#footnote36"><sup>8</sup></a> after challenging Malbrigde of the + Buck-tooth to a fight with forty a side, to which he himself + perfidiously brought eighty men, Sigurd outflanked and defeated + his adversary, and cut off his head and suspended it from his + saddle; but the buck-tooth, by chafing his leg as he rode away + from the field, caused inflammation and death, and Jarl Sigurd's + body was laid in howe on Oykel's Bank at Sigurthar-haugr, or + Sigurds-haugr, the Siwards-hoch of early charters now on modern + maps corruptly written Sidera or Cyderhall, near Dornoch, which, + when translated, is Sigurd's Howe.<a id="footnotetag37" name= + "footnotetag37"></a><a href="#footnote37"><sup>9</sup></a> + "Thenceforward," as Professor Hume Brown tells us, "the mainland + was never secure from the attacks of successive jarls, who for + long periods held firm possession of what is now Caithness and + Sutherland. As things now went, this was in truth in the interest + of the kings of Scots themselves. To the north of the Grampians + they exercised little or no authority; and the people of that + district were as often their enemies as their friends. Through + the action of the Orkney jarls, therefore, the Scottish kings + were at comparative liberty to extend their territory towards the + south; and the day came when they found themselves able to crush + every hostile element even in the north.<a id="footnotetag38" + name="footnotetag38"></a><a href= + "#footnote38"><sup>10</sup></a></p> + + <p>It is this process of consolidation in the north which it is + proposed to describe so far as Sutherland and Caithness are + concerned, using both Norse and Scottish records, and piecing + them together as best we can, and, be it confessed, in many cases + filling up great gaps by necessary guess-work when records + fail.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page22" id= + "page22"></a>[pg 22]</span> + + <p>In the reign of the great king Constantine III, between the + years 900 and 942, the Danes again gave trouble. In 903 the Irish + Danes ravaged Alban,<a id="footnotetag39" name= + "footnotetag39"></a><a href="#footnote39"><sup>11</sup></a> as + Scotland north of the Forth was then called, for a whole year; in + 918 Constantine and his ally, Eldred of Lothian, were defeated by + another expedition of these invaders; and in 934 Athelstan and + his Saxons burst into Strathclyde and Forfar, the heart of + Constantine's kingdom, and the Saxon fleet was sent up even to + the shores of Caithness, as a naval demonstration intended to + brave the Norse, who had joined Constantine, on their own + element. Lastly, in 937 Athelstan and Constantine met at + Brunanburg, probably Birrenswark near Ecclefechan, and + Constantine and his Norse allies were completely defeated.<a id= + "footnotetag40" name="footnotetag40"></a><a href= + "#footnote40"><sup>12</sup></a></p> + + <p>Meantime, since 875, a succession of jarls had endeavoured to + hold, for the kings of Norway, Orkney and Shetland, as well as + Cat, which then included Ness, Strathnavern, and Sudrland.<a id= + "footnotetag41" name="footnotetag41"></a><a href= + "#footnote41"><sup>13</sup></a> The history of these early jarls + is not told in detail in any surviving contemporary record, for + the Sagas of the jarls as individuals have perished; but there is + a brief account of them in the beginning of the <i>Orkneyinga + Saga</i>, another in chapters 99 and 100 of the <i>St. Olaf's + Saga</i>, and a fuller one in chapters 179 to 187 of the <i>Saga + of Olaf Tryggvi's Son</i>, contained in the <i>Flatey + Book</i>.<a id="footnotetag42" name="footnotetag42"></a><a href= + "#footnote42"><sup>14</sup></a> From these the following story + may be gathered.</p> + + <p>After Jarl Sigurd's death, his son Guthorm ruled for one + winter, and died without issue, so that Sigurd's line came to an + end. When Jarl Ragnvald of Maeri heard of his nephew's death, he + sent his son Hallad over from Norway to Hrossey, as the mainland + of Orkney was then called, and King Harald gave him the title of + jarl. Failing in his efforts to put down the piracy of the + Vikings, who continued their slayings and plunderings, Hallad, + the last of the purely Norse jarls, resigned his jarldom, and + returned ignominiously <span class="pagenum"><a name="page23" id= + "page23"></a>[pg 23]</span> to Norway. In the absence at war of + Hrolf the Ganger, who became Duke of Normandy and was an ancestor + of the kings of England, two others of Ragnvald's sons, Thorir + and Hrollaug, were summoned to meet their father. At this meeting + it was decided that neither of these should go to Orkney, + Thorir's prospects in Norway being good, and Hrollaug's future + lying in Iceland, where, it was said, he was to found a great + family. Then Einar, the Jarl's youngest son by a thrall or slave + woman, and thus not of pure Norse lineage, asked whether he might + go, offering as an inducement to his father that, if he went, he + would thus never be seen by him again. He was told that the + sooner he went, and the longer he stayed away, the better his + father would be pleased. A galley, well equipped, was given to + him, and about the year 891 King Harald Harfagr conferred on him + the title of Jarl of Orkney and Shetland, for which he sailed. On + his arrival there, he attacked Kalf Skurfa and Thorir + Treskegg,<a id="footnotetag43" name="footnotetag43"></a><a href= + "#footnote43"><sup>15</sup></a> the pirate Viking leaders, and + defeated and slew them both. He then took possession of the lands + of the jarldom; and, from having taught the people of Turfness in + Moray the use of turf or peat for fuel, was known thenceforward + as Torf-Einar. He is said to have been "a tall man, ugly, with + one eye, but very keen-sighted,"<a id="footnotetag44" name= + "footnotetag44"></a><a href="#footnote44"><sup>16</sup></a> a + faculty which he was soon to use.</p> + + <p>When Jarl Ragnvald of Maeri, the first of the Orkney jarls, + was killed in Norway by two of Harald Harfagr's sons, one of + them, Halfdan Halegg or Long-shanks fled from their father's + vengeance to Orkney. When Halfdan landed, Torf-Einar took refuge + in Scotland, but returned in force, and after defeating + Halfdan—who had usurped the jarldom—in North + Ronaldsay Firth, spied him as a fugitive, in hiding, far off on + Rinarsey or Rinansey (Ninian's Island) now North Ronaldsay, and + seized him, cut a blood-eagle <span class="pagenum"><a name= + "page24" id="page24"></a>[pg 24]</span> on his back, severed his + ribs and pulled out his lungs, and, after offering him as a + victim to Odin, buried his body there.<a id="footnotetag45" name= + "footnotetag45"></a><a href="#footnote45"><sup>17</sup></a></p> + + <p>Incensed at the shameful slaughter of his son, Harald Harfagr + came over from Norway about the year 900 to avenge him, but, as + was then not unusual, accepted as a wergeld or atonement for his + son's death a fine of sixty marks of gold, which it fell to the + islanders to pay. On their failure to find the money, Torf-Einar + paid it himself, taking in return from the people their odal + lands,<a id="footnotetag46" name="footnotetag46"></a><a href= + "#footnote46"><sup>18</sup></a> which were lost to their families + until Jarl Sigurd Hlodverson temporarily restored them as a + recompense for their assistance in the battle fought by him + between 969 and 995 against Finleac MacRuari, Maormor of North + Moray, at Skidamyre in Caithness. Whether it was the Orkney jarls + or their superiors, the kings of Norway, who owned them in the + meantime, the odal lands were finally sold back to those entitled + to them by descent by Jarl Ragnvald Kol's son about 1137, in + order to raise money for the completion of Kirkwall Cathedral. + Odal tenure in Orkney was thus in abeyance for over two + centuries, save for a short time, and in any case its inherent + principle of subdivision would have killed it, and after its + renewal, in spite of its many safeguards against alienation to + strangers, it gradually died out under feudalism and Scottish law + and lawyers.<a id="footnotetag47" name= + "footnotetag47"></a><a href="#footnote47"><sup>19</sup></a> In + Cat it never seems to have taken root.</p> + + <p>After holding the jarldom for a long term, Torf-Einar died in + his bed, as the Saga contemptuously tells us, probably in or + after the year 920, leaving three sons, Arnkell, Erlend, and + Thorfinn Hausa-kliufr or Skull-splitter, of whom the two first, + Arnkell and Erlend, fell with Eric Bloody-axe, king of Norway, in + England. The third son, Thorfinn Hausa-kliufr or Skull-splitter, + himself about three-quarters Norse by blood, married Grelaud, + daughter of Dungadr, or <span class="pagenum"><a name="page25" + id="page25"></a>[pg 25]</span> Duncan, the Gaelic Maormor of + Caithness by Groa, daughter of Thorfinn the Red, thus further + Gaelicising the strain of the Norse Jarls of Orkney,<a id= + "footnotetag48" name="footnotetag48"></a><a href= + "#footnote48"><sup>20</sup></a> but adding greatly to their + mainland territories.</p> + + <p>Jarl Thorfinn Hausa-kliufr, who flourished between 920 and + 963, is described as a great chief and fighter; but he, like his + father, died a peaceful death, and was buried at Hoxa, + Haugs-eithi or Mound's-isthmus, which covers the site of a + Pictish broch, near the north-west end of South Ronaldshay.<a id= + "footnotetag49" name="footnotetag49"></a><a href= + "#footnote49"><sup>21</sup></a></p> + + <p>When Eric Bloody-axe had been defeated and killed, his sons + came to Orkney and seized the jarldom, and his widow, the + notoriously wicked Gunnhild and her daughter Ragnhild settled + there for a time. Thorfinn Hausa-kliufr had five sons, Arnfinn, + Havard, Hlodver, Ljotr and Skuli. Three of these, Arnfinn. Havard + and Ljotr, successively married Ragnhild, and Ragnhild rivalled + her mother in wickedness. Arnfinn she killed at Murkle in + Caithness with her own hand; Havard she induced Einar + Oily-tongue, his nephew, to slay, on her promise to marry him, + which she broke; and finally she married Jarl Ljotr instead. + Skuli, the only other surviving son save Hlodver, went to the + king of Scots, who is said to have lightly given away what did + not belong to him, and to have created him Earl of Caithness, + which then included Sudrland.<a id="footnotetag50" name= + "footnotetag50"></a><a href="#footnote50"><sup>22</sup></a> Skuli + then raised a force in his new earldom, no doubt to carry out + Scottish policy, and, crossing to Orkney, fought a battle there + with his brother Ljotr, was defeated, and fled to Caithness. + Collecting another army in Scotland, Skuli fought a second battle + at Dalar or Dalr, probably Dale in the upper valley of the Thurso + River in Caithness, and was there defeated and killed by Ljotr, + who took possession of his dominions. Then followed a battle + between Ljotr and a Scottish earl called Magbiod or Macbeth, at + Skida Myre or Skitten Moor in Watten in Caithness, which + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page26" id="page26"></a>[pg + 26]</span> Ljotr won, but died of his wounds shortly after, and + is said to have been buried at Stenhouse in Watten.<a id= + "footnotetag51" name="footnotetag51"></a><a href= + "#footnote51"><sup>23</sup></a> Thus the first Scottish attempt + at consolidation of the north failed.</p> + + <p>During the last half of the tenth century there was constant + war by the kings of Alban against the Northmen who had seized the + coast of Moray, and Malcolm I was killed at Ulern near Kinloss, + about the year 954, and his successor Indulf fell in the hour of + his victory over the invaders at Cullen in Banff.<a id= + "footnotetag52" name="footnotetag52"></a><a href= + "#footnote52"><sup>24</sup></a> But on the whole probably the + Scots had succeeded for a time in driving out the Norse from the + laigh of Moray, which the latter needed for its supplies of + grain.</p> + + <p>Hlodver or Lewis, (963-980), the only surviving son of + Thorfinn Hausa-kliufr, succeeded Ljotr in the jarldom; and by + Audna or Edna, daughter of Kiarval, king of the Hy Ivar of Dublin + and Limerick, Hlodver had a son, the famous Sigurd the Stout, or + Sigurd Hlodverson. Hlodver was, (as Mr. A.W. Johnston points + out),<a id="footnotetag53" name="footnotetag53"></a><a href= + "#footnote53"><sup>25</sup></a> by blood slightly more Norse than + Gaelic. We know little of him save that he was a mighty chief; + and, according to the usual reproach of the Saga, died in his bed + and not in battle about 980, and was buried at Hofn, probably + Huna, in Caithness, near John o' Groats, under a howe.<a id= + "footnotetag54" name="footnotetag54"></a><a href= + "#footnote54"><sup>26</sup></a></p> + + <p>The line of the so-called Norse earls, at the period at which + we have arrived, 980 A.D., was represented by Sigurd Hlodverson, + the hero of the Raven banner, which, as his Irish mother had + predicted, was to bring victory to every host which followed it, + but death to every man who bore it in battle.<a id= + "footnotetag55" name="footnotetag55"></a><a href= + "#footnote55"><sup>27</sup></a> Sigurd claimed Caithness by the + rules of Pictish succession, as grandson of Grelaud daughter of + Duncan of Duncansby, Maormor of that district. This claim was + disputed by two Celtic chiefs, Hundi (possibly Crinan, Abthane of + Dunkeld) and Melsnati, or Maelsnechtan; and in a battle at + Dungal's Noep, near Duncansby, at which <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page27" id="page27"></a>[pg 27]</span> Kari + Solmundarson is said in the <i>Saga of Burnt Njal</i><a id= + "footnotetag56" name="footnotetag56"></a><a href= + "#footnote56"><sup>28</sup></a> to have been present, Sigurd + defeated them, but with such loss to his own side that he had to + retire to Orkney, leaving Hundi,<a id="footnotetag57" name= + "footnotetag57"></a><a href="#footnote57"><sup>29</sup></a> the + survivor of his two enemies, in possession of his lands in + Caithness. Sigurd himself, on his voyage from Orkney, fell into + the hands of the Norse king, Olaf Tryggvi's-son, who was + returning from Dublin to Norway, in the bay of Osmundwall or Kirk + Hope in Walls; and the king insisted on the jarl being baptized + on the spot, under penalty, if he and all the inhabitants of his + jarldom did not become and remain Christians, of losing his + eldest son Hundi or Hvelpr, whom the Norse king seized and + retained as a hostage. He also sent missionaries to evangelize + the jarldom. Such was the conversion of Orkney and its jarl from + the worship of Odin, at or about the end of the first millennium + of the Christian era.</p> + + <p>On his son's death in captivity, Sigurd seems to have deserted + the Norse for the Scottish side, and to have devoted himself to + seeking the favour, by his assistance in completing the conquest + of Moray from the Norse, of the Scottish king Malcolm II, whose + third daughter he married as his second wife.<a id= + "footnotetag58" name="footnotetag58"></a><a href= + "#footnote58"><sup>30</sup></a> He was, by race, more than + two-thirds Gaelic, and he clearly at first held Caithness in + spite of all Scottish attacks, and probably later on agreed to + hold it from the Scottish king.</p> + + <p>A few other persons are referred to in the Sagas as connected + with Caithness at this time. In the Landnamabok (1.6.5) we find + Swart Kell, or Cathal Dhu, mentioned as having gone from + Caithness and taken land in settlement in Mydalr in Iceland, and + his son was Thorkel, the father of Glum, who took Christendom + when he was already old.</p> + + <p>About this time also, as appears from the <i>Saga of + Thorgisl</i>,<a id="footnotetag59" name= + "footnotetag59"></a><a href="#footnote59"><sup>31</sup></a> there + was an Earl Anlaf or Olaf in Caithness, <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page28" id="page28"></a>[pg 28]</span> who had + a sister, named Gudrun, whom Swart Ironhead, a pirate, sought in + marriage. But Swart was killed in holmgang, or duel, by Thorgisl, + who cut off his head and married Gudrun, by whom he had a son + called Thorlaf. Thorgisl then tired of Gudrun, and gave her to + Thorstan the White on the plea that he himself wished to go and + look after his estate in Iceland, which he did. Can this Anlaf be + the original of the legendary Alane, thane of Sutherland, whom + Macbeth, according to Sir Robert Gordon in his <i>Genealogie of + the Earles of Southerland</i>,<a id="footnotetag60" name= + "footnotetag60"></a><a href="#footnote60"><sup>32</sup></a> put + to death, and whose son, Walter, Malcolm Canmore is said to have + created first Earl? Or was Alane, like others, a creation of Sir + Robert's inventive brain? He was certainly no earl of the present + Sutherland line; neither was Walter.<a id="footnotetag61" name= + "footnotetag61"></a><a href="#footnote61"><sup>33</sup></a></p> + + <p>To this period also belongs the romantic story of Barth or + Bard, son of Helgi and Helga Ulfs-datter told in the <i>Flatey + Book</i>, and translated at page 369 of the Appendix to Sir + George Dasent's Rolls Edition of the <i>Orkneyinga Saga</i>, + which is shortly as follows.</p> + + <p>In the time of Sigurd Hlodverson, Ulf the Bad, of Sanday in + Orkney, murdered Harald of North Ronaldsay, and seized his lands + in the absence of Harald's son Helgi, a gentle Viking, on a + cruise. On his return, Helgi, to revenge his father's death, slew + Bard, Ulf's next of kin, in fight. Jarl Sigurd blames him for + this and for not letting him settle the feud himself, and Helgi + sells all he has, and goes to Ulf's house and takes his daughter, + Helga, away. Ulf follows them up by sea with a superior force, + defeats Helgi off Caithness, and he jumps overboard with Helga + and swims to shore, where a poor farmer, Thorfinn, as Helgi had + always been kind in his "vikings" to such as he was, has the + wedding at his house, and shelters the pair there till on Ulf's + death two years after they can return to Orkney with Bard or + Barth, their infant <span class="pagenum"><a name="page29" id= + "page29"></a>[pg 29]</span> son. At twelve years of age, Barth + desires to fare away "to those peoples who believe in the God of + Heaven Himself," and fares far away accordingly. Barth works for + a farmer, and works so well that his flocks increase, and gets a + cow for himself as a reward, but meets a beggar who begs the cow + of him "for Peter's thanks." Each year a cow is the reward of + Barth's work, and each year he is asked for the cow, and gives + her up, until he has given three cows. Then St. Peter (for the + beggar was no other than he) passes his hands over Barth, and + gives him good luck, and sets a book upon his shoulders; and he + saw far and wide over many lands, and over all Ireland, and he + was baptized, and became a holy hermit and a bishop in Ireland. + Such is the Norse story of Barth, to whom the first Cathedral in + Dornoch was said to have been dedicated. It is far more prettily + told in the Saga.</p> + + <p>But St. Barr of Dornoch, in all probability, belongs to the + sixth century,<a id="footnotetag62" name= + "footnotetag62"></a><a href="#footnote62"><sup>34</sup></a> not + to the tenth, and was a Pict or Irishman, not a Norseman. He was + never Bishop of Caithness, so far as records tell. His Fair, like + those of other Pictish Saints elsewhere in Cat, is still + celebrated, and is held at Dornoch.</p> + + <p>The battle of Clontarf, fought on Good Friday, the 23rd of + April 1014, outside Dublin, between the young heathen king of + Dublin, Sigtrigg Silkbeard, and the aged Christian king, Brian + Borumha, was, notwithstanding Norse representations to the + contrary, a decisive victory for the Irish over the Norse, and + for Christianity against Odinism. Sigurd, Jarl of Orkney, though + nominally a Christian, fought on the heathen side, and fell + bearing his Raven banner, and the old king, Brian, was killed in + the hour of his people's victory.</p> + + <p>Sigurd's death is the subject of a strange legend, and the + occasion of a weird poem, <i>The Darratha-Liod</i><a id= + "footnotetag63" name="footnotetag63"></a><a href= + "#footnote63"><sup>35</sup></a> said to have been sung in + Caithness for the first time on the day of Sigurd's + death.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page30" id= + "page30"></a>[pg 30]</span> + + <p>The legend is given in the <i>Niala</i><a id="footnotetag64" + name="footnotetag64"></a><a href="#footnote64"><sup>36</sup></a> + as follows:—"On Friday it happened in Caithness that a man + called Dorruthr went out of his house and saw that twelve men + together rode to a certain bower, where they all disappeared. He + went to the bower, and looked in through a window, and saw that + within there were women, who had set up a web. They sang the + poem, calling on the listener, Dorruthr, to learn the song, and + to tell it to others. When the song was over, they tore down the + web, each one retaining what she held in her hand of it. And now + Dorruthr went away from the window and returned home, while they + mounted their horses, riding six to the north and six to the + south. A similar vision appeared to Brand, the son of Gneisti, in + the Faroes. At Swinefell in Iceland blood fell on the cope of a + priest on Good Friday, so that he had to take it off. At Thvatta + a priest saw on Good Friday deep sea before the altar and many + terrible wonders therein, and for long he was unable to sing the + Hours."<a id="footnotetag65" name="footnotetag65"></a><a href= + "#footnote65"><sup>37</sup></a></p> + + <p>This strange legend of early telepathy may be explained by the + fact that Thorstein, son of the Icelander Hall o' Side, fought + for Sigurd at Clontarf, and afterwards returned to Iceland and + told the story of the battle, which the Saga preserved; and the + English poet, Thomas Gray, used it as the theme of his well-known + poem intituled <i>The Fatal Sisters</i>. The old Norse ballad + referred to Sigurd's death at Clontarf in 1014. It is known as + <i>Darratha-Liod</i> or <i>The Javelin-Song</i>, and is + translated by the late Eirikr Magnusson and printed in the + <i>Miscellany of the Viking Society</i> with the Old Norse + original<a id="footnotetag66" name="footnotetag66"></a><a href= + "#footnote66"><sup>38</sup></a> and the translator's scholarly + notes and explanations. It is said that it was often sung in Old + Norse in North Ronaldsay until the middle of the eighteenth + century.</p> + + <p>As translated it is as follows:—</p><span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page31" id="page31"></a>[pg 31]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> DARRATHA-LIOD.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p> I.</p> + + <p> Widely's warped</p> + + <p> To warn of slaughter</p> + + <p> The back-beam's rug—</p> + + <p> Lo, blood is raining!</p> + + <p> Now grey with spears</p> + + <p> Is framed the web</p> + + <p> Of human kind,</p> + + <p> With red woof filled</p> + + <p> By maiden friends</p> + + <p> Of Randver's slayer.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p> II.</p> + + <p> That web is warped</p> + + <p> With human entrails,</p> + + <p> And is hard weighted</p> + + <p> With heads of people;</p> + + <p> Bloodstained darts</p> + + <p> Do for treadles,</p> + + <p> The forebeam's ironbound</p> + + <p> The reed's of arrows;</p> + + <p> Swords be sleys<a id="footnotetag67" name= + "footnotetag67"></a><a href= + "#footnote67"><sup>39</sup></a></p> + + <p> For this web of war.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p> III.</p> + + <p> Hild goes to weave</p> + + <p> And Hiorthrimol</p> + + <p> Sangrid and Svipol</p> + + <p> With swords unsheathed.</p> + + <p> Shafts will crack</p> + + <p> And shields will burst,</p> + + <p> The dog of helms</p> + + <p> Will drop on byrnies.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p> IV.</p> + + <p> Wind we, wind we</p> + + <p> Web of javelins</p> + + <p> Such as the young king</p> + + <p> Has waged before.</p> + + <p> Forward we go</p> + + <p> And rush to the fray,</p> + + <p> Where our friends</p> + + <p> Engage in fighting.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p> V.</p> + + <p> Wind we, wind we</p> + + <p> Web of javelins</p> + + <p> Where forward rush</p> + + <p> The fighters' standards.</p> + + <p> * * * * * * * * *</p> + + <p> * * * * * * * * *</p> + + <p> * * * * * * * * *</p> + + <p> * * * * * * * * *</p><span class="pagenum"><a name= + "page32" id="page32"></a>[pg 32]</span> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p> VI.</p> + + <p> Wind we, wind we</p> + + <p> Web of javelins,</p> + + <p> And faithfully</p> + + <p> The king we follow.</p> + + <p> Nor shall we leave</p> + + <p> His life to perish;</p> + + <p> Among the doomed</p> + + <p> Our choice is ample.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p> VII.</p> + + <p> * * * * * * * * *</p> + + <p> * * * * * * * * *</p> + + <p> * * * * * * * * *</p> + + <p> * * * * * * * * *</p> + + <p> There Gunn and Gondul</p> + + <p> Who guarded the king</p> + + <p> Saw borne by men</p> + + <p> Bloody targets.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p> VIII.</p> + + <p> That race will now</p> + + <p> Rule the country</p> + + <p> Which erstwhile held</p> + + <p> But outer nesses.</p> + + <p> The mighty king,</p> + + <p> Meweens, is doomed.</p> + + <p> Now pierced by points</p> + + <p> The Earl hath fallen.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p> IX.</p> + + <p> Such bale will now</p> + + <p> Betide the Irish</p> + + <p> As ne'er grows old</p> + + <p> To minding men.</p> + + <p> The web's now woven</p> + + <p> The wold made red,</p> + + <p> Afar will travel</p> + + <p> The tale of woe.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p> X:</p> + + <p> An awful sight</p> + + <p> The eye beholdeth</p> + + <p> As blood-red clouds</p> + + <p> Are borne through heaven;</p> + + <p> The skies take hue</p> + + <p> Of human blood,</p> + + <p> Whene'er fight-maidens</p> + + <p> Fall to singing.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p> XI. Willing we chant</p> + + <p> Of the youthful king</p> + + <p> A lay of victory—</p> + + <p> Luck to our singing!</p><span class="pagenum"><a name= + "page33" id="page33"></a>[pg 33]</span> + + <p> But he who listens</p> + + <p> Must learn by heart</p> + + <p> This spear-maid's song</p> + + <p> And spread it further.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p> XII.</p> + + <p> * * * * * * * * *</p> + + <p> * * * * * * * * *</p> + + <p> * * * * * * * * *</p> + + <p> * * * * * * * * *</p> + + <p> On bare-backed steeds</p> + + <p> We start out swiftly</p> + + <p> With swords unsheathed</p> + + <p> From hence away.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>The nine centuries, above referred to, of Roman invasion, + intestine war, and ecclesiastical rivalry between the Pictish, + Columban and Catholic Churches had now, under Malcolm II, + produced a kingdom of Scotland, throughout which the Catholic was + in a fair way to become the predominant Church, and in which the + authority of the Scottish Crown was for the time being, + nominally, but in the north merely nominally, supreme on the + mainland from the Tweed to the Pentland Firth. The Isles of + Orkney and Shetland and the whole of the Sudreyar or Hebrides, + however, owed allegiance, whether their jarls admitted it or not, + to the Crown of Norway, and the Scottish kings had no authority + over them.<a id="footnotetag68" name="footnotetag68"></a><a href= + "#footnote68"><sup>40</sup></a> Moreover, the + Northmen—Danes and Norsemen and Gallgaels—held the + western seas from the Butt of Lewis to the Isle of Man, and they + had severed the connection between the Scots of Ulster and the + Scots of Argyll. The latter had thus been forced to move + eastwards, in order to avoid constant raids by the Irish Danes + and Norsemen and the Gallgaels, who thus possessed themselves of + all the coast of Scotland then known as Airergaithel or Argyll, + which extended up to Ross and Assynt, west of the Drumalban + watershed.</p> + + <p>Of the next nine centuries from 1000 to the present time it is + proposed to deal with the first two hundred and seventy years + only, which, with the preceding <span class="pagenum"><a name= + "page34" id="page34"></a>[pg 34]</span> century and a half, form + a chapter of Scottish history complete in itself. The narrative, + as already stated, will be based largely upon the great Stories + or Tales known as the <i>Orkneyinga, St. Magnus'</i>, and + <i>Hakonar Sagas</i>, and also upon Scottish and English + chronicles and records so far as they throw their fitful light + upon the northern counties of Scotland, and especially upon + Caithness and Sutherland, during the dark periods between these + Sagas.</p> + + <p>Attention will have to be paid to the Pictish family of Moldan + of Duncansby, of Moddan, created Earl of Caithness by his uncle + Duncan I, and of Moddan "in Dale," each of whom in turn succeeded + to much of the estates of the ancient Maormors of Duncansby, but + whose people had been driven back from most of the best low-lying + lands into the upper valleys and the hills by the foreign + invaders of Cat. For, when the Norse Vikings first attacked Cat + and succeeded in conquering the Picts there, they conquered by no + means the whole of that province. They subdued and held only that + part of Ness or modern Caithness which lies next its north and + east coasts, and the rest of the sea-board of Ness, Strathnavern + and Sudrland, forcing their way up the lower parts of the valleys + of these districts, as their place-names still live on to prove; + but they never conquered, so as to occupy and hold them, the + upper parts of these river basins or the hills above them, which + remained in possession of Picts and Gaels throughout the whole + period of the Norse occupation. Further, the Picts and Gaels + extended the area which they retained, until Norse rule was + expelled from the mainland altogether.</p> + + <p>In Strathnavern and in the upper valleys of its rivers, and + also in Caithness in the uplands of the river Thurso, and in a + large part of Sudrland the Pictish family and clan of Moddan in + its various branches subsisted all through the Norse occupation, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page35" id="page35"></a>[pg + 35]</span> and it is hoped to show good reason for believing that + the family of Moddan, with the Pictish or Scottish family of + Freskyn de Moravia in later times, was the mainstay of Scottish + rule in the extreme north until the shadowy claims of Norse + suzerains over every part of the mainland were completely + repelled, and avowedly abandoned.</p> + + <p>Meantime to Norway Orkney and Cat were essential. For their + fertile lands yielded the supplies of grain which Norway + required; and when the Norse were driven from the arable lands of + the Moray seaboard, Orkney and Cat became still more necessary to + them and their folk at home. Cat the Scots could not then reach, + for the Norse held the sea, while on land Pictish Moray, a + jealous power, hostile to its southern neighbours, lay in its + mountain fastnesses between the territory of the Scots in the + south and the land of Cat in the extreme north, and formed a + barrier which stretched across Alban from the North Sea to the + shores of Assynt on the Skotlands-fiorthr or + Minch.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page36" id= + "page36"></a>[pg 36]</span> + + <h2>CHAPTER IV.</h2> + + <h3>Thorfinn—Earl and Jarl.</h3> + + <p>Malcolm II, with whom Scottish contemporary records may be + said to begin, ascended the Scottish throne in 1005, and defeated + the Norse at Mortlach in Moray in 1010, and drove them from its + fertile seaboard, probably with the help of Sigurd Hlodverson, + Jarl of Orkney. The men of Moray, however, and their Pictish + Maormors remained ungrateful, and irreconcilably opposed to + Scottish rule; and Moray, then stretching across almost from + ocean to ocean,<a id="footnotetag69" name= + "footnotetag69"></a><a href="#footnote69"><sup>1</sup></a> barred + the way of the Scots to the north.</p> + + <p>What he could not achieve by arms, Malcolm, both before and + after his accession, decided to secure by a series of matrimonial + alliances. He had no son; but he had three available + daughters,<a id="footnotetag70" name="footnotetag70"></a><a href= + "#footnote70"><sup>2</sup></a> of whom the eldest was Bethoc, and + the two others are said to have been called Donada or Doada and + Plantula.</p> + + <p>1. <i>Bethoc</i> he married to the most powerful Pictish + leader of the time, Crinan, Abthane of Dunkeld, the capital of + the southern Picts, and they had issue</p> + + <p>(a) <i>Duncan</i>, afterwards Duncan I of Scotland, born about + 1001;</p> + + <p>(b) <i>Maldred</i> of Cumbria, whose eldest son was + Gospatrick, and whose second son was Dolfin; but with Maldred we + are not concerned;</p> + + <p>(c) <i>A daughter</i>, who became the mother of Moddan, whom + Duncan I, after his accession in 1034, created Earl of Caithness + or Cat, probably about 1040, his father being possibly of the + family of Moldan of Duncansby, whose sons Gritgard and Snaekolf, + if we may believe the <i>Njal Saga</i>, were slain by Helgi + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page37" id="page37"></a>[pg + 37]</span> Njal's son and Kari Solmundarson, Moldan being said to + be a kinsman of Malcolm the Scots king.</p> + + <p>2. Malcolm's second daughter, <i>Donada</i>, he married to + Finnleac or Finlay Mac Ruari, Maormor of North Moray, and a chief + of the northern Picts, and they had a son, Macbeth, born about + 1005, who succeeded Duncan I on his death in 1040 as King of + Scotland, but left no issue.<a id="footnotetag71" name= + "footnotetag71"></a><a href="#footnote71"><sup>3</sup></a></p> + + <p>3. Malcolm's third daughter, said to have been called + <i>Plantula</i>, he gave, about 1007, as his second wife to + Sigurd Hlodverson, who, as we have seen, was killed in 1014 at + the decisive battle of Clontarf, his wife having died probably + before that event; and their only child was a son, born about + 1008 and created Earl of Caithness and Sutherland, who became the + great Earl and Jarl <i>Thorfinn</i>.</p> + + <p>The three marriages were intended to secure to Malcolm the + south, the middle, and the north of Pictland through the fathers + of Duncan, Macbeth, and Thorfinn respectively; and we may note + that from Thorfinn are descended all subsequent Jarls and Earls + of Orkney and Shetland and Caithness of the so-called Norse + line.</p> + + <p>Duncan I, Macbeth, and Thorfinn Sigurd's son were thus first + cousins, and, in spite of the fiction of Holinshed, Boece, and + William Shakespeare, they were all about the same age, being born + within seven years of each other; and none of them lived to old + age.</p> + + <p>By the victory of Carham in 1018 Malcolm II secured for ever + the line of the Tweed as Scotland's southern frontier; and this + success in the south, one of the most important events in + Scottish history, left him free to extend his kingdom and + sovereignty towards the north, his object being to unite into one + realm the whole mainland at least of Scotland. To accomplish + this, he would have to bring under the supremacy of the + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page38" id="page38"></a>[pg + 38]</span> Scottish crown in addition to the Picts of Atholl, + whom the Scots had absorbed, the Gallgaels of Argyll, the Picts + of Moray and of Ross within and beyond the Grampians, and those + of the province of Cat, with the Norsemen there as well. He could + thus ultimately hope to oust Somarled, Brusi and Einar, Jarl + Sigurd's sons by his first wife, and their overlords, the Norse + kings, from Orkney and Shetland, and to add those islands to his + dominions. Meantime, Somarled, Brusi and Einar took no share in + Cat. Thorfinn had Cat, all for himself, as a fief of the Scottish + king.</p> + + <p>Although the history of the time of Thorfinn Sigurdson, the + first Scottish Earl of Caithness and Sutherland,<a id= + "footnotetag72" name="footnotetag72"></a><a href= + "#footnote72"><sup>4</sup></a> would have been of great interest + to inhabitants of those counties, the <i>Orkneyinga Saga</i> + contains but little information about his doings in them, because + he bent all his efforts towards extending his dominion over the + islands which formed his father Sigurd's jarldom, his policy, in + his youth at least, being directed to this object by his + grandfather, Malcolm II. Indeed during the life of that king, + Thorfinn appears to have established himself at Duncansby in + Caithness, on the shore of the Pentland Firth, and to have + occupied himself in endeavouring to induce his three surviving + half-brothers, Somarled, Brusi, and Einar, to part with as large + a share as possible of Orkney and Shetland, and cede it to + himself. In this he had much assistance from King Malcolm. + Thorfinn, whose mother probably died in his infancy if we are to + credit his father's matrimonial stipulations as regards an Irish + wife in 1014, succeeded to the earldom and lands in that year, as + a boy of about six years of age, and was early in coming to his + full growth, the "tallest and strongest of men; his hair was + black, his features sharp, his brows scowling, and, as soon as he + grew up, it was easy to see that he was forward and grasping." + From the description given <span class="pagenum"><a name="page39" + id="page39"></a>[pg 39]</span> in the Saga at Chapter 22, he was + no more a Norseman in appearance than he was by blood. He was, in + fact, by race and descent, almost a pure Gael, and at Malcolm's + court must have spoken only Gaelic.</p> + + <p>Of his three half-brothers, Somarled and Brusi were not + unwilling to give Thorfinn a share of the Orkney jarldom. For + they were meek men, especially Brusi; and, when Somarled died, + though Einar wanted two shares for himself, and fought to retain + them, he only wearied out his followers and alienated them by his + cruelty. They, therefore, went over to Thorfinn in Caithness. + More important still, Thorkel Amundson, "the properest young man + in Orkney," did likewise, and was thenceforward known as Thorkel + Fostri, foster-father to Thorfinn, whom he aided at every crisis + of his career.</p> + + <p>When Thorfinn grew up, he claimed a third share of Orkney, + and, not getting it, "called out a force from Caithness" where he + mostly lived.<a id="footnotetag73" name= + "footnotetag73"></a><a href="#footnote73"><sup>5</sup></a> Brusi + and Einar then pooled their share of the islands, Einar having + the control of both; and Thorfinn got his trithing,<a id= + "footnotetag74" name="footnotetag74"></a><a href= + "#footnote74"><sup>6</sup></a> managing it by his men, who + collected his scatt and tolls under Thorkel Fostri, whom Einar + plotted to kill. Einar next seized Eyvind Urarhorn, a Norse + subject of distinction, who had caused his complete defeat in + Ulfreksfirth in Ireland, but was sheltering from a storm in + Orkney, and killed him, to the great anger of the Norse king.</p> + + <p>Grasping at once the opportunity thus created, Thorfinn + determined to turn it to his own advantage. He sent Thorkel to + King Olaf in Norway to seek protection for himself against Einar, + and Thorkel came back bearing an invitation to Thorfinn to visit + the Norwegian court, from which the jarl returned as much in + favour with the king as Einar was in disgrace. Brusi then tried + to reconcile Thorfinn and Einar, and Thorkel was to be included + in the settlement. Thorkel, however, <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page40" id="page40"></a>[pg 40]</span> after + inviting Einar to a feast in his hall at Sandvik in Deerness, a + promontory south-east of Kirkwall, discovered a plot by Einar to + attack him by three several ambushes as they left the house. In a + striking scene, the Saga tells how Thorkel, wounded, and Halvard, + an Icelander, dispatched Einar at the hearth of the hall; how + Einar's followers did not interfere; and how Thorkel fled to King + Olaf in Norway, who was much gratified by the death of Einar, the + slayer of his own friend Eyvind Urarhorn.<a id="footnotetag75" + name="footnotetag75"></a><a href= + "#footnote75"><sup>7</sup></a></p> + + <p>On Einar's death, Brusi tried to get two-thirds of the isles, + but Thorfinn now claimed a half share, and King Olaf, in spite of + a visit by Thorfinn to him in Norway, ultimately awarded Brusi + two-thirds, Thorfinn having the rest. Brusi, however, being + unable to defend the isles from pirates, about the year 1028 gave + up one of his trithings to Thorfinn on his undertaking the + defence of the isles,<a id="footnotetag76" name= + "footnotetag76"></a><a href="#footnote76"><sup>8</sup></a> for + which a powerful fleet would be essential, and Brusi died in + 1031.</p> + + <p>After this settlement of their claims, Malcolm II died in 1034 + at the age of eighty; and his death wrecked his policy. For + Duncan, his grandson, the Karl Hundason of the Saga, on his + accession to the Scottish throne claimed tribute from his cousin + Thorfinn for Caithness. Payment was at once refused, and six + years of strife, interrupted by Duncan's unfortunate raids south + of the Tweed, ended by his creating Mumtan or Moddan, his own + sister's son, Earl of Caithness instead of Thorfinn. With a force + collected in Sudrland, which thus appears to have been on the + Scottish side, Moddan tried to make good his title, but Thorfinn + raised an army in Caithness, and Thorkel collected another for + him in Orkney, and the Scots retired before superior numbers. + "Then Earl Thorfinn fared after them, and laid under him Sudrland + and Ross and harried far and wide over Scotland; thence he turned + back to Caithness," and "sate at Duncansby, and had <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page41" id="page41"></a>[pg 41]</span> there + five long-ships ... and just enough force to man them + well."<a id="footnotetag77" name="footnotetag77"></a><a href= + "#footnote77"><sup>9</sup></a></p> + + <p>After his retirement in Caithness, Moddan went to Duncan at + North Berwick, and Duncan sent him back with another force by + land to Caithness, proceeding thither himself by sea with eleven + ships. Duncan caught Thorfinn and his five ships off the Mull of + Deerness in the Mainland of Orkney, where, after a stiff + hand-to-hand fight, the Scots fleet was defeated and chased + southwards by Thorfinn to Moray, which he ravaged.<a id= + "footnotetag78" name="footnotetag78"></a><a href= + "#footnote78"><sup>10</sup></a></p> + + <p>Finding that Moddan and his army were in Thurso, Thorfinn sent + Thorkel Fostri thither secretly with part of his forces, and he + set fire to the house in which Moddan was, and killed him there + as he tried to escape. Thorkel next raised levies in Caithness, + Sutherland, and Ross, joined forces with Thorfinn in Moray, and + harried the land, whereupon Duncan collected an army from the + south of Scotland and Cantire and Ireland, and attacked his + enemies in the north.</p> + + <p>A great battle ensued near the Norse stronghold of + Turfness,<a id="footnotetag79" name="footnotetag79"></a><a href= + "#footnote79"><sup>11</sup></a> probably Burghead, where peat is + found in abundance, though now submerged; and the battle was + fought at Standing Stane in the parish of Duffus, three miles and + a half E.S.E. of Burghead, on the 14th of August 1040.</p> + + <p>The Saga gives the following description of the jarl and of + the fighting:—</p> + + <p>"Earl Thorfinn was at the head of his battle array; he had a + gilded helmet on his head, and was girt with a sword, a great + spear in his hand, and he fought with it, striking right and + left.... He went thither first where the battle of those Irish + was; so hot was he with his train, that they gave way at once + before him, and never afterwards got into good order again. Then + Karl let them bring forward his banner to meet Thorfinn; there + was a hard fight, and the end of it was <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page42" id="page42"></a>[pg 42]</span> that + Karl laid himself out to fly, but some men say that he has + fallen."</p> + + <p>"Earl Thorfinn drove the flight before him a long way up into + Scotland, and after that he fared about far and wide over the + land and laid it under him."<a id="footnotetag80" name= + "footnotetag80"></a><a href="#footnote80"><sup>12</sup></a></p> + + <p>Then followed Thorfinn's conquests in Fife, and after relating + the failure of a Scottish force, which had surrendered, to kill + him by surprise, the Saga gives a lurid picture of his burnings + of farms and slayings of all the fighting men, "while the women + and old men dragged themselves off to the woods and wastes with + weeping and wailing," and it also tells of his journey north + along Scotland to his ships.<a id="footnotetag81" name= + "footnotetag81"></a><a href="#footnote81"><sup>13</sup></a> "He + fared then north to Caithness, and sate there that winter, but + every summer thenceforth he had his levies out, and harried about + the west lands, but sate most often still in the winters," + feasting his men at his own expense, especially at Yuletide, in + true Viking style.</p> + + <p>Allowing for exaggeration, it is not too much to say that + Thorfinn and his cousin Macbeth must, after the death of their + cousin Duncan in 1040, between them have held all that is now + Scotland save the Lothians, until about 1057, when Macbeth was + slain. To us it is interesting to note<a id="footnotetag82" name= + "footnotetag82"></a><a href="#footnote82"><sup>14</sup></a> that + Duncan died, not in old age, (as Shakespeare, following Boece and + the English chronicler Holinshed would have us believe) but a + young man of thirty-nine years, either in, or after, Thorfinn's + battle, and that he fell a victim not of Groa, Macbeth's wife's + cup of poison, but possibly of her husband's dagger at + Bothgowanan or Pitgavenny, a smithy about two miles from Elgin. + We should also note that Thorfinn's cruelty made it difficult for + him ever to hope to obtain and keep the throne of Scotland, which + thus fell to Macbeth.</p> + + <p>Meantime Jarl Brusi had died about 1031, and though he left a + son Ragnvald, this son was long abroad in Norway, where he was + taught all the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page43" id= + "page43"></a>[pg 43]</span> accomplishments suitable to his rank, + and remained there at the time of his father's death.<a id= + "footnotetag83" name="footnotetag83"></a><a href= + "#footnote83"><sup>15</sup></a> Ragnvald Brusi-son was "one of + the handsomest of men, his hair long and yellow as silk, and he + was stout and tall and an able splendid man of great mind and + polite manners." He had saved King Olaf's brother Harald + Sigurdson at the great battle of Stiklastad, after King Olaf, + Ragnvald's own foster-father, was killed, and had fought with + great distinction in Russia. Shortly after his father's death, + Ragnvald returned, and, fortified by a grant from King Magnus of + Norway, whom he had helped to gain the throne, claimed his + father's two trithings of the Orkney jarldom. To this Thorfinn, + who after 1034 had his hands full with his war with King Duncan, + and had always wars with the Hebrides and the Irish, agreed, and + the two joined forces, and sailed on Viking raids to the Hebrides + and England.<a id="footnotetag84" name= + "footnotetag84"></a><a href="#footnote84"><sup>16</sup></a></p> + + <p>About 1044 Thorfinn married Ingibjorg,<a id="footnotetag85" + name="footnotetag85"></a><a href="#footnote85"><sup>17</sup></a> + Finn Arnason's daughter, and it is interesting to find that in + the <i>Saga Book of the Viking Club</i>, Vol. IV, page 171, Mr. + Collingwood suggests that the King of Catanesse, who fought for + years to gain possession of Gratiana, the lost wife of William + the Wanderer, was Thorfinn. If this story be founded on fact, as + it probably is, this may account for his somewhat late marriage + with Ingibjorg.</p> + + <p>Thorfinn next claimed two trithings of Orkney from his nephew + Ragnvald, who demurred to giving up what the Norse king had + conferred on him, but, finding he could not cope with Thorfinn's + Orkney, Caithness and Scottish forces, Ragnvald fled to King + Magnus, who gave him a force of picked men, and bade Kalf Arnason + also to help him, although Kalf was Thorfinn's friend, and near + connection by marriage.</p> + + <p>The two jarls met in battle in the Pentland Firth, off + Rautharbiorg or Rattar Brough in Caithness, east of Dunnet Head, + Kalf Arnason with his six ships standing <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page44" id="page44"></a>[pg 44]</span> out of + the fight. Thorfinn had sixty ships, smaller, and, save + Thorfinn's own, lower in the waist than those of his enemy, who + thus easily boarded them, and then attacked Thorfinn. Surrounded + and boarded on both sides, Thorfinn cut his ship free and rowed + to land. Arrived there, he removed his seventy dead, and all his + wounded. Next he persuaded Kalf Arnason to join him with his six + ships, and renewed and won the fight, though Ragnvald himself + escaped to Norway.<a id="footnotetag86" name= + "footnotetag86"></a><a href="#footnote86"><sup>18</sup></a></p> + + <p>Sailing thence in 1046 with one ship and a picked crew, + Ragnvald surrounded Thorfinn,<a id="footnotetag87" name= + "footnotetag87"></a><a href="#footnote87"><sup>19</sup></a> who + was wintering in Mainland of Orkney, and set fire to the Hall at + Orphir in which he was, but the earl tore out a panel at the + back, and, escaping through it with his young wife Ingibjorg in + his arms, rowed in the dark over to Caithness, where he remained + in hiding among his friends, all in Orkney believing him dead. + Ragnvald then seized all the islands, and lived at Kirkwall.</p> + + <p>But, while Ragnvald was in Little Papey—now Papa + Stronsay—to fetch malt for Yuletide, Thorfinn returned, and + surrounded the house in which Ragnvald was, by night; and, on his + escaping by leaping through the besiegers in priestly disguise, + Thorfinn's men followed him, and, led by his lapdog's barking, + discovered him among the rocks by the sea, where Thorkel Fostri + slew him, Thorfinn meanwhile annihilating his following, save one + man. This man, who like the rest, was one of King Magnus' + bodyguard, he bade go to his king and tell the tale, and he + seized Kirkwall by stratagem. Jarl Ragnvald is said to have been + a man of large stature and great strength, and to have been + buried in Papa Westray, but a grave nearly eight feet long, that + would fit him, has been found where he fell in Papa Stronsay.</p> + + <p>All this left Thorfinn with his great aim achieved. He was now + sole jarl of Orkney and Shetland, and sole earl of Caithness and + Sutherland, and he also held <span class="pagenum"><a name= + "page45" id="page45"></a>[pg 45]</span> Ross and the western + islands and coast down to Galloway, and part of Ireland, as his + <i>rikis</i> or conquered tributary lands.</p> + + <p>The fourth and last period of his career now begins with his + dramatic visit to King Magnus in Norway; and, on the death of + that king, he became the friend of his successor, Harald + Hardrada, in 1047, and after visiting King Sweyn in Denmark, and + Henry III, Emperor of Germany, rode south to Rome probably in + 1050 along with, it is said, his cousin Macbeth, king, and a good + king, of Scotland, returning thence to Orkney to his Hall at + Birsay at the north-west corner of Mainland. Thorfinn went to the + Pope not only for absolution, but to get Thorolf appointed bishop + in Orkney, according to Adam of Bremen, c. 243.</p> + + <p>We now come to the last years of the fourth period of his + life, when "the earl sate down quietly and kept peace over all + his realm. Then he left off warfare, and he turned his mind to + ruling his people and land, and to law-giving. He sate almost + always in Birsay, and let them build there Christchurch,<a id= + "footnotetag88" name="footnotetag88"></a><a href= + "#footnote88"><sup>20</sup></a> a splendid Minster. There first + was set up a bishop's seat in the Orkneys."</p> + + <p>The Annals of Tighernac record a great Norse expedition with + the aid of the Galls of Orkney and Innse Gall and Dublin to + subdue the Saxons in 1057, which failed. It is strange that we + hear nothing of Thorfinn in this, and the question arises whether + he had died before it took place. Had he been alive, such an + expedition would hardly have been possible without him.<a id= + "footnotetag89" name="footnotetag89"></a><a href= + "#footnote89"><sup>21</sup></a> It is interesting to note that so + accurate a chronicler as Sir Archibald Dunbar dates his widow + Ingibjorg's marriage to Malcolm III in 1059. (See <i>Scottish + Kings</i>, p. 27.)</p> + + <p>Thorfinn's life forms the subject of no less than twenty-six + chapters of the <i>Orkneyinga Saga</i>.<a id="footnotetag90" + name="footnotetag90"></a><a href="#footnote90"><sup>22</sup></a> + In his childhood, and later at all the main turning points of + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page46" id="page46"></a>[pg + 46]</span> his life, he was blessed with the constant care and + touching devotion, and with the able counsel and active + assistance of his foster-father, Thorkel Fostri, the slayer of + his three chief competitors—Jarl Einar and Earl Moddan and + Jarl Ragnvald Brusi-son—the captain of his armies, the + collector of his revenues and the guardian, in his absence on his + Viking cruises and in his travels abroad, of his widespread + dominions. There is a tradition<a id="footnotetag91" name= + "footnotetag91"></a><a href="#footnote91"><sup>23</sup></a> that + Thorkel founded the rock-castle of Borve, near Farr on the north + coast of Sutherland, which was demolished by the Earl of + Sutherland in 1556; but Thorkel is a common name among Vikings, + and the story is otherwise unauthenticated.</p> + + <p>According to the Saga, Thorfinn died of sickness "in the + latter days of Harald Hardrada," (who was killed in September + 1066), near the church which he founded, in his Hall at Birsay, + north of Marwick Head in the north-west corner of Mainland of + Orkney, within a few miles of the scene of Earl Kitchener's + recent death at sea, so that the greatest of our jarls and of our + earls rest near each other, the great Viking on the shore, and + the great soldier in the ocean.</p> + + <p>The chronology of Thorfinn and Ingibjorg his wife is extremely + difficult, but on the whole we incline to think that he was born + in 1008, and, as grandson of the king regnant, was created an + earl at his birth, married Ingibjorg, then quite young, in 1044, + and died in 1057 or 1058, after being an earl for his whole life + of "fifty years," while his widow married Malcolm III in 1059. + The phrase "in the latter days of Harald Hardrada" is after all + an expression wide enough to cover the last seven years of a + reign of twenty-one years, and it is unlikely that a marriage of + policy would be postponed for more than the year or two after + Malcolm's accession in 1057, during which he was engaged in + defeating the claims of Lulach to his throne and settling his + kingdom.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page47" id= + "page47"></a>[pg 47]</span> + + <h2>CHAPTER V.</h2> + + <h3>Paul and Erlend, Hakon and Magnus.</h3> + + <p>After Earl Thorfinn's death his sons Paul and Erlend jointly + held the jarldom, but divided the lands. They were "big men both, + and handsome, but wise and modest"<a id="footnotetag92" name= + "footnotetag92"></a><a href="#footnote92"><sup>1</sup></a> like + their Norse mother Ingibjorg, known as Earls'-mother, first + cousin of Thora, queen of Norway, mother of King Olaf Kyrre.</p> + + <p>On Thorfinn's death, however, the rest of his territories, + nine Scottish earldoms, it is said, "fell away, and went under + those men who were territorially born to rule over them;" that is + to say, they reverted to Scottish Maormors;<a id="footnotetag93" + name="footnotetag93"></a><a href="#footnote93"><sup>2</sup></a> + but Orkney and Shetland remained wholly Norse, and under Norse + rule.</p> + + <p>The date of the succession of Paul and Erlend to the Norse + jarldom<a id="footnotetag94" name="footnotetag94"></a><a href= + "#footnote94"><sup>3</sup></a> was, as we have seen, after 1057. + Possibly in 1059, or certainly not later than 1064 or 1065, + Ingibjorg, Thorfinn's widow, as by Norse law widows alone had the + right to do, "gave herself away" to the Scot-King Malcolm III, + known as Malcolm Canmore.<a id="footnotetag95" name= + "footnotetag95"></a><a href="#footnote95"><sup>4</sup></a></p> + + <p>As a matter of policy, the marriage was a wise step. For it + would tend to strengthen not only the hold of Scotland on + Caithness and Sutherland, but also its connection with Orkney and + Shetland, because Ingibjorg's sons, the young jarls Paul and + Erlend, would become stepsons of the Scottish king and earls of + Caithness. Nor was the marriage unsuitable in point either of the + age or of the rank of the contracting parties. Married to + Thorfinn about 1044,<a id="footnotetag96" name= + "footnotetag96"></a><a href="#footnote96"><sup>5</sup></a> + Ingibjorg, his widow, need not in 1064 have been more than forty. + She may have been younger, and Malcolm was, in 1064, about + thirty-three. If the marriage was in 1059, Ingibjorg would be + only thirty-five and Malcolm <span class="pagenum"><a name= + "page48" id="page48"></a>[pg 48]</span> twenty-eight. That + Ingibjorg was not old is proved by the fact that she had by + Malcolm one son and possibly three sons,<a id="footnotetag97" + name="footnotetag97"></a><a href="#footnote97"><sup>6</sup></a> + namely, Duncan II, and, it may be, also Malcolm and Donald. As + regards rank, also, she was equal to Malcolm, being a cousin of + the Queen of Norway, and widow of Thorfinn grandson of Malcolm + II, the great jarl of Orkney who had then recently subdued all + the north of Scotland and the Western Isles and Galloway to + himself, while Malcolm III was in exile in England, whence he had + been brought back with the greatest difficulty, not by a Scottish + force but by the help of an English, or at least a Northumbrian + army.</p> + + <p>After his marriage with Ingibjorg it is clear that there was + peace for thirty years in the north of Scotland, so far as the + Norse jarls were concerned, a fact which of itself justified the + marriage, which, however, may have afterwards been held to have + been within the prohibited degrees, and therefore void, while its + issue would be held to be illegitimate, and not entitled to + succeed to the Scottish crown.</p> + + <p>We may add that there is nothing in any Scottish record to + prove this marriage or to disprove it.</p> + + <p>The first important event in the lives of Paul and Erlend + happened just before the Norman conquest of England. They joined + King Harald Sigurdson (Hardrada) and his son Prince Olaf, who was + their second cousin on their mother's side,<a id="footnotetag98" + name="footnotetag98"></a><a href="#footnote98"><sup>7</sup></a> + in an attack on England; and, after Harald's death, and his + army's defeat by King Harold Godwinson of England at Stamford + Bridge, in September 1066, (three days before William the + Conqueror landed at Pevensey) the two Orkney jarls were taken + prisoner, but, along with Prince Olaf, they were released. On + their return to Orkney, Paul asked the Archbishop of York to + consecrate a cleric of Orkney as Bishop in Orkney, and the two + brothers ruled harmoniously there until their sons Hakon on + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page49" id="page49"></a>[pg + 49]</span> the one hand and Magnus and Erling on the other, who + had been engaged in Viking cruises together as boys, grew up and + quarrelled, and, as is usual, drew their fathers into the strife. + This strife was provoked by Hakon, and apparently lasted for many + years,<a id="footnotetag99" name="footnotetag99"></a><a href= + "#footnote99"><sup>8</sup></a> Erlend supporting his own sons, + and driving Hakon abroad to Norway about the year 1090. Neither + Paul nor Erlend seems to have been much in Sutherland or + Caithness, in which the representatives of the Gaelic Maormors or + Chiefs probably regained power, especially the family of Moddan, + and extended their territories.</p> + + <p>Meantime King Magnus Barelegs<a id="footnotetag100" name= + "footnotetag100"></a><a href="#footnote100"><sup>9</sup></a> of + Norway, instigated by Hakon, and taking advantage of the + contentions between 1093 and 1098 of the various claimants of the + Scottish crown, Donald Bane (whom he supported), Duncan II, and + Edgar, had made his several expeditions, in the closing years of + the eleventh century, against the western islands and coasts of + Scotland and Wales. In the battle of the Menai Straits in 1098 we + find that he had with him young Hakon Paulson, and also Erling + and Magnus, Jarl Erlend's sons, though Magnus, who had repented + of his early Viking ways, after declining to take part in the + fight against an enemy with whom he had no quarrel, escaped to + the Scottish court.<a id="footnotetag101" name= + "footnotetag101"></a><a href="#footnote101"><sup>10</sup></a> In + 1098 King Magnus had deposed and carried off Jarls Paul and + Erlend to Norway, where they died soon after; and in the meantime + he had appointed his own son, Sigurd, to be ruler of Orkney and + Shetland in their place.<a id="footnotetag102" name= + "footnotetag102"></a><a href="#footnote102"><sup>11</sup></a> But + on King Magnus' death, during his later expedition to Ireland, + where Erling Erlendson probably also fell, Prince Sigurd had to + quit Orkney in order to ascend the Norwegian throne, leaving the + jarldom vacant for the two cousins, Hakon Paulson and Magnus + Erlendson. The latter appears to have stayed for some years at + the Scottish Court and afterwards with a bishop in Wales, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page50" id="page50"></a>[pg + 50]</span> and again in Scotland, but on hearing of his father's + death, went to Caithness, where he was well received and was + chosen and honoured with the title of "earl" about 1103. A winter + or two after King Magnus' death, or about 1105, Hakon came back + from Norway with the title of Jarl, seized Orkney, and slew the + king of Norway's steward, who was protecting Magnus' share, which + after a time Magnus claimed, only to find that Hakon had prepared + a force to dispute his rights. Hakon agreed, however, to give up + his claims to Magnus' half share if Magnus should obtain a grant + of it from the Norwegian king.<a id="footnotetag103" name= + "footnotetag103"></a><a href="#footnote103"><sup>12</sup></a> + King Eystein about 1106 gave him this moiety and the title of + Jarl; and the two cousins lived in amity for "many winters," + joining their forces and fighting and killing Dufnjal,<a id= + "footnotetag104" name="footnotetag104"></a><a href= + "#footnote104"><sup>13</sup></a> who was one degree further off + than their first cousin, and killing Thorbjorn at Burrafirth in + Unst in Shetland "for good cause." Magnus then married, probably + about 1107, "a high-born lady, and the purest maid of the noblest + stock of Scotland's chiefs, living with her ten winters" as a + maiden. After "some winters" evil-minded men set about spoiling + the friendship of the jarls, and Hakon again seized Magnus' + share; whereupon the latter went to the court of Henry I of + England, where he appears to have charmed everyone, and to have + spent a year, probably 1111, in which Hakon seized all Orkney, + and also Caithness, which then included Sutherland, and laid them + under his rule with robbery and wantonness. Leaving Caithness, + Hakon at once went to attack Magnus in Orkney where he had + landed; but the "good men" intervened, and an equal division of + Orkney and Shetland and Caithness was made between the jarls. + After some winters, however, they met in battle array in + Mainland, and the fight was again stopped by the principal men on + either side in their own interest, the final settlement being + postponed until a meeting, which was to <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page51" id="page51"></a>[pg 51]</span> take + place in Egilsay in the next spring, Magnus arrived first at the + meeting-place with the small following of two ships agreed upon, + but Hakon came later in seven or eight ships with a great force, + and, after those present had refused to let both come away alive, + Magnus was treacherously murdered under Hakon's orders by Hakon's + cook on the 16th of April 1116. The dead jarl's mother, Thora, + had prepared a feast in Paplay to celebrate the reconciliation of + the two cousins, which, notwithstanding the murder, Hakon + attended. After the banquet the bereaved mother begged her son's + corpse for burial in holy ground, and obtained it from the + drunken earl after some difficulty and buried it in Christ's Kirk + at Birsay. Twenty-one years after, on the 13th December 1137, + Jarl Magnus' relics were brought<a id="footnotetag105" name= + "footnotetag105"></a><a href="#footnote105"><sup>14</sup></a> to + St. Magnus' Cathedral at Kirkwall.</p> + + <p>After making due allowance for the legends which generally + cluster round a saint or jarl, and grow with time, and for the + desire for dramatic contrast and effect, we must give credit to + the writer of the <i>Orkneyinga Saga</i>, probably the Orkney + Bishop Bjarni,<a id="footnotetag106" name= + "footnotetag106"></a><a href="#footnote106"><sup>15</sup></a> for + the vividness and simplicity of his account of St. Magnus' life + and of the two most striking episodes in it—his moral + courage as a non-combatant in the battle of Menai Straits, and + his saintly forgiveness of his murderers in his death-scene on + Egilsay; and we must hold him worthy alike of his aureole and of + the noble Norman cathedral afterwards erected in his memory by + his nephew, St. Ragnvald Jarl, at Kirkwall, which took the place + of Thorfinn's church at Birsay as the seat of the Orkney + bishopric. Magnus, it seems, was all through assisted by the + Scottish king, and favoured by the Caithness folk,<a id= + "footnotetag107" name="footnotetag107"></a><a href= + "#footnote107"><sup>16</sup></a> yet the Saga jealously claims + him as "the Isle-earl,"<a id="footnotetag108" name= + "footnotetag108"></a><a href="#footnote108"><sup>17</sup></a> and + adds the following description of him:—</p> + + <p>"He was the most peerless of men, tall of growth, <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page52" id="page52"></a>[pg 52]</span> manly, + and lively of look, virtuous in his ways, fortunate in fight, a + sage in wit, ready-tongued and lordly-minded, lavish of money and + high spirited, quick of counsel, and more beloved of his friends + than any man; blithe and of kind speech to wise and good men, but + hard and unsparing against robbers and sea-rovers; he let many + men be slain who harried the freemen and land folk; he made + murderers and thieves be taken, and visited as well on the + powerful as on the weak robberies and thieveries and all + ill-deeds. He was no favourer of his friends in his judgments, + for he valued more godly justice than the distinctions of rank. + He was open-handed to chiefs and powerful men, but still he ever + showed most care for poor men. In all things he kept straitly + God's commandments."</p> + + <p>As for Hakon, his cousin Magnus' death without issue left him + sole Jarl, "and he made all men take an oath to him who had + before served Earl Magnus. But some winters after, Hakon ... + fared south to Rome, and to Jerusalem, whence he sought the + halidoms, and bathed in the river Jordan, as is palmer's + wont.<a id="footnotetag109" name="footnotetag109"></a><a href= + "#footnote109"><sup>18</sup></a> And on his return he became a + good ruler, and kept his realm well at peace." He probably then + built the round church at Orphir in Mainland of Orkney, the only + Templar Church in Scotland.</p> + + <p>By Helga, Moddan's daughter, whom he never married, Hakon had + a son Harald Slettmali (smooth-talker, or glib of speech), and + two daughters, Ingibiorg and Margret. Ingibiorg afterwards + married Olaf Bitling, king of the Sudreys; and Ragnvald + Gudrodson, the great Viking, was of her line, and, as we shall + see, in 1200 or thereabouts, had the Caithness earldom conferred + upon him for a short time. To Margret we shall return later. By a + lawful wife Hakon had another son, Paul the Silent, and it seems + certain that Paul was not by the same mother as Margret or Harald + Slettmali, and that Paul's mother was not of Moddan's + family.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page53" id= + "page53"></a>[pg 53]</span> + + <p>Moddan, Earl of Caithness, was killed in 1040. His mother, + daughter of Bethoc, must have been born after 1002. If she was + married at seventeen, her son Earl Moddan could not have been + more than twenty when killed in 1040, and any son of his must + have been born by 1041 at latest. This son may have been Moddan + in Dale. Dale was the valley of the upper Thurso River, the only + great valley of Caithness, and the Saga states as + follows:—</p> + + <p>Moddan<a id="footnotetag110" name= + "footnotetag110"></a><a href="#footnote110"><sup>19</sup></a> + "then dwelt in Dale in Caithness, a man of rank and very + wealthy," and "his son Ottar was jarl in Thurso." Frakark, a + daughter of Moddan in Dale, was the wife of Liot Nidingr, or the + Dastard, a Sudrland chief, and during the half century after + Thorfinn's death Moddan's family seems to have owned much of + Caithness and Sutherland, where the Norse steadily lost their + hold. We may be sure also that the Celt always kept his land, if + he could, or, if he lost it, regained it as soon as he could. + Amongst its members this family probably held all the hills and + upper parts of the valleys of Strathnavern, Sutherland and Ness + at this time, and, from a centre on the low-lying land at the + head waters of the Naver, Helmsdale and Thurso rivers, kept on + pressing their more Norse neighbours steadily outwards and + eastwards.</p> + + <p>Shortly after Hakon's death in 1123, King Alexander I and his + brother, David I, began to organise the Catholic Church in + Scotland, and also to introduce feudalism. Even in the north of + Scotland, between the years 1107 and 1153 they founded + monasteries and bishoprics, and introduced Norman knights and + barons holding land by feudal service from the Crown. Long + thwarted in their policy by Moray and its Pictish maormors, who + claimed even the throne itself, these two kings pushed their + authority, by organisation and conquest, more and more towards + the north. Alexander I founded the Bishoprics of St. Andrew's, + Dunkeld, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page54" id= + "page54"></a>[pg 54]</span> and Moray in 1107, and the Monastery + of Scone, afterwards intimately connected with Kildonan in + Sutherland, in 1113 or 1114. David I, that "sair sanct to the + croun," who succeeded in 1124, founded the Bishoprics of Ross and + of Caithness in 1128 or 1130, and of Aberdeen in 1137, and + endowed them with lands. The same king<a id="footnotetag111" + name="footnotetag111"></a><a href= + "#footnote111"><sup>20</sup></a> between 1140 and 1145 issued a + mandate "to Reinwald Earl of Orkney and to the Earl and all the + men of substance of Caithness and Orkney to love and maintain + free from injury the monks of Durnach and their men and + property," and also in some year between 1145 and 1153, he + granted Hoctor Common<a id="footnotetag112" name= + "footnotetag112"></a><a href="#footnote112"><sup>21</sup></a> + near Durnach, to Andrew, Bishop of Caithness, whose see was then + well established there, and he spent the summer of 1150, while he + was superintending the building of the Cistercian abbey of + Kinloss, in the neighbouring Castle of Duffus, whose ruins still + stand, with Freskyn de Moravia, the first known ancestor of the + Earls of Sutherland.<a id="footnotetag113" name= + "footnotetag113"></a><a href="#footnote113"><sup>22</sup></a></p> + + <p>Freskyn, probably about 1130<a id="footnotetag114" name= + "footnotetag114"></a><a href="#footnote114"><sup>23</sup></a> or + earlier, had built this castle on the northern estate, comprising + the parish of Spynie near Elgin and other extensive lands in + Moray, which had been given to him in addition to his southern + territories of Strabrock, now Uphall and Broxburn<a id= + "footnotetag115" name="footnotetag115"></a><a href= + "#footnote115"><sup>24</sup></a> in Linlithgowshire, which he + already held from the Scottish king. Freskyn was thus no Fleming, + but a lowland Pict or Scot, as the tradition of his house + maintains,<a id="footnotetag116" name= + "footnotetag116"></a><a href="#footnote116"><sup>25</sup></a> and + he was a common ancestor of the great Scottish families of + Atholl, Bothwell, Sutherland, and probably Douglas. No member of + the Freskyn family is ever styled "Flandrensis" in any writ.</p> + + <p>We find in the extreme north of Scotland, in the first half of + the twelfth century, apart from the Mackays, three leading + families with great followings, which were destined to play an + important part in the future government of Sutherland and + Caithness, and with which we shall have to deal in detail later + on.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page55" id="page55"></a>[pg + 55]</span> + + <p>First, there was the family of the so-called Norse jarls, + descended in twin strains from Paul and Erlend, Thorfinn's sons, + owing allegiance to the Norwegian crown in respect of Orkney and + Shetland and also holding the earldom of Caithness in moieties or + in entirety, nominally from the Scottish king. Secondly, we have + the family of Moddan, Celtic earls or maormors, with extensive + territories held under the kings of Alban and Scotland for many + centuries before this time, but dispossessed in part by the + Norse. Thirdly, we have the family of Freskyn de Moravia then + established at Strabrock in Linlithgowshire, who about 1120 or + 1130 received, for his loyalty and services, extensive lands at + Duffus and elsewhere in Morayshire, and probably about 1196 the + lands in south Caithness known as Sudrland or Sutherland, from + the Scottish crown.</p> + + <p>Of this third line of De Moravias or Morays, two distinct + branches settled north of the Oykel. First, we have Hugo Freskyn, + son, it is said, but, as we shall see, really grandson, of the + original Freskyn and son of Freskyn's elder or eldest son + William.<a id="footnotetag117" name="footnotetag117"></a><a href= + "#footnote117"><sup>26</sup></a> This William no doubt fought + for, and may, or may not, have held land in Sutherland, but his + son Hugo certainly had all Sutherland properly so called, that + is, Sudrland, or the Southland of Caithness comprising the + parishes of Creich, Dornoch, Rogart, Kilmalie (afterwards + Golspie), Clyne, Loth, and most of Lairg and Kildonan,<a id= + "footnotetag118" name="footnotetag118"></a><a href= + "#footnote118"><sup>27</sup></a> formally granted to him, and he + held also the Duffus Estates in Moray, by sea only thirty miles + south of Dunrobin.</p> + + <p>The second branch was that of the younger Freskin de Moravia, + great-great-grandson of the original Freskyn,<a id= + "footnotetag119" name="footnotetag119"></a><a href= + "#footnote119"><sup>28</sup></a> and ancestor of the Lords of + Duffus, who obtained lands, which were mainly in modern + Caithness, and also in the upper portion of the valley of the + Naver and the valley of Coire-na-fearn in Strathnavern, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page56" id="page56"></a>[pg + 56]</span> by marriage with the Lady Johanna of Strathnaver about + 1250.<a id="footnotetag120" name="footnotetag120"></a><a href= + "#footnote120"><sup>29</sup></a> This latter portion was + immediately north of the land granted to Hugo Freskyn; and the + Caithness portion of Johanna's lands marched with Hugo's land on + its eastern boundary. Nor must we forget that a large area of the + modern county of Sutherland, consisting of part of the present + parishes of Eddrachilles and Durness and some part of Tongue and + Farr in Strathnavern, was constantly used as a refuge by Pictish + refugees of the race of MacHeth or MacAoidh, displaced and + frequently driven forth from Moray after the bloody defeat of + Stracathro in 1130 and in later rebellions as part of the policy + of the Scottish kings, and first known as the race of Morgan and + then to us as the Clan Mackay.</p> + + <p>They chose, indeed, for their refuge and ultimately for their + settlements a rugged and sterile land, to which their original + title was no charter, but their swords. Difficulties, it is said, + make character, and nowhere is this proverbial saying better + illustrated and proved than in the Reay country by its men and + women. They have given their own and other countries many fine + regiments and distinguished generals and statesmen, and none more + so than the late Lord Reay. Their history is to be found in the + <i>Book of Mackay</i>, a piece of good pioneer work from original + documents by the late Mr. Angus Mackay, and also in his + unfortunately unfinished <i>Province of Cat</i>.</p> + + <p>Yet another family, of Norse and Viking lineage, which was + settled in Orkney from the earliest Norse times and afterwards in + Caithness and Sutherland, was that of the Gunns, who were + descended in the male line from Sweyn Asleifarson the great + Viking, and on the female side from the line of Paul, and later + were by marriage connected with the Moddan clan and with the line + of Erlend. They have for nine centuries lived and still live in + Sutherland and Caithness, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page57" + id="page57"></a>[pg 57]</span> and have been noted alike for the + beauty of their women, and for the high attainments and character + and the distinction of their men, particularly in the art of war, + both by land and sea.</p> + + <p>Their descent from Jarl Paul and Sweyn is clear in the Sagas + as far as Snaekoll Gunnison and no further. It was as + follows:—Paul Thorfinnson had four daughters, of whom the + third was Herbjorg, who had a daughter Sigrid, who in turn had a + daughter Herbjorg, who married Kolbein Hruga. One of their sons + was Bishop Bjarni and their youngest child was a daughter Frida, + who married Andres, Sweyn Asleifarson's son, and their son was + Gunni, the father, by Ragnhild, Earl and Jarl Harald Ungi's + sister, of Snaekoll Gunnison. We suggest later that Snaekoll + Gunnison was the father, before his flight to Norway, of a + daughter, Johanna of Strathnaver, who inherited the Moddan and + Erlend estates, or that she was otherwise Ragnhild's heiress.</p> + + <p>The male line of the Gunns, according to a pedigree which the + writer has seen, was continued after his flight by Snaekoll who, + it is stated, had a son, Ottar, living in 1280. But after + Snaekoll's flight his right to succeed to Ragnhild's estates was + doubtless forfeited, and they were granted on his father's and + mother's death to Johanna on her marriage with Freskin de Moravia + of Duffus about 1245 or later, before Ottar's birth.</p> + + <p>With the descent of the Gunns in the male line downwards we + are not here concerned. But Snaekoll's forfeiture probably cost + their male line the Moddan and Erlend lands, which were granted + to Johanna of Strathnaver in Snaekoll's absence + abroad.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page58" id= + "page58"></a>[pg 58]</span> + + <h2>CHAPTER VI.</h2> + + <h3>The Moddan Family—Jarls Harald and Paul and + Ragnvald.</h3> + + <p>From the short forecast of the future given above, let us turn + back to the point whence we digressed, namely the year 1123, when + Jarl Hakon Paulson died at the close of the reign of Alexander I + of Scotland.</p> + + <p>Jarl Hakon was succeeded by his sons, Harald the Glib + (Slettmali) and Paul the Silent (Umalgi). Jarl Paul lived mainly + in Orkney, while Jarl Harald "was seated in Sutherland, and held + Caithness from the Scot king" David I, who was crowned in + 1124.<a id="footnotetag121" name="footnotetag121"></a><a href= + "#footnote121"><sup>1</sup></a> All Harald's sympathies seem to + have been Scottish, and he was born, bred, and brought up among + Scotsmen, or Picts, probably in North Kildonan. He was always + there with Frakark, daughter of Moddan in Dale, then a widow, her + husband Liot Nidingr or the Dastard being dead; and Frakark and + her sister Helga, Jarl Hakon's mistress, "had a great share in + ruling the land"; while Audhild, daughter of Thorleif, Frakark's + sister, also lived with Frakark,<a id="footnotetag122" name= + "footnotetag122"></a><a href="#footnote122"><sup>2</sup></a> and + was the mistress at this time of one of the strangest characters + in the Saga, Sigurd Slembi-diakn, or the Sham-deacon. Hakon's son + Paul being, as appears certain, by a different mother not of the + Moddan line, Frakark and Helga aimed at obtaining the whole + jarldom of Orkney for Harald, Helga's son by Earl Hakon. With the + object of getting rid of Paul, they went over with Sigurd + Slembi-diakn to Orphir in Orkney; and we have the story of the + poisoned shirt,<a id="footnotetag123" name= + "footnotetag123"></a><a href="#footnote123"><sup>3</sup></a> made + there by Frakark and Helga, and by them intended for Paul, but + put on, in spite of their expostulations and entreaties, by + Harald, who died of its poison, leaving, however, one son, + Erlend, then an infant.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page59" + id="page59"></a>[pg 59]</span> + + <p>After this, Jarl Paul banished these ladies from Orkney about + 1127, and they "fared away with all their kith and kin, first to + Caithness, and then up into Sutherland to those homesteads which + Frakark owned there,"<a id="footnotetag124" name= + "footnotetag124"></a><a href="#footnote124"><sup>4</sup></a> and + tradition<a id="footnotetag125" name= + "footnotetag125"></a><a href="#footnote125"><sup>5</sup></a> + locates her residence at Shenachu or Carn Shuin, on the east side + of the River Helmsdale near Kinbrace above the road. Possibly, + however, they lived at Borrobol, the "Castle Farm";<a id= + "footnotetag126" name="footnotetag126"></a><a href= + "#footnote126"><sup>6</sup></a> and there "there were brought up + by Frakark Margret, Earl Hakon's daughter, and Helga, Moddan's + daughter," and also Eric Stagbrellir, Frakark's grandnephew, and + son of her niece Audhild by Eric Streita, a Norseman, as well as + Olvir Rosta and Thorbiorn Klerk, both Frakark's grandsons, all of + whom come prominently into our story. Audhild's son, Eric + Stagbrellir, in the end was the survivor of these, as well as of + all males of the Moddan line, and ultimately we hear of no + descendants in Cat of any of them save of Eric, and Eric's + marriage with Ingigerd, St. Ragnvald Jarl's only child, is the + link between the line of Erlend and that of Moddan, which united + the Erlend and Moddan estates.</p> + + <p>Of the line of Thorfinn we already know the royal origin and + descent from Malcolm II's third daughter.</p> + + <p>Of the Moddan line the Saga says<a id="footnotetag127" name= + "footnotetag127"></a><a href= + "#footnote127"><sup>7</sup></a>—"These men were all of + great family and great for their own sakes, and they all thought + they had a great claim in the Orkneys to those realms which their + kinsman Earl Harald (Slettmali) had owned. The brothers of + Frakark were Angus of the open hand, and Earl Ottir in Thurso: he + was a man of birth and rank." These children of Moddan were + probably of royal lineage or kinship, as Moddan, who had been + created Earl of Caithness by King Duncan I, was that king's + sister's son, and was probably, as we have seen, their ancestor + or kinsman. They were also probably descended more remotely from + Moldan, Maormor of Duncansby, <span class="pagenum"><a name= + "page60" id="page60"></a>[pg 60]</span> a kinsman of Malcolm II, + but had all been driven back from the coast, save Earl Ottir, who + lived at Thurso, and probably owned its valley up to its source + in the Halkirk and Latheron hills.</p> + + <p>The death of Harald the Glib by poison left Paul <i>de + facto</i> sole jarl of Orkney. We are told<a id="footnotetag128" + name="footnotetag128"></a><a href="#footnote128"><sup>8</sup></a> + that "Paul was a man of very many friends, and no speaker at + Things or meetings. He let many other men rule the land with him, + was courteous and kind to all the land-folk, liberal of money, + and he spared nothing to his friends. He was not fond of war, and + sate much in quiet." We may be sure that he was little, if ever, + in Sutherland, the country of his enemy Frakark. His rule was, + however, destined to be disturbed, on the one hand by the Moddan + family's plots, and, on the other hand, by a Norse competitor for + the jarldom, Kali, son of Kol and Gunnhild, Jarl St. Magnus' + sister, who had been re-named Ragnvald from his resemblance to + the handsome Jarl Ragnvald Brusi's son, and was afterwards + designated Jarl of Orkney by King Sigurd of Norway, as the + representative of the line of Erlend, Thorfinn's son.</p> + + <p>With Jarl Ragnvald, Jarl St. Magnus' sequel in estate, and + himself afterwards St. Ragnvald, who was much in Caithness and + Sutherland, and seems to have held and acquired considerable + estates there, begins what is practically a new Saga, which may + be styled "The Story of Ragnvald, and of Sweyn" the great Viking. + Of these two we have perhaps the finest and most vividly painted + pictures of the <i>Orkneyinga Saga</i>, full of dramatic touches, + full, too, of interesting historical detail.</p> + + <p>First, we have a portrait of the young Ragnvald as Kali Kolson + in his youth at Agdir in Norway, with his mother Gunnhild, sister + of Jarl St. Magnus Erlend's son, and his shrewd old father Kol. + We are told that Kali was "the most hopeful man" or man of + promise, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page61" id= + "page61"></a>[pg 61]</span> "of middle stature, fine of limb, + with light brown hair"; how he "had many friends, and was a more + proper man both in body and mind than most of the other men of + his time, a good player at draughts, a facile writer of runes, + and a reader of books, good at smith's work, ski-ing, shooting, + and rowing, and as skilful at song as at the harp."<a id= + "footnotetag129" name="footnotetag129"></a><a href= + "#footnote129"><sup>9</sup></a></p> + + <p>At the age of fifteen, he traded to Grimsby, where many + Norwegians and Orkneymen came, and many from the Hebrides; and + here he met Harald Gillikrist, who became his firm friend, and + confided in him alone that he, Harald, was the son of King Magnus + Barelegs, asking how he would be received by King Sigurd of + Norway, and obtaining the diplomatic reply that he would be well + received by the king, if others did not spoil his welcome. Then + Kali returns to Bergen in 1116, about the time of Jarl Magnus' + murder by his cousin Jarl Hakon, and after a friendship and a + feud with Jon Peterson, which is amicably settled by the marriage + of Jon with Kali's sister Ingirid, and of which the description + well illustrates the manners and law of the times, is made Jarl + Ragnvald of Orkney by King Sigurd; and on that king's death in + 1126 he is confirmed in the title by his friend King Harald, for + whom he fought in the battle for the throne at Floruvoe near + Bergen, when King Magnus was captured, maimed, and deposed by + Harald in 1135.</p> + + <p>Jarl Paul, however, refused to part with half the isles; and, + acting on Kol's advice, Jarl Ragnvald's messengers apply for aid + in obtaining it to Frakark and her grandson Olvir Rosta in + Kildonan, and offer them Paul's half share if they will help + Ragnvald to secure his half. Frakark, having previously arranged + that her niece Margret, the daughter of Earl Hakon and Helga, + should marry Earl Maddad of Athole, second cousin to David I, as + his second wife, thought that Orkney might be had, with half the + jarldom and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page62" id= + "page62"></a>[pg 62]</span> all Caithness, for Margret's son + Harold Maddadson, then an infant in arms.</p> + + <p>Ragnvald and Frakark then made common cause.<a id= + "footnotetag130" name="footnotetag130"></a><a href= + "#footnote130"><sup>10</sup></a> But in 1136 Paul defeated + Frakark's ships in a sea fight off Tankerness in Deer Sound in + Orkney, and immediately afterwards seized Jarl Ragnvald's fleet + in Yell Sound in Shetland, though Ragnvald and his men escaped to + Norway in merchant vessels, to return later on.<a id= + "footnotetag131" name="footnotetag131"></a><a href= + "#footnote131"><sup>11</sup></a></p> + + <p>Meantime Olvir Rosta, Frakark's grandson, who had been stunned + and nearly drowned in the sea fight at Tankerness, in which + Sweyn's and Gunni's father, Olaf Hrolf's son, had aided Jarl + Paul, burned Olaf alive in his home at Duncansby, Asleif, Olaf's + wife, escaping only because she was absent at the time. Further, + Valthiof, Sweyn's elder brother, was drowned in the roost of the + West-firth, while rowing south to Jarl Paul's Yule Feast. Sweyn + Asleifarson, as he was ever afterwards called, then went to + Paul's Hall at Orphir to complain of Olvir Rosta. The news of his + brother's death, which arrived during the feast, was + considerately withheld from him, and he was greatly honoured + there; but he roused the jarl's anger by slaying Sweyn + Breast-rope, the jarl's forecastle-man, at Orphir, not indeed so + much for the murder, as because Sweyn had fled and did not come + to submit himself after it to the jarl, and so offended + him.<a id="footnotetag132" name="footnotetag132"></a><a href= + "#footnote132"><sup>12</sup></a></p> + + <p>Then follow the stories, well worth reading in the Saga + itself, of the raising and lowering of the sails on Ragnvald's + ships and of the mutiny of Paul's followers, and of the dowsing + of the beacons on the Fair Isle by Uni, Ragnvald's ally, of + Ragnvald's landing in Westray, of his suppression of all + opposition to him, of the spies at Paul's Thing, of Sweyn's + junction of forces with Ragnvald, of Sweyn's visit to Margret at + Athole, and his dramatic kidnapping of Jarl Paul while hunting + otters near Westness<a id="footnotetag133" name= + "footnotetag133"></a><a href="#footnote133"><sup>13</sup></a> in + the Isle of Rousay, in Orkney, <span class="pagenum"><a name= + "page63" id="page63"></a>[pg 63]</span> and of the jarl's + deportation by Sweyn first to Dufeyra and thence via + Ekkjals-bakki<a id="footnotetag134" name= + "footnotetag134"></a><a href="#footnote134"><sup>14</sup></a> to + Athole to his sister Margret, who receives him with the utmost + show of cordiality, and finally of Paul's abdication in favour of + Margret's second son, Harold Maddadson, then a boy of five years + of age, with the instructions to Sweyn to tell the Orkneymen that + Paul himself was blinded, or, worse still, maimed, so that his + friends should not seek him out, and restore him to his + jarldom.<a id="footnotetag135" name="footnotetag135"></a><a href= + "#footnote135"><sup>15</sup></a> Such is one version of the + story; the other is a more sinister tale, that his half-sister + Margret cast Jarl Paul into a dungeon and had him murdered, and, + so far as the Saga relates, he left no issue.</p> + + <p>Sweyn then returns to Orkney and tells his version of the + affair to the bishop, the bishop to Ragnvald, and Ragnvald to the + "good men" or <i>lendirmen</i> of Orkney, who express themselves + satisfied, and Ragnvald builds the Cathedral he had vowed to St. + Magnus in Kirkwall—a strange medley of craftiness, murder, + and piety.</p> + + <p>Next we have the vivid scene<a id="footnotetag136" name= + "footnotetag136"></a><a href="#footnote136"><sup>16</sup></a> of + the arrival from Athole at Knarstead near Scapa, in his blue cope + and quaintly cut beard, on a fine winter's day, of John, Bishop, + probably of Glasgow, and formerly tutor to King David of + Scotland, on whom Jarl Ragnvald waits like a page, and who passes + on to Egilsay to Bishop William the Old; and the two clerics + propose to Jarl Ragnvald that Harald Maddadson, who had already + been created sole Earl of Caithness, shall have Paul + Thorfinnson's half of the Orkney jarldom, an arrangement which + Ragnvald accepts, and which is ratified by the people of Orkney + and of Caithness. In due course the boy arrives in 1139, and the + tutor selected for him is, of all others, Frakark's grandson, + Thorbiorn Klerk, who had married Sweyn Asleifarson's sister, + Ingirid, and who was "one of the boldest of men, and the most + unfair, overbearing man in most <span class="pagenum"><a name= + "page64" id="page64"></a>[pg 64]</span> things,"<a id= + "footnotetag137" name="footnotetag137"></a><a href= + "#footnote137"><sup>17</sup></a> differing indeed but little in + character from Sweyn himself "who was a wise man and foresighted + about many things; and an unfair overbearing man and reckless + towards others," while they were both said to be men "of power + and weight," and at this time they were fast friends.</p> + + <p>Then follows the story of Frakark's Burning, one of the most + purely Sutherland tales in the whole Saga.<a id="footnotetag138" + name="footnotetag138"></a><a href= + "#footnote138"><sup>18</sup></a></p> + + <p>Sweyn, to avenge on that lady and her grandson, Olvir Rosta, + the burning of his own father Olaf and of his house in Duncansby, + openly asked Jarl Ragnvald for "two ships well fitted and + manned," sailed to the Moray Firth, the Breithifiorthr or + Broadfirth, as it was then called, "and took the north-west wind + to Dufeyra, a market town in Scotland. Thence he sailed into the + land along the shore of Moray and to Ekkjals-bakki. Thence he + fared next of all to Athole to Earl Maddad, and lay at the place + called Elgin and obtained guides, who knew the paths over fells + and wastes whither he wished to go.<a id="footnotetag139" name= + "footnotetag139"></a><a href="#footnote139"><sup>19</sup></a> + Thence he fared the upper way over fells and woods, above all + places where men dwelt, and came out in Strath Helmsdale near the + middle of Sutherland. But Olvir and his men had scouts out + everywhere where they thought that strife was to be looked for + from the Orkneys; but in this way they did not look for warriors. + So they were not ware of the host, before Sweyn and his men had + come to the slope at the back of Frakark's homestead. There came + against them Olvir the Unruly with sixty men; then they fell to + battle at once, and there was a short struggle. Olvir and his men + gave way towards the homestead; for they could not get to the + wood. Then there was a great slaughter of men, but Olvir fled + away up to Helmsdale Water and swam across the river and so up on + to the fell: and thence he fared to Skotland's Firth,<a id= + "footnotetag140" name="footnotetag140"></a><a href= + "#footnote140"><sup>20</sup></a> and so out to the Southern + Isles. And he is out of the story. But when Olvir drew off, Sweyn + and his <span class="pagenum"><a name="page65" id= + "page65"></a>[pg 65]</span> men fared straight up to the house, + and plundered it of everything; but, after that, they burnt the + homestead and all those men and women who were inside it. And + there Frakark lost her life. Sweyn and his men did there the + greatest harm in Sutherland, ere they fared to their ships."</p> + + <p>Such is this Sutherland tale of Sweyn. According to the + current notions of blood feud, he merely discharged the solemn + duty of avenging his father's burning and death by a like burning + and slaying of the household of his father's murderers. But his + acts were wholly unjustifiable by the law of the time, as he had + already accepted an atonement by were-geld from Earl Ottar.</p> + + <p>After a round of harrying and piracy, especially in + Sutherland, no doubt among the Moddan clan, Sweyn was heartily + welcomed home by Jarl Ragnvald, from whom he immediately obtained + another fleet for another set of raids on Wales, the coasts of + the Bristol Channel and the Scilly Isles. His murder of Sweyn + Breast-rope was committed just after an adjournment of the feast + at Orphir for Nones in the Templar Church there, and Jarl + Ragnvald's gift of the ships for Frakark's punishment was made + while the jarl was piously engaged in completing and adorning St. + Magnus' Cathedral at Kirkwall.</p> + + <p>The strategy leading up to the Burning is characteristic of + Sweyn and his stratagems. He <i>openly</i> asks for ships and + sails in them, and thus is expected to land on the coast. But + after a purposely devious course, which has puzzled inquirers + into the locality of Ekkjals-bakki, he came overland by Oykel and + Lairg and Strathnaver or Strathskinsdale, whence he was not + looked for.</p> + + <p>Thorbiorn Klerk next has his revenges. First he burnt Earl + Waltheof (who had slain his father) in Moray, and next he killed + two of Sweyn's men who <span class="pagenum"><a name="page66" id= + "page66"></a>[pg 66]</span> had assisted in the burning of + Thorbiorn's relative, Frakok, or Frakark, in Kildonan. Jarl + Ragnvald with difficulty reconciles Thorbiorn and Sweyn, and they + start for a joint raid. Soon, however, they squabble over the + spoils, and Thorbiorn puts his wife Ingirid, Sweyn's sister, + away, a deed that reopened their feud.<a id="footnotetag141" + name="footnotetag141"></a><a href= + "#footnote141"><sup>21</sup></a></p> + + <p>For a series of robberies in Caithness, Sweyn is besieged by + Jarl Ragnvald in Lambaborg, now known as Freswick Castle, but + escapes by swimming in his armour under the cliffs and landing in + Caithness, whence he passed southwards through Sutherland to + Scotland and Edinburgh, where King David I received him with + honour, and reconciled him with Jarl Ragnvald.<a id= + "footnotetag142" name="footnotetag142"></a><a href= + "#footnote142"><sup>22</sup></a></p> + + <p>In 1148, Ragnvald decided to visit King Ingi in Norway, taking + Harold Maddadson, then a boy of fifteen, with him.<a id= + "footnotetag143" name="footnotetag143"></a><a href= + "#footnote143"><sup>23</sup></a> There he meets Eindridi, who had + been long in Micklegarth, as Constantinople was then called by + the Norse, probably in the Emperor's service as one of the + Varangian Guard; and ships are built for a voyage to the East. + But both he and Harold are wrecked in "The Help" and "The Arrow," + at Gulberwick, south of Lerwick, on the Shetland coast, all on + board, however, being saved, and Ragnvald, as usual, making + verses and fun of it all, and of many other things.</p> + + <p>At last in 1150 Ragnvald's and Eindridi's ships are + "boun"<a id="footnotetag144" name="footnotetag144"></a><a href= + "#footnote144"><sup>24</sup></a> for their eastern cruise, + Eindridi, however, being wrecked off Shetland. But he gets + another ship, and, in 1151, they set sail for the East, William, + the bishop of Orkney, commanding one vessel. Passing down the + east coast of England and through the Channel to France, they + reach Bilbao<a id="footnotetag145" name= + "footnotetag145"></a><a href="#footnote145"><sup>25</sup></a> in + Spain, where Ragnvald lands, and refuses to marry Queen + Ermengarde. Afterwards he rounds Galicia, where Eindridi's + treachery robs them of spoil in taking Godfrey's castle, beats + through Niorfa Sound (the Straits of Gibraltar); <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page67" id="page67"></a>[pg 67]</span> is + deserted by Eindridi, sails along Sarkland (Barbary), captures + the Saracen ship Dromund, and burns her, sells the prisoners in + Barbary, but releases their prince, coasts along Crete, lands at + Acre, and bathes in Jordan on St. Lawrence's Day, the 10th of + August 1152. After a visit to Jerusalem they come at last to + Constantinople, where the Varangian Guard heartily welcome them, + although Eindridi, who has arrived there before him, tries to set + everyone against them; and Ragnvald finally returns to Bulgaria + and Apulia and Rome, and thence overland to Denmark and + Norway.<a id="footnotetag146" name="footnotetag146"></a><a href= + "#footnote146"><sup>26</sup></a></p> + + <p>When Ragnvald reached Norway in 1153, he heard what had been + going on at home during his absence in the east. King Eystein of + Norway, King Harald Gilli's son, had seized Jarl Harold + Maddadson, then a young man of twenty, at Thurso, and made him + swear allegiance to himself, letting him go on his paying three + marks of gold as his ransom. Then Maddad, his father, Earl of + Athole, died; and the widowed Margret, Harold's mother, came + north to Orkney, still dangerous, still beautiful and attractive, + especially to Gunni, Sweyn's brother, by whom she had a child, + for which Gunni was outlawed, a punishment which alienated his + brother Sweyn from Harold Maddadson.<a id="footnotetag147" name= + "footnotetag147"></a><a href="#footnote147"><sup>27</sup></a></p> + + <p>Erlend, only son of Harald Slettmali, and really entitled to + the whole earldom, obtained from his relative<a id= + "footnotetag148" name="footnotetag148"></a><a href= + "#footnote148"><sup>28</sup></a> King Malcolm, then a boy of + under twelve, through his powerful kin, a grant of half of the + earldom of Caithness jointly with Harold Maddadson, who objected + to give him half the Orkney jarldom unless King Eystein confirmed + the grant. Erlend then went to Norway to get it confirmed. + Meantime Sweyn seized a ship of Harold's; but, to help Erlend, + tried to reconcile Harold to him, as King Eystein (said Erlend) + had given him half of Orkney. And the half given to him was, he + added, Harold's half.<a id="footnotetag149" name= + "footnotetag149"></a><a href= + "#footnote149"><sup>29</sup></a></p><span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page68" id="page68"></a>[pg 68]</span> + + <p>Sweyn and Erlend then force Harold, who had then just come of + age, to agree to give up this half, under duress, in order to + secure his own liberty, and the Orkney folk agree that Erlend + shall have this half, Ragnvald having the other. This, Sweyn + knew, Harold would not stand, and, as he drank at a feast with + his house-carles in his castle in Gairsay,<a id="footnotetag150" + name="footnotetag150"></a><a href= + "#footnote150"><sup>30</sup></a> the wily Viking said, slily + rubbing his nose, "I think Harold is now on his voyage to the + isles," a shrewd surmise which proved correct in spite of the + midwinter storm then prevailing. Harold's expedition, however, + failed, and he went back to Caithness to raise a force to kill a + man called Erlend the Young who had seized his mother Margret and + taken her by force to Shetland, where he fortified Mousa + Broch<a id="footnotetag151" name="footnotetag151"></a><a href= + "#footnote151"><sup>31</sup></a> and held her prisoner there. + After a siege, Harold, who had followed them, at last allowed + their marriage, Erlend the Young becoming his ally, and going + that summer with his wife and Harold to Norway. When that was + heard in the Orkneys, Sweyn and Earl Erlend went raiding off the + east coast of Scotland and afterwards a-viking to North Berwick, + and got much plunder, and Harold returned in the autumn to + Orkney. In the winter Jarl Ragnvald came back from the east to + Turfness (Burghead), whence he went about Yule 1153 to Orkney, to + find that the Orkney-men want himself and Erlend, not himself and + Harold, as joint jarls over them.</p> + + <p>Harold had then to fight for his own hand; and, finding that + Earl Erlend and Sweyn were in Shetland, he sought them out but + missed them, and afterwards, though he hated Jarl Ragnvald, tried + to get him on his side.</p> + + <p>We come to another Sutherland event, historically of the first + importance to us, in 1154.<a id="footnotetag152" name= + "footnotetag152"></a><a href="#footnote152"><sup>32</sup></a> + "Jarl Ragnvald was then up the country in Sutherland, and sat + there at a wedding at which he gave his only daughter and child + Ingirid or Ingigerd, to Eric Stagbrellir," who, <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page69" id="page69"></a>[pg 69]</span> as we + have seen, as Audhild's son, had been brought up in Kildonan. + "News came to him at once that Earl Harold was come into Thurso. + Jarl Ragnvald, rode down with a great company to Thurso from the + bridal.<a id="footnotetag153" name="footnotetag153"></a><a href= + "#footnote153"><sup>33</sup></a> Eric was Harold's kinsman and + tried to reconcile the earls."</p> + + <p>There was a fight in Thurso between their followers, Thorbiorn + Klerk instigating it, no doubt because after Eric's marriage with + Ingigerd, Ragnvald's daughter, he knew he could not hope to force + Eric to give up the Moddan lands in Strathnavern and in the upper + valleys and hills of Sudrland and Caithness, to which he had a + claim. Thirteen of Ragnvald's men fell in the fray, and he + himself was wounded in the face. Ultimately, the earls were + reconciled on the 25th of September 1154, and about 1156 joined + forces and went to Orkney against Sweyn and Erlend, who pretended + they were sailing for the Hebrides, but put their ships about at + Store<a id="footnotetag154" name="footnotetag154"></a><a href= + "#footnote154"><sup>34</sup></a> Point in Assynt, and after all + but seizing Jarl Ragnvald at Orphir in Orkney, captured his + ships, though he and Harold escaped, each in a small boat, across + the Pentland Firth to Caithness.<a id="footnotetag155" name= + "footnotetag155"></a><a href="#footnote155"><sup>35</sup></a> + Returning thence, in Sweyn's absence for the night they attacked + Erlend, who had disregarded all Sweyn's warnings and advice to + keep a good look-out, off Damsey, near Finstown. In this fight + Jarl Erlend, the last descendant in the male line of Thorfinn + then alive, was slain, while drunk, his body being found next day + transfixed by a spear, and he left no issue to inherit his title + of earl or the other Moddan lands, left to him by Earl Ottar, + which probably devolved on Eric Stagbrellir in 1156, as he could + hold them against Thorbiorn Klerk.</p> + + <p>All Erlend's success, if we are to believe the Saga, this + portion of which is written largely to glorify Sweyn, probably by + his relative Bishop Bjarni, had been arranged by Sweyn's really + marvellous cunning; <span class="pagenum"><a name="page70" id= + "page70"></a>[pg 70]</span> and Ragnvald, no doubt feeling how + dangerous an enemy Sweyn was, and that he was backed by the + Scottish king, immediately sent for him in order to reconcile him + to Harold. But Harold, soon afterwards, robbed Sweyn's house in + Gairsay; and Sweyn, in his turn, attacked the house where Harold + was, and nearly succeeded in burning him alive. Later on Harold + all but caught Sweyn off Kirkwall, but Sweyn gave him the slip, + by running his ship into a tidal cave in Ellarholm, off Elwick in + Shapinsay, in 1155, and disappearing till the coast was clear, + when he got away in a small boat.</p> + + <p>Afterwards Sweyn and Earl Harold were reconciled, and Sweyn + and Thorbiorn Klerk and Eric Stagbrellir went on a viking cruise + to the Hebrides, and, after a great victory at the Scilly Isles, + returned with much booty to Orkney.<a id="footnotetag156" name= + "footnotetag156"></a><a href="#footnote156"><sup>36</sup></a></p> + + <p>In the year 1157 or 1158, Sweyn defeated Gilli Odran, steward + of Earl Ragnvald's lands in Caithness, who had fled to the west + and was caught in Murkfjord (possibly Loch Glendhu at Kylestrome + in Eddrachilles) and was slain there with fifty of his men by + Sweyn.<a id="footnotetag157" name="footnotetag157"></a><a href= + "#footnote157"><sup>37</sup></a></p> + + <p>In 1158, Ragnvald and Harold went, as they did every year, to + hunt red deer and reindeer<a id="footnotetag158" name= + "footnotetag158"></a><a href="#footnote158"><sup>38</sup></a> in + Caithness, their hunting ground being probably near the + Ben-y-griams, which lay on the way to Kildonan, or Strathnaver, + where Eric probably lived; and some think there are still remains + of walls used as a pen for driven deer on Ben-y-griam Beg, though + these are more probably the ancient ramparts of a + hill-fort.<a id="footnotetag159" name= + "footnotetag159"></a><a href="#footnote159"><sup>39</sup></a> + When they landed at Thurso, they heard that Thorbiorn Klerk was + hiding and lying in wait in Thorsdale<a id="footnotetag160" name= + "footnotetag160"></a><a href="#footnote160"><sup>40</sup></a> in + order to make an onslaught on Ragnvald, if he got a chance. After + riding with a band of a hundred men, twenty of them mounted, they + spent the night at a place where there was what the Celts call an + "erg" (<i>airigh</i>) but the Norse call "setr," the modern + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page71" id="page71"></a>[pg + 71]</span> sheiling. Next day, as they rode up along Calfdale, + Ragnvald was in advance of the party, and, at a homestead called + Force,<a id="footnotetag161" name="footnotetag161"></a><a href= + "#footnote161"><sup>41</sup></a> Halvard hailed him loudly by + name. Thorbiorn was inside the house, and burst out through an + old doorway, and dealt Ragnvald a great wound, and the jarl fell, + his foot sticking in his stirrup, when Stephen, an accomplice, + gave him a spear thrust; whereupon Thorbiorn, after dealing him + another wound, and receiving a spear thrust in the thigh himself, + fled to the moor. Earl Harold at first would not interfere; and + though Magnus son of Havard Gunni's son insisted, Earl Harold + again declined to pursue Thorbiorn to the death, but left Magnus + to besiege him at Asgrim's Ergin or Shielings,<a id= + "footnotetag162" name="footnotetag162"></a><a href= + "#footnote162"><sup>42</sup></a> now Assary, near Loch Calder, + where, by setting fire to the hut in which he was, his pursuers + succeeded in smoking him out and killing him. They then brought + the jarl's body from Force to Thurso, and thence took it over to + Orkney, to be buried in the choir of St. Magnus' Cathedral, which + he had founded and built in his uncle's honour.</p> + + <p>"Jarl Ragnvald's death was a very great grief, for he was very + much beloved there in the Isles, and far and wide elsewhere." It + took place on the 20th August 1158.</p> + + <p>"He had been a very great helper," the Saga adds, "to many + men, bountiful of money, gentle, and a steadfast friend; a great + man for feats of strength, and a good skald" or poet. In 1192 he + was canonised as St. Ragnvald<a id="footnotetag163" name= + "footnotetag163"></a><a href="#footnote163"><sup>43</sup></a> + with, it is said, full Papal sanction. Save during Harold + Maddadson's minority he was never Earl of Caithness, and then had + the title only as guardian of his ward Harold.</p> + + <p>Ragnvald left a daughter, his only surviving child, Ingirid or + Ingigerd, whom as we have seen, Audhild's son, Eric Stagbrellir + had married four years before her father's death; and their + children, who come into <span class="pagenum"><a name="page72" + id="page72"></a>[pg 72]</span> the story afterwards, were three + sons, Harald Ungi or Harald the Young, Magnus nick-named Mangi, + and Ragnvald, and three daughters, Ingibiorg, Elin<a id= + "footnotetag164" name="footnotetag164"></a><a href= + "#footnote164"><sup>44</sup></a> and Ragnhild, all of whom, so + far as the Saga relates, died childless save Ragnhild, whose son + by her second husband Gunni, was Snaekoll Gunni's son, who about + 1230 claimed the Ragnvald lands in Orkney from Earl John, son of + Earl Harold Maddadson,<a id="footnotetag165" name= + "footnotetag165"></a><a href="#footnote165"><sup>45</sup></a> and + complained that Earl John was keeping him out of his rights in + Caithness to Ragnvald's share of the earldom lands there.</p> + + <p>After Thorbiorn Klerk's death, Olvir Rosta being "out of the + story," Eric's children, who were mainly Norse in blood, were the + only heirs left in Caithness not only for Jarl Ragnvald's lands, + but also for the upper parts of the river valleys of Strathnavern + and Ness, which the Moddan family had held through the whole + Norse occupation of Caithness and Sutherland, along with the hill + country in Halkirk and Latheron and Strathnavern and probably + also in Sutherland, lands on which few Norse place-names are + found, and which came to Eric through Audhild his mother on the + deaths of Earls Ottar and Erlend Haraldson without issue. These + lands would of right descend to Eric's eldest son, Harald Ungi, + and on his death without issue, to his brothers if alive, and, + failing them, to his sisters and their heirs, as happened in the + case of Ragnhild and her son Snaekoll Gunni's son, neither + Ingibiorg nor Elin receiving any share of this property, for + reasons now undiscoverable, but which we shall endeavour to + explain later, by presuming that one of them had died unmarried, + or had married abroad, while the other and her descendants were + amply provided for otherwise by marriage with Gilchrist, Earl of + Angus.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page73" id= + "page73"></a>[pg 73]</span> + + <h2>CHAPTER VII.</h2> + + <h3>Harold Maddadson and the Freskyns.</h3> + + <p>After the death of Jarl Ragnvald in 1158, Harold Maddadson at + the age of twenty-five "took all the isles under his rule, and + became sole chief over them."<a id="footnotetag166" name= + "footnotetag166"></a><a href="#footnote166"><sup>1</sup></a> Ever + since 1139 he had been sole Earl of Cat save for Erlend + Haraldson's grant,<a id="footnotetag167" name= + "footnotetag167"></a><a href="#footnote167"><sup>2</sup></a> + though Jarl Ragnvald seems to have had a share of its lands and + managed the Earldom of Caithness for Harold during his minority, + bearing the title of his ward till the latter attained his + majority in 1154. Harold had married Afreka, daughter of Duncan, + Earl of Fife, one of the most loyal supporters of the Scottish + kings, and their children were two sons, Henry, who afterwards + claimed Ross, and of whom we hear no more, and Hakon, Sweyn + Asleifarson's foster-child, and two daughters, Helena and + Margret, of whom we hear nothing save their names. Hakon, from + boyhood, went with Sweyn on all his spring and autumn "vikings" + or piratical cruises, undertaken every year to the Hebrides, Man, + and Ireland, in one of which Sweyn took two English ships near + Dublin, and returned to Orkney laden with broadcloth, wine, and + English mead.<a id="footnotetag168" name= + "footnotetag168"></a><a href="#footnote168"><sup>3</sup></a> + Sweyn's life is thus described in c. 114 of the <i>Orkneyinga + Saga</i>. "He sat through the winter at home in Gairsay, and + there he kept always about him eighty men at his beck. He had so + great a drinking-hall that there was not another as great in all + the Orkneys. Sweyn had in the spring hard work, and made them lay + down very much seed, and looked much after it himself. But when + that toil was ended, he fared away every spring on a + Viking-voyage, and harried about among the southern isles and + Ireland, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page74" id= + "page74"></a>[pg 74]</span> and came home after midsummer. That + he called spring-viking. Then he was at home until the cornfields + were reaped down, and the grain seen to and stored. Then he fared + away on a viking-voyage, and then he did not come home till the + winter was one month spent, and that he called his + autumn-viking." At last, in a cruise to Dublin, which he + captured, Sweyn was killed by stratagem on landing to receive + payment of its ransom from the town, and the boy Hakon probably + fell there with him in 1171. "And," the Saga adds, "it is the + common saying of Sweyn that he was the most masterful man in the + western lands, both of yore and now-a-days, among those men who + had no higher rank than himself." Sweyn was, in fact the greatest + man of his time. For he robbed whom he pleased, made and undid + jarls and earls as he chose, and was the friend or tool of more + than one Scottish king.</p> + + <p>Earl Harold had put his wife Afreka away, and probably after + Sweyn's death formed a union, at a date which it seems impossible + to fix, with Hvarflod or Gormflaith, daughter of Malcolm MacHeth + of Moray, who was in rebellion in 1134, and was imprisoned in + Roxburgh Castle until 1157, when he was released and created Earl + of Ross, so that Gormflaith, who could hardly have been born + during her father's imprisonment, must have been born either + before 1135 or after 1157. Harold and Gormflaith's children were + Thorfinn, who predeceased him, and also David and John, both + afterwards in succession earls of Caithness and jarls of Orkney, + and three daughters, Gunnhilda, Herborga, and Langlif; and of the + daughters the Saga-writers tell us nothing, except that the + Icelander S230;mund, Magnus Barelegs' grandson, wished to marry + Langlif but did not do so;<a id="footnotetag169" name= + "footnotetag169"></a><a href="#footnote169"><sup>4</sup></a> and + her son Jon Langlifson, according to the Saga of Hakon was in + 1263 a spy on the Norse side.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name= + "page75" id="page75"></a>[pg 75]</span> + + <p>Here the <i>Orkneyinga Saga</i> ends. But additions to its + generally received text are found in the <i>Flatey + Book</i>,<a id="footnotetag170" name= + "footnotetag170"></a><a href="#footnote170"><sup>5</sup></a> and + the additions are by no means so trustworthy as the Saga proper. + From these we learn that of Eric Stagbrellir and Ingigerd's + children, who were settled in Sutherland, the sons, Harald Ungi, + Magnus, and Ragnvald Eric's son, fared east to Norway to King + Magnus Erling's son, where young Magnus Eric's son fell with that + king in the battle of Norafjord in Sogn in 1184.<a id= + "footnotetag171" name="footnotetag171"></a><a href= + "#footnote171"><sup>6</sup></a> Probably some of them were, on + Eric Stagbrellir's death, subjected to exactions in respect of + their lands by Harold Maddadson.</p> + + <p>Having arrived, under the guidance of the <i>Orkneyinga</i>, + at the closing years of the 12th century, so far as the affairs + of Orkney and Shetland and Sutherland and Caithness are + concerned, it remains for us to turn and observe the tide of + civilisation and order which under our Scottish kings was now + setting strongly northwards and ever further north in each + successive reign, the Catholic Church and the feudal baron being + the chosen instruments of national organisation and discipline, + and the charter being the method of establishing them in the + land.</p> + + <p>To this tide the Pictish and Columban Churches, and the + Province of Moray and its Maormors had formed the main barriers + and obstacles; and the Saxon nobility, introduced by the elder + sons of Malcolm Canmore's second queen, St. Margaret, had proved + quite unable to break them down. The Pict of Moray was + obstinately hostile to the Scots, and his leaders and rulers + aspired to, and claimed the crown of Scotland itself. Rebellion + after rebellion took place, and it was not until King David I had + introduced the feudal baron with his mail-clad tenants, and + settled them on the land by charter, that any success in + establishing peace and civil order was achieved in the vast + Pictish province of Ross and Moray, which stretched across + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page76" id="page76"></a>[pg + 76]</span> Scotland from the North Sea to the Minch, and whose + people resisted to the utmost.</p> + + <p>It is not part of our purpose to treat generally of the feudal + and largely Norman families, which gradually asserted their power + over the Picts in the north, and were accepted as Chiefs, such as + were the Umphraville Earls of Angus, the Roses of Kilravock, the + Chisholms of Strath Farrer, the Bissets and Fresels or Frasers of + Beauly, the Grants of Moray and Inverness, and the Comyns of + Badenoch; for none of these held land north of the Oykel. But + later on in the thirteenth century we shall have more + particularly to note the Chens or Cheynes in Caithness, and the + Scottish or Pictish family of Freskyn of Strabrock and Moray, in + its two branches, that of Hugo of Sutherland and that of his + grandson Freskin the younger in Sutherland and Caithness.</p> + + <p>Of Freskyn or Fretheskin I, the founder of the line, we have + no mention in any charter direct to him,<a id="footnotetag172" + name="footnotetag172"></a><a href="#footnote172"><sup>7</sup></a> + either of his Linlithgowshire lands at Strabrock, or of his + estate near Spynie in Moray with its Castle at Duffus.</p> + + <p>To us he is as Melchizedek; for neither his father nor his + mother is known. We believe him to have been born before 1100, + and so to have been a contemporary of Frakark, Thorbiorn Klerk, + and Olvir Rosta, of Jarl Ragnvald, of Margret of Athole, Erlend + Haraldson and Sweyn, and also of Harold Maddadson; and to have + won his Duffus estate, as an addition to his lands at Strabrock, + about 1120 or at latest 1130, before or after the crushing + defeat, at Stracathro, of the Picts of Angus and Moray; and + between these dates to have built the Castle of Duffus on the + bank of Loch Spynie, in order to check Norse raids on the Moray + coast while the Norse held Turfness or Burghead; and we know that + he entertained King David I there during the whole summer of + 1150, while that king was <span class="pagenum"><a name="page77" + id="page77"></a>[pg 77]</span> superintending the building of the + Abbey of Kinloss. From notices in a charter of King William the + Lion granting and confirming to Freskyn's son, William, his + father's lands of Strabrock in West Lothian and of Duffus, + Roseisle, Inchkeile, Macher and Kintrai,<a id="footnotetag173" + name="footnotetag173"></a><a href="#footnote173"><sup>8</sup></a> + forming almost the whole parish of Spynie, we believe him to have + been dead by 1166, or, at the latest, 1171, the year of Sweyn + Asleifarson's death, and we know that he held all these lands + from David I, with probably many more in Moray. Contrary to the + general impression, it seems probable that Freskyn had not one + son, but two sons, William above mentioned and also Hugo, who + witnessed a charter, not necessarily spurious, granting + Lohworuora, now Borthwick, Church to Herbert, bishop of Glasgow, + about 1150. But of this Hugo's existence we have no definite + record, and of him we know nothing more than that he witnessed + the document above referred to, and one other about 1195, namely, + a Charter of Strathyla, in which the words occur "Willelmo filio + Freskyn, Hugone filio Freskyn" quoted by Shaw, page 406, App. No. + xxvii, in the edition of 1775. This Hugo thus seems to have been + uncle of, and not identical with Hugo de Moravia, grantee of + Sutherland, known as Hugo Freskyn.</p> + + <p>William, son of Freskyn, held those lands in West Lothian and + Moray probably until near the end of the twelfth century; and + this William, son of Freskyn, had at least three sons,<a id= + "footnotetag174" name="footnotetag174"></a><a href= + "#footnote174"><sup>9</sup></a> (1) Hugo Freskyn, the ancestor of + the de Moravias, or Murrays, of Sutherland, (2) William of Petty, + and (3) Andrew, parson<a id="footnotetag175" name= + "footnotetag175"></a><a href="#footnote175"><sup>10</sup></a> of + Duffus, who appears in a writ as a son of Freskyn, and as a + brother of Hugo Freskyn of Sutherland.<a id="footnotetag176" + name="footnotetag176"></a><a href= + "#footnote176"><sup>11</sup></a> Andrew was alive in 1190, and + lived probably till 1221, and has been taken to have been the + same person as Andrew Bishop of Moray who built Elgin Cathedral. + More probably he was that Bishop's uncle, and refused the + bishopric of Ross. He witnessed the great Charter <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page78" id="page78"></a>[pg 78]</span> of + Bishop Bricius founding the Cathedral at Spynie between 1208 and + 1215. (Reg. Morav. c. 39).</p> + + <p>William, son of Freskyn, probably had several other sons from + one of whom were descended the Earls of Atholl.<a id= + "footnotetag177" name="footnotetag177"></a><a href= + "#footnote177"><sup>12</sup></a></p> + + <p>William, son of William, and so grandson of Freskyn, with + whom, as he was not interested in Caithness or Sutherland, we + have nothing to do, frequently appears as witness to charters in + and after 1195 along with his elder brother Hugo, whom in one + charter, William being the younger, is reported to call "his lord + and brother."<a id="footnotetag178" name= + "footnotetag178"></a><a href="#footnote178"><sup>13</sup></a> + This William, son of William son of Freskyn, was lord of Petty, + near Fort George, and of Bracholy, Boharm, and Artildol, and died + before 1226, leaving an eldest son Walter of Petty, a cousin of + Sir Walter of Duffus, and from Walter of Petty are descended the + great family, notorious in Orkney, of Bothwell, his + great-great-grandson having been Sir Andrew of Bothwell, Wardane + of Scotland, who died in 1338. William of Petty, to whom and + whose descendants we now bid adieu, was probably sheriff of + Invernarrin or Invernairn in 1204,<a id="footnotetag179" name= + "footnotetag179"></a><a href="#footnote179"><sup>14</sup></a> and + uncle of another William who became first earl of Sutherland.</p> + + <p>In Hugo, the elder son of William son of Freskyn, we are + deeply interested. For, if his father "William son of Freskyn" + had no grant of Sutherland, Hugo Freskyn certainly had not only + such a grant but possession as well. Two Charters, the <i>Carta + de Suthirland</i> and <i>Alia Carta Suthirlandiae</i> appear in + the list of documents in the Treasury of Edinburgh in 1282, and + one or both of these may have been the original grant or grants + of his Sutherland estate.<a id="footnotetag180" name= + "footnotetag180"></a><a href="#footnote180"><sup>15</sup></a> + They may, on the other hand, have been the later grants of the + earldom, or still later charters relating to it. They have, + however, disappeared.</p> + + <p>Notwithstanding their disappearance, ample evidence of the + tenure of the estate of Sutherland by Hugo <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page79" id="page79"></a>[pg 79]</span> Freskyn + has been preserved until the present day in the Charter-room at + Dunrobin; and the documents are happily as legible as they were + over 700 years ago.</p> + + <p>By a charter,<a id="footnotetag181" name= + "footnotetag181"></a><a href="#footnote181"><sup>16</sup></a> + dated about 1211, Hugo granted to Master Gilbert, Archdeacon of + Moray and to those heirs of his family whom he should choose and + their heirs, all his land of Skelbo in Sutherland and of + Fernebuchlyn and Inner-Schyn, and also his whole land of + Sutherland towards the west which lay between the aforenamed land + and the marches of Ross, to be held to himself and to his own + heirs for ever from the granter and his heirs, performing for + such lands the service of one bowman and the forinsec service due + to the king in respect of such lands; and this grant was + confirmed by King William the Lion (who died in December 1214) on + the 29th of April, probably in 1212, at Seleschirche, now + Selkirk, and was also confirmed by Hugo's son William, Lord of + Sutherland, about 1214.<a id="footnotetag182" name= + "footnotetag182"></a><a href="#footnote182"><sup>17</sup></a> + This renders it certain that Hugo himself had died before + December 1214, the latest possible limit of the date of this + charter. He was buried in the Church of Duffus, as the Register + of Moray states,<a id="footnotetag183" name= + "footnotetag183"></a><a href="#footnote183"><sup>18</sup></a> and + he can hardly have been the Hugo who witnessed the Charter of the + Church of Lohworuora sixty-two years at least before, to which + Prince Henry, who died in 1152, was a witness.<a id= + "footnotetag184" name="footnotetag184"></a><a href= + "#footnote184"><sup>19</sup></a> For Hugo of Sutherland would + then have been too young to have been selected as a witness, and + he was not Hugo, son of Freskyn (Hug. filio Fresechin), but + Freskyn's grandson.</p> + + <p>Hugo Freskyn of Sutherland had three sons, (1) William, + great-grandson of the original Freskyn, <i>dominus</i> or Lord of + Sutherland, and afterwards first earl, (2) Walter, who succeeded + to Strabrock in Linlithgowshire and to Duffus and the family + estates in Moray, which were thus severed in ownership from + Sutherland, and (3) Andrew. Walter of Duffus <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page80" id="page80"></a>[pg 80]</span> married + Euphamia, daughter of the most able and renowned general of his + time, Ferchar Mac-in-Tagart, Earl of Ross;<a id="footnotetag185" + name="footnotetag185"></a><a href= + "#footnote185"><sup>20</sup></a> and Walter was known as Sir + Walter de Moravia, and lived till 1243, but was dead by 1248, his + widow surviving him, and later on we shall come to another + Freskin, their eldest son, (who was <i>dominus de Duffus</i> on + 20th March 1248), in Strathnaver and Caithness. Hugo's third son, + Andrew, was the parson of Duffus<a id="footnotetag186" name= + "footnotetag186"></a><a href="#footnote186"><sup>21</sup></a> who + became Bishop of Moray, and moved the see from Spynie to Elgin, + where he erected a specially beautiful Cathedral, the predecessor + of that whose splendid ruins still stand. According to the + Chronicle of Melrose he died in 1242.</p> + + <p>Hugo Freskyn's eldest son, William, Lord of Sutherland, was + simply "William de Sutherlandia" on the 31st August 1232, and "W. + de Suthyrland" appears as a witness to a grant of a mill on 10th + October 1237. But William, Hugo's son, was by Alexander II + created Earl of Sutherland, as we hope to show, soon after 1237, + probably as a reward for long and loyal service to William the + Lion and to Alexander II, between the year 1200 and the date of + his creation, in the various difficulties and rebellions in Moray + and Caithness, between which two centres of disaffection his + territory of Sutherland lay.<a id="footnotetag187" name= + "footnotetag187"></a><a href="#footnote187"><sup>22</sup></a> For + William's family had then its "three descents" and more, and its + chief had a sufficient body of retainers settled on the land to + entitle him to the dignity of an earldom. That he was earl there + is no doubt, because a deed of 1275 settling litigation between + the Earl William of that date and the Bishop of Caithness refers + to William of glorious memory and William his son, <i>earls of + Sutherland, nobiles viros, Willelmum clare memorie et Willelmum + ejus filium, comites Sutthirlandie</i>, (c.f. The Sutherland + Book, p. 7).</p> + + <p>The first four generations of the Freskyn family seem to be + also clearly proved in one line of a grant by William the Lion to + Gaufrid Blundus, burgess of <span class="pagenum"><a name= + "page81" id="page81"></a>[pg 81]</span> Inverness, of 2nd May + (year omitted) which is attested "Willelmo filio Freskin Hugone + filio suo et Willelmo filio ejus," which is strange Latin, but + embraces all four generations. It is quoted in the New Spalding + Club's Records of Elgin, p. 4, as from Act Parl. Scot, vol. 1, p. + 79. The Charter is dated at Elgin probably near the end of the + twelfth century, when William Mac-Frisgyn, Hugo, and William of + Sutherland were all alive. Not a single member of the family was, + as every Fleming was, styled "Flandrensis" in any charter or + writ, and Fretheskin is probably a Gaelic name, of which the + latter part may mean "knife" or "dagger." The name does not mean + Flemish or Frisian.</p> + + <p>Having now introduced the various prominent persons in the + north of Scotland over seven hundred years ago, both on the Norse + and on the Scottish sides, let us now look more closely and in + detail at the main events which had been taking place there and + elsewhere since the end of the reign of David I, when his + grandson Malcolm IV, known as The Maiden, succeeded in 1153.</p> + + <p>The first event in the brilliant reign of this boy king was + the invasion and plundering of Aberdeen by Eystein king of Norway + about 1153,<a id="footnotetag188" name= + "footnotetag188"></a><a href="#footnote188"><sup>23</sup></a> in + repelling which the feudal Barons of Moray and Angus, including + the first Freskyn of Duffus and his son William MacFrisgyn, must + have been of service. In the same year Somarled of Argyll and the + sons of MacHeth engaged in a joint rebellion, which lasted three + years until the eldest of them, Donald, was taken and placed as a + prisoner with his father in Roxburgh Castle, leaving Somarled to + continue the war alone. This war was put an end to by the release + of Malcolm MacHeth, who was created Earl, probably of Ross,<a id= + "footnotetag189" name="footnotetag189"></a><a href= + "#footnote189"><sup>24</sup></a> after another civil war in + Somarled's own country had called Somarled back to the Isles; and + the young king Malcolm joined Henry II of England in his wars in + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page82" id="page82"></a>[pg + 82]</span> France. During King Malcolm's absence abroad Fereteth, + Earl of Stratherne, and five other earls, of whom Harold + Maddadson was probably one, rebelled in 1160; and, on failing in + an attempt to kidnap the young king, who had returned to quell + the disturbance, the six earls were reconciled to him; and in the + same year he subdued another rising in Galloway, and yet another + in Moray. The subjugation of Moray is said to have been carried + out with the greatest severity. According to Fordun<a id= + "footnotetag190" name="footnotetag190"></a><a href= + "#footnote190"><sup>25</sup></a> the king "removed the rebel + nation of Moray men and scattered them throughout the other + districts of Scotland, both beyond the hills and this side + thereof," though Robertson in his <i>Early Kings</i> expresses + the opinion that this clearance took place in the reign of David + his predecessor.<a id="footnotetag191" name= + "footnotetag191"></a><a href="#footnote191"><sup>26</sup></a> He + is probably right, but whenever it took place, it doubtless gave + Sutherland the first of its Mackays, originally MacHeths, who + were at first refugees from Moray, and ultimately in the + thirteenth century are found settled in Durness in the + north-western parts of the modern county of Sutherland. It was at + this time, too, that the Innes family, afterwards so well known + in Caithness and Sutherland, were, in the person of Berowald the + Fleming, given their lands in Moray,<a id="footnotetag192" name= + "footnotetag192"></a><a href="#footnote192"><sup>27</sup></a> + William MacFrisgyn, Freskyn's eldest son, and father of Hugo + Freskyn of Sutherland, witnessing the charter, a neighbourly turn + which has ever since caused some to believe wrongly that the + Freskyns were Flemings.</p> + + <p>Malcolm next defeated another rising by Somarled, who was + killed in 1164, by treachery or surprise, in a skirmish at + Renfrew,<a id="footnotetag193" name="footnotetag193"></a><a href= + "#footnote193"><sup>28</sup></a> and was not Somarled the + freeman, who is said in the <i>Orkneyinga Saga</i> to have been + slain by Sweyn in the Isles, in his pursuit and defeat of Gilli + Odran in the Myrkfjord about seven years earlier.<a id= + "footnotetag194" name="footnotetag194"></a><a href= + "#footnote194"><sup>29</sup></a></p> + + <p>Then King Malcolm, after a short but brilliant reign, died in + his 24th year. He was succeeded by his <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page83" id="page83"></a>[pg 83]</span> brother + William the Lion, who was forthwith crowned at Scone on Christmas + Eve 1165 in his twenty-second year.</p> + + <p>We may now try to state how things stood in the north at the + date of his accession. Soon after this time his grandfather's + friend, the first Freskyn, died between 1166 and 1171, and was + succeeded by his son William MacFrisgyn, whose son Hugo would + then be quite young. Harold Maddadson had in 1165 been for + twenty-six years Earl of Caithness, and Jarl of Orkney and + Shetland for nineteen years jointly with Ragnvald, and for seven + years sole jarl of those islands.<a id="footnotetag195" name= + "footnotetag195"></a><a href="#footnote195"><sup>30</sup></a> He + had probably put away his first wife Afreka of Fife about 1165, + but he afterwards lived with Gormflaith, the daughter of Malcolm + MacHeth from a date which cannot be fixed with certainty. Led by + her, it is said, Harold was openly hostile to the Scottish king, + of whom, however, he held the earldom of Caithness, which at that + time included not only the parishes of Creich, Dornoch, Rogart, + Kilmalie or Golspie, Clyne, Loth, and most of Kildonan and of + Lairg, then called by the Norse Sudrland, but also the districts + of Strathnavern, Eddrachilles, and Durness (where Mackay refugees + had not yet permanently settled) as well as Ness, which is now + known as the County of Caithness.</p> + + <p>The diocese of Caithness, which then was co-terminous with the + earldom and comprised all the above districts which now form the + modern counties of Caithness and Sutherland, had in 1165 been in + existence for about thirty-five years; its chief church being at + first at Halkirk in Caithness and thereafter being the old Church + of St. Bar at Dornoch, but it was scantily endowed, and therefore + its clergy were but few.<a id="footnotetag196" name= + "footnotetag196"></a><a href="#footnote196"><sup>31</sup></a> Its + Bishop was Andrew, a Culdean monk of Dunfermline, and probably + Abbot of Dunkeld, who had been promoted to the see of Caithness + before 1146, and died at Dunfermline on the 30th December 1184. + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page84" id="page84"></a>[pg + 84]</span> Ingigerd, Earl Ragnvald's daughter, would at this time + be a young wife and mother living with some of the elder of her + six children, probably near Loch Naver, on part of the Moddan + family lands there with her husband, Audhild's son Eric + Stagbrellir, until their sons, Harald Ungi, Magnus, and Ragnvald, + should grow up. But these sons, possibly on their father's death, + and certainly before 1184, when young Magnus Mangi was + killed<a id="footnotetag197" name="footnotetag197"></a><a href= + "#footnote197"><sup>32</sup></a> at the battle of Norafjord, + emigrated to Norway to obtain the Orkney jarldom about ten or + fifteen years after King William's accession; while of Ingigerd's + daughters, Ingibiorg, Elin, and Ragnhild, nothing is recorded at + this time, though Ragnhild appears later on, and one of her + sisters is believed to have married Gilchrist, Earl of Angus + during the last twenty years of the twelfth century. The other + may have married in Norway, or died young and unmarried.</p> + + <p>All these children and their descendants successively + according to sex and seniority would have claims as being of the + line of Erlend Thorfinnson, to half the Caithness earldom and + Jarl Ragnvald's lands there, claims which, however, it would be + impracticable, while Harold Maddadson lived, to enforce.</p> + + <p>Harold Maddadson's children by his first wife, namely Henry of + Ross, Hakon, Helena and Margaret would, in 1165, all be born, but + would be well under twenty-one, while of his second family, if + Gormflaith was born by 1135, which is unlikely, his eldest son, + Thorfinn could have been born, and some of the others. Thorfinn + is mentioned by name in a grant<a id="footnotetag198" name= + "footnotetag198"></a><a href="#footnote198"><sup>33</sup></a> of + a silver mark per annum to the Church of Scone issuing out of + Harold's lands, of which the date is after 1166, but no one can + say how much before the 30th December 1184, the date of the death + of one of its witnesses, Andrew, Bishop of Caithness.</p> + + <p>If the union with Gormflaith took place after 1174, no child + of that union would exist until 1175. That <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page85" id="page85"></a>[pg 85]</span> this is + in fact true is rendered more probable because their union is not + mentioned in the <i>Flatey Book</i> until after the death of + Sweyn in 1171. But the passage is of doubtful authenticity, (see + Rolls Edition p. 224), and inconclusive even if genuine. From the + various allusions to Harold's union with Gormflaith, it would + seem that Harold lived with her before he married her for many + years, but married her legally after his first wife Afreka's + death after 1198 when William the Lion stipulated that he should + take Afreka back, and the subsequent legal marriage might in + those days, under the Canon and Roman law, suffice to make + Gormflaith's children, though born in adultery, legitimate and + capable of succeeding to the earldom (see Dalrymple's + Collections, p. 221).</p> + + <p>In 1165 Sweyn Asleifarson, the great Viking, would be cruising + on the northern and western coasts with Harold's son, Hakon, on + board, until their deaths in Dublin in 1171.</p> + + <p>As for those in authority, Harold Maddadson would have as + contemporaries, Freskyn of Duffus till his death between 1166 and + 1171, and his son William till his death near the end of the 12th + century, when Hugo, son of William, would succeed to the + Morayshire estates, though probably he had previously obtained a + grant of the land then known as Sudrland or Sutherland, which is + defined above. Hugo probably received this grant after William + the Lion's first conquest of Sutherland and Caithness in 1196, + shortly before the time when, as we shall see, Harald Ungi + obtained in right of his mother a grant of half Orkney from the + Norse king, and another from the king of Scotland of half + Caithness, and probably a confirmation of his title to the Moddan + lands in Strathnaver and in Halkirk and Latheron, to which he was + heir in right of his father and grandmother Audhild of the Moddan + line. But this half of Caithness would be conferred <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page86" id="page86"></a>[pg 86]</span> on + Harald Ungi subject to the prior grant of Sudrland to Hugo + Freskyn. For Harold Maddadson must, in the opinion of so eminent + an authority as Lord Hailes, have been forfeited in 1196, if not + earlier, for both he and his son Thorfinn were then in open + rebellion against the Scottish Crown.<a id="footnotetag199" name= + "footnotetag199"></a><a href="#footnote199"><sup>34</sup></a></p> + + <p>Further deprivations of lands, it is conjectured, must have + attended Harold Maddadson's later rebellions, and the events + which must have led to those deprivations may now be recounted, + though it is very difficult to reconcile Scottish and Norse + records during the period.</p> + + <p>In 1179 King William the Lion had marched an army into Ross, + and subdued it to his sway; and, ere he left it, caused two + castles of Eddirdovir on the site of Redcastle in the Black Isle + on the Beauly Firth, and of Dunskaith<a id="footnotetag200" name= + "footnotetag200"></a><a href="#footnote200"><sup>35</sup></a> on + the northern Suter of Cromarty, which is full of Norse remains, + to be built, to enable him to hold his conquests.</p> + + <p>Two years later he made war on Donald Ban MacWilliam, who + claimed the Scottish Crown itself, as the third son of William + FitzDuncan only son of Duncan II, who was himself the eldest son + of Malcolm Canmore by Malcolm's first marriage, so productive of + civil war in Scotland, with Ingibjorg, widow of Earl Thorfinn. + Civil war ensued, and lasted for six or seven years, when, by + good luck, Roland of Galloway fell in with a force of the rebels + at an unknown spot called Mamgarvie near Inverness, and routed + them, killing Donald Ban MacWilliam there on the 31st July + 1187.<a id="footnotetag201" name="footnotetag201"></a><a href= + "#footnote201"><sup>36</sup></a></p> + + <p>In 1196, Harold Maddadson, who through the ambition of + Gormflaith had, as we have seen, designs on Ross and Moray, sent + an expedition southwards to occupy those districts, of which + probably Gormflaith's father, Malcolm MacHeth, had been Earl at + his death after 1160. But William collected an army,<a id= + "footnotetag202" name="footnotetag202"></a><a href= + "#footnote202"><sup>37</sup></a> and, <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page87" id="page87"></a>[pg 87]</span> after + defeating Harold's son Thorfinn near Inverness, crossed the + Oykel, entered Sutherland, subdued it and Caithness, and pursued + Harold up to his castle at Thurso, and destroyed it in his sight. + Harold then submitted, and promised to surrender his son and + heir, Thorfinn, as a hostage, with others of his friends to be + delivered to the king at Nairn. Harold left all his hostages + close by at Lochloy, and went alone to the king at Nairn, and + endeavoured to excuse himself by offering two grandsons to the + king and stating that Thorfinn was his heir<a id="footnotetag203" + name="footnotetag203"></a><a href= + "#footnote203"><sup>38</sup></a> and could not therefore be given + up; but was taken prisoner himself and lodged in Edinburgh + Castle, till his son Thorfinn came to take his place. On this + occasion Harold Maddadson was deprived of Sudrland or Sutherland, + which had been given to Hugo Freskyn; and in the next year, or + soon after, half of the earldom of Caithness, which the <i>Flatey + Book</i> states Jarl Ragnvald had held,<a id="footnotetag204" + name="footnotetag204"></a><a href= + "#footnote204"><sup>39</sup></a> was conferred by King William + the Lion on Harald Ungi or The Young, as grandson of Jarl + Ragnvald, and son of Eric, who, however, had to make good the + grant by conquest. Harald Ungi had, as stated above, already + obtained a grant from King Sverri of half Orkney by a visit to + the Norwegian Court.</p> + + <p>In order to enforce his rights under both these grants, Harald + Ungi collected a force, and, together with Sigurd Murt, and + Lifolf Baldpate, the first husband of his youngest sister + Ragnhild, invaded Orkney, while Harold the Old fled to the Isle + of Man; but, on his namesake following him thither, he doubled + back to Orkney, and, after killing all the adherents of his + enemies there, crossed over to Caithness with a strong force. In + a pitched battle "near Wick," said to have been fought at + Clairdon near Thurso, he slew Harald Ungi, and utterly defeated + his army, in 1198.<a id="footnotetag205" name= + "footnotetag205"></a><a href="#footnote205"><sup>40</sup></a> + Harold the Old then endeavoured to make terms with the king, and + offered him a large sum for the redemption of <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page88" id="page88"></a>[pg 88]</span> + Caithness. The king, however, attached as conditions to any + regrant, that the earl should put away Gormflaith, the daughter + of MacHeth, and take back his wife, Afreka of Fife, and deliver + up Laurentius, his priest, and Honaver, son of Ingemund, as + hostages.<a id="footnotetag206" name= + "footnotetag206"></a><a href="#footnote206"><sup>41</sup></a> The + earl, on his part, refused the terms; and, the earldom thus + remaining forfeited, King William at once invited Ragnvald + Gudrodson, the great Viking king of the Sudreys and Man, and then + his friend and ally, to assemble a force and drive Harold out of + Caithness, promising to confer that earldom upon his general, if + successful in the campaign.</p> + + <p>Ragnvald Gudrodson, it may here be noted, had, if we pass over + his own illegitimacy, in the absence of direct male heirs of Earl + Hakon since Erlend Haraldson's death in 1156, probably the best + title to receive a grant of the jarldom of Orkney and Shetland + and the earldom of Caithness of all the surviving descendants of + Earl Thorfinn Sigurd's son. For Ragnvald Gudrodson was the + grandson of Ingibjorg, Earl Hakon's elder daughter, while Harold + Maddadson was the son of Ingibjorg's younger sister, Margret of + Athole. Ragnvald Gudrodson's title was, but for his own + illegitimacy (in spite of which he held his own kingdom) equal, + if not superior to that of all survivors of the Erlend + Thorfinnson line, which was now represented in the male line only + by another Ragnvald the son of Eric Stagbrellir, who would claim, + in default of male heirs of Jarl St. Magnus, through the female + line of Erlend Thorfinnson, as being descended successively from + Gunnhild, Erlend's daughter, her son Ragnvald Jarl and Saint, and + Ingigerd his only child. And there is no proof that Ragnvald + Ericson was alive at this date, or that he ever returned from + Norway to prefer his claim.</p> + + <p>Ragnvald Gudrodson forthwith collected a great army in Ireland + and the Sudreys and invaded <span class="pagenum"><a name= + "page89" id="page89"></a>[pg 89]</span> Caithness,<a id= + "footnotetag207" name="footnotetag207"></a><a href= + "#footnote207"><sup>42</sup></a> and, meeting Harold Maddadson in + battle at Dalharrold,<a id="footnotetag208" name= + "footnotetag208"></a><a href="#footnote208"><sup>43</sup></a> + where the River Naver issues from the loch, drove him northwards + down the strath to the coast, whence he escaped to Orkney. The + Saga says simply that Harold stayed in Orkney, and this location + of the battle near Achness rests solely on tradition, which, + however, in the Highlands, is often a solid enough + foundation.</p> + + <p>King William next conferred the earldom on Ragnvald Gudrodson, + for, it is said, a considerable sum of money, reserving his own + annual tribute.</p> + + <p>On receiving the earldom, Ragnvald Gudrodson left in charge of + Caithness six<a id="footnotetag209" name= + "footnotetag209"></a><a href="#footnote209"><sup>44</sup></a> + stewards, of whom Lagmann Rafn was the chief, and went back to + the Isle of Man. Harold had one of these stewards murdered by an + assassin, and returned with a large force to Thurso to punish the + Caithness folk; and, when Bishop John interceded for the people + of his diocese, Harold, whom he had irritated by refusing to + collect the Peter's Pence which the Earl had given to Rome, would + not listen to him, but mutilated him, probably in 1201, nearly + blinding him, and all but cutting out his tongue, though + afterwards the bishop regained his sight and speech in some + measure, and may have lived to administer his diocese till 1213. + It is noteworthy that Pope Innocent III, in his letter of 1202, + does not directly blame Harold for the illtreatment of the + bishop, but Lumberd, a layman, whose penance the letter + prescribes.</p> + + <p>Harold then drove out the stewards, and they fled to the + Scottish king, who made the best amends he could to them,<a id= + "footnotetag210" name="footnotetag210"></a><a href= + "#footnote210"><sup>45</sup></a> and Rafn, the Lawman, seems to + have returned and to have lived and enforced the law in Caithness + until at least 1222.<a id="footnotetag211" name= + "footnotetag211"></a><a href="#footnote211"><sup>46</sup></a></p> + + <p>To punish Earl Harold, King William at once had Harold's son + Thorfinn blinded and so mutilated in Roxburgh Castle that he died + there. William also <span class="pagenum"><a name="page90" id= + "page90"></a>[pg 90]</span> collected a large army and marched in + person to Eysteinsdal or Ousedale near the Ord of Caithness, and + Harold, though he is said to have brought together seven thousand + two hundred men, avoided battle and evaded the king's + pursuit.<a id="footnotetag212" name="footnotetag212"></a><a href= + "#footnote212"><sup>47</sup></a> Harold also began negotiations + with King John of England and received a safe conduct for a + journey to England to see him.<a id="footnotetag213" name= + "footnotetag213"></a><a href="#footnote213"><sup>48</sup></a></p> + + <p>Later in the year Harold is said to have recovered his earldom + through the intercession of Bishop Roger of St. Andrews, for a + payment of two thousand pounds of silver, which Munch conjectures + may have been handed over to Ragnvald Gudrodson to replace the + sum which he had paid to the king for the earldom; and it is true + that we hear no more of Ragnvald in connection with Caithness, + though he lived until 1229. At the same time, we can hardly + believe that Harold, as the <i>Flatey Book</i> says, received + back "all Caithness as he had it before that Earl Harald the + Young took it from the Skot-king."<a id="footnotetag214" name= + "footnotetag214"></a><a href="#footnote214"><sup>49</sup></a> + What happened probably was, that Harold Maddadson, who had been + stripped by King Sverri of Shetland in 1195,<a id= + "footnotetag215" name="footnotetag215"></a><a href= + "#footnote215"><sup>50</sup></a> was allowed by King William in + 1202 to keep part of his Caithness earldom upon payment by its + inhabitants of a fine of every fourth penny they possessed. + Otherwise his son David could not have succeeded to any part of + Caithness, as he undoubtedly did, when, four years later, in + 1206, his father's long and chequered career of sixty-eight years + in the earldom was closed by his death at the age of + seventy-three.</p> + + <p>Ugly of countenance, but of great bodily strength and stature, + crafty, self-seeking, treacherous and wholly unscrupulous, he is + still known in the North as "the wicked Earl Harold," yet the + Saga classes him with Sigurd Eysteinsson and Thorfinn Sigurdson + as one of the three greatest of the Jarls and Earls of Orkney and + Caithness.</p> + + <p>On the mainland, no new earldom north of the Oykel + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page91" id="page91"></a>[pg + 91]</span> was conferred on anyone for a further period of thirty + years. It was, in fact, neither the policy nor, save in very + exceptional cases, the practice of the Scottish kings to grant + earldoms to men with powerful followings and vast + territories;<a id="footnotetag216" name= + "footnotetag216"></a><a href="#footnote216"><sup>51</sup></a> for + these made them, especially in remote situations, almost + independent rulers, and dangerous enemies, and it was undesirable + to increase their importance by additional dignities. It was, on + the contrary, usual by charter to create barons and other + military tenants, who should hold their lands, described in their + charters, by military service, in male succession direct from the + Scottish Crown, and liable to forfeiture for disloyal conduct. + Nowhere were military tenants so essential as they then were in + the extreme north of Scotland on lands immediately adjoining the + territories of Norse jarls owing double allegiance, and therefore + of doubtful loyalty to the Scottish Crown. For this reason also + no part of the lands of the Erlend line would be granted to the + line of Paul, as an addition to their own.</p> + + <p>From what has been above stated, it will appear that we have + treated the well known history, intituled <i>The Genealogie and + Pedigree of the Earles of Southerland</i> and written down to + 1630 by Sir Robert Gordon, Baronet of Gordonstoun, and continued + by Gilbert Gordon of Sallach<a id="footnotetag217" name= + "footnotetag217"></a><a href="#footnote217"><sup>52</sup></a> + until 1651, as mere fiction as regards all persons before + William, first Earl. "Alane Southerland, Thane of Southerland," + Walter "first Earle," Robert, second earl, who is alleged to have + founded "Dounrobin Castell" were purely fictitious persons. "Hugh + Southerland, Earle of Southerland nicknamed Freskin" existed, but + never was an earl, as Sir Robert well knew, because he quotes + charters right up to his death, in which he was styled simply + Hugo Freskyn. The <i>Sutherland Book</i> also wholly omits + William MacFrisgyn, second Lord of Duffus and Strabroc, the son + and heir of Freskyn I and the father <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page92" id="page92"></a>[pg 92]</span> of + Hugo. A revised pedigree of the early generations of Freskyn's + family will be found in an Appendix to this book, and it is + believed to be correct. At the same time it is in conflict as to + the first three generations with so high an authority as the late + Cosmo Innes, and Sir William Fraser followed him. However this + may be, it is abundantly clear, from contemporary and undoubtedly + authentic records still happily extant, that in the twelfth + century Freskyn de Moravia and his immediate successors were the + guardians appointed by one Scottish king after another to protect + the fertile coast lands of Moray and Nairn alike against the race + of MacHeth from the hills and the Norse invader from the sea; and + that on the extensive territories which they possessed, they + built stately castles and endowed cathedrals and churches with + lands and tithes, providing from their family not only high + ecclesiastical dignitaries to serve them, but distinguished + soldiers and administrators to give them peace; services which + their successors in the thirteenth century were, in their turn, + destined to repeat and continue in Sutherland, Strathnavern and + Caithness, when the old Norse earldom there had been broken up + and effectively incorporated in the kingdom of + Scotland.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page93" id= + "page93"></a>[pg 93]</span> + + <h2>CHAPTER VIII.</h2> + + <h3>Earls David and John.</h3> + + <p>On the death of Earl Harold Maddadson in 1206, he was followed + in the earldom of Orkney, without Shetland, by his elder + surviving son, David, who also, it would seem, was allowed to + succeed to the Caithness earldom and some of its territory. But + out of the Caithness earldom there had been taken the lands + forming the Lordship of Sudrland or Sutherland held by Hugo + Freskyn from about 1196, and this comprised, as already stated, + the parishes of Creich, (then including Assynt), Dornoch, Rogart, + Kilmalie (now Golspie), Clyne, Loth, and by far the greater part + of the parishes of Kildonan and Lairg. Out of these lands Hugo + granted, as already stated, to his relative Gilbert de Moravia, + Archdeacon of Moray from 1204 till 1222, and to his heirs and + assigns whomsoever, all Creich and much of Dornoch parish up to + the boundaries of Ross, and the date of this grant was probably + about 1211. The Mackays were beginning to occupy the western + parts of Strathnavern, their title being probably their swords, + and they held their lands "manu forti," their country being a + refuge for their Morayshire kinsmen, the MacHeths, who were in + constant rebellion. The eastern portion of Strathnavern, and + particularly the neighbourhood of Loch Coire and Loch Naver, and + all the Strathnaver valley were probably insecurely held by + members of the Erlend and Moddan family after Harald Ungi's death + at the battle of Clairdon in 1198; and Gunni, probably a grandson + of Sweyn Asleifarson, who had married Ragnhild, Harald Ungi's + youngest sister, after the death in the same battle of Lifolf + Baldpate, her first husband, <span class="pagenum"><a name= + "page94" id="page94"></a>[pg 94]</span> became chief of the + Moddan Clan there and in Caithness. After 1200 Ragnhild had by + Gunni a son called Snaekoll Gunni's son, who thus became, on his + father's death, the chief representative in Scotland, both of the + Moddan family and of the line of Jarls Erlend Thorfinnson, St. + Magnus, and St. Ragnvald, and of Eric Stagbrellir and of Earl and + Jarl Harald Ungi; and Snaekoll afterwards laid claim to their + possessions in Orkney, as the sole male representative of this + line. Gunni and Ragnhild must have held the Strathnaver lands, + and the Moddan family lands in Caithness, formerly Earl Ottar's + estates, till their deaths, and Snaekoll was their sole known + male heir. The Harald Ungi share of the Caithness earldom lands, + which <i>The Flatey Book</i> and <i>Torfaeus</i> state that Jarl + Ragnvald had held, does not appear to have been granted to David, + or to any successor to the Caithness earldom of his line, or to + any other person at this time. Indeed, the line of Paul were the + last persons to whom such a grant would be made.</p> + + <p>It was, therefore, to a very much reduced territory and + earldom that David succeeded in 1206, as Earl of Caithness. We + hear almost nothing of him, save that for the latter part of the + eight years of his rule,<a id="footnotetag218" name= + "footnotetag218"></a><a href="#footnote218"><sup>1</sup></a> more + or less inefficient probably through ill health, he shared the + earldom and what had been left to him of its lands with his + younger brother John. David died without issue in 1214<a id= + "footnotetag219" name="footnotetag219"></a><a href= + "#footnote219"><sup>2</sup></a> probably soon after Hugo Freskyn, + and David was succeeded by his brother John in the jarldom of + Orkney and in the reduced earldom of Caithness as sole jarl and + earl.</p> + + <p>Immediately after David's death, King William the Lion, who + had, in 1211, suppressed a rebellion in Moray of the Thanes of + Ross under Guthred son of Donald Ban MacWilliam whom a few years + later he captured and beheaded,<a id="footnotetag220" name= + "footnotetag220"></a><a href="#footnote220"><sup>3</sup></a> came + to Moray again; and, about the 1st of August 1214, King William + demanded, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page95" id= + "page95"></a>[pg 95]</span> and received<a id="footnotetag221" + name="footnotetag221"></a><a href="#footnote221"><sup>4</sup></a> + Earl John's daughter, whose name is not known, as a hostage for + her father's loyalty, and a guarantee of the peace then made, + under which John was probably recognised as earl and as entitled + to his reduced territory. His daughter may, at this time, have + been her father's sole heiress, although she did not remain so, + because we find that he had a son who lived till 1226, called + Harald. Meantime Bishop Adam, after the death in 1213 of Bishop + John, his half-blinded and mutilated predecessor, succeeded to + the Episcopal See of Caithness,<a id="footnotetag222" name= + "footnotetag222"></a><a href="#footnote222"><sup>5</sup></a> and + seems to have reversed Bishop John's policy of leniency to his + flock by exacting from them heavier and heavier tithes, as years + went by.</p> + + <p>In 1217, King Hakon's rival, Jarl Skuli, thought Earl John so + promising a traitor as to send him letters forged with the Norse + king's seal.<a id="footnotetag223" name= + "footnotetag223"></a><a href="#footnote223"><sup>6</sup></a> In + 1218 John was present at Bergen to witness the ordeal + successfully undergone by King Hakon's mother in order to prove + that king, then a boy, to be her son by the late King Hakon + Sverri's son, and so rightly entitled to the Norwegian + crown.<a id="footnotetag224" name="footnotetag224"></a><a href= + "#footnote224"><sup>7</sup></a></p> + + <p>After Earl John's return from Norway, the bishop's exactions + of tithes of butter reached such a pitch that the Caithness folk + met near his house at Halkirk, and demanded that the earl should + protect them against the bishop's rapacity, and, either at the + earl's suggestion or without any opposition on his part, they + attacked the bishop in his house, which was close to + <i>Breithivellir</i> (now Brawl) Castle, where John lived. The + Saga gives the following description of this affair:—<a id= + "footnotetag225" name="footnotetag225"></a><a href= + "#footnote225"><sup>8</sup></a></p> + + <p>"They then held a Thing on the fell above the homestead where + the earl was. Rafn the Lawman was then with the bishop, and + prayed the bishop to spare the men; also he said he was afraid + how things might go. Then a message was sent to Earl John with a + prayer that he would reconcile the bishop and the freemen; + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page96" id="page96"></a>[pg + 96]</span> but the earl would come never near the spot. Then the + freemen ran down from the fell and fared hotly and eagerly. And + when Rafn the Lawman saw that, he bade the bishop devise some + plan to save himself. He and the bishop were drinking in a loft, + and when the freemen came to the loft, the monk went out at the + door; and was straightway smitten across the face, and fell down + dead inside the loft. And when the bishop was told that, he + answered, 'That had not happened sooner than was likely, for he + was always making our matters worse.' Then the bishop bade Rafn + tell the freemen that he wished to be reconciled with them. But + when this was told to the freemen, all those among them who were + wiser were glad to hear it. Then the bishop went out and meant to + be reconciled. But when the worse kind of men saw that, those who + were most mad, they seized Bishop Adam, and brought him into a + little house and set fire to it. But the house burned so quickly + that they who wished to save the bishop could do nothing. Thus + Bishop Adam died, and his body was little burnt when it was + found. Then a fitting grave was bestowed on it,<a id= + "footnotetag226" name="footnotetag226"></a><a href= + "#footnote226"><sup>9</sup></a> and a worthy burial. But those + who had been the greatest friends of the bishop, then sent men to + find the King of Scots. Alexander was then King of Scots, the son + of King William the Saint. But when the king was ware of these + tidings" (he took it) "so ill that men have those miseries in + mind which he wrought after the burning of the bishop, in maiming + of men and manslaying, and loss of goods and banishment out of + the land."</p> + + <p>From the above account of the matter, it appears that Earl + John, who was responsible for law and order in Caithness at the + time, although invited by Rafn the Lawman to intervene, and + although he was on the spot, did nothing, saying "he could give + no advice" and "that he thought it concerned him very little," + and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page97" id="page97"></a>[pg + 97]</span> adding that "two bad things were before them, that it + was unbearable" and that "he could suggest no other + choice,"<a id="footnotetag227" name="footnotetag227"></a><a href= + "#footnote227"><sup>10</sup></a> that is, but to pay the bishop's + tithes, however exorbitant, or not pay them, or possibly to make + an end of him. It is clear also that the monk who was with the + bishop was to blame for his exactions. But there is some excuse + in the fact that Bishop John had been censured by Rome for his + neglect in collecting the dues of Rome or Peter's Pence as + greatly as Bishop Adam was blamed by the people of Caithness for + his greediness. There is no need to brand Bishop Adam as a + voluptuary for excessive drinking and immorality.<a id= + "footnotetag228" name="footnotetag228"></a><a href= + "#footnote228"><sup>11</sup></a></p> + + <p>These events took place in 1222, and King Alexander, urged by + the remainder of the bishops in Scotland, at once marched into + Caithness with an army, and took vengeance on the bishop's + murderers by mutilating a large number of those concerned and + seizing their lands,<a id="footnotetag229" name= + "footnotetag229"></a><a href="#footnote229"><sup>12</sup></a> + while in 1223 the Pope excommunicated them and also interdicted + them from their lands.</p> + + <p>The Annals of Dunstable, however, paint Earl John in much + blacker colours, and state that he himself caused the bishop, who + was escaping from the fire, to be cast into it again, and the + bodies of two others previously slain, his nephew and the monk, + to be thrown upon him, and that King Alexander forfeited half + John's earldom.<a id="footnotetag230" name= + "footnotetag230"></a><a href="#footnote230"><sup>13</sup></a></p> + + <p>The Saga says that the king forfeited Earl John's lands for + the murder of the bishop. Wyntoun, however, states that + afterwards, at Christmas festivities at Forfar,</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> "Thare borwyd that erle than his land</p> + + <p> That lay unto the Kyngis hand</p> + + <p> Fra that the byschape of Cateness,</p> + + <p> As yhe before herd, peryst wes."<a id="footnotetag231" + name="footnotetag231"></a><a href= + "#footnote231"><sup>14</sup></a></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>By this "borrowing," however, Earl John recovered <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page98" id="page98"></a>[pg 98]</span> only + the reduced earldom above described, that is without the Lordship + of Sutherland, to which William de Moravia, Hugo's son, had + succeeded between 1211 and 1214, and without that south-western + portion of it, which, as stated, had been given to Gilbert de + Moravia by Hugo in 1211, and without the Moddan family's lands + near Loch Coire and in Strathnaver and Caithness, and without + Harald Ungi's moiety or half share of the Caithness earldom; and, + as already stated, the lands appertaining to this share were + probably occupied by his family as represented by Gunni and + Ragnhild, Eric Stagbrellir's youngest daughter, and by the + members of the Moddan clan, and the retainers of the Erlend + line.</p> + + <p>In 1223, Earl John was again at Bergen, with Bishop Bjarni of + Orkney and others, to consider the rival claims of King Hakon and + Jarl Skuli to the Norse crown,<a id="footnotetag232" name= + "footnotetag232"></a><a href="#footnote232"><sup>15</sup></a> and + in 1224 he went thither again to leave his only son, Harald, as a + hostage for his own loyalty.<a id="footnotetag233" name= + "footnotetag233"></a><a href="#footnote233"><sup>16</sup></a> In + 1226, Harald was drowned at sea, probably on his return voyage, + thus leaving John without any male heir, and save for his + nameless hostage daughter or her children, if any, without any + direct lineal heirs for the jarldom and earldom of Orkney and of + Caithness respectively.</p> + + <p>In 1228 John sent presents to the Norse king, and received in + return a good long-ship and many other gifts; and in 1230 John is + found aiding Olaf, King of Man, a friend of the Norse king, by + giving him a like vessel, "The Ox," to enable him to complete his + voyage back from Norway to his own kingdom, and in the same year + John rendered assistance to the Norse expedition, which had + attacked the South Hebrides, by harbouring its ships in Orkney on + their voyage back to Norway.<a id="footnotetag234" name= + "footnotetag234"></a><a href="#footnote234"><sup>17</sup></a></p> + + <p>From the above facts it is clear that Earl John, though he + owed allegiance to both kings, was more <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page99" id="page99"></a>[pg 99]</span> + inclined to favour Norway than Scotland, and that he was more + constantly in attendance at the Norse, than at the Scottish + Court. At the same time it became more and more likely that he + would have to choose between his two masters, as war for the + Sudreyar or Hebrides was already certain to break out between the + two countries, and, save for civil war in Norway, would have + broken out at once.</p> + + <p>Snaekoll<a id="footnotetag235" name= + "footnotetag235"></a><a href="#footnote235"><sup>18</sup></a> + Gunni's son, as the sole male representative of the Erlend + Thorfinnson, St. Magnus, St. Ragnvald, Eric Stagbrellir and + Harald Ungi line remaining in Scotland, who had probably about + this time succeeded, or at least was recognised as next heir to + the Moddan family estates in Strathnaver and Caithness, + approached Earl John in 1231, and demanded from him Jarl + Ragnvald's lands in Orkney. But the earl, who held Orkney in its + entirety as the representative of the line of Paul and of Harold + Maddadson, who had seized it when Jarl St. Ragnvald died in 1158, + refused to give Snaekoll any part of those lands; and Snaekoll, + failing to obtain any redress, sought the aid of Hanef, formerly + a page, but now Commissioner in Orkney, of the Norse King, and + demanded his help in recovering his lands there. Snaekoll and + Hanef with a large following accordingly crossed the Pentland + Firth to Thurso to enforce the claim, but the earl again angrily + refused to restore the lands in Orkney, and it would seem that he + was also unwilling to let Snaekoll have his rights in + Caithness.<a id="footnotetag236" name= + "footnotetag236"></a><a href="#footnote236"><sup>19</sup></a></p> + + <p>Each party occupied separate lodgings in Thurso with their + separate followings, and Hanef and his friends, warned by a + messenger of the earl's reported design of killing them, + forestalled it by attacking the earl first, and they slew him + with nine wounds in the cellar of his lodgings. After the affray + they crossed over to Orkney, where they fortified the small but + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page100" id="page100"></a>[pg + 100]</span> massive castle<a id="footnotetag237" name= + "footnotetag237"></a><a href="#footnote237"><sup>20</sup></a> or + tower of Kolbein Hruga or Cobbie Row, in the Island of Vigr or + Wyre, now called Veira, near Rousay in Orkney, and provisioned it + for a siege, which lasted the whole winter, and was raised only + after both sides had come to an agreement that all questions + arising out of the earl's death at Thurso, should be referred, + not to the Scottish courts, but to the Norse king, Hakon, in + Bergen.</p> + + <p>Both parties, with their witnesses, accordingly crossed the + North Sea in 1232, and Hakon heard the case, and punished the + partisans of Snaekoll, some with death and others with + imprisonment. Snaekoll himself, who, as the heir of Jarl + Ragnvald, was too valuable a pawn to be sacrificed, was retained, + and lived long in Norway with Earl Skuli, and afterwards with + King Hakon.<a id="footnotetag238" name= + "footnotetag238"></a><a href="#footnote238"><sup>21</sup></a> It + is noteworthy that a <i>gaedinga</i> ship (no Jewish Ship,<a id= + "footnotetag239" name="footnotetag239"></a><a href= + "#footnote239"><sup>22</sup></a> as Torfaeus states, but a ship + of the <i>gaedingar</i> or <i>lendirmen</i> of the Earl of + Orkney) was, on the return voyage, lost at sea; and, bearing in + mind the large number of Orkney notables who had been slain at + the battle of Floruvagr in Norway in 1194, men of means and + standing must have been scarce in Orkney for long after this + time.</p> + + <p>There is a tradition mentioned by Alexander Pope of + Reay,<a id="footnotetag240" name="footnotetag240"></a><a href= + "#footnote240"><sup>23</sup></a> the translator of the + <i>Orcades</i> of Torfaeus, that Snaekoll, being deprived of his + rights in Orkney by King Hakon, returned late in life to + Caithness, where the Norse King could not deprive him of + anything, and lived in that county at Ulbster. If so, why did he + return?</p> + + <p>The answer brings us to a mysterious lady, who is known to us + through a charter<a id="footnotetag241" name= + "footnotetag241"></a><a href="#footnote241"><sup>24</sup></a> of + May 1269 preserved in the <i>Registrum Episcopatus + Moraviensis</i> or Chartulary of the Bishopric of Moray, and who + is called therein <i>nobilis mulier domina Johanna</i>, the then + deceased wife of Freskin de Moravia, Lord of Duffus, who had died + before her. From her name of Johanna <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page101" id="page101"></a>[pg 101]</span> this + lady is stated to have been a daughter of Earl John, amongst + others by so eminent an authority as the late Mr. William F. + Skene in a paper "on the Earldom of Caithness," first read to the + Society of Antiquaries of Scotland on the 11th March 1878, which + is reprinted as Appendix V to the Third Volume of his <i>Celtic + Scotland</i> at pages 448 to 453, and the lady is generally known + as Lady Johanna de Strathnavir; and on her descent much + subsequent history depends.</p> + + <p>Skene's conclusion is that the half of Caithness which + afterwards belonged to the Angus earls was that half usually + possessed by the line of Erlend Thorfinnson, and that Joanna (or + Johanna) was Earl John's daughter, and, as such, inherited the + Paul share of the earldom and brought it to Freskin de Moravia, + when he married her, without the title.</p> + + <p>We doubt the accuracy of this conclusion, for reasons which, + however, rest not on direct evidence, but, like those given in + Mr. Skene's paper, on mere probabilities; and we hold that the + converse is true, and that Johanna was no daughter of John, and + that it was the Erlend half of the Caithness earldom lands that + went to her and her husband Freskin de Moravia of Duffus, while + the moiety of Paul, in our opinion, remained with a nameless + daughter of John, and went along with the title of Earl of + Caithness, to her husband Magnus, and so to the Angus earls of + Caithness, though the lands which went with it were then much + curtailed in extent.</p> + + <p>But it must be remembered that, in the absence of records, any + solution of this difficult problem at present rests on mere + speculation and guesswork, and the opinions expressed here must + be accepted as mere conjectures unsupported by direct + contemporary evidence, and based only upon reasonable + probability.</p> + + <p>We propose to attempt to deal with this difficult subject in + the next chapter.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page102" id= + "page102"></a>[pg 102]</span> + + <h2>CHAPTER IX.</h2> + + <h3>The Succession to the Caithness Earldom.</h3> + + <p>After the death of Earl John in 1231, we come to a most + perplexing time, and it is almost impossible to discover a way + out of the maze of genealogical difficulties in which we find + ourselves involved. Not only is there no chronicle of the period, + but there are hardly any records at all to help us. The pedigree + of the descendants of Earl Harold Maddadson, and particularly of + his daughters, who are named in the <i>Orkneyinga Saga</i>, + ceases;<a id="footnotetag242" name="footnotetag242"></a><a href= + "#footnote242"><sup>1</sup></a> and that of Earl John's family + and of Harald Ungi and his sisters downwards stops also, save in + the case of Ragnhild, the youngest of them, whose son Snaekoll + Gunni's son is mentioned as claimant in 1231 from Earl John of + certain lands in Orkney and in Caithness as well.</p> + + <p>Attempts to clear up the mystery have been made,<a id= + "footnotetag243" name="footnotetag243"></a><a href= + "#footnote243"><sup>2</sup></a> but none of them have resulted in + any certain or trustworthy conclusions. Nor can anyone now expect + to fare much better; for not only are authentic pedigrees of the + Caithness earls and the materials for framing them undiscovered + or non-existent, but yet another pedigree, namely that of the + Angus line, which provided, from its male members, successors to + the title and to a moiety of the Caithness earldom, is very + obscure.</p> + + <p>This chapter, therefore, is largely conjectural, and must be + accepted as such. It deserves, and will doubtless receive, severe + criticism.</p> + + <p>So far as the Angus pedigree can be ascertained, it appears + that Earl Gillebride died about 1187, leaving two sons, Adam and + Gilchrist, who succeeded in turn to that earldom, and Gillebride + also left a third <span class="pagenum"><a name="page103" id= + "page103"></a>[pg 103]</span> son, Gilbert,<a id="footnotetag244" + name="footnotetag244"></a><a href="#footnote244"><sup>3</sup></a> + a fourth, William, and a fifth, Angus, who had a son Gillebert or + Gillebryd. Gilchrist died about 1204, leaving an eldest son, + Duncan, Earl of Angus, and another son called Magnus, by his two + wives respectively, his second wife, from the name of Magnus + given to her eldest son and to many subsequent earls of that + son's line, being assumed with considerable probability to have + been, not a sister of Earl John, but a sister of Harald Ungi, + either Ingibiorg or Elin. Duncan died about 1214, and left a son, + Malcolm, Earl of Angus, whose sole heiress was a daughter, + Matilda, who, about 1240, married, first, John Comyn, who was + killed in France shortly after the marriage, without leaving + issue to inherit. As her second husband, Matilda, Countess of + Angus married Gilbert d'Umphraville, Lord of Prudhoe and + Redesdale in Northumberland in 1243; and their son, also named + Gilbert d'Umphraville, was born about 1244, and succeeded his + father as Earl of Angus in 1267, and though both these Gilberts + became successively Earls of Angus,<a id="footnotetag245" name= + "footnotetag245"></a><a href="#footnote245"><sup>4</sup></a> + neither of them ever became Earl of Orkney. Robertson's + contention in his <i>Early Kings of Scotland</i>, (vol. II, p. 23 + note) that they were grafted on the wrong pedigree seems + justified by the discrepancy in dates; for the Icelandic Annals + give only one Gibbon who died in 1256, and we know that Magnus + III was earl in 1263 and till 1273. Indeed little confidence can + be reposed in the Diploma of the Orkney Earls, the only authority + for the existence of two Orkney Earls called Gilbert, and in the + period covered by the <i>Orkneyinga Saga</i>, we can prove many + errors in the Diploma.</p> + + <p>Of Magnus son of Gilchrist, Earl of Angus, we know something. + He was alive in 1227, when he attested the record of the + perambulation of the boundaries of the lands of the Abbey of + Aberbrothock,<a id="footnotetag246" name= + "footnotetag246"></a><a href="#footnote246"><sup>5</sup></a> and + in the List of the Oliphant family charters dated 1594 in the + Register House in Edinburgh there is an <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page104" id="page104"></a>[pg 104]</span> + entry of "Ane charter under the Great Seill made be Alexr to + Magnus sone to Gylcryst sometime Earle of Angus of the Erledome + of South Caithness" which included Berridale and lands which + Magnus' granddaughter's great-grandson Malise II conveyed to + Reginald Chen III, known as "Morar na Shein," after 1340.</p> + + <p>It has been suggested that after Earl John's death in 1231, + the successor to the earldom of Caithness was a minor, which Earl + Gilchrist's son, Magnus, could not have been in 1231, and that + this minor and ward was a son of Magnus, and bore the same name + as his father.</p> + + <p>The wardship seems at first sight to be proved in Robertson's + <i>Early Kings</i>,<a id="footnotetag247" name= + "footnotetag247"></a><a href="#footnote247"><sup>6</sup></a> and + the proof is to the following effect:—Malcolm of Angus + attested a charter in Earl John's lifetime on 22nd April 1231, + using his own title of "Angus" only. After John's death, Malcolm + attested another charter on 7th October 1232 as "M. Comite de + Anegus et Katania,"<a id="footnotetag248" name= + "footnotetag248"></a><a href="#footnote248"><sup>7</sup></a> + using, in addition to his own title of Angus, as was customary, + the title of a ward, who was heir to another earldom, in this + case that of Caithness. But on 3rd July 1236, Malcolm Earl of + Angus, who lived till 1237 if not longer, attested a third + charter using his own title of "Angus" only, without the addition + "and of Caithness." These facts can be explained by his ward's + having attained his majority and entered upon his earldom of + Caithness between 7th October 1232 and 3rd July 1236. They cannot + be explained by saying that "M" was not Malcolm, but Magnus, and + that "M" stands for Gilchrist's son Magnus, who had become Earl + of Caithness. For there was no "M. Comes de Angus" at the time + save Malcolm, and Malcolm was therefore for about four years Earl + of Caithness as well as of Angus.</p> + + <p>Robertson's explanation is that Malcolm was Earl <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page105" id="page105"></a>[pg 105]</span> of + Caithness only as guardian of a ward entitled to that earldom. + The question then arises, as Robertson puts it, "who was the + heir?" and he answers it, "certainly not his<a id= + "footnotetag249" name="footnotetag249"></a><a href= + "#footnote249"><sup>8</sup></a> uncle Magnus, son of + Gillebride,<a id="footnotetag250" name= + "footnotetag250"></a><a href="#footnote250"><sup>9</sup></a> but + very probably the son of Magnus by Earl John's daughter; the + supposed grant of the Earldom to this Magnus being probably + grounded upon his real marriage with the heiress," and he adds + "If, on the death of Earl John in 1231, his grandson was an + orphan and a minor, his wardship would naturally have been + granted to the next of kin, his cousin the Earl of Angus."</p> + + <p>One further charter has to be dealt with. In <i>Reg. Hon. de + Morton</i>, vol. I, p. xxxv, cited in <i>Origines Parochiales</i> + vol. II, p. 805, a grant by King Alexander II, to Patrick Earl of + Dunbar dated 7th July 1235 is attested by a witness, whose name + or initial is illegible, but who is styled ... <i>Earl</i> ... + <i>Katanay</i>, ... <i>Comite</i> ... <i>Katanay</i>, and a + confident opinion is expressed in a note to the citation that the + witness was Magnus, Earl of Caithness. Now, Earl John's daughter + was taken as a hostage on August 1, 1214, and, if she was then + marriageable and was married at once, her eldest child could have + been born about May 1215, and would attain twenty-one about May + 1236, but to suppose her son of the name of Magnus to have been + the ward for whom the Earldom of Caithness was being kept till + 7th July 1235 from 1232 and that he had become Earl of Caithness + on the 7th July 1235 seems impossible. If the blank should be + filled up with "de Anegus et," then Malcolm Earl of Angus must + still have been the guardian, and the ward's father and mother + must both have been dead by 7th October 1232. This involves three + unproved assumptions, of two unrecorded deaths and one unrecorded + birth.</p> + + <p>On the whole, therefore, we believe that there is another and + simpler explanation, and it seems probable <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page106" id="page106"></a>[pg 106]</span> that + there was in this case no wardship, or if there was, that there + was a great deal more, and that Malcolm held the earldom of + Caithness as <i>Custos</i> or administrator or trustee for the + Crown for four years after Earl John's death till the succession + was settled, and till all Caithness except Sutherland was + parcelled out among three claimants, namely the two heirs, each + of one of two sisters of Harald Ungi, and the hostage daughter of + Earl John.</p> + + <p>When all this was settled, Magnus, as the son of one of the + two elder sisters of Harald Ungi, and also as the husband of Earl + John's daughter, would be entitled on Earl John's death, <i>jure + maritae</i>, in Orkney, to a grant from the Norse king of the + Orkney jarldom, and also, in Caithness, <i>first, jure + maritae</i>, to a grant from the Scottish king in or after 3rd + July 1236, of the North Caithness earldom and lands held by Earl + John, which Dalrymple in his Collections (p. lxxiii) states + positively, without quoting his authority, that Magnus had for a + payment of £10 per annum, and, <i>secondly, jure matris</i> + (Ingibiorg or Elin) to a grant, also from the Scottish king, of + the earldom of South Caithness, which by the Charter of Alexander + "under the greit Seill," above alluded to, Magnus also got.</p> + + <p>The other moiety of the Caithness earldom lands would be + fairly given to Johanna as heiress of Ragnhild, Harald Ungi's + youngest sister, and we know that Johanna got that other moiety, + because we find that her descendants inherited it, and conveyed + it or parts of it by writs still extant, by the description of + "half Caithness."</p> + + <p>There are, however, other views. Skene's opinion on the + subject of the succession, in his very able paper (given in + Appendix V, vol. iii, pp. 449-50 of his <i>Celtic Scotland</i>), + is as follows:—</p> + + <p>"Earl Harald died in 1206, and was succeeded by <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page107" id="page107"></a>[pg 107]</span> his + son David, who died in 1214, when his brother John became Earl of + Orkney and Caithness. Fordun tells us that King William made a + treaty of peace with him in that year, and took his daughter as a + hostage, but the burning of Bishop Adam in 1222 brought King + Alexander II down upon Earl John, who was obliged to give up part + of his lands into the hands of the king, which, however, he + redeemed the following year by paying a large sum of money, and + by his death in 1231 the line of Paul again came to an end.</p> + + <p>"In 1232, we find Magnus, son of Gillebride, Earl of Angus, + called Earl of Caithness, and the earldom remained in this family + till between 1320 and 1329, when Magnus Earl of Orkney and + Caithness, died; but during this time it is clear that these + earls only possessed one half of Caithness and the other half + appears in the possession of the De Moravia family, for Freskin, + Lord of Duffus, who married Johanna, who possessed Strathnaver in + her own right, and died before 1269, had two daughters, Mary, + married to Sir Reginald Cheyne, and Christian, married to William + de Fedrett; and each of these daughters had one fourth part of + Caithness, for William de Fedrett resigns<a id="footnotetag252" + name="footnotetag252"></a><a href= + "#footnote252"><sup>11</sup></a> his fourth to Sir Reginald + Cheyne,<a id="footnotetag253" name="footnotetag253"></a><a href= + "#footnote253"><sup>12</sup></a> who then appears in possession + of one-half of Caithness (Chart. of Moray; Robertson's Index). + These daughters probably inherited the half of Caithness through + their mother Johanna. Gillebride<a id="footnotetag254" name= + "footnotetag254"></a><a href="#footnote254"><sup>13</sup></a> + having called one of his sons by the Norwegian name of Magnus, + indicates that he had a Norwegian mother. This is clear from his + also becoming Earl of Orkney, which the king of Scots could not + have given him. Gillebride died in<a id="footnotetag255" name= + "footnotetag255"></a><a href="#footnote255"><sup>14</sup></a> + 1200, so that Magnus must have been born before that date, and + about the time of Earl Harald Ungi, who had half of Caithness, + and died in 1198. Magnus is a name peculiar to this line, as the + great Earl Magnus belonged to it, and Harald Ungi had a brother + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page108" id="page108"></a>[pg + 108]</span> Magnus. The probability is that the half of Caithness + which belonged to the Angus family was that half usually + possessed by the earls of the line of Erlend,<a id= + "footnotetag256" name="footnotetag256"></a><a href= + "#footnote256"><sup>15</sup></a> and was given by King Alexander + with the title of Earl to Magnus, as the son of one of Earl + Harald Ungi's sisters, while Johanna, through whom the Moray + family inherited the other half, was, as indicated by her name, + the daughter of John, Earl of Caithness of the line of Paul, who + had been kept by the king as a hostage, and given in marriage to + Freskin de Moravia."</p> + + <p>Sir William Fraser<a id="footnotetag257" name= + "footnotetag257"></a><a href="#footnote257"><sup>16</sup></a> in + a note to the <i>Sutherland Book</i>—a mere <i>obiter + dictum</i>, however—doubts Skene's suggestions "that + Johanna, Lady of Strathnaver, who married Freskin de Moravia, + Lord of Duffus, about 1240, was the daughter of John Haraldson," + that is Earl John, and that "Magnus of Angus was the son of a + sister of a former Earl of Caithness," and states that "Skene's + arguments are plausible, but there is no very good evidence in + support of them." Skene's argument rests mainly on the names + "Johanna" and "Magnus," by itself an insecure foundation, and one + which it is hoped to explain or remove, adopting the argument + from "Magnus," a name which constantly recurs, and rejecting the + argument from "Johanna," a name which never again appears, in + this family.</p> + + <p>A century or more after the death in 1231 of Earl John, we + find Reginald Chen III, known as Morar na Shein or "Lord" Schen, + in possession of a moiety of the Caithness earldom, without the + title, and living in Latheron and Halkirk parishes, while the + other moiety was held by the Caithness Earls of the line of + Angus, and in 1340 we find Reginald More, Chamberlain of + Scotland, ancestor of the Crichton or Sinclair Earls of + Caithness, acquiring from Malise II, one of the Stratherne Earls + of Caithness and a descendant of the line of Paul and also of the + line of Erlend, part of south Caithness (including Berridale), + which therefore Reginald <span class="pagenum"><a name="page109" + id="page109"></a>[pg 109]</span> Chen III did not then own or + acquire, though he owned half Caithness. But Reginald Chen III + did acquire Berridale and other lands later in David II's reign + according to <i>Origines Parochiales</i>, II, p. 764.</p> + + <p>Now it is known from other sources that Reginald Chen III was + a grandson of Johanna of Strathnaver, the mysterious lady of + unrecorded parentage already referred to, who owned land in + "Strathnauir," and who was dead in 1269, and who had married, at + a date which we hope to fix, Freskin de Moravia, Lord of Duffus, + then also dead, and had had by him two daughters, Mary and + Christian, who were married respectively to Reginald Chen II and + William de Federeth I (whose sons respectively were Reginald Chen + III and William de Federeth II) and these ladies succeeded each + to one fourth of Caithness; and a grant,<a id="footnotetag258" + name="footnotetag258"></a><a href= + "#footnote258"><sup>17</sup></a> which was made in David II's + time by William de Federeth II in favour of Reginald Chen III, + placed him in possession of William de Federeth II's quarter of + Caithness. Reginald Chen III thus had all the half share of + Caithness which was held by his grandmother, Johanna of + Strathnaver. We also know that by another grant in 1286<a id= + "footnotetag259" name="footnotetag259"></a><a href= + "#footnote259"><sup>18</sup></a> William de Federeth I had + already conveyed to Reginald Chen II four davachs of land in + Strathnaver and all his other lands there; and, besides these + grants, we have authentic record in May 1269, which recites that + Lady Johanna had before that date granted a considerable part of + her lands in Strathnaver to the Bishop of Moray for the + maintenance of two chaplains to minister in the Cathedral of + Elgin.</p> + + <p>By the above record, which is a regrant of the Strathnaver + lands by Archebald Bishop of Moray in May 1269 to Reginald Chen + II, not only is his marriage before that date to Mary daughter of + Johanna by Freskin de Moravia proved, but the lands in + Strathnaver are identifiable. They were "Langeval and Rossewal, + tofftys de Dovyr, Achenedess, Clibr', <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page110" id="page110"></a>[pg 110]</span> + Ardovyr and Cornefern," which now are known in part as Langdale, + Rossal, Achness, Clibreck and Coire-na-fearn, while "tofftys" are + "tofts," and "Dovyr" and "Ardovyr" are respectively old Gaelic + for "water" and for "upper water." "Dovyr" would denote the River + Naver and loch of that name, and "Ardovyr" would mean Loch Coire + and the Mallard River, that is the "Abhain 'a Mhail Aird" of the + Ordnance Map (whatever that may mean),<a id="footnotetag260" + name="footnotetag260"></a><a href= + "#footnote260"><sup>19</sup></a> which rises in Loch Coire, and, + after a course of six miles from its upper valley, falls about + 330 feet below its source into the River Naver at Dalharrold. + These lands of the Lady Johanna lay partly to the south of Loch + Naver, extended southwards nearly to Ben Armine, and stretched + westwards to Loch Vellich or Bealach and the Crask and Mudale, + eastwards to Loch Truderscaig, and northwards down the valley of + the Naver at least as far as Syre. Part of them, close to + Achness,<a id="footnotetag261" name="footnotetag261"></a><a href= + "#footnote162"><sup>20</sup></a> is to this day known locally as + Kerrow-na-Shein, or Chen's Quarter, either after Johanna's + son-in-law, Sir Reginald Chen II, or after her grandson of the + same name, the great "Morar na Shein," about whom so many legends + still survive in Cat. These lands in Strathnaver are roughly + hatched on the map of Cat in this volume, and, as she gave them + away in charitable trust, they probably formed only a small part + of her whole estate after her marriage with Freskin de Moravia, + which probably comprised the old Parish of Farr, now divided into + Tongue, Farr, and Reay.</p> + + <p>It is suggested that the ownership of these lands in + Strathnaver and of the other upland territories in Halkirk and + Latheron parishes, held by her descendants and sequels in all her + estate, the Chens, connects the Lady Johanna with the family of + Moddan "in dale" in Caithness and with Earl Ottar, and with + Frakark and Audhild her niece, and that Johanna was entitled to + these lands in their entirety in her own right as <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page111" id="page111"></a>[pg 111]</span> the + sole descendant remaining in Scotland after 1232 of Harald Ungi's + younger surviving sister Ragnhild, possibly through her son + Snaekoll by Gunni, and that Snaekoll was next heir to these lands + before he went abroad, and either that he was Johanna's father, + or that she became Ragnhild's heir in his place. In this way + Johanna would have a good right, especially if Magnus, son of + Gilchrist, had been compensated for his mother's share by + receiving a grant of South Caithness and its earldom, to receive + a grant of the rest of the Harald Ungi half share of the + Caithness earldom, lands previously held by Jarls and Earls St. + Magnus and Erlend Thorfinn's son or some lands of equal value, + and the reason why she had such very large estates as those which + she brought to her husband and the Chen family as their + successors would be made clear. For she would have completed her + title to a large share of the Erlend lands, and also to the + Moddan lands which Gunni and Ragnhild had entered upon and held + after the elder sister of Ragnhild had left Caithness on her + marriage with Gilchrist Earl of Angus.</p> + + <p>In support of Johanna's title it is to be observed that + neither Magnus II, nor his wife, is recorded to have claimed any + part of the Strathnaver lands, a fact which indicates that + Johanna and her predecessors had acquired an independent title to + them, and that, too, a title not derived through Earl John. + Again, (though in a time when records fail us, the argument + proves little) Johanna, although from her probable date she might + have been so, is not recorded to have been a daughter of John. + Further, to be of suitable age<a id="footnotetag262" name= + "footnotetag262"></a><a href="#footnote262"><sup>21</sup></a> to + marry Freskin she must have been born long after any known child + of Earl John, even his son Harald who had died in 1226. Lastly, + neither Johanna nor her husband Freskin nor any descendant of + hers ever claimed either the whole of or any share in the Orkney + jarldom,<a id="footnotetag263" name="footnotetag263"></a><a href= + "#footnote263"><sup>22</sup></a> which Earls Harald Maddadson, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page112" id="page112"></a>[pg + 112]</span> David and John had held in its entirety, and to which + Johanna, had she been Earl John's only daughter, or her husband + Freskin would have been entitled to claim to succeed as sole + heir; while if John had had two daughters, and Johanna had been + one of them, she or her husband Freskin would have been entitled + to claim a grant of some share at least of the lands appertaining + to the Orkney jarldom.</p> + + <p>It was, however, Earl Magnus who made such claims, and with + success, and he may well have obtained the Orkney jarldom and + lands, and part of the Caithness earldom as well, with the title, + not only as being the son of the elder of Harald Ungi's sisters, + but as the husband of Earl John's nameless daughter, while his + name of Magnus, afterwards so often repeated in the Angus line, + came into that line obviously through his mother at his baptism, + and not through his wife at his marriage.</p> + + <p>The name of Johanna, on which Skene mainly founds his + assertion that Johanna of Strathnaver was Earl John's daughter, + is just as easily explicable, and with equal verisimilitude, if + she was not. Snaekoll went to Norway in 1232, leaving behind him, + on our hypothesis, one child, an infant daughter of tender years, + or possibly as yet unborn. The child of a younger child of + Ragnhild would probably be still younger. Heiress to very large + landed estates and justly entitled to claim a moiety of the + Erlend Thorfinnson half of Caithness and all the Moddan + territories, this child would be made by the king of Scotland a + ward, to be married, if female, in due course to a suitable + husband. The Queen of Scotland, who in 1232 had been childless + for eleven years and never had any children afterwards, was an + English princess who was married to Alexander II on 19th June + 1221, and lived till 4th March 1237-8, a period which would cover + all Johanna's early years. The queen's name was <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page113" id="page113"></a>[pg 113]</span> + Joanna, and Johanna of Strathnaver may have been called after + her, as Earl John had possibly been called after her father King + John of England, the friend of Earl John's father, Harold + Maddadson.</p> + + <p>We now have to fix the date of Freskin de Moravia, nephew of + William, <i>dominus Sutherlandiae</i> since about 1214. Freskin, + as stated, was undoubtedly the husband of Johanna of Strathnaver, + and became on his marriage owner of her lands there as well as of + a moiety of the Caithness earldom lands.</p> + + <p>Freskin was, as also stated, the eldest son of Walter de + Moravia of Duffus, second son of Hugo Freskyn of Strabrock, + Duffus and Sutherland by Walter's marriage with Euphamia, + probably, from her name, a daughter of Ferchar Mac-in-tagart, who + became Earl of Ross.<a id="footnotetag264" name= + "footnotetag264"></a><a href="#footnote264"><sup>23</sup></a> As + Ferchar granted<a id="footnotetag265" name= + "footnotetag265"></a><a href="#footnote265"><sup>24</sup></a> + certain lands at Clon in Ross about the year 1224 to Freskin's + father Walter de Moravia of Duffus without pecuniary or other + valuable consideration, it has been concluded, probably + correctly, that this grant was made on the occasion of the + marriage of Walter to Ferchar's daughter Euphamia; and Freskin, + their heir, was born in or after 1225, and had become + <i>dominus</i> de Duffus by 1248 on his father's death. Johanna, + on our hypothesis, would have to be born by 1232 at latest, that + is, before or soon after her supposed father Snaekoll went to + Norway, and from her supposed father's date she could hardly have + been born before 1225. Snaekoll's date can be ascertained with + comparative accuracy. For his mother lost her first husband, + Lifolf Baldpate, only in 1198, at the battle of Clairdon, and she + can hardly have married Snaekoll's father, Gunni, much before + 1200. From these dates Snaekoll could have been born by 1201, and + married in Scotland between 1224 and 1231, and Freskin and + Johanna would thus be of very suitable ages to marry each other, + and their marriage therefore would take place after 1245, or + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page114" id="page114"></a>[pg + 114]</span> possibly as late as 1250. If Johanna was the daughter + of a younger child of Ragnhild, she might be born later than + 1225.</p> + + <p>This would involve a long minority for Johanna, and by reason + of her marriage with Freskin de Moravia in 1245 or later, we + suspect that Freskin's uncle, William <i>dominus + Sutherlandiae</i>, whose territories were bounded on the north + and east by her lands, was her guardian, an office whose duties + the head of the powerful and loyal House of Sutherland alone + could efficiently perform in the troublous and turbulent times of + her minority.</p> + + <p>From Bain's <i>Calendar of Documents</i> relating to + Scotland<a id="footnotetag266" name="footnotetag266"></a><a href= + "#footnote266"><sup>25</sup></a> we know that Freskin was one of + the signatories of the National Bond of mutual alliance and + friendship with Sir Llewelin son of Griffin, Prince of Wales, and + other leading Welshmen on the 18th of March 1259. Freskin would + not have been asked to sign a document of such international + importance unless, like another of its signatories, Sir Reginald + Chen I (whose son of the same name, Reginald Chen II, married + Freskin's daughter, Mary of Duffus, later on) he had been one of + the leading men of his time in Scotland. We also find that his + rights were saved in a charter of 11th April 1260 and that on + 13th October 1260 he was one of the three vice-gerents of + Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan, Justiciar of Scotland, present + in Court at Perth on that date.<a id="footnotetag267" name= + "footnotetag267"></a><a href="#footnote267"><sup>26</sup></a></p> + + <p>On the 16th March 1262-3 from a grant of two chaplains<a id= + "footnotetag268" name="footnotetag268"></a><a href= + "#footnote268"><sup>27</sup></a> for the weal of the soul of the + deceased Freskin of Moray, Lord of Duffus, we know that he had + died before that date, that is, probably before his fortieth + year. Freskin, then, died after 13th October 1260 and before 16th + March 1262-3, and was buried in the chapel of St. Lawrence in the + Church of Duffus, which he had founded and endowed with lands at + Dawey in Strath Spey, and Duffus. His wife Johanna <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page115" id="page115"></a>[pg 115]</span> + ("quondam sponsa" "quondam Friskyni de Moravia") was certainly + dead in May 1269 (Reg. Morav., ch. 126, p. 139).</p> + + <p>They left no male heir, but they left two daughters, Mary and + Christian, both minors at their father's death and probably too + young to have been married in August 1263, when, as we shall + find, their lands and their half share of the Caithness earldom + sadly needed defenders from Norse invaders.</p> + + <p>Owing to subsequent additions of territory, it is impossible + at the present time to say exactly what all the lands owned by an + independent title by Lady Johanna of Strathnaver were, but some + guidance towards the further identification of her lands in + Caithness is found in the fact that later charters give the names + of the lands which her sequel in all her estate, Reginald Chen + III, known as "Lord Schein" or "Morar na Shein" held,<a id= + "footnotetag269" name="footnotetag269"></a><a href= + "#footnote269"><sup>28</sup></a> and that he lived in and hunted + from a castle at the exit of the river Thurso from Loch More + above Dirlot or Dilred in Strathmore in Halkirk parish, but never + owned Brawl, a capital residence of the Caithness earls, but did + own to the end of his life "half Caithness," and acquired South + Caithness after 1340 by purchase. Adding to this the facts, + indications, and probabilities alluded to in this and preceding + chapters as to the position of lands in Caithness variously + owned, we are able to venture to come to a general conclusion as + to the devolution of the Caithness earldom and lands.</p> + + <p>This conclusion is, that what may be termed the shares of the + respective lines of Paul and Erlend, the sons of Earl Thorfinn + and others, in the Caithness earldom lands probably went + respectively between 1231 and 1239 and afterwards in the + following manner.</p> + + <p>The right to succeed to the share of Paul passed, on his + descendant Earl John's death in 1231, to Earl <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page116" id="page116"></a>[pg 116]</span> + John's only child then alive, the nameless hostage daughter, who, + according to our theory, had after 1st August 1214 married + Magnus, son of Earl Gilchrist of Angus by his second marriage + with either Ingibiorg or Elin, both sisters of Harald Ungi, and + both older than Ragnhild. But the title of Earl of Caithness and + the enjoyment of the whole earldom was on Earl John's death + temporarily conferred, in addition to his title of Earl of Angus, + on Malcolm, Earl of Angus, and nephew of Magnus the husband of + John's hostage daughter, as being the head of the Angus family + and one of the most powerful earls in Scotland, pending a general + settlement of the affairs of Sutherland and Caithness; and + Malcolm held his own Earldom of Angus, and, in addition, for the + Crown, as <i>Custos</i>, trustee, or administrator <i>pendente + lite</i>, held Caithness after 22nd April 1231 and certainly at + 7th October 1232, possibly till 3rd July 1236, when the following + settlement was made.</p> + + <p>Caithness, without Sutherland, was with the title of Earl of + Caithness, North and South, confirmed to Earl Magnus II by two + grants, the one of North Caithness in right of his wife and the + other of South Caithness in right of his mother. The estate of + Sutherland was after 10th October 1237 erected into an earldom in + the person of William, who was the eldest son of Hugo Freskyn, + and was then owner of the estate, this earldom being, as stated + in the Diploma of the Orkney Earls, "taken away from Magnus II" + in his lifetime, possibly out of South Caithness, by Alexander + II.</p> + + <p>On Magnus' death in 1239, Gillebryd or Gillebride, called in + the Icelandic Annals Gibbon, who was either a son or younger + brother of Magnus, succeeded Magnus II in the Orkney and + Caithness titles and in the Paul share of the Caithness earldom, + and it appears from a grant of the advowson of Cortachy on 12th + December 1257 that Matilda daughter of Gillebert, "then late + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page117" id="page117"></a>[pg + 117]</span> Earl of Orkney," married Malise Earl of Stratherne. + On Gillebride's death in 1256, his son Magnus III succeeded to + Orkney and to the share of Paul in the Caithness earldom, as held + by Earl Magnus II and Earl Gillebride his successor, that is + without the Sutherland earldom, and without Freskin and Johanna's + share of Caithness.</p> + + <p>The right to succeed to the other share of Caithness, that of + Erlend Thorfinnson, which, according to <i>The Flatey Book</i> + had belonged to Jarl Ragnvald, and had been conferred on Harald + Ungi by William the Lion in 1197, passed through Ragnhild, + another and the youngest sister of Harald Ungi, and then through + a child of hers, possibly Snaekoll Gunni's son, the only known + male representative of this line at the time, or through + Snaekoll's younger brother or sister, along with the Moddan + estates in Strathnaver and in various highland and Celtic + parishes in Caithness, to Johanna of Strathnaver as Ragnhild's + heir; but this share did not carry with it the title of Countess. + It was held for her in wardship, but it was not formally granted + and confirmed by the Crown to her or her husband Freskin de + Moravia, who had become Lord of Duffus by 1248, until their + marriage, in or after 1245, or even later, and when the + settlement was made, possibly South Caithness was taken partly + out of it.</p> + + <p>If Earl John had left no daughter at all, the result in + Caithness might well have been much the same; for in that case + the Caithness title and lands might well have been conferred as + to the title and a share of the earldom lands on the elder + surviving sister of Harald Ungi, Ingibiorg or Elin, and her heir, + while the other share without the title would go to the heir of + the younger sister Ragnhild. But Magnus, if he had not married + John's daughter, would not have got North Caithness, and it seems + essential that Magnus should have married into the line of Earl + John, in <span class="pagenum"><a name="page118" id= + "page118"></a>[pg 118]</span> order to found a claim on his part + to the Jarldom of Orkney, which Harold Maddadson, David, and John + (with whom Magnus had no relationship at all, so far as is known) + had held in its entirety, in spite of the grant of a moiety of it + to Harald Ungi, ever since Harald Ungi's death in 1198, and to + the exclusion of the Erlend line from all share in Orkney, (save + for Harald Ungi's grant) ever since Jarl Ragnvald's death in + 1158.</p> + + <p>But who will find <i>evidence to prove</i> our conjectures to + be even approximately true?</p> + + <p>Till this is done, these matters rest upon mere conjecture, + based mainly upon known Scottish policy, the name of "Magnus," + and the probable situation of the lands owned by the parent lines + and the families known afterwards to have held them, namely, the + families of Cheyne, Federeth, Sutherland, Keith, Oliphant, and + Sinclair, among whose writs or inventories of them search might + be made.</p> + + <p><i>[Transcriber's note: the marker for footnote 10 of the + chapter is missing in the original.]</i></p><span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page119" id="page119"></a>[pg 119]</span> + + <h2>CHAPTER X.</h2> + + <h3>King Hakon and the North of Scotland.</h3> + + <p>We can now turn with some sense of relief from the intricate + maze of the genealogy of the Caithness earls to the more open + ground of Scottish history, which we left at the date of the + death of William the Lion in December 1214, when he was succeeded + on the throne of Scotland by his son, Alexander II, a youth who + had then just entered his seventeenth year. We can then work the + results of our genealogical conjectures into the general history + of the northern counties.</p> + + <p>Alexander II, like his predecessors, was in the year after his + accession immediately confronted with a revolt headed by Donald + Ban MacWilliam the younger, another of the descendants of + Ingibjorg of Orkney, widow of Earl Thorfinn and first wife of + Malcolm Canmore. The scene of the rising was, as usual, Moray; + and Donald was aided not only by the inhabitants of that + province, but also by a large force of Irish mercenaries. This + rebellion, however, was speedily crushed by Ferchar Mac-in-tagart + of the family of the Lay Abbots of Applecross in the west of + Ross, a county to which Henry, the eldest son of Harold Maddadson + had in vain laid claim.</p> + + <p>Differences which threatened to break out between Scotland and + England were speedily settled, and the young king, as we have + seen, married Joanna, sister of King Henry III of England, in + 1221. Alexander next conquered the district of Argyll in 1222, + and in the same year reduced Caithness to subjection on the + occasion of Bishop Adam's murder, and he shortly afterwards put + down two rebellions, the one in Moray, as above stated, and the + other in Galloway, a district <span class="pagenum"><a name= + "page120" id="page120"></a>[pg 120]</span> which, however, he did + not finally conquer till 1235, although Mac-in-tagart was + knighted for a victory there in 1215, and soon after, by 1226, + became Earl of Ross.<a id="footnotetag270" name= + "footnotetag270"></a><a href="#footnote270"><sup>1</sup></a> In + 1236, as a punishment for burning to death the Earl of Atholl, in + revenge for the defeat of a member of their family at a + tournament, the Bissets were deprived of their estates near + Beauly, and fled to England, where they endeavoured to embroil + that country again with Scotland. In this they failed, and a + treaty was signed between the two nations that neither should + make war on the other unless it were first attacked itself.<a id= + "footnotetag271" name="footnotetag271"></a><a href= + "#footnote271"><sup>2</sup></a></p> + + <p>Argyll, Galloway, and Moray being subdued and settled, and the + old Earldom of Caithness broken up, and divided among trustworthy + feudal tenants holding their lands by military service from the + Scottish king, the whole of the mainland of Scotland may now be + said to have been effectively incorporated into one kingdom under + the Scottish Crown. Ecclesiastically, also, the whole realm was + divided into dioceses, whose bishops were appointed by consent of + the king.</p> + + <p>The dream of Malcolm II at last was realised.</p> + + <p>The western islands of the Hebrides, however, still owed + allegiance to the king of Norway, who was till 1240 engaged in + civil war with Duke Skuli in his own kingdom. Alexander II + therefore equipped a naval expedition to reduce the islands, but, + soon after he had embarked, he sickened and died on the island of + Kerrera, near Oban, in 1249, leaving as his successor, his son + Alexander III, then only in his eighth year, who was married in + 1251, before his eleventh year, to Margaret, daughter of Henry + III of England, then a child of about the same age as himself. + The marriage was followed by a nine years' struggle between the + rival factions of Alan Durward, Justiciar of Scotland, and of + Walter Comyn, Earl of Menteith, in which England constantly + interfered, till the Comyn, or Scottish, <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page121" id="page121"></a>[pg 121]</span> + faction finally gained the upper hand. In 1261, Alexander III's + only child Margaret, who afterwards became Queen of Norway, was + born.</p> + + <p>Between 1242 and 1245 two Scottish bishops had been sent to + Norway by Alexander II to induce King Hakon to give up the + Hebrides to Scotland, and now his son Alexander III sent another + embassy of an Archdeacon and a Scot, called in the Saga Misel, + but more probably Frisel or Fraser, who, being found to be spies, + tried to escape, but were caught and made to witness the young + King Magnus' coronation in his father's lifetime.<a id= + "footnotetag272" name="footnotetag272"></a><a href= + "#footnote272"><sup>3</sup></a> These embassies, though backed by + offers of money compensation, were wholly unsuccessful.</p> + + <p>Meantime affairs in Sutherland and Caithness had been pursuing + an orderly course for nearly forty years. William, eldest son of + Hugo Freskyn, had succeeded his father in Sutherland before 1214, + the year of Earl David's death, and had in or after 1237 become + its first Earl, and three years afterwards, according to + tradition, though probably this event happened later, with the + aid of Richard of Moray, Bishop Gilbert's brother, a Norse + landing at Unes or Little Ferry is said to have been repulsed in + a battle at Embo, near Dornoch in Sutherland. In this battle + Richard fell, and the Norse Prince was also killed, the Ri-Crois + at Embo, which has disappeared long ago, being erected in memory + of the latter.<a id="footnotetag273" name= + "footnotetag273"></a><a href="#footnote273"><sup>4</sup></a> Earl + William had died in 1248, and had been buried in the Cathedral at + Dornoch, which Bishop Gilbert had founded close to and west of + the site of the older Church of St. Bar, and which he had + dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary in or after 1222.</p> + + <p>The Bishop had given to his diocese of Caithness<a id= + "footnotetag274" name="footnotetag274"></a><a href= + "#footnote274"><sup>5</sup></a> the Constitution which is still + extant at Dunrobin. This Constitution, like that of Elgin, was in + the main based on that of Lincoln. But the Bishop was to be + <i>Primus</i> and above all other dignitaries of the Cathedral. + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page122" id="page122"></a>[pg + 122]</span> For it was ordained that instead of the one priest + who had previously officiated, there should be ten Canons with + the Bishop as their head, five of them holding the dignities of + Dean, Precentor, Chancellor, Treasurer, and Archdeacon, each of + them during residence to minister there daily, as well as the + Abbot of Scone, who was a Canon, but had a Vicar to perform his + duties in his absence. The teinds (or tithes) of certain parishes + were allocated to each member of the Chapter; and lands, + residences, and prebends were assigned to them, provision also + being made from the teinds of other parishes for the lighting and + services of the Church. Bishop Gilbert built and completed the + Cathedral, making, it is said, the glass for its windows at + Sidera, from sand taken from near the howe of the first Jarl + Sigurd, a worshipper of Odin.<a id="footnotetag275" name= + "footnotetag275"></a><a href="#footnote275"><sup>6</sup></a></p> + + <p>Bishop Gilbert had also translated the Psalms into Gaelic; + and, having set his diocese of Caithness, comprising the modern + counties of Sutherland and Caithness, in good working order, and + having re-buried his predecessor Adam, with a stately funeral, at + Dornoch in 1239, had made his will in 1242, and died in the + episcopal palace at Scrabster, near Thurso, in 1245. It was + probably during his episcopate that King Alexander II gave his + open letter,<a id="footnotetag276" name= + "footnotetag276"></a><a href="#footnote276"><sup>7</sup></a> + directed to the sheriffs, bailies, and other good men of Moray + and Caithness, and enjoining them to protect the ship of the + Abbot and Convent of Scone and their men and goods from injury, + molestation or damage in their journeys to the north. Bishop + Gilbert was buried at Dornoch, and was succeeded by Bishop + William,<a id="footnotetag277" name="footnotetag277"></a><a href= + "#footnote277"><sup>8</sup></a> and he in his turn, in 1261, by + Bishop Walter de Baltroddi, who doubtless suffered from King + Hakon's fines levied in Caithness in 1263, and whose daughter the + Chief of the Mackays is said to have married after that date.</p> + + <p>In 1261 the Hebrides had been harried by William, <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page123" id="page123"></a>[pg 123]</span> + MacFerchar, Earl of Ross and uncle of Freskin de Moravia the + younger, with great cruelty and barbarity, and King Hakon in 1263 + began to collect and equip a fleet with a view to revenging the + injury done to his subjects in the west.<a id="footnotetag278" + name="footnotetag278"></a><a href="#footnote278"><sup>9</sup></a> + In the preparation for this in the spring of 1263, we find Jon + Langlifson, whose mother Langlif was Harold Maddadson's youngest + daughter, and who was thus himself a nephew of Earl John, sent + over with Henry Skot to Shetland to obtain pilots for King + Hakon,<a id="footnotetag279" name="footnotetag279"></a><a href= + "#footnote279"><sup>10</sup></a> while Dougal of the Isles met + them in Orkney, and was let into the secret of Hakon's intended + expedition.</p> + + <p>Meantime Earl Magnus II, being, according to our conjectures, + a member of the Angus line, whose mother was an elder sister of + Harald Ungi, and being also the husband of Earl John's daughter, + had become entitled to the earldom of Orkney soon after Earl + John's death in 1231, and probably since 1236 had held part of + Caithness as Earl, by heirship, and by charter from the Scottish + King. Magnus II, soon after the earldom of Sutherland had been + taken away from him, had died in 1239. Gillebride had then + succeeded to both the reduced Scottish earldom of Caithness and + the whole of the Orkney jarldom as successor in the Angus line of + Magnus II; and Gillebride had died in 1256 leaving a son Magnus + III. Like his predecessors, Magnus III seems to have found + himself in the awkward position of being bound to serve two + masters who were rapidly approaching a state of war with each + other. Freskin de Moravia, <i>dominus</i> de Duffus by 1248, who + about that date had married the Lady Johanna, had with her + obtained not only her lands in Strathnaver and Caithness, but + also the bulk of the Erlend share of the earldom lands of + Caithness, while Magnus held the rest of Caithness, and William, + second Earl of Sutherland, then a mere boy, had succeeded to that + earldom on his father's death in 1248.<a id="footnotetag280" + name="footnotetag280"></a><a href= + "#footnote280"><sup>11</sup></a></p><span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page124" id="page124"></a>[pg 124]</span> + + <p>As already stated, Alexander II's attempt on the Sudreys had + proved abortive through his death in 1249, and the further + attacks on them in Alexander III's reign by William, son of + Ferchar Mac-in-tagart, and Earl of Ross, had been made in 1261; + and by 1262 or 1263, Freskin had died, leaving two daughters Mary + and Christian, both minors and unmarried, to inherit his share of + Caithness, as co-parceners, each entitled to one quarter of that + county.</p> + + <p>Early in 1263 Magnus III of Orkney and Caithness, was in + Bergen with King Hakon. For the Saga says,<a id="footnotetag281" + name="footnotetag281"></a><a href= + "#footnote281"><sup>12</sup></a> "with him from Bergen came + Magnus, Jarl of Orkney, and the king gave him a good + long-ship."</p> + + <p>Sailing from Norway in the end of July 1263, King Hakon found + a fair wind, and crossed in two days to Shetland, where he lay + for a fortnight assembling his fleet in Bressay Sound off + Lerwick. While he was here Jon Langlifson, son of Langlif, the + youngest daughter of Earl Harold Maddadson, brought the + disappointing news that King John of the Sudreys had gone over to + the side of the Scottish king, but the news was disbelieved, and + Hakon, at the time, had every reason to think that, while he was + sure of the support of the Orkneymen and their earl, the western + islanders would support him to a man. Quitting Shetland, + therefore, he sailed to Orkney, and his fleet lay first at + Ellidarvik or Ellwick in The String off the south of Shapinsay, a + few miles from Kirkwall. While it was here, King Hakon conceived + the idea of sending a squadron of his ships to raid the shores of + the Moray Firth, and there is little doubt that this project was + aimed at the lands of the families of De Moravia in Sutherland + and Moray. The question, however, was submitted to a council of + the freemen of the fleet, who proved to be unwilling that any of + them should leave their king and decided that the fleet should + not be divided, but that the original object of the expedition, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page125" id="page125"></a>[pg + 125]</span> the reconquest of the Western Isles and West of + Scotland, should be adhered to instead. What Earl Magnus' + feelings on the subject were is not recorded, but it can hardly + have been pleasing to him to find that his people in Caithness + were to be subjected to a fine by his suzerain in Orkney, though, + probably by his advice, the Caithness folk paid the fine exacted + from them,<a id="footnotetag282" name= + "footnotetag282"></a><a href="#footnote282"><sup>13</sup></a> and + had hostages taken from them, in consequence, by the Scottish + king.</p> + + <p>Hakon's fleet then sailed round the Mull of Deerness into the + roadstead of Ragnvaldsvoe, in the north of South Ronaldsay, which + is now known either as St. Margaret's Hope or possibly as + Widewall Bay in Scapa Flow, and it was while it was there that + the annular eclipse of the sun, ascertained by astronomical + calculation<a id="footnotetag283" name= + "footnotetag283"></a><a href="#footnote283"><sup>14</sup></a> to + have taken place on the 5th August 1263, was reported by the + writer of the Saga to have been seen by him. While the fleet was + here, it appeared that the Orkney contingent of ships which Hakon + had commanded to join him, were not "boun" or ready for sea, and + Jarl Magnus accordingly "stayed behind" with his people in Orkney + under orders to follow the main fleet.</p> + + <p>On St. Lawrence's day, the 10th of August 1263, Hakon weighed + anchor without the jarl, or his men, and the fleet, the largest + then ever seen in these waters, sailed from Ragnvaldsvoe into the + Pentland Firth, and, rounding Cape Wrath on the same day, + anchored in Asleifarvik, now corruptly called Aulsher-beg or + Old-shore, on the west coast of the parish of Durness<a id= + "footnotetag284" name="footnotetag284"></a><a href= + "#footnote284"><sup>15</sup></a> in Sutherland. Thence the fleet + ran across to the Lewis, whence it proceeded on a southerly + course by Rona, into the Sound of Skye, and brought up at the + Carline, now the Cailleach, Stone, in Kyleakin or the Kyle of + Hakon. The Norse King was soon joined by King Magnus of Man, and + Erling Ivar's son, and Andres Nicholas' son, and Halvard and + Nicholas Tart, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page126" id= + "page126"></a>[pg 126]</span> the last having made no land since + he left Norway till he sighted the Lewis. Dougal, king of the + Sudreys also joined King Hakon, and the fleet shortly afterwards + reached Kerrera, near Oban in the Sound of Mull. The events which + followed are recounted, in considerable detail and with much + exaggeration on both sides, by Scottish and Norse chroniclers, + but it is impossible to reconcile their different versions of the + story of the battle of Largs. Nor does such detail, save in the + result, affect Sutherland or Caithness. Suffice it to say, then, + that after much fruitless negotiation between the two kings, + purposely prolonged by the Scottish monarch, a severe and + protracted October storm drove many of the Norse ships ashore + near Largs, where the Scots attacked their crews; and five days + later King Hakon withdrew, and sailed with the remnants of his + starving and shattered fleet northwards by the Sound of Mull and + Rum and Loch Snizort in Skye, and thence round Cape Wrath, to the + Goa-fiord or Hoanfiord, which we know as Loch Erriboll, reaching + it on Sunday, October 28th, 1263, in a profound calm.</p> + + <p>On their way south, Erling Ivar's son, Andrew Nicolas' son, + and Harvard the Red had<a id="footnotetag285" name= + "footnotetag285"></a><a href="#footnote285"><sup>16</sup></a> + "sailed into Scotland under Dyrnes, from which they went up + country, and destroyed a castle and more than twenty hamlets." + But on the return voyage the children of Heth were waiting for + the invaders, and on the day<a id="footnotetag286" name= + "footnotetag286"></a><a href="#footnote286"><sup>17</sup></a> "of + St. Simon and St. Jude, when Mass had been sung, some Scottish + men, whom the Northmen had taken, came. King Hakon gave them + peace and sent them up into the country; and they promised to + come down with cattle to<a id="footnotetag287" name= + "footnotetag287"></a><a href="#footnote287"><sup>18</sup></a> + him; but one of them stayed behind as a hostage. It happened that + day that eleven men of the ship of Andrew Kuzi landed in a boat + to fetch water. A little after, it was heard that they called + out. Then men rowed to them from the ships, and there two of + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page127" id="page127"></a>[pg + 127]</span> them were taken up, swimming much wounded, but nine + were found on land all slain. The Scots had come down on them, + but they all ran to the boat, and it was high and dry, and they + were all weaponless, and there was no defence. But as soon as the + Scots saw the boats were rowing up, they ran to the woods, but + the Northmen took the bodies with them.</p> + + <p>"On Monday King Hakon sailed out of the Goa-fiord and let the + Scottish man be put on shore, and gave him peace."<a id= + "footnotetag288" name="footnotetag288"></a><a href= + "#footnote288"><sup>19</sup></a></p> + + <p>Such is the story, so far as Sutherland and Caithness are + concerned, of Hakon's expedition as told in his Saga, which adds + that after losing one ship in the Pentland Firth, while another + was all but sunk in the Swelchie near Stroma, he sheltered for + the night in the Sound north of Osmundwall, and finally landed + again near Ragnvaldsvoe and went to Kirkwall. Retaining twenty of + his ships, he let such of the rest of them as had not already + gone home sail for Norway.</p> + + <p>Deserted by his Jarl, the aged king found a home in the Palace + of the faithful bishop, Henry of Orkney, who, alone of all Orkney + men, had followed the fortunes of the fleet. Then King Hakon's + health gradually failed, and after laying up his ships in Scapa + Flow, and seeing to the welfare of his men, he lay down to die of + a broken heart, listening as he sank to Masses indeed, but + afterwards with greater joy to the Sagas of the Norse kings. + "Near midnight" on the 15th of December "Sverri's Saga was read + through. But just as midnight was past Almighty God called King + Hakon from this world's life."</p> + + <p>His body lay in state, first in the Palace and then in the + Cathedral of St. Magnus, where after a Solemn Mass it was + temporarily buried in the Choir, and it was removed in his + flag-ship to Christ Church in Bergen three months + afterwards.<a id="footnotetag289" name= + "footnotetag289"></a><a href= + "#footnote289"><sup>20</sup></a></p><span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page128" id="page128"></a>[pg 128]</span> + + <p>The consequence of King Hakon's failure was the immediate + conquest of the Isle of Man and of the Hebrides by Alexander + III.</p> + + <p>Sutherland and Caithness were saved for Scotland, it would + seem, only by the vote of King Hakon's freemen before sailing for + Largs, while the defeat of his fleet there led directly to the + cession by King Magnus, his successor, under the treaty of Perth + in 1266, of all the Western Highlands and Islands, for a payment + of 4000 marks down and of 100 marks a year, and the treaty also + secured their permanent political union with Scotland.</p> + + <p>Orkney and Shetland, however, remained part of Norway for two + hundred years more, and have since 1468 been held by Scotland and + afterwards by the United Kingdom only under a wadset or mortgage + securing 58,000 crowns, the unpaid balance of the dower of + Margaret, wife of James III of Scotland and daughter of King + Christian of Norway. The right to redeem them was frequently + though fruitlessly claimed by Norway and Denmark in succession + until the reign of Charles II and even later; and possibly this + right remains, to the legal mind, open until the present day.</p> + + <p>On the 20th February 1471 the Earldom of Orkney and Lordship + of Shetland were, by an Act of the Scottish Parliament, finally + annexed to the Scottish Crown. But Norse law and usages and the + Norse language long lived on in Orkney and longer still in + Shetland.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page129" id= + "page129"></a>[pg 129]</span> + + <h2>CHAPTER XI.</h2> + + <h3>Results and Conclusion.</h3> + + <p>Restless energy, and a religion that taught its followers that + death in combat alone conferred on the happy warrior a title to + immortal glory and a perpetual right to the unbroken joy of + battle daily renewed in Valhalla drove the Viking to war.</p> + + <p>Headed off on the south by the vast army and feudal system of + Charlemagne, this energy in war could be exercised, and its + religious aims achieved, solely on the sea, which skill in + shipbuilding and in navigation as well had converted from a + barrier into a highway to the west.</p> + + <p>As already stated, over-population in the sterile lands of + Norway, and famine probably increased by immigration from the + east and south, drove its people "at times in piracy and at times + in commerce"<a id="footnotetag290" name= + "footnotetag290"></a><a href="#footnote290"><sup>1</sup></a> + forth from the western fjords and The Vik across the North Sea to + the opposite coasts of Scotland, and so to its western lochs and + to Ireland, where they found cattle to slaughter on the nesses, + stores of grain, and other booty.</p> + + <p>War, in fact, paid; and, after generations of harrying, many + of the raiders concluded that the western lands in Britain were + fairer and more fertile than their native shores, and desired to + settle in the west.</p> + + <p>Finally the feudalism of Charlemagne was imitated by Harald + Harfagr in Norway; and, against that, Norse independence revolted + and rebelled. The true Viking would be no other man's man, and to + secure Harald's feudal power he was driven forth from Norway by + an organised navy manned by those of his countrymen who had + agreed to accept King Harald as <span class="pagenum"><a name= + "page130" id="page130"></a>[pg 130]</span> feudal overlord and to + pay him tribute. Defeated, as we have seen, at the naval battle + of Hafrsfjord in 872, the rebel remnant of the Vikings found + their return to Norway barred; and those of them who became + pirates in Orkney and Shetland and raided Norway as such, were, + in their turn, assailed in these islands by King Harald, and + destroyed. Others of them colonised Ireland, the Hebrides, and + the Faroes; and from all these islands as well as from Scotland + and Norway issued the swarms that settled in Iceland, and + afterwards gave us a code of law, our system of trial by jury, + much of our legal procedure, and, when crossed with Gaelic blood, + produced the glorious literature of the Sagas. But in their + exodus, whencesoever they started, what all alike sought was + liberty; which, for them, meant the right to do exactly as they + pleased to others, and freedom from paying "scat" or dues to a + superior lord.</p> + + <p>When the Vikings came, they came as worshippers of Thor and + Odin and the old Teutonic gods. To them the Christianity of the + Pict was "a weak effeminate creed." They, therefore, slew its + followers, plundered its shrines, and drove its clergy south from + Orkney, from north-east Caithness and the coasts of Sutherland, + and from the seaboard of Ross and Moray, and for a century and a + half Christianity was uprooted and almost wholly expelled. No + jarl before Sigurd Hlodverson was a Christian, and he was + baptized by force, and died fighting for Odin at Clontarf. With + all "the fury of an expiring faith, its last lambent flickering + flame, against a creed that seemed to contradict every article of + the old belief,"<a id="footnotetag291" name= + "footnotetag291"></a><a href="#footnote291"><sup>2</sup></a> + wherever they came, they destroyed the cult and culture of + Columba, which it had taken several centuries to establish in the + north and west of Alban.</p> + + <p>When the conquerors settled in the land, they enslaved such of + its inhabitants as remained among them <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page131" id="page131"></a>[pg 131]</span> for + a time, and gave to the best coastal lands and lower valley farms + the Norse names which they still bear, but they left the heads of + the river valleys and the hills mainly to the Moddan family and + their Pictish followers and clansmen, who held them tenaciously + and extended their holdings, as the Norse became less hostile + through inter-marriage, or less strong. Once settled, the Norse + exerted such steady pressure on their southern Pictish neighbours + in Ross and Moray, and kept them so fully occupied in war or by + the constant menace of it from the north, that successive + Scottish kings were in their turn left comparatively free, on + their own northern frontier, from Pictish attacks, and were + therefore enabled to consolidate their own kingdom in the south + of Scotland and to beat the English back to the line of the + Tweed. Afterwards they were able to turn their attention to the + consolidation of the mainland north of the Grampians,<a id= + "footnotetag292" name="footnotetag292"></a><a href= + "#footnote292"><sup>3</sup></a> by first overcoming the Picts in + Moray, and then the Norse in Cat, and establishing the feudal + system and the Catholic Church.</p> + + <p>Worshipping, as the Vikings did, amongst others, the "fair + white god Baldr of golden beauty," and accounting as base-born + "hellskins" those of darker hue, it seems strange that they + should so soon have taken to themselves Celtic wives. But we have + seen that they came by sea and that no Norse women were allowed + in Viking ships,<a id="footnotetag293" name= + "footnotetag293"></a><a href="#footnote293"><sup>4</sup></a> and + thus it was Celtic mothers alone that perpetuated the race. They + also taught the children the Gaelic tongue, and, on the mainland + in all Sutherland and Caithness save the north-eastern portions + of the latter, Gaelic soon became again the only spoken + language.</p> + + <p>But the language was Gaelic with a difference. As already + stated, it contained, especially in connection with the sea, and + ships, gear, and tackle, many old Norse words,<a id= + "footnotetag294" name="footnotetag294"></a><a href= + "#footnote294"><sup>5</sup></a> and, in the Gaelic of Sutherland, + as in <span class="pagenum"><a name="page132" id= + "page132"></a>[pg 132]</span> the English of Orkney and Shetland + and of Caithness and Moray the Old Norse roots remain. Nor need + we believe that every Magnus or Sweyn, or Ragnvald was a pure + Norseman. For their Celtic mothers often preferred to give their + children Old Norse names.</p> + + <p>The Norse place-names,<a id="footnotetag295" name= + "footnotetag295"></a><a href="#footnote295"><sup>6</sup></a> too, + have been faithfully preserved by Gaelic inhabitants, and are + still with us; and despite their varying spellings in documents + of title and maps of different dates, these names generally yield + up the secret of their original meanings when they can be traced + back to the earliest charters, especially if they can be compared + with the corresponding Gaelic versions of them in use at the + present time. For Gaelic was ever a trustworthy vehicle of the + original Norse. The Norse place-names too are found in the same + spots on which the remains of brochs exist, that is, on the best + land at the lowest levels which the Picts had already cultivated, + and which the Norse invaders seized. Such names are also found on + the eastern coast as far south as Dingwall, both in Ross and + Cromarty. They were never imposed on the Moray seaboard, which + was not permanently held by the Norse. Freskyn and his + descendants saw to that. His fortress at Duffus checked all raids + from their fort at Burghead.</p> + + <p>Of outward and visible monuments, save here and there a howe + or grave-mound, the Vikings, unlike their Pictish predecessors, + have left us little or nothing on the mainland. In Iceland the + skali<a id="footnotetag296" name="footnotetag296"></a><a href= + "#footnote296"><sup>7</sup></a> or farm-house of the Norseman was + built with some stone and turf below, and a superstructure of + wood which has long ago perished,<a id="footnotetag297" name= + "footnotetag297"></a><a href="#footnote297"><sup>8</sup></a> and + but slight traces of foundations are visible on the surface + there. From the frequent burnings in the Saga we know that such + houses were of highly inflammable materials which would soon + perish. The place-name, "Skaill," remains both in Sutherland and + Caithness. But no skilled antiquary, has as yet <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page133" id="page133"></a>[pg 133]</span> laid + bare by excavation the secrets of likely sites of Norse dwellings + in these counties, as Mr. A.W. Johnston has done at The Jarls' Bu + at Orphir, in Orkney.<a id="footnotetag298" name= + "footnotetag298"></a><a href="#footnote298"><sup>9</sup></a> And + yet, if Drumrabyn or Dunrabyn, Rafn's Ridge or Broch, be the true + derivation of Dunrobin (and the name is found at a time when as + yet no Robin had inhabited the place) possibly the Norse Lawman + Rafn had a house of consequence there like his Pictish + predecessors, if, indeed, he did not inhabit the Pictish broch + whose foundations were found on or under the present castle's + site. There was also a castle of note on the northern shore of + the modern port of Helmsdale, which is probably the castle of + Sorlinc of Mr. Collingwood's <i>William the Wanderer</i>, also + called Surclin, both words being a corrupt form, it is suggested, + of Scir-Illigh, the old name of the parish of Kildonan.</p> + + <p>In Caithness especially, we have many a Norse castle site, + such as Earl Harold's borg at Thurso, and Lambaborg, the modern + Freswick, which we know to have been inhabited by noted Norsemen, + while, in Sutherland, Borve near Farr, and Seanachaistel on the + Farrid Head near Durness seem to be ideal Viking sites. + <i>Breithivellir</i><a id="footnotetag299" name= + "footnotetag299"></a><a href="#footnote299"><sup>10</sup></a> or + Brawl Castle was a known residence of Earl John and later earls, + and search for foundations might well be made on the coasts of + Caithness, and round Tongue and at the mouths of the Naver and of + the Borgie and other rivers, and at or near Unes or Little Ferry, + possibly at Skelbo, (Skail-bo) and in Kildonan at Helmsdale. That + the Norsemen used many of the Pictish brochs as dwelling-places + is more than probable, and is proved by the Sagas in certain + instances.<a id="footnotetag300" name= + "footnotetag300"></a><a href="#footnote300"><sup>11</sup></a> At + the same time few articles used distinctively by Norsemen have + been found in them.</p> + + <p>No stately church like the Cathedral of St. Magnus at + Kirkwall, itself the finest specimen of Norman architecture + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page134" id="page134"></a>[pg + 134]</span> in Scotland, survives on the mainland from Viking + days; nor, so far as is known, was any such edifice built there + by any Norseman; but the original High Church of Halkirk, and + also the old church of St. Bar at Dornoch, which preceded and is + believed to have occupied a site immediately to the east of St. + Gilbert's later Cathedral, may have been used by the later jarls, + and a few miles south of Halkirk are the foundations of the + Spittal of St. Magnus,<a id="footnotetag301" name= + "footnotetag301"></a><a href="#footnote301"><sup>12</sup></a> + part of which, and of St. Peter's Church at Thurso may be + Norse.</p> + + <p>Though the towns of Wick and Thurso<a id="footnotetag302" + name="footnotetag302"></a><a href= + "#footnote302"><sup>13</sup></a> are frequently mentioned in the + <i>Orkneyinga Saga</i>, and earls and jarls stayed at both, no + Sutherland village (if any save Dornoch existed) is named in it; + but the site of modern Golspie (Gol's-by) appears in ancient + charters as Platagall, "the Flat of the Stranger."<a id= + "footnotetag303" name="footnotetag303"></a><a href= + "#footnote303"><sup>14</sup></a></p> + + <p>If in his outward and visible man the Norseman has all but + faded away in Sutherland, he remains more in evidence in + Caithness, in spite of Celtic mothers and successive waves of + Scottish immigration. The high Norse skull, the tall frame with + broad shoulders and narrow hips,<a id="footnotetag304" name= + "footnotetag304"></a><a href="#footnote304"><sup>15</sup></a> the + fair hair and skin, the sea-blue eyes and sound teeth are still + to be seen; and from time to time, amid greatly preponderating + Celtic types, we are startled by coming across some perfect + living specimen of the pure Viking type almost always on or near + the coast.</p> + + <p>But, if the outward type is rarely seen, its inward qualities + remain. What were those qualities?</p> + + <p>The late Professor York Powell summed up the character of the + Viking emigrant folk in his introduction to Mr. Collingwood's + <i>Scandinavian Britain</i>, as follows:—</p> + + <p>"A sturdy, thrifty, hardworking, law-loving people, fond of + good cheer and strong drink, of shrewd, blunt speech, and a + stubborn reticence, when speech would be useless or foolish; a + people clean-living, faithful <span class="pagenum"><a name= + "page135" id="page135"></a>[pg 135]</span> to friend and kinsman, + truthful, hospitable, liking to make a fair show, but not vain or + boastful; a people with perhaps little play of fancy or great + range of thought, but cool-thinking, resolute, determined, able + to realise the plainer facts of life clearly, and even + deeply."<a id="footnotetag305" name="footnotetag305"></a><a href= + "#footnote305"><sup>16</sup></a></p> + + <p>Blend these qualities with those of the Gael, and what + infinite possibilities appear; for the characteristics of the two + races supplement each other. Fuse them together in proper + proportions for a few generations, the improvident and dreamy + with the thrifty and energetic, the voluble with the reticent, + the romantic and humorous with the truthful and blunt of speech, + the fiery and impulsive with the sober of thought, and how + greatly is the type improved in the new race evolved from the + union of both.</p> + + <p>Turning from eugenics to more practical matters, it was the + brain and the manual skill of the Viking that invented and + perfected our modern sailing ship. Stripped of its barbaric + excrescences at stem and stern, and of its rows of shields and + ornaments, the lines of the Viking ship of Gokstad<a id= + "footnotetag306" name="footnotetag306"></a><a href= + "#footnote306"><sup>17</sup></a> found there buried but entire, + are the lines of our herring boats of fifty years ago. Sharp and + partly decked at stem and stern only, like those boats, the + Viking ship could live, head to the waves, even in the roughest + sea. It was, too, a living thing, a new type of vessel handy to + row or sail, and far in advance not only of the early British + ship and Pictish coracle<a id="footnotetag307" name= + "footnotetag307"></a><a href="#footnote307"><sup>18</sup></a> but + also of the Roman galley with lines like those of a canal barge, + and also far in advance of the Saxon ship of war or merchandise. + The only points of difference between the older type of herring + boat and the Viking ship were the stepping of the mast further + forward and the use of the fixed rudder in the modern vessel.</p> + + <p>Not only did the Viking brain invent our modern ship, but it + was the Viking spirit that impelled us as <span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page136" id="page136"></a>[pg 136]</span> a + nation to use the ocean as a highway. The Norseman had discovered + America and West Africa many centuries before Columbus or Vasco + di Gama. The Norse colonised<a id="footnotetag308" name= + "footnotetag308"></a><a href="#footnote308"><sup>19</sup></a> + Greenland, Labrador, and possibly even Massachusetts, and it was + on a voyage to Iceland that Jean Cabot heard of America, on whose + continent he was the first modern sailor to land, and it is said + that it was through him that Columbus, after he had discovered + the West Indian Islands, first heard that North America had been + proved to be a continent by Cabot's coasting voyage along its + shore from Maine to Florida. The Vikings, too, taught us the + discipline without which no ship can live through an ocean storm. + Their spirit, too, when piracy had died out, led us into trade; + for, as we have seen, the Viking was no mere pirate, but ever a + trader as well.<a id="footnotetag309" name= + "footnotetag309"></a><a href="#footnote309"><sup>20</sup></a> + Their sea-fights live in story, though their traders found no + skald or bard, and it is thus that we hear less of their trading + or of their civic or domestic life.</p> + + <p>This spirit of theirs, like their blood, is ever with us + still. It has gone into our race, and it keeps coming out in + unexpected quarters. Hidden under Celtic colouring and Highland + dress, the Viking warrior is there in spirit, glorying in battle, + though often apparently no more of a real "Barelegs" by race than + was kilted King Magnus. The Berserk fury and stubborn tenacity of + our Highland regiments derive their origin from the Viking as + well as from the Celtic strain.<a id="footnotetag310" name= + "footnotetag310"></a><a href="#footnote310"><sup>21</sup></a> Our + sailors too, had they been Celts, would not readily have left + smooth water. It was Viking not Celtic blood that drove them to + the open sea. It was Viking skill that built the ships, managed + them in storms through Viking discipline, navigated them across + the ocean, and gave us the naval and commercial supremacy which + founded and preserves our empire overseas.</p> + + <p>They came to us not only from Norway direct, westwards + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page137" id="page137"></a>[pg + 137]</span> across the sea. They came to us also from Normandy + northwards through England. The first swarms of Norsemen had + brought with them rapine and disorder. Later on the Norman came + to the north to curb such evils, and to organise, administer, and + rule the land. The Normans succeeded in this as signally as the + Saxon barons, introduced under Saint Margaret, Malcolm Canmore's + Saxon queen, had failed. David I was by education a Norman + knight. At heart he was an ecclesiastic. As Scotland's king, he + was, in theory, owner of Scotland's soil from the Tweed to the + Pentland Firth, and he disposed of it to his feudal barons, + mainly Norman, and to religious foundations on Norman lines, as + the Norman kings of England had done there before him, in order + to organise and consolidate his kingdom; and his successors did + the same.</p> + + <p>Thus, as Professor Hume Brown puts it—<a id= + "footnotetag311" name="footnotetag311"></a><a href= + "#footnote311"><sup>22</sup></a></p> + + <p>"Directly and indirectly the Norman conquest influenced + Scotland only less profoundly than England itself. In the case of + Scotland it was less immediate and obtrusive, but in its totality + it is a fact of the first importance in the national + history."</p> + + <p>It affected Scotland in the latter part of the times which we + have considered right up to John o' Groats. Moray was divided + among Normans and "trustworthy natives," and the scattering of + its Pictish population gave the Mackays to Sutherland, and, + largely blended with the Norse, they still occupy the greater + part of it. The Freskyns, as "trustworthy natives," were + introduced into Sutherland, after many a fight for it, by charter + doubtless in Norman form; and Normans won Caithness in the + persons of the earlier Cheynes and Oliphants and St. Clairs, who, + by inter-marriage with the descendants in the female line of a + branch of the Freskyns, possessed themselves not only of the + lands of the family of Moddan but of most of the mainland + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page138" id="page138"></a>[pg + 138]</span> territories of the Erlend line, through Johanna of + Strathnaver's daughters and great-grand-daughters.</p> + + <p>At a time and in an age when liberty meant licence, the order + which the Norman introduced into the north made more truly for + real liberty and the supremacy of law, than the individual + independence which the Norseman had left his native land to + preserve; and though both feudalism and the blind obedience to + authority then enjoined by the Catholic Church are no longer + approved or required, and have long been rightly discarded, yet + they served their purpose in their day, by evolving from the wild + blend of Gaels and Norsemen, which held the land, a civilised + people free from many of the worse, and endowed with many of the + better qualities of either race.</p><span class= + "pagenum"><a name="page139" id="page139"></a>[pg 139]</span> + + <h2>NOTES</h2><span class="pagenum"><a name="page140" id= + "page140"></a>[pg 140]</span> + + <p><i>The following abbreviations are used:</i></p> + + <p><i>H.B. for Hume Brown's History of Scotland.</i></p> + + <p><i>O.S. for Orkneyinga Saga.</i></p> + + <p><i>O.P. for Origines Parochiales.</i></p> + + <p><i>F.B. for Flatey Book.</i></p> + + <p><i>O. and S. for Tudor's Orkney and Shetland.</i></p> + + <p><i>B.N. Burnt Njal.</i></p> + + <p style="text-indent:-3em; margin-left:3em; margin-right:15%;"> + <i>And see List of Authorities (ante) for full titles of Books referred + to. Save where otherwise stated the references to the Sagas + are to the chapters not pages.</i></p> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page141" id="page141"></a>[pg 141]</span> + + <h2>NOTES</h2> + + <h4>CHAPTER I.</h4> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Rhind Lectures</i> 1883 and 1886, and see <i>The County + of Caithness</i>, pp. 273-307.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Royal Commission 2nd Report, 1911</i>, and <i>3rd Report, + 1911</i>; see also Laing and Huxley's <i>Prehistoric Remains of + Caithness</i>, 1866.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Survivals in Belief among the Celts</i>, 1911.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Tacitus, Agricola</i> 22-28.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote7" name="footnote7"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a> + + <p>Coille-duine, or Kelyddon-ii.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote8" name="footnote8"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b> + + <p><i>H.B.</i>, vol. i, p. 5.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote9" name="footnote9"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag9">(return)</a> + + <p>Anderson, <i>Scotland in Pagan Times</i>, p. 222. Two plates + of brass found in Craig Carrill Broch. Copper 84%, tin 16%.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote10" name="footnote10"></a><b>Footnote 8:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag10">(return)</a> + + <p>See Laing and Huxley's <i>Prehistoric Remains in + Caithness</i>, Laing ascribes a much greater antiquity to the + <i>Burgs</i>, pp. 60-61. See Skene, <i>Chron. Picts and + Scots</i>, pp. 157-160 as to a legend of their Scythian origin, + and p. xcvi and p. 58.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote11" name="footnote11"></a><b>Footnote 9:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag11">(return)</a> + + <p>See Reeves' Life, and see <i>H.B.</i>, vol. i, pp. 12-15; + also Dr. Joseph Anderson's <i>Scotland in Early Christian + Times</i>, 1879, p. 139.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote12" name="footnote12"></a><b>Footnote 10:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag12">(return)</a> + + <p><i>H.B.</i>, vol. i, pp. 10-17.</p> + </blockquote> + + <h4>CHAPTER II.</h4> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote13" name="footnote13"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag13">(return)</a> + + <p>See MacBain's note at p. 157 of Skene's <i>Highlanders of + Scotland</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote14" name="footnote14"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag14">(return)</a> + + <p>For the boundaries of Sutherland, see Sir R. Gordon's + <i>Genealogie of the Earles</i>, pp. i and 2, and map + hereto.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote15" name="footnote15"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag15">(return)</a> + + <p>In Ness the subjacent stone is too near the surface to have + ever admitted of the growth of large trees.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote16" name="footnote16"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag16">(return)</a> + + <p>Scrope, <i>Days of Deerstalking</i>, 3rd edit., pp. + 374-377.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote17" name="footnote17"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag17">(return)</a> + + <p>Curie's <i>Inventories of Monuments, &c.</i>, 1911 + (Caithness) 1911 (Sutherland), and see his maps. Why are there + no brochs in Moray, Aberdeenshire and the Mearns? Did the Picts + come there from the west and south-west coast after the age of + broch-building, driven before the Scots, first eastward, then + north into the Grampians?</p> + </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page142" id= + "page142"></a>[pg 142]</span> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote18" name="footnote18"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag18">(return)</a> + + <p>For example in Loch Naver.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote19" name="footnote19"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag19">(return)</a> + + <p>Anderson's <i>Scotland in Pagan Times</i>, pp. 174-259.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote20" name="footnote20"></a><b>Footnote 8:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag20">(return)</a> + + <p>See Munro's <i>Prehistoric Scotland</i>, p. 356.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote21" name="footnote21"></a><b>Footnote 9:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag21">(return)</a> + + <p>Often spelt Mormaor. See Ritson, <i>Annals of the + Caledonians</i>, pp. 62-3.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote22" name="footnote22"></a><b>Footnote 22:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag10">(return)</a> + + <p>See <i>Scotland in Early Christian Times</i> (Anderson), pp. + 141-2.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote23" name="footnote23"></a><b>Footnote 11:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag23">(return)</a> + + <p>Despite <i>The Pictish Nation</i>, pp. 69 and 401. But see + Skene, <i>Chron. Picts and Scots (Annals of Tighernac</i>) p. + 75, where 150 Pictish ships are said to have been wrecked in + 729 A.D.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote24" name="footnote24"></a><b>Footnote 12:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag24">(return)</a> + + <p>See Du Chaillu, <i>The Viking Age</i>, vol. ii. pp. + 65-101.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote25" name="footnote25"></a><b>Footnote 13:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag25">(return)</a> + + <p>Worsaae, <i>The Prehistory of the North</i>, pp. 184-7. + <i>Scandinavian Britain</i>, pp. 34-42.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote26" name="footnote26"></a><b>Footnote 14:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag26">(return)</a> + + <p>Viking Society's <i>Orkney and Shetland Folk</i>, 1914.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote27" name="footnote27"></a><b>Footnote 15:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag27">(return)</a> + + <p>Robertson, <i>Early Kings</i>, vol. i, p. 105, and ii, p. + 469.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote28" name="footnote28"></a><b>Footnote 16:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag28">(return)</a> + + <p>Dun-bretan, or the fort of the Britons; Alcluyd, the rock of + the Clyde.</p> + </blockquote> + + <h4>CHAPTER III.</h4> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote29" name="footnote29"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag29">(return)</a> + + <p><i>H.B.</i>, vol. i, p. 22.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote30" name="footnote30"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag30">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Chron. Hunt.</i> Skene, <i>Chron. Picts and Scots</i>, p. + 209.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote31" name="footnote31"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag31">(return)</a> + + <p>See also Rhys, <i>Celtic Britain</i>, p. 198.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote32" name="footnote32"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag32">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Flatey Book</i>, vol. i, ch. 218.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote33" name="footnote33"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag33">(return)</a> + + <p><i>H.B.</i>, vol. i, p. 27.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote34" name="footnote34"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag34">(return)</a> + + <p>Haroldswick in Unst is said to have been called after King + Harald. Tudor, <i>O. and S.</i>, p. 570.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote35" name="footnote35"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag35">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Ekkjals-bakki</i> is clearly Oykel's Bank, the high bank + or ὄχθη + ὑψηλή of Ptolemy. "Ochill" + is the same word. As for Bakke, see Coldbackie and Hysbackie + near Tongue.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote36" name="footnote36"></a><b>Footnote 8:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag36">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, ch. 4, 5.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote37" name="footnote37"></a><b>Footnote 9:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag37">(return)</a> + + <p>The late Dr. Joass had identified the site of the burial + mound. It is said to be Croc Skardie on the S.E. bank of the + River Evelix, near Sidera. Skardi is a Norse word, and probably + means a gap, or a twin-topped hillock, which it is.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote38" name="footnote38"></a><b>Footnote 10:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag38">(return)</a> + + <p><i>H.B.</i>, i., p. 28.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote39" name="footnote39"></a><b>Footnote 11:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag39">(return)</a> + + <p>See Skene's <i>Chronicles of the Picts and Scots</i>, pp. 8, + 9 and lxxv, and <i>Celtic Scotland</i>, vol. i, 339, note.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote40" name="footnote40"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag40">(return)</a> + + <p>An able paper on this subject by the late Mr. R.L. Bremner + was read to the Viking Society, and it is hoped may be printed. + But Brunanburgh is usually located south of the Humber, or in + the Wirral in Cheshire. See <i>Scandinavian Britain</i>, pp. + 131-4 where it is located on the west coast, and on this coast + it probably was.</p> + </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page143" id= + "page143"></a>[pg 143]</span> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote41" name="footnote41"></a><b>Footnote 13:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag41">(return)</a> + + <p>See <i>Genealogie of the Earles</i>, pp. 1 and 2, as to the + "boundaries of Southerland."</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote42" name="footnote42"></a><b>Footnote 14:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag42">(return)</a> + + <p><i>F.B.</i>, vol. i, pp. 221-9. See Trans. of <i>O.S.</i>, + Hjaltalin and Goudie, App. pp. 203-212. See also <i>St. Olaf's + Saga</i>, c. cix. See also generally Vigfusson's <i>Prolegomena + to Sturlunga Saga</i>, Introduction, p. xcii, vol. i.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote43" name="footnote43"></a><b>Footnote 15:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag43">(return)</a> + + <p>The "scurvy Kalf" and "tree-bearded Thorir."</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote44" name="footnote44"></a><b>Footnote 16:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag44">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, ch. 6, 7.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote45" name="footnote45"></a><b>Footnote 17:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag45">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, ch. 8, on Rinar's Hill. Tudor, <i>O. and + S.</i>, p. 364.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote46" name="footnote46"></a><b>Footnote 18:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag46">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, ch. 80. But see <i>Heimskringla</i>, Saga + Library, i, 96 and <i>St. Olaf's Saga</i>, ch. cv and cvii.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote47" name="footnote47"></a><b>Footnote 19:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag47">(return)</a> + + <p>See <i>Blackwood's Magazine</i>, April 1920; an able and + interesting article intituled <i>A Branch of the Family</i>, by + J. Storer Clouston.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote48" name="footnote48"></a><b>Footnote 20:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag48">(return)</a> + + <p><i>F.B.</i>, ch. 183, 184.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote49" name="footnote49"></a><b>Footnote 21:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag49">(return)</a> + + <p>Tudor, <i>Orkney and Shetland</i>, p. 336.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote50" name="footnote50"></a><b>Footnote 22:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag50">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Torf. Orc.</i>, p. 25, "facile de alieno largientis."</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote51" name="footnote51"></a><b>Footnote 23:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag51">(return)</a> + + <p><i>F.B.</i>, 115. <i>O.P.</i>, 783. <i>F.B.</i>, 186. + <i>O.S.</i>, 10, 11. <i>O.S.</i>, 8. Skene, <i>Celtic + Scotland</i>, i, 374-9.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote52" name="footnote52"></a><b>Footnote 24:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag52">(return)</a> + + <p>Dalrymple, <i>Collections</i>, p. 99.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote53" name="footnote53"></a><b>Footnote 25:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag53">(return)</a> + + <p>Viking Society, <i>Orkney and Shetland Folk</i>, 1914, p. + 5.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote54" name="footnote54"></a><b>Footnote 26:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag54">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.P.</i>, (Canisbay), vol. ii, 794, 816.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote55" name="footnote55"></a><b>Footnote 27:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag55">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 11.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote56" name="footnote56"></a><b>Footnote 28:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag56">(return)</a> + + <p><i>B.N.</i>, c. 85.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote57" name="footnote57"></a><b>Footnote 29:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag57">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 12. <i>F.B.</i>, 187. The <i>F.B.</i> makes the + scene of this battle Skitten Moor.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote58" name="footnote58"></a><b>Footnote 30:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag58">(return)</a> + + <p><i>F.B.</i>, 187.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote59" name="footnote59"></a><b>Footnote 31:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag59">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Thorgisl</i>, I, 4. (<i>Orig. Islandicae</i>, ii, p. + 635.) In <i>The Old Statistical Account</i> (Tongue) there is a + tradition of such a fight on Eilean nan Gall at the entrance to + the Bay of Tongue, then in Caithness.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote60" name="footnote60"></a><b>Footnote 32:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag60">(return)</a> + + <p>p. 23.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote61" name="footnote61"></a><b>Footnote 33:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag61">(return)</a> + + <p>See Sir Wm. Fraser's <i>Book of Sutherland</i>, and Pedigree + in Appendix. There is a Craig Amlaiph (Olaf) above Torboll and + Cambusmore (both in Cat) near the Mound in Sudrland. There were + no Thanes of the De Moravia line in Sutherland.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote62" name="footnote62"></a><b>Footnote 34:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag62">(return)</a> + + <p>See <i>The Pictish Nation and Church</i>, pp. 129-32, and + 341.</p> + </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page144" id= + "page144"></a>[pg 144]</span> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote63" name="footnote63"></a><b>Footnote 35:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag63">(return)</a> + + <p>See <i>Darratha-liod</i>, published by the Viking Club, + 1910.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote64" name="footnote64"></a><b>Footnote 36:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag64">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Burnt Njal</i>, c. 151.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote65" name="footnote65"></a><b>Footnote 37:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag65">(return)</a> + + <p>Iceland accepted Christianity by a vote of its Thing in 1000 + A.D. "Blood" often fell in Iceland; after a volcanic eruption, + rain was tinged with red.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote66" name="footnote66"></a><b>Footnote 38:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag66">(return)</a> + + <p>Tudor, <i>O. and S.</i>, p. 20.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote67" name="footnote67"></a><b>Footnote 39:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag67">(return)</a> + + <p>Rods used for dividing and pressing downwards.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote68" name="footnote68"></a><b>Footnote 40:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag68">(return)</a> + + <p>See <i>Scandinavian Britain</i> (Collingwood), p. 256-7, + where Mr. Gilbert Goudie's <i>Antiquities of Shetland</i> is + referred to.</p> + </blockquote> + + <h4>CHAPTER IV.</h4> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote69" name="footnote69"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag69">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Reg. Morav.</i>, p. xxiv, and <i>Charter</i> No. 264, p. + 342.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote70" name="footnote70"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag70">(return)</a> + + <p>Dunbar, <i>Scottish Kings</i>, pp. 4-7.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote71" name="footnote71"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag71">(return)</a> + + <p>Some authorities hold that Macbeth was the son of a sister + of Malcolm. His property was probably in Ross and Cromarty. See + also Rhys' <i>Celtic Britain</i>, p. 196.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote72" name="footnote72"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag72">(return)</a> + + <p>Skuli was first Earl of Caithness, which then included + Sutherland, see <i>ante</i>, but he was Norse.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote73" name="footnote73"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag73">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 16.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote74" name="footnote74"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag74">(return)</a> + + <p>Trithing—the same word as Riding in Yorkshire, + one-third. See <i>Scot. Hist. Review</i>, Oct. 1918. J. Storer + Clouston. Ulfreksfirth is Larne Bay.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote75" name="footnote75"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag75">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 17, 18.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote76" name="footnote76"></a><b>Footnote 8:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag76">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 20, 21, and <i>St. Olaf's Saga</i>, cix.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote77" name="footnote77"></a><b>Footnote 9:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag77">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 22.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote78" name="footnote78"></a><b>Footnote 10:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag78">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 22. See <i>Corpus Poeticum Boreale</i>, vol. + ii, pp. 180-3, 195 and notes.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote79" name="footnote79"></a><b>Footnote 11:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag79">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 22. Dunbar, <i>Scottish Kings</i>, p. 15 and + note 22. The Standing Stane was removed to Altyre about 1820. + See Romilly Allen, <i>Early Christian Monuments of + Scotland</i>, p. 136, "removed from the College field at the + village of Roseisle."</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote80" name="footnote80"></a><b>Footnote 12:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag80">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 22.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote81" name="footnote81"></a><b>Footnote 13:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag81">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 22, 23.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote82" name="footnote82"></a><b>Footnote 14:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag82">(return)</a> + + <p>Robertson, <i>Early Kings</i>, vol. i, p. 116 and note, 116 + and 117.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote83" name="footnote83"></a><b>Footnote 15:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag83">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 23, 24, 25, 26. <i>St. Olaf's Saga</i>, c. + cviii, ccxlv.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote84" name="footnote84"></a><b>Footnote 16:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag84">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 27. These raids are unknown to English + historians.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote85" name="footnote85"></a><b>Footnote 17:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag85">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 30.</p> + </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page145" id= + "page145"></a>[pg 145]</span> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote86" name="footnote86"></a><b>Footnote 18:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag86">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 31.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote87" name="footnote87"></a><b>Footnote 19:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag87">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 33, 34. See Tudor's <i>Orkney and Shetland</i>, + p. 356. "Roland's Geo" is at the N. end of Papa Stronsay.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote88" name="footnote88"></a><b>Footnote 20:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag88">(return)</a> + + <p>"Christ Church" in the Sagas denotes a Cathedral Church.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote89" name="footnote89"></a><b>Footnote 21:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag89">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 37. See <i>Chronicles of the Picts and + Scots</i> (Skene), p. 78.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote90" name="footnote90"></a><b>Footnote 22:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag90">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 13-39.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote91" name="footnote91"></a><b>Footnote 23:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag91">(return)</a> + + <p>Pope, <i>Torf.</i> (Trans.), p. 62 note. See <i>Genealogie + of the Earles</i>, p. 135.</p> + </blockquote> + + <h4>CHAPTER V.</h4> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote92" name="footnote92"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag92">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Short Magnus Saga</i>, I. <i>O.S.</i>, 37.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote93" name="footnote93"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag93">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 38.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote94" name="footnote94"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag94">(return)</a> + + <p>See <i>Orkney and Shetland Folk</i> (Viking Society, 1914), + A.W. Johnston's note, p. 35. See Dunbar's <i>Scottish + Kings</i>, p. 7.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote95" name="footnote95"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag95">(return)</a> + + <p>See <i>Dalrymple's Collections</i> (1705), p. 153 for the + date of Malcolm's marriage with St. Margaret, p. 157, where he + puts the marriage in 1070, after three years' courtship. See + also pp. 163 and 164. Sir Archibald Dunbar puts Ingibjorg's + marriage in 1059, as stated above, and if Thorfinn was an Earl + from his birth in 1008, he would have been 50 years earl in + 1058. As a king's grandson he might well have been an earl from + his birth.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote96" name="footnote96"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag96">(return)</a> + + <p>Rolls Edition <i>O.S.</i>, p. 45, c. 30. She must have died + before 1068 when Malcolm Canmore married Margaret, daughter of + Edward Atheling, sister of Edgar Atheling. Dunbar, <i>Scottish + Kings</i>, p. 27. Was Ingibjorg's marriage within the + prohibited degrees, and so dissolved? See also Henderson, + <i>Norse Influence, &c.</i>, p. 25-26, which is not + correct. Earl Orm married Sigrid, d. of Finn Arneson not + Ingibjorg. See Table ix, <i>Saga Library</i>, vol. 6, Earls of + Ladir, and Table xi.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote97" name="footnote97"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag97">(return)</a> + + <p>The <i>O.S.</i> mentions only Duncan. The other sons seem + doubtful. But see Dunbar, <i>Scottish Kings</i>, p. 31 and + notes, and p. 38.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote98" name="footnote98"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag98">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 40.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote99" name="footnote99"></a><b>Footnote 8:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag99">(return)</a> + + <p>As to the Bishop, see <i>Orkney and Shetland Records</i>, + pp. 3-8; and as to their quarrels, see <i>O.S.</i>, 40.; + <i>Magnus Saga the Longer</i>, 6 and 8. For St. Magnus, see + Pinkerton's <i>Lives of the Scottish Saints</i>, revised by + W.M. Metcalfe (Paisley, Alexander Gardner, 1889), p. xlii, and + pp. 213-266.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote100" name="footnote100"></a><b>Footnote 9:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag100">(return)</a> + + <p>So called because he wore the kilt, in its original form, + not the philabeg.</p> + </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page146" id= + "page146"></a>[pg 146]</span> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote101" name="footnote101"></a><b>Footnote 10:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag101">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Magnus Saga</i>, 10, 11 and 20. The story of this time is + confused and difficult. <i>Torfaeus</i>, trans., p. 85 and + <i>Torfaeus Orcades</i>, c. xviii. From c. 20 of <i>Magnus Saga + the Longer</i> it is clear that Hakon in 1112 took Paul's share + of Caithness also and Magnus took Erlend's share, and that they + divided that earldom and lands.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote102" name="footnote102"></a><b>Footnote 11:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag102">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 45.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote103" name="footnote103"></a><b>Footnote 12:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag103">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Magnus Saga the Longer</i>, c. 10 to 28. <i>O.S.</i>, c. + 46 to 55. There is little doubt but that Magnus was the + Scottish candidate for Caithness, and Hakon the Norse + favourite, and Hakon had to conquer Cat.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote104" name="footnote104"></a><b>Footnote 13:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag104">(return)</a> + + <p>Who was Dufnjal? What does "<i>firnari en broethrungr</i>" + mean? Who was Duncan the Earl? Possibly the Norse expression + means half first cousin, and if Dufnjal was Earl Duncan's son, + the relationship was through Malcolm III, and Dufnjal was a son + of King Duncan II, called "Duncan the Earl," of whom, however, + the <i>O.S.</i> and <i>Longer Magnus Saga</i> say nothing in + this connection. But see Henderson, <i>Norse Influence, + &c.</i>, p. 26 contra.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote105" name="footnote105"></a><b>Footnote 14:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag105">(return)</a> + + <p>Paplay, Thora's home, was probably in Firth Parish in + mainland, near Finstown. <i>Short Magnus Saga</i>, c. 18, not + "twenty," but twenty-one years after his death. See + <i>O.S.</i>, c. 60. But vide Tudor <i>O. and S.</i>, pp. 251-2 + and 348. See also Anderson's Introduction, p. xc, to Hjaltalin + and Goudie's <i>O.S. contra.</i></p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote106" name="footnote106"></a><b>Footnote 15:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag106">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Viking Club Miscellany</i>, vol. i, pp. 43-65 (J. + Stefansson), but the authorship is disputed.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote107" name="footnote107"></a><b>Footnote 16:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag107">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 47</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote108" name="footnote108"></a><b>Footnote 17:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag108">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 48. Both Hakon and Magnus were about + five-sixths Norse.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote109" name="footnote109"></a><b>Footnote 18:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag109">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, c. 55; <i>Magnus Saga</i>, 30.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote110" name="footnote110"></a><b>Footnote 19:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag110">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 56.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote111" name="footnote111"></a><b>Footnote 20:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag111">(return)</a> + + <p>See <i>Reg. Dunfermelyn</i>, No. 1 and 23 (p. 14); Lawrie, + <i>Scot. Charters</i>, pp. 100, 179; Viking Club, <i>Caithness + and Sutherland Records</i>, p. 18, the note to which seems + correct. "The Earl" was Ragnvald, who ruled as Harold's + guardian at this time, in Caithness also. Durnach is now + Dornoch.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote112" name="footnote112"></a><b>Footnote 21:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag112">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Reg. Dunfermelyn</i>, No. 24 (p. 14). Supposed to be the + Huchterhinche of St. Gilbert's Charter to the Cathedral of + Durnach. <i>Sutherland Book</i>, iii, p. 4.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote113" name="footnote113"></a><b>Footnote 22:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag113">(return)</a> + + <p>Dunbar, <i>Scot. Kings</i>, pp. 51, 60, 61, 63. The name is + spelt "Fretheskin" also.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote114" name="footnote114"></a><b>Footnote 23:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag114">(return)</a> + + <p>Possibly 1120.</p> + </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page147" id= + "page147"></a>[pg 147]</span> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote115" name="footnote115"></a><b>Footnote 24:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag115">(return)</a> + + <p>See <i>History and Antiq. of the Parish of Uphall</i> by the + Rev. J. Primrose (1898).</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote116" name="footnote116"></a><b>Footnote 25:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag116">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Family of Kilravoch</i>, p. 61. Robertson, <i>Early + Kings</i>, ii, 497, note.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote117" name="footnote117"></a><b>Footnote 26:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag117">(return)</a> + + <p>See <i>Familie of Innes</i> (Spalding Club), pp. 2. 51, + 52.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote118" name="footnote118"></a><b>Footnote 27:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag118">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Sutherland Book</i>, vol. I, p. 7, and see map of + Cat.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote119" name="footnote119"></a><b>Footnote 28:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag119">(return)</a> + + <p>See Pedigree in Appendix. <i>Reg. Morav.</i>, c. 99, p. 114. + Freskyn I was his <i>attavus</i>, or + great-great-grandfather.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote120" name="footnote120"></a><b>Footnote 29:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag120">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Reg. Morav.</i> p. 139, ch. 126.</p> + </blockquote> + + <h4>CHAPTER VI.</h4> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote121" name="footnote121"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag121">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 57, 58.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote122" name="footnote122"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag122">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 56, 57.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote123" name="footnote123"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag123">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 58.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote124" name="footnote124"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag124">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 58.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote125" name="footnote125"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag125">(return)</a> + + <p>Pope, <i>Torfaeus</i> (trans.), note p. 133.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote126" name="footnote126"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag126">(return)</a> + + <p>Can she have inhabited the Broch at Feranach, which had six + chambers in the thickness of the wall, (Curle's + <i>Inventory</i>, No. 314), or is the site of her homestead + (probably of wood) now undiscoverable? She was burnt in her + homestead, not in her residence. The Saga account points to a + site on the west bank of the river.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote127" name="footnote127"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag127">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 58.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote128" name="footnote128"></a><b>Footnote 8:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag128">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 59.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote129" name="footnote129"></a><b>Footnote 9:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag129">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 61, 62, 63, 65, c.f. the modern phrase "a young + hopeful."</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote130" name="footnote130"></a><b>Footnote 10:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag130">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 66.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote131" name="footnote131"></a><b>Footnote 11:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag131">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 68.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote132" name="footnote132"></a><b>Footnote 12:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag132">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73-80.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote133" name="footnote133"></a><b>Footnote 13:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag133">(return)</a> + + <p>See Tudor, <i>Orkney and Shetland</i>, pp. 35 and 375.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote134" name="footnote134"></a><b>Footnote 14:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag134">(return)</a> + + <p>See note to Hjaltalin and Goudie <i>O.S.</i>, p. 107, where + Atjokl's-bakki is suggested as an emendation, and also p. + 115.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote135" name="footnote135"></a><b>Footnote 15:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag135">(return)</a> + + <p>Maiming made a Northman impossible.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote136" name="footnote136"></a><b>Footnote 16:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag136">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 81.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote137" name="footnote137"></a><b>Footnote 17:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag137">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 81.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote138" name="footnote138"></a><b>Footnote 18:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag138">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 82.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote139" name="footnote139"></a><b>Footnote 19:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag139">(return)</a> + + <p>Guides would be easily got from Elgin. For the MacHeths, + constantly fled to the wilds of Cat for refuge, before, in 1210 + or later, they settled there, getting land in Durness after + 1263.</p> + </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page148" id= + "page148"></a>[pg 148]</span> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote140" name="footnote140"></a><b>Footnote 20:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag140">(return)</a> + + <p>i.e. The Minch. It is said that he was the ancestor of the + Macaulays of the Lewis, but Macaulay means son of Olaf, not of + Olvir.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote141" name="footnote141"></a><b>Footnote 21:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag141">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 88. Earl Waltheof must have been a neighbour of + Freskyn in Moray.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote142" name="footnote142"></a><b>Footnote 22:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag142">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 86.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote143" name="footnote143"></a><b>Footnote 23:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag143">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 89. Ragnvald's verses are collected in + <i>Corpus Poet Boreale</i>, vol. ii, pp. 276-7. See Tudor, + <i>O. and S.</i> p., 471.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote144" name="footnote144"></a><b>Footnote 24:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag144">(return)</a> + + <p>Whence the English expression "bound" for a destination by + sea, i.e. "equipped," which is also a Norse word which has + nothing to do with the Latin "equus" a horse.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote145" name="footnote145"></a><b>Footnote 25:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag145">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 91. Bilbao=the sea-borg on the River Nervion, + not Narbonne, see Rolls Ed., p. 163, note, and + <i>Introduction</i>, p. lix.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote146" name="footnote146"></a><b>Footnote 26:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag146">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 89-99.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote147" name="footnote147"></a><b>Footnote 27:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag147">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 99 and 100.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote148" name="footnote148"></a><b>Footnote 28:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag148">(return)</a> + + <p>He was grandson of Hacon Paulson, a grandson of Thorfinn, + and he was also a grandson of Helga, Moddan's daughter.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote149" name="footnote149"></a><b>Footnote 29:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag149">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 100.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote150" name="footnote150"></a><b>Footnote 30:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag150">(return)</a> + + <p>See Tudor, <i>O. and S.</i>, p. 344.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote151" name="footnote151"></a><b>Footnote 31:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag151">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 101. Who this Erlend the Young was is unknown, + but he can hardly have been Jarl Erlend Haraldson, Margret's + nephew. Dasent, Rolls Edit., trans., p. xi. Tudor, <i>O. and + S.</i>, p. 445.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote152" name="footnote152"></a><b>Footnote 32:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag152">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 102. Ingigerd would thus be born not later than + 1136. She is possibly the "Ingigerthr, of women the most + beautiful" in the Runes of Maeshowe.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote153" name="footnote153"></a><b>Footnote 33:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag153">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 102, not "from Beruvik," but "from the bridal" + (brudkaupi) probably.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote154" name="footnote154"></a><b>Footnote 34:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag154">(return)</a> + + <p>This may be another headland. Brimsness is suggested. + <i>O.P.</i>, ii, 801, contra.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote155" name="footnote155"></a><b>Footnote 35:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag155">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 103, 104.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote156" name="footnote156"></a><b>Footnote 36:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag156">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 105. See as to Ellar-holm (Helliar-holm) Tudor, + <i>O. and S.</i>, 283.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote157" name="footnote157"></a><b>Footnote 37:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag157">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 110, 111.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote158" name="footnote158"></a><b>Footnote 38:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag158">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 111.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote159" name="footnote159"></a><b>Footnote 39:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag159">(return)</a> + + <p>Curle, <i>Early Mon. Suthd.</i>, p. 108 No. 316; and note + that the horns of the elk or reindeer have been found in + Sutherland. See <i>Proceedings of Scot. Antiq.</i>, viii, p. + 186; and ix, p. 324.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote160" name="footnote160"></a><b>Footnote 40:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag160">(return)</a> + + <p>Thorsdale is the valley of the Thurso River. Calfdale is the + Calder Valley.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote161" name="footnote161"></a><b>Footnote 41:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag161">(return)</a> + + <p>Force; possibly Forsie, or some waterfall said to be near + Achavarn on Loch Calder at the S.E. end of it. Halvard is in + the <i>Flatey Book</i> called Hoskúld. <i>O.P.</i>, + ii, 761, at a ruin of a castle, Tulloch-hoogie.</p> + </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page149" id= + "page149"></a>[pg 149]</span> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote162" name="footnote162"></a><b>Footnote 42:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag162">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 112, 113. "Ergin" is the plural of airidh, + airidhean or "sheilings."</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote163" name="footnote163"></a><b>Footnote 43:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag163">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Torfaeus.</i> Lib. 1, c. 36, <i>sub. fin.</i>, with Papal + authority (<i>sed quaere</i>).</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote164" name="footnote164"></a><b>Footnote 44:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag164">(return)</a> + + <p>Ingibiorg or Elin possibly married Gilchrist, Earl of Angus, + as his second wife. But as to this the Sagas are silent.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote165" name="footnote165"></a><b>Footnote 45:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag165">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 113. See <i>O.S.</i>, Dasent trans., p. 225. + <i>Hakon Saga</i>, 169, Rolls edition.</p> + </blockquote> + + <h4>CHAPTER VII.</h4> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote166" name="footnote166"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag166">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 114. There is a Mac William Earl of Caithness + on record in 1129. <i>Seats Peerage</i> (Paul).</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote167" name="footnote167"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag167">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 81. <i>O.S.</i>, Dasent trans., p. 225.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote168" name="footnote168"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag168">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 115-118.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote169" name="footnote169"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag169">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Torf. Orc.</i>, p. 153. He declined to come and fetch + her.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote170" name="footnote170"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag170">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S. Addenda</i>, p. 225. Rolls edition, trans.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote171" name="footnote171"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag171">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Sverri Saga</i>, 90-93.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote172" name="footnote172"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag172">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Scottish Peerage</i>, vol. viii, p. 318 sqq.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote173" name="footnote173"></a><b>Footnote 8:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag173">(return)</a> + + <p>Quoted by Nisbet, <i>Heraldry</i>, App. p. 183, and + <i>Dalrymple's Collections</i>, 1705, pp. 66-7 "quas terras + pater suus Friskin tenuit tempore regis David." Felix, Bishop + of Moray, who is a witness to it, was appointed in 1162 and + died not later than 1171. As to David's visit to Duffus, see + <i>Chron. Mailros</i>, 74.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote174" name="footnote174"></a><b>Footnote 9:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag174">(return)</a> + + <p>Shaw's <i>Moray</i>, Edit. 1775, p. 75, "several sons." + <i>Reg. Morav.</i> p. 10, and Nos. 12, 13, 19. See <i>Records + of the Monastery of Kinloss</i>, p. 112 and <i>Reg. Morav.</i>, + p. 456 "W. filius Frisekin. Hugo filius ejus." + Lohworuora—see Lawrie, <i>Early Scottish Charters</i>, + pp. 185-6 and 429-30.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote175" name="footnote175"></a><b>Footnote 10:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag175">(return)</a> + + <p>See <i>Lawrie Annals</i>, p. 389 and <i>Chron. Mailros</i>, + p, 113. See <i>Records of Kinloss</i>, p. 113, "Andreas filius + Willelmi Fresekin."</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote176" name="footnote176"></a><b>Footnote 11:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag176">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Reg. Morav.</i>, No. 1 charter of Skelbo to Gilbert. Hugo + grants it "Testibus Willielmo fratre meo, Andrea fratre meo." + See also <i>Reg. Morav.</i>, p. 43, No. 40, rector of St. + Peter's, Duffus, and No. 119, p. 131.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote177" name="footnote177"></a><b>Footnote 12:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag177">(return)</a> + + <p>Shaw's <i>Moray</i>, edit. 1775, p. 75, and note ante, and + p. 407, No. xxviii, "Willelmi filii Willelmi filii + Freskini."</p> + </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page150" id= + "page150"></a>[pg 150]</span> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote178" name="footnote178"></a><b>Footnote 13:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag178">(return)</a> + + <p>Paul, <i>Scot. Peerage</i> (Sutherland), quotes Reg. Mag. + Sigil. Augt. 1452.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote179" name="footnote179"></a><b>Footnote 14:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag179">(return)</a> + + <p>See <i>Robertson's Index</i>, p. xix. <i>O.P.</i>, ii, p. + 543.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote180" name="footnote180"></a><b>Footnote 15:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag180">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.P.</i> II, ii, 655. <i>Acta Parl. Scot.</i>, 1, p. 606, + <i>Robertson's Index</i>, p. xxiv.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote181" name="footnote181"></a><b>Footnote 16:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag181">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Sutherland Book</i>, vol. iii, p. 1. It may have been + hoped that Gilbert would succeed the maimed Bishop John, + <i>Reg. Morav.</i> p. xxxiii, note.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote182" name="footnote182"></a><b>Footnote 17:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag182">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Sutherland Book</i>, vol. iii, p. 2. The tenure was thus + by Scottish service of these lands, and so also of Sutherland + itself. It was no grant for religious or charitable + purposes.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote183" name="footnote183"></a><b>Footnote 18:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag183">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Reg. Morav.</i> xxxv, a late marginal note.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote184" name="footnote184"></a><b>Footnote 19:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag184">(return)</a> + + <p>Lawrie, <i>Early Scot. Charters</i>, pp. 185 and 430, note, + which puts the date at 1147-1150. Children, however, did + witness charters, and Hugo attests last.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote185" name="footnote185"></a><b>Footnote 20:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag185">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.P.</i>, ii, 486. <i>Reg. Morav.</i>, xxxv, note q. Nos. + 259, 215, 216; and <i>O.P.</i> ii, 482; and as to Freskin's + succession, see No. 99 <i>Reg. Morav.</i>, p. 113.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote186" name="footnote186"></a><b>Footnote 21:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag186">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Reg. Morav.</i> xiii, and No. 211.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote187" name="footnote187"></a><b>Footnote 22:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag187">(return)</a> + + <p>See <i>Early Pedigree of the Freskyns</i> at the end of this + book. See <i>Reg. Morav.</i>, p. 89 (No. 80) and p. 133 (No. + 121).</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote188" name="footnote188"></a><b>Footnote 23:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag188">(return)</a> + + <p>This may have happened a year earlier.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote189" name="footnote189"></a><b>Footnote 24:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag189">(return)</a> + + <p>Skene, <i>Celtic Scotland</i>, vol. i, p. 470, quotes + <i>Will. Newburgh Chron.</i>, b. 1, c. xxiv. Malcolm was + personated by Wemund the monk of Furness. See Note pp. 48-9 of + <i>Viking Society's Year Book</i>, vol. iv, 1911-2.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote190" name="footnote190"></a><b>Footnote 25:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag190">(return)</a> + + <p>Fordun, <i>Annals 4.</i> Mackay, <i>Book of Mackay</i>, p. + 24.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote191" name="footnote191"></a><b>Footnote 26:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag191">(return)</a> + + <p>Robertson, <i>Early Kings</i>, vol. i, pp. 360-1. As to the + name Macheth and Macbeth, see <i>Scottish Hist. Rev.</i> + 1920-1. We believe the names to be distinct, not identical, + Mackay being the son of Aedh, in Gaelic MacAoidh.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote192" name="footnote192"></a><b>Footnote 27:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag192">(return)</a> + + <p>Shaw's <i>Moray</i>, edit. 1775, p. 391, No. xiv. Innes says + Berowald was no Fleming.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote193" name="footnote193"></a><b>Footnote 28:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag193">(return)</a> + + <p>See <i>Viking Club's Year Book</i>, iv, 1911-12, notes pp. + 18-20.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote194" name="footnote194"></a><b>Footnote 29:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag194">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i> III. This may be a translation of Loch + Glendhu.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote195" name="footnote195"></a><b>Footnote 30:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag195">(return)</a> + + <p><i>F.B.</i>, Addenda to <i>O.S.</i>, trans. Dasent, Rolls + edit.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote196" name="footnote196"></a><b>Footnote 31:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag196">(return)</a> + + <p>Charter of St. Gilbert's Cathedral. <i>Sutherland Book</i>, + vol. iii, p. 3, No. 4. <i>Robertson's Index</i>, p. 16. <i>Reg. + Dunfermelyn</i>, 7. See <i>O.P.</i> ii, p. 598. <i>Dalrymple's + Collections</i>, p. 248.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote197" name="footnote197"></a><b>Footnote 32:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag197">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Sverri's Saga</i> (Sephton, pp. 114 to 117), c. + 90-93.</p> + </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page151" id= + "page151"></a>[pg 151]</span> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote198" name="footnote198"></a><b>Footnote 33:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag198">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.P.</i>, 11, ii, pp. 598 and 735. <i>Lib. Eccles. de + Scon</i>, p. 37, No. 58. Viking Club, <i>Caithness and + Sutherland Records</i>, p. 2. (<i>Chron. Mailros</i>), + <i>Lawrie's Annals</i>, p. 257. A penny per house for Peter's + Pence was paid in his lifetime, <i>Viking Club Records</i>, p. + 3, 4; <i>O.P.</i> says (p. 598) before 1181.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote199" name="footnote199"></a><b>Footnote 34:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag199">(return)</a> + + <p><i>The Sutherland Book</i> quotes this opinion, vol. 1, p. + 9, and Lord Hailes had special knowledge, see <i>Annals of + Scotland</i> (Hailes), vol. 1, p. 148, anno 1222.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote200" name="footnote200"></a><b>Footnote 35:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag200">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.P. Preface</i>, p. xxi, and pp. 458 and 529; and + 413-4.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote201" name="footnote201"></a><b>Footnote 36:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag201">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Scottish Kings</i>, Dunbar, p, 80.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote202" name="footnote202"></a><b>Footnote 37:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag202">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Lib. Pluscard</i>, xxxvi, 1197-8. <i>Chron. Mailros</i>, + 1197.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote203" name="footnote203"></a><b>Footnote 38:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag203">(return)</a> + + <p>If it were true, as his son Hakon had died in 1171, it would + prove the death of Henry of Ross, Harold's eldest son by his + first marriage, before 1196. The grandsons would be sons of + Harold's daughter.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote204" name="footnote204"></a><b>Footnote 39:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag204">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i> (Dasent trans.), p. 225. <i>Torfaeus + Orcades</i>, i, c. 38.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote205" name="footnote205"></a><b>Footnote 40:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag205">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i> (Rolls Ed.), pp. 226-231. It was nearer, and + close to Thurso.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote206" name="footnote206"></a><b>Footnote 41:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag206">(return)</a> + + <p>See <i>Hoveden Chron.</i>, vol. iv, pp. 10-12, and + <i>Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers</i>, pp. 316-8. + (Alan O. Anderson.)</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote207" name="footnote207"></a><b>Footnote 42:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag207">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.P.</i> ii, 803.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote208" name="footnote208"></a><b>Footnote 43:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag208">(return)</a> + + <p>Dalharrold afterwards belonged to Johanna of Strathnaver. + <i>Reg. Morav.</i>, p. 139, No. 126. Pope, <i>Torfaeus</i>, + trans., Note p. 169. This battle is also said to have been + fought by William the Lion himself, not by Reginald + Gudrodson.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote209" name="footnote209"></a><b>Footnote 44:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag209">(return)</a> + + <p>Only three are named, but six are afterwards referred to. + For Pope Innocent's letter see <i>O. and S. Records</i>, vol. + 1, p. 25.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote210" name="footnote210"></a><b>Footnote 45:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag210">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, Dasent, Rolls edit., pp. 228-30. It is not + clear that the bishop lived till 1213. See <i>Two Ancient + Records of the Bishopric</i>, Bannatyne Club, pp. 6 and 7.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote211" name="footnote211"></a><b>Footnote 46:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag211">(return)</a> + + <p>He was there when Bishop Adam was murdered in that year.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote212" name="footnote212"></a><b>Footnote 47:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag212">(return)</a> + + <p>This is a very large number and hardly credible. It was not + 6000. Can Eystein be the Island Stone, the Man of the Ord?</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote213" name="footnote213"></a><b>Footnote 48:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag213">(return)</a> + + <p>Bain, <i>Calendar of Documents</i>, Nos. 321 and 324.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote214" name="footnote214"></a><b>Footnote 49:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag214">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, Rolls edit., p. 230.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote215" name="footnote215"></a><b>Footnote 50:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag215">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Sverri Saga</i>, 118, 119, 125.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote216" name="footnote216"></a><b>Footnote 51:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag216">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Lord Hailes' Addional Case of Elizabeth, claimant of the + Earldom of Sutherland</i>, p. 8, and see Robertson, <i>Early + Kings</i>, vol. ii, p. 446; App. N. esp. p. 494.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote217" name="footnote217"></a><b>Footnote 52:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag217">(return)</a> + + <p>One of the Gordons of Garty in Sutherland.</p> + </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page152" id= + "page152"></a>[pg 152]</span> + + <h4>CHAPTER VIII.</h4> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote218" name="footnote218"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag218">(return)</a> + + <p>See Peter Clauson Undal's Translation of the lost Inga Saga, + <i>O.S.</i>, Dasent's trans., Rolls ed., pp. 234-6, from which + David and John appear as joint earls in Orkney and Shetland + also, on payment of a large sum, only after King Sverri's + death.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote219" name="footnote219"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag219">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, Rolls edit., p. 231.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote220" name="footnote220"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag220">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Scotichronicon</i>, VIII, clxxvi.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote221" name="footnote221"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag221">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Fordun Gesta Annal.</i>, xxviii, <i>Lawrie Annals</i>, p. + 397, "circa festum S. Petri ad vincula", i.e., Augt. 1. 1214. + There is no evidence whatever that her name was Matilda.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote222" name="footnote222"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag222">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Chron. Mailros</i>, p. 114; <i>Lawrie</i>, p. 395.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote223" name="footnote223"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag223">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Hakon Saga</i>, c. 20.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote224" name="footnote224"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag224">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Do.</i> c. 45.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote225" name="footnote225"></a><b>Footnote 8:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag225">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Flatey Book</i>; Rolls edit., <i>O.S.</i> p. 232. + <i>Breithivellir</i> means Broadfield.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote226" name="footnote226"></a><b>Footnote 9:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag226">(return)</a> + + <p>At Skinnet first; then, in 1239, at Dornoch even more + worthily and in state.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote227" name="footnote227"></a><b>Footnote 10:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag227">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Flatey Book</i>; Rolls edit. <i>O.S.</i>, p. 232.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote228" name="footnote228"></a><b>Footnote 11:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag228">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Province of Cat</i>, p. 73; see <i>Wyntoun Chron.</i>, + vii, c. 9.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote229" name="footnote229"></a><b>Footnote 12:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag229">(return)</a> + + <p>See <i>Robertson's Index</i>, p. xxv.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote230" name="footnote230"></a><b>Footnote 13:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag230">(return)</a> + + <p>See <i>Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers</i>, Alan O. + Anderson, pp. 336-7, where the <i>Chronicle of Melrose</i>, + 139, (1222) is quoted, Lib. Pluscard, vii, 9.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote231" name="footnote231"></a><b>Footnote 14:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag231">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Wyntoun Chron.</i> vii, c. 9.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote232" name="footnote232"></a><b>Footnote 15:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag232">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Hakon Saga</i>, c. 86.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote233" name="footnote233"></a><b>Footnote 16:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag233">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Do.</i> c. 101. The Iceland Annals prove Harald's + drowning.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote234" name="footnote234"></a><b>Footnote 17:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag234">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Hakon Saga</i>, c. 162, 165 and 167.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote235" name="footnote235"></a><b>Footnote 18:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag235">(return)</a> + + <p>Snaekollr means Snowball. Being largely of Norse blood, he + was probably a fair Viking.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote236" name="footnote236"></a><b>Footnote 19:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag236">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Hakon Saga</i>, 169.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote237" name="footnote237"></a><b>Footnote 20:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag237">(return)</a> + + <p>See Tudor's <i>Orkney and Shetland</i>, p. 344 and p. 53, + and <i>Hakon Saga</i>, 169-171.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote238" name="footnote238"></a><b>Footnote 21:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag238">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Hakon Saga</i>, 173.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote239" name="footnote239"></a><b>Footnote 22:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag239">(return)</a> + + <p>Not <i>gydinga. Flatey Book</i>, iii, p. 528; <i>Torf. + Orc.</i>, ii, p. 163.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote240" name="footnote240"></a><b>Footnote 23:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag240">(return)</a> + + <p>Pope, <i>Torfaeus</i> (trans.), p. 184, note.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote241" name="footnote241"></a><b>Footnote 24:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag241">(return)</a> + + <p>No. 126.</p> + </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page153" id= + "page153"></a>[pg 153]</span> + + <h4>CHAPTER IX.</h4> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote242" name="footnote242"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag242">(return)</a> + + <p>One daughter married Olaf, who was killed at Floruvagr in + battle in 1194, see <i>O.S.</i>, Rolls edit., pp. 230-1 + (trans.) Dasent.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote243" name="footnote243"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag243">(return)</a> + + <p>Notably in Paul's <i>Scottish Peerage</i> sub <i>Angus</i> + and <i>Caithness</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote244" name="footnote244"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag244">(return)</a> + + <p>Ancestor of the Ogilvies, Earls of Airlie.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote245" name="footnote245"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag245">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Scots Peerage</i> (Cokayne & Gibbs), sub <i>Angus</i> + and <i>Caithness</i>. Dalrymple, <i>Collections</i>, p. + 220.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote246" name="footnote246"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag246">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Reg. Aberbrothoc</i>, pp. 163 and 262, 1227, Jan. 16, + "Magno filio comitis de Anegus."</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote247" name="footnote247"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag247">(return)</a> + + <p>Robertson, <i>Early Kings</i>, vol. ii, p. 23 (note), who + quotes <i>Reg. Dunfermelyn</i>, No. 80, <i>Reg. Morav.</i> 110; + <i>Lib. Holyrood</i>, 58, in support.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote248" name="footnote248"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag248">(return)</a> + + <p>Shaw, <i>Moray</i>, 1775, p. 387, No. iv.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote249" name="footnote249"></a><b>Footnote 8:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag249">(return)</a> + + <p>i.e., Malcolm's.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote250" name="footnote250"></a><b>Footnote 9:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag250">(return)</a> + + <p>Surely an error for "Gilchrist."</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote251" name="footnote251"></a><b>Footnote 10:</b> + + <p>See <i>Dalrymple's Collections</i>, 1705, pp. lxxiii-iv, + where "North Caithness" is distinguished from Sutherland + conjecturally. Probably, however, it was distinguished rather + from the southern part of modern Caithness, viz. Latheron and + Wick parishes.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote252" name="footnote252"></a><b>Footnote 11:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag252">(return)</a> + + <p>This was William de Federeth II, son of Christian, not her + husband of the same name.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote253" name="footnote253"></a><b>Footnote 12:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag253">(return)</a> + + <p>This was Sir Reginald Cheyne III.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote254" name="footnote254"></a><b>Footnote 13:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag254">(return)</a> + + <p>"Gilchrist" not "Gillebride" all through this quotation.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote255" name="footnote255"></a><b>Footnote 14:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag255">(return)</a> + + <p>Gilchrist, however, died in 1204.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote256" name="footnote256"></a><b>Footnote 15:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag256">(return)</a> + + <p>Not, we think, of Erlend, but of Paul. But South Caithness + probably belonged to the Erlend share, i.e., Latheron and Wick + parishes.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote257" name="footnote257"></a><b>Footnote 16:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag257">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Sutherland Book</i>, vol. 1, p. 12, note.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote258" name="footnote258"></a><b>Footnote 17:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag258">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Robertson's Index</i>, p. 62.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote259" name="footnote259"></a><b>Footnote 18:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag259">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Reg. Morav.</i>, p. 341. <i>O.P.</i>, vol. ii, 709.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote260" name="footnote260"></a><b>Footnote 19:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag260">(return)</a> + + <p>Can the Mallard or Mallart be <i>Abhainn na mala airde</i>, + "the river of the high brow"? Another interpretation, <i>Abhain + na malairte</i>, "river of the excambion" has been + suggested.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote261" name="footnote261"></a><b>Footnote 20:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag261">(return)</a> + + <p>Achness—<i>Ach-an-eas</i> or the field of the + waterfall, old Gaelic <i>Achanedes</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote262" name="footnote262"></a><b>Footnote 21:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag262">(return)</a> + + <p>Marriages, however, of persons of unsuitable ages were + freely made in these old times.</p> + </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page154" id= + "page154"></a>[pg 154]</span> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote263" name="footnote263"></a><b>Footnote 22:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag263">(return)</a> + + <p>Norse jarldoms were not given to females, but the jarldom of + Orkney was, failing sons, given to the sons of daughters of + preceding jarls, such as Ragnvald, son of Gunnhild, and Harald + Ungi, son of Jarl Ragnvald's daughter.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote264" name="footnote264"></a><b>Footnote 23:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag264">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Reg. Morav.</i>, 215, 216; <i>O.P.</i>, vol. ii, p. + 486.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote265" name="footnote265"></a><b>Footnote 24:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag265">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.P.</i>, ii, p. 482. Euphamia or Eufemia is a Ross + family name for centuries. <i>Reg. Morav.</i>, p. 333.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote266" name="footnote266"></a><b>Footnote 25:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag266">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Bain</i>, vol. 1, year 1258-9.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote267" name="footnote267"></a><b>Footnote 26:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag267">(return)</a> + + <p><i>St. Andrew's</i>, pp. 346 and 347; and for the charter + see <i>Reg. Morav.</i>, p. 138.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote268" name="footnote268"></a><b>Footnote 27:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag268">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Reg. Morav.</i>, p. xxxvi. We do not lay stress upon this + argument from the endowment of <i>two</i> chaplains; but it may + import that Freskin died a violent death, unshriven.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote269" name="footnote269"></a><b>Footnote 28:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag269">(return)</a> + + <p>We can, however, trace many parts of "Lord" Chen's lands. + For they are called the lands of "Lord" Chen in the + descriptions in later charters quoted in <i>Origines + Parochiales</i>, vol. ii, pp. 745 Reay, 749 Thurso, 760 + Halkirk, 764 Latheron, 774 Wick, 787-8 Olrig, 790 Dunnet, and + 814 Canisbay. His lands in all these parishes were of + considerable extent. They included probably the whole modern + estate of Langwell and most of the parish of Latheron, and Wick + up to Keiss Bay and beyond Ackergill and Riess. In Watten they + comprised Lynegar, Dunn, Bilbster, and others: in Halkirk + Parish, Sibster, Leurary, Gerston, Baillecaik, Scots Calder, + North Calder, and Banniskirk; in Reay Parish, Lybster, + Borrowstoun, Forss, and part of Skaill and Brawlbin: in Thurso, + Clairdon, Murkle, Sordale, Amster, Ormelie and the Thurso + fishings; in Dunnet Parish, Rattar, Haland, Hollandmaik, + Corsbach, Ham, and Swiney; while in Canisbay Parish, + Brabstermyre, Duncansby, and Sleiklie belonged to Lord Chen. + But neither "Lord" Chen nor Johanna ever owned Brawl, the + principal seat of the Earls of Caithness; and the Earls of the + Angus line had the rest, mainly in Canisbay, Bower, and the + northern part of Wick parishes. Johanna did not own any of the + Chen lands in the Earldom of South Caithness, which Reginald + Chen III acquired after 1340, i.e. the parishes of Latheron and + Wick. She probably owned the old parish of Far and Halkirk but + not Latheron, though this is erroneously implied in the + text.</p> + </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page155" id= + "page155"></a>[pg 155]</span> + + <h4>CHAPTER X.</h4> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote270" name="footnote270"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag270">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Reg. Morav.</i>, pp. 88, 89, 99, 101, 333. Knighted 1215, + was earl in 1226, founded the Abbey of Fearn before 1230, died + about 1251.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote271" name="footnote271"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag271">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Robertson's Index</i>, p. xxi.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote272" name="footnote272"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag272">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Hakon Saga</i>, 245 and 307.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote273" name="footnote273"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag273">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Genealogie of the Earles</i>, p. 30, and <i>Sutherland + Book</i>, vol. ii, p. 3 No. 4; <i>O.P.</i>, ii, 647 note. This + is not the Cross now standing. See Macfarlane, <i>Geog. + Collections</i>, vol. ii, pp. 450 and 467, where it is called + Ri-crois. The story that Dornoch took its name from the slaying + of this Chief with the leg of a horse is quite unfounded, for + the name Durnach appears in a charter about a hundred years + earlier, and has nothing to do with a "horse's hoof." Its + derivation and meaning are alike obscure. Chalmers, + <i>Caledonia</i>, v, p. 192, gives to Dornock in Dumfriesshire + the derivation "Dur-nochd" or the "bare" or "naked water." Its + situation is like that of Dornoch, with a wide expanse of tidal + sands.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote274" name="footnote274"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag274">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Sutherland Book</i>, vol. iii, p. 3, No. 4. See also + <i>Two Ancient Records of Caithness</i>, Bannatyne Club. The + bishop himself was a Canon.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote275" name="footnote275"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag275">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Genealogie of the Earles</i>, pp. 6 and 31; <i>O.P.</i>, + ii, 601.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote276" name="footnote276"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag276">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Liber Eccles. de Scon</i>, p. 45, No. 73. Viking Club, + <i>Sutherland and Caithness Records</i>, No. 8, pp. 12 and + 13.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote277" name="footnote277"></a><b>Footnote 8:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag277">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.P.</i>, ii, p. 603. As regards the marriage of Iye Mor + Mackay to the daughter of Walter de Baltroddi (Bishop), see + <i>Book of Mackay</i>, p. 37.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote278" name="footnote278"></a><b>Footnote 9:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag278">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Hakon Saga</i>, 312, 314.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote279" name="footnote279"></a><b>Footnote 10:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag279">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Do.</i> 317.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote280" name="footnote280"></a><b>Footnote 11:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag280">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Sutherland Book</i>, vol. 1, p. 15. <i>Genealogie of the + Earls</i>, p. 33.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote281" name="footnote281"></a><b>Footnote 12:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag281">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Hakon Saga</i>, 319.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote282" name="footnote282"></a><b>Footnote 13:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag282">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Hakon Saga</i>, 318. As to the hostages and their + expenses see <i>Compot. Camer.</i> 1-31. From additions to + <i>Hakon's Saga</i>, Rolls edition, it appears that Caithness + was also fined and an army sent there by the king of Scotland + with a view to the conquest of Orkney.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote283" name="footnote283"></a><b>Footnote 14:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag283">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Hakon Saga</i>, 319. The calculation was made by Sir + David Brewster.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote284" name="footnote284"></a><b>Footnote 15:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag284">(return)</a> + + <p>Also called Port Droman. Possibly Hals-eyar-vik = + neck-island-bay.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote285" name="footnote285"></a><b>Footnote 16:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag285">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Hakon Saga</i>, 318.</p> + </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page156" id= + "page156"></a>[pg 156]</span> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote286" name="footnote286"></a><b>Footnote 17:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag286">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Hakon Saga</i>, 327.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote287" name="footnote287"></a><b>Footnote 18:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag287">(return)</a> + + <p>There is a tradition that Hakon slaughtered cattle on + Lechvuaies, a rock in Loch Erriboll.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote288" name="footnote288"></a><b>Footnote 19:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag288">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Hakon Saga</i>, 328-331. Goafiord—Eilean Hoan at + the entrance to Loch Erriboll still retains the name.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote289" name="footnote289"></a><b>Footnote 20:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag289">(return)</a> + + <p>See Tudor, <i>Orkney and Shetland</i>, p. 307. What happened + to Earl Magnus III, who in July 1263 had been obliged to join + his overlord, King Hakon, and sail with him from Bergen? The + Orkneymen were far from Norway, but dangerously close to + Scotland. Their jarl had large possessions in Caithness, which + he feared to lose if he made war on the Scottish king. Magnus + therefore "stayed behind" in Orkney, and never went to Largs, + but probably went to the Scottish king. Caithness first + suffered from levies of cattle and provisions at the hands of + Hakon, and afterwards from fines levied and hostages taken by + the Scottish King, who sent an army, no doubt under the Chens + and Federeths and others, to threaten Orkney and hold Caithness + and levy the fine. Dugald, king of the Sudreys, intercepted the + fine, and disappeared. Orkney had a Norse garrison, and the + Scottish army never went to Orkney, Magnus was reconciled to + Alexander III, and after the Treaty of Perth, in 1267, was + reconciled also to King Magnus of Norway, on terms that he + should hold Orkney of him and his successors, but that Shetland + should remain a direct appanage of the Norse Crown, as it had + been ever since Harold Maddadson's punishment in 1195. (See + Munch's <i>History of Norway</i>; and <i>Torfaeus Orcades</i>, + p. 172; and <i>King Magnus Saga</i>, Rolls edition of + <i>Hakon's Saga</i>, pp. 374-7).</p> + </blockquote> + + <h4>CHAPTER XI.</h4> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote290" name="footnote290"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag290">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Scandinavian Britain</i>, p. 62. To Orkney and Shetland + they came mainly from the fjords north of Bergen.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote291" name="footnote291"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag291">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Oxford Essays</i>, 1858, p. 165, Dasent, an admirable + account of the Norsemen in Iceland.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote292" name="footnote292"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag292">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Hume Brown, History</i>, ante.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote293" name="footnote293"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag293">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Scandinavian Britain</i>, p. 35.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote294" name="footnote294"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag294">(return)</a> + + <p>See <i>Norse Influence on Celtic Scotland</i> (Henderson), + <i>passim</i>; and <i>Sutherland and the Reay Country</i>, + (Rev. Adam Gunn), chapter on "Language," p. 172.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote295" name="footnote295"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag295">(return)</a> + + <p>Viking Club, <i>Old Lore Miscell.</i>, vol. ii, 213; vol. + iii, 14, 182, 234.</p> + </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page157" id= + "page157"></a>[pg 157-62]</span> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote296" name="footnote296"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag296">(return)</a> + + <p>See <i>Burnt Njal</i>, (Dasent) for a plan and elevation of + a Skali. Skelpick may be Skaill-beg, or Little Hall.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote297" name="footnote297"></a><b>Footnote 8:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag297">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Ruins of Saga-time</i> (in Iceland) by Thorsteinn + Erlingson, David Nutt (1899).</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote298" name="footnote298"></a><b>Footnote 9:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag298">(return)</a> + + <p>See his <i>Essay</i> with plans in the <i>Saga Book of the + Viking Club</i>, vol. iii, pp. 174-216.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote299" name="footnote299"></a><b>Footnote 10:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag299">(return)</a> + + <p>i.e. Broadfield; see <i>O.S.</i>, Rolls edition, p. 232, + formerly Brathwell.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote300" name="footnote300"></a><b>Footnote 11:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag300">(return)</a> + + <p>Mousa in Shetland was twice so used, by two honeymoon pairs. + See Tudor, <i>O. and S.</i>, p. 481.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote301" name="footnote301"></a><b>Footnote 12:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag301">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.P.</i>, vol. ii, 758.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote302" name="footnote302"></a><b>Footnote 13:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag302">(return)</a> + + <p><i>O.S.</i>, 84, 100 and 22; 58, 78, 100, 101, 102, 113, and + pp. 226, 227, 228, in Rolls edition. Hjalmundal is the strath, + not the village of Helmsdale.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote303" name="footnote303"></a><b>Footnote 14:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag303">(return)</a> + + <p>We find in Latheron in Caithness "Golsary" the shieling of + Gol. Platagall, see <i>O.P.</i>, ii, p. 680.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote304" name="footnote304"></a><b>Footnote 15:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag304">(return)</a> + + <p>The bodily form often follows that of fathers of a fair + race, it is said.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote305" name="footnote305"></a><b>Footnote 16:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag305">(return)</a> + + <p>See p. 21.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote306" name="footnote306"></a><b>Footnote 17:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag306">(return)</a> + + <p>Frontispiece to vol. 1 of Du Chaillu's <i>Viking + Age</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote307" name="footnote307"></a><b>Footnote 18:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag307">(return)</a> + + <p>See <i>Scotland in Early Christian Times</i>, Dr. Joseph + Anderson's <i>Rhind Lectures</i> in 1879, pp. 141-2; + <i>Scandinavian Britain</i>, p. 29.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote308" name="footnote308"></a><b>Footnote 19:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag308">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Saga of Erik the Red</i> and <i>St. Olaf's Saga</i>. See + <i>Orig. Islandicae</i>, vol. ii, Bk. v, pp. 588-756 + "Explorers."</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote309" name="footnote309"></a><b>Footnote 20:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag309">(return)</a> + + <p>Yet see the Romance of <i>Guillaume le Roi</i>, Chroniques + Anglo-Normandes, vol. iii, Francisque Michel.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote310" name="footnote310"></a><b>Footnote 21:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag310">(return)</a> + + <p>As witness the Seaforths (Sæ-fjorthr) of the 51st + Division in France.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote311" name="footnote311"></a><b>Footnote 22:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag311">(return)</a> + + <p>Vol. 1, p. 45. See also Burton's <i>History of Scotland</i>, + vol. i, chapter xi, and vol. ii, pp. 14 and 15.</p> + </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a name="page163" id= + "page163"></a>[pg 163-4]</span> + + <h2>APPENDIX.</h2> + + <h3>EARLY PEDIGREE OF THE FRESKYNS.<a name="pedigree" id= + "pedigree"></a></h3> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:100%;"> + <a href="images/tree.png"><img width="100%" src= + "images/tree.png" alt="Freskyn Family Tree" /></a> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page165" id= + "page165"></a>[pg 165]</span> + + <p><i>[Transcriber's Note: The following "Index" is as it appears + in the original book. It is not in alphabetical order. Following + it is a hyperlinked <a href="#hyperi">index</a> which is in + alphabetical order. The latter was added by the transcriber for + ease of use of this hypertext document.]</i></p> + + <h2>INDEX.</h2> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Aberbrothock, 153 (n. 5).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Aberdeen;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishopric, 54;</p> + + <p class="i2">invaded, 81.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Aberdeenshire;</p> + + <p>why no brochs? 141 (II, n. 5).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Achavarn, 148-9 (n. 41).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Achness, 109, 110, 153 (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Acre, 67.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Adam, earl of Angus, 102.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Adam, bishop of Caithness, 95, 96, 107, 119;</p> + + <p class="i2">buried, 152, (n. 9), 122, 151 (n. 46).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Adamnan, 5, 141 (n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Aethelfrith, 6.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Afreka, dau. of earl of Fife, m. Earl Harold Maddadson, + their children, 73;</p> + + <p class="i2">divorced by Harold, 74, 83, 85, 88.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Agricola, Tacitus, 4, 141 (n. 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Alane, thane of Sutherland, 28, 91.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Alban, 6;</p> + + <p class="i2">its provinces, 7;</p> + + <p class="i2">common language, 17;</p> + + <p class="i2">ravaged by Irish Danes, 22;</p> + + <p class="i2">wars of kings of A. against Northmen, 26;</p> + + <p class="i2">Moray stretched across A., 35;</p> + + <p class="i2">Caithness, 55.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Alcluyd (Dunbarton), 17, 142 (II, n. 16).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Alexander I, 53.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Alexander II cr. Wm. Freskyn earl of Sutherland, 80, + 116;</p> + + <p class="i2">punished burners of Bishop Adam, 96, 97;</p> + + <p class="i2">confiscated half Caithness, 97;</p> + + <p class="i2">grant of earldom of south Caithness to Magnus, + earl of Angus, 103, 104-106;</p> + + <p class="i2">Magnus II, or Malcolm witness to charter, 105, + 108, 112, 119;</p> + + <p class="i2">succession to throne, 119;</p> + + <p class="i2">revolt of Donald Ban MacWilliam, 119;</p> + + <p class="i2">Argyll conquered, 119;</p> + + <p class="i2">Caithness subdued (1222), 119;</p> + + <p class="i2">rebellions in Moray and Galloway, 119;</p> + + <p class="i2">embassy to Norway, 121;</p> + + <p class="i2">open letter for Scone, 122;</p> + + <p class="i2">died, 120, 124.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Alexander III, 120;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Margaret, dau. of Henry III, 120;</p> + + <p class="i2">his only child, Margaret, 121;</p> + + <p class="i2">embassy to Norway, 121;</p> + + <p class="i2">conquered Isle of Man and Hebrides, 128.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Altyre, Standing Stane of Duffus removed to, 144 (n. + 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>America, Norsemen discovered, 136;</p> + + <p class="i2">heard of by Jean Cabot in Iceland, 136.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Amlaiph (Olaf) Craig, 143 (n. 33).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Anderson, Alan O., 3;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Scottish Annals from English + Chroniclers</i>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Anderson, Joseph, 11;</p> + + <p class="i2">O.S. trans., 146 (n. 14);</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Scotland in Pagan Times</i>, q.v.;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Scotland in Early Christian Times</i>, + q.v.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Andres Nicholas' son, 125, 126.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Andres, son of Sweyn, 57.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Andrew, Bishop of Caithness, had grant of Hoctor Common, + 54;</p> + + <p class="i2">Culdean monk, 83;</p> + + <p class="i2">abbot of Dunkeld, 83;</p> + + <p class="i2">died at Dunfermline, 83;</p> + + <p class="i2">a witness, 84.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Andrews, St., bishopric founded, 53;</p> + + <p class="i2">Roger, bishop of, 90.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Anglo-Normandes, Chroniques, (F. Michel), 157 (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Angus, earls of (see also under names),</p> + + <p class="i2">Gillebride, 102, 103, 105, 107, 153, (ns. 9, + 13);</p> + + <p class="i2">Adam, son of Gillebride, 102;</p> + + <p class="i2">Gilchrist, son of Gillebride, and father of + Magnus II, earl of Orkney and Caith., 72, 84, 102, 103, 104, 107, 108, 111, + 116, 149 (n. 44), 153 (ns. 9, 13, 14, 15);</p> + + <p class="i2">Duncan, son of Gilchrist, 103;</p> + + <p class="i2">Malcolm, earl of Caithness and Angus, 103-106, + 116;</p> + + <p class="i2">Matilda, countess of, dau. of Malcolm, 103;</p> + + <p class="i2">Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of A., husband of + Matilda, 103,</p> + + <p class="i2">Gilbert d'Umphraville, son of Matilda, 103.</p> + + <p class="i2">Pedigree, 102.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Angus, son of Gillebride, earl of Angus, 103.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Anlaf, or Olaf, earl in C., 27, 28, 143 (n. 33).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Applecross, in Ross, lay abbots, 119.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Archibald, bishop of Moray, 109.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ardovyr (Gael., upper water), identified as Loch Coire and + Mallard River, i.e., "Abhain 'a Mhail Aird" of Ord. Map, part + of Johanna's estate in Strathnaver, 109, 110, 153 (n. 19).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Argyll;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Columba landed from Ulster, 5;</p> + + <p class="i2">Scots king, 6;</p> + + <p class="i2">Dalriadic territory, 17, 33;</p> + + <p class="i2">known as Airergaithel, 33;</p> + + <p class="i2">Galgaels, 38;</p> + + <p class="i2">Somerled of, 81;</p> + + <p class="i2">conquered by king Alexr. II, 119, 120.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page166" id= + "page166"></a>[pg 166]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Arnfinn Thorfinnson, earl, m. Ragnhild, Eric's dau., + 25.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Arnkell Torf-Einarson, earl, slain in England, 24.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Artildol, 78.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Asgrim's Ergin, now Assary, 71, 149 (n. 42).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Asleif, mother of Sweyn, 62.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Asleifarvik (now Old-shore, also called Port Droman), 125, + 155 (n. 15).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Assynt, 33;</p> + + <p class="i2">included in Creich (q.v.), 93;</p> + + <p class="i2">Store Point, 69, 148 (n. 34).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Athelstan, 22.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Atholl (Atjokl);</p> + + <p class="i2">Ath-Fodla, a Pictish province, 7;</p> + + <p class="i2">Picts absorbed by Scots, 38;</p> + + <p class="i2">earls of, 61, 62, 78, 120;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sweyn Asleifarson visits, 62, 64;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Paul died, 62, 63;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishop John, 63</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Atholl, earls of;</p> + + <p class="i2">Maddad, m. Margret dau. of Hakon, 61;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl of A., in 1236, burned to death, 120;</p> + + <p class="i2">earls descended from Freskyn, 54, 78.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Aud the deeply wise, in Caith., settled in Iceland, + 20.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Audhild, dau. of Thorleif, mistress of Sigurd + Slembi-diakn, 58;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Eric Streita, 59;</p> + + <p class="i2">her son, Eric Stagbrellir, 59, 72, 84, 85;</p> + + <p class="i2">Johanna of Strathnaver, a connection, 110.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Audna, or Edna, dau. of Kiarval, m. Hlodver, jarl, 26.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Backies, Norse derivation, 21.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bakke, in place-names, 21, 142 (III n. 7).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Baltroddi, Walter de, bishop of C., 122, 155 (n. 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bard, next of kin of Ulf the Bad, Orkney, 28.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Barelegs, nickname of king Magnus, because he wore the + kilt, 49, 145 (n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Barr, St., of Dornoch;</p> + + <p class="i2">his Fair in Dornoch, 29;</p> + + <p class="i2">old church of St. Barr, 83, 121;</p> + + <p class="i2">site, 134.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Barth, or Bard, Helgi's son, and St. Barr, 28, 29.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Beauly, estate of Bissets, 120.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Beauly Firth, 16;</p> + + <p class="i2">site of Redcastle on, 86.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ben-y-griams, 70.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bergen, St. Ragnvald returned to, from Grimsby, 61;</p> + + <p class="i2">John, earl of Caithness, present at, 95, + 98;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl John left his son as hostage, 98;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Hakon buried in Christchurch, 127;</p> + + <p class="i2">k. Hakon and earl Magnus III sailed from, 156 + (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Berowald the Fleming (Innes q.v.), had grant in Moray, 82, + 150 (n. 27).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Berridale conveyed by Malise II, earl, to Reginald More, + afterwards acquired by Chens, 104, 108, 109.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Beruvik, misreading of, 148 (n. 33).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Berwick, North, raided by Sweyn, 68.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bethoc, eld. dau. of Malcolm II, m. Crinan, 36;</p> + + <p class="i2">grandmother of earl Moddan, 53.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bilbao, Spain, 66;</p> + + <p class="i2">Nervion, 148 (n. 25).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Birrenswark, near Ecclefechan, was Brunanburg, 22.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Birsay, Orkney, earl Thorfinn's Hall, 45;</p> + + <p class="i2">cathedral built by Thorfinn, 45, 46;</p> + + <p class="i2">but replaced by St. Magnus' Cathedral, 51.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bisset, a Norman family, 76;</p> + + <p class="i2">at Beauly, 120.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bjarni, bishop of Orkney, probable author of <i>Orkneyinga + Saga</i>, 51, 69;</p> + + <p class="i2">his parents, 57;</p> + + <p class="i2">relative of Sweyn, 69;</p> + + <p class="i2">at Bergen, 98.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Blood-eagle, 23, 24.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Blood-rain in Iceland, 144 (n. 37).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Blundus, Gaufrid, burgess of Inverness, 80.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Boar, wild, in Cat, 8.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Boece, 37, 42.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Boreale, Corpus Poeticum, 144 (n. 10);</p> + + <p class="i2">148 (n. 23).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Borrobol, 59.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Borve, rock-castle, 46, 133.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bothgowanan, or Pitgavenny, 42.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bothwell, family of, descended from Freskyn, 54, 78.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bothwell, Sir Andrew of, 78.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Boun, whence Eng. bound, i.e., equipped, 66, 148 (n. + 24).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bracholy, 78.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Brawl, formerly Brathwell (Breithivellir), Castle, 95, + 115, see 154 (n. 28), 133;</p> + + <p class="i2">deriv. 152 (n. 8), 157 (n. 10).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Breithifjorthr, i.e., Broad-firth, Moray Firth, 8, 64.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bressay Sound, 124.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Brewster, Sir David, 155 (n. 14) see 125.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page167" id= + "page167"></a>[pg 167]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Brian Borumha, king of Ireland, 29.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Brichan, Jas.;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Orig. Paroch. Scot.</i>, 3.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bricius, bishop, 78.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Brochs, or Pictish towers;</p> + + <p class="i2">Roman relics found in, 5;</p> + + <p class="i2">date, number, distribution, rise, construction, + &c., 9-11;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse place-names near brochs, 132;</p> + + <p class="i2">at Dunrobin, 133;</p> + + <p class="i2">used by Norse as dwellings, 133, 157 (n. + 11);</p> + + <p class="i2">Craig Carrill, Roman tablets found, 5, 141 (n. + 7);</p> + + <p class="i2">Skene on origin of, 141 (n. 8);</p> + + <p class="i2">at Feranach, 147 (n. 6).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Broethrungr, firnari en, first cousin once removed, 146 + (n. 13).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Broxburn, (Strabrock), 54.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Brunanburgh, site, 22, 142 (III n. 12)</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Brusi Sigurdson, earl, 38, 39, 40, 42.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Buchan, earl of, 114.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Burghead, Turfness of Saga, 41;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse raids from B. checked by Duffus, 132.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Burnt Njal, Saga of;</p> + + <p class="i2">transl. by Sir G.W. Dasent, 27, 143 (n. 28), + 30, 36, 37, 144 (n. 36), 157 (n. 7).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Cabot, Jean, in Iceland, 136.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Cailleach (Carline) Stone in Kyleakin, 125.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Cait, or Cat, Pictish province of, (now Caithness and + Sutherland, q.v.), in three parts, (1) Ness, (2) Strathnavern, and + (3) Sudrland, 7-8;</p> + + <p class="i2">description of land, 8;</p> + + <p class="i2">unsuitable for trees in Ness, 141 (II n. + 3);</p> + + <p class="i2">west uninhabited in Viking times, 8;</p> + + <p class="i2">deer, etc., abounded, 8, 141 (II n. 4);</p> + + <p class="i2">Athelstan's naval demonstration, 22;</p> + + <p class="i2">held by earls of Orkney, 22;</p> + + <p class="i2">Duncan the maormor, 15, 24, 25, 34, 35, 36;</p> + + <p class="i2">Picts and Norse, 38;</p> + + <p class="i2">map, 110;</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish clergy driven from north-east by Norse, + 130;</p> + + <p class="i2">land and people on arrival of Norse, 6, et + seq.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Cat, maormors of;</p> + + <p class="i2">Duncan, or Dungall, 15, 20;</p> + + <p class="i2">Moldan or Moddan, 34, 36, 37, 59.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Caithness (Ness), part of the ancient province of Cat, + q.v., 7-8;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse occupied fertile parts, 1;</p> + + <p class="i2">ancient monuments, 2;</p> + + <p class="i2">writing, 2;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Orkneyinga Saga</i> only record before 12th + cent., 3;</p> + + <p class="i2">earlier notices and later records, 3;</p> + + <p class="i2">earldom claimed by Sigurd Hlodverson, 26;</p> + + <p class="i2">Skuli Thorfinnson cr. earl, 25;</p> + + <p class="i2">C. people in Iceland, 27, 28;</p> + + <p class="i2">sea battle between Ulf and Helgi, 28;</p> + + <p class="i2">Moddan, earl of C., 36, 59;</p> + + <p class="i2">his expedition to, 41;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse earls, 37, 40, 49;</p> + + <p class="i2">Thorfinn returns to, after Scottish conquests, + 42;</p> + + <p class="i2">"king of Catanesse," in "William the Wanderer," + 43;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Magnus, 50;</p> + + <p class="i2">seized by earl Hakon, 50;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Magnus favoured in, 51;</p> + + <p class="i2">earldom conferred on Ragnvald Gudrodson, + 52;</p> + + <p class="i2">much of owned by Moddan's family, 53;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse steadily lost hold on C., 53;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse driven outward and eastward, 53;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishopric founded, 54;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishop Andrew, 54;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse earls, 55;</p> + + <p class="i2">family of Freskyn de Moravia, 55;</p> + + <p class="i2">earldom of David I, 58;</p> + + <p class="i2">robberies by Sweyn, 66;</p> + + <p class="i2">Malcolm IV granted half earldom to Erlend + Haraldson, 67;</p> + + <p class="i2">red deer and reindeer hunting, 70;</p> + + <p class="i2">rebellions, 80;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishop's litigation with earls of Sutherland, + 80;</p> + + <p class="i2">Innes family, 82;</p> + + <p class="i2">earldom held of Scottish crown, 83;</p> + + <p class="i2">diocese and cathedral, 83;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishop Andrew, 83, 84;</p> + + <p class="i2">first conquest by King William, 85;</p> + + <p class="i2">subdued by King William, 87;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Ragnvald's half conferred on Harald Ungi, + 87;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Harold slew earl Harald Ungi, 87;</p> + + <p class="i2">Caithness given to Ragnvald Gudrodson, 88;</p> + + <p class="i2">who defeated earl Harold at Dalharrold, 89;</p> + + <p class="i2">Ragnvald's stewards left in charge, their fate, + 89;</p> + + <p class="i2">the lawman, 89;</p> + + <p class="i2">Ragnvald bought earldom, 89, 90;</p> + + <p class="i2">extent of earl Harold's earldom, 90;</p> + + <p class="i2">Scottish policy in the north, 91;</p> + + <p class="i2">old Norse earldom broken up, 92;</p> + + <p class="i2">services of Freskyn family, 92;</p> + + <p class="i2">extent of earldom of earl David, 93;</p> + + <p class="i2">the burning of bishop Adam, 95;</p> + + <p class="i2">thingstead and lawman, 95;</p> + + <p class="i2">the earldom, 101;</p> + + <p class="i2">succession to earldom, 102;</p> + + <p class="i2">subjected by king Alexr. II, 1222, 119;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Hakon's fine, 1263, 125;</p> + + <p class="i2">escaped attack by Hakon, 128;</p> + + <p class="i2">Scottish subjection of Norse, 1, 131;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse adopted Gaelic, 131;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse place-names, 132;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse type still in evidence, 134;</p> + + <p class="i2">Normans, Cheynes, Oliphants and St. Clairs, + 137;</p> + + <p class="i2">inheritance of Erlend lands by Normans, 137, + 138;</p> + + <p class="i2">inhabitants a blend of Gael and Norse, 138.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page168" id= + "page168"></a>[pg 168]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Caithness, church in;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishopric founded, 54;</p> + + <p class="i2">cathedral at Halkirk, 83, at Dornoch, 121;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishop's palace at Thurso, 95, 122;</p> + + <p class="i2">constitution of diocese, 121, 122, 155 (n. + 5);</p> + + <p class="i2">records, 151 (n. 45);</p> + + <p class="i2">bishops: Andrew, 54, 83, 84;</p> + + <p class="i4">John, 89, 95, 97, 150 (n. 16), 151 (n. 45);</p> + + <p class="i4">Adam, 95, 96, 107, 119, 122, 151 (n. 46), 152 + (n. 9);</p> + + <p class="i4">Gilbert, 121, 122;</p> + + <p class="i4">William, 122;</p> + + <p class="i4">Walter de Baltroddi, 122, 155 (n. 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Caithness, earldom of;</p> + + <p class="i2">in the 14th cent. a moiety in the Angus earls + and the Chen family, 108, 109;</p> + + <p class="i2">South Caithness granted to earl Magnus II, + 111;</p> + + <p class="i2">Brawl, a capital residence of the earls in C., + 115, 133;</p> + + <p class="i2">devolution of earldom and tribal owners, + 15;</p> + + <p class="i2">North and South divisions, 106, 107, 153 (ns. + 10, 15);</p> + + <p class="i2">hostages taken by Scotland after Largs, 155 (n. + 13), see 125;</p> + + <p class="i2">paid a fine to king Hakon, 156 (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Caithness, earls of;</p> + + <p class="i2">Thorfinn Sigurdson, first Scottish earl, + 38;</p> + + <p class="i2">Skuli cr. earl by Scots king, 144 (n. 4);</p> + + <p class="i2">Moddan cr. earl by Scots king, 36, 59;</p> + + <p class="i2">Crichton and Sinclair earls, 108;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl's office descended to females, 15;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse and tribal land-owners, 15;</p> + + <p class="i2">Scottish policy in regard to succession in C., + 91, 92.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Caithness and Sutherland Records, Viking Society, 146 (n. + 20); 151 (n. 33); 155 (n. 7).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Caithness, Inventory of Monuments and Constructions in the + County of, 2, 141 (n. 2); 9, 141 (II, n. 5); 147 (n. 6).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Caithness, Prehistoric Remains of, (S. Laing and T.H. + Huxley), 2, 141 (n. 2); 5, 141 (n. 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Calder, Loch, 148-9 (n. 41).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Calder Valley, Calfdale of Saga; 71, 148 (n. 40).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Caledonia, (G. Chalmers), 155 (n. 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Caledonians, Annals of the, (Ritson), 142 (II, n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Caledonians inhabited the Grampians, 4, 141 (n. 5);</p> + + <p class="i2">Romans failed to conquer, 4;</p> + + <p class="i2">Roman wars effected union of, 4;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Ninian, Christian mission, through Roman + influence, 4.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Cantyre, 17.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Carham;</p> + + <p class="i2">victory of Malcolm II, 37.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Cat, Province of, (Angus Mackay), 56, 152 (n. 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ce, the province Keith, or Mar, 7.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Celtic Britain, (Rhys), 142 (III n. 3); 144 (n. 3).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Celtic Scotland, (W.F. Skene), 101;</p> + + <p class="i2">on succession to Caithness, 106;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sir W. Fraser's criticism, 108; 22, 142 (III n. + 11); 26, 143 (n. 23); 150 (n. 24).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Celts, non-seafaring, 12;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse influence, 14;</p> + + <p class="i2">Gall-gaels, 14;</p> + + <p class="i2">influence of Norse on Gaelic, and of Gael on + Norse, 14-15;</p> + + <p class="i2">"P" and "Q" Celts, 19;</p> + + <p class="i2">kilted warriors of Norse extraction, 136.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Celts, Survival of Beliefs among the, (George Henderson), + 2, 141 (n. 3).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Chen, or Cheyne, family in Caithness, 76;</p> + + <p class="i2">descendants of Johanna of Strathnaver, 110, + 111;</p> + + <p class="i2">family lands, 118, 137, 156 (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Chen II, Reginald;</p> + + <p class="i2">signatory of National Bond with Wales, 114;</p> + + <p class="i2">father of Reginald Chen III, 114;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Mary, dau. of Freskin and Johanna of + Strathnaver, got one-fourth of Caithness, 107, 109, 153 (ns. 11, 12);</p> + + <p class="i2">had regrant of Strathnaver lands, 109;</p> + + <p class="i2">Kerrow-na-Shein, 110, 114.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Chen III, Reginald, known as "Morar na Shein," acquired + Berridale in south Caithness from Malise II, 104, 108, 109;</p> + + <p class="i2">owned a moiety of earldom of Caith., lived in + parish of Halkirk, 108;</p> + + <p class="i2">grandson of Johanna, 109;</p> + + <p class="i2">Kerrow-na-Shein, 110;</p> + + <p class="i2">his estate, 115;</p> + + <p class="i2">acquired south Caithness lands after 1340, + 115;</p> + + <p class="i2">acquired Christian (Freskyn's) fourth, 107, 153 + (ns. 11, 12)</p> + + <p class="i2">lands, 154 (n. 28).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Christ Church, Norse name for a cathedral, 145 (n. + 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Christ Church, Bergen;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Hakon buried, 127.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Christ's Kirk, Birsay;</p> + + <p class="i2">burial of St. Magnus, 51.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Christian I, king of Norway; mortgaged Orkney and Shetland + to Scotland, 128.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Christiania Fjord, or the Vik, 13.</p> + </div><br /> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Church;</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish, Columban and Catholic, 6;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse influence, 6.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page169" id= + "page169"></a>[pg 169]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Clairdon, near Thurso;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Harald Ungi defeated, 87, 93;</p> + + <p class="i2">where Lifolf Baldpate fell, 113.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Clibreck (Clibr'), part of Johanna's estate, 109, 110.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Clon, in Ross, granted by earl of Ross to Walter de + Moravia, 113.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Clontarf, the battle of, 29, 37, 130.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Clouston, J. Storer;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>A Branch of the Family</i>, 143 (n. 19);</p> + + <p class="i2">Orkney trithing. 39, 144 (n. 6).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Clyne, 55, 83, 93.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Cobbie Row, ruins of the castle of Kolbein Hruga, in Wyre, + 100.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Coire, Loch;</p> + + <p class="i2">lands probably held by Moddan family, 93, 98, + 109, 110.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Coire-na-fearn, (Cornefern) Strathnavern, 55;</p> + + <p class="i2">part of Johanna's estate, 110.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Collingwood, W.G., on Thorfinn as "king of Catanesse." 43, + 133;</p> + + <p class="i2">see <i>Scandinavian Britain</i>, transl. + <i>William the Wanderer</i>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Columba, St.;</p> + + <p class="i2">Adamnan's Life of, 5, 141 (n. 9);</p> + + <p class="i2">mission to Picts, settlement in Iona, 5, + 17;</p> + + <p class="i2">clergy removed to Dunkeld, 18;</p> + + <p class="i2">relics removed, 19;</p> + + <p class="i2">patron saint of Scot and Pict, 19;</p> + + <p class="i2">his cult and culture destroyed by Norse, + 130.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Columban settlements of hermits and missionaries, 2, + 12;</p> + + <p class="i2">Columban church, 75;</p> + + <p class="i2">replaced by Catholic, 6, 141 (n. 10).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Columbus;</p> + + <p class="i2">discovered America long after Norsemen, + 136.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Comyn, Alexr.;</p> + + <p class="i2">see Buchan, earl of, 114.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Comyn, John, m. Matilda heiress of Malcolm, earl of Angus, + 103.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Comyn, Walter;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl of Menteith, 120.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Constantine I;</p> + + <p class="i2">viking raids, 18.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Constantine II;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse seize C. and S., 20.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Constantine III;</p> + + <p class="i2">Danish attacks, 22.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Constantinople (Micklegarth), 66.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Coracles, Pictish boats, 12.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Cortachy, advowson of, 116, 117.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Craig Carrill Broch;</p> + + <p class="i2">Roman tablets found, 5, 141 (n. 7).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Crakaig, crooked bay, now drained, 9.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Creich, owned by Hugo Freskyn, 55, 83;</p> + + <p class="i2">including Assynt, 93;</p> + + <p class="i2">granted by Hugo Freskyn to Gilbert while + archdeacon of Moray, 93.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Crinan, Abthane of Dunkeld, m. Bethoc, dau. of Malcolm II, + 36.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Croc Skardie;</p> + + <p class="i2">(?) Sigurd's Howe, 142 (III, n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Cromarty;</p> + + <p class="i2">northern Suter of, 86;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse place-names, 132;</p> + + <p class="i2">Macbeth's property, 144 (n. 3).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Cruithne and his seven sons, 7.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Curle, A.O.;</p> + + <p class="i2">early monuments of Caith. and Sutherland, 2, + 9, 141 (II, ns. 2, 5), 147 (n. 6), 148 (n. + 39).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Cyderhall, see Sigurd's Howe.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dale, Dalar or Dalr, C.;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Skuli slain, 25;</p> + + <p class="i2">home of Moddan, 16, 53.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dalharrold, on River Naver, 89, 110;</p> + + <p class="i2">belonged to Johanna, 151 (n. 43).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dalriadic kingdom, 17, 19.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dalrymple's Collections, on divorce, 85;</p> + + <p class="i2">on earl Magnus II, 106; 26, 143 (n. 24), 47, + 145 (n. 4), 149 (n. 8), 150 (n. 31), 153 (ns. 4, 10).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Damsey;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Erlend killed, 69.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Danes, 18, 19, 20;</p> + + <p class="i2">Irish Danes, 22.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Darratha-Liod, 29-33.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dasent, Sir G.W.;</p> + + <p class="i2">transl. <i>Orkneyinga Saga</i>, q.v.;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Oxford Essays</i>, q.v.;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Saga of Burnt Njal</i>, q.v.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>David I, king of Scotland;</p> + + <p class="i2">church organisation, 53, 54;</p> + + <p class="i2">earldom of Caithness held of him, 58;</p> + + <p class="i2">his tutor John, bishop of Glasgow, 63;</p> + + <p class="i2">visited by Sweyn Asleifarson, 66;</p> + + <p class="i2">introduced feudal barons and charters, 75;</p> + + <p class="i2">at Duffus Castle, 76, 77, 81, 82, 137;</p> + + <p class="i2">by education a Norman knight, 137, 149 (n. + 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>David II, 109.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>David Haraldson, earl of Orkney and Caith., 74, 90, + 93;</p> + + <p class="i2">did not have earl Ragnvald's share of Caith. + earldom, 94;</p> + + <p class="i2">succeeded to a reduced territory, 94, 107, + 112;</p> + + <p class="i2">sole earl of Orkney, 118;</p> + + <p class="i2">joint earl with earl John, 94, 152 (n. 1);</p> + + <p class="i2">death, 94, 121.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dawey (Dalvey), 114.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Death in bed, a reproach among Norse, 24, 26.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Deer;</p> + + <p class="i2">earls Ragnvald and Harald hunted red deer and + reindeer in Caithness, 70;</p> + + <p class="i2">red deer abounded in Cat, 8, 141 (II, n. + 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Deerness, Mull of;</p> + + <p class="i2">sea-fight between Thorfinn and Duncan I, + 41;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Hakon's fleet passed, 125.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Deerstalking, days of, Scrope, 8, 141 (II, n. 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>De Moravia, see under Freskyn.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page170" id= + "page170"></a>[pg 170]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dingwall;</p> + + <p class="i2">southern limit of Norse, 132.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dirlot, or Dilred, in Strathmore, C., 115.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dolfin, son of Maldred, 36.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dollar;</p> + + <p class="i2">Scots defeated by Danes, 20.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Donada, dau. of Malcolm II, m. Finnleac, 37.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Donald, supposed son of Malcolm III, 48.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Donald Bane, claimant to Scottish crown, 49.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Donald Ban MacWilliam;</p> + + <p class="i2">claimant of Scottish crown, 86, 119;</p> + + <p class="i2">his son Guthred slain, 94;</p> + + <p class="i2">descended from Ingibjorg, widow of Thorfinn and + Malcolm Canmore, 119.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dornoch (Durnach);</p> + + <p class="i2">supposed dedication of Cathedral, 29;</p> + + <p class="i2">monks to be protected, 54;</p> + + <p class="i2">owned by Hugo Freskyn, 55;</p> + + <p class="i2">in earldom of Caithness, 83;</p> + + <p class="i2">cathedral of St. Barr, 83, 121, 134;</p> + + <p class="i2">excluded from earldom of earl David, 93;</p> + + <p class="i2">part granted by Hugo Freskyn to Gilbert, + 93;</p> + + <p class="i2">Embo near D., Norse defeated, 121;</p> + + <p class="i2">existed in Norse times, 134;</p> + + <p class="i2">Durnach, 146 (n. 20);</p> + + <p class="i2">cathedral lands, 54, 146 (n. 21);</p> + + <p class="i2">bishop Adam buried in, 152 (n. 9);</p> + + <p class="i2">traditional origin of name, 155 (n. 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dornock, Dumfriesshire, deriv., 155 (n. 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dorruthar, 30.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dougal of the Isles, in Orkney, 123;</p> + + <p class="i2">joined Hakon's expedition, 126.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Douglas, family of, 54.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dovyr, tofftys de;</p> + + <p class="i2">part of Johanna's estate, 109;</p> + + <p class="i2">from Gael. for water, identified as River and + Loch Naver, 110.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Draughts;</p> + + <p class="i2">played by St. Ragnvald, 61.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dublin, 26, 73;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sweyn killed at, 74.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dufeyra, 63, 64.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Duffus;</p> + + <p class="i2">near Burghead or Turfness, 41;</p> + + <p class="i2">castle built by Freskyn de Moravia, 54, 55;</p> + + <p class="i2">estates owned by Hugo Freskyn, 55;</p> + + <p class="i2">Freskyn, lord of, 55, 76, 77;</p> + + <p class="i2">estate succeeded to by Walter Freskyn, 79;</p> + + <p class="i2">church, 79;</p> + + <p class="i2">William MacFrisgyn second lord of, 91;</p> + + <p class="i2">chapel of St. Lawrence, 114;</p> + + <p class="i2">Freskyn's fortress checked Norse raids, + 132;</p> + + <p class="i2">king David's visit, 76, 77, 149 (n. 8);</p> + + <p class="i2">rector of St. Peter's, 149 (n. 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dufnjal, 50, 146 (n. 13).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dugald, king of Sudreys;</p> + + <p class="i2">intercepted the Scotch fine on C., 156 (n. + 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>D'Umphraville, Gilbert—earl of Angus;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Matilda, countess of Angus, 103.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>D'Umphraville, Gilbert—earl of Angus;</p> + + <p class="i2">son of Matilda, 103.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dunadd, 19.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dunbar, Sir Archibald; <i>Scottish Kings</i>, q.v.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dunbarton, Dun-bretan, fort of the Britons, 17, 142 (II, + n. 16).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Duncan I;</p> + + <p class="i2">parentage, 36, 37;</p> + + <p class="i2">Karl Hundason, 40;</p> + + <p class="i2">at North Berwick, 41;</p> + + <p class="i2">defeated by earl Thorfinn off Deerness, 41;</p> + + <p class="i2">and at Turfness, 41;</p> + + <p class="i2">his death and age, 42, 43;</p> + + <p class="i2">created Moddan, his sister's son, earl of + Caithness, 40, 59.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Duncan II, king of Scotland, 48, 49, 86;</p> + + <p class="i2">son of Malcolm and Ingibjorg, 145 (n. 6), 146 + (n. 13).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Duncan, earl;</p> + + <p class="i2">father of Dufnjal, 146 (n. 13)</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Duncan, earl of Angus, 103.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Duncan, maormor of Duncansby, 15;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Groa, 20;</p> + + <p class="i2">his dau. Grelaud, 24, 25, 26.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Duncan, earl of Fife;</p> + + <p class="i2">dau. Afreka m. Harald Maddadson, 73.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Duncansby or Dungallsby, 15, 20, 34, 38, 40, 62.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dundas, Sir David, 3.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dunfermelyn, Reg., 146 (ns. 20, 21), 150 (n. 31), 153 (n. + 6).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dunfermline;</p> + + <p class="i2">Bishop Andrew a Culdean monk of, 83.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dungal's Noep, C.;</p> + + <p class="i2">battle, 26.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dunkeld;</p> + + <p class="i2">clergy of Iona removed to, eccl. capital for + Scots and Picts, 18;</p> + + <p class="i2">capital of southern Picts, 36;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishopric founded, 53;</p> + + <p class="i2">Andrew, bishop of Caith., abbot of, 83.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dunnet Head, 43.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dunrobin, 8;</p> + + <p class="i2">glen, 21, 55;</p> + + <p class="i2">charter room, 79</p> + + <p class="i2">Robert, legendary 2nd earl of Sutherland, + founder (?) 91;</p> + + <p class="i2">MS. of Constitution of diocese, 121;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse derivation, 133.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dunskaith, Castle of, 86.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dunstable, Annals of, 97.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Durness (Dyrness);</p> + + <p class="i2">clan Mackay, 56, 82;</p> + + <p class="i2">in old earldom of Caithness, 83;</p> + + <p class="i2">Asleifarvik, anchorage of Hakon's fleet, + 125;</p> + + <p class="i2">raided by Norse in retreat from Largs, 126;</p> + + <p class="i2">Seanachaistel, chaistel, 133;133;</p> + + <p class="i2">MacHeth settlement, 147 (n. 19).</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page171" id= + "page171"></a>[pg 171]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Egilsay;</p> + + <p class="i2">martyrdom of St. Magnus, 51;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishop John from Athole visited, 63.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Einar Oily-tongue;</p> + + <p class="i2">slew Havard jarl, 25.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Eindridi, 66;</p> + + <p class="i2">wrecked off Shetland, 66;</p> + + <p class="i2">sailed with earl Ragnvald to the East, 66;</p> + + <p class="i2">his treachery, 66;</p> + + <p class="i2">and desertion, 67.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ekkjal, Norse name of Oykel, 7, 21.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ekkjals-bakki, 7;</p> + + <p class="i2">southern limit of conquest of earl Sigurd I, + 20;</p> + + <p class="i2">indentification disputed, 21;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Paul's journey to Athole, 63;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Sweyn's track to burn Frakark, 64, 142 (III, + n. 7);</p> + + <p class="i2">Atjokl's bakki, 147 (n. 14).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Eclipse of sun in Orkney, Augt. 5th, 1263, 125.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Eddirdovir, castle of, at Redcastle, 86.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Eddrachilles, 8, 56, 83.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Edgar, claimant to Scottish crown, 49.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Einar Sigurdson, earl, 38, 39;</p> + + <p class="i2">his slaughter, 40, 46.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Elgin;</p> + + <p class="i2">cathedral, built by Andrew, bishop of Moray, + 77, 80;</p> + + <p class="i2">records, 81;</p> + + <p class="i2">Johanna granted lands in Strathnaver for the + cathedral, 109;</p> + + <p class="i2">constitution of diocese based on Lincoln, + 121;</p> + + <p class="i2">guides for Sweyn, 64, 147 (n. 19).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Elin, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir, 72;</p> + + <p class="i2">at home near Loch Naver, 84;</p> + + <p class="i2">she, or sister, m. Gilchrist, earl of Angus, + and was mother of Magnus II, earl of Caithness, 103, 106, 116, 117, 149 (n. + 44).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Elk;</p> + + <p class="i2">abounded in Cat, 8, 141 (II, n. 4);</p> + + <p class="i2">horns found, 70, 148 (n. 39).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ellarholm, 70, 148 (n. 36).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ellwick (Ellidarvik), 124.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Embo, near Dornoch;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse defeated and their "prince" slain, to + whom the Ri-Crois erected, 121.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Erde-houses, of Pictish times, 9.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Erg (Gaelic, airigh), a sheiling, Norse, setr, 70;</p> + + <p class="i2">pl. ergin, sheilings, in Asgrim's Ergin, 71, + 149 (n. 42) (Assary).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Eric bloody-axe, 25.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Erik the Red, Saga of, 157 (n. 19), see 136.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Eric Stagbrellir, son of Audhild, brought up in Kildonan + by Frakark, 59;</p> + + <p class="i2">sole male survivor of Moddan line, 59;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Ingigerd, dau. of earl St. Ragnvald, united + the Erlend and Moddan estates, 59, 68, 69;</p> + + <p class="i2">tried to reconcile earls Ragnvald and Harold, + 69;</p> + + <p class="i2">probably got earl Ottar's lands on the death of + earl Erlend, 69;</p> + + <p class="i2">viking raid to Hebrides and Scilly Isles, + 70-72, 75, 84;</p> + + <p class="i2">his son Harald Ungi made earl of Orkney and + Caithness (excluding Sutherland), 87;</p> + + <p class="i2">his son, Ragnvald, 88;</p> + + <p class="i2">line represented by Snaekoll Gunni's son, 94, + 98, 99.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Eric Streita;</p> + + <p class="i2">husband of Audhild, dau. of Thorleif, 59.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Erlend Haraldson, earl of Orkney and Caith.;</p> + + <p class="i2">heir of earl Ottar, 15, 58;</p> + + <p class="i2">granted half earldom of Caith., 67;</p> + + <p class="i2">granted half earldom of Orkney, 67;</p> + + <p class="i2">supported by Sweyn, 67, 68;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Shetland, 68;</p> + + <p class="i2">slain, 69;</p> + + <p class="i2">last of male line of Thorfinn Sigurdson, + 69;</p> + + <p class="i2">nearest heir, Ragnvald Gudrodson, king of Man, + 88;</p> + + <p class="i2">grandson of Hakon Paulson, 148 (n. 28);</p> + + <p class="i2">not Erlend Ungi, 148 (n. 31).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Erlend Torf-Einarson, earl;</p> + + <p class="i2">slain in England, 24.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Erlend Thorfinnson;</p> + + <p class="i2">joint earl of Orkney and Caith. with his + brother Paul, 47;</p> + + <p class="i2">at battle of Stamford Bridge, 48;</p> + + <p class="i2">banished to Norway where he died, 49;</p> + + <p class="i2">his descendants, 55, 56;</p> + + <p class="i2">his line of heirs, 84, 88;</p> + + <p class="i2">Scottish policy as to succession, 91, 93;</p> + + <p class="i2">Snaekoll Gunni's son, chief of line, 94, + 99;</p> + + <p class="i2">Skene's theory, 101;</p> + + <p class="i2">the converse theory that Magnus of Angus m. the + nameless dau. of earl John, through whom he got the title, and Paul's + lands, 101, 108, 153 (n. 15);</p> + + <p class="i2">his share of earldom of Caithness, 111, + 115;</p> + + <p class="i2">inherited by Johanna of Strathnaver, 117;</p> + + <p class="i2">his line (excepting Harald Ungi) excluded from + Orkney during rule of earl Harold, David and John, 118;</p> + + <p class="i2">succession to Erlend lands in C., 138.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Erlend Ungi;</p> + + <p class="i2">eloped with Margret, mother of earl Harold + Maddadson, to Mousa Broch, 68;</p> + + <p class="i2">reconciled to earl Harold, with whom he went to + Norway, 68;</p> + + <p class="i2">not earl Erlend, 148 (n. 31).</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page172" id= + "page172"></a>[pg 172]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Erling Erlendson, 49;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Norwegian expedition to Wales, 49;</p> + + <p class="i2">probably killed in Ireland, 49.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Erling Ivar's son;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Hakon's expedition, 125;</p> + + <p class="i2">in raid on Dyrnes, 126.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Erlingson, Thorsteinn;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Ruins of Saga-time in Iceland</i>, (Viking + Society, extra series), 157 (n. 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ermengarde, queen, 66.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Erriboll, Loch;</p> + + <p class="i2">the Goafiord, or Hoanfiord, Hakon's fleet in, + 126;</p> + + <p class="i2">Lochvuaies, 156 (n. 18), see 126.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Euphemia, wife of Walter Freskin de Moravia of Duffus, + dau. of Ferchar Mac-in-Tagart, earl of Ross, 79, 80, + 113.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Evelix, River;</p> + + <p class="i2">142 (III, n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Eystein, king of Norway, 50;</p> + + <p class="i2">seized earl Harold Maddadson, 67;</p> + + <p class="i2">invaded Aberdeen, 81.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Eysteinsdal, or Ousedale, near the Ord of Caithness; to which king William marched against earl + Harold, 90, deriv., 151 (n. 47).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Eyvind Urarhorn; 39, 40.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fair Isle; 62.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Faroes;</p> + + <p class="i2">Picts, 12, 20, 130.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Farr;</p> + + <p class="i2">old parish was Johanna's estate in Strathnaver, + 110;</p> + + <p class="i2">Borve Castle, 46, 133.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Federeth I (Fedrett), William de;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Christian, dau. of Freskin and Johanna, and + got one fourth of Caithness, 107, 109;</p> + + <p class="i2">Caithness lands, 118, 153 (n. 11), 156 (n. + 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Federeth II, William de;</p> + + <p class="i2">son of W.F. and Christian Freskin, sold his + fourth of C. to Sir Reginald Chen III, 107, 153 (n. 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Felix, bishop of Moray;</p> + + <p class="i2">witness, 149 (n. 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Feranach, Broch at;</p> + + <p class="i2">Frakark's residence (?), 147 (n. 6).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fernebuchlyn, 79.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Feudalism;</p> + + <p class="i2">introduced into Scotland by Alexander I and + David I, 53, 138.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fib (Fife), 7.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fidach (Moray), 7.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fife;</p> + + <p class="i2">conquests by earl Thorfinn, 42.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Finleac or Finlay MacRuari, maormor of Moray;</p> + + <p class="i2">fought earl Sigurd at Skidamyre, 24;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. dau. of Malcolm II, 37.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Finn Arnason, father of Ingibjorg, 43;</p> + + <p class="i2">and of Sigrid, 145 (n. 5).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Firth par., Orkney;</p> + + <p class="i2">Paplay, Thora's residence, 51, 146 (n. 14).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Flandrensis, not applied to Freskin de Moravia, 54, + 81.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Flatey Book;</p> + + <p class="i2">Thorstein the Red, 20, 142 (III, n. 4);</p> + + <p class="i2">earls of Orkney, 22, 143 (n. 14);</p> + + <p class="i2">story of Barth, 28;</p> + + <p class="i2">continuation of <i>Orkneyinga Saga</i>, 75;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Ragnvald's half of Caith. earldom, 87, 94, + 117;</p> + + <p class="i2">extent of Harold's later earldom, 90, 25, 143 + (n. 20), 26, 143 (n. 23);</p> + + <p class="i2">battle of Skitten, 27, 143 (n. 29); 27, 143 (n. 30), 150 (n. 30), 152 (ns. 8, 10, + 22).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fleet, Loch;</p> + + <p class="i2">no longer reaches to Pittentrail, 9.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Floruvoe, Floruvagr;</p> + + <p class="i2">battle in 1135, 61;</p> + + <p class="i2">battle in 1194, 100, 153 (n. 1).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fordun;</p> + + <p class="i2">rebellion in Moray, 82;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl John's hostage dau., 107;</p> + + <p class="i2">Annals, 150 (n. 25), 152 (n. 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Forfar; 22, 97.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Forsie, Force of Saga, 71, 148 (n. 41.)</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fortrenn;</p> + + <p class="i2">Menteith, 7.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fotla, Ath-Fodla;</p> + + <p class="i2">Athol, 7.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Frakark, or Frakok, dau. of Moddan, 16;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Liot Nidingr, 53;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Harald Slettmali with her in N. Kildonan, + 58;</p> + + <p class="i2">banished from Orkney, went to her homesteads in + Sutherland, 59, 60;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Ragnvald seeks her aid, 61, 62;</p> + + <p class="i2">burnt alive, 64, 65;</p> + + <p class="i2">Freskyn I her contemporary, 76;</p> + + <p class="i2">Johanna of Strathnaver a connection, 110;</p> + + <p class="i2">her residence, 147 (n. 6).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fraser, or Fresel, of Beauly; 76.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fraser, Sir William;</p> + + <p class="i2">genealogy of Freskyn family, 92;</p> + + <p class="i2">on Johanna of Strathnaver, 108;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>The Sutherland Book</i>, q.v.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freskyn de Moravia, and family;</p> + + <p class="i2">the family the mainstay of Scottish rule in the + north, 35;</p> + + <p class="i2">superintended building of Kinloss Abbey, + 54;</p> + + <p class="i2">ancestor of earls of Sutherland, 54;</p> + + <p class="i2">built Duffus Castle, 54;</p> + + <p class="i2">not a Fleming, 54, 82;</p> + + <p class="i2">a Pict or Scot, and ancestor of families of + Athole, Bothwell, Sutherland and probably Douglas, 54;</p> + + <p class="i2">his family in Caith., 55;</p> + + <p class="i2">great-great-grandfather of Freskin the younger, + husband of Johanna, 55, 147 (n. 28);</p> + + <p class="i2">two branches of family settled north of the + Oykel, 55;</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page173" id= + "page173"></a>[pg 173]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">Freskyn, of Strabrock and Moray, its two + branches in Sutherland and Caith., 76;</p> + + <p class="i2">founder of the family, 76;</p> + + <p class="i2">entertained king David I at Duffus Castle, 76, + 77;</p> + + <p class="i2">year of death, 77, 83;</p> + + <p class="i2">his two sons, 77;</p> + + <p class="i2">father of William MacFriskyn, and Hugo the + witness, 81, 91;</p> + + <p class="i2">derivation of name, 81;</p> + + <p class="i2">revised pedigree, 92;</p> + + <p class="i2">he and successors appointed guardians of Moray + and Nairn, 92;</p> + + <p class="i2">defended Moray against the Norse, 132;</p> + + <p class="i2">the family introduced into Sutherland, 137;</p> + + <p class="i2">no thanes of this line in Sutherland, 143 (n. + 33);</p> + + <p class="i2">name also spelt Fretheskin, 146 (n. 22);</p> + + <p class="i2">his neighbour in Moray, earl Waltheof, 148 (n. + 21), 149 (ns. 8, 12).</p> + + <p class="i2">(See Appendix, Pedigree.)</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freskin de Moravia, younger, lord of Duffus, 55, 56, + 76;</p> + + <p class="i2">eld. son of Sir Walter de Moravia, 80;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Strathnaver and Caith., 80, 81, 113;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Johanna of Strathnaver, 100, 101, + 107-110;</p> + + <p class="i2">his date fixed, 113;</p> + + <p class="i2">by marriage became owner of lands in + Strathnaver and of a moiety of earldom of Caith., 113, 117;</p> + + <p class="i2">lineage, 113;</p> + + <p class="i2">born in or after 1225, lord of Duffus by 1248, + 113;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. 1245-1250, 113, 114;</p> + + <p class="i2">nephew of William, earl of Sutherland, 114;</p> + + <p class="i2">signatory to National Bond, 114;</p> + + <p class="i2">d. 1260-1263, 114;</p> + + <p class="i2">buried in church of Duffus, 114;</p> + + <p class="i2">his maternal uncle, William MacFerchar, earl of + Ross, 122, 123, 124;</p> + + <p class="i2">possible violent death, 154 (n. 27), see + 114.</p> + + <p class="i2">(See Appendix, Pedigree.)</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freskyn, Andrew, son of Hugo F. of Sutherland, 79;</p> + + <p class="i2">parson of Duffus, bishop of Moray, 77, 80.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freskyn, Andrew, son of William son of Freskyn, 77, 149 + (n. 10);</p> + + <p class="i2">parson of Duffus, 77, 149 (n. 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freskin, Christian;</p> + + <p class="i2">dau. of Freskin younger and Johanna of + Strathnaver, m. William de Fedrett, had one fourth of Caithness, which their son + resigned to her sister's husband, Sir Reginald Chen III, 107, 109, 115, + 124.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freskyn, Hugo, son of Freskyn;</p> + + <p class="i2">the witness, uncle of Hugo de Moravia of + Sutherland, 77, 79.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freskyn, Hugo, eld. son of William MacFreskyn, 55, 77, 91, + 92;</p> + + <p class="i2">his family settled north of the Oykel and owned + Sutherland, 55, 78, 79;</p> + + <p class="i2">northern boundary of his estate, 56, 76, + 77;</p> + + <p class="i2">ancestor of the de Moravias, or Murrays, of + Sutherland, 77;</p> + + <p class="i2">called "my lord" by his younger brother, + William, 78, 150 (n. 13);</p> + + <p class="i2">his family, 79;</p> + + <p class="i2">burial place, 79, 80, 81, 83;</p> + + <p class="i2">succession to Morayshire estates, 85;</p> + + <p class="i2">grant of Sutherland, 85, 86, 87;</p> + + <p class="i2">not earl, 91;</p> + + <p class="i2">his lordship of Sutherland, excluded from + earldom of Caithness as inherited by earl David, 93;</p> + + <p class="i2">grant to Gilbert, archdeacon of Moray, 79, 93, + 98, 149 (n. 11);</p> + + <p class="i2">of Strabrock, Duffus and Sutherland, father of + Walter de Moravia of Duffus, whose son m. Johanna of Strathnaver, + 113;</p> + + <p class="i2">his eld. son, William, 121, 149 (n. 9);</p> + + <p class="i2">a witness, 79, 150 (n. 19).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freskin, Mary;</p> + + <p class="i2">dau. of Freskin, younger, and Johanna of + Strathnaver, m. Sir Reginald Chen II, had one fourth of Caithness, 107, 109, + 114, 115, 124.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freskyn, Walter, de Moravia of Duffus;</p> + + <p class="i2">son of Hugo F. of Sutherland, succeeded to + Strabrock and Duffus, 79;</p> + + <p class="i2">his wife, 79, 80;</p> + + <p class="i2">known as Sir Walter de Moravia, 80;</p> + + <p class="i2">of Duffus, 113;</p> + + <p class="i2">his son, Freskin, m. Johanna of Strathnaver, + 113;</p> + + <p class="i2">grant of land in Clon from earl of Ross, + 113.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freskyn, Walter, of Petty, 78.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freskyn (MacFreskyn), William, eld. son of Freskyn de + Moravia, 55;</p> + + <p class="i2">charter of Strabrock and other lands in Lothian + and Moray, 77;</p> + + <p class="i2">his sons, 77, see 149 (ns. 9, 10, 11), 78, 81, + 82, 83, 85;</p> + + <p class="i2">omitted in <i>Sutherland Book</i>, 91;</p> + + <p class="i2">second lord of Duffus and Strabroc, 91;</p> + + <p class="i2">his eldest son, Hugo of Sutherland, 91, 92.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freskyn, William, <i>dominus Sutherlandiae</i>, first earl + of Sutherland, 78, 79;</p> + + <p class="i2">eld. son of Hugo F., 79;</p> + + <p class="i2">de Sutherland, 80;</p> + + <p class="i2">cr. earl of Sutherland, 80, 81, 91, 98:</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>dominus Sutherlandiae</i> from about 1214, + 113;</p> + + <p class="i2">uncle of Freskyn the younger, 114;</p> + + <p class="i2">his lands bounded by those of Johanna on the + north and east, 114;</p> + + <p class="i2">was probably Johanna's guardian, 114;</p> + + <p class="i2">cr. earl after 10th October 1237, 116, 121;</p> + + <p class="i2">repulsed a Norse invasion (?) at Embo, 121;</p> + + <p class="i2">death, 121, 123.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page174" id= + "page174"></a>[pg 174]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>N.B.—All these Freskyns' name was de Moravia, not + Freskyn.—J.G.</i></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freskyn, William, of Petty, son of William son of Freskyn, + 77, 78, 149 (n. II).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freswick (now Bucholie) Castle, (Lambaborg), 66, 133.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fretheskin, see Freskin, 81, 146 (n. 22).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Frida, dau. of Kolbein Hruga, m. Andres, son of Sweyn + Asleifarson, 57.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Furness;</p> + + <p class="i2">Wemund, monk of, 150 (n. 24).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gaedingar, too, 152 (n. 22).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gaelic;</p> + + <p class="i2">superseded Pictish, 14;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Sutherland full of Norse words, 14;</p> + + <p class="i2">Psalms translated into by Gilbert, bishop, + 122;</p> + + <p class="i2">Gaelic blood crossed with Norse produced the + Saga, 130, 131;</p> + + <p class="i2">Gaelic in Sutherland and Caithness included + many Norse words, 131, 132;</p> + + <p class="i2">a trustworthy vehicle of Norse, 132, 135.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gairsay;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sweyn's castle, 68;</p> + + <p class="i2">robbed by earl Harald, 70;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sweyn's life and large drinking hall, 73.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gall, Eilean nan;</p> + + <p class="i2">traditional combat, 143 (n. 31).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gall-gaels, or Gaelic strangers;</p> + + <p class="i2">mixed Gaelic-Norse, 14;</p> + + <p class="i2">held sea from Lewis to Isle of Man, 33;</p> + + <p class="i2">of Argyll, 38.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Galloway;</p> + + <p class="i2">part of Valentia, 4;</p> + + <p class="i2">subdued by earl Thorfinn, 45, 48;</p> + + <p class="i2">rebellion subdued, 82;</p> + + <p class="i2">Roland of, defeated Donald Ban MacWilliam, + 86;</p> + + <p class="i2">rebellion put down by king Alexr. II, 119, + 120.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Geographical Collections, (W. Macfarlane), 155 (n. 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gibbon, Gillebride or Gilbert, earl of Orkney and + Caithness, 103, 123;</p> + + <p class="i2">son or brother of earl Magnus II, 116;</p> + + <p class="i2">his dau. Matilda m. Malise, earl of Stratherne, + 116, 117;</p> + + <p class="i2">d. 1256, succ. by son Magnus III, 117.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gilbert, alleged earl of Orkney, 103.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of Angus, m. Matilda, countess + of Angus, 103.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of Angus;</p> + + <p class="i2">son of Matilda, 103.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gilbert de Moravia, archdeacon of Moray;</p> + + <p class="i2">grant of Skelbo, etc., 79, 93, 98, 149 (n. 11), + 150 (n. 16);</p> + + <p class="i2">afterwards became bishop of C., 121;</p> + + <p class="i2">founded cathedral at Dornoch, in which he was + buried, 122, 134, 146 (n. 21).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gilbert, son of Gillebride, earl of Angus, and uncle of + Magnus, earl of Caithness, 103.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gilchrist, earl of Angus;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. as 2nd wife, Ingibiorg or Elin, dau. of Eric + Stagbrellir, 72, 84, 111, 149 (n. 44);</p> + + <p class="i2">Skene's theory, 101, 108, 153 (n. 16);</p> + + <p class="i2">converse theory, 101;</p> + + <p class="i2">107, 153 (ns. 9, 13, 14);</p> + + <p class="i2">pedigree of Angus family, 102;</p> + + <p class="i2">charter of south Caith. to his son Magnus, 103, + 104, 116;</p> + + <p class="i2">his death, 153 (n. 14).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gildas, 5.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gillebert, or Gillebryd, son of Angus, 103.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gillebride, earl of Angus;</p> + + <p class="i2">his sons, 102, 103;</p> + + <p class="i2">grandson (not son) Magnus II, earl of Orkney + and Caith., 103, 105, see 153 (ns. 9, 13); 107;</p> + + <p class="i2">his death, 107.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gilli Odran; 70, 82.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Glasgow;</p> + + <p class="i2">John bishop of, mission to Orkney, 63;</p> + + <p class="i2">Herbert, bishop of, grant of Borthwick Church, + 77.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Glendhu, Loch;</p> + + <p class="i2">identified as Murkfjord, 70.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Goa-fiord, or Hoanfiord, (now Loch Erriboll);</p> + + <p class="i2">Hakon's fleet at, 126, 127;</p> + + <p class="i2">Eilean Hoan retains the name, 156 (n. 19), see + 127.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gokstad;</p> + + <p class="i2">viking ship, 135, 157 (n. 17).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Golsary, the shelling of Gol, in Latheron, Caithness, cf. + Golspie 157 (n. 14), see 134.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Golspie (formerly Kilmalie);</p> + + <p class="i2">owned by Hugo Freskyn, 55, 83, 93;</p> + + <p class="i2">(Gol's-by) formerly Platagall 134, 157 (n. + 14).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Good men, 50, 63.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gormflaith, 74, 83, 84, 86, 88.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gospatric, eld. son of Maldred, 36.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Goudie, Gilbert;</p> + + <p class="i2">transl. <i>Orkneyinga Saga</i>, 143 (n. 14), + 146 (n. 14), 147 (n. 14);</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Antiquities of Shetland</i>, 144 (n. + 40).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Grants, Normans, 76.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gratiana, wife of William the Wanderer, 43.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gray, Thomas;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>The Fatal Sisters</i>, 30.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page175" id= + "page175"></a>[pg 175]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Greenland, 136.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Grelaud, dau. of Duncan, maormor of C., 24, 25, 26.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Grimsby;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Ragnvald traded at, met Harald Gillikrist, + 61.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gritgard, son of Moldan, 36.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Groa, dau. of Thorstein the Red, m. Duncan of Duncansby, + 20.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Groa, wife of Macbeth, 42.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gudrun, sister of Anlaf, earl of C., 28.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Guillaume le Roi, 157 (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gulberwick, 66.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gunn, in Darratha-Liod, 32.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gunn family;</p> + + <p class="i2">descent, 56, 57.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gunn, Adam;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Sutherland and the Reay Country</i>, 156 (n. + 5).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gunnhild, wife of Eric Bloody-axe, in Orkney, 25.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gunnhild, Erlend's daughter, sister of earl St. Magnus, m. + Kol, 60;</p> + + <p class="i2">her descendants, 88.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gunnhilda, dau. of earl Harold Maddadson and Hvarflod, + 74.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gunni, brother of Sweyn Asleifarson;</p> + + <p class="i2">outlawed, 67.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gunni;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. (as 2nd husband) Ragnhild sister of earl + Harald Ungi, 57, 72;</p> + + <p class="i2">probably grandson of Sweyn Asleifarson, 93;</p> + + <p class="i2">became chief of Moddan family, 93, 94, 98, + 111.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Guthorm Sigurdson, earl, 22.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Guthred, son of Donald Ban MacWilliam;</p> + + <p class="i2">led rebellion in Moray and slain, 94.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hadrian's Wall, 4.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hafrsfjord;</p> + + <p class="i2">battle, (872), 20, 130.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hailes, lord;</p> + + <p class="i2">on forfeiture of earl Harold Maddadson, 86;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Annals of Scotland</i>, q.v.;</p> + + <p class="i2">case of Elizabeth claimant of earldom of + Sutherland, 151 (n. 51).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hakon Hakonson, king of Norway;</p> + + <p class="i2">his mother's ordeal, 95, 98;</p> + + <p class="i2">expedition to Scotland, 123;</p> + + <p class="i2">account of his expedition (1263), 124 et + seq.;</p> + + <p class="i2">died in the bishop's palace, Kirkwall, 127;</p> + + <p class="i2">result of expedition, 128, 156 (n. 18).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hakon Sverri's son, king of Norway;</p> + + <p class="i2">his son Hakon, 95.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hakon Haroldson, son of Earl Harold Maddadson and + Afreka;</p> + + <p class="i2">foster-child of Sweyn Asleifarson, 73;</p> + + <p class="i2">probably fell with Sweyn at Dublin, 74, 84;</p> + + <p class="i2">with Sweyn, 85;</p> + + <p class="i2">his death, 151 (n. 38).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hakon Paulson, earl, 48;</p> + + <p class="i2">went to Norway, 49;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Norwegian expedition to Wales, 49;</p> + + <p class="i2">returned to Orkney, 50;</p> + + <p class="i2">slew the king's steward, 50;</p> + + <p class="i2">dispute with earl Magnus, 50;</p> + + <p class="i2">slew his cousin Dufnjal, and Thorbjorn in + Burrafirth, 50;</p> + + <p class="i2">seized Magnus' share of earldom, 50;</p> + + <p class="i2">slew St. Magnus, 51, 61;</p> + + <p class="i2">sole earl, 52;</p> + + <p class="i2">pilgrimage to Rome and Jerusalem, builder of + the round church of Orphir, 52;</p> + + <p class="i2">Helga and their children, 52;</p> + + <p class="i2">his son Paul by a lawful wife, 52, 53;</p> + + <p class="i2">his descendant Ragnvald Godrodson, 88, 146 (n. + 10);</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse favourite for earldom of C., as against + Magnus, had to conquer C., 146 (n. 12);</p> + + <p class="i2">mixed blood, 146 (n. 17);</p> + + <p class="i2">his grandson Erlend, 148 (n. 28).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hakonar Saga;</p> + + <p class="i2">record until 13th cent., 1, 2, 34, 74, 149 (n. + 45), 152 (ns. 6, 7, 15-17, 19, 21), 155 (ns. 3, 9, + 10, 12-14, 16), 156 (ns. 17, 19, 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Halfdan Halegg, or long-shanks;</p> + + <p class="i2">slain by Torf-Einar, 23.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Halkirk;</p> + + <p class="i2">source of Thurso River in, 60;</p> + + <p class="i2">Moddan lands, 72, 85;</p> + + <p class="i2">first cathedral of bishopric, 83, 134;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishop's house, 95;</p> + + <p class="i2">residence of Chen family inherited from Johanna + of Strathnaver, 108;</p> + + <p class="i2">Johanna's estate, 110;</p> + + <p class="i2">castle of Reginald Chen III, 115;</p> + + <p class="i2">Spittal of St. Magnus, 134, 115, 154 (n. + 28).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hall o' Side, Iceland, 30.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hallad Ragnvaldson, earl, 22.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Halvard, an Icelander, 40.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Halvard of Force, 71;</p> + + <p class="i2">called Hoskuld also, 148-9 (n. 41).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Halvard the Red, 125, 126.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hanef, Norse commissioner;</p> + + <p class="i2">aids Snaekoll, 99, 100.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Harald, of N. Ronaldsay;</p> + + <p class="i2">slain by Ulf the Bad, 28.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Harald Gillikrist, 61;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Ragnvald fought for him at Floruvoe, + 61.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Harold Godwinson, king of England, defeated Harald + Hardrada, 48.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Harald Hakonson Slettmali (smooth-talker), earl of Orkney + and Caith.;</p> + + <p class="i2">son of earl Hakon and Helga, 52;</p> + + <p class="i2">held Caithness, 58;</p> + + <p class="i2">his death, 58, 60;</p> + + <p class="i2">his Moddan kinsmen, 59.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Harald Sigurdson Hardrada, king of Norway, 43, 45, 46;</p> + + <p class="i2">killed at Stamford Bridge, 48.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page176" id= + "page176"></a>[pg 176]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Harald Harfagr;</p> + + <p class="i2">battle of Hafrsfjord, (872);</p> + + <p class="i2">subdued Orkney and Shetland which he erected + into an earldom, 20, 130;</p> + + <p class="i2">cr. Torf-Einar earl of Orkney, 23;</p> + + <p class="i2">second expedition to Orkney, 24;</p> + + <p class="i2">imitated Charlemagne's feudalism, 129.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Harald Jonson;</p> + + <p class="i2">son of John, earl of Caithness, 95;</p> + + <p class="i2">left as hostage at Bergen, 98;</p> + + <p class="i2">drowned, (1226), 98, 111, 152 (n. 16).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Harold Maddadson, earl;</p> + + <p class="i2">son of Margret, Hakon's daughter and Maddad, + earl of Atholl, 61, 62, 63;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl St. Ragnvald ruled Caith. as his guardian, + 73, 146 (n. 20);</p> + + <p class="i2">to Norway with earl Ragnvald, 66;</p> + + <p class="i2">seized at Thurso by king Eystein, 67;</p> + + <p class="i2">outlawed Gunni, 67;</p> + + <p class="i2">conflict with earl Erlend Haraldson, 67, + 68;</p> + + <p class="i2">reconciled to earl Ragnvald at Thurso, 69;</p> + + <p class="i2">quarrels with Sweyn and robbed his house, + 70;</p> + + <p class="i2">annual deer hunt in Caith., 70;</p> + + <p class="i2">present at earl Ragnvald's slaughter, 71;</p> + + <p class="i2">seized Ragnvald's share of earldom, 99;</p> + + <p class="i2">became sole earl, 118;</p> + + <p class="i2">contemporaries, 85;</p> + + <p class="i2">forfeited in 1196, 86;</p> + + <p class="i2">later rebellions and loss of lands, 86;</p> + + <p class="i2">expedition to Ross and Moray, 86;</p> + + <p class="i2">subdued by king William, 87;</p> + + <p class="i2">imprisoned for failure to deliver hostages, + 87;</p> + + <p class="i2">deprived of Sutherland, 87;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Ragnvald's half of Caith. conferred on + Harald Ungi, 87;</p> + + <p class="i2">his grandsons, 87, 151 (n. 38);</p> + + <p class="i2">his heir, Thorfinn, 87;</p> + + <p class="i2">fled to Isle of Man, 87;</p> + + <p class="i2">defeated earl Harald Ungi, 87;</p> + + <p class="i2">king William conferred Caith. on Ragnvald + Gudrodson, 87, 88;</p> + + <p class="i2">defeated in Caithness by Ragnvald, 89;</p> + + <p class="i2">had one of Ragnvald's stewards slain, mutilated + the bishop, drove the stewards out, 89;</p> + + <p class="i2">son Thorfinn mutilated and died in prison, + 89;</p> + + <p class="i2">king William marched with an army to Caith., + and Harold ultimately came to terms, 90;</p> + + <p class="i2">negotiated with king John of England, 90, + 113;</p> + + <p class="i2">extent of his later earldom, 90;</p> + + <p class="i2">deprived of Shetland, 90, 156 (n. 20);</p> + + <p class="i2">death, 90, 93;</p> + + <p class="i2">character and personal appearance, 90;</p> + + <p class="i2">his two wives and descendants, 73-75, 83-85, + 88, 102, 106, 111, 123, 124, 153 (n. 1).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Harald Ungi;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl of Orkney and Caithness, 57;</p> + + <p class="i2">his parents, 71;</p> + + <p class="i2">heir of Moddan lands, 72;</p> + + <p class="i2">fared to Norway, 75;</p> + + <p class="i2">at home near Loch Naver, 84;</p> + + <p class="i2">grant of half earldom of Orkney, 85, 87;</p> + + <p class="i2">grant of half of Caithness (exclusive of + Sutherland), 86, 87;</p> + + <p class="i2">Invaded Orkney, defeated and slain in + Caithness, 87, 93;</p> + + <p class="i2">line represented by Snaekoll Gunni's son, 94, + 99;</p> + + <p class="i2">his share of earldom of Caithness never granted + to the Paul line, 94, 98;</p> + + <p class="i2">probably held by Moddan line, 98;</p> + + <p class="i2">pedigree ceases, 102;</p> + + <p class="i2">sister m. earl of Angus, 103;</p> + + <p class="i2">date of death, 107;</p> + + <p class="i2">his half of Caithness earldom, 111;</p> + + <p class="i2">his heirs, earl Magnus II and Johanna, 111, + 117, 118;</p> + + <p class="i2">succeeded to earldom through a female, 154 (n. + 22).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Haroldswick, Unst;</p> + + <p class="i2">said to have been called after king Harald, 20, + 142 (III, n. 6).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Havard Thorfinnson, earl;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Ragnhild, k. Eric's dau., 25.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hebrides (see also Sudreys);</p> + + <p class="i2">Vikings, subdued by king Harald Harfagr, 20, + 130;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse influence on Gaelic, 14;</p> + + <p class="i2">under Norway, 33;</p> + + <p class="i2">raided by Sweyn, 70, 73;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse expedition against south H. assisted by + earl John, 98;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Alexander's naval expedition, 120;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Alexr. II sent embassy to Norway to get + cession of, 121;</p> + + <p class="i2">harried by earl of Ross, 122, 123;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Hakon's expedition, 123;</p> + + <p class="i2">Scottish expedition, 124;</p> + + <p class="i2">ceded to Scotland, 128;</p> + + <p class="i2">conquered by Alexander III, 128;</p> + + <p class="i2">ceded by Norway to Scotland, 128.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Heimskringla, 143 (n. 18).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Helena, dau. of earl Harald Maddadson and Afreka, 73, + 84.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Helga, dau. of Moddan;</p> + + <p class="i2">associated with Helgarie, 16;</p> + + <p class="i2">concubine of earl Hakon, 52, 58;</p> + + <p class="i2">banished from Orkney, 59;</p> + + <p class="i2">her grandson, earl Erlend, 148 (n. 28).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Helga Ulfs-datter, Sanday, Orkney, 28.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Helgarie, near Helmsdale, 16.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Helgi, Harald's son, N. Ronaldsay, elopes with Helga + Ulfsdatter, 28.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Helgi Njal's son, 36, 37.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Helliar-holm, Ellar-holm, 70, 148 (n. 36).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Helmsdale, 53;</p> + + <p class="i2">strath in Sutherland, Frakark, 64;</p> + + <p class="i2">H. Water, 64;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sorlinc, 133;</p> + + <p class="i2">Hjalmundal, the strath, not village, 157 (n. + 13).</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page177" id= + "page177"></a>[pg 177]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Henry I of England;</p> + + <p class="i2">visited by earl St. Magnus, 50.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Henry II of England;</p> + + <p class="i2">wars in France, 81, 82.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Henry III of England;</p> + + <p class="i2">his sister Joanna, m. Alexr. II of Scotland, + 119;</p> + + <p class="i2">his dau. Margaret m. Alexr. III of Scotland, + 120.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Henry III, emperor of Germany;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Thorfinn's visit, 45.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Henry, prince;</p> + + <p class="i2">son of king David I;</p> + + <p class="i2">witness, 79.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Henry, son of Harold Maddadson by Afreka;</p> + + <p class="i2">claimed Ross, 73, 84, 119;</p> + + <p class="i2">date of death, 151 (n. 38).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Henry, bishop of Orkney;</p> + + <p class="i2">in whose palace, in Kirkwall, king Hakon died, + 127.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Herbjorg, 3rd dau. of earl Paul Thorfinnson, 57.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Herbjorg, dau. of Sigrid;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Kolbein Hruga, 57.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Herborga, dau. of earl Harald Maddadson, 74.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>High Church (ha-kirkja), Halkirk, 134.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Highlanders of Scotland (Skene); 7, 141 (II, n. 1).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hill fort;</p> + + <p class="i2">Ben-y-griam Beg, Caithness, 70.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hjaltalin, Jon;</p> + + <p class="i2">transl. <i>Orkneyinga Saga</i>, 143 (n. 14), + 146 (n. 14), 147 (n. 14).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hlodver Thorfinnson, earl, 25;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Audna, 26.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hoanfiord, or Goa-fiord, (Loch Erriboll);</p> + + <p class="i2">Hakon's fleet at, 126, 127;</p> + + <p class="i2">Eilean Hoan, 156 (n. 19), see 127.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hoctor Common;</p> + + <p class="i2">granted to bishop of C., 54, 146 (n. 21), + (Huchterinche).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hofn, Caithness;</p> + + <p class="i2">Hlodver's howe, 26.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Holinshed, 37, 42.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Honaver, 88.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Houses;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse skali described, 132.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>House-burnings;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Moddan's burning, in Thurso, 41;</p> + + <p class="i2">Olaf Hrolfson, in Duncansby, 62, 64, 65;</p> + + <p class="i2">Frakark, in Sutherland, 64, 65;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Waltheof, in Moray, 65.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hoxa, South Ronaldsay;</p> + + <p class="i2">Thorfinn Hausa-kliufr buried, 25.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hrolf the Ganger, 23.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hrollaug Rognvaldsson, 23.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hrossey, now Mainland, Orkney, 22.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hundi (possibly Crinan), 26, 27.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hundi Sigurdson, 27.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hut-circles of Pictish times, 9.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hvarflod, or Gormflaith, dau. of Malcolm MacHeth, m. earl + Harold Maddadson, 74;</p> + + <p class="i2">date of birth, 74, 83, 84, 86, 88.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Iceland;</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish mission, 12;</p> + + <p class="i2">Aud's settlement, 20;</p> + + <p class="i2">Hrollang Rognvaldsson settled, 23;</p> + + <p class="i2">viking settlement, 130;</p> + + <p class="i2">the skali described, 132;</p> + + <p class="i2">Jean Cabot first heard of America in, 136;</p> + + <p class="i2">Christianity accepted, 144 (n. 37);</p> + + <p class="i2">blood-rain, ib., Norsemen in, 156 (n. 2);</p> + + <p class="i2">ruins of Saga-time, 157 (n. 8), see 132.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Icelandic Annals;</p> + + <p class="i2">earls of Orkney, 103, 152 (n. 16).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Inga Saga, transl., 152 (n. 1).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ingibjorg, Finn Arnason's daughter, m. earl Thorfinn + Sigurdson, 43, 44;</p> + + <p class="i2">after Thorfinn's death m. Malcolm III, 45, 46, + 47, 145 (ns. 4, 5);</p> + + <p class="i2">cousin of queen Thora of Norway, 47, 48;</p> + + <p class="i2">her descendant, Donald Ban MacWilliam, 119.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ingibiorg, daughter of earl Hakon and Helga;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Olaf Billing, 52;</p> + + <p class="i2">her grandson, Ragnvald Gudrodson, of Man, + 88.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ingibiorg, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir, 72;</p> + + <p class="i2">at home near Loch Naver, 84;</p> + + <p class="i2">she or her sister m. Gilchrist, earl of Angus, + 103, 106, 116, 117, 149 (n. 44).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ingirid or Ingigerthr, only dau. and child of earl + Ragnvald, m. Eric Stagbrellir, 59, 68, 71;</p> + + <p class="i2">her children, 72, 75, 84, 88;</p> + + <p class="i2">date of birth, 148 (n. 32);</p> + + <p class="i2">probably the same Ingigerthr commemorated in + Maeshowe runes, 148 (n. 32).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ingirid, sister of Kali (St. Ragnvald), m. Jon Peterson, + 61.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ingirid, sister of Sweyn Asleifarson;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Thorbiorn Klerk, 63.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Inner-Schyn, 79.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Innes, Familie of, 147 (n. 26).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Innes family;</p> + + <p class="i2">Berowald the Fleming, 82, 150 (n. 27).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Innes, Cosmo;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Orig. Par. Scot.</i>, q.v., 3;</p> + + <p class="i2">genealogy of Freskyn family, 92, 105, 109.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Invernairn;</p> + + <p class="i2">sheriff, 78.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Iona;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Columba's settlement, 5, 18.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ireland;</p> + + <p class="i2">Duncan I, 41;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sweyn Asleifarson's raids, 73, 74; 119, 129, + 130.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page178" id= + "page178"></a>[pg 178]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Islandicae, Origines, 157 (n. 19).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ivar Rognvaldsson, 20.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Jerusalem;</p> + + <p class="i2">pilgrimages to, 52, 67.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Joanna, queen of Alexander II, possibly name-mother of + Johanna of Strathnaver, 112, 113;</p> + + <p class="i2">dau. of king John, and sister of king Henry II + of England, 119.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Johanna of Strathnaver, lady;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Freskin de Moravia of Duffus, 55, 56, + 100;</p> + + <p class="i2">her estate, 56;</p> + + <p class="i2">her father, 57;</p> + + <p class="i2">relationship to Snaekoll Guuni's son, 100;</p> + + <p class="i2">supposed dau. of earl John, 101;</p> + + <p class="i2">Skene's theory that she inherited earl John's, + i.e. earl Paul's, half of the earldom without the title, 101;</p> + + <p class="i2">the opposite theory, that she inherited Erlend + lands, 101;</p> + + <p class="i2">Skene's opinion, 107;</p> + + <p class="i2">her daughters, 107;</p> + + <p class="i2">Skene's suggestion that she was the hostage + dau. of earl John, and given in marriage to Freskin, 108;</p> + + <p class="i2">Fraser's criticism of Skene, 108;</p> + + <p class="i2">her grandson, Reginald Chen III, in possession + of half of Caithness and resided in Halkirk and Latheron, 109;</p> + + <p class="i2">granted land in Strathnaver to the bishop of + Moray, 109;</p> + + <p class="i2">her estate in Strathnaver, 109, 110;</p> + + <p class="i2">her connection with Moddan family and descent + from Harald Ungi's sister Ragnhild, 110, 111;</p> + + <p class="i2">her inheritance of Moddan and Erlend lands, + 111;</p> + + <p class="i2">her right to half share of Harald Ungi's half + share of Caithness earldom, 111;</p> + + <p class="i2">her title to Strathnaver lands not derived + through earl John, 111;</p> + + <p class="i2">circumstantial evidence against her being a + dau. of earl John, never claimed any share of earldom of Orkney, 111, + 112;</p> + + <p class="i2">Skene's opinion that she was a dau. of earl + John based on name Johanna, 112;</p> + + <p class="i2">theory as to her being a dau. of Snaekoll, and, + as such, heiress of large estates, made a ward by the king, whose queen + was Johanna, 112;</p> + + <p class="i2">her husband's lineage, 113;</p> + + <p class="i2">suggested born by 1232 at latest, when her + supposed father, Snaekoll, went to Norway, but not before 1225, 113;</p> + + <p class="i2">possibility of her being a dau. of a younger + child of Ragnhild and born later than 1225, 114;</p> + + <p class="i2">her guardian, 114;</p> + + <p class="i2">her lands bounded those of the lord of + Sutherland, 114;</p> + + <p class="i2">d. ca. 1269, 115;</p> + + <p class="i2">her children and estates, 115;</p> + + <p class="i2">succ. to Erlend and Moddan lands in C., 117, + 123, 137, 138;</p> + + <p class="i2">owned Dalharrold, 151 (n. 43);</p> + + <p class="i2">she did not own any lands in south C., which + were acquired by R. Chen III, i.e., Latheron and Wick, 154 (n. + 28);</p> + + <p class="i2">she probably owned Far and Halkirk, but not + Latheron, 154 (n. 28).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>John, king of England, 90, 113.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>John, king of the Sudreys, 124.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>John o' Groat's;</p> + + <p class="i2">Huna, 26.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>John, bishop of Caithness;</p> + + <p class="i2">mutilated by earl Harald, 89, 151 (n. 45);</p> + + <p class="i2">succeeded by Adam, 95;</p> + + <p class="i2">neglect to collect Peter's Pence, 97, 150 (n. + 16);</p> + + <p class="i2">date of death, 89, 151 (n. 45).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>John, bishop (of Glasgow), 63.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>John Haroldson, earl of Orkney and Caithness;</p> + + <p class="i2">from whom Snaekoll Gunni's son claimed Ragnvald + lands in Orkney, 72;</p> + + <p class="i2">shared earldom with his brother, earl David, + 94;</p> + + <p class="i2">succeeded David as sole earl of Orkney and of + Caithness, 94;</p> + + <p class="i2">his dau. given as hostage, 94, 95;</p> + + <p class="i2">letters from earl Skuli, 95;</p> + + <p class="i2">at Bergen, 95;</p> + + <p class="i2">at the burning of bishop Adam, 95;</p> + + <p class="i2">his castle at Brawl, 95;</p> + + <p class="i2">confiscated, 97;</p> + + <p class="i2">the lordship of Sutherland not in his earldom, + 98;</p> + + <p class="i2">visited Bergen, 98;</p> + + <p class="i2">his hostage dau. his only heir, 98;</p> + + <p class="i2">assisted Norse against Hebrides, 98;</p> + + <p class="i2">favoured Norway, 98, 99;</p> + + <p class="i2">representative of line of Paul and Harold + Maddadson, 99;</p> + + <p class="i2">attacked and slain by Snaekoll, 99, 100;</p> + + <p class="i2">his supposed dau. Johanna, 101;</p> + + <p class="i2">his nameless dau. m. Magnus of Angus, 101, + 105;</p> + + <p class="i2">succession to earldom, 102;</p> + + <p class="i2">theories as to his daughter's marriage, 105, + 106, 107;</p> + + <p class="i2">treaty with king William, 107;</p> + + <p class="i2">lands confiscated and restored, 107;</p> + + <p class="i2">the last male of the Paul line, 107, 108;</p> + + <p class="i2">Johanna's title not derived through him, 111, + 112;</p> + + <p class="i2">his nameless dau. probably wife of earl Magnus + II, 112;</p> + + <p class="i2">reasons why Johanna was not his dau., 112;</p> + + <p class="i2">probably named after king John of England, + 113;</p> + + <p class="i2">his legal successor, his nameless dau., 115, + 116, 117;</p> + + <p class="i2">sole earl of O., 118;</p> + + <p class="i2">his sister's son, Jon Langlifson, in 1263, + 123;</p> + + <p class="i2">succeeded in earldom of Orkney by Magnus II, + 123;</p> + + <p class="i2">his castle at Brawl, 133;</p> + + <p class="i2">joint earl with David, 152 (n. 1);</p> + + <p class="i2">Matilda not his daughter's name, 152 (n. + 4).</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page179" id= + "page179"></a>[pg 179]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Jon Langlifson, 74, 123, 124.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Jon Peterson, m. Ingirid, sister of St. Ragnvald, 61.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Jury trial, 130.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kalf Arnason, 43, 44.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kalf Skurfa, 23, 143 (n. 15).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kali Ragnvald Kolson, 60.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kari Solmundarson, 27, 37.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Karl Hundason, name of Duncan I, in Saga, 40, 41, 42.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Keith, or Mar;</p> + + <p class="i2">Ce, Pictish province, 7.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Keiths, 118.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kenneth, k. of Scots, 19.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kentigern, or Mungo, St., 5, 6.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kerrera, near Oban, 120, 126.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kerrow-Garrow, (Eddrachilles), 8.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kerrow-na-Shein, i.e. Chen's quarter, 110.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kildonan;</p> + + <p class="i2">Frakark's homesteads, 16;</p> + + <p class="i2">connection with Scone, 54;</p> + + <p class="i2">owned by Hugo Freskyn, 55;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Ragnvald sends messengers to Frakark, + 61;</p> + + <p class="i2">part of lordship of Sutherland, 93;</p> + + <p class="i2">old name Scir-Illigh, 133.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kildonan, North;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Harald Slettmali brought up, 58;</p> + + <p class="i2">Frakark burnt, 64, 65, 66.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kilmalie (now Golspie), 55, 83, 93.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kilravock (Rose), 76, 147 (n. 25).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kinloss;</p> + + <p class="i2">Cistercian abbey, 54, 76, 77.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kinloss, Records, 149 (ns. 9, 10).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kirkwall;</p> + + <p class="i2">cathedral built, 24, 63;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Ragnvald Brusi-son resided at, 44;</p> + + <p class="i2">seized by earl Thorfinn, 44;</p> + + <p class="i2">relics of St. Magnus removed to cathedral, + 51;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Hakon died in bishop's palace, 127;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Magnus' cathedral, 133, 134.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kol, 60, 61.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kolbein Hruga;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Herbjorg, 57;</p> + + <p class="i2">his castle in Wyre, 100.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kyleakin, or the Kyle of Hakon, 125.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Lairg, 8;</p> + + <p class="i2">owned Hugo Freskyn, 55;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Sweyn's track to burn Frakark, 65;</p> + + <p class="i2">in old earldom of Caithness, 83, 93.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Lambaborg (Freswick Castle), 66, 133.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Langdale (Langeval), 109.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Langlif, dau. of earl Harold Maddadson;</p> + + <p class="i2">marriage with Sæmund, abandoned, + 74;</p> + + <p class="i2">her son Jon, 74, 123, 124.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Largs, battle of, 126, 127;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Magnus III never went to L., 156 (n. + 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Larne Bay, Ulfreksfirth of Saga, 144 (n. 6).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Latheron;</p> + + <p class="i2">Latheron hills, source of Thurso River, 60;</p> + + <p class="i2">Moddan lands, 72, 85;</p> + + <p class="i2">residence of Chens in 14th cent., 108, 110;</p> + + <p class="i2">in South C., 153 (ns. 10, 15);</p> + + <p class="i2">not owned by Johanna, 154 (n. 28);</p> + + <p class="i2">Golsary, 157 (n. 14) see 134.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Lawman;</p> + + <p class="i2">Rafn, of Caithness, 89, 95.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Lawrence, chapel of St.;</p> + + <p class="i2">at Duffus, 114.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Lechvuaies, 156 (n. 18) see 126.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Lewis, the;</p> + + <p class="i2">passed by Hakon's fleet, 125, 126;</p> + + <p class="i2">Macaulays of, 148 (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Lifolf Baldpate, 87, 93, 113.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ljot Thorfinnson, earl of Orkney and Caith., m. Ragnhild, + Eric's dau., 25;</p> + + <p class="i2">slew Skuli in C., 25;</p> + + <p class="i2">fought earl Macbeth in C., 25;</p> + + <p class="i2">buried at Stenhouse in Watten, C., 26.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Liot Nidingr, m. Frakark, 16, 53, 58.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Little Ferry, or Unes;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse invasion, 121;</p> + + <p class="i2">site of Norse Castle, 133 (Skelbo).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Lohworuora, now Borthwick; church granted to bishop of + Glasgow, 77, 79, 149 (n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Loth;</p> + + <p class="i2">water of, 9;</p> + + <p class="i2">owned by Hugo Freskyn, 55, 83, 93.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Lothians, formed part of Valentia, 4;</p> + + <p class="i2">Berenicians of, 19.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>MacBain, A.;</p> + + <p class="i2">on seven Pictish provinces, 141 (II, n. 1).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Macbeth, king of Scotland, 28;</p> + + <p class="i2">son of Finlay MacRuari, 37;</p> + + <p class="i2">parentage, 144 (n. 3);</p> + + <p class="i2">property in Ross and Cromarty, 144 (n. 3);</p> + + <p class="i2">king of Scotland, 42;</p> + + <p class="i2">slain, 42;</p> + + <p class="i2">visited Rome, 45;</p> + + <p class="i2">MacHeth, 150 (n. 26).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>MacFrisgyn, William;</p> + + <p class="i2">(see Freskyn, William).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>MacHeth, or MacAoidh, see Mackay, deriv. of name, 150 (n. + 26).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>MacHeth, Donald, 81.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>MacHeth, Malcolm, 74, 81;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl of Ross;</p> + + <p class="i2">dau. Gormflaith m. Harold Maddadson, 74, 83, + 86, 88;</p> + + <p class="i2">personated by Wemund, 150 (n. 24).</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page180" id= + "page180"></a>[pg 180]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mac-in-Tagart, Ferchar;</p> + + <p class="i2">see Ross, earl of.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mackay (MacHeth) clan, 54;</p> + + <p class="i2">came from Moray to Sutherland, 56, 82, 83, 147 + (n. 19);</p> + + <p class="i2">Freskyns guardians of Moray against MacHeths, + 92;</p> + + <p class="i2">occupation of Durness, 93, 137;</p> + + <p class="i2">rebellion of MacHeths of Moray, 93;</p> + + <p class="i2">the chief m. dan. of bishop, 122, 155 (n. + 8);</p> + + <p class="i2">children of Heth attacked Hakon's expedition, + 126;</p> + + <p class="i2">largely blended with Norse, 137.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mackay, Iye Mor, 122, 155 (n. 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mackay, Book of, (Angus Mackay), 56, 150 (n. 25), 155 (n. + 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>MacWilliam, earl of Caithness (?) (Scots Peerage), 149 (n. + 1), (1129).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Maddad, earl of Athole;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Margret, dau. of earl Hakon Paulson, 61;</p> + + <p class="i2">visited by Sweyn, 64;</p> + + <p class="i2">his death, 67.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Maeshowe, runes of, 148 (n. 32).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magbiod, or Macbeth, earl;</p> + + <p class="i2">fought at Skidamyre, C., 25.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus the Good, king of Norway;</p> + + <p class="i2">grants Orkney to Ragnvald Brusison, 43;</p> + + <p class="i2">Thorfinn's visit, 45.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus Barelegs, king of Norway;</p> + + <p class="i2">expeditions to Scotland, 49, 50;</p> + + <p class="i2">father of Harald Gillikrist, 61, 136;</p> + + <p class="i2">why called "barelegs," 49, 145 (n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus the Blind, king of Norway;</p> + + <p class="i2">defeated by king Harald at Floruvoe, 61.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus Erlingson, king of Norway;</p> + + <p class="i2">fell at Norafjord, 75.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus Hakonson, crowned king of Norway in his father's + lifetime, 121;</p> + + <p class="i2">ceded Hebrides to Scotland, 128.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus, king of Man;</p> + + <p class="i2">joined Hakon's expedition, 125.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus, or Mangi, son of Eric Stagbrellir, 72;</p> + + <p class="i2">fared to Norway, fell at Norafjord, 75;</p> + + <p class="i2">his home, 84, 108.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus Erlendson, St., earl and saint, 49;</p> + + <p class="i2">in expedition to Wales, 49;</p> + + <p class="i2">in England and Wales, 49;</p> + + <p class="i2">went to Caithness after king Magnus' death and + received as earl there, 50;</p> + + <p class="i2">his steward in Orkney killed by earl Hakon, + 50;</p> + + <p class="i2">dispute with earl Hakon, 50;</p> + + <p class="i2">slew his cousin, Dufnjal, and Thorbjorn in + Burrafirth, 50;</p> + + <p class="i2">his marriage, 50;</p> + + <p class="i2">his share seized by Hakon, upon which he went + to England, 50;</p> + + <p class="i2">martyrdom, 51;</p> + + <p class="i2">burial in Birsay, and removal of relics to St. + Magnus' Cathedral, Kirkwall, 51;</p> + + <p class="i2">legends, character and appearance, 51-52;</p> + + <p class="i2">his sister, Gunnhild, m. Kol, 60;</p> + + <p class="i2">his successor in estate, 60;</p> + + <p class="i2">cathedral built by his nephew, earl Ragnvald, + 63;</p> + + <p class="i2">his heirs, 88;</p> + + <p class="i2">Snaekoll Gunni's son, representative of his + line, 94, 99;</p> + + <p class="i2">heirs of his share of Caithness earldom, + 111;</p> + + <p class="i2">his sagas see below;</p> + + <p class="i2">his life, 145 (n. 8);</p> + + <p class="i2">took Erlend share of earldom, 146 (n. 10);</p> + + <p class="i2">Scottish candidate for earldom of C., 146 (n. + 12);</p> + + <p class="i2">mixed blood, 146 (n. 17).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus II, earl of Orkney and Caithness;</p> + + <p class="i2">obscure pedigree, 103;</p> + + <p class="i2">parentage, 72, 84, 101;</p> + + <p class="i2">erroneously called son of Gillebride of Angus, + 105, 107;</p> + + <p class="i2">his name suggests a Norse mother of the line of + earl Erlend, 107, 112;</p> + + <p class="i2">perambulated lands of Arbroath Abbey, 103;</p> + + <p class="i2">not a minor on earl John's death, 104;</p> + + <p class="i2">regarding his supposed son, Magnus, 104, + 105;</p> + + <p class="i2">grant of earldom of south Caith., 103, 104, + 106;</p> + + <p class="i2">probably possessed by line of Erlend, 108;</p> + + <p class="i2">supposed marriage to the nameless dau. of earl + John;</p> + + <p class="i2">got earl John's earldom lands and title, 101, + 105;</p> + + <p class="i2">remainder of the earldom granted to him as son + of a sister of earl Harald Ungi, 101, 105, 106, 112, 116, 117, + 118;</p> + + <p class="i2">neither he nor wife claimed any part of + Strathnaver lands, 111;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sutherland excluded from earldom, 116;</p> + + <p class="i2">Erlend line excluded from Orkney since + Ragnvald's death (excepting Harald Ungi), 118;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl of Orkney, 123, 153 (n. 5);</p> + + <p class="i2">Caith. lands of the Angus line of earls, 154 + (n. 28);</p> + + <p class="i2">death, successor, 116.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus III, Gibbonson, earl of Orkney and Caithness, + 103;</p> + + <p class="i2">extent of his estate in Caithness, 117, + 123;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Bergen with king Hakon (1263), 124;</p> + + <p class="i2">his position as earl of C., 125;</p> + + <p class="i2">stayed behind under orders to follow Hakon, + 125;</p> + + <p class="i2">deserted him, 127, 156 (n. 20);</p> + + <p class="i2">reconciled to Alexander III and to king of + Norway, 156 (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus, son of Havard Gunni's son, 71.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page181" id= + "page181"></a>[pg 181]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus' Cathedral, St., Kirkwall;</p> + + <p class="i2">relics of saint were removed to, 51;</p> + + <p class="i2">erected by St. Ragnvald, 51, 63, 65;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Hakon temporarily buried in, 127;</p> + + <p class="i2">built by Norse, 133, 134.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus Saga, St., 1, 2, 34, 146 (ns. 10, 18).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus Saga the Longer, 145 (n. 8), 146 (ns. 10, 12, + 13).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus Saga the Short, 145 (n. 1), 146 (n. 14).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus Hakonson Saga, 156 (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus, Spittal of St., near Halkirk, 134.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnusson, Eirikr;</p> + + <p class="i2">transl. of Darratha-liod, 30.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Maiming, made a Northman impossible, 147 (n. 15).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mainland, Orkney;</p> + + <p class="i2">Thorfinn's Hall, 44, 46;</p> + + <p class="i2">meeting between earls Hakon and Magnus, 50.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Malbrigde of the buck-tooth, 21.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Malcolm I, (954), 26.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Malcolm II, king of Scotland;</p> + + <p class="i2">dau. m. Sigurd Hlodverson, 27, 37; 59;</p> + + <p class="i2">kingdom of Scotland produced, 33;</p> + + <p class="i2">contemporary records begin, 36;</p> + + <p class="i2">defeated Norse at Mortlach, 36;</p> + + <p class="i2">his daughters, 36, 37;</p> + + <p class="i2">Macbeth also supposed son of his sister, 144 + (n. 3);</p> + + <p class="i2">policy in Caith. and Orkney, 38;</p> + + <p class="i2">death, 40, 48;</p> + + <p class="i2">kinsman, Moldan, maormor of Caith., 60;</p> + + <p class="i2">his dream of a consolidated kingdom realised, + 120.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Malcolm III, Canmore, king of Scotland;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Ingibjorg, Thorfinn's widow, 45, 46, 47, 145 + (ns. 4, 5), 48;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. 2nd, St. Margaret, introduced Saxon + nobility, 75, 137;</p> + + <p class="i2">his son Duncan II, 86, whose descendant was + Donald Ban MacWilliam, 119, 146 (n. 13).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Malcolm IV,</p> + + <p class="i2">granted half earldom of Caithness to Erlend + Haraldson, 67, 81;</p> + + <p class="i2">defeated Somarled, 82;</p> + + <p class="i2">his death, 82, 83.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Malcolm, supposed son of Malcolm III, 48.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Malcolm, earl of Caithness and Angus;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl of Caith. (1232-36), 104;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl of C. as guardian of a minor, 105, as + trustee or custos, 106, 116;</p> + + <p class="i2">his dau. heiress, and successors, 103.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Maldred, of Cumbria, 36.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Malise, earl of Stratherne;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Matilda, dau. of Gibbon, earl, 116, 117.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Malise II, earl of Orkney and Caithness;</p> + + <p class="i2">heir of Matilda, dau. of earl Gibbon, 116, + 117;</p> + + <p class="i2">conveyed Berridale, to Reginald More, and + Reginald Chen III, 104, 107, 108;</p> + + <p class="i2">descendant of the lines of Paul and Erlend, + 108.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mallard River;</p> + + <p class="i2">see Ardovyr, 110,</p> + + <p class="i2">deriv., 153 (n. 19).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mamgarvie, near Inverness, 86.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Man;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sweyn's annual raids, 73;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Harold Maddadson in, 87;</p> + + <p class="i2">Ragnvald Gudrodson, king of, 88;</p> + + <p class="i2">returned to Man, 89;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Magnus of M. joined Hakon's expedition, + 125;</p> + + <p class="i2">conquered by Alexander III after Largs, + 128;</p> + + <p class="i2">incorporated in Scotland, 1 and n. 141.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Maor and maormor, Pictish rulers, 12, 15, 20, 47, 142 (II, + n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Margaret, St.;</p> + + <p class="i2">2nd wife of king Malcolm Canmore, 75, 137, + 47, 145 (ns. 4, 5).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Margaret's Hope, St.;</p> + + <p class="i2">Orkney, 125.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Margret, earl Hakon's dau., 52;</p> + + <p class="i2">brought up by Frakark in Kildonan, 59;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Maddad, earl of Athole, 61;</p> + + <p class="i2">visited by Sweyn, 62;</p> + + <p class="i2">received her brother earl Paul, his fate, + 63;</p> + + <p class="i2">returned to Orkney, had a child by Gunni, + Sweyn's brother, 67;</p> + + <p class="i2">eloped with Erlend the Young, 68;</p> + + <p class="i2">contemporary of Freskyn I, 76;</p> + + <p class="i2">younger sister of Ingibiorg, 88.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Margret, dau. of earl Harold Maddadson and Afreka, 73, + 84.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Matilda, countess of Angus; heiress of Malcolm, earl of + A.,</p> + + <p class="i2">m. (1) John Comyn;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. (2) Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of A., + 103.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Matilda, dau. of Gibbon, earl of Orkney and Caithness, m. + Malise, earl of Stratherne, 116, 117.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Matilda, 152 (n. 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mearns;</p> + + <p class="i2">why no brochs? 141 (II, n. 5);</p> + + <p class="i2">Cirig, for Magh-Circinn, or, Mearns, a Pictish + province, 7.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Melrose, Chronicle of;</p> + + <p class="i2">80, 149 (ns. 8, 10), 151 (ns. 33, 37), 152 (ns. + 5, 13).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Melsnati, 26.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Menteith;</p> + + <p class="i2">Fortrenn, a Pictish province, 7.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Michel, Francisque;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Chroniques Anglo-Normandes</i>, 157 (n. + 20).</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page182" id= + "page182"></a>[pg 182]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Minch, the, 7,</p> + + <p class="i2">or Skotlands-fiorthr, 35, 148 (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Missel (probably Frisel or Fraser), in embassy to Norway, + 121.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Moddan, earl of C., 34;</p> + + <p class="i2">parentage, 36, 53;</p> + + <p class="i2">sister's son of Duncan I, 40;</p> + + <p class="i2">at North Berwick, 41;</p> + + <p class="i2">slain by Thorkel Fostri, 41, 46, 53;</p> + + <p class="i2">his family in Caithness, 49, 59.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Moddan, in Dale, and family;</p> + + <p class="i2">possible son of earl Moddan, 53;</p> + + <p class="i2">the clan and family, 56, 58, 59;</p> + + <p class="i2">held the hills and upper parts of valleys, 53, + 55;</p> + + <p class="i2">family and Pictish clansmen, 131;</p> + + <p class="i2">family plots, 60;</p> + + <p class="i2">clan harried by Sweyn, 65;</p> + + <p class="i2">his daughters and estates, 16, 20, 34, 35;</p> + + <p class="i2">dau. Helga, 52, 59;</p> + + <p class="i2">Eric Stagbrellir's children sole heirs, 72;</p> + + <p class="i2">family lands, 84;</p> + + <p class="i2">Harald Ungi's title to Moddan lands, 85, + 93;</p> + + <p class="i2">Gunni, Ragnhild's husband, became chief of M. + clan, 94;</p> + + <p class="i2">estates left to earl Erlend Haraldson, then + went to Eric Stagbrellir, 69, 72, 94, 98;</p> + + <p class="i2">Snaekoll Gunni's son next heir to estates, + 99;</p> + + <p class="i2">Johanna inherited Moddan lands, 110, 111, 112, + 117;</p> + + <p class="i2">estates passed to Norman families, 137.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Moldan, (see Moddan), of Duncansby, 34, 36;</p> + + <p class="i2">kinsman of Scots king, 37;</p> + + <p class="i2">connection with Moddan family, 59.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Monuments of C. and S., early, 2.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Moravia, family, de;</p> + + <p class="i2">see Freskin.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Moraviensis, Registrum Episcopatús, 79, 100, 115, + 144 (n. 1), 147 (ns. 28, 29), 149 (ns. 9, 11), 150 (ns. 16, + 18, 20-22), 151 (n. 43), 153 (ns. 6, 18), 154 (ns. 23, 24, + 26, 27), 155 (n. 1).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Moray, province of;</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish province of Fidach including Ross, + 7;</p> + + <p class="i2">northern limit of Roman penetration, 5, 12;</p> + + <p class="i2">no brochs, 141 (II, n. 5);</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse influence, 14;</p> + + <p class="i2">last Pictish province subdued by Scots, 17, + 131;</p> + + <p class="i2">wars between kings of Alban and the Norsemen + in, 26;</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish clergy driven from seaboard by Norse, + 130;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse driven from laigh of M., 26;</p> + + <p class="i2">taken from Norse, 27, 35;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse defeated at Mortlach, 36, 37;</p> + + <p class="i2">ravaged by earl Thorfinn Sigurdson, 41, 53;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishopric founded, 54;</p> + + <p class="i2">estate of Freskyn de Moravia, 54, 55;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Waltheof burnt in his house, 65;</p> + + <p class="i2">a barrier to Scottish civilisation, 75;</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish province stretched across to the Minch, + 76;</p> + + <p class="i2">defeat of Picts of M. at Stracathro, 76;</p> + + <p class="i2">Register of Moray, 79, 115;</p> + + <p class="i2">Freskyn estate, 79;</p> + + <p class="i2">rebellions, 80;</p> + + <p class="i2">feudal barons repel Eystein's invasion, 81;</p> + + <p class="i2">rebellion subdued, 82;</p> + + <p class="i2">estates of Freskyn, 85;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Harold Maddadson's expedition, 86;</p> + + <p class="i2">Freskyn family appointed guardians, 92;</p> + + <p class="i2">rebellion of MacHeths, 93;</p> + + <p class="i2">king William's expedition against thanes of + Ross, 94:</p> + + <p class="i2">chartulary, 100;</p> + + <p class="i2">revolt of Donald Ban MacWilliam, 119, 120;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Hakon's proposed raid (1263), 124;</p> + + <p class="i2">no Norse place-names on seaboard, 132;</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish inhabitants scattered, the Mackays to + Durness, 137.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Moray, bishops of;</p> + + <p class="i2">Andrew Freskyn, 77, 79, 80;</p> + + <p class="i2">grant from Johanna of Strathnaver, 109;</p> + + <p class="i2">Archibald, regrant to Reginald Chen II, + 109;</p> + + <p class="i2">Felix, 149 (n. 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Moray, Gilbert, archdeacon of, 79, 93, 149 (n. 11), and + bishop of Caithness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Moray, Richard of;</p> + + <p class="i2">brother of Gilbert;</p> + + <p class="i2">fell repulsing Norse, 121.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Moray, Shaw's, 77, 149 (ns. 9, 12), 153 (n. 7).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>More, Loch, 115.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>More, Reginald;</p> + + <p class="i2">chamberlain of Scotland, 108, 109.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Morgan;</p> + + <p class="i2">first name of clan Mackay, MacHeth, or + MacAoidh, 56.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mortlach, in Moray;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse defeated by Malcolm II, 36.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Morton, Reg. Hon. de, earl of Katanay, 105.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mound, the;</p> + + <p class="i2">Craig Amlaiph near, 143 (n. 33).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mounth, or Grampians, home of Caledonians, 4.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mousa Broch, 68;</p> + + <p class="i2">used by run-away honeymoon couples, 157 (n. + 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Munch, P.A.;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>History of Norway</i>, 90, 156 (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mungo, or Kentigern, St., in Strathclyde and Pictland, 5, + 6.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Murkfjord or Myrkfjord (possibly Loch Glendhu), 70, 82, + 150 (n. 29).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Murkle, C., 25, 115, see 154 (n. 28).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mydalr, Iceland, 27.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page183" id= + "page183"></a>[pg 183]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Nairn, 87, 92.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Naver, Loch;</p> + + <p class="i2">broch, 10, 142 (II, n. 6); 84;</p> + + <p class="i2">River Naver, 89;</p> + + <p class="i2">lands of Moddan family, 93;</p> + + <p class="i2">Dovyr, 109, 110.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Naver, River;</p> + + <p class="i2">Dalharrold, 89;</p> + + <p class="i2">see Dovyr, 110.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Nechtan, 6.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Nerbon, sae-borg on the;</p> + + <p class="i2">Bilbao on the Nervion, 66, 148 (n. 25).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ness, now Caithness, 7, 22, 34, 53, 83, 8, 141 (II, ns. 3, + 4).</p> + + <p class="i2">See Cait and Caithness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>New Spalding Club;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Records of Elgin</i>, 81.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Niorfa Sound (Straits of Gibraltar), 66.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Nisbet's Heraldry, 149 (n. 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Norafjord in Sogn, 75, 84.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Normans;</p> + + <p class="i2">Conquest, 48;</p> + + <p class="i2">families accepted as chiefs, 76, 137;</p> + + <p class="i2">influence of, in Caithness and Sutherland, + 138.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Norman architecture;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall, 133, 134.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Norse mythology;</p> + + <p class="i2">of early settlers in Britain, 130.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Norsemen;</p> + + <p class="i2">occupation of Caith. and Sutherland, 1, 33;</p> + + <p class="i2">no women brought, 131;</p> + + <p class="i2">early Norse rulers, 18;</p> + + <p class="i2">defeated at Mortlach, 36;</p> + + <p class="i2">raids on Moray coast, 76;</p> + + <p class="i2">Freskyns appointed guardians of Moray against, + 92;</p> + + <p class="i2">expedition against south Hebrides, 98;</p> + + <p class="i2">invasion of Sutherland repulsed at Embo, + 121;</p> + + <p class="i2">law and language in Orkney and Shetland, + 128;</p> + + <p class="i2">intermarriage with Celts, 130, 131;</p> + + <p class="i2">influence of, on British law, 130;</p> + + <p class="i2">religion of early settlers in British Isles, + 130;</p> + + <p class="i2">destroyed culture of St. Columba, 130;</p> + + <p class="i2">enslaved aborigines in their colonies, 130;</p> + + <p class="i2">their place-names in Scotland, 131;</p> + + <p class="i2">settled on coasts and lower valleys, 14, + 131;</p> + + <p class="i2">subdued by Scots in north, 131;</p> + + <p class="i2">Gaelic language adopted by, 131;</p> + + <p class="i2">few monuments in Scotland, 132;</p> + + <p class="i2">domestic and ecclesiastical buildings of wood + or stone, 132, 133, 134;</p> + + <p class="i2">York Powell on, 134;</p> + + <p class="i2">discovery of America, and Africa, 136.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Norse Influence on Celtic Scotland, (George Henderson), + 14, 145 (n. 5), 146 (n. 13), 156 (n. 5).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Northman and Pict, 7, 130.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Norway;</p> + + <p class="i2">viking raids on British Isles, 12, 13;</p> + + <p class="i2">trade with Grimsby, 61;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Ragnvald visited king Ingi, 66;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Ragnvald returned from Jerusalem through + Norway, 67;</p> + + <p class="i2">Margaret, queen of N., 121;</p> + + <p class="i2">Scottish embassy to, 121;</p> + + <p class="i2">Hebrides ceded to Scotland, 1.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Norway, kings of;</p> + + <p class="i2">Harald Harfagr, (860-933);</p> + + <p class="i2">Eric Bloody-axe, (930-935);</p> + + <p class="i2">Olaf Tryggvi's son, (995-1000);</p> + + <p class="i2">Magnus the Good, (1035-1047);</p> + + <p class="i2">Harald Sigurdson Hardrada, (1045-1066);</p> + + <p class="i2">Olaf Haraldson, (1067-1093);</p> + + <p class="i2">Magnus Barelegs, (1093-1103);</p> + + <p class="i2">Sigurd Magnusson, (1103-1130);</p> + + <p class="i2">Magnus the Blind, (1130-1135);</p> + + <p class="i2">Harald Gilli, (1130-1136);</p> + + <p class="i2">Eystein Haraldson, (1142-1157);</p> + + <p class="i2">Ingi, (1136-1161);</p> + + <p class="i2">Magnus Erlingson, (1162-1184);</p> + + <p class="i2">Sverrir, (1184-1202);</p> + + <p class="i2">Hakon, Sverri's son, (1202-1204);</p> + + <p class="i2">Hakon Hakonson, (1217-1263);</p> + + <p class="i2">Magnus Hakonson, (1263-1280);</p> + + <p class="i2">Christian I, (1459-1481), q.v.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Norway, History of, P.A. Munch, 156 (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ochill, (Oykel), 142 (III, n. 7).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Odal lands;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Orkney, 24;</p> + + <p class="i2">none in Cat, 24.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Odin;</p> + + <p class="i2">blood-eagle rite, 24, 122;</p> + + <p class="i2">worshipped by Norse in Britain, 130;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sigurd Hlodverson died fighting for, 130;</p> + + <p class="i2">and defeated at Clontarf, 29.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Olaf, king of Norway;</p> + + <p class="i2">received Thorfinn Sigurdson, earl of Orkney and + Caithness, 39;</p> + + <p class="i2">and Thorkel Fostri, 40;</p> + + <p class="i2">his award, 40;</p> + + <p class="i2">killed at Stiklastad, 43.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Olaf's Saga, St.;</p> + + <p class="i2">account of earls of Orkney, 22, 143 (n. 14), + 143 (n. 18), 43, 144 (n. 15), 157 (n. 19)</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Olaf Haraldson Kyrre, king of Norway, 47, 48.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Olaf Tryggvi's-son;</p> + + <p class="i2">conversion of Sigurd Hlodverson, 27.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Olaf Tryggvason Saga;</p> + + <p class="i2">account of earls of Orkney, 22.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Olaf Bitling, king of the Sudreys;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Ingibiorg, daughter of earl Hakon, 52.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Olaf the White, king of Dublin;</p> + + <p class="i2">invasion of Scotland, 20.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Olaf, king of Man, 98.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page184" id= + "page184"></a>[pg 184]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Olaf Hrolfson, father of Sweyn and Gunni, 62, 64, 65.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Olaf, son-in-law of earl Harold Maddadson, 153 (n. 1).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Old-Lore Miscellany (Viking Society);</p> + + <p class="i2">Darratha-liod, 30;</p> + + <p class="i2">authorship O.S., 51, 146 (n. 15), 156 (n. + 6);</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Orkney and Shetland Folk</i>, 14, 142 (II, + n. 14), 26, 143 (n. 25); 47, 145 (n. 3).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Old-shore (Asleifarvik), 125, 155 (n. 15).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Oliphant family;</p> + + <p class="i2">charters, earldom of Caithness, 103, 104, 118, + 137.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Olvir Rosta;</p> + + <p class="i2">grandson of Frakark, 59;</p> + + <p class="i2">aid sought by earl Ragnvald, 61;</p> + + <p class="i2">defeated in sea fight, 62;</p> + + <p class="i2">burned Sweyn's father, Olaf, 62;</p> + + <p class="i2">fled before Sweyn and not heard of afterwards, + 64;</p> + + <p class="i2">no direct heirs, 72;</p> + + <p class="i2">his contemporary, Freskyn I, 76;</p> + + <p class="i2">supposed ancestor of Macaulays, 148 (n. + 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Orcades, of Torfaeus;</p> + + <p class="i2">25, 143 (n. 22), 94, 100, 146 (n. 10), 147 (n. + 5), 149 (n. 43), 151 (n. 39), 152 (n. 22), 156 (n. + 20);</p> + + <p class="i2">for transl. see Pope, Alex.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ord of Caithness, 8;</p> + + <p class="i2">king William marched his army to, against earl + Harald, 90;</p> + + <p class="i2">Man of, 151 (n. 47).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Origines Parochiales Scotiae, 3, 105, 109, 26, 143 (ns. + 23, 26), 148-9 (n. 41), 150 (ns. 14, 15, 20, 31), 151 + (ns. 33, 35, 42), 153 (n. 18), 154 (ns. 23, 24, 28), 155 (ns. 4, + 6, 8), 157 (ns. 12, 14).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Orkney;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Kentigern's mission, 6;</p> + + <p class="i2">Picts, 12, 130;</p> + + <p class="i2">influence of Gael on Norse, 14, 15, 17;</p> + + <p class="i2">foundation of Norse earldom, 4, 20, 130;</p> + + <p class="i2">earls' attacks on north of Scotland, 21;</p> + + <p class="i2">succession of earls, 22, 37;</p> + + <p class="i2">converted by Olaf Tryggvi's son, 27;</p> + + <p class="i2">under Norway, 33, 35;</p> + + <p class="i2">first cathedral and bishop's seat at Birsay, + 45;</p> + + <p class="i2">double bishops, 48, 49, 145 (n. 8);</p> + + <p class="i2">a contingent in expedition against Saxons, 45, + 47;</p> + + <p class="i2">trade with Grimsby, 61;</p> + + <p class="i2">the bishops, 63;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sweyn's viking life, 73;</p> + + <p class="i2">agriculture, 73, 74;</p> + + <p class="i2">invasion of earl Harald Ungi, 87;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Harold Maddadson, after defeat by Ragnvald + Gudrodson, fled to, 89;</p> + + <p class="i2">Cobbie Row Castle, in, 100;</p> + + <p class="i2">the gaedingar of the earl of Orkney, 100;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Hakon at, 124;</p> + + <p class="i2">and died in Kirkwall, in the palace of bishop, + 127;</p> + + <p class="i2">mortgaged to Scotland, 128;</p> + + <p class="i2">adopted English with many Norse words, 132;</p> + + <p class="i2">old Norse ballad sung in 18th cent., 30;</p> + + <p class="i2">proposed Scot. conquest after Norse reverse at + Largs, 155 (n. 13), 156 (n. 20);</p> + + <p class="i2">annular eclipse of sun in 1263, 125, 155 (n. + 14);</p> + + <p class="i2">Orkney and Shetland colonised mainly from the + fjords north of Bergen, 156 (n. 1);</p> + + <p class="i2">see also Orkney and Caithness, earls of.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Orkney and Caithness, earls of;</p> + + <p class="i2">(see also under their individual names);</p> + + <p class="i2">Ragnvald, 20, 22, 23;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sigurd Eysteinson, 20, 21, 90, 122, 142 (III, + n. 9);</p> + + <p class="i2">Guthorm Sigurdson, 22;</p> + + <p class="i2">Hallad Ragnvaldson, 22;</p> + + <p class="i2">Torf-Einar Ragnvaldson, 23, 24;</p> + + <p class="i2">Arnkell, Erlend and Thorfinn Hausa-kliufr, sons + of Torf-Einar, 24, 25;</p> + + <p class="i2">Arnfinn, Havard, Hlodver, Ljot and Skuli, sons + of Thorfinn, 25, 26, 38, 144 (n. 4);</p> + + <p class="i2">Sigurd Hlodverson, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, + 36, 37, 130;</p> + + <p class="i2">Somarled, Brusi, Einar and Thorfinn, sons of + Sigurd, 36-46, (Thorfinn) 47, 48, 86, 88, 90, 119, 145 (ns. 4, + 5), 148 (n. 28);</p> + + <p class="i2">Ragnvald Brusi's son, 42-44, 46, 60;</p> + + <p class="i2">Paul Thorfinnson, 47-49, 55-57, 91, 101, 107, + 115, 116, 153 (n. 15);</p> + + <p class="i2">Erlend Thorfinnson, 47-49, 55, 56, 91, 93, 94, + 99, 101, 108 and 153 (n. 15), 111, 115, 117, 118, 138;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sigurd Magnusson, son of k. Magnus Barelegs, + 49;</p> + + <p class="i2">Hakon Paulson, 48-53, 61, 88, 146 (ns. 10, 12, + 17), 148 (n. 28);</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Magnus Erlendson, 48-52, 60, 61, 63, 88, + 94, 99, 111, 145 (n. 8), 146 (ns. 10, 12, 17);</p> + + <p class="i2">Paul Hakonson the Silent, 52, 58-63;</p> + + <p class="i2">Harald Hakonson Slettmali, 52, 58-60;</p> + + <p class="i2">Erlend Haraldson, 15, 58, 67-69, 72, 73, 76, + 88, 148 (ns. 28, 31);</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Ragnvald Kolson, 24, 51, 54, 59, 60-62, + 64-71, 72, 84, 146 (n. 20);</p> + + <p class="i2">Harald Ungi, 57, 72, 75, 84-87, 93, 94, 98, + 102, 103, 107, 111, 117, 118, 154 (n. 22);</p> + + <p class="i2">Harold Maddadson, 61-63, 73-93, 99, 102, 106, + 111, 113, 118, 123, 124, 151 (n. 38), 156 (n. 20);</p> + + <p class="i2">David Haroldson, 74, 90, 93, 94, 107, 112, 118, + 121, 152 (n. 1);</p> + + <p class="i2">John Haroldson, 72, 94, 95, 97-102, 105-108, + 111-113, 115-118, 123, 133, 152 (ns. 1, 4);</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page185" id= + "page185"></a>[pg 185]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">no pedigree of earls after John, 102;</p> + + <p class="i2">diploma of earls unreliable, 103;</p> + + <p class="i2">various theories as to genealogy of the earls + after John, 104 et seq.;</p> + + <p class="i2">no claim to earldom of Orkney by Johanna of + Strathnaver, 111;</p> + + <p class="i2">diploma on earldom of Sutherland, 116;</p> + + <p class="i2">Malcolm, earl of C. and Angus, 103-106, + 116;</p> + + <p class="i2">Magnus II, son of Gilchrist, earl of Angus, 72, + 84, 101-108, 111, 112, 116, 118, 123, 153 (n. 5), 154 (n. 28);</p> + + <p class="i2">Gibbon, 103, 116, 117, 123;</p> + + <p class="i2">Magnus III Gibbonson, 103, 116, 117, 123-125, + 127, 156 (n. 20);</p> + + <p class="i2">Malise II, heir of Matilda, dau. of earl + Gibbon, 104, 107, 108, 116, 117;</p> + + <p class="i2">the earldom acquired through females, 111, 154 + (n. 22);</p> + + <p class="i2">unknown earls;</p> + + <p class="i2">MacWilliam, 149 (n. 1);</p> + + <p class="i2">Gilbert, 103;</p> + + <p class="i2">Olaf, 27, 28, 143 (n. 33).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Orkney and Shetland Folk, (Viking Society, Old-lore + Miscellany and reprint), A.W. Johnston, 14, 142 (II, n. 14);</p> + + <p class="i2">26, 143 (n. 25), 47, 145 (n. 3).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Orkney and Shetland, (Tudor); 142 (III, n. 6), 143 (n. + 17), 25, 143 (n. 21), 145 (n. 19), 146 (n. 14), 147 (n. 13), 148 (n. + 23), 148 (n. 31), Ellar-holm, 70, 148 (n. 36), 152 (n. 20), 156 + (n. 20), 157 (n. 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Orkney and Shetland Records, (Viking Society);</p> + + <p class="i2">vol. i, 3, 49, 145 (n. 8), 151 (ns. 33, + 44).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Orkneyinga Saga (Rolls text and transl.);</p> + + <p class="i2">historical record until 12th cent., 1, 2, 3, + 21, 142 (III, n. 8), 22, 34, 38;</p> + + <p class="i2">battle of Turfness, 41;</p> + + <p class="i2">Thorfinn's life, 45;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Magnus, 51;</p> + + <p class="i2">authorship, 51, 146 (n. 15);</p> + + <p class="i2">Ragnvald and Sweyn Saga, 60, 73, 74;</p> + + <p class="i2">its end, 75;</p> + + <p class="i2">Somarled the Freeman slain, 82;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Harold Maddadson's family, 102;</p> + + <p class="i2">earls, 103;</p> + + <p class="i2">Wick and Thurso, 134;</p> + + <p class="i2">transl. by Hjaltalin and Goudie, 143 (n. 14), + 23, 143 (n. 16), 24, 143 (n. 17), 24, 143 (n. 18), 26, 143 (ns. 23, + 27), 27, 143 (n. 29);</p> + + <p class="i2">Thorfinn's residence in C, 39, 144 (n. 5), 144 + (ns. 7-13, 15-17), 145 (ns. 18, 19, 21, 22; V, 1, 2, 6-8), 146 + (ns. 10-19), 147 (ns. 1-4, 7-12, 14, 16-18);</p> + + <p class="i2">residence of Frakark, 147 (n. 6);</p> + + <p class="i2">Atjokl's Bakki, 147 (n. 14); 148 (ns. 21-23, + 25-27, 29, 31-33, 35-38), 149 (ns. 42, 45, 1-3, 5), 151 (ns. 39, 40, 45, + 49), 152 (ns. 1, 2, 8, 10), 153 (n. 1), 157 (n. + 13).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Orm, earl;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Sigrid, not Ingibjorg, dau. of Finn Arnason, + 145 (n. 5).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Orphir;</p> + + <p class="i2">the earl's hall burned, 44;</p> + + <p class="i2">round church, 52, 65;</p> + + <p class="i2">incident of the poisoned shirt, 58;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Paul's Yule feast, Sweyn slew Sweyn, 62, + 65;</p> + + <p class="i2">Jarls' Bu, 133;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Ragnvald at, 69.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Orphir;</p> + + <p class="i2">The Round Church and Earl's Bu of, (Viking + Society Saga-Book), A.W. Johnston, 133, 157 (n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Osmundwall, or Kirk Hope, Orkney;</p> + + <p class="i2">conversion of Sigurd Hlodverson, 27;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Hakon's fleet in, 127.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Oswy, king, 6.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ottar, earl in Thurso;</p> + + <p class="i2">his heir, 15;</p> + + <p class="i2">son of Moddan in Dale, 53;</p> + + <p class="i2">probably owned Thurso valley, 60;</p> + + <p class="i2">paid wergeld to Sweyn, 65;</p> + + <p class="i2">his lands left to earl Erlend Haraldson, and + afterwards went to Eric Stagbrellir, 69, 72;</p> + + <p class="i2">his estates, forming the Moddan lands in + Caith., held by Ragnhild and Gunni, 94;</p> + + <p class="i2">Johanna of Strathnaver a connection, 110.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ottar, son of Snaekoll Gunnison, 57.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ousedale, or Eysteinsdal, 90.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Oxford Essays, (Sir G.W. Dasent);</p> + + <p class="i2">Norsemen in Iceland, 156 (n. 2).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Oykel;</p> + + <p class="i2">boundary between Cat and Ross, 7, 8;</p> + + <p class="i2">identified as the Norse Ekkjal, 20, 21;</p> + + <p class="i2">family of Freskyn de Moravia settled north of + the, 55;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Sweyn's track to burn Frakark, 65;</p> + + <p class="i2">crossed by king William, 87, 90, 91.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Papa Stronsay, 44.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Papa Westray, 44.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Paplay, 51;</p> + + <p class="i2">location, 146 (n. 14).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Paul Hakonson, the Silent, earl of Orkney and Caith.;</p> + + <p class="i2">his mother, 52;</p> + + <p class="i2">lived in Orkney, 58;</p> + + <p class="i2">banished Frakark and Helga from Orkney, 59;</p> + + <p class="i2">sole earl, 60;</p> + + <p class="i2">not a speaker at things, 60;</p> + + <p class="i2">refused to share earldom with St. Ragnvald, + 61;</p> + + <p class="i2">defeated earl Ragnvald, 62;</p> + + <p class="i2">seized his fleet in Shetland, 62;</p> + + <p class="i2">yule feast at Orphir, 62;</p> + + <p class="i2">kidnapped by Sweyn, 62;</p> + + <p class="i2">deported to Athole, his fate, 63.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page186" id= + "page186"></a>[pg 186]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Paul Thorfinnson, earl of Orkney and Caith.;</p> + + <p class="i2">joint earl of O. with his brother Erlend, + 47;</p> + + <p class="i2">at battle of Stamford Bridge, 48;</p> + + <p class="i2">banished to Norway, where he died, 49;</p> + + <p class="i2">his descendants, 55, 56, 57;</p> + + <p class="i2">his daughters, 57;</p> + + <p class="i2">Scottish policy regarding later succession in + Caithness, 91;</p> + + <p class="i2">Skene's theory as to Johanna of Strathnaver, + 101;</p> + + <p class="i2">the converse theory, 101;</p> + + <p class="i2">John the last male of Paul's line, 107;</p> + + <p class="i2">his share of earldom of C., descended to + daughter and Angus line of C. earls, 115, 116;</p> + + <p class="i2">see also 108, 153 (n. 15).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Pentland Firth, 44, 69, 125, 127.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Perth;</p> + + <p class="i2">court held (1260), 114;</p> + + <p class="i2">treaty of, 128.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Peter, St., 29.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Peter's church, St., Duffus, 149 (n. 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Peter's church, St., Thurso, 134.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Peter's pence, 97, 151 (n. 33).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Petty, William Freskyn of, 77, 78.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Picts;</p> + + <p class="i2">settlements of hermits and missionaries, 2;</p> + + <p class="i2">chronicles, 3;</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish church replaced by Catholic church, + 6;</p> + + <p class="i2">driven eastward and northward by Scots, 6;</p> + + <p class="i2">seven provinces, 7;</p> + + <p class="i2">P. and Northmen, 7;</p> + + <p class="i2">hunters and fishers, 8;</p> + + <p class="i2">brochs for defence, arms, etc., 11-12;</p> + + <p class="i2">clans, 12;</p> + + <p class="i2">non-seafaring Celts, 12;</p> + + <p class="i2">never conquered by Romans, 4, 12;</p> + + <p class="i2">did not have mastery of sea in Norse times, + 12;</p> + + <p class="i2">Christian missions and Columban church, 12;</p> + + <p class="i2">viking invasion, 13;</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish language superseded by Gaelic, 14, + 19;</p> + + <p class="i2">never dispossessed of upper parts of valleys + throughout Norse occupation, 16;</p> + + <p class="i2">conquered by Scots, 17;</p> + + <p class="i2">language, "P" Celtic, 19;</p> + + <p class="i2">Picts of Athole, Moray, Ross and Cat, 38;</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish church and Pictish province of Ross and + Moray resisted Scottish civilisation, 75, 76;</p> + + <p class="i2">Normans accepted as chiefs, 76;</p> + + <p class="i2">their Christianity, 130;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse drove clergy from Orkney, N.E. Caithness, + coasts of Sutherland and sea-board of Ross and Moray, 130;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse attacks on Picts, effect of, 130;</p> + + <p class="i2">their lands seized by Norse, 132.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Pictish Nation and Church, The;</p> + + <p class="i2">(Rev. A.B. Scott), Pictish navy, 12, 142 (II, + n. 11), 29, 143 (n. 34).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Pictland;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Ninian's mission, 5;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Kentigern's mission, 6.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Picts and Scots, Chronicle of the, (Skene), 3;</p> + + <p class="i2">origin of brochs, 5, 141 (n. 8);</p> + + <p class="i2">(Tighernac), 142 (II, n. 11);</p> + + <p class="i2">the Pictish navy, 19, 142 (III, n. 2), 22, 142 + (III, n. 11), 145 (n. 21).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Place-names, 130, 131;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse p.n. preserved, 132;</p> + + <p class="i2">near brochs, 132.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Plantula, dau. of Malcolm II, m. Sigurd, earl of Orkney, + 37.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Platagall, "flat of the stranger," old name of Golspie, + 134, 157 (n. 14).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Pluscardensis, Liber, 151 (n. 37), 152 (n. 13).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Pope, Alexander, of Reay;</p> + + <p class="i2">a tradition of Snaekoll's return, 100; 46, 145 + (n. 23), 146 (n. 10);</p> + + <p class="i2">transl. Torf., 147 (n. 5), 151 (n. 43), 152 (n. + 23).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Popes;</p> + + <p class="i2">Innocent III, letter, 89, 151 (n. 44), 97, 71, + 149 (n. 43).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Powell, York, 134.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Prehistoric races, 1.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Primrose J.;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Hist, and Antiq. of the Parish of + Uphall</i>, 147 (n. 24).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Rafn the Lawman;</p> + + <p class="i2">chief of stewards of Caithness, 89;</p> + + <p class="i2">remained as lawman, 89;</p> + + <p class="i2">at bishop Adam's burning, 95, 96;</p> + + <p class="i2">in derivation of Dunrobin—Drum-Rafn, 133, + 151 (n. 46).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ragnhild, dau. of Eric Bloody-axe, 25.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ragnhild, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir;</p> + + <p class="i2">sister of earl Harald Ungi, 57;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. (2) Gunni, 93, 113;</p> + + <p class="i2">by whom she had a son, Snaekoll, 72;</p> + + <p class="i2">her children the only heirs of Ragnvald and of + Moddan, 72, 93, 94;</p> + + <p class="i2">at home near Loch Naver, 84;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. (1) Lifolf Baldpate, 87, 93, 98, 102, + 113;</p> + + <p class="i2">Johanna of Strathnaver, her sole descendant + after 1232, 110, 111;</p> + + <p class="i2">held Moddan lands, 111; 116, 117.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ragnvald, jarl of Maeri;</p> + + <p class="i2">made first Norse earl of Orkney, 20, 22;</p> + + <p class="i2">slain in Norway, 23.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ragnvald Brusi's son, earl of Orkney, 42;</p> + + <p class="i2">personal appearance, 43, 44;</p> + + <p class="i2">at Stiklastad, 43;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Russia, 43;</p> + + <p class="i2">Thorfinn's claims and their sea fight, 43;</p> + + <p class="i2">escaped to Norway, 44;</p> + + <p class="i2">returned and burned Thorfinn's hall, 44;</p> + + <p class="i2">his slaughter, 44, 46;</p> + + <p class="i2">his grave, 44;</p> + + <p class="i2">Kali Kolson named after him, 60.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page187" id= + "page187"></a>[pg 187]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ragnvald, son of Eric Stagbrellir, 72;</p> + + <p class="i2">fared to Norway, 75;</p> + + <p class="i2">lived near Loch Naver, 84;</p> + + <p class="i2">sole male representative of Erlend Thorfinnson, + 88;</p> + + <p class="i2">not known what became of him, 88.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ragnvald Gudrodson, the viking;</p> + + <p class="i2">his descent, 52;</p> + + <p class="i2">his title to earldom, 88;</p> + + <p class="i2">invaded Caithness, 88, 89, but see 151 (n. + 43).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ragnvald Kolson, St., earl of Orkney and Caith., 60, + 61;</p> + + <p class="i2">sold odal lands back to bonder, to raise money + for St. Magnus' cathedral, 24, 51;</p> + + <p class="i2">letter from David I, 54, 59;</p> + + <p class="i2">re-named after Ragnvald Brusi's son, 60;</p> + + <p class="i2">estates in Caith. and Sutherland, 60;</p> + + <p class="i2">personal description, 60-61;</p> + + <p class="i2">accomplishments, 61;</p> + + <p class="i2">earldom grant confirmed by king Harald, 61;</p> + + <p class="i2">sought aid of Frakark to win earldom, 61, + 62;</p> + + <p class="i2">defeated by earl Paul in a sea fight, 62;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Paul seized his fleet in Shetland, 62;</p> + + <p class="i2">escaped to Norway, 62;</p> + + <p class="i2">returned to Westray, 62;</p> + + <p class="i2">assisted Sweyn against Frakark, 64;</p> + + <p class="i2">welcomed Sweyn on his return from Frakark's + burning, 65;</p> + + <p class="i2">reconciled Sweyn and Thorbiorn, 66;</p> + + <p class="i2">besieged Sweyn in Lambaborg, 66;</p> + + <p class="i2">reconciled to Sweyn, 66;</p> + + <p class="i2">visited king Ingi in Norway;</p> + + <p class="i2">his eastern pilgrimage, 66;</p> + + <p class="i2">description of route, etc., 66;</p> + + <p class="i2">visited queen Ermengerde at Bilbao, 66;</p> + + <p class="i2">visited Jordan, Jerusalem, Constantinople, + etc., 67;</p> + + <p class="i2">returned to Turfness, 68;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Shetland, 68;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Sutherland at his daughter's wedding, + 68;</p> + + <p class="i2">reconciled to earl Harold at Thurso, 69;</p> + + <p class="i2">reconciled earl Harold and Sweyn, 70;</p> + + <p class="i2">annual deer-hunt in Caith., 70;</p> + + <p class="i2">slain by Thorbiorn, 71;</p> + + <p class="i2">buried in St. Magnus' cathedral, 71;</p> + + <p class="i2">his only child, 71;</p> + + <p class="i2">had lands in Caith., 84,</p> + + <p class="i2">and managed earldom, 73, 146 (n. 20);</p> + + <p class="i2">never earl of Caith., 71;</p> + + <p class="i2">succeeded through a female, 154 (n. 22);</p> + + <p class="i2">his mother and dau., 88;</p> + + <p class="i2">his half of Caith. earldom conferred on his + grandson, Harald Ungi, 87, 94, 117;</p> + + <p class="i2">his lands in Orkney claimed by Snaekoll, 72, + 73;</p> + + <p class="i2">who was representative of his line, 94, 98;</p> + + <p class="i2">his share of Caith. earldom inherited by + Johanna, 117;</p> + + <p class="i2">his poetry, 148 (n. 23).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ragnvaldsvoe, South Ronaldsay, 125, 127.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Rautharbiorg or Rattar Brough;</p> + + <p class="i2">sea fight, 43.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Raven-banner of Sigurd, jarl, 26, 29.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Redcastle, 86, is Eddirdovyr.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Red deer and reindeer in C. and S., 8.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Redesdale, lord of, 103.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Reeves' <i>Life of St. Columba</i>, 141 (n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Register House, Edinburgh;</p> + + <p class="i2">list of Oliphant charters, 103, 104.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Reindeer, or elk;</p> + + <p class="i2">horns found in Sutherland, 70, 148 (n. 39).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ri-Crois, at Embo, 121, 155 (n. 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Rinansey, Rinarsey (Ninian's Island), now North Ronaldsay, + 23.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Rinar's Hill, 143 (n. 17).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Robert, legendary second earl of Sutherland, 91.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Rogart, 55, 83, 93.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Roger, bishop of St. Andrews, 90.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Roland of Galloway, 86.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Roland's Geo, Papa Stronsay, 145 (n. 19), see p. 44.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Romans in Britain;</p> + + <p class="i2">Caledonians not conquered, 3, 4, 5.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ronaldsay, North;</p> + + <p class="i2">Darratha-Liod recited, 30.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Roseisle, 77, 144 (n. 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ross;</p> + + <p class="i2">northern part of Airergaithel, 33;</p> + + <p class="i2">Picts, 38;</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish clergy, 130;</p> + + <p class="i2">subdued by Thorfinn, 40;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishopric founded, 54;</p> + + <p class="i2">claimed by Henry, son of earl Harold and + Afreka, 73, 119;</p> + + <p class="i2">Malcolm MacHeth cr. earl, 74;</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish province, 75, 76;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishopric refused by Andrew Freskyn, 77;</p> + + <p class="i2">marches, 79;</p> + + <p class="i2">earldom, 80;</p> + + <p class="i2">king William's expedition, 86;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Harold Maddadson's expedition, 86;</p> + + <p class="i2">boundary, 93;</p> + + <p class="i2">king William's expedition against thanes of + Ross, 94;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse place-names, 132;</p> + + <p class="i2">Macbeth's property, 144 (n. 3).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ross, earl of;</p> + + <p class="i2">Ferchar Mac-in-Tagart, 80, 113;</p> + + <p class="i2">granted land to Walter de Moravia on his + daughter's marriage, 113;</p> + + <p class="i2">career, 155 (n. 1);</p> + + <p class="i2">lay abbot of Applecross, 119;</p> + + <p class="i2">knighted for a victory in Galloway, 120;</p> + + <p class="i2">cr. earl of Ross in 1226, 120;</p> + + <p class="i2">second earl, William MacFerchar, harried + Hebrides, 122, 123, 124.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page188" id= + "page188"></a>[pg 188]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ross, Euphemia of;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Walter de Moravia 79, 80, 113, 154 (n. + 24).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Rossal (Rossewal), 109, 110.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sæmund, of Iceland, 74, 149 (n. 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Saga-Book of the Viking Society, 43, 133, 157 (n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Saga-time, Ruins of, 157 (n. 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Saga;</p> + + <p class="i2">writer's historical accuracy, 125;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse crossed with Gaelic blood produced the + Saga, 130.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sandvik, Deerness, 40.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Saxon nobility and Scotland; St. Margaret, 75, 137.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scandinavian Britain, by (W.G. Collingwood), 134, 135, 13, + 142 (II, n. 13), 143 (n. 12), 144 (n. 40), 156 (ns. 1, 4), 157 + (n. 18).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scapa Flow, 127.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scatt;</p> + + <p class="i2">of Orkney, 39, 130.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scilly Isles, 65, 70.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scir-Illigh, old name of Kildonan parish, 133.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scon, Lib. Eccles. de; 151 (n. 33), 155 (n. 7).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scone, 54, 83, 84, 122.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotichronicon, 152 (n. 3).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland, 25, 26, 49, 53, 75, 81, 114, 120, 121, 131.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland, Annals of, (Lord Hailes), 151 (n. 34).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland, Annals of the Reigns of Malcolm and William, + Kings of, (Lawrie), 149 (n. 10), 151 (n. 33), 152 (ns. 4, 5).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland, Bain's Calendar of Documents relating to;</p> + + <p class="i2">Freskin signatory of National Bond, 114, 151 + (n. 48), 154 (n. 25).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland, Early Christian Monuments of, (J. Romilly + Allen), 144 (n. 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland, Early Chronicles relating to, (Sir Herbert + Maxwell), 3.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland, Early Kings of, (Robertson's), 82;</p> + + <p class="i2">on earls of Angus, 103, 104; 15, 142 (II, n. + 15), 144 (n. 14), 147 (n. 25), 150 (n. 26), 151 (n. 51), 153 (n. + 6).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland, History of, (Hume Brown), 4, 137, 157 (n. 22), + 141 (n. 6), 6, 141 (n. 10), 18, 142 (III, n. 1), 20, 142 (III, + n. 5), 21, 142 (III, n. 10), 156 (n. 3).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland in Early Christian Times, (Joseph Anderson), 5, + 141 (n. 9), 12, 142 (II, n. 10).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland in Pagan Times, (Joseph Anderson), 1, 141 (n. 1), + 5, 141 (n. 7), 10, 142 (II, n. 7), 157 (n. 18).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland, Prehistoric, (Munro), 9, 11, 142 (II, n. 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland, Register of the Great Seal of, 104, 106, 78, 150 + (n. 13).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland, S.A., Proceedings, 148 (n. 39).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scots, 16-17, 33.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scots Peerage, The, (Sir J.B. Paul);</p> + + <p class="i2">MacWilliam, earl of C., 149 (ns. 1, 7), 150 (n. + 13), 153 (n. 2).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scott, A.B.;</p> + + <p class="i2">The Pictish Nation and Church, 142 (II, n. 11), + 143 (n. 34).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers, (A.O. Anderson), + 3, 151 (n. 41), 152 (n. 13).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scottish Charters, Early, (Lawrie), 3, 146 (n. 20), 149 + (n. 9), 150 (n. 19).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scottish Historical Review, 144 (n. 6), 150 (n. 26).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scottish Kings, (Sir A.H. Dunbar), 144 (n. 2), 144 (n. + 11), 45, 47, 145 (ns. 3, 4, 5, 6), 146 (n. 22), 151 (n. + 36).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scrabster, 122.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scrope;</p> + + <p class="i2">Days of Deerstalking, 8, 141 (II, n. 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Shakespeare, 37, 42.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Shenachu, or Carn Shuin, 59.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Shaw's Moray, 77, 149 (ns. 9, 12), 150 (n. 27).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Shetland, 12, 20, 90, 124, 128, 132, 156 (ns. 1, 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Shetland, Antiquities of, (Gilbert Goudie), 144 (n. + 40).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ships;</p> + + <p class="i2">Viking, British, Pictish, Roman, 135, 157 (n. + 17), 142 (II, n. 11);</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish coracles, 12, 20, 66, 67, 98.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sidera, 122;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sigurd's Howe, 21, 142 (III, n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sigrid, 145 (n. 5).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sigtrigg Silkbeard, king of Dublin, 29.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sigurd Eysteinson, earl, conquered C. and S., 20, 90;</p> + + <p class="i2">Odin, 122;</p> + + <p class="i2">buried, 21, 142 (III, n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sigurd Hlodverson, jarl, 24, 26;</p> + + <p class="i2">his conversion, 27, 130;</p> + + <p class="i2">marriage, 27; 28, 29, 30;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Darrath-Liod, 32, 36;</p> + + <p class="i2">his wife, dau. of Malcolm II, 37, 130.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page189" id= + "page189"></a>[pg 189]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sigurd Magnuson;</p> + + <p class="i2">prince of Orkney, 49, 60, 61.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sigurd Marti, 87.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sigurd Slembi-diakn, 58.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sigurd's Howe, Cyderhall, 21, 142 (III, n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Skaill, Norse skali, 132.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Skali, Norse farm-house, 132, 157 (ns. 7, 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Skardi, a "gap" in place-names, 142 (III, n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Skelbo, 79 (Skail-bo), 133, 149 (n. 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Skelpick, deriv., 157 (n. 7).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Skene, W.F.;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Chronicle of the Picts and Scots</i>, q.v. + <i>Highlanders of</i> <i>Scotland</i>, q.v. <i>Celtic Scotland</i>, + q.v.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Skidamyre (Skitten in Watten) C., 24, 25, 26, 27, 143 (n. + 29).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Skotlands-fiorthr, or Minch, 35, 64, 148 (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Skuli, duke, 95, 98, 100, 120.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Skuli Thorfinnson, cr. earl, 25, 38, 144 (n. 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Snaekolf, son of Moldan, 36.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Snaekoll Gunni's son;</p> + + <p class="i2">parentage, 57;</p> + + <p class="i2">sole male representative of Erlend and Moddan + lines, claimed earl Ragnvald's lands from earl John, 72, 94, 99, + 102, 111;</p> + + <p class="i2">heir of Erlend lands in Caith., 117;</p> + + <p class="i2">killed earl John, 99, 100;</p> + + <p class="i2">return to Caith., 100;</p> + + <p class="i2">father of Johanna of Strathnaver, 57, 111, 112, + 113;</p> + + <p class="i2">deriv. of name, 152 (n. 18).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Somarled Sigurdson, earl of Orkney and Caith., 38, 39.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Somarled the Freeman;</p> + + <p class="i2">slain in the Isles by Sweyn Asleifarson, + 82.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Somarled of Argyll, in rebellion, 81, 82.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sorlinc, or Surclin, castle of;</p> + + <p class="i2">in William the Wanderer, at Helmsdale, + Scir-Illigh, 133.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Southern Isles, 64.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Spalding Club;</p> + + <p class="i2">3, 147 (n. 26).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Spittal of St. Magnus, 134.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Spynie, near Elgin, 54, 76, 77;</p> + + <p class="i2">cathedral, 78, 80.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Standing Stane, Duffus, 41, 144(n. 11)</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Stenhouse, Watten, 26.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Stefansson, Jon, 51, 146 (n. 15).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Store Point, 69, but 148 (n. 34).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Strabrock, now Uphall and Broxburn, 54, 55, 76, 77, 79, + 91.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Stracathro, 76.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Strathclyde, 6, 17, 22.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Stratherne, earls of;</p> + + <p class="i2">Fereteth, in rebellion, 82;</p> + + <p class="i2">Malise, m. Matilda dau. of Gibbon, 116, + 117;</p> + + <p class="i2">see also Malise II.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Strathmore, in Halkirk, 115.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Strathnaver;</p> + + <p class="i2">lady Johanna of, 101, 109;</p> + + <p class="i2">grant of lands for Elgin cathedral, 109;</p> + + <p class="i2">Johanna's estate, 109, 110.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Strathnaver valley, 93, 110.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Strathnavern, 8, 22, 34, 53, 69;</p> + + <p class="i2">lady, 55, 56, 65;</p> + + <p class="i2">Moddan lands, 72, 85;</p> + + <p class="i2">Freskin of Duffus, in, 80.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Strathyla;</p> + + <p class="i2">charter, 77.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>String, The;</p> + + <p class="i2">Orkney, 124.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sturlunga Saga, Prolegomena by Vigfusson, 143 (n. 14).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sudreys (see also Hebrides and Southern Isles), 52, 88, + 124, 156 (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sutherland (Sudrland);</p> + + <p class="i2">part of ancient Pictish province of Cait, q.v., + 7, 8;</p> + + <p class="i2">its boundaries, 141 (II, n. 2);</p> + + <p class="i2">outwardly much the same now as in Pictish + times, 8, 22, 34;</p> + + <p class="i2">deer abounded, 8, 141 (II, n. 4);</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish clergy driven from coasts by Norse, + 130;</p> + + <p class="i2">subdued by Thorfinn, 40, 47;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse earls, 37, 49;</p> + + <p class="i2">seized by earl Hakon, 50;</p> + + <p class="i2">Liot Nidingr, 53;</p> + + <p class="i2">much owned by Moddan family, 53;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse steadily lost hold of, 53;</p> + + <p class="i2">Celts kept their land, 53;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse driven outwards and eastward, 53;</p> + + <p class="i2">family of Freskyn de Moravia, 55;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse occupied fertile parts, 1;</p> + + <p class="i2">freed from Norse influence in 1266, 1;</p> + + <p class="i2">inventory of ancient monuments, 2;</p> + + <p class="i2">writing began in 12th cent., 2;</p> + + <p class="i2">Orkneyinga Saga only record before 12th + cent.;</p> + + <p class="i2">earlier notices, 3;</p> + + <p class="i2">land and people at arrival of Norsemen, 6, et. + seq., all owned by Hugo Freskyn, 55;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Harald Slettmali seated in, 58;</p> + + <p class="i2">seldom visited by earl Paul, 60;</p> + + <p class="i2">Frakark burnt alive, 64;</p> + + <p class="i2">Strath Helmsdale, 64;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sweyn's raid, 64, 65;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Ragnvald at his daughter's wedding, + 68;</p> + + <p class="i2">children of Eric Stagbrellir, 72;</p> + + <p class="i2">William de Sutherlandia, 80;</p> + + <p class="i2">Mackay settlement, 82;</p> + + <p class="i2">Innes family, 82;</p> + + <p class="i2">part of old earldom of Caithness, 83;</p> + + <p class="i2">granted to Hugo Freskyn, 85;</p> + + <p class="i2">excluded from grant of half of earldom of + Caithness to Harald Ungi, 85, 86;</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page190" id= + "page190"></a>[pg 190]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">subdued by king William, 87;</p> + + <p class="i2">services of Freskyn family, 92;</p> + + <p class="i2">lordship of Sutherland, 93;</p> + + <p class="i2">erected into an earldom after 10th Oct. 1237, + 116;</p> + + <p class="i2">escaped attack by king Hakon, 128;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse adopted Gaelic language, 131;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse place-names, 132;</p> + + <p class="i2">part settled by Mackays, 137;</p> + + <p class="i2">Freskyns introduced into, 137;</p> + + <p class="i2">inhabitants of Gael-Norse blend, 138;</p> + + <p class="i2">no thanes of Moravia line in, 143 (n. 33);</p> + + <p class="i2">horns of reindeer or elk found, 70, 148 (n. + 39);</p> + + <p class="i2">see also Orkney and Caithness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sutherland, earls of;</p> + + <p class="i2">fictitious earls, Alane, Walter and Robert, + 91;</p> + + <p class="i2">Freskyn de Moravia ancestor of, 54;</p> + + <p class="i2">William Freskyn, first earl, 78;</p> + + <p class="i2">William (1275), litigation with bishop, 80;</p> + + <p class="i2">case of Elizabeth, claimant of earldom, 151 (n. + 51).</p> + + <p class="i2">See also Freskyn.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sutherland, Genealogie of the Earles of, (Sir R. + Gordon);</p> + + <p class="i2">on Alane, thane of S., 28;</p> + + <p class="i2">treated as fiction, 91;</p> + + <p class="i2">boundaries of Sutherland, 141 (II, n. 2), 143 + (n. 13), 145 (n. 23), 155 (ns. 4, 6, 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sutherland Book;</p> + + <p class="i2">William MacFrisgyn omitted, 91;</p> + + <p class="i2">on Johanna of Strathnaver, 108;</p> + + <p class="i2">references, 28, 143 (n. 33), 146 (n. 21), 147 + (n. 27), 150 (ns. 16, 17, 31), 151 (n. 34), 153 (n. 16), + 155 (ns. 4, 5, 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sutherland and the Reay Country, (A. Gunn); 156 (n. + 5).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sutherland, Inventory of the Monuments in, 2, 141 (n. 2), + 9, 141 (II, n. 5), 148 (n. 39).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sutherland;</p> + + <p class="i2">duke of, 3.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sverrir, king of Norway, 87, 90.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sverri's Saga, 127, 149 (n. 6), 150 (n. 32), 151 (n. + 50).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Swart Ironhead, 28.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Swart Kell, or Cathal Dhu, 27.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Swelchie (whirl-pool) near Stroma, 127.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sweyn;</p> + + <p class="i2">ancestor of Gunn family, 56, 57;</p> + + <p class="i2">his son, Andres, 57;</p> + + <p class="i2">his father, Olaf, burned at Ducansby, his + mother, Asleif, 62;</p> + + <p class="i2">his character, 63;</p> + + <p class="i2">burned Frakark, 64, 65; 66;</p> + + <p class="i2">his brother, Gunni, 67; 68, 69;</p> + + <p class="i2">quarrels with earl Harold, 70;</p> + + <p class="i2">annual viking cruises and life described, + 73;</p> + + <p class="i2">death at Dublin, 74; 76, 77, 82, 85, 93.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sweyn Breast-rope, 62, 65.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Syre, 110.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Tankerness, 62.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Templar church of Orphir, 52.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thanes;</p> + + <p class="i2">none of Moravia line in Sutherland, 143 (n. + 33).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thing (parliament), in Caithness, 95.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thora, queen of Norway, 47.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thora, mother of earl St. Magnus, 51.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorbiorn Klerk, grandson of Frakark, 59;</p> + + <p class="i2">tutor to earl Harold Maddadson, 63;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Ingirid, sister of Sweyn, 63;</p> + + <p class="i2">his character, 63;</p> + + <p class="i2">burned Waltheof, 65;</p> + + <p class="i2">divorces Sweyn's sister, 66;</p> + + <p class="i2">instigated quarrel between earls in Thurso, + 69;</p> + + <p class="i2">viking raid, 70;</p> + + <p class="i2">ambushed earl Ragnvald, 70-71;</p> + + <p class="i2">burnt alive, 71;</p> + + <p class="i2">no direct heirs, 72; 76.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorbjorn in Burrafirth, Shetland, 50.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorfinn, son of Harold Maddadson, 74, 84;</p> + + <p class="i2">in rebellion against Scotland, 86;</p> + + <p class="i2">promised as hostage to king William, 87.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorfinn, a farmer, C., 28.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorfinn Sigurdson, earl of Orkney and Caith., 36-46;</p> + + <p class="i2">birth, 37;</p> + + <p class="i2">cr. earl of Caith. and Sutherland, 37, 38;</p> + + <p class="i2">ancestor of all subsequent Norse earls, 37;</p> + + <p class="i2">established at Duncansby, 38, 39;</p> + + <p class="i2">character, 38;</p> + + <p class="i2">claimed Orkney, 39, 40;</p> + + <p class="i2">war with Duncan I, 40;</p> + + <p class="i2">at Deerness, 41;</p> + + <p class="i2">Turfness, 41;</p> + + <p class="i2">conquests in Fife, 41, 42;</p> + + <p class="i2">Ragnvald Brusi-son co-earl, 43, 59;</p> + + <p class="i2">raids on England, 43, 144 (n. 16);</p> + + <p class="i2">his wife, Ingibjorg;</p> + + <p class="i2">"king of Catanesse," 43;</p> + + <p class="i2">claimed two-thirds of Orkney, 43;</p> + + <p class="i2">sole earl, 44;</p> + + <p class="i2">visited Rome, 45;</p> + + <p class="i2">death, 46;</p> + + <p class="i2">chronology, 46, 48; 51;</p> + + <p class="i2">his widow m. king Malcolm Canmore, 47, 86, 119, + 145 (ns. 4, 5); 90;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Erlend his grandson's grandson, 148 (n. + 28).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorfinn Torf-Einarson Hausa-kliufr (skull-cleaver), earl, + m. Grelaud, 24.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorgisl, 28, 143 (n. 31).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorgisl, Saga of, 27, 143 (n. 31).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorir Rognvaldson, 23.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorir Treskegg, 23, 143 (n. 15).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorkel Amundson, or Fostri, 39;</p> + + <p class="i2">at Sandvik, Deerness, slew Einar, 40;</p> + + <p class="i2">and Moddan, 41;</p> + + <p class="i2">and Ragnvald Brusi-son, 44, 46.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorkel, son of Cathal Dhu of C., 27.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorleif, Frakark's sister, 58.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page191" id= + "page191"></a>[pg 191]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorolf, bishop of Orkney, 45.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorsdale, 70;</p> + + <p class="i2">valley of Thurso river, 148 (n. 40).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorstan the White, 28.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorstein the Red, seized C. and S., 20;</p> + + <p class="i2">father of Groa, who m. Duncan, maormor of Cat, + 25.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorstein, son of Hall O' Side, 30.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thurso;</p> + + <p class="i2">the river, 25, 34, 53;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Moddan killed at, 41;</p> + + <p class="i2">Ottar, jarl in, 53, 60;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Harold Maddadson seized, 67;</p> + + <p class="i2">earls Ragnvald and Harold reconciled, 69; 71, + 87, 99, 133;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Peter's church, 134;</p> + + <p class="i2">earls' residence, 134, 115, see 154 (n. + 28).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Tighernac, The Annals of, 45, 142 (II, n. 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Torfaeus, <i>Orcades</i>, q.v., for transl. see Pope, + Alex.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Torf-Einar Ragnvaldson, earl;</p> + + <p class="i2">slew Halfdan Halegg, 23, 24.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Turfness (probably Burghead), Moray, 23;</p> + + <p class="i2">battle, 41;</p> + + <p class="i2">Ragnvald Kali went to, 68;</p> + + <p class="i2">held by Norse, 76.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Tweed, 37, 131.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ulbster, 100.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ulern, 26.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ulf the Bad, 28.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ulfreksfirth (Larne Bay), 39, 144 (n. 6).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ulster, 5, 17, 18, 19.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Undal, Peter Clauson, 152 (n. 1).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Unes, or Little Ferry, 121, 133.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Uphall, History and Antiquities of, (J. Primrose), 147 (n. + 24), 54.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Valentia, 4.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Valthiof, brother of Sweyn, 62.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Varangian Guard, 66, 67.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Vallich, Loch, or Bealach, 110.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Vikings;</p> + + <p class="i2">origin, 12, 13, 129; 18;</p> + + <p class="i2">settlers as well as raiders, 13;</p> + + <p class="i2">settlements place-names, including the, 14;</p> + + <p class="i2">intermarriage, influence, 14;</p> + + <p class="i2">held and named most of coasts and valleys of + Cat and Ross, 15, 20;</p> + + <p class="i2">survival of place and personal names, 18, + 19;</p> + + <p class="i2">Valhalla influence, 129;</p> + + <p class="i2">ships, 135;</p> + + <p class="i2">traders, 136.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Viking Age, The, (Du Chaillu), 13, 142 (II, n. 12), 157 + (n. 17), see 135.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Viking expeditions, 74.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Viking Society for Northern Research. Publications:</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Saga-Rook</i> (Proceedings), The Round + Church and Earl's Bu of Orphir, 133, 157 (n. 9);</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Year-Book</i>, 150 (ns. 24, 28);</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Old-Lore Miscell. of O.S.C. and S.</i>, + q.v.;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Orkney and Shetland Records</i>, q.v.;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Caithness and Sutherland Records</i>, + q.v.;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Ruins of Saga-Time</i>, q.v.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Wales, 49, 65, 114.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Walter de Baltroddi, bishop, 122, 155 (n. 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Waltheof, earl, 65, 148 (n. 21).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Wardships, granted by Crown, 16.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Wemund (monk), 150 (n. 24).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Wergeld, for Halfdan, 24;</p> + + <p class="i2">Olaf Hrolfson, 65.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Wick;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Harald Ungi defeated, 87;</p> + + <p class="i2">earls' residence, 134, 154 (n. 28).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Widow, 47.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Will. Newburgh Chron., 150 (n. 24).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>William the Lion;</p> + + <p class="i2">charter of Strabrock, 77;</p> + + <p class="i2">confirmed charter in Sutherland, 79;</p> + + <p class="i2">service of Wm. Freskyn, 80;</p> + + <p class="i2">grant to Gaufrid Blundus, 80;</p> + + <p class="i2">crowned, 83, 84;</p> + + <p class="i2">first conquest of Caithness, Sutherland granted + to Hugo Freskyn, 85;</p> + + <p class="i2">with army in Ross, 86;</p> + + <p class="i2">war against Donald Ban MacWilliam, 86;</p> + + <p class="i2">defeated Thorfinn, Harold's son, 87;</p> + + <p class="i2">subdued Sutherland and Caithness, 87;</p> + + <p class="i2">conferred half of earldom of C. on Harald Ungi, + 87, 117;</p> + + <p class="i2">conferred it on Ragnvald Gudrodson, 88, 89;</p> + + <p class="i2">came to terms with Harald, 90;</p> + + <p class="i2">war with thanes of Ross, 94;</p> + + <p class="i2">the dau. of John as hostage, 94, 95;</p> + + <p class="i2">treaty with John, Caithness, 107;</p> + + <p class="i2">death, 119, 151 (n. 43), see 88, 89.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>William, son of Gillebride, uncle of Magnus II, 103.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>William FitzDuncan, son of Duncan II, 86.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>William the Old, bishop of Orkney;</p> + + <p class="i2">at Egilsay, 63;</p> + + <p class="i2">went to the east, 66.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>William the Wanderer, transl. W.G. Collingwood; Thorfinn, + "king of Catanesse," 43, 133.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Wolves, in Cat, 8.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Worsae;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>The Prehistory of the North</i>, 13, 142 (n. + 13).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Wrath, Cape, 125, 126.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Wyntoun's Chronicle, 97, 152 (n. 14).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Wyre, Vigr, now called Veira;</p> + + <p class="i2">Cobbie Row's Castle, 100.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Yell Sound, 62.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Yorkshire ridings, trithings, 144 (n. 6).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Yuletide;</p> + + <p class="i2">feasts, 42, 44.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <h2><a name="hyperi" id="hyperi"></a>HYPERLINKED INDEX.</h2> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Aberbrothock, <a href="#page153">153</a> (n. 5).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Aberdeen;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishopric, <a href="#page54">54</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">invaded, <a href="#page81">81</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Aberdeenshire;</p> + + <p class="i2">why no brochs? <a href="#page141">141</a> (II, + n. 5).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Achavarn, <a href="#page148">148</a>-9 (n. 41).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Achness, <a href="#page109">109</a>, <a href= + "#page110">110</a>, <a href="#page153">153</a> (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Acre, <a href="#page67">67</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Adam, bishop of Caithness, <a href="#page95">95</a>, + <a href="#page96">96</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, + <a href="#page119">119</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">buried, <a href="#page152">152</a>, (n. 9), + <a href="#page122">122</a>, <a href="#page151">151</a> (n. + 46).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Adam, earl of Angus, <a href="#page102">102</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Adamnan, <a href="#page5">5</a>, <a href= + "#page141">141</a> (n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Aethelfrith, <a href="#page6">6</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Afreka, dau. of earl of Fife, m. Earl Harold Maddadson, + their children, <a href="#page73">73</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">divorced by Harold, <a href="#page74">74</a>, + <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page85">85</a>, <a href= + "#page88">88</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Agricola, Tacitus, <a href="#page4">4</a>, <a href= + "#page141">141</a> (n. 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Alane, thane of Sutherland, <a href="#page28">28</a>, + <a href="#page91">91</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Alban, <a href="#page6">6</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">its provinces, <a href="#page7">7</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">common language, <a href="#page17">17</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">ravaged by Irish Danes, <a href= + "#page22">22</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">wars of kings of A. against Northmen, <a href= + "#page26">26</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">Moray stretched across A., <a href= + "#page35">35</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Caithness, <a href="#page55">55</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Alcluyd (Dunbarton), <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href= + "#page142">142</a> (II, n. 16).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Alexander I, <a href="#page53">53</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Alexander II cr. Wm. Freskyn earl of Sutherland, <a href= + "#page80">80</a> , <a href="#page116">116</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">punished burners of Bishop Adam, <a href= + "#page96">96</a>, <a href="#page97">97</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">confiscated half Caithness, <a href= + "#page97">97</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">grant of earldom of south Caithness to Magnus, + earl of Angus, <a href="#page103">103</a>, <a href= + "#page104">104</a>-106;</p> + + <p class="i2">Magnus II, or Malcolm witness to charter, + <a href="#page105">105</a>, <a href="#page108">108</a>, + <a href="#page112">112</a>, <a href="#page119">119</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">succession to throne, <a href= + "#page119">119</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">revolt of Donald Ban MacWilliam, <a href= + "#page119">119</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">Argyll conquered, <a href= + "#page119">119</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Caithness subdued (1222), <a href= + "#page119">119</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">rebellions in Moray and Galloway, <a href= + "#page119">119</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">embassy to Norway, <a href= + "#page121">121</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">open letter for Scone, <a href= + "#page122">122</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">died, <a href="#page120">120</a>, <a href= + "#page124">124</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Alexander III, <a href="#page120">120</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Margaret, dau. of Henry III, <a href= + "#page120">120</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">his only child, Margaret, <a href= + "#page121">121</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">embassy to Norway, <a href= + "#page121">121</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">conquered Isle of Man and Hebrides, <a href= + "#page128">128</a> .</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Altyre, Standing Stane of Duffus removed to, <a href= + "#page144">144</a> (n. 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>America, Norsemen discovered, <a href= + "#page136">136</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">heard of by Jean Cabot in Iceland, <a href= + "#page136">136</a> .</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Amlaiph (Olaf) Craig, <a href="#page143">143</a> (n. + 33).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Anderson, Alan O., <a href="#page3">3</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Scottish Annals from English + Chroniclers</i>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Anderson, Joseph, <a href="#page11">11</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">O.S. trans., <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. + 14);</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Scotland in Pagan Times</i>, q.v.;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Scotland in Early Christian Times</i>, + q.v.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Andres Nicholas' son, <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href= + "#page126">126</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Andres, son of Sweyn, <a href="#page57">57</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Andrew, Bishop of Caithness, had grant of Hoctor Common, + <a href="#page54">54</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Culdean monk, <a href="#page83">83</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">abbot of Dunkeld, <a href="#page83">83</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">died at Dunfermline, <a href= + "#page83">83</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">a witness, <a href="#page84">84</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Andrews, St., bishopric founded, <a href= + "#page53">53</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Roger, bishop of, <a href="#page90">90</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Anglo-Normandes, Chroniques, (F. Michel), <a href= + "#page157">157</a> (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Angus, earls of (see also under names),</p> + + <p class="i2">Gillebride, <a href="#page102">102</a>, + <a href="#page103">103</a>, <a href="#page105">105</a>, + <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page153">153</a>, (ns. + 9, 13);</p> + + <p class="i2">Adam, son of Gillebride, <a href= + "#page102">102</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Gilchrist, son of Gillebride, and father of + Magnus II, earl of Orkney and Caith., <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href= + "#page84">84</a>, <a href="#page102">102</a>, <a href= + "#page103">103</a>, <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href= + "#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page108">108</a>, <a href= + "#page111">111</a>, <a href="#page116">116</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a> (n. 44), <a href= + "#page153">153</a> (ns. 9, 13, 14, 15);</p> + + <p class="i2">Duncan, son of Gilchrist, <a href= + "#page103">103</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Malcolm, earl of Caithness and Angus, <a href= + "#page103">103</a>-106, <a href="#page116">116</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Matilda, countess of, dau. of Malcolm, <a href= + "#page103">103</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of A., husband of + Matilda, <a href="#page103">103</a>,</p> + + <p class="i2">Gilbert d'Umphraville, son of Matilda, <a href= + "#page103">103</a>.</p> + + <p class="i2">Pedigree, <a href="#page102">102</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Angus, son of Gillebride, earl of Angus, <a href= + "#page103">103</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Anlaf, or Olaf, earl in C., <a href="#page27">27</a>, + <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page143">143</a> (n. + 33).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Applecross, in Ross, lay abbots, <a href= + "#page119">119</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Archibald, bishop of Moray, <a href= + "#page109">109</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ardovyr (Gael., upper water), identified as Loch Coire and + Mallard River, i.e., "Abhain 'a Mhail Aird" of Ord. Map, part + of Johanna's estate in Strathnaver, <a href="#page109">109</a>, + <a href="#page110">110</a>, <a href="#page153">153</a> (n. + 19).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Argyll;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Columba landed from Ulster, <a href= + "#page5">5</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Scots king, <a href="#page6">6</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Dalriadic territory, <a href="#page17">17</a>, + <a href="#page33">33</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">known as Airergaithel, <a href= + "#page33">33</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Galgaels, <a href="#page38">38</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Somerled of, <a href="#page81">81</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">conquered by king Alexr. II, <a href= + "#page119">119</a>, <a href="#page120">120</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="arnf" id="arnf"></a>Arnfinn Thorfinnson, earl, m. + Ragnhild, Eric's dau., <a href="#page25">25</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="arnk" id="arnk"></a>Arnkell Torf-Einarson, earl, + slain in England, <a href="#page24">24</a> .</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Artildol, <a href="#page78">78</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Asgrim's Ergin, now Assary, <a href="#page71">71</a>, + <a href="#page149">149</a> (n. 42).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Asleif, mother of Sweyn, <a href="#page62">62</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Asleifarvik (now Old-shore, also called Port Droman), + <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href="#page155">155</a> (n. + 15).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Assynt, <a href="#page33">33</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">included in Creich (q.v.), <a href= + "#page93">93</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Store Point, <a href="#page69">69</a>, <a href= + "#page148">148</a> (n. 34).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Athelstan, <a href="#page22">22</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Atholl (Atjokl);</p> + + <p class="i2">Ath-Fodla, a Pictish province, <a href= + "#page7">7</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Picts absorbed by Scots, <a href= + "#page38">38</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earls of, <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href= + "#page62">62</a>, <a href="#page78">78</a>, <a href= + "#page120">120</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sweyn Asleifarson visits, <a href= + "#page62">62</a>, <a href="#page64">64</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Paul died, <a href="#page62">62</a>, + <a href="#page63">63</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishop John, <a href="#page63">63</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Atholl, earls of;</p> + + <p class="i2">Maddad, m. Margret dau. of Hakon, <a href= + "#page61">61</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl of A., in 1236, burned to death, <a href= + "#page120">120</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earls descended from Freskyn, <a href= + "#page54">54</a>, <a href="#page78">78</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Aud the deeply wise, in Caith., settled in Iceland, + <a href="#page20">20</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Audhild, dau. of Thorleif, mistress of Sigurd + Slembi-diakn, <a href="#page58">58</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Eric Streita, <a href="#page59">59</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">her son, Eric Stagbrellir, <a href= + "#page59">59</a>, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href= + "#page84">84</a>, <a href="#page85">85</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Johanna of Strathnaver, a connection, <a href= + "#page110">110</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Audna, or Edna, dau. of Kiarval, m. Hlodver, jarl, + <a href="#page26">26</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Backies, Norse derivation, <a href="#page21">21</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bakke, in place-names, <a href="#page21">21</a>, <a href= + "#page142">142</a> (III n. 7).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Baltroddi, Walter de, bishop of C., <a href= + "#page122">122</a>, <a href="#page155">155</a> (n. 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bard, next of kin of Ulf the Bad, Orkney, <a href= + "#page28">28</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Barelegs, nickname of king Magnus, because he wore the + kilt, <a href="#page49">49</a>, <a href="#page145">145</a> + (n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Barr, St., of Dornoch;</p> + + <p class="i2">his Fair in Dornoch, <a href= + "#page29">29</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">old church of St. Barr, <a href= + "#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page121">121</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">site, <a href="#page134">134</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Barth, or Bard, Helgi's son, and St. Barr, <a href= + "#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page29">29</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Beauly, estate of Bissets, <a href="#page120">120</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Beauly Firth, <a href="#page16">16</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">site of Redcastle on, <a href= + "#page86">86</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ben-y-griams, <a href="#page70">70</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bergen, St. Ragnvald returned to, from Grimsby, <a href= + "#page61">61</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">John, earl of Caithness, present at, <a href= + "#page95">95</a>, <a href="#page98">98</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl John left his son as hostage, <a href= + "#page98">98</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Hakon buried in Christchurch, <a href= + "#page127">127</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">k. Hakon and earl Magnus III sailed from, + <a href="#page156">156</a> (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Berowald the Fleming (Innes q.v.), had grant in Moray, + <a href="#page82">82</a>, <a href="#page150">150</a> (n. + 27).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Berridale conveyed by Malise II, earl, to Reginald More, + afterwards acquired by Chens, <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href= + "#page108">108</a>, <a href="#page109">109</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Beruvik, misreading of, <a href="#page148">148</a> (n. + 33).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Berwick, North, raided by Sweyn, <a href= + "#page68">68</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bethoc, eld. dau. of Malcolm II, m. Crinan, <a href= + "#page36">36</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">grandmother of earl Moddan, <a href= + "#page53">53</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bilbao, Spain, <a href="#page66">66</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Nervion, <a href="#page148">148</a> (n. + 25).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Birrenswark, near Ecclefechan, was Brunanburg, <a href= + "#page22">22</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Birsay, Orkney, earl Thorfinn's Hall, <a href= + "#page45">45</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">cathedral built by Thorfinn, <a href= + "#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page46">46</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">but replaced by St. Magnus' Cathedral, <a href= + "#page51">51</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bisset, a Norman family, <a href="#page76">76</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">at Beauly, <a href="#page120">120</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bjarni, bishop of Orkney, probable author of <i>Orkneyinga + Saga</i>, <a href="#page51">51</a>, <a href= + "#page69">69</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his parents, <a href="#page57">57</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">relative of Sweyn, <a href= + "#page69">69</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">at Bergen, <a href="#page98">98</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Blood-eagle, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href= + "#page24">24</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Blood-rain in Iceland, <a href="#page144">144</a> (n. + 37).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Blundus, Gaufrid, burgess of Inverness, <a href= + "#page80">80</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Boar, wild, in Cat, <a href="#page8">8</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Boece, <a href="#page37">37</a>, <a href= + "#page42">42</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Boreale, Corpus Poeticum, <a href="#page144">144</a> (n. + 10);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#page148">148</a> (n. 23).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Borrobol, <a href="#page59">59</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Borve, rock-castle, <a href="#page46">46</a>, <a href= + "#page133">133</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bothgowanan, or Pitgavenny, <a href="#page42">42</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bothwell, family of, descended from Freskyn, <a href= + "#page54">54</a>, <a href="#page78">78</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bothwell, Sir Andrew of, <a href="#page78">78</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Boun, whence Eng. bound, i.e., equipped, <a href= + "#page66">66</a>, <a href="#page148">148</a> (n. 24).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bracholy, <a href="#page78">78</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Brawl, formerly Brathwell (Breithivellir), Castle, + <a href="#page95">95</a>, <a href="#page115">115</a>, see + <a href="#page154">154</a> (n. 28), <a href= + "#page133">133</a>; deriv. <a href="#page152">152</a> (n. 8), + <a href="#page157">157</a> (n. 10).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Breithifjorthr, i.e., Broad-firth, Moray Firth, <a href= + "#page8">8</a>, <a href="#page64">64</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bressay Sound, <a href="#page124">124</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Brewster, Sir David, <a href="#page155">155</a> (n. 14) + see <a href="#page125">125</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Brian Borumha, king of Ireland, <a href= + "#page29">29</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Brichan, Jas.;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Orig. Paroch. Scot.</i>, <a href= + "#page3">3</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bricius, bishop, <a href="#page78">78</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Brochs, or Pictish towers;</p> + + <p class="i2">Roman relics found in, <a href= + "#page5">5</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">date, number, distribution, rise, construction, + &c., <a href="#page9">9</a>-11;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse place-names near brochs, <a href= + "#page132">132</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">at Dunrobin, <a href="#page133">133</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">used by Norse as dwellings, <a href= + "#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page157">157</a> (n. 11);</p> + + <p class="i2">Craig Carrill, Roman tablets found, <a href= + "#page5">5</a>, <a href="#page141">141</a> (n. 7);</p> + + <p class="i2">Skene on origin of, <a href="#page141">141</a> + (n. 8);</p> + + <p class="i2">at Feranach, <a href="#page147">147</a> (n. + 6).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Broethrungr, firnari en, first cousin once removed, + <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. 13).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Broxburn, (Strabrock), <a href="#page54">54</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Brunanburgh, site, <a href="#page22">22</a>, <a href= + "#page142">142</a> (III n. 12)</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="brusi" id="brusi"></a>Brusi Sigurdson, earl, + <a href="#page38">38</a>, <a href="#page39">39</a>, <a href= + "#page40">40</a>, <a href="#page42">42</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Buchan, earl of, <a href="#page114">114</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Burghead, Turfness of Saga, <a href="#page41">41</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse raids from B. checked by Duffus, <a href= + "#page132">132</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Burnt Njal, Saga of;</p> + + <p class="i2">transl. by Sir G.W. Dasent, <a href= + "#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page143">143</a> (n. 28), + <a href="#page30">30</a>, <a href="#page36">36</a>, <a href= + "#page37">37</a>, <a href="#page144">144</a> (n. 36), <a href="#page157">157</a> (n. 7).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Cabot, Jean, in Iceland, <a href="#page136">136</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Cailleach (Carline) Stone in Kyleakin, <a href= + "#page125">125</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="cait" id="cait"></a>Cait, or Cat, Pictish + province of, (now Caithness and Sutherland, q.v.), in three parts, (1) Ness, (2) Strathnavern, and + (3) Sudrland, <a href="#page7">7</a>-8;</p> + + <p class="i2">description of land, <a href= + "#page8">8</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">unsuitable for trees in Ness, <a href= + "#page141">141</a> (II n. 3);</p> + + <p class="i2">west uninhabited in Viking times, <a href= + "#page8">8</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">deer, etc., abounded, <a href="#page8">8</a>, + <a href="#page141">141</a> (II n. 4);</p> + + <p class="i2">Athelstan's naval demonstration, <a href= + "#page22">22</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">held by earls of Orkney, <a href= + "#page22">22</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Duncan the maormor, <a href="#page15">15</a>, + <a href="#page24">24</a>, <a href="#page25">25</a>, <a href= + "#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page35">35</a>, <a href= + "#page36">36</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Picts and Norse, <a href="#page38">38</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">map, <a href="#page110">110</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish clergy driven from north-east by Norse, + <a href="#page130">130</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">land and people on arrival of Norse, <a href= + "#page6">6</a>, et seq.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="caith" id="caith"></a>Caithness (Ness), part of + the ancient province of Cat, q.v., <a href= + "#page7">7</a>-8;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse occupied fertile parts, <a href= + "#page1">1</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">ancient monuments, <a href="#page2">2</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">writing, <a href="#page2">2</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Orkneyinga Saga</i> only record before 12th + cent., <a href="#page3">3</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earlier notices and later records, <a href= + "#page3">3</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earldom claimed by Sigurd Hlodverson, <a href= + "#page26">26</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Skuli Thorfinnson cr. earl, <a href= + "#page25">25</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">C. people in Iceland, <a href="#page27">27</a>, + <a href="#page28">28</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">sea battle between Ulf and Helgi, <a href= + "#page28">28</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Moddan, earl of C., <a href="#page36">36</a>, + <a href="#page59">59</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his expedition to, <a href= + "#page41">41</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse earls, <a href="#page37">37</a>, <a href= + "#page40">40</a>, <a href="#page49">49</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Thorfinn returns to, after Scottish conquests, + <a href="#page42">42</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">"king of Catanesse," in "William the Wanderer," + <a href="#page43">43</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Magnus, <a href="#page50">50</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">seized by earl Hakon, <a href= + "#page50">50</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Magnus favoured in, <a href= + "#page51">51</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earldom conferred on Ragnvald Gudrodson, + <a href="#page52">52</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">much of owned by Moddan's family, <a href= + "#page53">53</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse steadily lost hold on C., <a href= + "#page53">53</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse driven outward and eastward, <a href= + "#page53">53</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishopric founded, <a href= + "#page54">54</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishop Andrew, <a href="#page54">54</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse earls, <a href="#page55">55</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">family of Freskyn de Moravia, <a href= + "#page55">55</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earldom of David I, <a href= + "#page58">58</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">robberies by Sweyn, <a href= + "#page66">66</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Malcolm IV granted half earldom to Erlend + Haraldson, <a href="#page67">67</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">red deer and reindeer hunting, <a href= + "#page70">70</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">rebellions, <a href="#page80">80</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishop's litigation with earls of Sutherland, + <a href="#page80">80</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Innes family, <a href="#page82">82</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earldom held of Scottish crown, <a href= + "#page83">83</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">diocese and cathedral, <a href= + "#page83">83</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishop Andrew, <a href="#page83">83</a>, + <a href="#page84">84</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">first conquest by King William, <a href= + "#page85">85</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">subdued by King William, <a href= + "#page87">87</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Ragnvald's half conferred on Harald Ungi, + <a href="#page87">87</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Harold slew earl Harald Ungi, <a href= + "#page87">87</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Caithness given to Ragnvald Gudrodson, <a href= + "#page88">88</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">who defeated earl Harold at Dalharrold, + <a href="#page89">89</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Ragnvald's stewards left in charge, their fate, + <a href="#page89">89</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">the lawman, <a href="#page89">89</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Ragnvald bought earldom, <a href= + "#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page90">90</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">extent of earl Harold's earldom, <a href= + "#page90">90</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Scottish policy in the north, <a href= + "#page91">91</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">old Norse earldom broken up, <a href= + "#page92">92</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">services of Freskyn family, <a href= + "#page92">92</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">extent of earldom of earl David, <a href= + "#page93">93</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">the burning of bishop Adam, <a href= + "#page95">95</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">thingstead and lawman, <a href= + "#page95">95</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">the earldom, <a href="#page101">101</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">succession to earldom, <a href= + "#page102">102</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">subjected by king Alexr. II, 1222, <a href= + "#page119">119</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Hakon's fine, 1263, <a href= + "#page125">125</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">escaped attack by Hakon, <a href= + "#page128">128</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Scottish subjection of Norse, <a href= + "#page1">1</a>, <a href="#page131">131</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse adopted Gaelic, <a href= + "#page131">131</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse place-names, <a href= + "#page132">132</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse type still in evidence, <a href= + "#page134">134</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Normans, Cheynes, Oliphants and St. Clairs, + <a href="#page137">137</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">inheritance of Erlend lands by Normans, + <a href="#page137">137</a>, <a href="#page138">138</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">inhabitants a blend of Gael and Norse, <a href= + "#page138">138</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Caithness, church in;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishopric founded, <a href= + "#page54">54</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">cathedral at Halkirk, <a href= + "#page83">83</a>, at Dornoch, <a href="#page121">121</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishop's palace at Thurso, <a href= + "#page95">95</a>, <a href="#page122">122</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">constitution of diocese, <a href= + "#page121">121</a>, <a href="#page122">122</a>, <a href= + "#page155">155</a> (n. 5);</p> + + <p class="i2">records, <a href="#page151">151</a> (n. + 45);</p> + + <p class="i2">bishops: Andrew, <a href="#page54">54</a>, + <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page84">84</a>; John, <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href= + "#page95">95</a>, <a href="#page97">97</a>, <a href= + "#page150">150</a> (n. 16), <a href="#page151">151</a> (n. + 45); Adam, <a href="#page95">95</a>, <a href= + "#page96">96</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href= + "#page119">119</a>, <a href="#page122">122</a>, <a href= + "#page151">151</a> (n. 46), <a href="#page152">152</a> (n. + 9); Gilbert, <a href="#page121">121</a>, <a href= + "#page122">122</a>; William, <a href="#page122">122</a>; Walter de Baltroddi, <a href= + "#page122">122</a>, <a href="#page155">155</a> (n. 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Caithness, earldom of;</p> + + <p class="i2">in the 14th cent. a moiety in the Angus earls + and the Chen family, <a href="#page108">108</a>, <a href= + "#page109">109</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">South Caithness granted to earl Magnus II, + <a href="#page111">111</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Brawl, a capital residence of the earls in C., + <a href="#page115">115</a>, <a href="#page133">133</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">devolution of earldom and tribal owners, + <a href="#page15">15</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">North and South divisions, <a href= + "#page106">106</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href= + "#page153">153</a> (ns. 10, 15);</p> + + <p class="i2">hostages taken by Scotland after Largs, + <a href="#page155">155</a> (n. 13), see <a href= + "#page125">125</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">paid a fine to king Hakon, <a href= + "#page156">156</a> (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Caithness, earls of;</p> + + <p class="i2">Thorfinn Sigurdson, first Scottish earl, + <a href="#page38">38</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Skuli cr. earl by Scots king, <a href= + "#page144">144</a> (n. 4);</p> + + <p class="i2">Moddan cr. earl by Scots king, <a href= + "#page36">36</a>, <a href="#page59">59</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Crichton and Sinclair earls, <a href= + "#page108">108</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl's office descended to females, <a href= + "#page15">15</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse and tribal land-owners, <a href= + "#page15">15</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Scottish policy in regard to succession in C., + <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page92">92</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Caithness, Inventory of Monuments and Constructions in the + County of, <a href="#page2">2</a>, <a href="#page141">141</a> (n. 2); <a href= + "#page9">9</a>, <a href="#page141">141</a> (II, n. 5); + <a href="#page147">147</a> (n. 6).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Caithness, Prehistoric Remains of, (S. Laing and T.H. + Huxley), <a href="#page2">2</a>,<a href="#page141">141</a> + (n. 2);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#page5">5</a>, <a href= + "#page141">141</a> (n. 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Caithness and Sutherland Records, Viking Society, <a href= + "#page146">146</a> (n. 20); <a href="#page151">151</a> (n. + 33); <a href="#page155">155</a> (n. 7).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Calder, Loch, <a href="#page148">148</a>-9 (n. 41).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Calder Valley, Calfdale of Saga; <a href="#page71">71</a>, + <a href="#page148">148</a> (n. 40).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Caledonia, (G. Chalmers), <a href="#page155">155</a> (n. + 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Caledonians, Annals of the, (Ritson), <a href= + "#page142">142</a> (II, n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Caledonians inhabited the Grampians, <a href= + "#page4">4</a>, <a href="#page141">141</a> (n. 5);</p> + + <p class="i2">Romans failed to conquer, <a href= + "#page4">4</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Roman wars effected union of, <a href= + "#page4">4</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Ninian, Christian mission, through Roman + influence, <a href="#page4">4</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Cantyre, <a href="#page17">17</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Carham; victory of Malcolm II, <a href= + "#page37">37</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Cat, maormors of;</p> + + <p class="i2">Duncan, or Dungall, <a href="#page15">15</a>, + <a href="#page20">20</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Moldan or Moddan, <a href="#page34">34</a>, + <a href="#page36">36</a>, <a href="#page37">37</a>, <a href= + "#page59">59</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Cat, Province of, (Angus Mackay), <a href= + "#page56">56</a>, <a href="#page152">152</a> (n. 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ce, the province Keith, or Mar, <a href= + "#page7">7</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Celtic Britain, (Rhys), <a href="#page142">142</a> (III n. + 3); <a href="#page144">144</a> (n. 3).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Celtic Scotland, (W.F. Skene), <a href= + "#page101">101</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">on succession to Caithness, <a href= + "#page106">106</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sir W. Fraser's criticism, <a href= + "#page108">108</a>; <a href="#page22">22</a>, <a href= + "#page142">142</a> (III n. 11); <a href="#page26">26</a>, + <a href="#page143">143</a> (n. 23); <a href="#page150">150</a> (n. 24).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Celts, non-seafaring, <a href="#page12">12</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse influence, <a href="#page14">14</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Gall-gaels, <a href="#page14">14</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">influence of Norse on Gaelic, and of Gael on + Norse, <a href="#page14">14</a>-15;</p> + + <p class="i2">"P" and "Q" Celts, <a href= + "#page19">19</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">kilted warriors of Norse extraction, <a href= + "#page136">136</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Celts, Survival of Beliefs among the, (George Henderson), + <a href="#page2">2</a>, <a href="#page141">141</a> (n. + 3).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Chen, or Cheyne, family in Caithness, <a href= + "#page76">76</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">descendants of Johanna of Strathnaver, <a href= + "#page110">110</a>, <a href="#page111">111</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">family lands, <a href="#page118">118</a>, + <a href="#page137">137</a>, <a href="#page156">156</a> (n. + 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Chen II, Reginald;</p> + + <p class="i2">signatory of National Bond with Wales, <a href= + "#page114">114</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">father of Reginald Chen III, <a href= + "#page114">114</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Mary, dau. of Freskin and Johanna of + Strathnaver, got one-fourth of Caithness, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href= + "#page109">109</a>, <a href="#page153">153</a> (ns. 11, + 12);</p> + + <p class="i2">had regrant of Strathnaver lands, <a href= + "#page109">109</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Kerrow-na-Shein, <a href="#page110">110</a>, + <a href="#page114">114</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Chen III, Reginald, known as "Morar na Shein," acquired + Berridale in south Caithness from Malise II, <a href= + "#page104">104</a>, <a href="#page108">108</a>, <a href= + "#page109">109</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">owned a moiety of earldom of Caith., lived in + parish of Halkirk, <a href="#page108">108</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">grandson of Johanna, <a href= + "#page109">109</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Kerrow-na-Shein, <a href= + "#page110">110</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his estate, <a href="#page115">115</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">acquired south Caithness lands after 1340, + <a href="#page115">115</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">acquired Christian (Freskyn's) fourth, <a href= + "#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page153">153</a> (ns. 11, + 12)</p> + + <p class="i2">lands, <a href="#page154">154</a> (n. 28).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Christ Church, Bergen;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Hakon buried, <a href= + "#page127">127</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Christ Church, Norse name for a cathedral, <a href= + "#page145">145</a> (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Christ's Kirk, Birsay;</p> + + <p class="i2">burial of St. Magnus, <a href= + "#page51">51</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="christ" id="christ"></a>Christian I, king of + Norway;</p> + + <p class="i2">mortgaged Orkney and Shetland to Scotland, + <a href="#page128">128</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Christiania Fjord, or the Vik, <a href= + "#page13">13</a>.</p> + </div><br /> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Church;</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish, Columban and Catholic, <a href= + "#page6">6</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse influence, <a href="#page6">6</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Clairdon, near Thurso;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Harald Ungi defeated, <a href= + "#page87">87</a>, <a href="#page93">93</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">where Lifolf Baldpate fell, <a href= + "#page113">113</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Clibreck (Clibr'), part of Johanna's estate, <a href= + "#page109">109</a>, <a href="#page110">110</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Clon, in Ross, granted by earl of Ross to Walter de + Moravia, <a href="#page113">113</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Clontarf, the battle of, <a href="#page29">29</a>, + <a href="#page37">37</a>, <a href="#page130">130</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Clouston, J. Storer;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>A Branch of the Family</i>, <a href= + "#page143">143</a> (n. 19);</p> + + <p class="i2">Orkney trithing. <a href="#page39">39</a>, + <a href="#page144">144</a> (n. 6).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Clyne, <a href="#page55">55</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a>, + <a href="#page93">93</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Cobbie Row, ruins of the castle of Kolbein Hruga, in Wyre, + <a href="#page100">100</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Coire, Loch;</p> + + <p class="i2">lands probably held by Moddan family, <a href= + "#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page98">98</a>, <a href= + "#page109">109</a>, <a href="#page110">110</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Coire-na-fearn, (Cornefern) Strathnavern, <a href= + "#page55">55</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">part of Johanna's estate, <a href= + "#page110">110</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Collingwood, W.G., on Thorfinn as "king of Catanesse." + <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href="#page133">133</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">see <i>Scandinavian Britain</i>, transl. + <i>William the Wanderer</i>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Columba, St.;</p> + + <p class="i2">Adamnan's Life of, <a href="#page5">5</a>, + <a href="#page141">141</a> (n. 9);</p> + + <p class="i2">mission to Picts, settlement in Iona, <a href= + "#page5">5</a>, <a href="#page17">17</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">clergy removed to Dunkeld, <a href= + "#page18">18</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">relics removed, <a href="#page19">19</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">patron saint of Scot and Pict, <a href= + "#page19">19</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his cult and culture destroyed by Norse, + <a href="#page130">130</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Columban settlements of hermits and missionaries, <a href= + "#page2">2</a>, <a href="#page12">12</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Columban church, <a href="#page75">75</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">replaced by Catholic, <a href="#page6">6</a>, + <a href="#page141">141</a> (n. 10).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Columbus;</p> + + <p class="i2">discovered America long after Norsemen, + <a href="#page136">136</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Comyn, Alexr.;</p> + + <p class="i2">see Buchan, earl of, <a href= + "#page114">114</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Comyn, John, m. Matilda heiress of Malcolm, earl of Angus, + <a href="#page103">103</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Comyn, Walter;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl of Menteith, <a href= + "#page120">120</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Constantine I;</p> + + <p class="i2">viking raids, <a href="#page18">18</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Constantine II;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse seize C. and S., <a href= + "#page20">20</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Constantine III;</p> + + <p class="i2">Danish attacks, <a href="#page22">22</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Constantinople (Micklegarth), <a href= + "#page66">66</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Coracles, Pictish boats, <a href="#page12">12</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Cortachy, advowson of, <a href="#page116">116</a>, + <a href="#page117">117</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Craig Carrill Broch;</p> + + <p class="i2">Roman tablets found, <a href="#page5">5</a>, + <a href="#page141">141</a> (n. 7).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Crakaig, crooked bay, now drained, <a href= + "#page9">9</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Creich, owned by Hugo Freskyn, <a href="#page55">55</a>, + <a href="#page83">83</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">including Assynt, <a href="#page93">93</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">granted by Hugo Freskyn to Gilbert while + archdeacon of Moray, <a href="#page93">93</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Crinan, Abthane of Dunkeld, m. Bethoc, dau. of Malcolm II, + <a href="#page36">36</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Croc Skardie;</p> + + <p class="i2">(?) Sigurd's Howe, <a href="#page142">142</a> + (III, n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Cromarty;</p> + + <p class="i2">northern Suter of, <a href= + "#page86">86</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse place-names, <a href= + "#page132">132</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Macbeth's property, <a href="#page144">144</a> + (n. 3).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Cruithne and his seven sons, <a href="#page7">7</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Curle, A.O.;</p> + + <p class="i2">early monuments of Caith. and Sutherland, + <a href="#page2">2</a>, <a href="#page9">9</a>, <a href="#page141">141</a> (II, ns. 2, 5), + <a href="#page147">147</a> (n. 6), <a href="#page148">148</a> + (n. 39).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Cyderhall, see <a href="#sighow">Sigurd's + Howe</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dale, Dalar or Dalr, C.;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Skuli slain, <a href="#page25">25</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">home of Moddan, <a href="#page16">16</a>, + <a href="#page53">53</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dalharrold, on River Naver, <a href="#page89">89</a>, + <a href="#page110">110</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">belonged to Johanna, <a href="#page151">151</a> + (n. 43).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dalriadic kingdom, <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href= + "#page19">19</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dalrymple's Collections, on divorce, <a href= + "#page85">85</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">on earl Magnus II, <a href="#page106">106</a>; + <a href="#page26">26</a>, <a href="#page143">143</a> (n. 24), + <a href="#page47">47</a>, <a href="#page145">145</a> (n. 4), + <a href="#page149">149</a> (n. 8), <a href="#page150">150</a> (n. 31), <a href= + "#page153">153</a> (ns. 4, 10).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Damsey;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Erlend killed, <a href= + "#page69">69</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Danes, <a href="#page18">18</a>, <a href="#page19">19</a>, + <a href="#page20">20</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Irish Danes, <a href="#page22">22</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Darratha-Liod, <a href="#page29">29</a>-33.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dasent, Sir G.W.;</p> + + <p class="i2">transl. <i>Orkneyinga Saga</i>, q.v.;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Oxford Essays</i>, q.v.;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Saga of Burnt Njal</i>, q.v.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>David I, king of Scotland;</p> + + <p class="i2">church organisation, <a href="#page53">53</a>, + <a href="#page54">54</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earldom of Caithness held of him, <a href= + "#page58">58</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his tutor John, bishop of Glasgow, <a href= + "#page63">63</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">visited by Sweyn Asleifarson, <a href= + "#page66">66</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">introduced feudal barons and charters, <a href= + "#page75">75</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">at Duffus Castle, <a href="#page76">76</a>, + <a href="#page77">77</a>, <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href= + "#page82">82</a>, <a href="#page137">137</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">by education a Norman knight, <a href= + "#page137">137</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a> (n. 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>David II, <a href="#page109">109</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="david" id="david"></a>David Haraldson, earl of + Orkney and Caith., <a href="#page74">74</a>, <a href= + "#page90">90</a>, <a href="#page93">93</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">did not have earl Ragnvald's share of Caith. + earldom, <a href="#page94">94</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">succeeded to a reduced territory, <a href= + "#page94">94</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href= + "#page112">112</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">sole earl of Orkney, <a href= + "#page118">118</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">joint earl with earl John, <a href= + "#page94">94</a>, <a href="#page152">152</a> (n. 1);</p> + + <p class="i2">death, <a href="#page94">94</a>, <a href= + "#page121">121</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dawey (Dalvey), <a href="#page114">114</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Death in bed, a reproach among Norse, <a href= + "#page24">24</a>, <a href="#page26">26</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Deer;</p> + + <p class="i2">earls Ragnvald and Harald hunted red deer and + reindeer in Caithness,<a href="#page70">70</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">red deer abounded in Cat, <a href= + "#page8">8</a>, <a href="#page141">141</a> (II, n. 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Deerness, Mull of;</p> + + <p class="i2">sea-fight between Thorfinn and Duncan I, + <a href="#page41">41</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Hakon's fleet passed, <a href= + "#page125">125</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Deerstalking, days of, Scrope,<a href="#page8">8</a>, + <a href="#page141">141</a> (II, n. 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>De Moravia, see under <a href="#freskyn">Freskyn</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dingwall;</p> + + <p class="i2">southern limit of Norse, <a href= + "#page132">132</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dirlot, or Dilred, in Strathmore, C., <a href= + "#page115">115</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dolfin, son of Maldred, <a href="#page36">36</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dollar;</p> + + <p class="i2">Scots defeated by Danes, <a href= + "#page20">20</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Donada, dau. of Malcolm II, m. Finnleac, <a href= + "#page37">37</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Donald, supposed son of Malcolm III, <a href= + "#page48">48</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Donald Ban MacWilliam;</p> + + <p class="i2">claimant of Scottish crown, <a href= + "#page86">86</a>, <a href="#page119">119</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his son Guthred slain, <a href= + "#page94">94</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">descended from Ingibjorg, widow of Thorfinn and + Malcolm Canmore, <a href="#page119">119</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Donald Bane, claimant to Scottish crown, <a href= + "#page49">49</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dornoch (Durnach);</p> + + <p class="i2">supposed dedication of Cathedral, <a href= + "#page29">29</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">monks to be protected, <a href= + "#page54">54</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">owned by Hugo Freskyn, <a href= + "#page55">55</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">in earldom of Caithness, <a href= + "#page83">83</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">cathedral of St. Barr, <a href= + "#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page121">121</a>, <a href= + "#page134">134</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">excluded from earldom of earl David, <a href= + "#page93">93</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">part granted by Hugo Freskyn to Gilbert, + <a href="#page93">93</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Embo near D., Norse defeated, <a href= + "#page121">121</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">existed in Norse times, <a href= + "#page134">134</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Durnach, <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. + 20);</p> + + <p class="i2">cathedral lands, <a href="#page54">54</a>, + <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. 21);</p> + + <p class="i2">bishop Adam buried in, <a href= + "#page152">152</a> (n. 9);</p> + + <p class="i2">traditional origin of name, <a href= + "#page155">155</a> (n. 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dornock, Dumfriesshire, deriv., <a href="#page155">155</a> + (n. 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dorruthar, <a href="#page30">30</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dougal of the Isles, in Orkney, <a href= + "#page123">123</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">joined Hakon's expedition, <a href= + "#page126">126</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Douglas, family of, <a href="#page54">54</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dovyr, tofftys de;</p> + + <p class="i2">part of Johanna's estate, <a href= + "#page109">109</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">from Gael. for water, identified as River and + Loch Naver, <a href="#page110">110</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Draughts;</p> + + <p class="i2">played by St. Ragnvald, <a href= + "#page61">61</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dublin, <a href="#page26">26</a>, <a href= + "#page73">73</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sweyn killed at, <a href="#page74">74</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dufeyra, <a href="#page63">63</a>, <a href= + "#page64">64</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Duffus;</p> + + <p class="i2">near Burghead or Turfness, <a href= + "#page41">41</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">castle built by Freskyn de Moravia, <a href= + "#page54">54</a>, <a href="#page55">55</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">estates owned by Hugo Freskyn, <a href= + "#page55">55</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Freskyn, lord of, <a href="#page55">55</a>, + <a href="#page76">76</a>, <a href="#page77">77</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">estate succeeded to by Walter Freskyn, <a href= + "#page79">79</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">church, <a href="#page79">79</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">William MacFrisgyn second lord of, <a href= + "#page91">91</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">chapel of St. Lawrence, <a href= + "#page114">114</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Freskyn's fortress checked Norse raids, + <a href="#page132">132</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">king David's visit, <a href="#page76">76</a>, + <a href="#page77">77</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a> (n. + 8);</p> + + <p class="i2">rector of St. Peter's, <a href= + "#page149">149</a> (n. 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dufnjal, <a href="#page50">50</a>, <a href= + "#page146">146</a> (n. 13).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dugald, king of Sudreys;</p> + + <p class="i2">intercepted the Scotch fine on C., <a href= + "#page156">156</a> (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>D'Umphraville, Gilbert—earl of Angus;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Matilda, countess of Angus, <a href= + "#page103">103</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>D'Umphraville, Gilbert—earl of Angus;</p> + + <p class="i2">son of Matilda, <a href="#page103">103</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dunadd, <a href="#page19">19</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dunbar, Sir Archibald;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Scottish Kings</i>, q.v.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dunbarton, Dun-bretan, fort of the Britons, <a href= + "#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a> (II, n. 16).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Duncan I;</p> + + <p class="i2">parentage, <a href="#page36">36</a>, <a href= + "#page37">37</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Karl Hundason, <a href="#page40">40</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">at North Berwick, <a href="#page41">41</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">defeated by earl Thorfinn off Deerness, + <a href="#page41">41</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">and at Turfness, <a href="#page41">41</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his death and age, <a href="#page42">42</a>, + <a href="#page43">43</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">created Moddan, his sister's son, earl of + Caithness, <a href="#page40">40</a>, <a href= + "#page59">59</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Duncan II, king of Scotland, <a href="#page48">48</a>, + <a href="#page49">49</a>, <a href="#page86">86</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">son of Malcolm and Ingibjorg, <a href= + "#page145">145</a> (n. 6), <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. + 13).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Duncan, earl;</p> + + <p class="i2">father of Dufnjal, <a href="#page146">146</a> + (n. 13)</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Duncan, earl of Angus, <a href="#page103">103</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Duncan, earl of Fife;</p> + + <p class="i2">dau. Afreka m. Harald Maddadson, <a href= + "#page73">73</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Duncan, maormor of Duncansby, <a href= + "#page15">15</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Groa, <a href="#page20">20</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his dau. Grelaud, <a href="#page24">24</a>, + <a href="#page25">25</a>, <a href="#page26">26</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Duncansby or Dungallsby, <a href="#page15">15</a>, + <a href="#page20">20</a>, <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href= + "#page38">38</a>, <a href="#page40">40</a>, <a href= + "#page62">62</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dundas, Sir David, <a href="#page3">3</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dunfermelyn, Reg., <a href="#page146">146</a> (ns. 20, + 21), <a href="#page150">150</a> (n. 31), <a href= + "#page153">153</a> (n. 6).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dunfermline;</p> + + <p class="i2">Bishop Andrew a Culdean monk of, <a href= + "#page83">83</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dungal's Noep, C.;</p> + + <p class="i2">battle, <a href="#page26">26</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dunkeld;</p> + + <p class="i2">clergy of Iona removed to, eccl. capital for + Scots and Picts, <a href="#page18">18</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">capital of southern Picts, <a href= + "#page36">36</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishopric founded, <a href= + "#page53">53</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Andrew, bishop of Caith., abbot of, <a href= + "#page83">83</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dunnet Head, <a href="#page43">43</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dunrobin, <a href="#page8">8</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">glen, <a href="#page21">21</a>, <a href= + "#page55">55</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">charter room, <a href="#page79">79</a></p> + + <p class="i2">Robert, legendary 2nd earl of Sutherland, + founder (?) <a href="#page91">91</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">MS. of Constitution of diocese, <a href= + "#page121">121</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse derivation, <a href= + "#page133">133</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dunskaith, Castle of, <a href="#page86">86</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Dunstable, Annals of, <a href="#page97">97</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Durness (Dyrness);</p> + + <p class="i2">clan Mackay, <a href="#page56">56</a>, <a href= + "#page82">82</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">in old earldom of Caithness, <a href= + "#page83">83</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Asleifarvik, anchorage of Hakon's fleet, + <a href="#page125">125</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">raided by Norse in retreat from Largs, <a href= + "#page126">126</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Seanachaistel, chaistel, <a href= + "#page133">133</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">MacHeth settlement, <a href="#page147">147</a> + (n. 19).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Eclipse of sun in Orkney, Augt. 5th, 1263, <a href= + "#page125">125</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Eddirdovir, castle of, at Redcastle, <a href= + "#page86">86</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Eddrachilles, <a href="#page8">8</a>, <a href= + "#page56">56</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Edgar, claimant to Scottish crown, <a href= + "#page49">49</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Egilsay;</p> + + <p class="i2">martyrdom of St. Magnus, <a href= + "#page51">51</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishop John from Athole visited, <a href= + "#page63">63</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Einar Oily-tongue;</p> + + <p class="i2">slew Havard jarl, <a href="#page25">25</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="einar" id="einar"></a>Einar Sigurdson, earl, + <a href="#page38">38</a>, <a href="#page39">39</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his slaughter, <a href="#page40">40</a>, + <a href="#page46">46</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Eindridi, <a href="#page66">66</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">wrecked off Shetland, <a href= + "#page66">66</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">sailed with earl Ragnvald to the East, <a href= + "#page66">66</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his treachery, <a href="#page66">66</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">and desertion, <a href="#page67">67</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ekkjal, Norse name of Oykel, <a href="#page7">7</a>, + <a href="#page21">21</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ekkjals-bakki, <a href="#page7">7</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">southern limit of conquest of earl Sigurd I, + <a href="#page20">20</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">indentification disputed, <a href= + "#page21">21</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Paul's journey to Athole, <a href= + "#page63">63</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Sweyn's track to burn Frakark, <a href= + "#page64">64</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a> (III, n. 7);</p> + + <p class="i2">Atjokl's bakki, <a href="#page147">147</a> (n. + 14).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Elgin;</p> + + <p class="i2">cathedral, built by Andrew, bishop of Moray, + <a href="#page77">77</a>, <a href="#page80">80</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">records, <a href="#page81">81</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Johanna granted lands in Strathnaver for the + cathedral, <a href="#page109">109</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">constitution of diocese based on Lincoln, + <a href="#page121">121</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">guides for Sweyn, <a href="#page64">64</a>, + <a href="#page147">147</a> (n. 19).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Elin, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir, <a href= + "#page72">72</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">at home near Loch Naver, <a href= + "#page84">84</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">she, or sister, m. Gilchrist, earl of Angus, + and was mother of Magnus II, earl of Caithness, <a href="#page103">103</a>, + <a href="#page106">106</a>, <a href="#page116">116</a>, + <a href="#page117">117</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a> (n. + 44).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Elk;</p> + + <p class="i2">abounded in Cat, <a href="#page8">8</a>, + <a href="#page141">141</a> (II, n. 4);</p> + + <p class="i2">horns found, <a href="#page70">70</a>, <a href= + "#page148">148</a> (n. 39).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ellarholm, <a href="#page70">70</a>, <a href= + "#page148">148</a> (n. 36).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ellwick (Ellidarvik), <a href="#page124">124</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Embo, near Dornoch;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse defeated and their "prince" slain, to + whom the Ri-Crois erected, <a href="#page121">121</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Erde-houses, of Pictish times, <a href="#page9">9</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Erg (Gaelic, airigh), a sheiling, Norse, setr, <a href= + "#page70">70</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">pl. ergin, sheilings, in Asgrim's Ergin, + <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a> (n. 42) + (Assary).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="eric" id="eric"></a>Eric bloody-axe, <a href= + "#page25">25</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Eric Stagbrellir, son of Audhild, brought up in Kildonan + by Frakark, <a href="#page59">59</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">sole male survivor of Moddan line, <a href= + "#page59">59</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Ingigerd, dau. of earl St. Ragnvald, united + the Erlend and Moddan estates, <a href="#page59">59</a>, <a href= + "#page68">68</a>, <a href="#page69">69</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">tried to reconcile earls Ragnvald and Harold, + <a href="#page69">69</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">probably got earl Ottar's lands on the death of + earl Erlend, <a href="#page69">69</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">viking raid to Hebrides and Scilly Isles, + <a href="#page70">70</a>-72, <a href="#page75">75</a>, + <a href="#page84">84</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his son Harald Ungi made earl of Orkney and + Caithness (excluding Sutherland), <a href="#page87">87</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his son, Ragnvald, <a href= + "#page88">88</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">line represented by Snaekoll Gunni's son, + <a href="#page94">94</a>, <a href="#page98">98</a>, <a href= + "#page99">99</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Eric Streita;</p> + + <p class="i2">husband of Audhild, dau. of Thorleif, <a href= + "#page59">59</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Erik the Red, Saga of, <a href="#page157">157</a> (n. 19), + see <a href="#page136">136</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="erlendh" id="erlendh"></a>Erlend Haraldson, earl + of Orkney and Caith.;</p> + + <p class="i2">heir of earl Ottar, <a href="#page15">15</a>, + <a href="#page58">58</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">granted half earldom of Caith., <a href= + "#page67">67</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">granted half earldom of Orkney, <a href= + "#page67">67</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">supported by Sweyn, <a href="#page67">67</a>, + <a href="#page68">68</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Shetland, <a href="#page68">68</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">slain, <a href="#page69">69</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">last of male line of Thorfinn Sigurdson, + <a href="#page69">69</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">nearest heir, Ragnvald Gudrodson, king of Man, + <a href="#page88">88</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">grandson of Hakon Paulson, <a href= + "#page148">148</a> (n. 28);</p> + + <p class="i2">not Erlend Ungi, <a href="#page148">148</a> (n. + 31).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="erlendtf" id="erlendtf"></a>Erlend + Thorfinnson;</p> + + <p class="i2">joint earl of Orkney and Caith. with his + brother Paul, <a href="#page47">47</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">at battle of Stamford Bridge, <a href= + "#page48">48</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">banished to Norway where he died, <a href= + "#page49">49</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his descendants, <a href="#page55">55</a>, + <a href="#page56">56</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his line of heirs, <a href="#page84">84</a>, + <a href="#page88">88</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Scottish policy as to succession, <a href= + "#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page93">93</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Snaekoll Gunni's son, chief of line, <a href= + "#page94">94</a>, <a href="#page99">99</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Skene's theory, <a href="#page101">101</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">the converse theory that Magnus of Angus m. the + nameless dau. of earl John, through whom he got the title, and Paul's + lands, <a href="#page101">101</a>, <a href= + "#page108">108</a>, <a href="#page153">153</a> (n. 15);</p> + + <p class="i2">his share of earldom of Caithness, <a href= + "#page111">111</a>, <a href="#page115">115</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">inherited by Johanna of Strathnaver, <a href= + "#page117">117</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his line (excepting Harald Ungi) excluded from + Orkney during rule of earl Harold, David and John, <a href= + "#page118">118</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">succession to Erlend lands in C., <a href= + "#page138">138</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="erlendt" id="erlendt"></a>Erlend Torf-Einarson, + earl;</p> + + <p class="i2">slain in England, <a href="#page24">24</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Erlend Ungi;</p> + + <p class="i2">eloped with Margret, mother of earl Harold + Maddadson, to Mousa Broch, <a href="#page68">68</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">reconciled to earl Harold, with whom he went to + Norway, <a href="#page68">68</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">not earl Erlend, <a href="#page148">148</a> (n. + 31).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Erling Erlendson, <a href="#page49">49</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Norwegian expedition to Wales, <a href= + "#page49">49</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">probably killed in Ireland, <a href= + "#page49">49</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Erling Ivar's son;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Hakon's expedition, <a href= + "#page125">125</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">in raid on Dyrnes, <a href= + "#page126">126</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Erlingson, Thorsteinn;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Ruins of Saga-time in Iceland</i>, (Viking + Society, extra series), <a href="#page157">157</a> (n. 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ermengarde, queen, <a href="#page66">66</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Erriboll, Loch;</p> + + <p class="i2">the Goafiord, or Hoanfiord, Hakon's fleet in, + <a href="#page126">126</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Lochvuaies, <a href="#page156">156</a> (n. 18), + see <a href="#page126">126</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Euphemia, wife of Walter Freskin de Moravia of Duffus, + dau. of Ferchar Mac-in-Tagart, earl of Ross, <a href= + "#page79">79</a>, <a href="#page80">80</a>, <a href= + "#page113">113</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Evelix, River;</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#page142">142</a> (III, n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="eystein" id="eystein"></a>Eystein, king of + Norway, <a href="#page50">50</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">seized earl Harold Maddadson, <a href= + "#page67">67</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">invaded Aberdeen, <a href="#page81">81</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Eysteinsdal, or Ousedale, near the Ord of Caithness;</p> + + <p class="i2">to which king William marched against earl + Harold, <a href="#page90">90</a>, deriv., <a href= + "#page151">151</a> (n. 47).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Eyvind Urarhorn;<a href="#page39">39</a>, <a href= + "#page40">40</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fair Isle;<a href="#page62">62</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Faroes;</p> + + <p class="i2">Picts, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href= + "#page20">20</a>, <a href="#page130">130</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Farr;</p> + + <p class="i2">old parish was Johanna's estate in Strathnaver, + <a href="#page110">110</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Borve Castle, <a href="#page46">46</a>, + <a href="#page133">133</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Federeth I (Fedrett), William de;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Christian, dau. of Freskin and Johanna, and + got one fourth of Caithness, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href= + "#page109">109</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Caithness lands, <a href="#page118">118</a>, + <a href="#page153">153</a> (n. 11), <a href= + "#page156">156</a> (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Federeth II, William de;</p> + + <p class="i2">son of W.F. and Christian Freskin, sold his + fourth of C. to Sir Reginald Chen III, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href= + "#page153">153</a> (n. 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Felix, bishop of Moray;</p> + + <p class="i2">witness, <a href="#page149">149</a> (n. 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Feranach, Broch at;</p> + + <p class="i2">Frakark's residence (?), <a href= + "#page147">147</a> (n. 6).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fernebuchlyn, <a href="#page79">79</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Feudalism;</p> + + <p class="i2">introduced into Scotland by Alexander I and + David I, <a href="#page53">53</a>, <a href= + "#page138">138</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fib (Fife), <a href="#page7">7</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fidach (Moray), <a href="#page7">7</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fife;</p> + + <p class="i2">conquests by earl Thorfinn, <a href= + "#page42">42</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Finleac or Finlay MacRuari, maormor of Moray;</p> + + <p class="i2">fought earl Sigurd at Skidamyre, <a href= + "#page24">24</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. dau. of Malcolm II, <a href= + "#page37">37</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Finn Arnason, father of Ingibjorg, <a href= + "#page43">43</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">and of Sigrid, <a href="#page145">145</a> (n. + 5).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Firth par., Orkney;</p> + + <p class="i2">Paplay, Thora's residence, <a href= + "#page51">51</a>, <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. 14).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Flandrensis, not applied to Freskin de Moravia, <a href= + "#page54">54</a>, <a href="#page81">81</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Flatey Book;</p> + + <p class="i2">Thorstein the Red, <a href="#page20">20</a>, + <a href="#page142">142</a> (III, n. 4);</p> + + <p class="i2">earls of Orkney, <a href="#page22">22</a>, + <a href="#page143">143</a> (n. 14);</p> + + <p class="i2">story of Barth, <a href="#page28">28</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">continuation of <i>Orkneyinga Saga</i>, + <a href="#page75">75</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Ragnvald's half of Caith. earldom, + <a href="#page87">87</a>, <a href="#page94">94</a>, <a href= + "#page117">117</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">extent of Harold's later earldom, <a href= + "#page90">90</a>, <a href="#page25">25</a>, <a href= + "#page143">143</a> (n. 20), <a href="#page26">26</a>, + <a href="#page143">143</a> (n. 23);</p> + + <p class="i2">battle of Skitten, <a href="#page27">27</a>, + <a href="#page143">143</a> (n. 29);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href= + "#page143">143</a> (n. 30), <a href="#page150">150</a> (n. + 30), <a href="#page152">152</a> (ns. 8, 10, 22).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fleet, Loch;</p> + + <p class="i2">no longer reaches to Pittentrail, <a href= + "#page9">9</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Floruvoe, Floruvagr;</p> + + <p class="i2">battle in 1135, <a href="#page61">61</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">battle in 1194, <a href="#page100">100</a>, + <a href="#page153">153</a> (n. 1).</p><br /> + + <p>Fordun;</p> + + <p class="i2">rebellion in Moray, <a href= + "#page82">82</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl John's hostage dau., <a href= + "#page107">107</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Annals, <a href="#page150">150</a> (n. 25), + <a href="#page152">152</a> (n. 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Forfar;<a href="#page22">22</a>, <a href= + "#page97">97</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Forsie, Force of Saga, <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href= + "#page148">148</a> (n. 41.)</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fortrenn;</p> + + <p class="i2">Menteith, <a href="#page7">7</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fotla, Ath-Fodla;</p> + + <p class="i2">Athol, <a href="#page7">7</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Frakark, or Frakok, dau. of Moddan, <a href= + "#page16">16</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Liot Nidingr, <a href="#page53">53</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Harald Slettmali with her in N. Kildonan, + <a href="#page58">58</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">banished from Orkney, went to her homesteads in + Sutherland, <a href="#page59">59</a>, <a href= + "#page60">60</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Ragnvald seeks her aid, <a href= + "#page61">61</a>, <a href="#page62">62</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">burnt alive, <a href="#page64">64</a>, <a href= + "#page65">65</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Freskyn I her contemporary, <a href= + "#page76">76</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Johanna of Strathnaver a connection, <a href= + "#page110">110</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">her residence, <a href="#page147">147</a> (n. + 6).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fraser, or Fresel, of Beauly; <a href= + "#page76">76</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fraser, Sir William;</p> + + <p class="i2">genealogy of Freskyn family, <a href= + "#page92">92</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">on Johanna of Strathnaver, <a href= + "#page108">108</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>The Sutherland Book</i>, q.v.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freskin, Christian;</p> + + <p class="i2">dau. of Freskin younger and Johanna of + Strathnaver, m. William de Fedrett, had one fourth of Caithness, which their son + resigned to her sister's husband, Sir Reginald Chen III, <a href= + "#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page109">109</a>, <a href= + "#page115">115</a>, <a href="#page124">124</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freskin de Moravia, younger, lord of Duffus, <a href= + "#page55">55</a>, <a href="#page56">56</a>, <a href= + "#page76">76</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">eld. son of Sir Walter de Moravia, <a href= + "#page80">80</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Strathnaver and Caith., <a href= + "#page80">80</a>, <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href= + "#page113">113</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Johanna of Strathnaver, <a href= + "#page100">100</a>, <a href="#page101">101</a>, <a href= + "#page107">107</a>-110;</p> + + <p class="i2">his date fixed, <a href="#page113">113</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">by marriage became owner of lands in + Strathnaver and of a moiety of earldom of Caith., <a href="#page113">113</a>, + <a href="#page117">117</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">lineage, <a href="#page113">113</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">born in or after 1225, lord of Duffus by 1248, + <a href="#page113">113</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. 1245-1250, <a href="#page113">113</a>, + <a href="#page114">114</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">nephew of William, earl of Sutherland, <a href= + "#page114">114</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">signatory to National Bond, <a href= + "#page114">114</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">d. 1260-1263, <a href="#page114">114</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">buried in church of Duffus, <a href= + "#page114">114</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his maternal uncle, William MacFerchar, earl of + Ross, <a href="#page122">122</a>, <a href="#page123">123</a>, + <a href="#page124">124</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">possible violent death, <a href= + "#page154">154</a> (n. 27), see <a href= + "#page114">114</a>.</p> + + <p class="i2">(See Appendix, <a href= + "#pedigree">Pedigree</a>.)</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freskin, Mary;</p> + + <p class="i2">dau. of Freskin, younger, and Johanna of + Strathnaver, m. Sir Reginald Chen II, had one fourth of Caithness, <a href= + "#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page109">109</a>, <a href= + "#page114">114</a>, <a href="#page115">115</a>, <a href= + "#page124">124</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freskyn, Andrew, son of Hugo F. of Sutherland, <a href= + "#page79">79</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">parson of Duffus, bishop of Moray, <a href= + "#page77">77</a>, <a href="#page80">80</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freskyn, Andrew, son of William son of Freskyn, <a href= + "#page77">77</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a> (n. 10);</p> + + <p class="i2">parson of Duffus, <a href="#page77">77</a>, + <a href="#page149">149</a> (n. 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="freskyn" id="freskyn"></a>Freskyn de Moravia, and + family;</p> + + <p class="i2">the family the mainstay of Scottish rule in the + north, <a href="#page35">35</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">superintended building of Kinloss Abbey, + <a href="#page54">54</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">ancestor of earls of Sutherland, <a href= + "#page54">54</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">built Duffus Castle, <a href= + "#page54">54</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">not a Fleming, <a href="#page54">54</a>, + <a href="#page82">82</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">a Pict or Scot, and ancestor of families of + Athole, Bothwell, Sutherland and probably Douglas, <a href= + "#page54">54</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his family in Caith., <a href= + "#page55">55</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">great-great-grandfather of Freskin the younger, + husband of Johanna, <a href="#page55">55</a>, <a href="#page147">147</a> (n. 28);</p> + + <p class="i2">two branches of family settled north of the + Oykel, <a href="#page55">55</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Freskyn, of Strabrock and Moray, its two + branches in Sutherland and Caith., <a href="#page76">76</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">founder of the family, <a href= + "#page76">76</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">entertained king David I at Duffus Castle, + <a href="#page76">76</a>, <a href="#page77">77</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">year of death, <a href="#page77">77</a>, + <a href="#page83">83</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his two sons, <a href="#page77">77</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">father of William MacFriskyn, and Hugo the + witness, <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href= + "#page91">91</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">derivation of name, <a href= + "#page81">81</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">revised pedigree, <a href="#page92">92</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">he and successors appointed guardians of Moray + and Nairn, <a href="#page92">92</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">defended Moray against the Norse, <a href= + "#page132">132</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">the family introduced into Sutherland, <a href= + "#page137">137</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">no thanes of this line in Sutherland, <a href= + "#page143">143</a> (n. 33);</p> + + <p class="i2">name also spelt Fretheskin, <a href= + "#page146">146</a> (n. 22);</p> + + <p class="i2">his neighbour in Moray, earl Waltheof, <a href= + "#page148">148</a> (n. 21), <a href="#page149">149</a> (ns. + 8, 12).</p> + + <p class="i2">(See Appendix, <a href= + "#pedigree">Pedigree</a>.)</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freskyn, Hugo, son of Freskyn;</p> + + <p class="i2">the witness, uncle of Hugo de Moravia of + Sutherland, <a href="#page77">77</a>, <a href= + "#page79">79</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freskyn, Hugo, eld. son of William MacFreskyn, <a href= + "#page55">55</a>, <a href="#page77">77</a>, <a href= + "#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page92">92</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his family settled north of the Oykel and owned + Sutherland, <a href="#page55">55</a>, <a href= + "#page78">78</a>, <a href="#page79">79</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">northern boundary of his estate, <a href= + "#page56">56</a>, <a href="#page76">76</a>, <a href= + "#page77">77</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">ancestor of the de Moravias, or Murrays, of + Sutherland, <a href="#page77">77</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">called "my lord" by his younger brother, + William, <a href="#page78">78</a>, <a href="#page150">150</a> + (n. 13);</p> + + <p class="i2">his family, <a href="#page79">79</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">burial place, <a href="#page79">79</a>, + <a href="#page80">80</a>, <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href= + "#page83">83</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">succession to Morayshire estates, <a href= + "#page85">85</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">grant of Sutherland, <a href="#page85">85</a>, + <a href="#page86">86</a>, <a href="#page87">87</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">not earl, <a href="#page91">91</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his lordship of Sutherland, excluded from + earldom of Caithness as inherited by earl David, <a href= + "#page93">93</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">grant to Gilbert, archdeacon of Moray, <a href= + "#page79">79</a>, <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href= + "#page98">98</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a> (n. 11);</p> + + <p class="i2">of Strabrock, Duffus and Sutherland, father of + Walter de Moravia of Duffus, whose son m. Johanna of Strathnaver, + <a href="#page113">113</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his eld. son, William, <a href= + "#page121">121</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a> (n. 9);</p> + + <p class="i2">a witness, <a href="#page79">79</a>, <a href= + "#page150">150</a> (n. 19).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freskyn, Walter, de Moravia of Duffus;</p> + + <p class="i2">son of Hugo F. of Sutherland, succeeded to + Strabrock and Duffus, <a href="#page79">79</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his wife, <a href="#page79">79</a>, <a href= + "#page80">80</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">known as Sir Walter de Moravia, <a href= + "#page80">80</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">of Duffus, <a href="#page113">113</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his son, Freskin, m. Johanna of Strathnaver, + <a href="#page113">113</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">grant of land in Clon from earl of Ross, + <a href="#page113">113</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freskyn, Walter, of Petty, <a href="#page78">78</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="freskynw" id="freskynw"></a>Freskyn (MacFreskyn), + William, eld. son of Freskyn de Moravia, <a href= + "#page55">55</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">charter of Strabrock and other lands in Lothian + and Moray, <a href="#page77">77</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his sons, <a href="#page77">77</a>, see + <a href="#page149">149</a> (ns. 9, 10, 11), <a href= + "#page78">78</a>, <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href= + "#page82">82</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href= + "#page85">85</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">omitted in <i>Sutherland Book</i>, <a href= + "#page91">91</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">second lord of Duffus and Strabroc, <a href= + "#page91">91</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his eldest son, Hugo of Sutherland, <a href= + "#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page92">92</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freskyn, William, <i>dominus Sutherlandiae</i>, first earl + of Sutherland, <a href="#page78">78</a>, <a href= + "#page79">79</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">eld. son of Hugo F., <a href= + "#page79">79</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">de Sutherland, <a href="#page80">80</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">cr. earl of Sutherland, <a href= + "#page80">80</a>, <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href= + "#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page98">98</a>:</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>dominus Sutherlandiae</i> from about 1214, + <a href="#page113">113</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">uncle of Freskyn the younger, <a href= + "#page114">114</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his lands bounded by those of Johanna on the + north and east, <a href="#page114">114</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">was probably Johanna's guardian, <a href= + "#page114">114</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">cr. earl after 10th October 1237, <a href= + "#page116">116</a>, <a href="#page121">121</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">repulsed a Norse invasion (?) at Embo, <a href= + "#page121">121</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">death, <a href="#page121">121</a>, <a href= + "#page123">123</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>N.B.—All these Freskyns' name was de Moravia, not + Freskyn.—J.G.</i></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freskyn, William, of Petty, son of William son of Freskyn, + <a href="#page77">77</a>, <a href="#page78">78</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a> (n. II).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Freswick (now Bucholie) Castle, (Lambaborg), <a href= + "#page66">66</a>, <a href="#page133">133</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fretheskin, see Freskin, <a href="#page81">81</a>, + <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. 22).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Frida, dau. of Kolbein Hruga, m. Andres, son of Sweyn + Asleifarson, <a href="#page57">57</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Furness;</p> + + <p class="i2">Wemund, monk of, <a href="#page150">150</a> (n. + 24).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gaedingar, too, <a href="#page152">152</a> (n. 22).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gaelic;</p> + + <p class="i2">superseded Pictish, <a href= + "#page14">14</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Sutherland full of Norse words, <a href= + "#page14">14</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Psalms translated into by Gilbert, bishop, + <a href="#page122">122</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Gaelic blood crossed with Norse produced the + Saga, <a href="#page130">130</a>, <a href= + "#page131">131</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Gaelic in Sutherland and Caithness included + many Norse words, <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href= + "#page132">132</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">a trustworthy vehicle of Norse, <a href= + "#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page135">135</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gairsay;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sweyn's castle, <a href="#page68">68</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">robbed by earl Harald, <a href= + "#page70">70</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sweyn's life and large drinking hall, <a href= + "#page73">73</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gall, Eilean nan;</p> + + <p class="i2">traditional combat, <a href="#page143">143</a> + (n. 31).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gall-gaels, or Gaelic strangers;</p> + + <p class="i2">mixed Gaelic-Norse, <a href= + "#page14">14</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">held sea from Lewis to Isle of Man, <a href= + "#page33">33</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">of Argyll, <a href="#page38">38</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Galloway;</p> + + <p class="i2">part of Valentia, <a href="#page4">4</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">subdued by earl Thorfinn, <a href= + "#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page48">48</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">rebellion subdued, <a href= + "#page82">82</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Roland of, defeated Donald Ban MacWilliam, + <a href="#page86">86</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">rebellion put down by king Alexr. II, <a href= + "#page119">119</a>, <a href="#page120">120</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Geographical Collections, (W. Macfarlane), <a href= + "#page155">155</a> (n. 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="gibbon" id="gibbon"></a><a name="gilbert" id= + "gilbert"></a>Gibbon, Gillebride or Gilbert, earl of Orkney + and Caithness, <a href="#page103">103</a>, <a href= + "#page123">123</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">son or brother of earl Magnus II, <a href= + "#page116">116</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his dau. Matilda m. Malise, earl of Stratherne, + <a href="#page116">116</a>, <a href="#page117">117</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">d. 1256, succ. by son Magnus III, <a href= + "#page117">117</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gilbert, alleged earl of Orkney, <a href= + "#page103">103</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of Angus, m. Matilda, countess + of Angus, <a href="#page103">103</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of Angus;</p> + + <p class="i2">son of Matilda, <a href="#page103">103</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gilbert de Moravia, archdeacon of Moray;</p> + + <p class="i2">grant of Skelbo, etc., <a href= + "#page79">79</a>, <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href= + "#page98">98</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a> (n. 11), + <a href="#page150">150</a> (n. 16);</p> + + <p class="i2">afterwards became bishop of C., <a href= + "#page121">121</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">founded cathedral at Dornoch, in which he was + buried, <a href="#page122">122</a>, <a href= + "#page134">134</a>, <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. 21).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gilbert, son of Gillebride, earl of Angus, and uncle of + Magnus, earl of Caithness, <a href="#page103">103</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gilchrist, earl of Angus;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. as 2nd wife, Ingibiorg or Elin, dau. of Eric + Stagbrellir, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href= + "#page84">84</a>, <a href="#page111">111</a>, <a href= + "#page149">149</a> (n. 44);</p> + + <p class="i2">Skene's theory, <a href="#page101">101</a>, + <a href="#page108">108</a>, <a href="#page153">153</a> (n. + 16);</p> + + <p class="i2">converse theory, <a href= + "#page101">101</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href= + "#page153">153</a> (ns. 9, 13, 14);</p> + + <p class="i2">pedigree of Angus family, <a href= + "#page102">102</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">charter of south Caith. to his son Magnus, + <a href="#page103">103</a>, <a href="#page104">104</a>, + <a href="#page116">116</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his death, <a href="#page153">153</a> (n. + 14).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gildas, <a href="#page5">5</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gillebert, or Gillebryd, son of Angus, <a href= + "#page103">103</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gillebride, earl of Angus;</p> + + <p class="i2">his sons, <a href="#page102">102</a>, <a href= + "#page103">103</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">grandson (not son) Magnus II, earl of Orkney + and Caith., <a href="#page103">103</a>, <a href= + "#page105">105</a>, see <a href="#page153">153</a> (ns. 9, + 13);<a href="#page107">107</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his death, <a href="#page107">107</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gilli Odran;<a href="#page70">70</a>, <a href= + "#page82">82</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Glasgow;</p> + + <p class="i2">John bishop of, mission to Orkney, <a href= + "#page63">63</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Herbert, bishop of, grant of Borthwick Church, + <a href="#page77">77</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Glendhu, Loch;</p> + + <p class="i2">identified as Murkfjord, <a href= + "#page70">70</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Goa-fiord, or Hoanfiord, (now Loch Erriboll);</p> + + <p class="i2">Hakon's fleet at, <a href="#page126">126</a>, + <a href="#page127">127</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Eilean Hoan retains the name, <a href= + "#page156">156</a> (n. 19), see <a href= + "#page127">127</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gokstad;</p> + + <p class="i2">viking ship, <a href="#page135">135</a>, + <a href="#page157">157</a> (n. 17).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Golsary, the shelling of Gol, in Latheron, Caithness, cf. + Golspie <a href="#page157">157</a> (n. 14), see + <a href="#page134">134</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Golspie (formerly Kilmalie);</p> + + <p class="i2">owned by Hugo Freskyn, <a href= + "#page55">55</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href= + "#page93">93</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">(Gol's-by) formerly Platagall <a href= + "#page134">134</a>, <a href="#page157">157</a> (n. 14).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Good men, <a href="#page50">50</a>, <a href= + "#page63">63</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gormflaith, <a href="#page74">74</a>, <a href= + "#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page84">84</a>, <a href= + "#page86">86</a>, <a href="#page88">88</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gospatric, eld. son of Maldred, <a href= + "#page36">36</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Goudie, Gilbert;</p> + + <p class="i2">transl. <i>Orkneyinga Saga</i>, <a href= + "#page143">143</a> (n. 14), <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. + 14), <a href="#page147">147</a> (n. 14);</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Antiquities of Shetland</i>, <a href= + "#page144">144</a> (n. 40).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Grants, Normans, <a href="#page76">76</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gratiana, wife of William the Wanderer, <a href= + "#page43">43</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gray, Thomas;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>The Fatal Sisters</i>, <a href= + "#page30">30</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Greenland, <a href="#page136">136</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Grelaud, dau. of Duncan, maormor of C., <a href= + "#page24">24</a>, <a href="#page25">25</a>, <a href= + "#page26">26</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Grimsby;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Ragnvald traded at, met Harald Gillikrist, + <a href="#page61">61</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gritgard, son of Moldan, <a href="#page36">36</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Groa, dau. of Thorstein the Red, m. Duncan of Duncansby, + <a href="#page20">20</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Groa, wife of Macbeth, <a href="#page42">42</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gudrun, sister of Anlaf, earl of C., <a href= + "#page28">28</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Guillaume le Roi, <a href="#page157">157</a> (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gulberwick, <a href="#page66">66</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gunn, Adam;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Sutherland and the Reay Country</i>, + <a href="#page156">156</a> (n. 5).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gunn, in Darratha-Liod, <a href="#page32">32</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gunn family;</p> + + <p class="i2">descent, <a href="#page56">56</a>, <a href= + "#page57">57</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gunnhild, Erlend's daughter, sister of earl St. Magnus, m. + Kol, <a href="#page60">60</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">her descendants, <a href="#page88">88</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gunnhild, wife of Eric Bloody-axe, in Orkney, <a href= + "#page25">25</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gunnhilda, dau. of earl Harold Maddadson and Hvarflod, + <a href="#page74">74</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gunni;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. (as 2nd husband) Ragnhild sister of earl + Harald Ungi, <a href="#page57">57</a>, <a href= + "#page72">72</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">probably grandson of Sweyn Asleifarson, + <a href="#page93">93</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">became chief of Moddan family, <a href= + "#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page94">94</a>, <a href= + "#page98">98</a>, <a href="#page111">111</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gunni, brother of Sweyn Asleifarson;</p> + + <p class="i2">outlawed, <a href="#page67">67</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="gut" id="gut"></a>Guthorm Sigurdson, earl, + <a href="#page22">22</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Guthred, son of Donald Ban MacWilliam;</p> + + <p class="i2">led rebellion in Moray and slain, <a href= + "#page94">94</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hadrian's Wall, <a href="#page4">4</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hafrsfjord;</p> + + <p class="i2">battle, (872), <a href="#page20">20</a>, + <a href="#page130">130</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hailes, lord;</p> + + <p class="i2">on forfeiture of earl Harold Maddadson, + <a href="#page86">86</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Annals of Scotland</i>, q.v.;</p> + + <p class="i2">case of Elizabeth claimant of earldom of + Sutherland, <a href="#page151">151</a> (n. 51).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="hakonhs" id="hakonhs"></a>Hakon Hakonson, king of + Norway;</p> + + <p class="i2">his mother's ordeal, <a href="#page95">95</a>, + <a href="#page98">98</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">expedition to Scotland, <a href= + "#page123">123</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">account of his expedition (1263), <a href= + "#page124">124</a> et seq.;</p> + + <p class="i2">died in the bishop's palace, Kirkwall, <a href= + "#page127">127</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">result of expedition, <a href= + "#page128">128</a>, <a href="#page156">156</a> (n. 18).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hakon Haroldson, son of Earl Harold Maddadson and + Afreka;</p> + + <p class="i2">foster-child of Sweyn Asleifarson, <a href= + "#page73">73</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">probably fell with Sweyn at Dublin, <a href= + "#page74">74</a>, <a href="#page84">84</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">with Sweyn, <a href="#page85">85</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his death, <a href="#page151">151</a> (n. + 38).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="hakonp" id="hakonp"></a>Hakon Paulson, earl, + <a href="#page48">48</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">went to Norway, <a href="#page49">49</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Norwegian expedition to Wales, <a href= + "#page49">49</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">returned to Orkney, <a href= + "#page50">50</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">slew the king's steward, <a href= + "#page50">50</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">dispute with earl Magnus, <a href= + "#page50">50</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">slew his cousin Dufnjal, and Thorbjorn in + Burrafirth, <a href="#page50">50</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">seized Magnus' share of earldom, <a href= + "#page50">50</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">slew St. Magnus, <a href="#page51">51</a>, + <a href="#page61">61</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">sole earl, <a href="#page52">52</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">pilgrimage to Rome and Jerusalem, builder of + the round church of Orphir, <a href="#page52">52</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Helga and their children, <a href= + "#page52">52</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his son Paul by a lawful wife, <a href= + "#page52">52</a>, <a href="#page53">53</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his descendant Ragnvald Godrodson, <a href= + "#page88">88</a>, <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. 10);</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse favourite for earldom of C., as against + Magnus, had to conquer C., <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. 12);</p> + + <p class="i2">mixed blood, <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. + 17);</p> + + <p class="i2">his grandson Erlend, <a href="#page148">148</a> + (n. 28).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="hakonss" id="hakonss"></a>Hakon Sverri's son, + king of Norway;</p> + + <p class="i2">his son Hakon, <a href="#page95">95</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hakonar Saga;</p> + + <p class="i2">record until 13th cent., <a href= + "#page1">1</a>, <a href="#page2">2</a>, <a href= + "#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page74">74</a>, <a href= + "#page149">149</a> (n. 45), <a href="#page152">152</a> (ns. 6, 7, 15-17, + 19, 21), <a href="#page155">155</a> (ns. 3, 9, 10, 12-14, + 16), <a href="#page156">156</a> (ns. 17, 19, + 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Halfdan Halegg, or long-shanks;</p> + + <p class="i2">slain by Torf-Einar, <a href= + "#page23">23</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Halkirk;</p> + + <p class="i2">source of Thurso River in, <a href= + "#page60">60</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Moddan lands, <a href="#page72">72</a>, + <a href="#page85">85</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">first cathedral of bishopric, <a href= + "#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page134">134</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishop's house, <a href="#page95">95</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">residence of Chen family inherited from Johanna + of Strathnaver, <a href="#page108">108</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Johanna's estate, <a href= + "#page110">110</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">castle of Reginald Chen III, <a href= + "#page115">115</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Spittal of St. Magnus, <a href= + "#page134">134</a>, <a href="#page115">115</a>, <a href= + "#page154">154</a> (n. 28).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hall o' Side, Iceland, <a href="#page30">30</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="hallad" id="hallad"></a>Hallad Ragnvaldson, earl, + <a href="#page22">22</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Halvard, an Icelander, <a href="#page40">40</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Halvard of Force, <a href="#page71">71</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">called Hoskuld also, <a href= + "#page148">148</a>-9 (n. 41).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Halvard the Red, <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href= + "#page126">126</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hanef, Norse commissioner;</p> + + <p class="i2">aids Snaekoll, <a href="#page99">99</a>, + <a href="#page100">100</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Harald, of N. Ronaldsay;</p> + + <p class="i2">slain by Ulf the Bad, <a href= + "#page28">28</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Harald Gillikrist, <a href="#page61">61</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Ragnvald fought for him at Floruvoe, + <a href="#page61">61</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Harold Godwinson, king of England, defeated Harald + Hardrada, <a href="#page48">48</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="haradhs" id="haradhs"></a>Harald Hakonson + Slettmali (smooth-talker), earl of Orkney and Caith.;</p> + + <p class="i2">son of earl Hakon and Helga, <a href= + "#page52">52</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">held Caithness, <a href="#page58">58</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his death, <a href="#page58">58</a>, <a href= + "#page60">60</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his Moddan kinsmen, <a href= + "#page59">59</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="haraldhf" id="haraldhf"></a>Harald Harfagr;</p> + + <p class="i2">battle of Hafrsfjord, (872);</p> + + <p class="i2">subdued Orkney and Shetland which he erected + into an earldom, <a href="#page20">20</a>, <a href= + "#page130">130</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">cr. Torf-Einar earl of Orkney, <a href= + "#page23">23</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">second expedition to Orkney, <a href= + "#page24">24</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">imitated Charlemagne's feudalism, <a href= + "#page129">129</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Harald Jonson;</p> + + <p class="i2">son of John, earl of Caithness, <a href= + "#page95">95</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">left as hostage at Bergen, <a href= + "#page98">98</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">drowned, (1226), <a href="#page98">98</a>, + <a href="#page111">111</a>, <a href="#page152">152</a> (n. + 16).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="haroldm" id="haroldm"></a>Harold Maddadson, + earl;</p> + + <p class="i2">son of Margret, Hakon's daughter and Maddad, + earl of Atholl, <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href= + "#page62">62</a>, <a href="#page63">63</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl St. Ragnvald ruled Caith. as his guardian, + <a href="#page73">73</a>, <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. + 20);</p> + + <p class="i2">to Norway with earl Ragnvald, <a href= + "#page66">66</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">seized at Thurso by king Eystein, <a href= + "#page67">67</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">outlawed Gunni, <a href="#page67">67</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">conflict with earl Erlend Haraldson, <a href= + "#page67">67</a>, <a href="#page68">68</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">reconciled to earl Ragnvald at Thurso, <a href= + "#page69">69</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">quarrels with Sweyn and robbed his house, + <a href="#page70">70</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">annual deer hunt in Caith., <a href= + "#page70">70</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">present at earl Ragnvald's slaughter, <a href= + "#page71">71</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">seized Ragnvald's share of earldom, <a href= + "#page99">99</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">became sole earl, <a href= + "#page118">118</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">contemporaries, <a href="#page85">85</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">forfeited in 1196, <a href= + "#page86">86</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">later rebellions and loss of lands, <a href= + "#page86">86</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">expedition to Ross and Moray, <a href= + "#page86">86</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">subdued by king William, <a href= + "#page87">87</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">imprisoned for failure to deliver hostages, + <a href="#page87">87</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">deprived of Sutherland, <a href= + "#page87">87</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Ragnvald's half of Caith. conferred on + Harald Ungi, <a href="#page87">87</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his grandsons, <a href="#page87">87</a>, + <a href="#page151">151</a> (n. 38);</p> + + <p class="i2">his heir, Thorfinn, <a href= + "#page87">87</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">fled to Isle of Man, <a href= + "#page87">87</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">defeated earl Harald Ungi, <a href= + "#page87">87</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">king William conferred Caith. on Ragnvald + Gudrodson, <a href="#page87">87</a>, <a href= + "#page88">88</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">defeated in Caithness by Ragnvald, <a href= + "#page89">89</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">had one of Ragnvald's stewards slain, mutilated + the bishop, drove the stewards out, <a href="#page89">89</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">son Thorfinn mutilated and died in prison, + <a href="#page89">89</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">king William marched with an army to Caith., + and Harold ultimately came to terms, <a href="#page90">90</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">negotiated with king John of England, <a href= + "#page90">90</a>, <a href="#page113">113</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">extent of his later earldom, <a href= + "#page90">90</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">deprived of Shetland, <a href="#page90">90</a>, + <a href="#page156">156</a> (n. 20);</p> + + <p class="i2">death, <a href="#page90">90</a>, <a href= + "#page93">93</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">character and personal appearance, <a href= + "#page90">90</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his two wives and descendants, <a href= + "#page73">73</a>-75, <a href="#page83">83</a>-85, <a href= + "#page88">88</a>, <a href="#page102">102</a>, <a href= + "#page106">106</a>, <a href="#page111">111</a>, <a href= + "#page123">123</a>, <a href="#page124">124</a>, <a href="#page153">153</a> (n. 1).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="haraldsh" id="haraldsh"></a>Harald Sigurdson + Hardrada, king of Norway, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href= + "#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page46">46</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">killed at Stamford Bridge, <a href= + "#page48">48</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="ungi" id="ungi"></a>Harald Ungi;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl of Orkney and Caithness, <a href= + "#page57">57</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his parents, <a href="#page71">71</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">heir of Moddan lands, <a href= + "#page72">72</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">fared to Norway, <a href="#page75">75</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">at home near Loch Naver, <a href= + "#page84">84</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">grant of half earldom of Orkney, <a href= + "#page85">85</a>, <a href="#page87">87</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">grant of half of Caithness (exclusive of + Sutherland), <a href="#page86">86</a>, <a href= + "#page87">87</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Invaded Orkney, defeated and slain in + Caithness, <a href="#page87">87</a>, <a href= + "#page93">93</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">line represented by Snaekoll Gunni's son, + <a href="#page94">94</a>, <a href="#page99">99</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his share of earldom of Caithness never granted + to the Paul line, <a href="#page94">94</a>, <a href= + "#page98">98</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">probably held by Moddan line, <a href= + "#page98">98</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">pedigree ceases, <a href= + "#page102">102</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">sister m. earl of Angus, <a href= + "#page103">103</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">date of death, <a href="#page107">107</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his half of Caithness earldom, <a href= + "#page111">111</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his heirs, earl Magnus II and Johanna, <a href= + "#page111">111</a>, <a href="#page117">117</a>, <a href= + "#page118">118</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">succeeded to earldom through a female, <a href= + "#page154">154</a> (n. 22).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Haroldswick, Unst;</p> + + <p class="i2">said to have been called after king Harald, + <a href="#page20">20</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a> (III, n. + 6).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="hava" id="hava"></a>Havard Thorfinnson, earl;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Ragnhild, k. Eric's dau., <a href= + "#page25">25</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="heb" id="heb"></a>Hebrides (see also <a href= + "#sud">Sudreys</a>);</p> + + <p class="i2">Vikings, subdued by king Harald Harfagr, + <a href="#page20">20</a>, <a href="#page130">130</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse influence on Gaelic, <a href= + "#page14">14</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">under Norway, <a href="#page33">33</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">raided by Sweyn, <a href="#page70">70</a>, + <a href="#page73">73</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse expedition against south H. assisted by + earl John, <a href="#page98">98</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Alexander's naval expedition, <a href= + "#page120">120</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Alexr. II sent embassy to Norway to get + cession of, <a href="#page121">121</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">harried by earl of Ross, <a href= + "#page122">122</a>, <a href="#page123">123</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Hakon's expedition, <a href= + "#page123">123</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Scottish expedition, <a href= + "#page124">124</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">ceded to Scotland, <a href="#page1">1</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">conquered by Alexander III, <a href= + "#page128">128</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">ceded by Norway to Scotland, <a href= + "#page128">128</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Heimskringla, <a href="#page143">143</a> (n. 18).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Helena, dau. of earl Harald Maddadson and Afreka, <a href= + "#page73">73</a>, <a href="#page84">84</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Helga, dau. of Moddan;</p> + + <p class="i2">associated with Helgarie, <a href= + "#page16">16</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">concubine of earl Hakon, <a href= + "#page52">52</a>, <a href="#page58">58</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">banished from Orkney, <a href= + "#page59">59</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">her grandson, earl Erlend, <a href= + "#page148">148</a> (n. 28).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Helga Ulfs-datter, Sanday, Orkney, <a href= + "#page28">28</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Helgarie, near Helmsdale, <a href="#page16">16</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Helgi, Harald's son, N. Ronaldsay, elopes with Helga + Ulfsdatter, <a href="#page28">28</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Helgi Njal's son, <a href="#page36">36</a>, <a href= + "#page37">37</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Helliar-holm, Ellar-holm, <a href="#page70">70</a>, + <a href="#page148">148</a> (n. 36).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Helmsdale, <a href="#page53">53</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">strath in Sutherland, Frakark, <a href= + "#page64">64</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">H. Water, <a href="#page64">64</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sorlinc, <a href="#page133">133</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Hjalmundal, the strath, not village, <a href= + "#page157">157</a> (n. 13).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Henry, bishop of Orkney;</p> + + <p class="i2">in whose palace, in Kirkwall, king Hakon died, + <a href="#page127">127</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Henry I of England;</p> + + <p class="i2">visited by earl St. Magnus, <a href= + "#page50">50</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Henry II of England;</p> + + <p class="i2">wars in France, <a href="#page81">81</a>, + <a href="#page82">82</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Henry III of England;</p> + + <p class="i2">his sister Joanna, m. Alexr. II of Scotland, + <a href="#page119">119</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his dau. Margaret m. Alexr. III of Scotland, + <a href="#page120">120</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Henry III, emperor of Germany;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Thorfinn's visit, <a href= + "#page45">45</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Henry, prince;</p> + + <p class="i2">son of king David I;</p> + + <p class="i2">witness, <a href="#page79">79</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Henry, son of Harold Maddadson by Afreka;</p> + + <p class="i2">claimed Ross, <a href="#page73">73</a>, + <a href="#page84">84</a>, <a href="#page119">119</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">date of death, <a href="#page151">151</a> (n. + 38).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Herbjorg, 3rd dau. of earl Paul Thorfinnson, <a href= + "#page57">57</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Herbjorg, dau. of Sigrid;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Kolbein Hruga, <a href="#page57">57</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Herborga, dau. of earl Harald Maddadson, <a href= + "#page74">74</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>High Church (ha-kirkja), Halkirk, <a href= + "#page134">134</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Highlanders of Scotland (Skene); <a href="#page7">7</a>, + <a href="#page141">141</a> (II, n. 1).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hill fort;</p> + + <p class="i2">Ben-y-griam Beg, Caithness, <a href= + "#page70">70</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hjaltalin, Jon;</p> + + <p class="i2">transl. <i>Orkneyinga Saga</i>, <a href= + "#page143">143</a> (n. 14), <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. + 14), <a href="#page147">147</a> (n. 14).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="hlod" id="hlod"></a>Hlodver Thorfinnson, earl, + <a href="#page25">25</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Audna, <a href="#page26">26</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hoanfiord, or Goa-fiord, (Loch Erriboll);</p> + + <p class="i2">Hakon's fleet at, <a href="#page126">126</a>, + <a href="#page127">127</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Eilean Hoan, <a href="#page156">156</a> (n. + 19), see <a href="#page127">127</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hoctor Common;</p> + + <p class="i2">granted to bishop of C., <a href= + "#page54">54</a>, <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. 21), + (Huchterinche).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hofn, Caithness;</p> + + <p class="i2">Hlodver's howe, <a href="#page26">26</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Holinshed, <a href="#page37">37</a>, <a href= + "#page42">42</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Honaver, <a href="#page88">88</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>House-burnings;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Moddan's burning, in Thurso, <a href= + "#page41">41</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Olaf Hrolfson, in Duncansby, <a href= + "#page62">62</a>, <a href="#page64">64</a>, <a href= + "#page65">65</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Frakark, in Sutherland, <a href= + "#page64">64</a>, <a href="#page65">65</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Waltheof, in Moray, <a href= + "#page65">65</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Houses;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse skali described, <a href= + "#page132">132</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hoxa, South Ronaldsay;</p> + + <p class="i2">Thorfinn Hausa-kliufr buried, <a href= + "#page25">25</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hrolf the Ganger, <a href="#page23">23</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hrollaug Rognvaldsson, <a href="#page23">23</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hrossey, now Mainland, Orkney, <a href= + "#page22">22</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hundi (possibly Crinan), <a href="#page26">26</a>, + <a href="#page27">27</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hundi Sigurdson, <a href="#page27">27</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hut-circles of Pictish times, <a href="#page9">9</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hvarflod, or Gormflaith, dau. of Malcolm MacHeth, m. earl + Harold Maddadson, <a href="#page74">74</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">date of birth, <a href="#page74">74</a>, + <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page84">84</a>, <a href= + "#page86">86</a>, <a href="#page88">88</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <br /> + + <p>Iceland;</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish mission, <a href="#page12">12</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Aud's settlement, <a href="#page20">20</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Hrollang Rognvaldsson settled, <a href= + "#page23">23</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">viking settlement, <a href= + "#page130">130</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">the skali described, <a href= + "#page132">132</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Jean Cabot first heard of America in, <a href= + "#page136">136</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Christianity accepted, <a href= + "#page144">144</a> (n. 37);</p> + + <p class="i2">blood-rain, ib., Norsemen in, <a href= + "#page156">156</a> (n. 2);</p> + + <p class="i2">ruins of Saga-time, <a href="#page157">157</a> + (n. 8), see <a href="#page132">132</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Icelandic Annals;</p> + + <p class="i2">earls of Orkney, <a href="#page103">103</a>, + <a href="#page152">152</a> (n. 16).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Inga Saga, transl., <a href="#page152">152</a> (n. 1).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ingibiorg, daughter of earl Hakon and Helga;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Olaf Billing, <a href="#page52">52</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">her grandson, Ragnvald Gudrodson, of Man, + <a href="#page88">88</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ingibiorg, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir, <a href= + "#page72">72</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">at home near Loch Naver, <a href= + "#page84">84</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">she or her sister m. Gilchrist, earl of Angus, + <a href="#page103">103</a>, <a href="#page106">106</a>, + <a href="#page116">116</a>, <a href="#page117">117</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a> (n. 44).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ingibjorg, Finn Arnason's daughter, m. earl Thorfinn + Sigurdson, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href= + "#page44">44</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">after Thorfinn's death m. Malcolm III, <a href= + "#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page46">46</a>, <a href= + "#page47">47</a>, <a href="#page145">145</a> (ns. 4, 5);</p> + + <p class="i2">cousin of queen Thora of Norway, <a href= + "#page47">47</a>, <a href="#page48">48</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">her descendant, Donald Ban MacWilliam, <a href= + "#page119">119</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ingirid or Ingigerthr, only dau. and child of earl + Ragnvald, m. Eric Stagbrellir, <a href="#page59">59</a>, <a href= + "#page68">68</a>, <a href="#page71">71</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">her children, <a href="#page72">72</a>, + <a href="#page75">75</a>, <a href="#page84">84</a>, <a href= + "#page88">88</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">date of birth, <a href="#page148">148</a> (n. + 32);</p> + + <p class="i2">probably the same Ingigerthr commemorated in + Maeshowe runes, <a href="#page148">148</a> (n. 32).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ingirid, sister of Kali (St. Ragnvald), m. Jon Peterson, + <a href="#page61">61</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ingirid, sister of Sweyn Asleifarson;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Thorbiorn Klerk, <a href= + "#page63">63</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Inner-Schyn, <a href="#page79">79</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Innes, Cosmo;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Orig. Par. Scot.</i>, q.v., <a href= + "#page3">3</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">genealogy of Freskyn family, <a href= + "#page92">92</a>, <a href="#page105">105</a>, <a href= + "#page109">109</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Innes, Familie of, <a href="#page147">147</a> (n. 26).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Innes family;</p> + + <p class="i2">Berowald the Fleming, <a href="#page82">82</a>, + <a href="#page150">150</a> (n. 27).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Invernairn;</p> + + <p class="i2">sheriff, <a href="#page78">78</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Iona;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Columba's settlement, <a href= + "#page5">5</a>, <a href="#page18">18</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ireland;</p> + + <p class="i2">Duncan I, <a href="#page41">41</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sweyn Asleifarson's raids, 7<a href= + "#page3">3</a>, <a href="#page74">74</a>; <a href= + "#page119">119</a>, <a href="#page129">129</a>, <a href= + "#page130">130</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Islandicae, Origines, <a href="#page157">157</a> (n. + 19).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ivar Rognvaldsson, <a href="#page20">20</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Jerusalem;</p> + + <p class="i2">pilgrimages to, <a href="#page52">52</a>, + <a href="#page67">67</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Joanna, queen of Alexander II, possibly name-mother of + Johanna of Strathnaver, <a href="#page112">112</a>, + <a href="#page113">113</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">dau. of king John, and sister of king Henry II + of England, <a href="#page119">119</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Johanna of Strathnaver, lady;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Freskin de Moravia of Duffus, <a href= + "#page55">55</a>, <a href="#page56">56</a>, <a href= + "#page100">100</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">her estate, <a href="#page56">56</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">her father, <a href="#page57">57</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">relationship to Snaekoll Guuni's son, <a href= + "#page100">100</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">supposed dau. of earl John, <a href= + "#page101">101</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Skene's theory that she inherited earl John's, + i.e. earl Paul's, half of the earldom without the title, <a href= + "#page101">101</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">the opposite theory, that she inherited Erlend + lands, <a href="#page101">101</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Skene's opinion, <a href= + "#page107">107</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">her daughters, <a href="#page107">107</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Skene's suggestion that she was the hostage + dau. of earl John, and given in marriage to Freskin, <a href= + "#page108">108</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Fraser's criticism of Skene, <a href= + "#page108">108</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">her grandson, Reginald Chen III, in possession + of half of Caithness and resided in Halkirk and Latheron, <a href= + "#page109">109</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">granted land in Strathnaver to the bishop of + Moray, <a href="#page109">109</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">her estate in Strathnaver, <a href= + "#page109">109</a>, <a href="#page110">110</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">her connection with Moddan family and descent + from Harald Ungi's sister Ragnhild, <a href="#page110">110</a>, + <a href="#page111">111</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">her inheritance of Moddan and Erlend lands, + <a href="#page111">111</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">her right to half share of Harald Ungi's half + share of Caithness earldom, <a href="#page111">111</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">her title to Strathnaver lands not derived + through earl John, <a href="#page111">111</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">circumstantial evidence against her being a + dau. of earl John, never claimed any share of earldom of Orkney, + <a href="#page111">111</a>, <a href="#page112">112</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Skene's opinion that she was a dau. of earl + John based on name Johanna, <a href="#page112">112</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">theory as to her being a dau. of Snaekoll, and, + as such, heiress of large estates, made a ward by the king, whose queen + was Johanna, <a href="#page112">112</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">her husband's lineage, <a href= + "#page113">113</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">suggested born by 1232 at latest, when her + supposed father, Snaekoll, went to Norway, but not before 1225, <a href= + "#page113">113</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">possibility of her being a dau. of a younger + child of Ragnhild and born later than 1225, <a href= + "#page114">114</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">her guardian, <a href="#page114">114</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">her lands bounded those of the lord of + Sutherland, <a href="#page114">114</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">d. ca. 1269, <a href="#page115">115</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">her children and estates, <a href= + "#page115">115</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">succ. to Erlend and Moddan lands in C., + <a href="#page117">117</a>, <a href="#page123">123</a>, + <a href="#page137">137</a>, <a href="#page138">138</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">owned Dalharrold, <a href="#page151">151</a> + (n. 43);</p> + + <p class="i2">she did not own any lands in south C., which + were acquired by R. Chen III, i.e., Latheron and Wick, <a href= + "#page154">154</a> (n. 28);</p> + + <p class="i2">she probably owned Far and Halkirk, but not + Latheron, <a href="#page154">154</a> (n. 28).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>John, bishop of Caithness;</p> + + <p class="i2">mutilated by earl Harald, <a href= + "#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page151">151</a> (n. 45);</p> + + <p class="i2">succeeded by Adam, <a href= + "#page95">95</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">neglect to collect Peter's Pence, <a href= + "#page97">97</a>, <a href="#page150">150</a> (n. 16);</p> + + <p class="i2">date of death, <a href="#page89">89</a>, + <a href="#page151">151</a> (n. 45).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>John, bishop (of Glasgow), <a href="#page63">63</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="john" id="john"></a>John Haroldson, earl of + Orkney and Caithness;</p> + + <p class="i2">from whom Snaekoll Gunni's son claimed Ragnvald + lands in Orkney, <a href="#page72">72</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">shared earldom with his brother, earl David, + <a href="#page94">94</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">succeeded David as sole earl of Orkney and of + Caithness, <a href="#page94">94</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his dau. given as hostage, <a href= + "#page94">94</a>, <a href="#page95">95</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">letters from earl Skuli, <a href= + "#page95">95</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">at Bergen, <a href="#page95">95</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">at the burning of bishop Adam, <a href= + "#page95">95</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his castle at Brawl, <a href= + "#page95">95</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">confiscated, <a href="#page97">97</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">the lordship of Sutherland not in his earldom, + <a href="#page98">98</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">visited Bergen, <a href="#page98">98</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his hostage dau. his only heir, <a href= + "#page98">98</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">assisted Norse against Hebrides, <a href= + "#page98">98</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">favoured Norway, <a href="#page98">98</a>, + <a href="#page99">99</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">representative of line of Paul and Harold + Maddadson, <a href="#page99">99</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">attacked and slain by Snaekoll, <a href= + "#page99">99</a>, <a href="#page100">100</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his supposed dau. Johanna, <a href= + "#page101">101</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his nameless dau. m. Magnus of Angus, <a href= + "#page101">101</a>, <a href="#page105">105</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">succession to earldom, <a href= + "#page102">102</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">theories as to his daughter's marriage, + <a href="#page105">105</a>, <a href="#page106">106</a>, + <a href="#page107">107</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">treaty with king William, <a href= + "#page107">107</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">lands confiscated and restored, <a href= + "#page107">107</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">the last male of the Paul line, <a href= + "#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page108">108</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Johanna's title not derived through him, + <a href="#page111">111</a>, <a href="#page112">112</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his nameless dau. probably wife of earl Magnus + II, <a href="#page112">112</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">reasons why Johanna was not his dau., <a href= + "#page112">112</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">probably named after king John of England, + <a href="#page113">113</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his legal successor, his nameless dau., + <a href="#page115">115</a>, <a href="#page116">116</a>, + <a href="#page117">117</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">sole earl of O., <a href= + "#page118">118</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his sister's son, Jon Langlifson, in 1263, + <a href="#page123">123</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">succeeded in earldom of Orkney by Magnus II, + <a href="#page123">123</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his castle at Brawl, <a href= + "#page133">133</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">joint earl with David, <a href= + "#page152">152</a> (n. 1);</p> + + <p class="i2">Matilda not his daughter's name, <a href= + "#page152">152</a> (n. 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>John, king of England, <a href="#page90">90</a>, <a href= + "#page113">113</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>John, king of the Sudreys, <a href="#page124">124</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>John o' Groat's;</p> + + <p class="i2">Huna, <a href="#page26">26</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Jon Langlifson, <a href="#page74">74</a>, <a href= + "#page123">123</a>, <a href="#page124">124</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Jon Peterson, m. Ingirid, sister of St. Ragnvald, <a href= + "#page61">61</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Jury trial, <a href="#page130">130</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kalf Arnason, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href= + "#page44">44</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kalf Skurfa, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href= + "#page143">143</a> (n. 15).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kali Ragnvald Kolson, <a href="#page60">60</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kari Solmundarson, <a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href= + "#page37">37</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Karl Hundason, name of Duncan I, in Saga, <a href= + "#page40">40</a>, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href= + "#page42">42</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Keith, or Mar;</p> + + <p class="i2">Ce, Pictish province, <a href= + "#page7">7</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Keiths, <a href="#page118">118</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kenneth, k. of Scots, <a href="#page19">19</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kentigern, or Mungo, St., <a href="#page5">5</a>, <a href= + "#page6">6</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kerrera, near Oban, <a href="#page120">120</a>, <a href= + "#page126">126</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kerrow-Garrow, (Eddrachilles), <a href="#page8">8</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kerrow-na-Shein, i.e. Chen's quarter, <a href= + "#page110">110</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kildonan;</p> + + <p class="i2">Frakark's homesteads, <a href= + "#page16">16</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">connection with Scone, <a href= + "#page54">54</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">owned by Hugo Freskyn, <a href= + "#page55">55</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Ragnvald sends messengers to Frakark, + <a href="#page61">61</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">part of lordship of Sutherland, <a href= + "#page93">93</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">old name Scir-Illigh, <a href= + "#page133">133</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kildonan, North;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Harald Slettmali brought up, <a href= + "#page58">58</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Frakark burnt, <a href="#page64">64</a>, + <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href="#page66">66</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kilmalie (now Golspie), <a href="#page55">55</a>, <a href= + "#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page93">93</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kilravock (Rose), <a href="#page76">76</a>, <a href= + "#page147">147</a> (n. 25).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kinloss;</p> + + <p class="i2">Cistercian abbey, <a href="#page54">54</a>, + <a href="#page76">76</a>, <a href="#page77">77</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kinloss, Records, <a href="#page149">149</a> (ns. 9, + 10).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kirkwall;</p> + + <p class="i2">cathedral built, <a href="#page24">24</a>, + <a href="#page63">63</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Ragnvald Brusi-son resided at, <a href= + "#page44">44</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">seized by earl Thorfinn, <a href= + "#page44">44</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">relics of St. Magnus removed to cathedral, + <a href="#page51">51</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Hakon died in bishop's palace, <a href= + "#page127">127</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Magnus' cathedral, <a href= + "#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page134">134</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kol, <a href="#page60">60</a>, <a href= + "#page61">61</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kolbein Hruga;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Herbjorg, <a href="#page57">57</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his castle in Wyre, <a href= + "#page100">100</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kyleakin, or the Kyle of Hakon, <a href= + "#page125">125</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Lairg, <a href="#page8">8</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">owned Hugo Freskyn, <a href= + "#page55">55</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Sweyn's track to burn Frakark, <a href= + "#page65">65</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">in old earldom of Caithness, <a href= + "#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page93">93</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Lambaborg (Freswick Castle), <a href="#page66">66</a>, + <a href="#page133">133</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Langdale (Langeval), <a href="#page109">109</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Langlif, dau. of earl Harold Maddadson;</p> + + <p class="i2">marriage with Sæmund, abandoned, + <a href="#page74">74</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">her son Jon, <a href="#page74">74</a>, <a href= + "#page123">123</a>, <a href="#page124">124</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Largs, battle of, <a href="#page126">126</a>, <a href= + "#page127">127</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Magnus III never went to L., <a href= + "#page156">156</a> (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Larne Bay, Ulfreksfirth of Saga, <a href= + "#page144">144</a> (n. 6).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Latheron;</p> + + <p class="i2">Latheron hills, source of Thurso River, + <a href="#page60">60</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Moddan lands, <a href="#page72">72</a>, + <a href="#page85">85</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">residence of Chens in 14th cent., <a href= + "#page108">108</a>, <a href="#page110">110</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">in South C., <a href="#page153">153</a> (ns. + 10, 15);</p> + + <p class="i2">not owned by Johanna, <a href= + "#page154">154</a> (n. 28);</p> + + <p class="i2">Golsary, <a href="#page157">157</a> (n. 14) see + <a href="#page134">134</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Lawman;</p> + + <p class="i2">Rafn, of Caithness, <a href="#page89">89</a>, + <a href="#page95">95</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Lawrence, chapel of St.;</p> + + <p class="i2">at Duffus, <a href="#page114">114</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Lechvuaies, <a href="#page156">156</a> (n. 18) see + <a href="#page126">126</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Lewis, the;</p> + + <p class="i2">passed by Hakon's fleet, <a href= + "#page125">125</a>, <a href="#page126">126</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Macaulays of, <a href="#page148">148</a> (n. + 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Lifolf Baldpate, <a href="#page87">87</a>, <a href= + "#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page113">113</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Liot Nidingr, m. Frakark, <a href="#page16">16</a>, + <a href="#page53">53</a>, <a href="#page58">58</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Little Ferry, or Unes;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse invasion, <a href="#page121">121</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">site of Norse Castle, <a href= + "#page133">133</a> (Skelbo).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="ljot" id="ljot"></a>Ljot Thorfinnson, earl of + Orkney and Caith., m. Ragnhild, Eric's dau., <a href= + "#page25">25</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">slew Skuli in C., <a href="#page25">25</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">fought earl Macbeth in C., <a href= + "#page25">25</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">buried at Stenhouse in Watten, C., <a href= + "#page26">26</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Lohworuora, now Borthwick;</p> + + <p class="i2">church granted to bishop of Glasgow, <a href= + "#page77">77</a>, <a href="#page79">79</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a> (n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Loth;</p> + + <p class="i2">water of, <a href="#page9">9</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">owned by Hugo Freskyn, <a href= + "#page55">55</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href= + "#page93">93</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Lothians, formed part of Valentia, <a href= + "#page4">4</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Berenicians of, <a href="#page19">19</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>MacBain, A.;</p> + + <p class="i2">on seven Pictish provinces, <a href= + "#page141">141</a> (II, n. 1).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Macbeth, king of Scotland, <a href="#page28">28</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">son of Finlay MacRuari, <a href= + "#page37">37</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">parentage, <a href="#page144">144</a> (n. + 3);</p> + + <p class="i2">property in Ross and Cromarty, <a href= + "#page144">144</a> (n. 3);</p> + + <p class="i2">king of Scotland, <a href="#page42">42</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">slain, <a href="#page42">42</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">visited Rome, <a href="#page45">45</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">MacHeth, <a href="#page150">150</a> (n. + 26).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>MacFrisgyn, William;</p> + + <p class="i2">(see <a href="#freskynw">Freskyn, + William</a>).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>MacHeth, or MacAoidh, see Mackay, deriv. of name, <a href= + "#page150">150</a> (n. 26).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>MacHeth, Donald, <a href="#page81">81</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>MacHeth, Malcolm, <a href="#page74">74</a>, <a href= + "#page81">81</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl of Ross;</p> + + <p class="i2">dau. Gormflaith m. Harold Maddadson, <a href= + "#page74">74</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href= + "#page86">86</a>, <a href="#page88">88</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">personated by Wemund, <a href= + "#page150">150</a> (n. 24).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mac-in-Tagart, Ferchar;</p> + + <p class="i2">see Ross, earl of.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mackay, Book of, (Angus Mackay), <a href="#page56">56</a>, + <a href="#page150">150</a> (n. 25), <a href= + "#page155">155</a> (n. 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mackay (MacHeth) clan, <a href="#page54">54</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">came from Moray to Sutherland, <a href= + "#page56">56</a>, <a href="#page82">82</a>, <a href= + "#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page147">147</a> (n. 19);</p> + + <p class="i2">Freskyns guardians of Moray against MacHeths, + <a href="#page92">92</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">occupation of Durness, <a href= + "#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page137">137</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">rebellion of MacHeths of Moray, <a href= + "#page93">93</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">the chief m. dan. of bishop, <a href= + "#page122">122</a>, <a href="#page155">155</a> (n. 8);</p> + + <p class="i2">children of Heth attacked Hakon's expedition, + <a href="#page126">126</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">largely blended with Norse, <a href= + "#page137">137</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mackay, Iye Mor, <a href="#page122">122</a>, <a href= + "#page155">155</a> (n. 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="macw" id="macw"></a>MacWilliam, earl of Caithness + (?) (Scots Peerage), <a href="#page149">149</a> (n. 1), + (1129).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Maddad, earl of Athole;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Margret, dau. of earl Hakon Paulson, + <a href="#page61">61</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">visited by Sweyn, <a href="#page64">64</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his death, <a href="#page67">67</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Maeshowe, runes of, <a href="#page148">148</a> (n. + 32).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magbiod, or Macbeth, earl;</p> + + <p class="i2">fought at Skidamyre, C., <a href= + "#page25">25</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="magnusbl" id="magnusbl"></a>Magnus Barelegs, king + of Norway;</p> + + <p class="i2">expeditions to Scotland, <a href= + "#page49">49</a>, <a href="#page50">50</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">father of Harald Gillikrist, <a href= + "#page61">61</a>, <a href="#page136">136</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">why called "barelegs," <a href= + "#page49">49</a>, <a href="#page145">145</a> (n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="magnusb" id="magnusb"></a>Magnus the Blind, king + of Norway;</p> + + <p class="i2">defeated by king Harald at Floruvoe, <a href= + "#page61">61</a> .</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus' Cathedral, St., Kirkwall;</p> + + <p class="i2">relics of saint were removed to, <a href= + "#page51">51</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">erected by St. Ragnvald, <a href= + "#page51">51</a>, <a href="#page63">63</a>, <a href= + "#page65">65</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Hakon temporarily buried in, <a href= + "#page127">127</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">built by Norse, <a href="#page133">133</a>, + <a href="#page134">134</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="stmagnus" id="stmagnus"></a>Magnus Erlendson, + St., earl and saint, <a href="#page49">49</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">in expedition to Wales, <a href= + "#page49">49</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">in England and Wales, <a href= + "#page49">49</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">went to Caithness after king Magnus' death and + received as earl there, <a href="#page50">50</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his steward in Orkney killed by earl Hakon, + <a href="#page50">50</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">dispute with earl Hakon, <a href= + "#page50">50</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">slew his cousin, Dufnjal, and Thorbjorn in + Burrafirth, <a href="#page50">50</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his marriage, <a href="#page50">50</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his share seized by Hakon, upon which he went + to England, <a href="#page50">50</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">martyrdom, <a href="#page51">51</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">burial in Birsay, and removal of relics to St. + Magnus' Cathedral, Kirkwall, <a href="#page51">51</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">legends, character and appearance, <a href= + "#page51">51</a> -52;</p> + + <p class="i2">his sister, Gunnhild, m. Kol, <a href= + "#page60">60</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his successor in estate, <a href= + "#page60">60</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">cathedral built by his nephew, earl Ragnvald, + <a href="#page63">63</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his heirs, <a href="#page88">88</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Snaekoll Gunni's son, representative of his + line, <a href="#page94">94</a>, <a href="#page99">99</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">heirs of his share of Caithness earldom, + <a href="#page111">111</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his sagas see below;</p> + + <p class="i2">his life, <a href="#page145">145</a> (n. + 8);</p> + + <p class="i2">took Erlend share of earldom, <a href= + "#page146">146</a> (n. 10);</p> + + <p class="i2">Scottish candidate for earldom of C., <a href= + "#page146">146</a> (n. 12);</p> + + <p class="i2">mixed blood, <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. + 17).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="magnuse" id="magnuse"></a>Magnus Erlingson, king + of Norway;</p> + + <p class="i2">fell at Norafjord, <a href= + "#page75">75</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="magnustg" id="magnustg"></a>Magnus the Good, king + of Norway;</p> + + <p class="i2">grants Orkney to Ragnvald Brusison, <a href= + "#page43">43</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">Thorfinn's visit, <a href="#page45">45</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="magnush" id="magnush"></a>Magnus Hakonson, + crowned king of Norway in his father's lifetime, <a href= + "#page121">121</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">ceded Hebrides to Scotland, <a href= + "#page128">128</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus Hakonson Saga, <a href="#page156">156</a> (n. + 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus Saga, St., <a href="#page1">1</a>, <a href= + "#page2">2</a>, <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href= + "#page146">146</a> (ns. 10, 18).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="magnusii" id="magnusii"></a>Magnus II, earl of + Orkney and Caithness;</p> + + <p class="i2">obscure pedigree, <a href= + "#page103">103</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">parentage, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href= + "#page84">84</a>, <a href="#page101">101</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">erroneously called son of Gillebride of Angus, + <a href="#page105">105</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his name suggests a Norse mother of the line of + earl Erlend, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href= + "#page112">112</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">perambulated lands of Arbroath Abbey, <a href= + "#page103">103</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">not a minor on earl John's death, <a href= + "#page104">104</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">regarding his supposed son, Magnus, <a href= + "#page104">104</a> , <a href="#page105">105</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">grant of earldom of south Caith., <a href= + "#page103">103</a>, <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href= + "#page106">106</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">probably possessed by line of Erlend, <a href= + "#page108">108</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">supposed marriage to the nameless dau. of earl + John;</p> + + <p class="i2">got earl John's earldom lands and title, + <a href="#page101">101</a>, <a href="#page105">105</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">remainder of the earldom granted to him as son + of a sister of earl Harald Ungi, <a href="#page101">101</a>, + <a href="#page105">105</a>, <a href="#page106">106</a>, + <a href="#page112">112</a>, <a href="#page116">116</a>, + <a href="#page117">117</a>, <a href="#page118">118</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">neither he nor wife claimed any part of + Strathnaver lands, <a href="#page111">111</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sutherland excluded from earldom, <a href= + "#page116">116</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">Erlend line excluded from Orkney since + Ragnvald's death (excepting Harald Ungi), <a href="#page118">118</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl of Orkney, <a href="#page123">123</a>, + <a href="#page153">153</a> (n. 5);</p> + + <p class="i2">Caith. lands of the Angus line of earls, + <a href="#page154">154</a> (n. 28);</p> + + <p class="i2">death, successor, <a href= + "#page116">116</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="magnusiii" id="magnusiii"></a>Magnus III, + Gibbonson, earl of Orkney and Caithness, <a href= + "#page103">103</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">extent of his estate in Caithness, <a href= + "#page117">117</a>, <a href="#page123">123</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Bergen with king Hakon (1263), <a href= + "#page124">124</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">his position as earl of C., <a href= + "#page125">125</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">stayed behind under orders to follow Hakon, + <a href="#page125">125</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">deserted him, <a href="#page127">127</a>, + <a href="#page156">156</a> (n. 20);</p> + + <p class="i2">reconciled to Alexander III and to king of + Norway, <a href="#page156">156</a> (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus, king of Man;</p> + + <p class="i2">joined Hakon's expedition, <a href= + "#page125">125</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus, or Mangi, son of Eric Stagbrellir, <a href= + "#page72">72</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">fared to Norway, fell at Norafjord, <a href= + "#page75">75</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">his home, <a href="#page84">84</a>, <a href= + "#page108">108</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus, son of Havard Gunni's son, <a href= + "#page71">71</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus Saga the Longer, <a href="#page145">145</a> (n. 8), + <a href="#page146">146</a> (ns. 10, 12, 13).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus Saga the Short, <a href="#page145">145</a> (n. 1), + <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. 14).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnus, Spittal of St., near Halkirk, <a href= + "#page134">134</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Magnusson, Eirikr;</p> + + <p class="i2">transl. of Darratha-liod, <a href= + "#page30">30</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Maiming, made a Northman impossible, <a href= + "#page147">147</a> (n. 15).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mainland, Orkney;</p> + + <p class="i2">Thorfinn's Hall, <a href="#page44">44</a>, + <a href="#page46">46</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">meeting between earls Hakon and Magnus, + <a href="#page50">50</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Malbrigde of the buck-tooth, <a href="#page21">21</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="malcolm" id="malcolm"></a>Malcolm, earl of + Caithness and Angus;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl of Caith. (1232-36), <a href= + "#page104">104</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl of C. as guardian of a minor, <a href= + "#page105">105</a>, as trustee or custos, <a href= + "#page106">106</a>, <a href="#page116">116</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his dau. heiress, and successors, <a href= + "#page103">103</a> .</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Malcolm I, (954), <a href="#page26">26</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Malcolm II, king of Scotland;</p> + + <p class="i2">dau. m. Sigurd Hlodverson, <a href= + "#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page37">37</a>; <a href= + "#page59">59</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">kingdom of Scotland produced, <a href= + "#page33">33</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">contemporary records begin, <a href= + "#page36">36</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">defeated Norse at Mortlach, <a href= + "#page36">36</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his daughters, <a href="#page36">36</a>, + <a href="#page37">37</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Macbeth also supposed son of his sister, + <a href="#page144">144</a> (n. 3);</p> + + <p class="i2">policy in Caith. and Orkney, <a href= + "#page38">38</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">death, <a href="#page40">40</a>, <a href= + "#page48">48</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">kinsman, Moldan, maormor of Caith., <a href= + "#page60">60</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">his dream of a consolidated kingdom realised, + <a href="#page120">120</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Malcolm III, Canmore, king of Scotland;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Ingibjorg, Thorfinn's widow, <a href= + "#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page46">46</a>, <a href= + "#page47">47</a>, <a href="#page145">145</a> (ns. 4, 5), + <a href="#page48">48</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. 2nd, St. Margaret, introduced Saxon + nobility, <a href="#page75">75</a>, <a href= + "#page137">137</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his son Duncan II, <a href="#page86">86</a>, + whose descendant was Donald Ban MacWilliam, <a href= + "#page119">119</a>, <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. 13).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Malcolm IV,</p> + + <p class="i2">granted half earldom of Caithness to Erlend + Haraldson, <a href="#page67">67</a>, <a href= + "#page81">81</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">defeated Somarled, <a href= + "#page82">82</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his death, <a href="#page82">82</a>, <a href= + "#page83">83</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Malcolm, supposed son of Malcolm III, <a href= + "#page48">48</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Maldred, of Cumbria, <a href="#page36">36</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Malise, earl of Stratherne;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Matilda, dau. of Gibbon, earl, <a href= + "#page116">116</a>, <a href="#page117">117</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="maliseii" id="maliseii"></a>Malise II, earl of Orkney + and Caithness;</p> + + <p class="i2">heir of Matilda, dau. of earl Gibbon, <a href= + "#page116">116</a>, <a href="#page117">117</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">conveyed Berridale, to Reginald More, and + Reginald Chen III, <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href= + "#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page108">108</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">descendant of the lines of Paul and Erlend, + <a href="#page108">108</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mallard River;</p> + + <p class="i2">see Ardovyr, <a href="#page110">110</a>,</p> + + <p class="i2">deriv., <a href="#page153">153</a> (n. 19).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mamgarvie, near Inverness, <a href="#page86">86</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Man;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sweyn's annual raids, <a href= + "#page73">73</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Harold Maddadson in, <a href= + "#page87">87</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Ragnvald Gudrodson, king of, <a href= + "#page88">88</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">returned to Man, <a href="#page89">89</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Magnus of M. joined Hakon's expedition, + <a href="#page125">125</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">conquered by Alexander III after Largs, + <a href="#page128">128</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">incorporated in Scotland, <a href= + "#page1">1</a> and n. 141.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Maor and maormor, Pictish rulers, <a href= + "#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href= + "#page20">20</a>, <a href="#page47">47</a>, <a href= + "#page142">142</a> (II, n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Margaret, St.;</p> + + <p class="i2">2nd wife of king Malcolm Canmore, <a href= + "#page75">75</a>, <a href="#page137">137</a>, <a href= + "#page47">47</a>, <a href="#page145">145</a> (ns. 4, 5).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Margaret's Hope, St.;</p> + + <p class="i2">Orkney, <a href="#page125">125</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Margret, dau. of earl Harold Maddadson and Afreka, + <a href="#page73">73</a>, <a href="#page84">84</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Margret, earl Hakon's dau., <a href="#page52">52</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">brought up by Frakark in Kildonan, <a href= + "#page59">59</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Maddad, earl of Athole, <a href= + "#page61">61</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">visited by Sweyn, <a href="#page62">62</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">received her brother earl Paul, his fate, + <a href="#page63">63</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">returned to Orkney, had a child by Gunni, + Sweyn's brother, <a href="#page67">67</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">eloped with Erlend the Young, <a href= + "#page68">68</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">contemporary of Freskyn I, <a href= + "#page76">76</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">younger sister of Ingibiorg, <a href= + "#page88">88</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Matilda, <a href="#page152">152</a> (n. 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Matilda, countess of Angus; heiress of Malcolm, earl of + A.,</p> + + <p class="i2">m. (1) John Comyn;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. (2) Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of A., + <a href="#page103">103</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="mat" id="mat"></a>Matilda, dau. of Gibbon, earl + of Orkney and Caithness, m. Malise, earl of Stratherne, <a href="#page116">116</a>, + <a href="#page117">117</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mearns;</p> + + <p class="i2">why no brochs? <a href="#page141">141</a> (II, + n. 5);</p> + + <p class="i2">Cirig, for Magh-Circinn, or, Mearns, a Pictish + province, <a href="#page7">7</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Melrose, Chronicle of;</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#page80">80</a>, <a href= + "#page149">149</a> (ns. 8, 10), <a href="#page151">151</a> + (ns. 33, 37), <a href="#page152">152</a> (ns. 5, 13).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Melsnati, <a href="#page26">26</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Menteith;</p> + + <p class="i2">Fortrenn, a Pictish province, <a href= + "#page7">7</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Michel, Francisque;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Chroniques Anglo-Normandes</i>, <a href= + "#page157">157</a> (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Minch, the, <a href="#page7">7</a>,</p> + + <p class="i2">or Skotlands-fiorthr, <a href="#page35">35</a>, + <a href="#page148">148</a> (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Missel (probably Frisel or Fraser), in embassy to Norway, + <a href="#page121">121</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Moddan, earl of C., <a href="#page34">34</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">parentage, <a href="#page36">36</a>, <a href= + "#page53">53</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">sister's son of Duncan I, <a href= + "#page40">40</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">at North Berwick, <a href="#page41">41</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">slain by Thorkel Fostri, <a href= + "#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page46">46</a>, <a href= + "#page53">53</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his family in Caithness, <a href= + "#page49">49</a>, <a href="#page59">59</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Moddan, in Dale, and family;</p> + + <p class="i2">possible son of earl Moddan, <a href= + "#page53">53</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">the clan and family, <a href="#page56">56</a>, + <a href="#page58">58</a>, <a href="#page59">59</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">held the hills and upper parts of valleys, + <a href="#page53">53</a>, <a href="#page55">55</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">family and Pictish clansmen, <a href= + "#page131">131</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">family plots, <a href="#page60">60</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">clan harried by Sweyn, <a href= + "#page65">65</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his daughters and estates, <a href= + "#page16">16</a>, <a href="#page20">20</a>, <a href= + "#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page35">35</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">dau. Helga, <a href="#page52">52</a>, <a href= + "#page59">59</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Eric Stagbrellir's children sole heirs, + <a href="#page72">72</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">family lands, <a href="#page84">84</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Harald Ungi's title to Moddan lands, <a href= + "#page85">85</a>, <a href="#page93">93</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Gunni, Ragnhild's husband, became chief of M. + clan, <a href="#page94">94</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">estates left to earl Erlend Haraldson, then + went to Eric Stagbrellir, <a href="#page69">69</a>, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href= + "#page94">94</a>, <a href="#page98">98</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Snaekoll Gunni's son next heir to estates, + <a href="#page99">99</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Johanna inherited Moddan lands, <a href= + "#page110">110</a>, <a href="#page111">111</a>, <a href= + "#page112">112</a>, <a href="#page117">117</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">estates passed to Norman families, <a href= + "#page137">137</a> .</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Moldan, (see Moddan), of Duncansby, <a href= + "#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page36">36</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">kinsman of Scots king, <a href= + "#page37">37</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">connection with Moddan family, <a href= + "#page59">59</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Monuments of C. and S., early, <a href="#page2">2</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Moravia, family, de;</p> + + <p class="i2">see <a href="#freskyn">Freskin</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Moraviensis, Registrum Episcopatús, <a href= + "#page79">79</a>, <a href="#page100">100</a>, <a href= + "#page115">115</a>, <a href="#page144">144</a> (n. 1), <a href="#page147">147</a> (ns. 28, 29), + <a href="#page149">149</a> (ns. 9, 11), <a href= + "#page150">150</a> (ns. 16, 18, 20-22), <a href="#page151">151</a> (n. 43), <a href= + "#page153">153</a> (ns. 6, 18), <a href="#page154">154</a> + (ns. 23, 24, 26, 27), <a href="#page155">155</a> (n. 1).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Moray, bishops of;</p> + + <p class="i2">Andrew Freskyn, <a href="#page77">77</a>, + <a href="#page79">79</a>, <a href="#page80">80</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">grant from Johanna of Strathnaver, <a href= + "#page109">109</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">Archibald, regrant to Reginald Chen II, + <a href="#page109">109</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Felix, <a href="#page149">149</a> (n. 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Moray, Gilbert, archdeacon of, <a href="#page79">79</a>, + <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a> (n. 11), + and bishop of Caithness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Moray, province of;</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish province of Fidach including Ross, + <a href="#page7">7</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">northern limit of Roman penetration, <a href= + "#page5">5</a>, <a href="#page12">12</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">no brochs, <a href="#page141">141</a> (II, n. + 5);</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse influence, <a href="#page14">14</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">last Pictish province subdued by Scots, + <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page131">131</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">wars between kings of Alban and the Norsemen + in, <a href="#page26">26</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish clergy driven from seaboard by Norse, + <a href="#page130">130</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse driven from laigh of M., <a href= + "#page26">26</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">taken from Norse, <a href="#page27">27</a>, + <a href="#page35">35</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse defeated at Mortlach, <a href= + "#page36">36</a>, <a href="#page37">37</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">ravaged by earl Thorfinn Sigurdson, <a href= + "#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page53">53</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishopric founded, <a href= + "#page54">54</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">estate of Freskyn de Moravia, <a href= + "#page54">54</a>, <a href="#page55">55</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Waltheof burnt in his house, <a href= + "#page65">65</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">a barrier to Scottish civilisation, <a href= + "#page75">75</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish province stretched across to the Minch, + <a href="#page76">76</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">defeat of Picts of M. at Stracathro, <a href= + "#page76">76</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">Register of Moray, <a href="#page79">79</a>, + <a href="#page115">115</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Freskyn estate, <a href="#page79">79</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">rebellions, <a href="#page80">80</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">feudal barons repel Eystein's invasion, + <a href="#page81">81</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">rebellion subdued, <a href= + "#page82">82</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">estates of Freskyn, <a href= + "#page85">85</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Harold Maddadson's expedition, <a href= + "#page86">86</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">Freskyn family appointed guardians, <a href= + "#page92">92</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">rebellion of MacHeths, <a href= + "#page93">93</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">king William's expedition against thanes of + Ross, <a href="#page94">94</a>:</p> + + <p class="i2">chartulary, <a href="#page100">100</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">revolt of Donald Ban MacWilliam, <a href= + "#page119">119</a>, <a href="#page120">120</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Hakon's proposed raid (1263), <a href= + "#page124">124</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">no Norse place-names on seaboard, <a href= + "#page132">132</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish inhabitants scattered, the Mackays to + Durness, <a href="#page137">137</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Moray, Richard of;</p> + + <p class="i2">brother of Gilbert;</p> + + <p class="i2">fell repulsing Norse, <a href= + "#page121">121</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Moray, Shaw's, <a href="#page77">77</a>, <a href= + "#page149">149</a> (ns. 9, 12), <a href="#page153">153</a> + (n. 7).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>More, Loch, <a href="#page115">115</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>More, Reginald;</p> + + <p class="i2">chamberlain of Scotland, <a href= + "#page108">108</a>, <a href="#page109">109</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Morgan;</p> + + <p class="i2">first name of clan Mackay, MacHeth, or + MacAoidh, <a href="#page56">56</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mortlach, in Moray;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse defeated by Malcolm II, <a href= + "#page36">36</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Morton, Reg. Hon. de, earl of Katanay, <a href= + "#page105">105</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mound, the;</p> + + <p class="i2">Craig Amlaiph near, <a href="#page143">143</a> + (n. 33).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mounth, or Grampians, home of Caledonians, <a href= + "#page4">4</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mousa Broch, <a href="#page68">68</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">used by run-away honeymoon couples, <a href= + "#page157">157</a> (n. 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Munch, P.A.;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>History of Norway</i>, <a href= + "#page90">90</a>, <a href="#page156">156</a> (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mungo, or Kentigern, St., in Strathclyde and Pictland, + <a href="#page5">5</a>, <a href="#page6">6</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Murkfjord or Myrkfjord (possibly Loch Glendhu), <a href= + "#page70">70</a>, <a href="#page82">82</a>, <a href= + "#page150">150</a> (n. 29).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Murkle, C., <a href="#page25">25</a>, <a href= + "#page115">115</a>, see <a href="#page154">154</a> (n. + 28).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mydalr, Iceland, <a href="#page27">27</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Nairn, <a href="#page87">87</a>, <a href= + "#page92">92</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Naver, Loch;</p> + + <p class="i2">broch, <a href="#page10">10</a>, <a href= + "#page142">142</a> (II, n. 6); <a href="#page84">84</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">River Naver, <a href="#page89">89</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">lands of Moddan family, <a href= + "#page93">93</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Dovyr, <a href="#page109">109</a>, <a href= + "#page110">110</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Naver, River;</p> + + <p class="i2">Dalharrold, <a href="#page89">89</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">see Dovyr, <a href="#page110">110</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Nechtan, <a href="#page6">6</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Nerbon, sae-borg on the;</p> + + <p class="i2">Bilbao on the Nervion, <a href= + "#page66">66</a>, <a href="#page148">148</a> (n. 25).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ness, now Caithness, <a href="#page7">7</a>, <a href= + "#page22">22</a>, <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href= + "#page53">53</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href= + "#page8">8</a>, <a href="#page141">141</a> (II, ns. 3, + 4).</p> + + <p class="i2">See <a href="#cait">Cait</a> and <a href= + "#caith">Caithness</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>New Spalding Club;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Records of Elgin</i>, <a href= + "#page81">81</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Niorfa Sound (Straits of Gibraltar), <a href= + "#page66">66</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Nisbet's Heraldry, <a href="#page149">149</a> (n. 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Norafjord in Sogn, <a href="#page75">75</a>, <a href= + "#page84">84</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Norman architecture;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall, <a href= + "#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page134">134</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Normans;</p> + + <p class="i2">Conquest, <a href="#page48">48</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">families accepted as chiefs, <a href= + "#page76">76</a>, <a href="#page137">137</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">influence of, in Caithness and Sutherland, + <a href="#page138">138</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Norse Influence on Celtic Scotland, (George Henderson), + <a href="#page14">14</a>, <a href="#page145">145</a> (n. + 5), <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. 13), <a href= + "#page156">156</a> (n. 5).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Norse mythology;</p> + + <p class="i2">of early settlers in Britain, <a href= + "#page130">130</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Norsemen;</p> + + <p class="i2">occupation of Caith. and Sutherland, <a href= + "#page1">1</a>, <a href="#page33">33</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">no women brought, <a href= + "#page131">131</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">early Norse rulers, <a href= + "#page18">18</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">defeated at Mortlach, <a href= + "#page36">36</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">raids on Moray coast, <a href= + "#page76">76</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Freskyns appointed guardians of Moray against, + <a href="#page92">92</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">expedition against south Hebrides, <a href= + "#page98">98</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">invasion of Sutherland repulsed at Embo, + <a href="#page121">121</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">law and language in Orkney and Shetland, + <a href="#page128">128</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">intermarriage with Celts, <a href= + "#page130">130</a>, <a href="#page131">131</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">influence of, on British law, <a href= + "#page130">130</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">religion of early settlers in British Isles, + <a href="#page130">130</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">destroyed culture of St. Columba, <a href= + "#page130">130</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">enslaved aborigines in their colonies, <a href= + "#page130">130</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">their place-names in Scotland, <a href= + "#page131">131</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">settled on coasts and lower valleys, <a href= + "#page14">14</a>, <a href="#page131">131</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">subdued by Scots in north, <a href= + "#page131">131</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Gaelic language adopted by, <a href= + "#page131">131</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">few monuments in Scotland, <a href= + "#page132">132</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">domestic and ecclesiastical buildings of wood + or stone, <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href= + "#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page134">134</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">York Powell on, <a href="#page134">134</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">discovery of America, and Africa, <a href= + "#page136">136</a> .</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Northman and Pict, <a href="#page7">7</a>, <a href= + "#page130">130</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Norway;</p> + + <p class="i2">viking raids on British Isles, <a href= + "#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page13">13</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">trade with Grimsby, <a href= + "#page61">61</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Ragnvald visited king Ingi, <a href= + "#page66">66</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Ragnvald returned from Jerusalem through + Norway, <a href="#page67">67</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Margaret, queen of N., <a href= + "#page121">121</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Scottish embassy to, <a href= + "#page121">121</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Hebrides ceded to Scotland, <a href= + "#page1">1</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Norway, History of, P.A. Munch, <a href="#page156">156</a> + (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ochill, (Oykel), <a href="#page142">142</a> (III, n. + 7).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Norway, kings of;</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#haraldhf">Harald Harfagr</a>, + (860-933);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#eric">Eric Bloody-axe</a>, + (930-935);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#olafts">Olaf Tryggvi's son</a>, + (995-1000);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#magnustg">Magnus the Good</a>, + (1035-1047);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#haraldsh">Harald Sigurdson + Hardrada</a>, (1045-1066);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#olafh">Olaf Haraldson</a>, + (1067-1093);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#magnusbl">Magnus Barelegs</a>, + (1093-1103);</p> + + <p class="i2">Sigurd Magnusson, (1103-1130);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#magnusb">Magnus the Blind</a>, + (1130-1135);</p> + + <p class="i2">Harald Gilli, (1130-1136);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#eystein">Eystein Haraldson</a>, + (1142-1157);</p> + + <p class="i2">Ingi, (1136-1161);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#magnuse">Magnus Erlingson</a>, + (1162-1184);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#sverrir">Sverrir</a>, + (1184-1202);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#hakonss">Hakon, Sverri's son</a>, + (1202-1204);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#hakonhs">Hakon Hakonson</a>, + (1217-1263);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#magnush">Magnus Hakonson</a>, + (1263-1280);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#christ">Christian I</a>, (1459-1481), + q.v.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Odal lands;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Orkney, <a href="#page24">24</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">none in Cat, <a href="#page24">24</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Odin;</p> + + <p class="i2">blood-eagle rite, <a href="#page24">24</a>, + <a href="#page122">122</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">worshipped by Norse in Britain, <a href= + "#page130">130</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sigurd Hlodverson died fighting for, <a href= + "#page130">130</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">and defeated at Clontarf, <a href= + "#page29">29</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Olaf Bitling, king of the Sudreys;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Ingibiorg, daughter of earl Hakon, <a href= + "#page52">52</a> .</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="olafh" id="olafh"></a>Olaf Haraldson Kyrre, king + of Norway, <a href="#page47">47</a>, <a href= + "#page48">48</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Olaf Hrolfson, father of Sweyn and Gunni, <a href= + "#page62">62</a>, <a href="#page64">64</a>, <a href= + "#page65">65</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Olaf, king of Man, <a href="#page98">98</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Olaf, king of Norway;</p> + + <p class="i2">received Thorfinn Sigurdson, earl of Orkney and + Caithness, <a href="#page39">39</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">and Thorkel Fostri, <a href= + "#page40">40</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his award, <a href="#page40">40</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">killed at Stiklastad, <a href= + "#page43">43</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Olaf, son-in-law of earl Harold Maddadson, <a href= + "#page153">153</a> (n. 1).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Olaf Tryggvason Saga;</p> + + <p class="i2">account of earls of Orkney, <a href= + "#page22">22</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="olafts" id="olafts"></a>Olaf Tryggvi's-son;</p> + + <p class="i2">conversion of Sigurd Hlodverson, <a href= + "#page27">27</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Olaf the White, king of Dublin;</p> + + <p class="i2">invasion of Scotland, <a href= + "#page20">20</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Olaf's Saga, St.;</p> + + <p class="i2">account of earls of Orkney, <a href= + "#page22">22</a>, <a href="#page143">143</a> (n. 14), + <a href="#page143">143</a> (n. 18), <a href= + "#page43">43</a>, <a href="#page144">144</a> (n. 15), <a href= + "#page157">157</a> (n. 19)</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Old-Lore Miscellany (Viking Society);</p> + + <p class="i2">Darratha-liod, <a href="#page30">30</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">authorship O.S., <a href="#page51">51</a>, + <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. 15), <a href= + "#page156">156</a> (n. 6);</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Orkney and Shetland Folk</i>, <a href= + "#page14">14</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a> (II, n. 14), + <a href="#page26">26</a>, <a href="#page143">143</a> (n. + 25); <a href="#page47">47</a>, <a href= + "#page145">145</a> (n. 3).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Old-shore (Asleifarvik), <a href="#page125">125</a>, + <a href="#page155">155</a> (n. 15).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Oliphant family;</p> + + <p class="i2">charters, earldom of Caithness, <a href= + "#page103">103</a>, <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href= + "#page118">118</a>, <a href="#page137">137</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Olvir Rosta;</p> + + <p class="i2">grandson of Frakark, <a href= + "#page59">59</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">aid sought by earl Ragnvald, <a href= + "#page61">61</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">defeated in sea fight, <a href= + "#page62">62</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">burned Sweyn's father, Olaf, <a href= + "#page62">62</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">fled before Sweyn and not heard of afterwards, + <a href="#page64">64</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">no direct heirs, <a href="#page72">72</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his contemporary, Freskyn I, <a href= + "#page76">76</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">supposed ancestor of Macaulays, <a href= + "#page148">148</a> (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Orcades, of Torfaeus;</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#page25">25</a>, <a href= + "#page143">143</a> (n. 22), <a href="#page94">94</a>, + <a href="#page100">100</a>, <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. + 10), <a href="#page147">147</a> (n. 5), <a href="#page149">149</a> (n. 43), <a href= + "#page151">151</a> (n. 39), <a href="#page152">152</a> (n. + 22), <a href="#page156">156</a> (n. 20);</p> + + <p class="i2">for transl. see <a href="#pope">Pope, + Alex</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ord of Caithness, <a href="#page8">8</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">king William marched his army to, against earl + Harald, <a href="#page90">90</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Man of, <a href="#page151">151</a> (n. 47).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Origines Parochiales Scotiae, <a href="#page3">3</a>, + <a href="#page105">105</a>, <a href="#page109">109</a>, + <a href="#page26">26</a>, <a href="#page143">143</a> (ns. 23, + 26), <a href="#page148">148</a>-9 (n. 41), <a href= + "#page150">150</a> (ns. 14, 15, 20, 31), <a href= + "#page151">151</a> (ns. 33, 35, 42), <a href="#page153">153</a> (n. 18), <a href= + "#page154">154</a> (ns. 23, 24, 28), <a href= + "#page155">155</a> (ns. 4, 6, 8), <a href="#page157">157</a> + (ns. 12, 14).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="orkney" id="orkney"></a>Orkney;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Kentigern's mission, <a href= + "#page6">6</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Picts, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href= + "#page130">130</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">influence of Gael on Norse, <a href= + "#page14">14</a>, <a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href= + "#page17">17</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">foundation of Norse earldom, <a href= + "#page4">4</a>, <a href="#page20">20</a>, <a href= + "#page130">130</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earls' attacks on north of Scotland, <a href= + "#page21">21</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">succession of earls, <a href="#page22">22</a>, + <a href="#page37">37</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">converted by Olaf Tryggvi's son, <a href= + "#page27">27</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">under Norway, <a href="#page33">33</a>, + <a href="#page35">35</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">first cathedral and bishop's seat at Birsay, + <a href="#page45">45</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">double bishops, <a href="#page48">48</a>, + <a href="#page49">49</a>, <a href="#page145">145</a> (n. + 8);</p> + + <p class="i2">a contingent in expedition against Saxons, + <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page47">47</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">trade with Grimsby, <a href= + "#page61">61</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">the bishops, <a href="#page63">63</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sweyn's viking life, <a href= + "#page73">73</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">agriculture, <a href="#page73">73</a>, <a href= + "#page74">74</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">invasion of earl Harald Ungi, <a href= + "#page87">87</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Harold Maddadson, after defeat by Ragnvald + Gudrodson, fled to, <a href="#page89">89</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Cobbie Row Castle, in, <a href= + "#page100">100</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">the gaedingar of the earl of Orkney, <a href= + "#page100">100</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Hakon at, <a href="#page124">124</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">and died in Kirkwall, in the palace of bishop, + <a href="#page127">127</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">mortgaged to Scotland, <a href= + "#page128">128</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">adopted English with many Norse words, <a href= + "#page132">132</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">old Norse ballad sung in 18th cent., <a href= + "#page30">30</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">proposed Scot. conquest after Norse reverse at + Largs, <a href="#page155">155</a> (n. 13), <a href="#page156">156</a> (n. 20);</p> + + <p class="i2">annular eclipse of sun in 1263, <a href= + "#page125">125</a>, <a href="#page155">155</a> (n. 14);</p> + + <p class="i2">Orkney and Shetland colonised mainly from the + fjords north of Bergen, <a href="#page156">156</a> (n. 1);</p> + + <p class="i2">see also <a href="#oandce">Orkney and + Caithness, earls of</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="oandce" id="oandce"></a>Orkney and Caithness, + earls of;</p> + + <p class="i2">(see also under their individual names);</p> + + <p class="i2">Ragnvald, <a href="#page20">20</a>, <a href= + "#page22">22</a>, <a href="#page23">23</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#sige">Sigurd Eysteinson</a>, <a href= + "#page20">20</a>, <a href="#page21">21</a>, <a href= + "#page90">90</a>, <a href="#page122">122</a>, <a href= + "#page142">142</a> (III, n. 9);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#gut">Guthorm Sigurdson</a>, <a href= + "#page22">22</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#hallad">Hallad Ragnvaldson</a>, + <a href="#page22">22</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#torf">Torf-Einar Ragnvaldson</a>, + <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page24">24</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#arnk">Arnkell</a>, <a href= + "#erlendt">Erlend</a> and <a href="#thorh">Thorfinn + Hausa-kliufr</a>, sons of <a href="#torf">Torf-Einar</a>, + <a href="#page24">24</a>, <a href="#page25">25</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#arnf">Arnfinn</a>, <a href= + "#hava">Havard</a>, <a href="#hlod">Hlodver</a>, <a href= + "#ljot">Ljot</a> and <a href="#skuli">Skuli</a>, sons of + Thorfinn, <a href="#page25">25</a>, <a href="#page26">26</a>, + <a href="#page38">38</a>, <a href="#page144">144</a> (n. 4);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#sigh">Sigurd Hlodverson</a>, <a href= + "#page24">24</a>, <a href="#page26">26</a>, <a href= + "#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href= + "#page29">29</a>, <a href="#page30">30</a>, <a href= + "#page32">32</a>, <a href="#page36">36</a>, <a href= + "#page37">37</a>, <a href="#page130">130</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#somar">Somarled</a>, <a href= + "#brusi">Brusi</a>, <a href="#einar">Einar</a> and <a href= + "#thorf">Thorfinn</a>, sons of <a href="#sigh">Sigurd</a>, + <a href="#page36">36</a>-46, (Thorfinn) <a href="#page47">47</a>, <a href= + "#page48">48</a>, <a href="#page86">86</a>, <a href= + "#page88">88</a>, <a href="#page90">90</a>, <a href= + "#page119">119</a>, <a href="#page145">145</a> (ns. 4, 5), + <a href="#page148">148</a> (n. 28);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#ragb">Ragnvald Brusi's son</a>, + <a href="#page42">42</a>-44, <a href="#page46">46</a>, + <a href="#page60">60</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#pault">Paul Thorfinnson</a>, <a href= + "#page47">47</a>-49, <a href="#page55">55</a>-57, <a href= + "#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page101">101</a>, <a href= + "#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page115">115</a>, <a href= + "#page116">116</a>, <a href="#page153">153</a> (n. 15);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#erlendtf">Erlend Thorfinnson</a>, + <a href="#page47">47</a>-49, <a href="#page55">55</a>, + <a href="#page56">56</a>, <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href= + "#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page94">94</a>, <a href= + "#page99">99</a>, <a href="#page101">101</a>, <a href= + "#page108">108</a> and <a href="#page153">153</a> (n. + 15), <a href="#page111">111</a>, <a href= + "#page115">115</a>, <a href="#page117">117</a>, <a href= + "#page118">118</a>, <a href="#page138">138</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#sigm">Sigurd Magnusson</a>, son of k. + <a href="#magnusbl">Magnus Barelegs</a>, <a href= + "#page49">49</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#hakonp">Hakon Paulson</a>, <a href= + "#page48">48</a>-53, <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href= + "#page88">88</a>, <a href="#page146">146</a> (ns. 10, 12, + 17), <a href="#page148">148</a> (n. 28);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#stmagnus">St. Magnus Erlendson</a>, + <a href="#page48">48</a>-52, <a href="#page60">60</a>, + <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href="#page63">63</a>, <a href= + "#page88">88</a>, <a href="#page94">94</a>, <a href= + "#page99">99</a>, <a href="#page111">111</a>, <a href= + "#page145">145</a> (n. 8), <a href="#page146">146</a> (ns. 10, 12, + 17);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#paulhs">Paul Hakonson the Silent</a>, + <a href="#page52">52</a>, <a href="#page58">58</a>-63;</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#haradhs">Harald Hakonson + Slettmali</a>, <a href="#page52">52</a>, <a href= + "#page58">58</a>-60;</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#erlendh">Erlend Haraldson</a>, + <a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href="#page58">58</a>, <a href= + "#page67">67</a>-69, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href= + "#page73">73</a>, <a href="#page76">76</a>, <a href= + "#page88">88</a>, <a href="#page148">148</a> (ns. 28, + 31);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#strag">St. Ragnvald Kolson</a>, + <a href="#page24">24</a>, <a href="#page51">51</a>, <a href= + "#page54">54</a>, <a href="#page59">59</a>, <a href= + "#page60">60</a>-62, <a href="#page64">64</a>-71, <a href= + "#page72">72</a>, <a href="#page84">84</a>, <a href= + "#page146">146</a> (n. 20);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#ungi">Harald Ungi</a>, <a href= + "#page57">57</a>, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href= + "#page75">75</a>, <a href="#page84">84</a>-87, <a href= + "#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page94">94</a>, <a href= + "#page98">98</a>, <a href="#page102">102</a>, <a href= + "#page103">103</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href= + "#page111">111</a>, <a href="#page117">117</a>, <a href= + "#page118">118</a>, <a href="#page154">154</a> (n. 22);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#haroldm">Harold Maddadson</a>, + <a href="#page61">61</a>-63, <a href="#page73">73</a>-93, + <a href="#page99">99</a>, <a href="#page102">102</a>, + <a href="#page106">106</a>, <a href="#page111">111</a>, + <a href="#page113">113</a>, <a href="#page118">118</a>, + <a href="#page123">123</a>, <a href="#page124">124</a>, <a href="#page151">151</a> (n. 38), <a href= + "#page156">156</a> (n. 20);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#david">David Haroldson</a>, <a href= + "#page74">74</a>, <a href="#page90">90</a>, <a href= + "#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page94">94</a>, <a href= + "#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page112">112</a>, <a href= + "#page118">118</a>, <a href="#page121">121</a>, <a href= + "#page152">152</a> (n. 1);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#john">John Haroldson</a>, <a href= + "#page72">72</a>, <a href="#page94">94</a>, <a href= + "#page95">95</a>, <a href="#page97">97</a>-102, <a href= + "#page105">105</a>-108, <a href="#page111">111</a>-113, + <a href="#page115">115</a>-118, <a href= + "#page123">123</a>, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href= + "#page152">152</a> (ns. 1, 4);</p> + + <p class="i2">no pedigree of earls after John, <a href= + "#page102">102</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">diploma of earls unreliable, <a href= + "#page103">103</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">various theories as to genealogy of the earls + after John, <a href="#page104">104</a> et seq.;</p> + + <p class="i2">no claim to earldom of Orkney by Johanna of + Strathnaver, <a href="#page111">111</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">diploma on earldom of Sutherland, <a href= + "#page116">116</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#malcolm">Malcolm</a>, earl of C. and + Angus, <a href="#page103">103</a>-106, <a href= + "#page116">116</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#magnusii">Magnus II</a>, son of + Gilchrist, earl of Angus, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href= + "#page84">84</a>, <a href="#page101">101</a>-108, <a href= + "#page111">111</a>, <a href="#page112">112</a>, <a href="#page116">116</a>, <a href= + "#page118">118</a>, <a href="#page123">123</a>, <a href= + "#page153">153</a> (n. 5), <a href="#page154">154</a> (n. + 28);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#gibbon">Gibbon</a>, <a href= + "#page103">103</a>, <a href="#page116">116</a>, <a href= + "#page117">117</a>, <a href="#page123">123</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#magnusiii">Magnus III</a> Gibbonson, + <a href="#page103">103</a>, <a href="#page116">116</a>, + <a href="#page117">117</a>, <a href="#page123">123</a>-125, + <a href="#page127">127</a>, <a href="#page156">156</a> (n. + 20);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#maliseii">Malise II</a>, heir of + <a href="#mat">Matilda</a>, dau. of earl <a href= + "#gibbon">Gibbon</a>, <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href= + "#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page108">108</a>, <a href= + "#page116">116</a>, <a href="#page117">117</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">the earldom acquired through females, <a href= + "#page111">111</a>, <a href="#page154">154</a> (n. 22);</p> + + <p class="i2">unknown earls;</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#macw">MacWilliam</a>, <a href= + "#page149">149</a> (n. 1);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#gilbert">Gilbert</a>, <a href= + "#page103">103</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Olaf, <a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href= + "#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page143">143</a> (n. 33).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Orkney and Shetland Folk, (Viking Society, Old-lore + Miscellany and reprint), A.W. Johnston, <a href="#page14">14</a>, + <a href="#page142">142</a> (II, n. 14);</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#page26">26</a>, <a href= + "#page143">143</a> (n. 25), <a href="#page47">47</a>, + <a href="#page145">145</a> (n. 3).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Orkney and Shetland Records, (Viking Society);</p> + + <p class="i2">vol. i, <a href="#page3">3</a>, <a href= + "#page49">49</a>, <a href="#page145">145</a> (n. 8), <a href= + "#page151">151</a> (ns. 33, 44).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Orkney and Shetland, (Tudor); <a href="#page142">142</a> + (III, n. 6), <a href="#page143">143</a> (n. 17), <a href= + "#page25">25</a>, <a href="#page143">143</a> (n. 21), <a href="#page145">145</a> (n. 19), <a href= + "#page146">146</a> (n. 14), <a href="#page147">147</a> (n. + 13), <a href="#page148">148</a> (n. 23), <a href= + "#page148">148</a> (n. 31), Ellar-holm, <a href="#page70">70</a>, <a href= + "#page148">148</a> (n. 36), <a href="#page152">152</a> (n. + 20), <a href="#page156">156</a> (n. 20), <a href= + "#page157">157</a> (n. 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Orkneyinga Saga (Rolls text and transl.);</p> + + <p class="i2">historical record until 12th cent., <a href= + "#page1">1</a>, <a href="#page2">2</a>, <a href= + "#page3">3</a>, <a href="#page21">21</a>, <a href= + "#page142">142</a> (III, n. 8), <a href="#page22">22</a>, + <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page38">38</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">battle of Turfness, <a href= + "#page41">41</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Thorfinn's life, <a href="#page45">45</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Magnus, <a href="#page51">51</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">authorship, <a href="#page51">51</a>, <a href= + "#page146">146</a> (n. 15);</p> + + <p class="i2">Ragnvald and Sweyn Saga, <a href= + "#page60">60</a>, <a href="#page73">73</a>, <a href= + "#page74">74</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">its end, <a href="#page75">75</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Somarled the Freeman slain, <a href= + "#page82">82</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Harold Maddadson's family, <a href= + "#page102">102</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">earls, <a href="#page103">103</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Wick and Thurso, <a href= + "#page134">134</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">transl. by Hjaltalin and Goudie, <a href= + "#page143">143</a> (n. 14), <a href="#page23">23</a>, + <a href="#page143">143</a> (n. 16), <a href="#page24">24</a>, + <a href="#page143">143</a> (n. 17), <a href="#page24">24</a>, <a href= + "#page143">143</a> (n. 18), <a href="#page26">26</a>, + <a href="#page143">143</a> (ns. 23, 27), <a href= + "#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page143">143</a> (n. 29);</p> + + <p class="i2">Thorfinn's residence in C, <a href= + "#page39">39</a>, <a href="#page144">144</a> (n. 5), <a href= + "#page144">144</a> (ns. 7-13, 15-17), <a href="#page145">145</a> (ns. 18, 19, 21, 22; + V, 1, 2, 6-8), <a href="#page146">146</a> (ns. 10-19), <a href="#page147">147</a> (ns. 1-4, 7-12, 14, + 16-18);</p> + + <p class="i2">residence of Frakark, <a href= + "#page147">147</a> (n. 6);</p> + + <p class="i2">Atjokl's Bakki, <a href="#page147">147</a> (n. + 14); <a href="#page148">148</a> (ns. 21-23, 25-27, 29, 31-33, + 35-38), <a href="#page149">149</a> (ns. 42, 45, 1-3, + 5), <a href="#page151">151</a> (ns. 39, 40, 45, 49), <a href="#page152">152</a> (ns. 1, 2, 8, 10), + <a href="#page153">153</a> (n. 1), <a href="#page157">157</a> + (n. 13).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Orm, earl;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Sigrid, not Ingibjorg, dau. of Finn Arnason, + <a href="#page145">145</a> (n. 5).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Orphir;</p> + + <p class="i2">the earl's hall burned, <a href= + "#page44">44</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">round church, <a href="#page52">52</a>, + <a href="#page65">65</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">incident of the poisoned shirt, <a href= + "#page58">58</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Paul's Yule feast, Sweyn slew Sweyn, + <a href="#page62">62</a>, <a href="#page65">65</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Jarls' Bu, <a href="#page133">133</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Ragnvald at, <a href="#page69">69</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Orphir;</p> + + <p class="i2">The Round Church and Earl's Bu of, (Viking + Society Saga-Book), A.W. Johnston, <a href= + "#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page157">157</a> (n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Osmundwall, or Kirk Hope, Orkney;</p> + + <p class="i2">conversion of Sigurd Hlodverson, <a href= + "#page27">27</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">king Hakon's fleet in, <a href= + "#page127">127</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Oswy, king, <a href="#page6">6</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ottar, earl in Thurso;</p> + + <p class="i2">his heir, <a href="#page15">15</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">son of Moddan in Dale, <a href= + "#page53">53</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">probably owned Thurso valley, <a href= + "#page60">60</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">paid wergeld to Sweyn, <a href= + "#page65">65</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his lands left to earl Erlend Haraldson, and + afterwards went to Eric Stagbrellir, <a href="#page69">69</a>, <a href= + "#page72">72</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his estates, forming the Moddan lands in + Caith., held by Ragnhild and Gunni, <a href="#page94">94</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Johanna of Strathnaver a connection, <a href= + "#page110">110</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ottar, son of Snaekoll Gunnison, <a href= + "#page57">57</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ousedale, or Eysteinsdal, <a href="#page90">90</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Oxford Essays, (Sir G.W. Dasent);</p> + + <p class="i2">Norsemen in Iceland, <a href="#page156">156</a> + (n. 2).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Oykel;</p> + + <p class="i2">boundary between Cat and Ross, <a href= + "#page7">7</a>, <a href="#page8">8</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">identified as the Norse Ekkjal, <a href= + "#page20">20</a>, <a href="#page21">21</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">family of Freskyn de Moravia settled north of + the, <a href="#page55">55</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Sweyn's track to burn Frakark, <a href= + "#page65">65</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">crossed by king William, <a href= + "#page87">87</a>, <a href="#page90">90</a>, <a href= + "#page91">91</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Papa Stronsay, <a href="#page44">44</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Papa Westray, <a href="#page44">44</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Paplay, <a href="#page51">51</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">location, <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. + 14).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="paulhs" id="paulhs"></a>Paul Hakonson, the + Silent, earl of Orkney and Caith.;</p> + + <p class="i2">his mother, <a href="#page52">52</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">lived in Orkney, <a href="#page58">58</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">banished Frakark and Helga from Orkney, + <a href="#page59">59</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">sole earl, <a href="#page60">60</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">not a speaker at things, <a href= + "#page60">60</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">refused to share earldom with St. Ragnvald, + <a href="#page61">61</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">defeated earl Ragnvald, <a href= + "#page62">62</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">seized his fleet in Shetland, <a href= + "#page62">62</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">yule feast at Orphir, <a href= + "#page62">62</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">kidnapped by Sweyn, <a href= + "#page62">62</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">deported to Athole, his fate, <a href= + "#page63">63</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="pault" id="pault"></a>Paul Thorfinnson, earl of + Orkney and Caith.;</p> + + <p class="i2">joint earl of O. with his brother Erlend, + <a href="#page47">47</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">at battle of Stamford Bridge, <a href= + "#page48">48</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">banished to Norway, where he died, <a href= + "#page49">49</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">his descendants, <a href="#page55">55</a>, + <a href="#page56">56</a>, <a href="#page57">57</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his daughters, <a href="#page57">57</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Scottish policy regarding later succession in + Caithness, <a href="#page91">91</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Skene's theory as to Johanna of Strathnaver, + <a href="#page101">101</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">the converse theory, <a href= + "#page101">101</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">John the last male of Paul's line, <a href= + "#page107">107</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">his share of earldom of C., descended to + daughter and Angus line of C. earls, <a href="#page115">115</a>, <a href= + "#page116">116</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">see also <a href="#page108">108</a>, <a href= + "#page153">153</a> (n. 15).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Pentland Firth, <a href="#page44">44</a>, <a href= + "#page69">69</a>, <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href= + "#page127">127</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Perth;</p> + + <p class="i2">court held (1260), <a href= + "#page114">114</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">treaty of, <a href="#page128">128</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Peter, St., <a href="#page29">29</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Peter's church, St., Duffus, <a href="#page149">149</a> + (n. 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Peter's church, St., Thurso, <a href= + "#page134">134</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Peter's pence, <a href="#page97">97</a>, <a href= + "#page151">151</a> (n. 33).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Petty, William Freskyn of, <a href="#page77">77</a>, + <a href="#page78">78</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Pictish Nation and Church, The;</p> + + <p class="i2">(Rev. A.B. Scott), Pictish navy, <a href= + "#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a> (II, n. 11), + <a href="#page29">29</a>, <a href="#page143">143</a> (n. + 34).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Pictland;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Ninian's mission, <a href= + "#page5">5</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Kentigern's mission, <a href= + "#page6">6</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Picts;</p> + + <p class="i2">settlements of hermits and missionaries, + <a href="#page2">2</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">chronicles, <a href="#page3">3</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish church replaced by Catholic church, + <a href="#page6">6</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">driven eastward and northward by Scots, + <a href="#page6">6</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">seven provinces, <a href="#page7">7</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">P. and Northmen, <a href="#page7">7</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">hunters and fishers, <a href= + "#page8">8</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">brochs for defence, arms, etc., <a href= + "#page11">11</a> -12;</p> + + <p class="i2">clans, <a href="#page12">12</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">non-seafaring Celts, <a href= + "#page12">12</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">never conquered by Romans, <a href= + "#page4">4</a>, <a href="#page12">12</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">did not have mastery of sea in Norse times, + <a href="#page12">12</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Christian missions and Columban church, + <a href="#page12">12</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">viking invasion, <a href="#page13">13</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish language superseded by Gaelic, <a href= + "#page14">14</a>, <a href="#page19">19</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">never dispossessed of upper parts of valleys + throughout Norse occupation, <a href="#page16">16</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">conquered by Scots, <a href= + "#page17">17</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">language, "P" Celtic, <a href= + "#page19">19</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Picts of Athole, Moray, Ross and Cat, <a href= + "#page38">38</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish church and Pictish province of Ross and + Moray resisted Scottish civilisation, <a href="#page75">75</a>, + <a href="#page76">76</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Normans accepted as chiefs, <a href= + "#page76">76</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">their Christianity, <a href= + "#page130">130</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse drove clergy from Orkney, N.E. Caithness, + coasts of Sutherland and sea-board of Ross and Moray, <a href= + "#page130">130</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse attacks on Picts, effect of, <a href= + "#page130">130</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">their lands seized by Norse, <a href= + "#page132">132</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Picts and Scots, Chronicle of the, (Skene), <a href= + "#page3">3</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">origin of brochs, <a href="#page5">5</a>, + <a href="#page141">141</a> (n. 8);</p> + + <p class="i2">(Tighernac), <a href="#page142">142</a> (II, n. + 11);</p> + + <p class="i2">the Pictish navy, <a href="#page19">19</a>, + <a href="#page142">142</a> (III, n. 2), <a href= + "#page22">22</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a> (III, n. 11), + <a href="#page145">145</a> (n. 21).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Place-names, <a href="#page130">130</a>, <a href= + "#page131">131</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse p.n. preserved, <a href= + "#page132">132</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">near brochs, <a href="#page132">132</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Plantula, dau. of Malcolm II, m. Sigurd, earl of Orkney, + <a href="#page37">37</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Platagall, "flat of the stranger," old name of Golspie, + <a href="#page134">134</a>, <a href="#page157">157</a> (n. + 14).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Pluscardensis, Liber, <a href="#page151">151</a> (n. 37), + <a href="#page152">152</a> (n. 13).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="pope" id="pope"></a>Pope, Alexander, of Reay;</p> + + <p class="i2">a tradition of Snaekoll's return, <a href= + "#page100">100</a>; <a href="#page46">46</a>, <a href= + "#page145">145</a> (n. 23), <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. + 10);</p> + + <p class="i2">transl. Torf., <a href="#page147">147</a> (n. + 5), <a href="#page151">151</a> (n. 43), <a href= + "#page152">152</a> (n. 23).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Popes;</p> + + <p class="i2">Innocent III, letter, <a href="#page89">89</a>, + <a href="#page151">151</a> (n. 44), <a href="#page97">97</a>, + <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a> (n. + 43).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Powell, York, <a href="#page134">134</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Prehistoric races, <a href="#page1">1</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Primrose J.;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Hist, and Antiq. of the Parish of + Uphall</i>, <a href="#page147">147</a> (n. 24).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Rafn the Lawman;</p> + + <p class="i2">chief of stewards of Caithness, <a href= + "#page89">89</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">remained as lawman, <a href= + "#page89">89</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">at bishop Adam's burning, <a href= + "#page95">95</a>, <a href="#page96">96</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">in derivation of Dunrobin—Drum-Rafn, + <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page151">151</a> (n. + 46).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ragnhild, dau. of Eric Bloody-axe, <a href= + "#page25">25</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ragnhild, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir;</p> + + <p class="i2">sister of earl Harald Ungi, <a href= + "#page57">57</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. (2) Gunni, <a href="#page93">93</a>, + <a href="#page113">113</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">by whom she had a son, Snaekoll, <a href= + "#page72">72</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">her children the only heirs of Ragnvald and of + Moddan, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href="#page93">93</a>, + <a href="#page94">94</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">at home near Loch Naver, <a href= + "#page84">84</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. (1) Lifolf Baldpate, <a href= + "#page87">87</a>, <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href= + "#page98">98</a>, <a href="#page102">102</a>, <a href= + "#page113">113</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Johanna of Strathnaver, her sole descendant + after 1232, <a href="#page110">110</a>, <a href= + "#page111">111</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">held Moddan lands, <a href="#page111">111</a>; + <a href="#page116">116</a>, <a href="#page117">117</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="ragb" id="ragb"></a>Ragnvald Brusi's son, earl of + Orkney, <a href="#page42">42</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">personal appearance, <a href="#page43">43</a>, + <a href="#page44">44</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">at Stiklastad, <a href="#page43">43</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Russia, <a href="#page43">43</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Thorfinn's claims and their sea fight, <a href= + "#page43">43</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">escaped to Norway, <a href= + "#page44">44</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">returned and burned Thorfinn's hall, <a href= + "#page44">44</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">his slaughter, <a href="#page44">44</a>, + <a href="#page46">46</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his grave, <a href="#page44">44</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Kali Kolson named after him, <a href= + "#page60">60</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ragnvald Gudrodson, the viking;</p> + + <p class="i2">his descent, <a href="#page52">52</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his title to earldom, <a href= + "#page88">88</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">invaded Caithness, <a href="#page88">88</a>, + <a href="#page89">89</a>, but see <a href="#page151">151</a> + (n. 43).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ragnvald, jarl of Maeri;</p> + + <p class="i2">made first Norse earl of Orkney, <a href= + "#page20">20</a>, <a href="#page22">22</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">slain in Norway, <a href="#page23">23</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="strag" id="strag"></a>Ragnvald Kolson, St., earl + of Orkney and Caith., <a href="#page60">60</a> , <a href= + "#page61">61</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">sold odal lands back to bonder, to raise money + for St. Magnus' cathedral, <a href="#page24">24</a>, <a href= + "#page51">51</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">letter from David I, <a href="#page54">54</a>, + <a href="#page59">59</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">re-named after Ragnvald Brusi's son, <a href= + "#page60">60</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">estates in Caith. and Sutherland, <a href= + "#page60">60</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">personal description, <a href= + "#page60">60</a>-61;</p> + + <p class="i2">accomplishments, <a href="#page61">61</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earldom grant confirmed by king Harald, + <a href="#page61">61</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">sought aid of Frakark to win earldom, <a href= + "#page61">61</a> , <a href="#page62">62</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">defeated by earl Paul in a sea fight, <a href= + "#page62">62</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Paul seized his fleet in Shetland, + <a href="#page62">62</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">escaped to Norway, <a href= + "#page62">62</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">returned to Westray, <a href= + "#page62">62</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">assisted Sweyn against Frakark, <a href= + "#page64">64</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">welcomed Sweyn on his return from Frakark's + burning, <a href="#page65">65</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">reconciled Sweyn and Thorbiorn, <a href= + "#page66">66</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">besieged Sweyn in Lambaborg, <a href= + "#page66">66</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">reconciled to Sweyn, <a href= + "#page66">66</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">visited king Ingi in Norway;</p> + + <p class="i2">his eastern pilgrimage, <a href= + "#page66">66</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">description of route, etc., <a href= + "#page66">66</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">visited queen Ermengerde at Bilbao, <a href= + "#page66">66</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">visited Jordan, Jerusalem, Constantinople, + etc., <a href="#page67">67</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">returned to Turfness, <a href= + "#page68">68</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Shetland, <a href="#page68">68</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Sutherland at his daughter's wedding, + <a href="#page68">68</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">reconciled to earl Harold at Thurso, <a href= + "#page69">69</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">reconciled earl Harold and Sweyn, <a href= + "#page70">70</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">annual deer-hunt in Caith., <a href= + "#page70">70</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">slain by Thorbiorn, <a href= + "#page71">71</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">buried in St. Magnus' cathedral, <a href= + "#page71">71</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">his only child, <a href="#page71">71</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">had lands in Caith., <a href= + "#page84">84</a>,</p> + + <p class="i2">and managed earldom, <a href="#page73">73</a>, + <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. 20);</p> + + <p class="i2">never earl of Caith., <a href= + "#page71">71</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">succeeded through a female, <a href= + "#page154">154</a> (n. 22);</p> + + <p class="i2">his mother and dau., <a href= + "#page88">88</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his half of Caith. earldom conferred on his + grandson, Harald Ungi, <a href="#page87">87</a>, <a href="#page94">94</a>, <a href= + "#page117">117</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">his lands in Orkney claimed by Snaekoll, + <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href="#page73">73</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">who was representative of his line, <a href= + "#page94">94</a> , <a href="#page98">98</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his share of Caith. earldom inherited by + Johanna, <a href="#page117">117</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his poetry, <a href="#page148">148</a> (n. + 23).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ragnvald, son of Eric Stagbrellir, <a href= + "#page72">72</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">fared to Norway, <a href="#page75">75</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">lived near Loch Naver, <a href= + "#page84">84</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">sole male representative of Erlend Thorfinnson, + <a href="#page88">88</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">not known what became of him, <a href= + "#page88">88</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ragnvaldsvoe, South Ronaldsay, <a href="#page125">125</a>, + <a href="#page127">127</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Rautharbiorg or Rattar Brough;</p> + + <p class="i2">sea fight, <a href="#page43">43</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Raven-banner of Sigurd, jarl, <a href="#page26">26</a>, + <a href="#page29">29</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Red deer and reindeer in C. and S., <a href= + "#page8">8</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Redcastle, <a href="#page86">86</a>, is Eddirdovyr.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Redesdale, lord of, <a href="#page103">103</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Reeves' <i>Life of St. Columba</i>, <a href= + "#page141">141</a> (n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Register House, Edinburgh;</p> + + <p class="i2">list of Oliphant charters, <a href= + "#page103">103</a>, <a href="#page104">104</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Reindeer, or elk;</p> + + <p class="i2">horns found in Sutherland, <a href= + "#page70">70</a>, <a href="#page148">148</a> (n. 39).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ri-Crois, at Embo, <a href="#page121">121</a>, <a href= + "#page155">155</a> (n. 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Rinansey, Rinarsey (Ninian's Island), now North Ronaldsay, + <a href="#page23">23</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Rinar's Hill, <a href="#page143">143</a> (n. 17).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Robert, legendary second earl of Sutherland, <a href= + "#page91">91</a> .</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Rogart, <a href="#page55">55</a>, <a href= + "#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page93">93</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Roger, bishop of St. Andrews, <a href= + "#page90">90</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Roland of Galloway, <a href="#page86">86</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Roland's Geo, Papa Stronsay, <a href="#page145">145</a> + (n. 19), see p. <a href="#page44">44</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Romans in Britain;</p> + + <p class="i2">Caledonians not conquered, <a href= + "#page3">3</a>, <a href="#page4">4</a>, <a href= + "#page5">5</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ronaldsay, North;</p> + + <p class="i2">Darratha-Liod recited, <a href= + "#page30">30</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Roseisle, <a href="#page77">77</a>, <a href= + "#page144">144</a> (n. 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ross;</p> + + <p class="i2">northern part of Airergaithel, <a href= + "#page33">33</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">Picts, <a href="#page38">38</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish clergy, <a href="#page130">130</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">subdued by Thorfinn, <a href= + "#page40">40</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishopric founded, <a href= + "#page54">54</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">claimed by Henry, son of earl Harold and + Afreka, <a href="#page73">73</a>, <a href= + "#page119">119</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Malcolm MacHeth cr. earl, <a href= + "#page74">74</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish province, <a href="#page75">75</a>, + <a href="#page76">76</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">bishopric refused by Andrew Freskyn, <a href= + "#page77">77</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">marches, <a href="#page79">79</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earldom, <a href="#page80">80</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">king William's expedition, <a href= + "#page86">86</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Harold Maddadson's expedition, <a href= + "#page86">86</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">boundary, <a href="#page93">93</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">king William's expedition against thanes of + Ross, <a href="#page94">94</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse place-names, <a href= + "#page132">132</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Macbeth's property, <a href="#page144">144</a> + (n. 3).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ross, earl of;</p> + + <p class="i2">Ferchar Mac-in-Tagart, <a href= + "#page80">80</a>, <a href="#page113">113</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">granted land to Walter de Moravia on his + daughter's marriage, <a href="#page113">113</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">career, <a href="#page155">155</a> (n. 1);</p> + + <p class="i2">lay abbot of Applecross, <a href= + "#page119">119</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">knighted for a victory in Galloway, <a href= + "#page120">120</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">cr. earl of Ross in 1226, <a href= + "#page120">120</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">second earl, William MacFerchar, harried + Hebrides, <a href="#page122">122</a>, <a href= + "#page123">123</a>, <a href="#page124">124</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ross, Euphemia of;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Walter de Moravia <a href="#page79">79</a>, + <a href="#page80">80</a>, <a href="#page113">113</a>, + <a href="#page154">154</a> (n. 24).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Rossal (Rossewal), <a href="#page109">109</a>, <a href= + "#page110">110</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sæmund, of Iceland, <a href="#page74">74</a>, + <a href="#page149">149</a> (n. 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Saga;</p> + + <p class="i2">writer's historical accuracy, <a href= + "#page125">125</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse crossed with Gaelic blood produced the + Saga, <a href="#page130">130</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Saga-Book of the Viking Society, <a href="#page43">43</a>, + <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page157">157</a> (n. + 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Saga-time, Ruins of, <a href="#page157">157</a> (n. + 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sandvik, Deerness, <a href="#page40">40</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Saxon nobility and Scotland; St. Margaret, <a href= + "#page75">75</a>, <a href="#page137">137</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scandinavian Britain, by (W.G. Collingwood), <a href= + "#page134">134</a> , <a href="#page135">135</a>, <a href= + "#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a> (II, n. 13), <a href="#page143">143</a> (n. 12), <a href= + "#page144">144</a> (n. 40), <a href="#page156">156</a> (ns. + 1, 4), <a href="#page157">157</a> (n. 18).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scapa Flow, <a href="#page127">127</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scatt;</p> + + <p class="i2">of Orkney, <a href="#page39">39</a>, <a href= + "#page130">130</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scilly Isles, <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href= + "#page70">70</a> .</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scir-Illigh, old name of Kildonan parish, <a href= + "#page133">133</a> .</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scon, Lib. Eccles. de; <a href="#page151">151</a> (n. 33), + <a href="#page155">155</a> (n. 7).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scone, <a href="#page54">54</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a>, + <a href="#page84">84</a>, <a href="#page122">122</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotichronicon, <a href="#page152">152</a> (n. 3).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland, <a href="#page25">25</a>, <a href= + "#page26">26</a>, <a href="#page49">49</a>, <a href= + "#page53">53</a>, <a href="#page75">75</a>, <a href= + "#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page114">114</a>, <a href= + "#page120">120</a>, <a href="#page121">121</a>, <a href= + "#page131">131</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland, Annals of, (Lord Hailes), <a href= + "#page151">151</a> (n. 34).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland, Annals of the Reigns of Malcolm and William, + Kings of, (Lawrie), <a href="#page149">149</a> (n. 10), <a href= + "#page151">151</a> (n. 33), <a href="#page152">152</a> (ns. + 4, 5).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland, Bain's Calendar of Documents relating to;</p> + + <p class="i2">Freskin signatory of National Bond, <a href= + "#page114">114</a> , <a href="#page151">151</a> (n. 48), + <a href="#page154">154</a> (n. 25).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland, Early Christian Monuments of, (J. Romilly + Allen), <a href="#page144">144</a> (n. 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland, Early Chronicles relating to, (Sir Herbert + Maxwell), <a href="#page3">3</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland, Early Kings of, (Robertson's), <a href= + "#page82">82</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">on earls of Angus, <a href="#page103">103</a>, + <a href="#page104">104</a>; <a href="#page15">15</a>, + <a href="#page142">142</a> (II, n. 15), <a href= + "#page144">144</a> (n. 14), <a href="#page147">147</a> (n. 25), <a href= + "#page150">150</a> (n. 26), <a href="#page151">151</a> (n. + 51), <a href="#page153">153</a> (n. 6).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland, History of, (Hume Brown), <a href= + "#page4">4</a>, <a href="#page137">137</a>, <a href= + "#page157">157</a> (n. 22), <a href="#page141">141</a> (n. + 6), <a href="#page6">6</a>, <a href="#page141">141</a> (n. 10), <a href= + "#page18">18</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a> (III, n. 1), + <a href="#page20">20</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a> (III, n. + 5), <a href="#page21">21</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a> (III, n. 10), + <a href="#page156">156</a> (n. 3).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland in Early Christian Times, (Joseph Anderson), + <a href="#page5">5</a>, <a href="#page141">141</a> (n. 9), + <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a> (II, n. + 10).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland in Pagan Times, (Joseph Anderson), <a href= + "#page1">1</a>, <a href="#page141">141</a> (n. 1), <a href= + "#page5">5</a>, <a href="#page141">141</a> (n. 7), <a href="#page10">10</a>, <a href= + "#page142">142</a> (II, n. 7), <a href="#page157">157</a> (n. + 18).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland, Prehistoric, (Munro), <a href="#page9">9</a>, + <a href="#page11">11</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a> (II, n. + 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland, Register of the Great Seal of, <a href= + "#page104">104</a>, <a href="#page106">106</a>, <a href= + "#page78">78</a>, <a href="#page150">150</a> (n. 13).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scotland, S.A., Proceedings, <a href="#page148">148</a> + (n. 39).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scots, <a href="#page16">16</a>-17, <a href= + "#page33">33</a> .</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scots Peerage, The, (Sir J.B. Paul);</p> + + <p class="i2">MacWilliam, earl of C., <a href= + "#page149">149</a> (ns. 1, 7), <a href="#page150">150</a> (n. + 13), <a href="#page153">153</a> (n. 2).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scott, A.B.;</p> + + <p class="i2">The Pictish Nation and Church, <a href= + "#page142">142</a> (II, n. 11), <a href="#page143">143</a> + (n. 34).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers, (A.O. Anderson), + <a href="#page3">3</a>, <a href="#page151">151</a> (n. 41), + <a href="#page152">152</a> (n. 13).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scottish Charters, Early, (Lawrie), <a href= + "#page3">3</a>, <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. 20), <a href= + "#page149">149</a> (n. 9), <a href="#page150">150</a> (n. 19).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scottish Historical Review, <a href="#page144">144</a> (n. + 6), <a href="#page150">150</a> (n. 26).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scottish Kings, (Sir A.H. Dunbar), <a href= + "#page144">144</a> (n. 2), <a href="#page144">144</a> (n. + 11), <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page47">47</a>, <a href="#page145">145</a> (ns. 3, 4, 5, 6), + <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. 22), <a href= + "#page151">151</a> (n. 36).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Scrabster, <a href="#page122">122</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <br /> + + <p>Scrope;</p> + + <p class="i2">Days of Deerstalking, <a href="#page8">8</a>, + <a href="#page141">141</a> (II, n. 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Shakespeare, <a href="#page37">37</a>, <a href= + "#page42">42</a> .</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Shenachu, or Carn Shuin, <a href="#page59">59</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Shaw's Moray, <a href="#page77">77</a>, <a href= + "#page149">149</a> (ns. 9, 12), <a href="#page150">150</a> + (n. 27).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Shetland, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href= + "#page20">20</a>, <a href="#page90">90</a>, <a href= + "#page124">124</a>, <a href="#page128">128</a>, <a href= + "#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page156">156</a> (ns. 1, + 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Shetland, Antiquities of, (Gilbert Goudie), <a href= + "#page144">144</a> (n. 40).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ships;</p> + + <p class="i2">Viking, British, Pictish, Roman, <a href= + "#page135">135</a> , <a href="#page157">157</a> (n. 17), + <a href="#page142">142</a> (II, n. 11);</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish coracles, <a href="#page12">12</a>, + <a href="#page20">20</a>, <a href="#page66">66</a>, <a href= + "#page67">67</a>, <a href="#page98">98</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sidera, <a href="#page122">122</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sigurd's Howe, <a href="#page21">21</a>, + <a href="#page142">142</a> (III, n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sigrid, <a href="#page145">145</a> (n. 5).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sigtrigg Silkbeard, king of Dublin, <a href= + "#page29">29</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="sige" id="sige"></a>Sigurd Eysteinson, earl, + conquered C. and S., <a href="#page20">20</a> , <a href= + "#page90">90</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Odin, <a href="#page122">122</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">buried, <a href="#page21">21</a>, <a href= + "#page142">142</a> (III, n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="sigh" id="sigh"></a>Sigurd Hlodverson, jarl, + <a href="#page24">24</a>, <a href="#page26">26</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his conversion, <a href="#page27">27</a>, + <a href="#page130">130</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">marriage, <a href="#page27">27</a>; <a href= + "#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page29">29</a>, <a href= + "#page30">30</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">in Darrath-Liod, <a href="#page32">32</a>, + <a href="#page36">36</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his wife, dau. of Malcolm II, <a href= + "#page37">37</a>, <a href="#page130">130</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="sigm" id="sigm"></a>Sigurd Magnuson;</p> + + <p class="i2">prince of Orkney, <a href="#page49">49</a>, + <a href="#page60">60</a>, <a href="#page61">61</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sigurd Marti, <a href="#page87">87</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sigurd Slembi-diakn, <a href="#page58">58</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="sighow" id="sighow">Sigurd's Howe, Cyderhall,</a> + <a href="#page21">21</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a> (III, n. + 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Skaill, Norse skali, <a href="#page132">132</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Skali, Norse farm-house, <a href="#page132">132</a>, + <a href="#page157">157</a> (ns. 7, 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Skardi, a "gap" in place-names, <a href="#page142">142</a> + (III, n. 9).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Skelbo, <a href="#page79">79</a> (Skail-bo), <a href= + "#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a> (n. 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Skelpick, deriv., <a href="#page157">157</a> (n. 7).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Skene, W.F.;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Chronicle of the Picts and Scots</i>, q.v. + <i>Highlanders of</i> <i>Scotland</i>, q.v. <i>Celtic Scotland</i>, + q.v.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Skidamyre (Skitten in Watten) C., <a href= + "#page24">24</a>, <a href="#page25">25</a>, <a href= + "#page26">26</a>, <a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href= + "#page143">143</a> (n. 29).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Skotlands-fiorthr, or Minch, <a href="#page35">35</a>, + <a href="#page64">64</a>, <a href="#page148">148</a> (n. + 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Skuli, duke, <a href="#page95">95</a>, <a href= + "#page98">98</a>, <a href="#page100">100</a>, <a href= + "#page120">120</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="skuli" id="skuli"></a>Skuli Thorfinnson, cr. + earl, <a href="#page25">25</a>, <a href="#page38">38</a>, + <a href="#page144">144</a> (n. 4).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Snaekolf, son of Moldan, <a href="#page36">36</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Snaekoll Gunni's son;</p> + + <p class="i2">parentage, <a href="#page57">57</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">sole male representative of Erlend and Moddan + lines, claimed earl Ragnvald's lands from earl John, <a href= + "#page72">72</a>, <a href="#page94">94</a>, <a href= + "#page99">99</a>, <a href="#page102">102</a>, <a href= + "#page111">111</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">heir of Erlend lands in Caith., <a href= + "#page117">117</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">killed earl John, <a href="#page99">99</a>, + <a href="#page100">100</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">return to Caith., <a href= + "#page100">100</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">father of Johanna of Strathnaver, <a href= + "#page57">57</a>, <a href="#page111">111</a>, <a href= + "#page112">112</a>, <a href="#page113">113</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">deriv. of name, <a href="#page152">152</a> (n. + 18).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Somarled of Argyll, in rebellion, <a href= + "#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page82">82</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Somarled the Freeman;</p> + + <p class="i2">slain in the Isles by Sweyn Asleifarson, + <a href="#page82">82</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="somar" id="somar"></a>Somarled Sigurdson, earl of + Orkney and Caith., <a href="#page38">38</a> , <a href= + "#page39">39</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sorlinc, or Surclin, castle of;</p> + + <p class="i2">in William the Wanderer, at Helmsdale, + Scir-Illigh, <a href="#page133">133</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="south" id="south"></a>Southern Isles, <a href= + "#page64">64</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Spalding Club;</p> + + <p class="i2"><a href="#page3">3</a>, <a href= + "#page147">147</a> (n. 26).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Spittal of St. Magnus, <a href="#page134">134</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Spynie, near Elgin, <a href="#page54">54</a>, <a href= + "#page76">76</a>, <a href="#page77">77</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">cathedral, <a href="#page78">78</a>, <a href= + "#page80">80</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Standing Stane, Duffus, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href= + "#page144">144</a>(n. 11)</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Stefansson, Jon, <a href="#page51">51</a>, <a href= + "#page146">146</a> (n. 15).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Stenhouse, Watten, <a href="#page26">26</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Store Point, <a href="#page69">69</a>, but <a href= + "#page148">148</a> (n. 34).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Strabrock, now Uphall and Broxburn, <a href= + "#page54">54</a>, <a href="#page55">55</a>, <a href= + "#page76">76</a>, <a href="#page77">77</a>, <a href= + "#page79">79</a>, <a href="#page91">91</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Stracathro, <a href="#page76">76</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Strathclyde, <a href="#page6">6</a>, <a href= + "#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page22">22</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Stratherne, earls of;</p> + + <p class="i2">Fereteth, in rebellion, <a href= + "#page82">82</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Malise, m. Matilda dau. of Gibbon, <a href= + "#page116">116</a> , <a href="#page117">117</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">see also <a href="#maliseii">Malise II</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Strathmore, in Halkirk, <a href="#page115">115</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Strathnaver;</p> + + <p class="i2">lady Johanna of, <a href="#page101">101</a>, + <a href="#page109">109</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">grant of lands for Elgin cathedral, <a href= + "#page109">109</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">Johanna's estate, <a href="#page109">109</a>, + <a href="#page110">110</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Strathnaver valley, <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href= + "#page110">110</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Strathnavern, <a href="#page8">8</a>, <a href= + "#page22">22</a>, <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href= + "#page53">53</a>, <a href="#page69">69</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">lady, <a href="#page55">55</a>, <a href= + "#page56">56</a> , <a href="#page65">65</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Moddan lands, <a href="#page72">72</a>, + <a href="#page85">85</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Freskin of Duffus, in, <a href= + "#page80">80</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Strathyla;</p> + + <p class="i2">charter, <a href="#page77">77</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>String, The;</p> + + <p class="i2">Orkney, <a href="#page124">124</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sturlunga Saga, Prolegomena by Vigfusson, <a href= + "#page143">143</a> (n. 14).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="sud" id="sud"></a>Sudreys (see also <a href= + "#heb">Hebrides</a> and <a href="#south">Southern Isles</a>), + <a href="#page52">52</a> , <a href="#page88">88</a>, <a href= + "#page124">124</a>, <a href="#page156">156</a> (n. 20).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sutherland (Sudrland);</p> + + <p class="i2">part of ancient Pictish province of Cait, q.v., + <a href="#page7">7</a>, <a href="#page8">8</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">its boundaries, <a href="#page141">141</a> (II, + n. 2);</p> + + <p class="i2">outwardly much the same now as in Pictish + times, <a href="#page8">8</a>, <a href="#page22">22</a>, + <a href="#page34">34</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">deer abounded, <a href="#page8">8</a>, <a href= + "#page141">141</a> (II, n. 4);</p> + + <p class="i2">Pictish clergy driven from coasts by Norse, + <a href="#page130">130</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">subdued by Thorfinn, <a href="#page40">40</a>, + <a href="#page47">47</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse earls, <a href="#page37">37</a>, <a href= + "#page49">49</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">seized by earl Hakon, <a href= + "#page50">50</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Liot Nidingr, <a href="#page53">53</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">much owned by Moddan family, <a href= + "#page53">53</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse steadily lost hold of, <a href= + "#page53">53</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Celts kept their land, <a href= + "#page53">53</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse driven outwards and eastward, <a href= + "#page53">53</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">family of Freskyn de Moravia, <a href= + "#page55">55</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse occupied fertile parts, <a href= + "#page1">1</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">freed from Norse influence in 1266, <a href= + "#page1">1</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">inventory of ancient monuments, <a href= + "#page2">2</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">writing began in 12th cent., <a href= + "#page2">2</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Orkneyinga Saga only record before 12th + cent.;</p> + + <p class="i2">earlier notices, <a href="#page3">3</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">land and people at arrival of Norsemen, + <a href="#page6">6</a> , et. seq., all owned by Hugo Freskyn, <a href="#page55">55</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Harald Slettmali seated in, <a href= + "#page58">58</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">seldom visited by earl Paul, <a href= + "#page60">60</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Frakark burnt alive, <a href= + "#page64">64</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Strath Helmsdale, <a href="#page64">64</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Sweyn's raid, <a href="#page64">64</a>, + <a href="#page65">65</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Ragnvald at his daughter's wedding, + <a href="#page68">68</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">children of Eric Stagbrellir, <a href= + "#page72">72</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">William de Sutherlandia, <a href= + "#page80">80</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Mackay settlement, <a href= + "#page82">82</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Innes family, <a href="#page82">82</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">part of old earldom of Caithness, <a href= + "#page83">83</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">granted to Hugo Freskyn, <a href= + "#page85">85</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">excluded from grant of half of earldom of + Caithness to Harald Ungi, <a href="#page85">85</a>, <a href= + "#page86">86</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">subdued by king William, <a href= + "#page87">87</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">services of Freskyn family, <a href= + "#page92">92</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">lordship of Sutherland, <a href= + "#page93">93</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">erected into an earldom after 10th Oct. 1237, + <a href="#page116">116</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">escaped attack by king Hakon, <a href= + "#page128">128</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse adopted Gaelic language, <a href= + "#page131">131</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">Norse place-names, <a href= + "#page132">132</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">part settled by Mackays, <a href= + "#page137">137</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Freskyns introduced into, <a href= + "#page137">137</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">inhabitants of Gael-Norse blend, <a href= + "#page138">138</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">no thanes of Moravia line in, <a href= + "#page143">143</a> (n. 33);</p> + + <p class="i2">horns of reindeer or elk found, <a href= + "#page70">70</a>, <a href="#page148">148</a> (n. 39);</p> + + <p class="i2">see also <a href="#orkney">Orkney</a> and + <a href="#caith">Caithness</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sutherland;</p> + + <p class="i2">duke of, <a href="#page3">3</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sutherland Book;</p> + + <p class="i2">William MacFrisgyn omitted, <a href= + "#page91">91</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">on Johanna of Strathnaver, <a href= + "#page108">108</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">references, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href= + "#page143">143</a> (n. 33), <a href="#page146">146</a> (n. + 21), <a href="#page147">147</a> (n. 27), <a href="#page150">150</a> (ns. 16, 17, 31), + <a href="#page151">151</a> (n. 34), <a href= + "#page153">153</a> (n. 16), <a href="#page155">155</a> (ns. + 4, 5, 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sutherland, earls of;</p> + + <p class="i2">fictitious earls, Alane, Walter and Robert, + <a href="#page91">91</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Freskyn de Moravia ancestor of, <a href= + "#page54">54</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">William Freskyn, first earl, <a href= + "#page78">78</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">William (1275), litigation with bishop, + <a href="#page80">80</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">case of Elizabeth, claimant of earldom, + <a href="#page151">151</a> (n. 51).</p> + + <p class="i2">See also <a href="#freskyn">Freskyn</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sutherland, Genealogie of the Earles of, (Sir R. + Gordon);</p> + + <p class="i2">on Alane, thane of S., <a href= + "#page28">28</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">treated as fiction, <a href= + "#page91">91</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">boundaries of Sutherland, <a href= + "#page141">141</a> (II, n. 2), <a href="#page143">143</a> (n. + 13), <a href="#page145">145</a> (n. 23), <a href="#page155">155</a> (ns. 4, 6, 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sutherland, Inventory of the Monuments in, <a href= + "#page2">2</a>, <a href="#page141">141</a> (n. 2), <a href= + "#page9">9</a>, <a href="#page141">141</a> (II, n. 5), <a href= + "#page148">148</a> (n. 39).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sutherland and the Reay Country, (A. Gunn); <a href= + "#page156">156</a> (n. 5).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="sverrir" id="sverrir"></a>Sverrir, king of + Norway, <a href="#page87">87</a>, <a href= + "#page90">90</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sverri's Saga, <a href="#page127">127</a>, <a href= + "#page149">149</a> (n. 6), <a href="#page150">150</a> (n. + 32), <a href="#page151">151</a> (n. 50).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Swart Ironhead, <a href="#page28">28</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Swart Kell, or Cathal Dhu, <a href="#page27">27</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Swelchie (whirl-pool) near Stroma, <a href= + "#page127">127</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sweyn;</p> + + <p class="i2">ancestor of Gunn family, <a href= + "#page56">56</a>, <a href="#page57">57</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his son, Andres, <a href="#page57">57</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his father, Olaf, burned at Ducansby, his + mother, Asleif, <a href="#page62">62</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his character, <a href="#page63">63</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">burned Frakark, <a href="#page64">64</a>, + <a href="#page65">65</a>; <a href="#page66">66</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his brother, Gunni, <a href="#page67">67</a>; + <a href="#page68">68</a>, <a href="#page69">69</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">quarrels with earl Harold, <a href= + "#page70">70</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">annual viking cruises and life described, + <a href="#page73">73</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">death at Dublin, <a href="#page74">74</a>; + <a href="#page76">76</a>, <a href="#page77">77</a>, <a href= + "#page82">82</a>, <a href="#page85">85</a>, <a href= + "#page93">93</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sweyn Breast-rope, <a href="#page62">62</a>, <a href= + "#page65">65</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Syre, <a href="#page110">110</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Tankerness, <a href="#page62">62</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Templar church of Orphir, <a href="#page52">52</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thanes;</p> + + <p class="i2">none of Moravia line in Sutherland, <a href= + "#page143">143</a> (n. 33).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thing (parliament), in Caithness, <a href= + "#page95">95</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thora, mother of earl St. Magnus, <a href= + "#page51">51</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thora, queen of Norway, <a href="#page47">47</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorbiorn Klerk, grandson of Frakark, <a href= + "#page59">59</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">tutor to earl Harold Maddadson, <a href= + "#page63">63</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">m. Ingirid, sister of Sweyn, <a href= + "#page63">63</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his character, <a href="#page63">63</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">burned Waltheof, <a href="#page65">65</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">divorces Sweyn's sister, <a href= + "#page66">66</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">instigated quarrel between earls in Thurso, + <a href="#page69">69</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">viking raid, <a href="#page70">70</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">ambushed earl Ragnvald, <a href= + "#page70">70</a>-71;</p> + + <p class="i2">burnt alive, <a href="#page71">71</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">no direct heirs, <a href="#page72">72</a>; + <a href="#page76">76</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorbjorn in Burrafirth, Shetland, <a href= + "#page50">50</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorfinn, a farmer, C., <a href="#page28">28</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="thorf" id="thorf"></a>Thorfinn Sigurdson, earl of + Orkney and Caith., <a href="#page36">36</a> -46;</p> + + <p class="i2">birth, <a href="#page37">37</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">cr. earl of Caith. and Sutherland, <a href= + "#page37">37</a> , <a href="#page38">38</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">ancestor of all subsequent Norse earls, + <a href="#page37">37</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">established at Duncansby, <a href= + "#page38">38</a>, <a href="#page39">39</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">character, <a href="#page38">38</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">claimed Orkney, <a href="#page39">39</a>, + <a href="#page40">40</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">war with Duncan I, <a href= + "#page40">40</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">at Deerness, <a href="#page41">41</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Turfness, <a href="#page41">41</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">conquests in Fife, <a href="#page41">41</a>, + <a href="#page42">42</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Ragnvald Brusi-son co-earl, <a href= + "#page43">43</a>, <a href="#page59">59</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">raids on England, <a href="#page43">43</a>, + <a href="#page144">144</a> (n. 16);</p> + + <p class="i2">his wife, Ingibjorg;</p> + + <p class="i2">"king of Catanesse," <a href= + "#page43">43</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">claimed two-thirds of Orkney, <a href= + "#page43">43</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">sole earl, <a href="#page44">44</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">visited Rome, <a href="#page45">45</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">death, <a href="#page46">46</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">chronology, <a href="#page46">46</a>, <a href= + "#page48">48</a>; <a href="#page51">51</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">his widow m. king Malcolm Canmore, <a href= + "#page47">47</a> , <a href="#page86">86</a>, <a href= + "#page119">119</a>, <a href="#page145">145</a> (ns. 4, 5); + <a href="#page90">90</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Erlend his grandson's grandson, <a href= + "#page148">148</a> (n. 28).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorfinn, son of Harold Maddadson, <a href= + "#page74">74</a>, <a href="#page84">84</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">in rebellion against Scotland, <a href= + "#page86">86</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">promised as hostage to king William, <a href= + "#page87">87</a> .</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="thorh" id="thorh"></a>Thorfinn Torf-Einarson + Hausa-kliufr (skull-cleaver), earl, m. Grelaud, <a href= + "#page24">24</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorgisl, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href= + "#page143">143</a> (n. 31).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorgisl, Saga of, <a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href= + "#page143">143</a> (n. 31).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorir Rognvaldson, <a href="#page23">23</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorir Treskegg, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href= + "#page143">143</a> (n. 15).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorkel Amundson, or Fostri, <a href="#page39">39</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">at Sandvik, Deerness, slew Einar, <a href= + "#page40">40</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">and Moddan, <a href="#page41">41</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">and Ragnvald Brusi-son, <a href= + "#page44">44</a>, <a href="#page46">46</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorkel, son of Cathal Dhu of C., <a href= + "#page27">27</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorleif, Frakark's sister, <a href="#page58">58</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorolf, bishop of Orkney, <a href="#page45">45</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorsdale, <a href="#page70">70</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">valley of Thurso river, <a href= + "#page148">148</a> (n. 40).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorstan the White, <a href="#page28">28</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorstein the Red, seized C. and S., <a href= + "#page20">20</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">father of Groa, who m. Duncan, maormor of Cat, + <a href="#page25">25</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thorstein, son of Hall O' Side, <a href= + "#page30">30</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thurso;</p> + + <p class="i2">the river, <a href="#page25">25</a>, <a href= + "#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page53">53</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Moddan killed at, <a href= + "#page41">41</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Ottar, jarl in, <a href="#page53">53</a>, + <a href="#page60">60</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Harold Maddadson seized, <a href= + "#page67">67</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earls Ragnvald and Harold reconciled, <a href= + "#page69">69</a> ; <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href= + "#page87">87</a>, <a href="#page99">99</a>, <a href= + "#page133">133</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">St. Peter's church, <a href= + "#page134">134</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earls' residence, <a href="#page134">134</a>, + <a href="#page115">115</a>, see <a href="#page154">154</a> + (n. 28).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Tighernac, The Annals of, <a href="#page45">45</a>, + <a href="#page142">142</a> (II, n. 11).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Torfaeus, <i>Orcades</i>, q.v., for transl. see <a href= + "#pope">Pope, Alex</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><a name="torf" id="torf"></a>Torf-Einar Ragnvaldson, + earl;</p> + + <p class="i2">slew Halfdan Halegg, <a href="#page23">23</a>, + <a href="#page24">24</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Turfness (probably Burghead), Moray, <a href= + "#page23">23</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">battle, <a href="#page41">41</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Ragnvald Kali went to, <a href= + "#page68">68</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">held by Norse, <a href="#page76">76</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Tweed, <a href="#page37">37</a>, <a href= + "#page131">131</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ulbster, <a href="#page100">100</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ulern, <a href="#page26">26</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ulf the Bad, <a href="#page28">28</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ulfreksfirth (Larne Bay), <a href="#page39">39</a>, + <a href="#page144">144</a> (n. 6).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ulster, <a href="#page5">5</a>, <a href="#page17">17</a>, + <a href="#page18">18</a>, <a href="#page19">19</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Undal, Peter Clauson, <a href="#page152">152</a> (n. + 1).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Unes, or Little Ferry, <a href="#page121">121</a>, + <a href="#page133">133</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Uphall, History and Antiquities of, (J. Primrose), + <a href="#page147">147</a> (n. 24), <a href= + "#page54">54</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Valentia, <a href="#page4">4</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Valthiof, brother of Sweyn, <a href="#page62">62</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Vallich, Loch, or Bealach, <a href="#page110">110</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Varangian Guard, <a href="#page66">66</a>, <a href= + "#page67">67</a> .</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Viking Age, The, (Du Chaillu), <a href="#page13">13</a>, + <a href="#page142">142</a> (II, n. 12), <a href= + "#page157">157</a> (n. 17), see <a href= + "#page135">135</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Viking expeditions, <a href="#page74">74</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Viking Society for Northern Research. Publications:</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Saga-Rook</i> (Proceedings), The Round + Church and Earl's Bu of Orphir, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href= + "#page157">157</a> (n. 9);</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Year-Book</i>, <a href="#page150">150</a> + (ns. 24, 28);</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Old-Lore Miscell. of O.S.C. and S.</i>, + q.v.;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Orkney and Shetland Records</i>, q.v.;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Caithness and Sutherland Records</i>, + q.v.;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>Ruins of Saga-Time</i>, q.v.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Vikings;</p> + + <p class="i2">origin, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href= + "#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page129">129</a>; <a href= + "#page18">18</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">settlers as well as raiders, <a href= + "#page13">13</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">settlements place-names, including the, + <a href="#page14">14</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">intermarriage, influence, <a href= + "#page14">14</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">held and named most of coasts and valleys of + Cat and Ross, <a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href= + "#page20">20</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">survival of place and personal names, <a href= + "#page18">18</a> , <a href="#page19">19</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Valhalla influence, <a href= + "#page129">129</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">ships, <a href="#page135">135</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">traders, <a href="#page136">136</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Wales, <a href="#page49">49</a>, <a href="#page65">65</a>, + <a href="#page114">114</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Walter de Baltroddi, bishop, <a href="#page122">122</a>, + <a href="#page155">155</a> (n. 8).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Waltheof, earl, <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href= + "#page148">148</a> (n. 21).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Wardships, granted by Crown, <a href="#page16">16</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Wemund (monk), <a href="#page150">150</a> (n. 24).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Wergeld, for Halfdan, <a href="#page24">24</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">Olaf Hrolfson, <a href="#page65">65</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Wick;</p> + + <p class="i2">earl Harald Ungi defeated, <a href= + "#page87">87</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">earls' residence, <a href="#page134">134</a>, + <a href="#page154">154</a> (n. 28).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Widow, <a href="#page47">47</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Will. Newburgh Chron., <a href="#page150">150</a> (n. + 24).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>William FitzDuncan, son of Duncan II, <a href= + "#page86">86</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>William the Lion;</p> + + <p class="i2">charter of Strabrock, <a href= + "#page77">77</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">confirmed charter in Sutherland, <a href= + "#page79">79</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">service of Wm. Freskyn, <a href= + "#page80">80</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">grant to Gaufrid Blundus, <a href= + "#page80">80</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">crowned, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href= + "#page84">84</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">first conquest of Caithness, Sutherland granted + to Hugo Freskyn, <a href="#page85">85</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">with army in Ross, <a href= + "#page86">86</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">war against Donald Ban MacWilliam, <a href= + "#page86">86</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">defeated Thorfinn, Harold's son, <a href= + "#page87">87</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">subdued Sutherland and Caithness, <a href= + "#page87">87</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">conferred half of earldom of C. on Harald Ungi, + <a href="#page87">87</a>, <a href="#page117">117</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">conferred it on Ragnvald Gudrodson, <a href= + "#page88">88</a> , <a href="#page89">89</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">came to terms with Harald, <a href= + "#page90">90</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">war with thanes of Ross, <a href= + "#page94">94</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">the dau. of John as hostage, <a href= + "#page94">94</a>, <a href="#page95">95</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">treaty with John, Caithness, <a href= + "#page107">107</a> ;</p> + + <p class="i2">death, <a href="#page119">119</a>, <a href= + "#page151">151</a> (n. 43), see <a href="#page88">88</a>, + <a href="#page89">89</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>William the Old, bishop of Orkney;</p> + + <p class="i2">at Egilsay, <a href="#page63">63</a>;</p> + + <p class="i2">went to the east, <a href="#page66">66</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>William, son of Gillebride, uncle of Magnus II, <a href= + "#page103">103</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>William the Wanderer, transl. W.G. Collingwood; Thorfinn, + "king of Catanesse," <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href= + "#page133">133</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Wolves, in Cat, <a href="#page8">8</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Worsae;</p> + + <p class="i2"><i>The Prehistory of the North</i>, <a href= + "#page13">13</a> , <a href="#page142">142</a> (n. 13).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Wrath, Cape, <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href= + "#page126">126</a> .</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Wyntoun's Chronicle, <a href="#page97">97</a>, <a href= + "#page152">152</a> (n. 14).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Wyre, Vigr, now called Veira;</p> + + <p class="i2">Cobbie Row's Castle, <a href= + "#page100">100</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"></div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Yell Sound, <a href="#page62">62</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Yorkshire ridings, trithings, <a href="#page144">144</a> + (n. 6).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Yuletide;</p> + + <p class="i2">feasts, <a href="#page42">42</a>, <a href= + "#page44">44</a>.</p> + </div> + </div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Sutherland and Caithness in Saga-Time +by James Gray + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUTHERLAND AND CAITHNESS *** + +***** This file should be named 15856-h.htm or 15856-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/8/5/15856/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Alison Hadwin and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> diff --git a/15856-h/images/map1.jpg b/15856-h/images/map1.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..30bc9a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/15856-h/images/map1.jpg diff --git a/15856-h/images/mapthumb.jpg b/15856-h/images/mapthumb.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..60274b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/15856-h/images/mapthumb.jpg diff --git a/15856-h/images/tree.png b/15856-h/images/tree.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cc7406b --- /dev/null +++ b/15856-h/images/tree.png diff --git a/15856.txt b/15856.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bce91d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/15856.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9731 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Sutherland and Caithness in Saga-Time, by James Gray + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Sutherland and Caithness in Saga-Time + or, The Jarls and The Freskyns + +Author: James Gray + +Release Date: May 18, 2005 [EBook #15856] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUTHERLAND AND CAITHNESS *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Alison Hadwin and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + + + + + +SUTHERLAND AND CAITHNESS IN SAGA-TIME +OR, +THE JARLS AND THE FRESKYNS + + +BY JAMES GRAY, M.A. OXON. + + +EDINBURGH OLIVER & BOYD. 1922 +STROMNESS: +PRINTED BY W.R. RENDALL. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +Originally delivered as a Presidential Address to The Viking Society +for Northern Research, the following pages, as amplified and revised, +are published mainly with the object of interesting Sutherland and +Caithness people in the early history of their native counties, and +particularly in the three Sagas which bear upon it as well as on that +of Orkney and Shetland at a time regarding which Scottish records +almost wholly fail us. + +When, however, these records are extant, use has been made of them +together with later books upon them, of which a list follows, and to +which references are given in the notes. + +A special effort has been made to deal with the vexed question of the +succession to the Caithness Earldom after Earl John's death in +1231, with the pedigree of the first known ancestors of the House of +Sutherland, and with the mystery of the descent of Lady Johanna of +Strathnaver. + +Acknowledgments of assistance received are tendered to the writers of +the books above referred to, but thanks are specially due to Mr. +A.W. JOHNSTON, Founder and Past President of the Viking Society, for +numerous hints, and for making the Index; to Mr. JON STEFANNSON for +reading the manuscript; and to Mr. ALAN O. ANDERSON, whose knowledge +of the English and Scottish Records of the period is as accurate as it +is extensive, and who has made several valuable suggestions. + +But for the opinions expressed no one save the writer is responsible, +and, where records are scanty, much has necessarily been left to +conjecture. + +J.G. + + 53 MONTAGU SQUARE, + LONDON, W., 1922. + + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS. + + +LIST OF AUTHORITIES AND BOOKS REFERRED TO + + +CHAPTER I.--INTRODUCTORY + +A.D. 82-790--Scope of this Book--Authorities--Roman times and their +result--Post-Roman days. + + +CHAPTER II.--THE PICT AND THE NORTHMAN + +Geography and description of Cat--Brochs--Picts--Christianity +--Vikings--Gall-gaels--Gaelic--Land Settlement--The rise of the +Scots. + + +CHAPTER III.--THE EARLY NORSE JARLS + +790-1014--Constantine I and the Northmen--Kenneth and the Union of +the Picts and Scots--Thorstein the Red and Aud--Groa and Duncan of +Duncansby--The Vikings and Harald Harfagr--Ragnvald of Maeri and +Jarl Sigurd--Cyderhall--Torf-Einar, Thorfinn Hausakliufr, Skuli +and others--War for the Moray seaboard--Jarl Sigurd Hlodverson-- +Christianity introduced in Orkney--Swart Kell--Earl Anlaf--Story +of Barth--Sigurd Hlodverson, Clontarf--"Darratha-liod"--Resume. + + +CHAPTER IV.--THORFINN, EARL AND JARL + +1008-1064--King Malcolm's matrimonial alliances--Victory of +Carham--Thorfinn Sigurdson, Earl of Caithness and Sutherland--His +attempts on Orkney--Somarled, Brusi and Einar--Thorkel Fostri slays +Einar--Moddan created Earl of Caithness and slain by Thorkel--Battle +of Torfness--Death of Duncan--Thorfinn and Macbeth--Thorfinn and +Ragnvald Brusison--Marriage with Ingibjorg--Battle of Rautharbiorg-- +Thorfinn sole Jarl of Orkney and Shetland--His travels, retirement, +and death--His chronology. + + +CHAPTER V.--PAUL AND ERLEND, HAKON AND MAGNUS + +1058-1123--Paul and Erlend, jarls--Ingibjorg's marriage with +Malcolm III--Its objects--Norman conquest of England--King Magnus +Barelegs--Hakon and Magnus, jarls--Harold Slettmali and Paul the +Silent, jarls--Ingibiorg and Margret--Moddan in Dale--Feudalism in +Scotland--The Catholic Church--Alexander I and David I--The three +leading families in Caithness and Sutherland, of the Norse Jarls, +Moddan, and Freskyn de Moravia--The Mackays--The Gunns. + + +CHAPTER VI.--THE MODDAN FAMILY, JARLS HARALD AND PAUL AND RAGNVALD + +1123-1158--Harald Slettmali and Paul the Silent--Frakark and +Helga--Harald poisoned--Frakark in Kildonan--Plot against Jarl +Paul--The Moddan family--Audhild--Eric Stagbrellir--Ragnvald's +history and jarldom--Battle of Tankerness--Olvir Rosta and +Sweyn--Paul kidnapped--Harold Maddadson--Frakark's Burning--Thorbiorn +Klerk--Ragnvald's cruise to the East--Erlend Haraldson's grant of half +Caithness--Scramble for the earldom--Ragnvald's daughter Ingirid's +marriage to Eric Stagbrellir--Fight at Thurso--Erlend and +Sweyn--Erlend's death--Ragnvald's murder--His descendants. + + +CHAPTER VII.--HAROLD MADDADSON AND THE FRESKYNS + +1158-1206--Harold sole Jarl and Earl; his first family--Sweyn's +cruises and death in 1171--Harold's second wife, and family--Eric +Stagbrellir's family--Scottish affairs--Moray and the MacHeths-- +Freskyn and Duffus--William MacFrisgyn--Hugo Freskyn of Sutherland, and +his brother, William of Petty--Hugo's grant to Gilbert, Archdeacon of +Moray--Hugo's family--William _dominus Sutherlandiae_--Events in the +North in 1153 and after--William the Lion's accession, 1165--Persons of +note at that date--Those in authority--Harold's forfeitures--Events +leading up to them--Eddirdovir and Dunskaith--Donald Ban +MacWilliam--Defeat of Thorfinn, Harold's son, and of Harold, +1196--Harald Ungi--Ragnvald Gudrodson--Victory of Dalharrold--The +Stewards--Death of Thorfinn, Harold's son--William the Lion in +Caithness--Death of Harold Maddadson, 1206. + + +CHAPTER VIII.--JARLS DAVID AND JOHN, FRESKIN II + +1206-1263--David's eight years, 1206-1214--King William takes John's +daughter as a hostage--Murder of Bishop Adam, 1222--King Alexander's +expedition--John's forfeiture--Death of John's son, Harald, +1226--Snaekoll Gunni's son, grandson of Eric Stagbrellir--Murder of +Earl John--Trial at Bergen--Lady Johanna of Strathnaver. + + +CHAPTER IX.--THE SUCCESSION TO THE CAITHNESS EARLDOM + +1231-9--Difficulty of the subject--The Angus pedigree--The Diploma of +the Orkney Earls--Magnus II's charter--The wardship question--Three +claimants (1) Magnus, (2) Johanna of Strathnaver and (3) Earl John's +nameless hostage daughter--Skene's opinion--The Cheynes and Federeths, +descendants of Johanna--Her charitable gift--Her Moddan and Erlend +descent--Magnus II, his descent and marriage--Freskin de Moravia, his +descent, marriage, life, and death--The settlement of Caithness and +Sutherland--Creation of the Sutherland Earldom between 10th October +1237 and Magnus' death in 1239--Conclusion. + + +CHAPTER X.--KING HAKON'S EXPEDITION AND THE NORTH + +1263-1266--Recapitulation--Norse jarls and the Norse Crown--Affairs +in Sutherland--Battle at Embo--Dornoch Cathedral and its +constitution--The Angus line and the Freskyns--Hakon's fleet at +Ragnvaldsvoe sails south--Battle of Largs--Hakon's retreat +and death--The mainland of Scotland and the Hebrides won for +Scotland--Treaty of Perth, 1266. + + +CHAPTER XI.--RESULTS AND CONCLUSION + +The creed of the Viking--The causes of his migration--Odinism--Settlement +in the West--Celtic mothers--Effect on race, language and place-names-- +Viking remains--Skaill, Dunrobin--Castles--The Viking type of man--The +blended race--Norman influence. + + +NOTES. + + +APPENDIX.--EARLY PEDIGREE OF THE FRESKYN FAMILY + + +INDEX + + + + +LIST OF AUTHORITIES AND BOOKS REFERRED TO.[1] + + +Anderson, Dr. Joseph. Rhind Lectures, "Scotland in Pagan Times." +Edinburgh, 1883 and 1886. + +Antiquaries. Proceedings of The Society of Scottish. + +Bain. Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland in Record Office. + +Bannatyne Club--Publications of. + +Barry, History of Orkney. Edinburgh, Constable, 1805. + +Broxburn. (Strabrock.) History and Antiquities of Uphall, by Rev. +James Primrose. Edinburgh, Andrew Elliott, 1898. + +Burnt Njal. Dasent's Translation. (B.N.)[2] Edinburgh, Edmonston & +Douglas, 1861. + +Caithness Family History, by John Henderson. Edinburgh, David Douglas, +1884. + +Caithness, The County of--by John Home. Wick, W. Rae, 1907. + +Calder's History of Caithness. Glasgow, Thomas Murray & Son, 1861. + +Cat, History of the Province of--by Rev. Angus Mackay. Wick, Peter +Reid & Co., Ltd., 1914. + +Chalmers. Caledonia. + +Chroniques Anglo-Normandes. Francisque Michel. Rouen, Ed. Frere, 1836. + +Corpus Poeticum Boreale. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1883. + +Curie. Monuments of Caithness. Royal Commission's Report, 1911. + +Curie. Monuments of Sutherland. Royal Commission's Report, 1912. + +Dalrymple's Collections, (1705). + +Diploma of the Earls of Orkney. + +Du Chaillu. The Viking Age. John Murray, 1889. + +Dunfermelyn, Register of. (Bannatyne Club.) + +Early Scottish Kings, by E. William Robertson, 1862. + +Eric the Red--Saga of. + +Flatey Book (Flateyjarbok). Christiania, Mailings, 1860. (F.B.) + +Fordun. Scottish Annals. Edited by W.F. Skene. Edinburgh, Edmonston & +Douglas, 1871. + +Genealogie of the Earles of Southerland, by Sir Robert Gordon, Bart. +Edinburgh, A. Constable, 1813. + +Hailes (Lord) Additional Case of Elizabeth, Claimant of the Earldom of +Sutherland and Annals of Scotland, (Dalrymple's Works, vol. 4). + +Hakon Saga. Dasent's Translation, Rolls Edition, 1894. (H.S.) + +Henderson, George--Norse Influence on Celtic Scotland. Glasgow, +Maclehose, 1910. + +Henderson, George--Survivals in Belief among the Celts. Glasgow, +Maclehose, 1911. + +Hume Brown. History of Scotland. (H.B.) + +Innes, Familie of. (Spalding Club). + +Laing and Huxley. Prehistoric Remains of Caithness. Williams, & +Norgate, 1866. + +Lawrie, Early Scottish Charters. Glasgow, Maclehose, 1905. + +Lawrie, Annals of the Reigns of Malcolm and William, 1153-1214. +Glasgow, Maclehose, 1910. + +Liber Pluscardensis. Edited by Felix J.H. Skene. Edinburgh, William +Paterson, 1877. + +Mackay, Rev. Angus. Book of Mackay. Edinburgh, Norman Macleod, 1906. + +Magnus Saga (in Rolls Edition of Dasent's Translation of Orkneyinga +Saga). + +Maxwell, Sir Herbert, Early Chronicles relating to Scotland. Glasgow, +Maclehose, 1912. + +Moray--Registrum Episcopatus Moraviensis (Bannatyne Club) (Reg. +Morav.) + +Moray--Shaw's History of. + +Munch's Symbolae or Notes to the Diploma of the Orkney Earls. + +Munro, Dr. Robert. Prehistoric Scotland. + +Nisbet's Heraldry. + +Orcades, by Thormodus Torfaeus. Copenhagen, 1715. + +Orcades, (Torfaeus) Translation by the Rev. A. Pope. Wick, Peter Reid, +1866. + +Origines Islandicae. Vigfusson & York Powell. Oxford, Clarendon Press, +1905. + +Origines Parochiales Scotiae. Vol. ii, part ii. Edinburgh, W.H. +Lizars, 1855. (O.P.) + +Orkney and Shetland, by John R. Tudor. London, Edward Stanford, 1883. +(O. &. S.) + +Orkney and Shetland Folk, by A.W. Johnston. Viking Society, 1914. + +Orkneyinga Saga. Dasent's Translation, Rolls Edition. (O.S.) + +Orkneyinga Saga. Anderson, and Hjaltalin and Goudie's Translation. +Edinburgh, Edmonston & Douglas, 1873. + +Oxford Essays, 1858. (Dasent's Essay). London, John W. Parker & Son, +1858. + +Pinkerton's History of Scotland preceding Malcolm III. Edinburgh, Bell +& Bradfute, 1814. + +Rhys' Celtic Britain. London, S.P.C.K., 1908. + +Robertson's Index. Edinburgh, Murray and Cochrane, 1798. + +Rymer. Foedera. + +Saint-Clair. Roland William. The Saint-Clairs of the Isles. Auckland, +H. Brett, 1898. + +Scandinavian Britain, by W.G. Collingwood. London, S.P.C.K., 1908. + +Scon. Liber Ecclesiae de. + +Scott, Rev. Archibald--The Pictish Nation, its people and Church. +Edinburgh and London, Foulis Press, 1918. + +Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers, Alan O. Anderson. London, +David Nutt, 1908. + +Scottish Kings. Sir Archibald Dunbar, Bart. Edinburgh, David Douglas, +1906. + +Scottish Peerages. Paul and Cokayne (Gibbs). + +Skene, W.F. Celtic Scotland. Edinburgh, Edmonston & Douglas, 1878. + +Skene, W.F. Chronicles of the Picts and Scots. Edinburgh, H.M. General +Register House, 1867. + +Sutherland Book, by Sir William Fraser. Edinburgh, 1892. + +Sutherland and the Reay Country, by the Rev. Adam Gunn. Glasgow, John +Mackay, Celtic Monthly Office, 1897. + +Sverri's Saga. Translation by J. Sephton. London, David Nutt, 1899. + +Tacitus--Agricola. + +Thorgisl's Saga in Origines Islandicae (as above). + +Viking Club. Caithness and Sutherland Records.} London +Viking Club. Old Lore Miscellany. } 29 Ashburnham +Viking Society. Saga Books, &c. } Mansions, Chelsea + +William the Wanderer, by W.G. Collingwood. G.C. Brown Langham & Co., +47 Great Russell Street, London, W.C., 1904. + +Worsaae. Danes and Norwegians. London, John Murray, 1852. + +Worsaae. The Prehistory of the North. London, Truebner, 1886. + +Wyntoun's Chronicle. Edinburgh, Edmonston & Douglas, 1872. + +[Footnote 1: An excellent Bibliography of Caithness, by Mr. John +Mowat, was published by W. Rae, Wick, in 1909, and of Caithness and +Sutherland by The Viking Club, 1910, by the same author.] + +[Footnote 2: The Capitals and abbreviations placed in brackets after +certain authorities, give their initial letters and short titles, +(e.g. (O.S.) Orkneyinga Saga), as used in the notes at the end of this +volume.] + +Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286, by Alan O. +Anderson. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh. + +NOTE.--Since this little book was printed, the above great work +has appeared. To the student of the Norse invasions its value is +inestimable. + + + + +[Transcriber's note: The following errata have been applied to the +text.] + +_ERRATA._ + + Page 1, line 13, for "they" read "Man." + " 28, line 9, for "or" read "of." + " 40, line 23, for "Kundason" read "Hundason." + " 42, line 24, after "note" reference[14] omitted. + " 50, line 17, for "mainland of" read "Unst in." + " 65, line 35, for "burnings" read "revenges." + " 65, line 37, for "burnt" read "killed." + " 87, line 18, for "Earl Ragnvald" read "Jarl Ragnvald." + " 104, lines 4 and 5, for "Magnus' great-grandson's granddaughter's + husband" read "Magnus' granddaughter's great-grandson." + " 117, line 16, omit "a child of." + + + + +SUTHERLAND AND CAITHNESS IN SAGA-TIME +OR, +THE JARLS AND THE FRESKYNS. + + + + +CHAPTER I. + +_Introductory._ + + +In the following pages an attempt is made to fit together facts +derived, on the one hand, from those portions of the Orkneyinga, St. +Magnus and Hakonar Sagas which relate to the extreme north end of the +mainland of Scotland, and, on the other hand, from such scanty English +and Scottish records, bearing on its history, as have survived, so as +to form a connected account, from the Scottish point of view, of the +Norse occupation of most of the more fertile parts of Sutherland and +Caithness from its beginning about 870 until its close, when these +counties were freed from Norse influence, and Man and the Hebrides +were incorporated in the kingdom of Scotland by treaty with Norway in +1266. + +References to the authorities mentioned above and to later works +bearing on the subject have been inserted in the hope that others, +more leisured and more competent, may supplement them by further +research, and convert those portions of the narrative which are at +present largely conjectural from story into history. + +What manner of men the prehistoric races which in early ages +successively inhabited the northern end of the Scottish mainland may +have been, we can now hardly imagine. Dr. Joseph Anderson's classical +volumes[1] on _Scotland in Pagan Times_ tell us something, indeed +all that can now be known, of some of them, and in the Royal +Commission's[2] _Reports and Inventories of the Early Monuments_ of +Sutherland and of Caithness respectively, Mr. Curle has classified +their visible remains, and may, let us hope, with the aid of +legislation, save those relics from the roadmaker or dykebuilder. +Lastly, such superstitions, or survivals of beliefs, as remain in the +north of Scotland from early days have been collected, arranged, and +explained by the late Mr. George Henderson in an able book on that +subject.[3] Enquiries such as these, however, belong to the provinces +of archaeology and folk-psychology, and not to that of history, still +less to that of contemporary history, which began in the north, +as elsewhere, with oral tradition, handed down at first by men of +recording memories, and then committed to writing, and afterwards +to print; and both in Norway and Iceland on the one hand, and in +the Highlands on the other such men were by no means rare, and were +deservedly held in the highest honour. + +Writing arrived in Sutherland and Caithness very late, and was not +even then a common indigenous product. Clerks, or scholars who could +read and write, were at first very few, and in the north of Scotland +hardly any such were known before the twelfth century of our era, +save perhaps in the Pictish and Columban settlements of hermits and +missionaries. Of their writings, if they ever existed, little or +nothing of historical value is extant at the present time. But the +_Orkneyinga, St. Magnus_, and _Hakon's Sagas_, when they take up their +story, present us with a graphic and human and consecutive account +of much which would otherwise have remained unknown, and their story, +though tinged here and there with romance through the writers' desire +for dramatic effect, is, so far as the main facts go, singularly +faithful and accurate, when it can be tested by contemporary +chronicles. + +Until the twelfth or the thirteenth century, save for these Sagas, we +learn hardly anything of Sutherland, or, indeed, of the extreme north +of Scotland from any record written either by anyone living there or +by anyone with local knowledge, and for facts before those given in +the _Orkneyinga Saga_ we have to cast about among historians of +the Roman Empire and amongst early Greek geographers, or later +ecclesiastical writers, to find nothing save a few names of places and +some scattered references to vanished races, tongues and Churches. For +information about the Picts we have at first to rely on the researches +of some of our trustworthy archaeologists, and at a later date on +the annals, largely Irish, collected by the late Mr. Skene in his +_Chronicles of the Picts and Scots_, and in the works of Mr. Ritson, +into which it is no part of our purpose to enter in detail. All the +authorities for early Scottish history have been ably dealt with by +Sir Herbert Maxwell in his book on the _Early Chronicles Relating to +Scotland_, reproducing the Rhind lectures delivered by him in 1912. At +the end of our period reliable references to charters from the twelfth +century onwards will be found in _Origines Parochiales Scotiae_, and +especially in the second part of the second volume of that valuable +work of monumental research, produced, under the late Mr. Cosmo Innes, +by Mr. James Brichan, and presented to the Bannatyne Club by the +second Duke of Sutherland and the late Sir David Dundas. There are +also the reprints, often with elaborate notes, of Scottish Charters +by Sir Archibald C. Lawrie, The Bannatyne Club, The Spalding Club, The +Viking Society, Mr. Alan O. Anderson, and others. The first volume +of the Orkney and Shetland Records published by the Viking Society is +prefaced by an able introduction of great interest. + +By way of introduction to Norse times, we may attempt to state very +shortly some of the leading events in Caledonia in Roman, Pictish, and +Scottish times from near the end of the first century to the beginning +of the tenth, so far as they bear on the agencies at work there in +Norse times. + +The first four of the nine centuries above referred to had seen +the Romans under Agricola[4] in 80 to 84 A.D. attempt, and fail, to +conquer the Caledonians or men of the woods,[5] whose home, as +their name implies, was the great woodland region of the Mounth or +Grampians. Those centuries had also seen the building of the wall of +Hadrian between the Tyne and Solway in the year 120, the campaigns +of Lollius Urbicus in 140 A.D. and the erection between the Firths +of Forth and Clyde of the earthen rampart of Antonine on stone +foundations, which was held by Rome for about fifty years. Seventy +years later, in the year 210, fifty thousand Roman legionaries had +perished in the Caledonian campaigns of the Roman Emperor Severus, and +over a century and a half later, in 368, there had followed the +second conquest of the Roman province of Valentia which comprised the +Lothians and Galloway in the south, by Theodosius. Lastly, the final +retirement of the Romans from Scotland, and indeed from Britain, took +place, on the destruction of the Roman Empire in spite of Stilicho's +noble defence, by Alaric and the Visigoths, in 410. + +From the Roman wars and occupation two main results followed. The +various Caledonian tribes inhabiting the land had then probably for +the first time joined forces to fight a common foe, and in fighting +him had become for that purpose temporarily united. Again, possibly +as part of the high Roman policy of Stilicho, St. Ninian had in the +beginning of the fifth century introduced into Galloway and also +into the regions north of the Wall of Antonine the first teachers of +Christianity, a religion which, however, was for some time longer to +remain unknown to the Picts generally in the north. But, as Professor +Hume Brown also tells us in the first of the three entrancing volumes +of his History, "In Scotland, if we may judge from the meagre accounts +that have come down to us, the Roman dominion hardly passed the stage +of a military occupation, held by an intermittent and precarious +tenure." What concerns dwellers in the extreme north is that although +the Romans went into Perthshire and may have temporarily penetrated +even into Moray, they certainly never occupied any part of Sutherland +or Caithness, though their tablets of brass, probably as part of the +currency used in trade, have been found in a Sutherland Pictish tower +or broch,[7] a fact which goes far to prove that the brochs, with +which we shall deal later on, existed in Roman times.[8] + +As the Romans never occupied Sutherland or Caithness or even came near +their borders, their inhabitants were never disarmed or prevented +from the practice of war, and thus enfeebled like the more southerly +Britons. + +After the departure, in 410, of the Romans, St. Ninian sent his +missionaries over Pictland, but darkness broods over its history +thenceforward for a hundred and fifty years. Picts, Scots of Ireland, +Angles and Saxons swarmed southwards, eastwards, and westwards +respectively into England, and ruined Romano-British civilisation, +which the Britons, unskilled in arms, were powerless to defend, as the +lamentations of Gildas abundantly attest. + +In 563 Columba, the Irish soldier prince and missionary, whose Life +by Adamnan still survives,[9] landed in Argyll from Ulster, introduced +another form of Christian worship, also, like the Pictish, "without +reference to the Church of Rome," and from his base in Iona not only +preached and sent preachers to the north-western and northern Picts, +but in some measure brought among them the higher civilisation then +prevailing in Ireland. About the same time Kentigern, or St. Mungo, +a Briton of Wales, carried on missionary work in Strathclyde and in +Pictland, and even, it is said, sent preachers to Orkney. + +In the beginning of the seventh century King Aethelfrith of +Northumbria had cut the people of the Britons, who held the whole of +west Britain from Devon to the Clyde, into two, the northern portion +becoming the Britons of Strathclyde; and the same king defeated Aidan, +king of the Scots of Argyll, at Degsastan near Jedburgh, though Aidan +survived, and, with the help of Columba, re-established the power of +the Scots in Argyll. + +About the year 664, the wars in the south with Northumbria resulted in +the introduction by its king Oswy into south Pictland of the Catholic +instead of the Columban Church, a change which Nechtan, king of the +Southern Picts, afterwards confirmed, and which long afterwards led +to the abandonment throughout Scotland of the Pictish and Columban +systems, and to the adoption in their place of the wider and broader +culture, and the politically superior organisation and stricter +discipline of the Catholic Church, as new bishoprics were gradually +founded throughout Scotland by its successive kings.[10] + +Meantime, during the centuries which elapsed before the Catholic +Church reached the extreme north of Scotland, the Pictish and Columban +churches held the field, as rivals, there, and probably never wholly +perished in Norse times even in Caithness and Sutherland. + +During these centuries there were constant wars among the Picts +themselves, and later between them and the Scots, resulting, +generally, in the Picts being driven eastward and northward from +the south centre of Alban, which the Scots seized, into the Grampian +hills. + +After this very brief statement of previous history we may now attempt +to give some description of the land and the people of Caithness and +Sutherland as the Northmen found them in the ninth century. + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +_The Pict and the Northman._ + + +The present counties of Caithness and Sutherland A together made up +the old Province of Cait or Cat, so called after the name of one +of the seven legendary sons of _Cruithne_, the eponymous hero who +represented the Picts of Alban, as the whole mainland north of the +Forth was then called, and whose seven sons' names were said to stand +for its seven main divisions,[1] _Cait_ for Caithness and Sutherland, +_Ce_ for Keith or Mar, _Cirig_ for Magh-Circinn or Mearns, _Fib_ for +Fife, _Fidach_ (Woody) for Moray, _Fotla_ for Ath-Fodla or Athol, and +_Fortrenn_ for Menteith. + +Immediately to the south of Cat lay the great province of Moray +including Ross, and, in the extreme west, a part of north Argyll; and +the boundary between Cat and Ross was approximately the tidal River +Oykel, called by the Norse Ekkjal, the northern and perhaps also the +southern bank of which probably formed the ranges of hills known in +the time of the earliest Norse jarls as Ekkjals-bakki. Everywhere +else Cat was bounded by the open sea, of which the Norse soon became +masters, namely on the west by the Minch, on the north by the North +Atlantic and Pentland Firth, and on the east and south by the North +Sea; and the great valley of the Oykel and the Dornoch Firth made Cat +almost into an island. + +Like Caesar's Gaul, Cat was "divided into three parts"; first, _Ness_, +which was co-extensive with the modern county of Caithness, a treeless +land, excellent in crops and highly cultivated in the north-east, but +elsewhere mainly made up of peat mosses, flagstones and flatness, save +in its western and south-western borderland of hills; secondly, to +the west of Ness, _Strathnavern_, a land of dales and hills, and, +especially in its western parts, of peaks; and, thirdly, to the south +of Strathnavern, _Sudrland_, or the Southland, a riviera of pastoral +links and fertile ploughland, sheltered on the north by its own +forests and hills, and sloping, throughout its whole length from +the Oykel to the Ord of Caithness, towards the _Breithisjorthr_, +Broadfjord, or Moray Firth, its southern sea.[2] + +Save in north-east Ness, and in favoured spots elsewhere, also below +the 500 feet level, the land of Cat was a land of heath and woods[3] +and rocks, studded, especially in the west, with lochs abounding in +trout, a vast area of rolling moors, intersected by spacious straths, +each with its salmon river, a land of solitary silences, where red +deer and elk abounded, and in which the wild boar and wolf ranged +freely, the last wolf being killed in Glen Loth within twelve miles +of Dunrobin at a date between 1690 and 1700.[4] No race of hunters or +fishermen ever surpassed the Picts in their craft as such. + +The land, especially Sutherland, is still a happy hunting-ground not +only for the sportsman but also for the antiquary. For the modern +County of Sutherland is outwardly much the same now as it was in +Pictish times, save for road and rail, two castles, and a sprinkling +of shooting lodges, inns, and good cottages, which, however, in so +vast a territory are, as the Irishman put it, "mere fleabites on the +ocean." Much of the west of the land of Cat was scarcely inhabited at +all in Pictish or Viking days, because as is clearly the case in the +Kerrow-Garrow or Rough Quarter of Eddrachilles, it would not carry +one sheep or feed one human being per hundred acres in many parts. The +rest of it also remains practically unchanged in appearance from the +earliest days till the present time, as it has been little disturbed +by the plough save in the north-east of Ness and at Lairg and +Kinbrace, and in its lower levels along the coast. But Loch Fleet no +longer reaches to Pittentrail, and the crooked bay at Crakaig has been +drained and the Water of Loth sent straight to the sea. + +The only buildings or structures existing in Cat in Pictish and early +Norse times were a few vitrified forts, some underground erde-houses, +hut-circles innumerable, and perhaps a hundred and fifty brochs, or +Pictish towers as they are popularly called, which had been erected at +various dates from the first century onwards, long before the advent +of the Norse Vikings is on record, as defences against wolves and +raiders both by land and sea, and especially by sea. Notwithstanding +agricultural operations, foundations of 145 brochs can still be traced +in Ness and 67 in Strathnavern and Sudrland, but they were not all in +use at the same time, and they are mostly on sites taken over later +on by the Norse,[5] because they were already cultivated and +agriculturally the best. + +A well-known authority on such subjects, the late Dr. Munro, in his +_Prehistoric Scotland_ p. 389 writes of the brochs as follows:--"Some +four hundred might have been seen conspicuously dotting the more +fertile lands along the shores and straths of the counties of +Caithness, Sutherland, Ross, Inverness, Argyll, the islands of +Orkney, Shetland, Bute, and some of the Hebrides. Two are found +in Forfarshire, and one each in the counties of Perth, Stirling, +Midlothian, Selkirk and Berwick." + +If one may venture to hazard a conjecture as to their date, they +probably came into general use in these parts of Caledonia as nearly +as possible contemporaneously with the date of the Roman occupation +of South Britain, which they outlasted for many centuries. But their +erection was not due to the fear of attack by the armies of Rome. For +their remains are found where the Romans never came, and where the +Romans came almost none are found. Their construction is more probably +to be ascribed to very early unrecorded maritime raids of pirates of +unknown race both on regions far north of the eastern coast protected +later by the Count of the Saxon shore, and on the northern and western +islands and coasts, where also many ruins of them survive. + +In Cat dwelt the Pecht or Pict, the Brugaidh or farmer in his dun or +broch, erected always on or near well selected fertile land on the +seaboard, on the sides of straths, or on the shores of lochs, or +less frequently on islands near their shores and then approached by +causeways;[6] and the rest of the people lived in huts whose circular +foundations still remain, and are found in large numbers at much +higher elevations than the sites of any brochs. The brochs near the +sea-coast were often so placed as to communicate with each other for +long distances up the valleys, by signal by day, and beacon fire at +night, and so far as they are traceable, the positions of most of them +in Sutherland and Caithness are indicated on the map by circles. + +Built invariably solely of stone and without mortar, in form the +brochs were circular, and have been described as truncated cones +with the apex cut off,[7] and their general plan and elevation were +everywhere almost uniform. The ground floor was solid masonry, but +contained small chambers in its thickness of about 15 feet. Above the +ground floor the broch consisted of two concentric walls about three +feet apart, the whole rising to a height in the larger towers of 45 +feet or more, with slabs of stone laid horizontally across the gap +between and within the two walls, at intervals of, say, five or six +feet up to the top, and thus forming a series of galleries inside +the concentric walls, in which large numbers of human beings could be +temporarily sheltered and supplies in great quantities could be stored +for a siege. These galleries were approached from within the broch by +a staircase which rose from the court and passed round between the two +concentric walls above the ground floor, till it reached their highest +point, and probably ended immediately above the only entrance, the +outside of which was thus peculiarly exposed to missiles from the end +of the staircase at the top of the broch. The only aperture in the +outer wall was the entrance from the outside, about 5 feet high by 3 +feet wide, fitted with a stone door, and protected by guard-chambers +immediately within it, and it afforded the sole means of ingress to +and egress from the interior court, for man and beast and goods and +chattels alike. The circular court, which was formed inside, varied +from 20 to 36 feet in diameter, and was not roofed over; and the +galleries and stairs were lighted only by slits, all looking into the +court, in which, being without a roof, fires could be lit. In some few +there were wells, but water-supply, save when the broch was in a loch, +must have been a difficulty in most cases during a prolonged siege. + +In these brochs the farmer lived, and his women-kind span and wove and +plied their querns or hand-mills, and, in raids, they shut themselves +up, and possibly some of their poorer neighbours took refuge in the +brochs, deserting their huts and crowding into the broch; but of this +practice there is no evidence, and the nearest hut-circles are often +far from the remains of any broch. + +For defence the broch was as nearly as possible perfect against any +engines or weapons then available for attacking it; and we may note +that it existed in Scotland and mainly in the north and west of it, +and nowhere else in the world.[8] It was a roofless block-house, aptly +described by Dr. Joseph Anderson as a "safe." It could not be battered +down or set on fire, and if an enemy got inside it, he would find +himself in a sort of trap surrounded by the defenders of the broch, +and a mark for their missiles. The broch, too, was quite distinct from +the lofty, narrow ecclesiastical round tower, of which examples still +are found in Ireland, and in Scotland at Brechin and Abernethy. + +To resist invasion the Picts would be armed with spears, short swords +and dirks, but, save perhaps a targe, were without defensive body +armour, which they scorned to use in battle, preferring to fight +stripped. They belonged to septs and clans, and each sept would have +its Maor, and each clan or province its Maormor[9] or big chief, +succession being derived through females, a custom which no doubt +originated in remote pre-Christian ages when the paternity of children +was uncertain. + +Being Celts, the Picts would shun the open sea. They feared it, for +they had no chance on it, as their vessels were often merely hides +stretched on wattles, resembling enlarged coracles. Yet with such +rude ships as they had, they reached Orkney, Shetland, the Faroes and +Iceland as hermits or missionaries.[10] In Norse times they never +had the mastery of the sea, and the Pictish navy is a myth of earlier +days.[11] + +Lastly, as we have seen, the Picts of Cat had never been conquered, +nor had their land ever been occupied by the legions of Rome, which +had stopped at the furthest in Moray; and the sole traces of Rome in +Cat are, as stated, two plates of hammered brass found in a Sutherland +broch, and some Samian ware. Further, Christian though he had been +long before Viking times, the Pict of Cat derived his Christianity +at first and chiefly from the Pictish missions, and later from +the Columban Church, both without reference to Papal Rome; and his +missionaries not only settled on islands off his coasts, but later on +worshipped in his small churches on the mainland; and many a Pictish +saint of holy life was held in reverence there. + +About the eighth century and probably earlier, immigrants from the +southern shores of the Baltic pressed the Norse westwards in Norway, +and later on over-population in the sterile lands which lie along +Norway's western shores, drove its inhabitants forth from its western +fjords north of Stavanger and from The Vik or great bay of the +Christiania Fjord, whence they may have derived their name of Vikings, +across the North Sea to the opposite coasts of Shetland, Orkney and +Cat, where they found oxen and sheep to slaughter on the nesses or +headlands, and stores of grain, and some silver and even gold in the +shrines and on the persons of those whom they attacked, and in +still later days they sought new lands over the sea and permanent +settlements, where they would have no scat to pay to any overlord or +feudal superior. + +When the Vikings landed, superior discipline, instilled into them by +their training on board ship, superior arms, the long two-handed sword +and the spear and battle-axe and their deadly bows and arrows, and +superior defensive armour, the long shield, the helmet and chain-mail, +would make them more than a match for their adversaries.[12] Above +all, the greater ferocity of these Northmen, ruthlessly directed to +its object by brains of the highest order, would render the Pictish +farmer, who had wife and children, and home and cattle and crops to +save, an easy prey to the Viking warrior bands, and the security of +his broch would of itself tend to a passive and inactive, rather than +an offensive, and therefore successful defence. + +After long continued raids, the Vikings no doubt saw that much of the +land along the shore was fair and fertile compared with their own, and +finally they came not merely to plunder and depart, but to settle and +stay. When they did so, they came in large numbers and with organised +forces[13] and carefully prepared plans of campaign, and with great +reserves of weapons on board their ships; and having the ocean as +their highway, they could select their points of attack. They then, as +we know from the localities which bear their place-names, cleared out +the Pict from most of his brochs and from the best land in Cat, shown +on the map by dark green colour, that is, from all cultivated land +below the 500 feet level save the upper parts of the valleys; or they +slew or enslaved the Pict who remained. Lastly, on settling, they +would seize his women-kind and wed them; for the women of their own +race were not allowed on Viking ships, and were probably less amenable +and less charming to boot. But the Pictish women thus seized had their +revenge. The darker race prevailed, and, the supply of fathers of +pure Norse blood being renewed only at intervals, the children of +such unions soon came to be mainly of Celtic strain, and their mothers +doubtless taught them to speak the Gaelic, which had then for at least +a century superseded the Pictish tongue. The result was a mixed race +of Gall-gaels or Gaelic strangers, far more Celtic than Norse, who +soon spoke chiefly Gaelic, save in north-east Ness. Their Gaelic, too, +like the English of Shetland at the present time, would not only be +full of old Norse words, especially for things relating to the sea, +but be spoken with a slight foreign accent. How numerous those foreign +words still are in Sutherland Gaelic, the late Mr. George Henderson +has ably and elaborately proved in his scholarly book on "Norse +Influence on Celtic Scotland." We find traces of Norse words and the +Norse accent and inflexions also on the Moray seaboard, on which +the Norse gained a hold. The same would be true of the people on the +western lands and islands of the Hebrides. + +As time went on, the Gaelic strain predominated more and more, +especially on the mainland of Scotland, over the Gall, or foreign, +strain, which was not maintained. Mr. A.W. Johnston, in his "_Orkney +and Shetland Folk--850 to 1350_,"[14] has worked out the quarterings +of the Norse jarls, of whom only the first three were pure Norsemen, +and he has thus shown conclusively how very Celtic they had become +long before their male line failed. The same process was at work, +probably to a greater extent, among those of lower rank, who could +not find or import Norse wives, if they would, as the jarls frequently +did. + +One or two other introductory points remain to be noted and borne in +mind throughout. + +We must beware of thinking that all the land in an earldom such as Cat +was the absolute property of the chief, as in the nineteenth century, +or the latter half of it, was practically true in the modern county +of Sutherland. The fact was very much otherwise. The Maormor and +afterwards the earl doubtless had demesne lands, but he was in early +times, _ex officio_, mainly a superior and receiver of dues for his +king;[15] and this possibly shows why very early Scottish earldoms, as +for instance that of Sutherland, in the absence of male heirs, often +descended to females, unless the grant or custom excluded them. It +was quite different with later feudal baronies or tenancies, where +military service, which only males could render, was due, and which +with rare exceptions it was, after about 1130, the policy of the +Scottish kings to create; and in the case of baronies or lordships the +land itself was often described and given to the grantee and his heirs +by metes and bounds, in return for specified military service, and his +heirs male were exhausted before any female could inherit. + +In Ness and in the rest of Cat there were many Norse and native +holders of land within the earldom, and much tribal ownership. Duncan +of Duncansby or Dungall of Dungallsby, as he is variously called, +allowed part at least of his dominions to pass by marriage to the +Norse jarls; but both Moddan and Earl Ottar, whose heir was Earl +Erlend Haraldson, who left no heir, owned land extensively in Ness and +elsewhere, while Moddan "in Dale" had daughters also owning land, one +of whom, Frakark, widow of Liot Nidingr, had many homesteads in upper +Kildonan in Sudrland and elsewhere, and possibly it is her sister +Helga's name that lingers in a place-name lower down that strath near +Helmsdale, at Helgarie. + +What is worthy of notice is that it is clear from the place-names that +after the Norse conquest the Norse held and named most of the lower or +seaward parts of the valleys and nearly all the coast lands of Cat and +Ross as far south as the Beauly Firth, and the Picts occupied and were +never dispossessed of the upper parts of the valleys or the hills all +through the Norse occupation. In other words, as conquerors coming +from the sea, the Norsemen seized and held the better Pictish lands +near the coast, which had been cultivated for centuries, and on which +crops would ripen with regularity and certainty year after year. But +as time went on the Pictish Maormor pressed the Norse Jarl more and +more outwards and eastwards in Cat. + +We must also remember the enormous power of the Scottish Crown through +its right of granting wardships, especially in the case of a female +heir. Under such grants the grantee, usually some very powerful noble, +took over during minority the title of his ward and all his revenues +absolutely, in return for a payment, correspondingly large, to the +Crown. If the ward was a female, the grantee disposed of her hand in +marriage as well. + +After these preliminary notes, we may now again glance at the Scots, +who were destined, from small beginnings, by a series of strange turns +of fortune and superior state-craft, in time to conquer and dominate +all modern Scotland north of the Forth, then known as Alban. + +The Scots, as already stated, had come over from Ulster and settled in +Cantyre about the end of the fifth century, and for long they had only +the small Dalriadic territory of Argyll, and even this they all but +lost more than once. At the same time, after 563, they had a most +valuable asset in Columba, their soldier missionary prince, and his +_milites Christi_, or soldiers of Christ, who gradually carried their +Christianity and Irish culture even up to Orkney itself, with many a +school of the Erse or Gaelic tongue, and thus paved the way for +the consolidation of the whole of Alban into one political unit by +providing its people with a common language. + +But in order to live the Scots had been forced to defeat many foes, +such as the Britons of Strathclyde, whose capital was at Alcluyd +or Dunbarton,[16] the Northumbrians on the south, and the Picts of +Atholl, Forfar, Fife and Kincardine, which comprised most of the +fertile land south of the Grampians. The great Pictish province of +Moray on the north of the Grampians, however, remained unsubdued, and +it took the Scots several centuries more to reduce it. + +It was when the Scottish conquests above referred to were thus far +completed that the new factor, with which we are mainly concerned, +was introduced into the problem. This factor was, as stated, _the +Northmen_. + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +_The Early Norse Jarls._ + + +It was in the reign of Constantine I, son of the great Pictish king, +Angus MacFergus, that the new and disturbing influence mentioned above +appeared in force in Alban. Favoured in their voyages to and fro by +the prevailing winds, which then, as now, blew from the east in +the spring and from the west later in the year, the Northmen, +both Norsemen and Danes, neither being Christians, had, like their +predecessors the Saxons and Angles and Frisians, for some time made +trading voyages and desultory piratical attacks in summer-time on +the coasts of Britain and Ireland, and probably many a short-lived +settlement as well. But as these attacks and settlements are +unrecorded in Cat, no account of them can be given. + +In 793 it is on record that the Vikings first sacked Iona, originally +the centre of Columban Christianity but then Romanised, and they +repeated these raids on its shrine again and again within the next +fifteen years. Constantine thereupon removed its clergy to Dunkeld, +"and there set up in his own kingdom an ecclesiastical capital for +Scots and Picts alike,"[1] as a step towards the political union +of his realm, which Norse sea-power had completely severed from the +original home of the Scots in Ulster. + +The Northmen now began the systematic maritime invasions of our +eastern and northern and western coasts and islands, which history has +recorded. North Scotland was attacked almost exclusively by Norsemen, +and Norsemen and Danes invaded Ireland. The Danes seized the south of +Scotland, and the north of England, of which latter country, early in +the eleventh century in the time of King Knut, they were destined to +dominate two-thirds, while Old Norse became the _lingua franca_ of +his English kingdom, and enriched its language with hundreds of Norse +words, and gave us many new place and personal names. + +In 844, Kenneth, king of the Scots, the small North Irish sept which, +as stated above, had crossed over from Erin and held the Dalriadic +kingdom of Argyll with its capital at Dunadd near the modern Crinan +Canal, succeeded in making good his title, on his mother's side, to +the Pictish crown by a successful attack from the west on the southern +Picts[2] at the same time as their territory was being invaded from +the east coast by the Danes. Thereafter, these Picts and the Scots +gradually became and ever afterwards remained one nation, a course +which suited both peoples as a safeguard not only against their +foreign foes the Northmen, but also against the Berenicians of Lothian +on the south. With the object of ensuring the union of the two peoples +Kenneth is said to have transferred some of the relics of Columba, who +had become the patron saint of both, from Iona to Dunkeld, which thus +definitely remained not only the ecclesiastical capital of the united +Picts and Scots, but the common centre of their religious sentiment +and veneration. Incidentally, too, the Pictish language gradually +became disused, as that people were absorbed in the Scots; and +unfortunately, through the fact that no written literature survived to +preserve it, that language has almost entirely disappeared. The better +opinion is that it was more closely akin to Welsh and Breton than to +Erse or Gaelic, the Welsh and the Picts being termed "P" Celts, and +the other races "Q" Celts, because in words of the same meaning the +Welsh used "P" where the Gaelic speaking Celt used the hard "C". For +instance, "Pen" and "Map" in Welsh became "Ken" (or Ceann) and "Mac" +in Gaelic.[3] + +In the reign of Constantine II, Kenneth's son and next successor but +one, further incursions by the Northmen took place under King Olaf +the White of Dublin in 867 and 871; while in 875 his son Thorstein the +Red, by Aud "the deeply-wealthy" or "deeply-wise," landed on the north +coast, and, we are told, seized "Caithness and Sutherland and Moray +and more than half Scotland,"[4] being killed, however, by treachery +within the year. His mother Aud thereupon built a ship in Caithness, +and sailed for the Faroes and Iceland with her retinue and +possessions, marrying off two grand-daughters on the way, one, called +Groa, to Duncan, Maormor of Duncansby in Caithness, the most ancient +Pictish chief of whom we hear in that district, and probably ancestor +of the Moldan, or Moddan, line in Cat. Two years later, in 877, King +Constantine was defeated by a force of Danes at Dollar, and slain by +them at Forgan in Fife.[5] + +After the great decisive battle of Hafrsfjord in Norway in 872, +because Orkney and Shetland and the Hebrides had become refuges for +the Norse Vikings, who had been expelled from their country or had +left it on the introduction of feudalism with its payment of dues +to the king, but were raiding its shores, Harald Harfagr,[6] king of +Norway, along with Jarl Ragnvald of Maeri attacked and extirpated the +pirate Vikings in their island lairs; and, as compensation to the +jarl for the loss of his son Ivar in battle, Harald transferred his +conquests with the title of Jarl of Orkney and Shetland to Ragnvald, +who, in his turn, with the king's consent, soon made over his new +territories and title to his brother Sigurd. + +This new jarl, the second founder of the line of Orkney jarls, +conquered Caithness and Sutherland as far south as Ekkjals-bakki,[7] +which is believed by some to be in Moray, and by others, with more +truth, to be the ranges of hills in Sutherland and Ross lying to the +north and to the south of the River Oykel and its estuary, the Dornoch +Firth; and the second part of the name still happens to survive in the +place-name of Backies in Dunrobin Glen and elsewhere in Cat where the +Norse settled. About the year 890,[8] after challenging Malbrigde +of the Buck-tooth to a fight with forty a side, to which he himself +perfidiously brought eighty men, Sigurd outflanked and defeated his +adversary, and cut off his head and suspended it from his saddle; but +the buck-tooth, by chafing his leg as he rode away from the field, +caused inflammation and death, and Jarl Sigurd's body was laid in howe +on Oykel's Bank at Sigurthar-haugr, or Sigurds-haugr, the Siwards-hoch +of early charters now on modern maps corruptly written Sidera or +Cyderhall, near Dornoch, which, when translated, is Sigurd's Howe.[9] +"Thenceforward," as Professor Hume Brown tells us, "the mainland +was never secure from the attacks of successive jarls, who for long +periods held firm possession of what is now Caithness and Sutherland. +As things now went, this was in truth in the interest of the kings of +Scots themselves. To the north of the Grampians they exercised little +or no authority; and the people of that district were as often their +enemies as their friends. Through the action of the Orkney jarls, +therefore, the Scottish kings were at comparative liberty to extend +their territory towards the south; and the day came when they found +themselves able to crush every hostile element even in the north.[10] + +It is this process of consolidation in the north which it is proposed +to describe so far as Sutherland and Caithness are concerned, using +both Norse and Scottish records, and piecing them together as best +we can, and, be it confessed, in many cases filling up great gaps by +necessary guess-work when records fail. + +In the reign of the great king Constantine III, between the years 900 +and 942, the Danes again gave trouble. In 903 the Irish Danes ravaged +Alban,[11] as Scotland north of the Forth was then called, for a +whole year; in 918 Constantine and his ally, Eldred of Lothian, were +defeated by another expedition of these invaders; and in 934 Athelstan +and his Saxons burst into Strathclyde and Forfar, the heart of +Constantine's kingdom, and the Saxon fleet was sent up even to the +shores of Caithness, as a naval demonstration intended to brave the +Norse, who had joined Constantine, on their own element. Lastly, in +937 Athelstan and Constantine met at Brunanburg, probably Birrenswark +near Ecclefechan, and Constantine and his Norse allies were completely +defeated.[12] + +Meantime, since 875, a succession of jarls had endeavoured to hold, +for the kings of Norway, Orkney and Shetland, as well as Cat, which +then included Ness, Strathnavern, and Sudrland.[13] The history of +these early jarls is not told in detail in any surviving contemporary +record, for the Sagas of the jarls as individuals have perished; but +there is a brief account of them in the beginning of the _Orkneyinga +Saga_, another in chapters 99 and 100 of the _St. Olaf's Saga_, and a +fuller one in chapters 179 to 187 of the _Saga of Olaf Tryggvi's Son_, +contained in the _Flatey Book_.[14] From these the following story may +be gathered. + +After Jarl Sigurd's death, his son Guthorm ruled for one winter, and +died without issue, so that Sigurd's line came to an end. When Jarl +Ragnvald of Maeri heard of his nephew's death, he sent his son Hallad +over from Norway to Hrossey, as the mainland of Orkney was then +called, and King Harald gave him the title of jarl. Failing in his +efforts to put down the piracy of the Vikings, who continued their +slayings and plunderings, Hallad, the last of the purely Norse jarls, +resigned his jarldom, and returned ignominiously to Norway. In the +absence at war of Hrolf the Ganger, who became Duke of Normandy and +was an ancestor of the kings of England, two others of Ragnvald's +sons, Thorir and Hrollaug, were summoned to meet their father. At +this meeting it was decided that neither of these should go to Orkney, +Thorir's prospects in Norway being good, and Hrollaug's future lying +in Iceland, where, it was said, he was to found a great family. Then +Einar, the Jarl's youngest son by a thrall or slave woman, and thus +not of pure Norse lineage, asked whether he might go, offering as an +inducement to his father that, if he went, he would thus never be seen +by him again. He was told that the sooner he went, and the longer he +stayed away, the better his father would be pleased. A galley, well +equipped, was given to him, and about the year 891 King Harald Harfagr +conferred on him the title of Jarl of Orkney and Shetland, for which +he sailed. On his arrival there, he attacked Kalf Skurfa and Thorir +Treskegg,[15] the pirate Viking leaders, and defeated and slew them +both. He then took possession of the lands of the jarldom; and, from +having taught the people of Turfness in Moray the use of turf or peat +for fuel, was known thenceforward as Torf-Einar. He is said to have +been "a tall man, ugly, with one eye, but very keen-sighted,"[16] a +faculty which he was soon to use. + +When Jarl Ragnvald of Maeri, the first of the Orkney jarls, was killed +in Norway by two of Harald Harfagr's sons, one of them, Halfdan Halegg +or Long-shanks fled from their father's vengeance to Orkney. When +Halfdan landed, Torf-Einar took refuge in Scotland, but returned in +force, and after defeating Halfdan--who had usurped the jarldom--in +North Ronaldsay Firth, spied him as a fugitive, in hiding, far off on +Rinarsey or Rinansey (Ninian's Island) now North Ronaldsay, and seized +him, cut a blood-eagle on his back, severed his ribs and pulled out +his lungs, and, after offering him as a victim to Odin, buried his +body there.[17] + +Incensed at the shameful slaughter of his son, Harald Harfagr came +over from Norway about the year 900 to avenge him, but, as was then +not unusual, accepted as a wergeld or atonement for his son's death a +fine of sixty marks of gold, which it fell to the islanders to pay. On +their failure to find the money, Torf-Einar paid it himself, taking in +return from the people their odal lands,[18] which were lost to their +families until Jarl Sigurd Hlodverson temporarily restored them as a +recompense for their assistance in the battle fought by him between +969 and 995 against Finleac MacRuari, Maormor of North Moray, at +Skidamyre in Caithness. Whether it was the Orkney jarls or their +superiors, the kings of Norway, who owned them in the meantime, the +odal lands were finally sold back to those entitled to them by descent +by Jarl Ragnvald Kol's son about 1137, in order to raise money for the +completion of Kirkwall Cathedral. Odal tenure in Orkney was thus in +abeyance for over two centuries, save for a short time, and in any +case its inherent principle of subdivision would have killed it, and +after its renewal, in spite of its many safeguards against alienation +to strangers, it gradually died out under feudalism and Scottish law +and lawyers.[19] In Cat it never seems to have taken root. + +After holding the jarldom for a long term, Torf-Einar died in his bed, +as the Saga contemptuously tells us, probably in or after the year +920, leaving three sons, Arnkell, Erlend, and Thorfinn Hausa-kliufr or +Skull-splitter, of whom the two first, Arnkell and Erlend, fell with +Eric Bloody-axe, king of Norway, in England. The third son, Thorfinn +Hausa-kliufr or Skull-splitter, himself about three-quarters Norse +by blood, married Grelaud, daughter of Dungadr, or Duncan, the Gaelic +Maormor of Caithness by Groa, daughter of Thorfinn the Red, thus +further Gaelicising the strain of the Norse Jarls of Orkney,[20] but +adding greatly to their mainland territories. + +Jarl Thorfinn Hausa-kliufr, who flourished between 920 and 963, is +described as a great chief and fighter; but he, like his father, +died a peaceful death, and was buried at Hoxa, Haugs-eithi or +Mound's-isthmus, which covers the site of a Pictish broch, near the +north-west end of South Ronaldshay.[21] + +When Eric Bloody-axe had been defeated and killed, his sons came to +Orkney and seized the jarldom, and his widow, the notoriously wicked +Gunnhild and her daughter Ragnhild settled there for a time. Thorfinn +Hausa-kliufr had five sons, Arnfinn, Havard, Hlodver, Ljotr and +Skuli. Three of these, Arnfinn. Havard and Ljotr, successively married +Ragnhild, and Ragnhild rivalled her mother in wickedness. Arnfinn she +killed at Murkle in Caithness with her own hand; Havard she induced +Einar Oily-tongue, his nephew, to slay, on her promise to marry him, +which she broke; and finally she married Jarl Ljotr instead. Skuli, +the only other surviving son save Hlodver, went to the king of Scots, +who is said to have lightly given away what did not belong to him, +and to have created him Earl of Caithness, which then included +Sudrland.[22] Skuli then raised a force in his new earldom, no doubt +to carry out Scottish policy, and, crossing to Orkney, fought a battle +there with his brother Ljotr, was defeated, and fled to Caithness. +Collecting another army in Scotland, Skuli fought a second battle at +Dalar or Dalr, probably Dale in the upper valley of the Thurso River +in Caithness, and was there defeated and killed by Ljotr, who took +possession of his dominions. Then followed a battle between Ljotr and +a Scottish earl called Magbiod or Macbeth, at Skida Myre or Skitten +Moor in Watten in Caithness, which Ljotr won, but died of his wounds +shortly after, and is said to have been buried at Stenhouse in +Watten.[23] Thus the first Scottish attempt at consolidation of the +north failed. + +During the last half of the tenth century there was constant war by +the kings of Alban against the Northmen who had seized the coast of +Moray, and Malcolm I was killed at Ulern near Kinloss, about the year +954, and his successor Indulf fell in the hour of his victory over the +invaders at Cullen in Banff.[24] But on the whole probably the Scots +had succeeded for a time in driving out the Norse from the laigh of +Moray, which the latter needed for its supplies of grain. + +Hlodver or Lewis, (963-980), the only surviving son of Thorfinn +Hausa-kliufr, succeeded Ljotr in the jarldom; and by Audna or Edna, +daughter of Kiarval, king of the Hy Ivar of Dublin and Limerick, +Hlodver had a son, the famous Sigurd the Stout, or Sigurd Hlodverson. +Hlodver was, (as Mr. A.W. Johnston points out),[25] by blood slightly +more Norse than Gaelic. We know little of him save that he was a +mighty chief; and, according to the usual reproach of the Saga, +died in his bed and not in battle about 980, and was buried at Hofn, +probably Huna, in Caithness, near John o' Groats, under a howe.[26] + +The line of the so-called Norse earls, at the period at which we have +arrived, 980 A.D., was represented by Sigurd Hlodverson, the hero of +the Raven banner, which, as his Irish mother had predicted, was to +bring victory to every host which followed it, but death to every man +who bore it in battle.[27] Sigurd claimed Caithness by the rules +of Pictish succession, as grandson of Grelaud daughter of Duncan of +Duncansby, Maormor of that district. This claim was disputed by +two Celtic chiefs, Hundi (possibly Crinan, Abthane of Dunkeld) and +Melsnati, or Maelsnechtan; and in a battle at Dungal's Noep, near +Duncansby, at which Kari Solmundarson is said in the _Saga of Burnt +Njal_[28] to have been present, Sigurd defeated them, but with +such loss to his own side that he had to retire to Orkney, leaving +Hundi,[29] the survivor of his two enemies, in possession of his lands +in Caithness. Sigurd himself, on his voyage from Orkney, fell into the +hands of the Norse king, Olaf Tryggvi's-son, who was returning from +Dublin to Norway, in the bay of Osmundwall or Kirk Hope in Walls; +and the king insisted on the jarl being baptized on the spot, under +penalty, if he and all the inhabitants of his jarldom did not become +and remain Christians, of losing his eldest son Hundi or Hvelpr, +whom the Norse king seized and retained as a hostage. He also sent +missionaries to evangelize the jarldom. Such was the conversion of +Orkney and its jarl from the worship of Odin, at or about the end of +the first millennium of the Christian era. + +On his son's death in captivity, Sigurd seems to have deserted the +Norse for the Scottish side, and to have devoted himself to seeking +the favour, by his assistance in completing the conquest of Moray from +the Norse, of the Scottish king Malcolm II, whose third daughter he +married as his second wife.[30] He was, by race, more than two-thirds +Gaelic, and he clearly at first held Caithness in spite of all +Scottish attacks, and probably later on agreed to hold it from the +Scottish king. + +A few other persons are referred to in the Sagas as connected with +Caithness at this time. In the Landnamabok (1.6.5) we find Swart Kell, +or Cathal Dhu, mentioned as having gone from Caithness and taken +land in settlement in Mydalr in Iceland, and his son was Thorkel, the +father of Glum, who took Christendom when he was already old. + +About this time also, as appears from the _Saga of Thorgisl_,[31] +there was an Earl Anlaf or Olaf in Caithness, who had a sister, named +Gudrun, whom Swart Ironhead, a pirate, sought in marriage. But Swart +was killed in holmgang, or duel, by Thorgisl, who cut off his head +and married Gudrun, by whom he had a son called Thorlaf. Thorgisl then +tired of Gudrun, and gave her to Thorstan the White on the plea that +he himself wished to go and look after his estate in Iceland, which he +did. Can this Anlaf be the original of the legendary Alane, thane +of Sutherland, whom Macbeth, according to Sir Robert Gordon in his +_Genealogie of the Earles of Southerland_,[32] put to death, and whose +son, Walter, Malcolm Canmore is said to have created first Earl? Or +was Alane, like others, a creation of Sir Robert's inventive brain? +He was certainly no earl of the present Sutherland line; neither was +Walter.[33] + +To this period also belongs the romantic story of Barth or Bard, +son of Helgi and Helga Ulfs-datter told in the _Flatey Book_, and +translated at page 369 of the Appendix to Sir George Dasent's Rolls +Edition of the _Orkneyinga Saga_, which is shortly as follows. + +In the time of Sigurd Hlodverson, Ulf the Bad, of Sanday in Orkney, +murdered Harald of North Ronaldsay, and seized his lands in the +absence of Harald's son Helgi, a gentle Viking, on a cruise. On his +return, Helgi, to revenge his father's death, slew Bard, Ulf's next of +kin, in fight. Jarl Sigurd blames him for this and for not letting him +settle the feud himself, and Helgi sells all he has, and goes to Ulf's +house and takes his daughter, Helga, away. Ulf follows them up by +sea with a superior force, defeats Helgi off Caithness, and he +jumps overboard with Helga and swims to shore, where a poor farmer, +Thorfinn, as Helgi had always been kind in his "vikings" to such as he +was, has the wedding at his house, and shelters the pair there till +on Ulf's death two years after they can return to Orkney with Bard or +Barth, their infant son. At twelve years of age, Barth desires to fare +away "to those peoples who believe in the God of Heaven Himself," and +fares far away accordingly. Barth works for a farmer, and works so +well that his flocks increase, and gets a cow for himself as a reward, +but meets a beggar who begs the cow of him "for Peter's thanks." Each +year a cow is the reward of Barth's work, and each year he is asked +for the cow, and gives her up, until he has given three cows. Then +St. Peter (for the beggar was no other than he) passes his hands over +Barth, and gives him good luck, and sets a book upon his shoulders; +and he saw far and wide over many lands, and over all Ireland, and he +was baptized, and became a holy hermit and a bishop in Ireland. Such +is the Norse story of Barth, to whom the first Cathedral in Dornoch +was said to have been dedicated. It is far more prettily told in the +Saga. + +But St. Barr of Dornoch, in all probability, belongs to the sixth +century,[34] not to the tenth, and was a Pict or Irishman, not a +Norseman. He was never Bishop of Caithness, so far as records tell. +His Fair, like those of other Pictish Saints elsewhere in Cat, is +still celebrated, and is held at Dornoch. + +The battle of Clontarf, fought on Good Friday, the 23rd of April 1014, +outside Dublin, between the young heathen king of Dublin, Sigtrigg +Silkbeard, and the aged Christian king, Brian Borumha, was, +notwithstanding Norse representations to the contrary, a decisive +victory for the Irish over the Norse, and for Christianity against +Odinism. Sigurd, Jarl of Orkney, though nominally a Christian, fought +on the heathen side, and fell bearing his Raven banner, and the old +king, Brian, was killed in the hour of his people's victory. + +Sigurd's death is the subject of a strange legend, and the occasion +of a weird poem, _The Darratha-Liod_[35] said to have been sung in +Caithness for the first time on the day of Sigurd's death. + +The legend is given in the _Niala_[36] as follows:--"On Friday it +happened in Caithness that a man called Dorruthr went out of his house +and saw that twelve men together rode to a certain bower, where they +all disappeared. He went to the bower, and looked in through a window, +and saw that within there were women, who had set up a web. They sang +the poem, calling on the listener, Dorruthr, to learn the song, and +to tell it to others. When the song was over, they tore down the web, +each one retaining what she held in her hand of it. And now Dorruthr +went away from the window and returned home, while they mounted their +horses, riding six to the north and six to the south. A similar vision +appeared to Brand, the son of Gneisti, in the Faroes. At Swinefell in +Iceland blood fell on the cope of a priest on Good Friday, so that he +had to take it off. At Thvatta a priest saw on Good Friday deep sea +before the altar and many terrible wonders therein, and for long he +was unable to sing the Hours."[37] + +This strange legend of early telepathy may be explained by the fact +that Thorstein, son of the Icelander Hall o' Side, fought for Sigurd +at Clontarf, and afterwards returned to Iceland and told the story +of the battle, which the Saga preserved; and the English poet, Thomas +Gray, used it as the theme of his well-known poem intituled _The Fatal +Sisters_. The old Norse ballad referred to Sigurd's death at Clontarf +in 1014. It is known as _Darratha-Liod_ or _The Javelin-Song_, and is +translated by the late Eirikr Magnusson and printed in the _Miscellany +of the Viking Society_ with the Old Norse original[38] and the +translator's scholarly notes and explanations. It is said that it was +often sung in Old Norse in North Ronaldsay until the middle of the +eighteenth century. + +As translated it is as follows:-- + + DARRATHA-LIOD. + + I. + Widely's warped + To warn of slaughter + The back-beam's rug-- + Lo, blood is raining! + Now grey with spears + Is framed the web + Of human kind, + With red woof filled + By maiden friends + Of Randver's slayer. + + + II. + That web is warped + With human entrails, + And is hard weighted + With heads of people; + Bloodstained darts + Do for treadles, + The forebeam's ironbound + The reed's of arrows; + Swords be sleys[39] + For this web of war. + + + III. + Hild goes to weave + And Hiorthrimol + Sangrid and Svipol + With swords unsheathed. + Shafts will crack + And shields will burst, + The dog of helms + Will drop on byrnies. + + + IV. + Wind we, wind we + Web of javelins + Such as the young king + Has waged before. + Forward we go + And rush to the fray, + Where our friends + Engage in fighting. + + + V. + Wind we, wind we + Web of javelins + Where forward rush + The fighters' standards. + * * * * * * * * * + * * * * * * * * * + * * * * * * * * * + * * * * * * * * * + + + VI. + Wind we, wind we + Web of javelins, + And faithfully + The king we follow. + Nor shall we leave + His life to perish; + Among the doomed + Our choice is ample. + + + VII. + * * * * * * * * * + * * * * * * * * * + * * * * * * * * * + * * * * * * * * * + There Gunn and Gondul + Who guarded the king + Saw borne by men + Bloody targets. + + + VIII. + That race will now + Rule the country + Which erstwhile held + But outer nesses. + The mighty king, + Meweens, is doomed. + Now pierced by points + The Earl hath fallen. + + + IX. + Such bale will now + Betide the Irish + As ne'er grows old + To minding men. + The web's now woven + The wold made red, + Afar will travel + The tale of woe. + + + X: + An awful sight + The eye beholdeth + As blood-red clouds + Are borne through heaven; + The skies take hue + Of human blood, + Whene'er fight-maidens + Fall to singing. + + + XI. Willing we chant + Of the youthful king + A lay of victory-- + Luck to our singing! + But he who listens + Must learn by heart + This spear-maid's song + And spread it further. + + + XII. + * * * * * * * * * + * * * * * * * * * + * * * * * * * * * + * * * * * * * * * + On bare-backed steeds + We start out swiftly + With swords unsheathed + From hence away. + + +The nine centuries, above referred to, of Roman invasion, intestine +war, and ecclesiastical rivalry between the Pictish, Columban and +Catholic Churches had now, under Malcolm II, produced a kingdom of +Scotland, throughout which the Catholic was in a fair way to become +the predominant Church, and in which the authority of the Scottish +Crown was for the time being, nominally, but in the north merely +nominally, supreme on the mainland from the Tweed to the Pentland +Firth. The Isles of Orkney and Shetland and the whole of the Sudreyar +or Hebrides, however, owed allegiance, whether their jarls admitted +it or not, to the Crown of Norway, and the Scottish kings had no +authority over them.[40] Moreover, the Northmen--Danes and Norsemen +and Gallgaels--held the western seas from the Butt of Lewis to the +Isle of Man, and they had severed the connection between the Scots +of Ulster and the Scots of Argyll. The latter had thus been forced to +move eastwards, in order to avoid constant raids by the Irish Danes +and Norsemen and the Gallgaels, who thus possessed themselves of all +the coast of Scotland then known as Airergaithel or Argyll, which +extended up to Ross and Assynt, west of the Drumalban watershed. + +Of the next nine centuries from 1000 to the present time it is +proposed to deal with the first two hundred and seventy years only, +which, with the preceding century and a half, form a chapter of +Scottish history complete in itself. The narrative, as already stated, +will be based largely upon the great Stories or Tales known as the +_Orkneyinga, St. Magnus'_, and _Hakonar Sagas_, and also upon Scottish +and English chronicles and records so far as they throw their fitful +light upon the northern counties of Scotland, and especially upon +Caithness and Sutherland, during the dark periods between these Sagas. + +Attention will have to be paid to the Pictish family of Moldan of +Duncansby, of Moddan, created Earl of Caithness by his uncle Duncan I, +and of Moddan "in Dale," each of whom in turn succeeded to much of +the estates of the ancient Maormors of Duncansby, but whose people had +been driven back from most of the best low-lying lands into the upper +valleys and the hills by the foreign invaders of Cat. For, when the +Norse Vikings first attacked Cat and succeeded in conquering the Picts +there, they conquered by no means the whole of that province. They +subdued and held only that part of Ness or modern Caithness which lies +next its north and east coasts, and the rest of the sea-board of Ness, +Strathnavern and Sudrland, forcing their way up the lower parts of +the valleys of these districts, as their place-names still live on to +prove; but they never conquered, so as to occupy and hold them, the +upper parts of these river basins or the hills above them, which +remained in possession of Picts and Gaels throughout the whole period +of the Norse occupation. Further, the Picts and Gaels extended the +area which they retained, until Norse rule was expelled from the +mainland altogether. + +In Strathnavern and in the upper valleys of its rivers, and also in +Caithness in the uplands of the river Thurso, and in a large part of +Sudrland the Pictish family and clan of Moddan in its various branches +subsisted all through the Norse occupation, and it is hoped to show +good reason for believing that the family of Moddan, with the Pictish +or Scottish family of Freskyn de Moravia in later times, was the +mainstay of Scottish rule in the extreme north until the shadowy +claims of Norse suzerains over every part of the mainland were +completely repelled, and avowedly abandoned. + +Meantime to Norway Orkney and Cat were essential. For their fertile +lands yielded the supplies of grain which Norway required; and when +the Norse were driven from the arable lands of the Moray seaboard, +Orkney and Cat became still more necessary to them and their folk at +home. Cat the Scots could not then reach, for the Norse held the sea, +while on land Pictish Moray, a jealous power, hostile to its southern +neighbours, lay in its mountain fastnesses between the territory of +the Scots in the south and the land of Cat in the extreme north, and +formed a barrier which stretched across Alban from the North Sea to +the shores of Assynt on the Skotlands-fiorthr or Minch. + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +_Thorfinn--Earl and Jarl._ + + +Malcolm II, with whom Scottish contemporary records may be said to +begin, ascended the Scottish throne in 1005, and defeated the Norse at +Mortlach in Moray in 1010, and drove them from its fertile seaboard, +probably with the help of Sigurd Hlodverson, Jarl of Orkney. The men +of Moray, however, and their Pictish Maormors remained ungrateful, and +irreconcilably opposed to Scottish rule; and Moray, then stretching +across almost from ocean to ocean,[1] barred the way of the Scots to +the north. + +What he could not achieve by arms, Malcolm, both before and after his +accession, decided to secure by a series of matrimonial alliances. +He had no son; but he had three available daughters,[2] of whom the +eldest was Bethoc, and the two others are said to have been called +Donada or Doada and Plantula. + +1. _Bethoc_ he married to the most powerful Pictish leader of the +time, Crinan, Abthane of Dunkeld, the capital of the southern Picts, +and they had issue + +(a) _Duncan_, afterwards Duncan I of Scotland, born about 1001; + +(b) _Maldred_ of Cumbria, whose eldest son was Gospatrick, and whose +second son was Dolfin; but with Maldred we are not concerned; + +(c) _A daughter_, who became the mother of Moddan, whom Duncan +I, after his accession in 1034, created Earl of Caithness or Cat, +probably about 1040, his father being possibly of the family of Moldan +of Duncansby, whose sons Gritgard and Snaekolf, if we may believe the +_Njal Saga_, were slain by Helgi Njal's son and Kari Solmundarson, +Moldan being said to be a kinsman of Malcolm the Scots king. + +2. Malcolm's second daughter, _Donada_, he married to Finnleac or +Finlay Mac Ruari, Maormor of North Moray, and a chief of the northern +Picts, and they had a son, Macbeth, born about 1005, who succeeded +Duncan I on his death in 1040 as King of Scotland, but left no +issue.[3] + +3. Malcolm's third daughter, said to have been called _Plantula_, he +gave, about 1007, as his second wife to Sigurd Hlodverson, who, as we +have seen, was killed in 1014 at the decisive battle of Clontarf, his +wife having died probably before that event; and their only child was +a son, born about 1008 and created Earl of Caithness and Sutherland, +who became the great Earl and Jarl _Thorfinn_. + +The three marriages were intended to secure to Malcolm the south, +the middle, and the north of Pictland through the fathers of Duncan, +Macbeth, and Thorfinn respectively; and we may note that from Thorfinn +are descended all subsequent Jarls and Earls of Orkney and Shetland +and Caithness of the so-called Norse line. + +Duncan I, Macbeth, and Thorfinn Sigurd's son were thus first cousins, +and, in spite of the fiction of Holinshed, Boece, and William +Shakespeare, they were all about the same age, being born within seven +years of each other; and none of them lived to old age. + +By the victory of Carham in 1018 Malcolm II secured for ever the line +of the Tweed as Scotland's southern frontier; and this success in the +south, one of the most important events in Scottish history, left +him free to extend his kingdom and sovereignty towards the north, his +object being to unite into one realm the whole mainland at least +of Scotland. To accomplish this, he would have to bring under the +supremacy of the Scottish crown in addition to the Picts of Atholl, +whom the Scots had absorbed, the Gallgaels of Argyll, the Picts of +Moray and of Ross within and beyond the Grampians, and those of +the province of Cat, with the Norsemen there as well. He could thus +ultimately hope to oust Somarled, Brusi and Einar, Jarl Sigurd's sons +by his first wife, and their overlords, the Norse kings, from Orkney +and Shetland, and to add those islands to his dominions. Meantime, +Somarled, Brusi and Einar took no share in Cat. Thorfinn had Cat, all +for himself, as a fief of the Scottish king. + +Although the history of the time of Thorfinn Sigurdson, the first +Scottish Earl of Caithness and Sutherland,[4] would have been of +great interest to inhabitants of those counties, the _Orkneyinga Saga_ +contains but little information about his doings in them, because he +bent all his efforts towards extending his dominion over the islands +which formed his father Sigurd's jarldom, his policy, in his youth at +least, being directed to this object by his grandfather, Malcolm +II. Indeed during the life of that king, Thorfinn appears to have +established himself at Duncansby in Caithness, on the shore of the +Pentland Firth, and to have occupied himself in endeavouring to induce +his three surviving half-brothers, Somarled, Brusi, and Einar, to part +with as large a share as possible of Orkney and Shetland, and cede +it to himself. In this he had much assistance from King Malcolm. +Thorfinn, whose mother probably died in his infancy if we are to +credit his father's matrimonial stipulations as regards an Irish wife +in 1014, succeeded to the earldom and lands in that year, as a boy of +about six years of age, and was early in coming to his full growth, +the "tallest and strongest of men; his hair was black, his features +sharp, his brows scowling, and, as soon as he grew up, it was easy to +see that he was forward and grasping." From the description given in +the Saga at Chapter 22, he was no more a Norseman in appearance than +he was by blood. He was, in fact, by race and descent, almost a pure +Gael, and at Malcolm's court must have spoken only Gaelic. + +Of his three half-brothers, Somarled and Brusi were not unwilling to +give Thorfinn a share of the Orkney jarldom. For they were meek men, +especially Brusi; and, when Somarled died, though Einar wanted two +shares for himself, and fought to retain them, he only wearied out +his followers and alienated them by his cruelty. They, therefore, went +over to Thorfinn in Caithness. More important still, Thorkel +Amundson, "the properest young man in Orkney," did likewise, and was +thenceforward known as Thorkel Fostri, foster-father to Thorfinn, whom +he aided at every crisis of his career. + +When Thorfinn grew up, he claimed a third share of Orkney, and, +not getting it, "called out a force from Caithness" where he mostly +lived.[5] Brusi and Einar then pooled their share of the islands, +Einar having the control of both; and Thorfinn got his trithing,[6] +managing it by his men, who collected his scatt and tolls under +Thorkel Fostri, whom Einar plotted to kill. Einar next seized Eyvind +Urarhorn, a Norse subject of distinction, who had caused his complete +defeat in Ulfreksfirth in Ireland, but was sheltering from a storm in +Orkney, and killed him, to the great anger of the Norse king. + +Grasping at once the opportunity thus created, Thorfinn determined to +turn it to his own advantage. He sent Thorkel to King Olaf in Norway +to seek protection for himself against Einar, and Thorkel came back +bearing an invitation to Thorfinn to visit the Norwegian court, from +which the jarl returned as much in favour with the king as Einar was +in disgrace. Brusi then tried to reconcile Thorfinn and Einar, and +Thorkel was to be included in the settlement. Thorkel, however, +after inviting Einar to a feast in his hall at Sandvik in Deerness, +a promontory south-east of Kirkwall, discovered a plot by Einar to +attack him by three several ambushes as they left the house. In a +striking scene, the Saga tells how Thorkel, wounded, and Halvard, an +Icelander, dispatched Einar at the hearth of the hall; how Einar's +followers did not interfere; and how Thorkel fled to King Olaf in +Norway, who was much gratified by the death of Einar, the slayer of +his own friend Eyvind Urarhorn.[7] + +On Einar's death, Brusi tried to get two-thirds of the isles, but +Thorfinn now claimed a half share, and King Olaf, in spite of a visit +by Thorfinn to him in Norway, ultimately awarded Brusi two-thirds, +Thorfinn having the rest. Brusi, however, being unable to defend the +isles from pirates, about the year 1028 gave up one of his trithings +to Thorfinn on his undertaking the defence of the isles,[8] for which +a powerful fleet would be essential, and Brusi died in 1031. + +After this settlement of their claims, Malcolm II died in 1034 at +the age of eighty; and his death wrecked his policy. For Duncan, +his grandson, the Karl Hundason of the Saga, on his accession to +the Scottish throne claimed tribute from his cousin Thorfinn for +Caithness. Payment was at once refused, and six years of strife, +interrupted by Duncan's unfortunate raids south of the Tweed, ended by +his creating Mumtan or Moddan, his own sister's son, Earl of Caithness +instead of Thorfinn. With a force collected in Sudrland, which thus +appears to have been on the Scottish side, Moddan tried to make good +his title, but Thorfinn raised an army in Caithness, and Thorkel +collected another for him in Orkney, and the Scots retired before +superior numbers. "Then Earl Thorfinn fared after them, and laid under +him Sudrland and Ross and harried far and wide over Scotland; thence +he turned back to Caithness," and "sate at Duncansby, and had there +five long-ships ... and just enough force to man them well."[9] + +After his retirement in Caithness, Moddan went to Duncan at North +Berwick, and Duncan sent him back with another force by land to +Caithness, proceeding thither himself by sea with eleven ships. Duncan +caught Thorfinn and his five ships off the Mull of Deerness in the +Mainland of Orkney, where, after a stiff hand-to-hand fight, the Scots +fleet was defeated and chased southwards by Thorfinn to Moray, which +he ravaged.[10] + +Finding that Moddan and his army were in Thurso, Thorfinn sent Thorkel +Fostri thither secretly with part of his forces, and he set fire to +the house in which Moddan was, and killed him there as he tried to +escape. Thorkel next raised levies in Caithness, Sutherland, and Ross, +joined forces with Thorfinn in Moray, and harried the land, whereupon +Duncan collected an army from the south of Scotland and Cantire and +Ireland, and attacked his enemies in the north. + +A great battle ensued near the Norse stronghold of Turfness,[11] +probably Burghead, where peat is found in abundance, though now +submerged; and the battle was fought at Standing Stane in the parish +of Duffus, three miles and a half E.S.E. of Burghead, on the 14th of +August 1040. + +The Saga gives the following description of the jarl and of the +fighting:-- + +"Earl Thorfinn was at the head of his battle array; he had a gilded +helmet on his head, and was girt with a sword, a great spear in his +hand, and he fought with it, striking right and left.... He went +thither first where the battle of those Irish was; so hot was he with +his train, that they gave way at once before him, and never afterwards +got into good order again. Then Karl let them bring forward his banner +to meet Thorfinn; there was a hard fight, and the end of it was that +Karl laid himself out to fly, but some men say that he has fallen." + +"Earl Thorfinn drove the flight before him a long way up into +Scotland, and after that he fared about far and wide over the land and +laid it under him."[12] + +Then followed Thorfinn's conquests in Fife, and after relating the +failure of a Scottish force, which had surrendered, to kill him by +surprise, the Saga gives a lurid picture of his burnings of farms and +slayings of all the fighting men, "while the women and old men dragged +themselves off to the woods and wastes with weeping and wailing," and +it also tells of his journey north along Scotland to his ships.[13] +"He fared then north to Caithness, and sate there that winter, but +every summer thenceforth he had his levies out, and harried about the +west lands, but sate most often still in the winters," feasting his +men at his own expense, especially at Yuletide, in true Viking style. + +Allowing for exaggeration, it is not too much to say that Thorfinn +and his cousin Macbeth must, after the death of their cousin Duncan +in 1040, between them have held all that is now Scotland save the +Lothians, until about 1057, when Macbeth was slain. To us it is +interesting to note[14] that Duncan died, not in old age, (as +Shakespeare, following Boece and the English chronicler Holinshed +would have us believe) but a young man of thirty-nine years, either +in, or after, Thorfinn's battle, and that he fell a victim not of +Groa, Macbeth's wife's cup of poison, but possibly of her husband's +dagger at Bothgowanan or Pitgavenny, a smithy about two miles from +Elgin. We should also note that Thorfinn's cruelty made it difficult +for him ever to hope to obtain and keep the throne of Scotland, which +thus fell to Macbeth. + +Meantime Jarl Brusi had died about 1031, and though he left a son +Ragnvald, this son was long abroad in Norway, where he was taught all +the accomplishments suitable to his rank, and remained there at the +time of his father's death.[15] Ragnvald Brusi-son was "one of the +handsomest of men, his hair long and yellow as silk, and he was stout +and tall and an able splendid man of great mind and polite manners." +He had saved King Olaf's brother Harald Sigurdson at the great battle +of Stiklastad, after King Olaf, Ragnvald's own foster-father, was +killed, and had fought with great distinction in Russia. Shortly after +his father's death, Ragnvald returned, and, fortified by a grant from +King Magnus of Norway, whom he had helped to gain the throne, claimed +his father's two trithings of the Orkney jarldom. To this Thorfinn, +who after 1034 had his hands full with his war with King Duncan, and +had always wars with the Hebrides and the Irish, agreed, and the +two joined forces, and sailed on Viking raids to the Hebrides and +England.[16] + +About 1044 Thorfinn married Ingibjorg,[17] Finn Arnason's daughter, +and it is interesting to find that in the _Saga Book of the Viking +Club_, Vol. IV, page 171, Mr. Collingwood suggests that the King of +Catanesse, who fought for years to gain possession of Gratiana, the +lost wife of William the Wanderer, was Thorfinn. If this story be +founded on fact, as it probably is, this may account for his somewhat +late marriage with Ingibjorg. + +Thorfinn next claimed two trithings of Orkney from his nephew +Ragnvald, who demurred to giving up what the Norse king had conferred +on him, but, finding he could not cope with Thorfinn's Orkney, +Caithness and Scottish forces, Ragnvald fled to King Magnus, who gave +him a force of picked men, and bade Kalf Arnason also to help him, +although Kalf was Thorfinn's friend, and near connection by marriage. + +The two jarls met in battle in the Pentland Firth, off Rautharbiorg or +Rattar Brough in Caithness, east of Dunnet Head, Kalf Arnason with +his six ships standing out of the fight. Thorfinn had sixty ships, +smaller, and, save Thorfinn's own, lower in the waist than those of +his enemy, who thus easily boarded them, and then attacked Thorfinn. +Surrounded and boarded on both sides, Thorfinn cut his ship free and +rowed to land. Arrived there, he removed his seventy dead, and all +his wounded. Next he persuaded Kalf Arnason to join him with his six +ships, and renewed and won the fight, though Ragnvald himself escaped +to Norway.[18] + +Sailing thence in 1046 with one ship and a picked crew, Ragnvald +surrounded Thorfinn,[19] who was wintering in Mainland of Orkney, and +set fire to the Hall at Orphir in which he was, but the earl tore +out a panel at the back, and, escaping through it with his young wife +Ingibjorg in his arms, rowed in the dark over to Caithness, where +he remained in hiding among his friends, all in Orkney believing him +dead. Ragnvald then seized all the islands, and lived at Kirkwall. + +But, while Ragnvald was in Little Papey--now Papa Stronsay--to fetch +malt for Yuletide, Thorfinn returned, and surrounded the house in +which Ragnvald was, by night; and, on his escaping by leaping through +the besiegers in priestly disguise, Thorfinn's men followed him, and, +led by his lapdog's barking, discovered him among the rocks by the +sea, where Thorkel Fostri slew him, Thorfinn meanwhile annihilating +his following, save one man. This man, who like the rest, was one of +King Magnus' bodyguard, he bade go to his king and tell the tale, and +he seized Kirkwall by stratagem. Jarl Ragnvald is said to have been +a man of large stature and great strength, and to have been buried in +Papa Westray, but a grave nearly eight feet long, that would fit him, +has been found where he fell in Papa Stronsay. + +All this left Thorfinn with his great aim achieved. He was now +sole jarl of Orkney and Shetland, and sole earl of Caithness and +Sutherland, and he also held Ross and the western islands and coast +down to Galloway, and part of Ireland, as his _rikis_ or conquered +tributary lands. + +The fourth and last period of his career now begins with his dramatic +visit to King Magnus in Norway; and, on the death of that king, he +became the friend of his successor, Harald Hardrada, in 1047, and +after visiting King Sweyn in Denmark, and Henry III, Emperor of +Germany, rode south to Rome probably in 1050 along with, it is said, +his cousin Macbeth, king, and a good king, of Scotland, returning +thence to Orkney to his Hall at Birsay at the north-west corner of +Mainland. Thorfinn went to the Pope not only for absolution, but to +get Thorolf appointed bishop in Orkney, according to Adam of Bremen, +c. 243. + +We now come to the last years of the fourth period of his life, when +"the earl sate down quietly and kept peace over all his realm. Then +he left off warfare, and he turned his mind to ruling his people and +land, and to law-giving. He sate almost always in Birsay, and let them +build there Christchurch,[20] a splendid Minster. There first was set +up a bishop's seat in the Orkneys." + +The Annals of Tighernac record a great Norse expedition with the aid +of the Galls of Orkney and Innse Gall and Dublin to subdue the Saxons +in 1057, which failed. It is strange that we hear nothing of Thorfinn +in this, and the question arises whether he had died before it took +place. Had he been alive, such an expedition would hardly have been +possible without him.[21] It is interesting to note that so accurate +a chronicler as Sir Archibald Dunbar dates his widow Ingibjorg's +marriage to Malcolm III in 1059. (See _Scottish Kings_, p. 27.) + +Thorfinn's life forms the subject of no less than twenty-six chapters +of the _Orkneyinga Saga_.[22] In his childhood, and later at all the +main turning points of his life, he was blessed with the constant care +and touching devotion, and with the able counsel and active assistance +of his foster-father, Thorkel Fostri, the slayer of his three +chief competitors--Jarl Einar and Earl Moddan and Jarl Ragnvald +Brusi-son--the captain of his armies, the collector of his revenues +and the guardian, in his absence on his Viking cruises and in his +travels abroad, of his widespread dominions. There is a tradition[23] +that Thorkel founded the rock-castle of Borve, near Farr on the north +coast of Sutherland, which was demolished by the Earl of Sutherland +in 1556; but Thorkel is a common name among Vikings, and the story is +otherwise unauthenticated. + +According to the Saga, Thorfinn died of sickness "in the latter days +of Harald Hardrada," (who was killed in September 1066), near the +church which he founded, in his Hall at Birsay, north of Marwick Head +in the north-west corner of Mainland of Orkney, within a few miles +of the scene of Earl Kitchener's recent death at sea, so that the +greatest of our jarls and of our earls rest near each other, the great +Viking on the shore, and the great soldier in the ocean. + +The chronology of Thorfinn and Ingibjorg his wife is extremely +difficult, but on the whole we incline to think that he was born in +1008, and, as grandson of the king regnant, was created an earl at his +birth, married Ingibjorg, then quite young, in 1044, and died in 1057 +or 1058, after being an earl for his whole life of "fifty years," +while his widow married Malcolm III in 1059. The phrase "in the latter +days of Harald Hardrada" is after all an expression wide enough to +cover the last seven years of a reign of twenty-one years, and it is +unlikely that a marriage of policy would be postponed for more than +the year or two after Malcolm's accession in 1057, during which he was +engaged in defeating the claims of Lulach to his throne and settling +his kingdom. + + + + +CHAPTER V. + +_Paul and Erlend, Hakon and Magnus._ + + +After Earl Thorfinn's death his sons Paul and Erlend jointly held the +jarldom, but divided the lands. They were "big men both, and handsome, +but wise and modest"[1] like their Norse mother Ingibjorg, known as +Earls'-mother, first cousin of Thora, queen of Norway, mother of King +Olaf Kyrre. + +On Thorfinn's death, however, the rest of his territories, nine +Scottish earldoms, it is said, "fell away, and went under those men +who were territorially born to rule over them;" that is to say, they +reverted to Scottish Maormors;[2] but Orkney and Shetland remained +wholly Norse, and under Norse rule. + +The date of the succession of Paul and Erlend to the Norse jarldom[3] +was, as we have seen, after 1057. Possibly in 1059, or certainly not +later than 1064 or 1065, Ingibjorg, Thorfinn's widow, as by Norse law +widows alone had the right to do, "gave herself away" to the Scot-King +Malcolm III, known as Malcolm Canmore.[4] + +As a matter of policy, the marriage was a wise step. For it would +tend to strengthen not only the hold of Scotland on Caithness and +Sutherland, but also its connection with Orkney and Shetland, because +Ingibjorg's sons, the young jarls Paul and Erlend, would become +stepsons of the Scottish king and earls of Caithness. Nor was the +marriage unsuitable in point either of the age or of the rank of the +contracting parties. Married to Thorfinn about 1044,[5] Ingibjorg, his +widow, need not in 1064 have been more than forty. She may have been +younger, and Malcolm was, in 1064, about thirty-three. If the +marriage was in 1059, Ingibjorg would be only thirty-five and Malcolm +twenty-eight. That Ingibjorg was not old is proved by the fact that +she had by Malcolm one son and possibly three sons,[6] namely, Duncan +II, and, it may be, also Malcolm and Donald. As regards rank, also, +she was equal to Malcolm, being a cousin of the Queen of Norway, and +widow of Thorfinn grandson of Malcolm II, the great jarl of Orkney who +had then recently subdued all the north of Scotland and the Western +Isles and Galloway to himself, while Malcolm III was in exile in +England, whence he had been brought back with the greatest difficulty, +not by a Scottish force but by the help of an English, or at least a +Northumbrian army. + +After his marriage with Ingibjorg it is clear that there was peace for +thirty years in the north of Scotland, so far as the Norse jarls +were concerned, a fact which of itself justified the marriage, +which, however, may have afterwards been held to have been within the +prohibited degrees, and therefore void, while its issue would be held +to be illegitimate, and not entitled to succeed to the Scottish crown. + +We may add that there is nothing in any Scottish record to prove this +marriage or to disprove it. + +The first important event in the lives of Paul and Erlend happened +just before the Norman conquest of England. They joined King Harald +Sigurdson (Hardrada) and his son Prince Olaf, who was their second +cousin on their mother's side,[7] in an attack on England; and, after +Harald's death, and his army's defeat by King Harold Godwinson of +England at Stamford Bridge, in September 1066, (three days before +William the Conqueror landed at Pevensey) the two Orkney jarls were +taken prisoner, but, along with Prince Olaf, they were released. +On their return to Orkney, Paul asked the Archbishop of York to +consecrate a cleric of Orkney as Bishop in Orkney, and the two +brothers ruled harmoniously there until their sons Hakon on the one +hand and Magnus and Erling on the other, who had been engaged in +Viking cruises together as boys, grew up and quarrelled, and, as is +usual, drew their fathers into the strife. This strife was provoked by +Hakon, and apparently lasted for many years,[8] Erlend supporting +his own sons, and driving Hakon abroad to Norway about the year 1090. +Neither Paul nor Erlend seems to have been much in Sutherland or +Caithness, in which the representatives of the Gaelic Maormors or +Chiefs probably regained power, especially the family of Moddan, and +extended their territories. + +Meantime King Magnus Barelegs[9] of Norway, instigated by Hakon, +and taking advantage of the contentions between 1093 and 1098 of +the various claimants of the Scottish crown, Donald Bane (whom he +supported), Duncan II, and Edgar, had made his several expeditions, in +the closing years of the eleventh century, against the western islands +and coasts of Scotland and Wales. In the battle of the Menai Straits +in 1098 we find that he had with him young Hakon Paulson, and also +Erling and Magnus, Jarl Erlend's sons, though Magnus, who had repented +of his early Viking ways, after declining to take part in the fight +against an enemy with whom he had no quarrel, escaped to the Scottish +court.[10] In 1098 King Magnus had deposed and carried off Jarls Paul +and Erlend to Norway, where they died soon after; and in the meantime +he had appointed his own son, Sigurd, to be ruler of Orkney and +Shetland in their place.[11] But on King Magnus' death, during his +later expedition to Ireland, where Erling Erlendson probably also +fell, Prince Sigurd had to quit Orkney in order to ascend the +Norwegian throne, leaving the jarldom vacant for the two cousins, +Hakon Paulson and Magnus Erlendson. The latter appears to have stayed +for some years at the Scottish Court and afterwards with a bishop in +Wales, and again in Scotland, but on hearing of his father's death, +went to Caithness, where he was well received and was chosen and +honoured with the title of "earl" about 1103. A winter or two after +King Magnus' death, or about 1105, Hakon came back from Norway with +the title of Jarl, seized Orkney, and slew the king of Norway's +steward, who was protecting Magnus' share, which after a time Magnus +claimed, only to find that Hakon had prepared a force to dispute his +rights. Hakon agreed, however, to give up his claims to Magnus' +half share if Magnus should obtain a grant of it from the Norwegian +king.[12] King Eystein about 1106 gave him this moiety and the title +of Jarl; and the two cousins lived in amity for "many winters," +joining their forces and fighting and killing Dufnjal,[13] who was one +degree further off than their first cousin, and killing Thorbjorn at +Burrafirth in Unst in Shetland "for good cause." Magnus then married, +probably about 1107, "a high-born lady, and the purest maid of the +noblest stock of Scotland's chiefs, living with her ten winters" as +a maiden. After "some winters" evil-minded men set about spoiling +the friendship of the jarls, and Hakon again seized Magnus' share; +whereupon the latter went to the court of Henry I of England, where he +appears to have charmed everyone, and to have spent a year, probably +1111, in which Hakon seized all Orkney, and also Caithness, which then +included Sutherland, and laid them under his rule with robbery and +wantonness. Leaving Caithness, Hakon at once went to attack Magnus +in Orkney where he had landed; but the "good men" intervened, and an +equal division of Orkney and Shetland and Caithness was made between +the jarls. After some winters, however, they met in battle array in +Mainland, and the fight was again stopped by the principal men +on either side in their own interest, the final settlement being +postponed until a meeting, which was to take place in Egilsay in the +next spring, Magnus arrived first at the meeting-place with the small +following of two ships agreed upon, but Hakon came later in seven or +eight ships with a great force, and, after those present had refused +to let both come away alive, Magnus was treacherously murdered under +Hakon's orders by Hakon's cook on the 16th of April 1116. The dead +jarl's mother, Thora, had prepared a feast in Paplay to celebrate the +reconciliation of the two cousins, which, notwithstanding the murder, +Hakon attended. After the banquet the bereaved mother begged her son's +corpse for burial in holy ground, and obtained it from the drunken +earl after some difficulty and buried it in Christ's Kirk at Birsay. +Twenty-one years after, on the 13th December 1137, Jarl Magnus' relics +were brought[14] to St. Magnus' Cathedral at Kirkwall. + +After making due allowance for the legends which generally cluster +round a saint or jarl, and grow with time, and for the desire for +dramatic contrast and effect, we must give credit to the writer of +the _Orkneyinga Saga_, probably the Orkney Bishop Bjarni,[15] for the +vividness and simplicity of his account of St. Magnus' life and of the +two most striking episodes in it--his moral courage as a non-combatant +in the battle of Menai Straits, and his saintly forgiveness of his +murderers in his death-scene on Egilsay; and we must hold him worthy +alike of his aureole and of the noble Norman cathedral afterwards +erected in his memory by his nephew, St. Ragnvald Jarl, at Kirkwall, +which took the place of Thorfinn's church at Birsay as the seat of the +Orkney bishopric. Magnus, it seems, was all through assisted by the +Scottish king, and favoured by the Caithness folk,[16] yet the Saga +jealously claims him as "the Isle-earl,"[17] and adds the following +description of him:-- + +"He was the most peerless of men, tall of growth, manly, and lively +of look, virtuous in his ways, fortunate in fight, a sage in wit, +ready-tongued and lordly-minded, lavish of money and high spirited, +quick of counsel, and more beloved of his friends than any man; +blithe and of kind speech to wise and good men, but hard and unsparing +against robbers and sea-rovers; he let many men be slain who harried +the freemen and land folk; he made murderers and thieves be taken, +and visited as well on the powerful as on the weak robberies and +thieveries and all ill-deeds. He was no favourer of his friends in his +judgments, for he valued more godly justice than the distinctions of +rank. He was open-handed to chiefs and powerful men, but still he ever +showed most care for poor men. In all things he kept straitly God's +commandments." + +As for Hakon, his cousin Magnus' death without issue left him sole +Jarl, "and he made all men take an oath to him who had before served +Earl Magnus. But some winters after, Hakon ... fared south to Rome, +and to Jerusalem, whence he sought the halidoms, and bathed in the +river Jordan, as is palmer's wont.[18] And on his return he became a +good ruler, and kept his realm well at peace." He probably then built +the round church at Orphir in Mainland of Orkney, the only Templar +Church in Scotland. + +By Helga, Moddan's daughter, whom he never married, Hakon had a +son Harald Slettmali (smooth-talker, or glib of speech), and two +daughters, Ingibiorg and Margret. Ingibiorg afterwards married Olaf +Bitling, king of the Sudreys; and Ragnvald Gudrodson, the great +Viking, was of her line, and, as we shall see, in 1200 or thereabouts, +had the Caithness earldom conferred upon him for a short time. To +Margret we shall return later. By a lawful wife Hakon had another son, +Paul the Silent, and it seems certain that Paul was not by the same +mother as Margret or Harald Slettmali, and that Paul's mother was not +of Moddan's family. + +Moddan, Earl of Caithness, was killed in 1040. His mother, daughter +of Bethoc, must have been born after 1002. If she was married at +seventeen, her son Earl Moddan could not have been more than twenty +when killed in 1040, and any son of his must have been born by 1041 at +latest. This son may have been Moddan in Dale. Dale was the valley of +the upper Thurso River, the only great valley of Caithness, and the +Saga states as follows:-- + +Moddan[19] "then dwelt in Dale in Caithness, a man of rank and very +wealthy," and "his son Ottar was jarl in Thurso." Frakark, a daughter +of Moddan in Dale, was the wife of Liot Nidingr, or the Dastard, a +Sudrland chief, and during the half century after Thorfinn's death +Moddan's family seems to have owned much of Caithness and Sutherland, +where the Norse steadily lost their hold. We may be sure also that the +Celt always kept his land, if he could, or, if he lost it, regained it +as soon as he could. Amongst its members this family probably held all +the hills and upper parts of the valleys of Strathnavern, Sutherland +and Ness at this time, and, from a centre on the low-lying land at +the head waters of the Naver, Helmsdale and Thurso rivers, kept on +pressing their more Norse neighbours steadily outwards and eastwards. + +Shortly after Hakon's death in 1123, King Alexander I and his brother, +David I, began to organise the Catholic Church in Scotland, and also +to introduce feudalism. Even in the north of Scotland, between the +years 1107 and 1153 they founded monasteries and bishoprics, and +introduced Norman knights and barons holding land by feudal service +from the Crown. Long thwarted in their policy by Moray and its Pictish +maormors, who claimed even the throne itself, these two kings pushed +their authority, by organisation and conquest, more and more towards +the north. Alexander I founded the Bishoprics of St. Andrew's, +Dunkeld, and Moray in 1107, and the Monastery of Scone, afterwards +intimately connected with Kildonan in Sutherland, in 1113 or 1114. +David I, that "sair sanct to the croun," who succeeded in 1124, +founded the Bishoprics of Ross and of Caithness in 1128 or 1130, and +of Aberdeen in 1137, and endowed them with lands. The same king[20] +between 1140 and 1145 issued a mandate "to Reinwald Earl of Orkney and +to the Earl and all the men of substance of Caithness and Orkney to +love and maintain free from injury the monks of Durnach and their men +and property," and also in some year between 1145 and 1153, he granted +Hoctor Common[21] near Durnach, to Andrew, Bishop of Caithness, whose +see was then well established there, and he spent the summer of 1150, +while he was superintending the building of the Cistercian abbey +of Kinloss, in the neighbouring Castle of Duffus, whose ruins still +stand, with Freskyn de Moravia, the first known ancestor of the Earls +of Sutherland.[22] + +Freskyn, probably about 1130[23] or earlier, had built this castle on +the northern estate, comprising the parish of Spynie near Elgin +and other extensive lands in Moray, which had been given to him in +addition to his southern territories of Strabrock, now Uphall and +Broxburn[24] in Linlithgowshire, which he already held from the +Scottish king. Freskyn was thus no Fleming, but a lowland Pict or +Scot, as the tradition of his house maintains,[25] and he was a +common ancestor of the great Scottish families of Atholl, Bothwell, +Sutherland, and probably Douglas. No member of the Freskyn family is +ever styled "Flandrensis" in any writ. + +We find in the extreme north of Scotland, in the first half of the +twelfth century, apart from the Mackays, three leading families with +great followings, which were destined to play an important part in the +future government of Sutherland and Caithness, and with which we shall +have to deal in detail later on. + +First, there was the family of the so-called Norse jarls, descended in +twin strains from Paul and Erlend, Thorfinn's sons, owing allegiance +to the Norwegian crown in respect of Orkney and Shetland and also +holding the earldom of Caithness in moieties or in entirety, nominally +from the Scottish king. Secondly, we have the family of Moddan, Celtic +earls or maormors, with extensive territories held under the kings +of Alban and Scotland for many centuries before this time, but +dispossessed in part by the Norse. Thirdly, we have the family of +Freskyn de Moravia then established at Strabrock in Linlithgowshire, +who about 1120 or 1130 received, for his loyalty and services, +extensive lands at Duffus and elsewhere in Morayshire, and probably +about 1196 the lands in south Caithness known as Sudrland or +Sutherland, from the Scottish crown. + +Of this third line of De Moravias or Morays, two distinct branches +settled north of the Oykel. First, we have Hugo Freskyn, son, it is +said, but, as we shall see, really grandson, of the original Freskyn +and son of Freskyn's elder or eldest son William.[26] This William no +doubt fought for, and may, or may not, have held land in Sutherland, +but his son Hugo certainly had all Sutherland properly so called, that +is, Sudrland, or the Southland of Caithness comprising the parishes of +Creich, Dornoch, Rogart, Kilmalie (afterwards Golspie), Clyne, Loth, +and most of Lairg and Kildonan,[27] formally granted to him, and he +held also the Duffus Estates in Moray, by sea only thirty miles south +of Dunrobin. + +The second branch was that of the younger Freskin de Moravia, +great-great-grandson of the original Freskyn,[28] and ancestor of +the Lords of Duffus, who obtained lands, which were mainly in modern +Caithness, and also in the upper portion of the valley of the Naver +and the valley of Coire-na-fearn in Strathnavern, by marriage with the +Lady Johanna of Strathnaver about 1250.[29] This latter portion +was immediately north of the land granted to Hugo Freskyn; and the +Caithness portion of Johanna's lands marched with Hugo's land on its +eastern boundary. Nor must we forget that a large area of the modern +county of Sutherland, consisting of part of the present parishes +of Eddrachilles and Durness and some part of Tongue and Farr in +Strathnavern, was constantly used as a refuge by Pictish refugees of +the race of MacHeth or MacAoidh, displaced and frequently driven forth +from Moray after the bloody defeat of Stracathro in 1130 and in later +rebellions as part of the policy of the Scottish kings, and first +known as the race of Morgan and then to us as the Clan Mackay. + +They chose, indeed, for their refuge and ultimately for their +settlements a rugged and sterile land, to which their original title +was no charter, but their swords. Difficulties, it is said, make +character, and nowhere is this proverbial saying better illustrated +and proved than in the Reay country by its men and women. They +have given their own and other countries many fine regiments and +distinguished generals and statesmen, and none more so than the late +Lord Reay. Their history is to be found in the _Book of Mackay_, a +piece of good pioneer work from original documents by the late Mr. +Angus Mackay, and also in his unfortunately unfinished _Province of +Cat_. + +Yet another family, of Norse and Viking lineage, which was settled in +Orkney from the earliest Norse times and afterwards in Caithness and +Sutherland, was that of the Gunns, who were descended in the male line +from Sweyn Asleifarson the great Viking, and on the female side from +the line of Paul, and later were by marriage connected with the Moddan +clan and with the line of Erlend. They have for nine centuries lived +and still live in Sutherland and Caithness, and have been noted +alike for the beauty of their women, and for the high attainments and +character and the distinction of their men, particularly in the art of +war, both by land and sea. + +Their descent from Jarl Paul and Sweyn is clear in the Sagas as far as +Snaekoll Gunnison and no further. It was as follows:--Paul Thorfinnson +had four daughters, of whom the third was Herbjorg, who had a daughter +Sigrid, who in turn had a daughter Herbjorg, who married Kolbein +Hruga. One of their sons was Bishop Bjarni and their youngest child +was a daughter Frida, who married Andres, Sweyn Asleifarson's son, +and their son was Gunni, the father, by Ragnhild, Earl and Jarl Harald +Ungi's sister, of Snaekoll Gunnison. We suggest later that Snaekoll +Gunnison was the father, before his flight to Norway, of a daughter, +Johanna of Strathnaver, who inherited the Moddan and Erlend estates, +or that she was otherwise Ragnhild's heiress. + +The male line of the Gunns, according to a pedigree which the writer +has seen, was continued after his flight by Snaekoll who, it is +stated, had a son, Ottar, living in 1280. But after Snaekoll's flight +his right to succeed to Ragnhild's estates was doubtless forfeited, +and they were granted on his father's and mother's death to Johanna +on her marriage with Freskin de Moravia of Duffus about 1245 or later, +before Ottar's birth. + +With the descent of the Gunns in the male line downwards we are not +here concerned. But Snaekoll's forfeiture probably cost their male +line the Moddan and Erlend lands, which were granted to Johanna of +Strathnaver in Snaekoll's absence abroad. + + + + +CHAPTER VI. + +_The Moddan Family--Jarls Harald and Paul and Ragnvald._ + + +From the short forecast of the future given above, let us turn back to +the point whence we digressed, namely the year 1123, when Jarl Hakon +Paulson died at the close of the reign of Alexander I of Scotland. + +Jarl Hakon was succeeded by his sons, Harald the Glib (Slettmali) and +Paul the Silent (Umalgi). Jarl Paul lived mainly in Orkney, while Jarl +Harald "was seated in Sutherland, and held Caithness from the Scot +king" David I, who was crowned in 1124.[1] All Harald's sympathies +seem to have been Scottish, and he was born, bred, and brought up +among Scotsmen, or Picts, probably in North Kildonan. He was always +there with Frakark, daughter of Moddan in Dale, then a widow, her +husband Liot Nidingr or the Dastard being dead; and Frakark and her +sister Helga, Jarl Hakon's mistress, "had a great share in ruling the +land"; while Audhild, daughter of Thorleif, Frakark's sister, also +lived with Frakark,[2] and was the mistress at this time of one of +the strangest characters in the Saga, Sigurd Slembi-diakn, or +the Sham-deacon. Hakon's son Paul being, as appears certain, by a +different mother not of the Moddan line, Frakark and Helga aimed at +obtaining the whole jarldom of Orkney for Harald, Helga's son by Earl +Hakon. With the object of getting rid of Paul, they went over with +Sigurd Slembi-diakn to Orphir in Orkney; and we have the story of +the poisoned shirt,[3] made there by Frakark and Helga, and by them +intended for Paul, but put on, in spite of their expostulations and +entreaties, by Harald, who died of its poison, leaving, however, one +son, Erlend, then an infant. + +After this, Jarl Paul banished these ladies from Orkney about 1127, +and they "fared away with all their kith and kin, first to Caithness, +and then up into Sutherland to those homesteads which Frakark owned +there,"[4] and tradition[5] locates her residence at Shenachu or Carn +Shuin, on the east side of the River Helmsdale near Kinbrace above the +road. Possibly, however, they lived at Borrobol, the "Castle Farm";[6] +and there "there were brought up by Frakark Margret, Earl Hakon's +daughter, and Helga, Moddan's daughter," and also Eric Stagbrellir, +Frakark's grandnephew, and son of her niece Audhild by Eric Streita, +a Norseman, as well as Olvir Rosta and Thorbiorn Klerk, both Frakark's +grandsons, all of whom come prominently into our story. Audhild's son, +Eric Stagbrellir, in the end was the survivor of these, as well as of +all males of the Moddan line, and ultimately we hear of no descendants +in Cat of any of them save of Eric, and Eric's marriage with Ingigerd, +St. Ragnvald Jarl's only child, is the link between the line of Erlend +and that of Moddan, which united the Erlend and Moddan estates. + +Of the line of Thorfinn we already know the royal origin and descent +from Malcolm II's third daughter. + +Of the Moddan line the Saga says[7]--"These men were all of great +family and great for their own sakes, and they all thought they had +a great claim in the Orkneys to those realms which their kinsman Earl +Harald (Slettmali) had owned. The brothers of Frakark were Angus of +the open hand, and Earl Ottir in Thurso: he was a man of birth and +rank." These children of Moddan were probably of royal lineage or +kinship, as Moddan, who had been created Earl of Caithness by King +Duncan I, was that king's sister's son, and was probably, as we have +seen, their ancestor or kinsman. They were also probably descended +more remotely from Moldan, Maormor of Duncansby, a kinsman of Malcolm +II, but had all been driven back from the coast, save Earl Ottir, who +lived at Thurso, and probably owned its valley up to its source in the +Halkirk and Latheron hills. + +The death of Harald the Glib by poison left Paul _de facto_ sole jarl +of Orkney. We are told[8] that "Paul was a man of very many friends, +and no speaker at Things or meetings. He let many other men rule the +land with him, was courteous and kind to all the land-folk, liberal of +money, and he spared nothing to his friends. He was not fond of war, +and sate much in quiet." We may be sure that he was little, if +ever, in Sutherland, the country of his enemy Frakark. His rule was, +however, destined to be disturbed, on the one hand by the Moddan +family's plots, and, on the other hand, by a Norse competitor for the +jarldom, Kali, son of Kol and Gunnhild, Jarl St. Magnus' sister, who +had been re-named Ragnvald from his resemblance to the handsome Jarl +Ragnvald Brusi's son, and was afterwards designated Jarl of Orkney by +King Sigurd of Norway, as the representative of the line of Erlend, +Thorfinn's son. + +With Jarl Ragnvald, Jarl St. Magnus' sequel in estate, and himself +afterwards St. Ragnvald, who was much in Caithness and Sutherland, +and seems to have held and acquired considerable estates there, begins +what is practically a new Saga, which may be styled "The Story of +Ragnvald, and of Sweyn" the great Viking. Of these two we have perhaps +the finest and most vividly painted pictures of the _Orkneyinga Saga_, +full of dramatic touches, full, too, of interesting historical detail. + +First, we have a portrait of the young Ragnvald as Kali Kolson in his +youth at Agdir in Norway, with his mother Gunnhild, sister of Jarl St. +Magnus Erlend's son, and his shrewd old father Kol. We are told that +Kali was "the most hopeful man" or man of promise, "of middle stature, +fine of limb, with light brown hair"; how he "had many friends, and +was a more proper man both in body and mind than most of the other men +of his time, a good player at draughts, a facile writer of runes, +and a reader of books, good at smith's work, ski-ing, shooting, and +rowing, and as skilful at song as at the harp."[9] + +At the age of fifteen, he traded to Grimsby, where many Norwegians +and Orkneymen came, and many from the Hebrides; and here he met Harald +Gillikrist, who became his firm friend, and confided in him alone that +he, Harald, was the son of King Magnus Barelegs, asking how he would +be received by King Sigurd of Norway, and obtaining the diplomatic +reply that he would be well received by the king, if others did not +spoil his welcome. Then Kali returns to Bergen in 1116, about the +time of Jarl Magnus' murder by his cousin Jarl Hakon, and after a +friendship and a feud with Jon Peterson, which is amicably settled +by the marriage of Jon with Kali's sister Ingirid, and of which the +description well illustrates the manners and law of the times, is made +Jarl Ragnvald of Orkney by King Sigurd; and on that king's death in +1126 he is confirmed in the title by his friend King Harald, for whom +he fought in the battle for the throne at Floruvoe near Bergen, when +King Magnus was captured, maimed, and deposed by Harald in 1135. + +Jarl Paul, however, refused to part with half the isles; and, acting +on Kol's advice, Jarl Ragnvald's messengers apply for aid in obtaining +it to Frakark and her grandson Olvir Rosta in Kildonan, and offer +them Paul's half share if they will help Ragnvald to secure his +half. Frakark, having previously arranged that her niece Margret, the +daughter of Earl Hakon and Helga, should marry Earl Maddad of Athole, +second cousin to David I, as his second wife, thought that Orkney +might be had, with half the jarldom and all Caithness, for Margret's +son Harold Maddadson, then an infant in arms. + +Ragnvald and Frakark then made common cause.[10] But in 1136 Paul +defeated Frakark's ships in a sea fight off Tankerness in Deer Sound +in Orkney, and immediately afterwards seized Jarl Ragnvald's fleet in +Yell Sound in Shetland, though Ragnvald and his men escaped to Norway +in merchant vessels, to return later on.[11] + +Meantime Olvir Rosta, Frakark's grandson, who had been stunned and +nearly drowned in the sea fight at Tankerness, in which Sweyn's and +Gunni's father, Olaf Hrolf's son, had aided Jarl Paul, burned Olaf +alive in his home at Duncansby, Asleif, Olaf's wife, escaping only +because she was absent at the time. Further, Valthiof, Sweyn's elder +brother, was drowned in the roost of the West-firth, while rowing +south to Jarl Paul's Yule Feast. Sweyn Asleifarson, as he was ever +afterwards called, then went to Paul's Hall at Orphir to complain of +Olvir Rosta. The news of his brother's death, which arrived during +the feast, was considerately withheld from him, and he was greatly +honoured there; but he roused the jarl's anger by slaying Sweyn +Breast-rope, the jarl's forecastle-man, at Orphir, not indeed so much +for the murder, as because Sweyn had fled and did not come to submit +himself after it to the jarl, and so offended him.[12] + +Then follow the stories, well worth reading in the Saga itself, of +the raising and lowering of the sails on Ragnvald's ships and of the +mutiny of Paul's followers, and of the dowsing of the beacons on the +Fair Isle by Uni, Ragnvald's ally, of Ragnvald's landing in Westray, +of his suppression of all opposition to him, of the spies at Paul's +Thing, of Sweyn's junction of forces with Ragnvald, of Sweyn's visit +to Margret at Athole, and his dramatic kidnapping of Jarl Paul while +hunting otters near Westness[13] in the Isle of Rousay, in Orkney, +and of the jarl's deportation by Sweyn first to Dufeyra and thence via +Ekkjals-bakki[14] to Athole to his sister Margret, who receives him +with the utmost show of cordiality, and finally of Paul's abdication +in favour of Margret's second son, Harold Maddadson, then a boy +of five years of age, with the instructions to Sweyn to tell the +Orkneymen that Paul himself was blinded, or, worse still, maimed, +so that his friends should not seek him out, and restore him to his +jarldom.[15] Such is one version of the story; the other is a more +sinister tale, that his half-sister Margret cast Jarl Paul into a +dungeon and had him murdered, and, so far as the Saga relates, he left +no issue. + +Sweyn then returns to Orkney and tells his version of the affair to +the bishop, the bishop to Ragnvald, and Ragnvald to the "good men" or +_lendirmen_ of Orkney, who express themselves satisfied, and Ragnvald +builds the Cathedral he had vowed to St. Magnus in Kirkwall--a strange +medley of craftiness, murder, and piety. + +Next we have the vivid scene[16] of the arrival from Athole at +Knarstead near Scapa, in his blue cope and quaintly cut beard, on a +fine winter's day, of John, Bishop, probably of Glasgow, and formerly +tutor to King David of Scotland, on whom Jarl Ragnvald waits like a +page, and who passes on to Egilsay to Bishop William the Old; and the +two clerics propose to Jarl Ragnvald that Harald Maddadson, who +had already been created sole Earl of Caithness, shall have Paul +Thorfinnson's half of the Orkney jarldom, an arrangement which +Ragnvald accepts, and which is ratified by the people of Orkney and +of Caithness. In due course the boy arrives in 1139, and the tutor +selected for him is, of all others, Frakark's grandson, Thorbiorn +Klerk, who had married Sweyn Asleifarson's sister, Ingirid, and who +was "one of the boldest of men, and the most unfair, overbearing man +in most things,"[17] differing indeed but little in character from +Sweyn himself "who was a wise man and foresighted about many things; +and an unfair overbearing man and reckless towards others," while they +were both said to be men "of power and weight," and at this time they +were fast friends. + +Then follows the story of Frakark's Burning, one of the most purely +Sutherland tales in the whole Saga.[18] + +Sweyn, to avenge on that lady and her grandson, Olvir Rosta, the +burning of his own father Olaf and of his house in Duncansby, openly +asked Jarl Ragnvald for "two ships well fitted and manned," sailed +to the Moray Firth, the Breithifiorthr or Broadfirth, as it was then +called, "and took the north-west wind to Dufeyra, a market town in +Scotland. Thence he sailed into the land along the shore of Moray +and to Ekkjals-bakki. Thence he fared next of all to Athole to Earl +Maddad, and lay at the place called Elgin and obtained guides, who +knew the paths over fells and wastes whither he wished to go.[19] +Thence he fared the upper way over fells and woods, above all places +where men dwelt, and came out in Strath Helmsdale near the middle of +Sutherland. But Olvir and his men had scouts out everywhere where they +thought that strife was to be looked for from the Orkneys; but in this +way they did not look for warriors. So they were not ware of the +host, before Sweyn and his men had come to the slope at the back of +Frakark's homestead. There came against them Olvir the Unruly with +sixty men; then they fell to battle at once, and there was a short +struggle. Olvir and his men gave way towards the homestead; for they +could not get to the wood. Then there was a great slaughter of men, +but Olvir fled away up to Helmsdale Water and swam across the river +and so up on to the fell: and thence he fared to Skotland's Firth,[20] +and so out to the Southern Isles. And he is out of the story. But when +Olvir drew off, Sweyn and his men fared straight up to the house, and +plundered it of everything; but, after that, they burnt the homestead +and all those men and women who were inside it. And there Frakark lost +her life. Sweyn and his men did there the greatest harm in Sutherland, +ere they fared to their ships." + +Such is this Sutherland tale of Sweyn. According to the current +notions of blood feud, he merely discharged the solemn duty of +avenging his father's burning and death by a like burning and slaying +of the household of his father's murderers. But his acts were wholly +unjustifiable by the law of the time, as he had already accepted an +atonement by were-geld from Earl Ottar. + +After a round of harrying and piracy, especially in Sutherland, no +doubt among the Moddan clan, Sweyn was heartily welcomed home by Jarl +Ragnvald, from whom he immediately obtained another fleet for another +set of raids on Wales, the coasts of the Bristol Channel and the +Scilly Isles. His murder of Sweyn Breast-rope was committed just after +an adjournment of the feast at Orphir for Nones in the Templar Church +there, and Jarl Ragnvald's gift of the ships for Frakark's punishment +was made while the jarl was piously engaged in completing and adorning +St. Magnus' Cathedral at Kirkwall. + +The strategy leading up to the Burning is characteristic of Sweyn and +his stratagems. He _openly_ asks for ships and sails in them, and +thus is expected to land on the coast. But after a purposely +devious course, which has puzzled inquirers into the locality of +Ekkjals-bakki, he came overland by Oykel and Lairg and Strathnaver or +Strathskinsdale, whence he was not looked for. + +Thorbiorn Klerk next has his revenges. First he burnt Earl Waltheof +(who had slain his father) in Moray, and next he killed two of Sweyn's +men who had assisted in the burning of Thorbiorn's relative, Frakok, +or Frakark, in Kildonan. Jarl Ragnvald with difficulty reconciles +Thorbiorn and Sweyn, and they start for a joint raid. Soon, however, +they squabble over the spoils, and Thorbiorn puts his wife Ingirid, +Sweyn's sister, away, a deed that reopened their feud.[21] + +For a series of robberies in Caithness, Sweyn is besieged by Jarl +Ragnvald in Lambaborg, now known as Freswick Castle, but escapes by +swimming in his armour under the cliffs and landing in Caithness, +whence he passed southwards through Sutherland to Scotland and +Edinburgh, where King David I received him with honour, and reconciled +him with Jarl Ragnvald.[22] + +In 1148, Ragnvald decided to visit King Ingi in Norway, taking +Harold Maddadson, then a boy of fifteen, with him.[23] There he meets +Eindridi, who had been long in Micklegarth, as Constantinople was then +called by the Norse, probably in the Emperor's service as one of the +Varangian Guard; and ships are built for a voyage to the East. But +both he and Harold are wrecked in "The Help" and "The Arrow," at +Gulberwick, south of Lerwick, on the Shetland coast, all on board, +however, being saved, and Ragnvald, as usual, making verses and fun of +it all, and of many other things. + +At last in 1150 Ragnvald's and Eindridi's ships are "boun"[24] for +their eastern cruise, Eindridi, however, being wrecked off Shetland. +But he gets another ship, and, in 1151, they set sail for the East, +William, the bishop of Orkney, commanding one vessel. Passing down the +east coast of England and through the Channel to France, they reach +Bilbao[25] in Spain, where Ragnvald lands, and refuses to marry Queen +Ermengarde. Afterwards he rounds Galicia, where Eindridi's treachery +robs them of spoil in taking Godfrey's castle, beats through Niorfa +Sound (the Straits of Gibraltar); is deserted by Eindridi, sails along +Sarkland (Barbary), captures the Saracen ship Dromund, and burns her, +sells the prisoners in Barbary, but releases their prince, coasts +along Crete, lands at Acre, and bathes in Jordan on St. Lawrence's +Day, the 10th of August 1152. After a visit to Jerusalem they come +at last to Constantinople, where the Varangian Guard heartily welcome +them, although Eindridi, who has arrived there before him, tries to +set everyone against them; and Ragnvald finally returns to Bulgaria +and Apulia and Rome, and thence overland to Denmark and Norway.[26] + +When Ragnvald reached Norway in 1153, he heard what had been going on +at home during his absence in the east. King Eystein of Norway, King +Harald Gilli's son, had seized Jarl Harold Maddadson, then a young +man of twenty, at Thurso, and made him swear allegiance to himself, +letting him go on his paying three marks of gold as his ransom. Then +Maddad, his father, Earl of Athole, died; and the widowed Margret, +Harold's mother, came north to Orkney, still dangerous, still +beautiful and attractive, especially to Gunni, Sweyn's brother, by +whom she had a child, for which Gunni was outlawed, a punishment which +alienated his brother Sweyn from Harold Maddadson.[27] + +Erlend, only son of Harald Slettmali, and really entitled to the whole +earldom, obtained from his relative[28] King Malcolm, then a boy of +under twelve, through his powerful kin, a grant of half of the earldom +of Caithness jointly with Harold Maddadson, who objected to give +him half the Orkney jarldom unless King Eystein confirmed the grant. +Erlend then went to Norway to get it confirmed. Meantime Sweyn seized +a ship of Harold's; but, to help Erlend, tried to reconcile Harold to +him, as King Eystein (said Erlend) had given him half of Orkney. And +the half given to him was, he added, Harold's half.[29] + +Sweyn and Erlend then force Harold, who had then just come of age, to +agree to give up this half, under duress, in order to secure his own +liberty, and the Orkney folk agree that Erlend shall have this half, +Ragnvald having the other. This, Sweyn knew, Harold would not stand, +and, as he drank at a feast with his house-carles in his castle in +Gairsay,[30] the wily Viking said, slily rubbing his nose, "I think +Harold is now on his voyage to the isles," a shrewd surmise which +proved correct in spite of the midwinter storm then prevailing. +Harold's expedition, however, failed, and he went back to Caithness to +raise a force to kill a man called Erlend the Young who had seized his +mother Margret and taken her by force to Shetland, where he fortified +Mousa Broch[31] and held her prisoner there. After a siege, Harold, +who had followed them, at last allowed their marriage, Erlend the +Young becoming his ally, and going that summer with his wife and +Harold to Norway. When that was heard in the Orkneys, Sweyn and Earl +Erlend went raiding off the east coast of Scotland and afterwards +a-viking to North Berwick, and got much plunder, and Harold returned +in the autumn to Orkney. In the winter Jarl Ragnvald came back from +the east to Turfness (Burghead), whence he went about Yule 1153 to +Orkney, to find that the Orkney-men want himself and Erlend, not +himself and Harold, as joint jarls over them. + +Harold had then to fight for his own hand; and, finding that Earl +Erlend and Sweyn were in Shetland, he sought them out but missed them, +and afterwards, though he hated Jarl Ragnvald, tried to get him on his +side. + +We come to another Sutherland event, historically of the first +importance to us, in 1154.[32] "Jarl Ragnvald was then up the country +in Sutherland, and sat there at a wedding at which he gave his only +daughter and child Ingirid or Ingigerd, to Eric Stagbrellir," who, as +we have seen, as Audhild's son, had been brought up in Kildonan. +"News came to him at once that Earl Harold was come into Thurso. +Jarl Ragnvald, rode down with a great company to Thurso from the +bridal.[33] Eric was Harold's kinsman and tried to reconcile the +earls." + +There was a fight in Thurso between their followers, Thorbiorn Klerk +instigating it, no doubt because after Eric's marriage with Ingigerd, +Ragnvald's daughter, he knew he could not hope to force Eric to give +up the Moddan lands in Strathnavern and in the upper valleys and +hills of Sudrland and Caithness, to which he had a claim. Thirteen +of Ragnvald's men fell in the fray, and he himself was wounded in the +face. Ultimately, the earls were reconciled on the 25th of September +1154, and about 1156 joined forces and went to Orkney against Sweyn +and Erlend, who pretended they were sailing for the Hebrides, but +put their ships about at Store[34] Point in Assynt, and after all but +seizing Jarl Ragnvald at Orphir in Orkney, captured his ships, though +he and Harold escaped, each in a small boat, across the Pentland Firth +to Caithness.[35] Returning thence, in Sweyn's absence for the night +they attacked Erlend, who had disregarded all Sweyn's warnings and +advice to keep a good look-out, off Damsey, near Finstown. In this +fight Jarl Erlend, the last descendant in the male line of Thorfinn +then alive, was slain, while drunk, his body being found next day +transfixed by a spear, and he left no issue to inherit his title +of earl or the other Moddan lands, left to him by Earl Ottar, which +probably devolved on Eric Stagbrellir in 1156, as he could hold them +against Thorbiorn Klerk. + +All Erlend's success, if we are to believe the Saga, this portion of +which is written largely to glorify Sweyn, probably by his relative +Bishop Bjarni, had been arranged by Sweyn's really marvellous cunning; +and Ragnvald, no doubt feeling how dangerous an enemy Sweyn was, and +that he was backed by the Scottish king, immediately sent for him in +order to reconcile him to Harold. But Harold, soon afterwards, robbed +Sweyn's house in Gairsay; and Sweyn, in his turn, attacked the house +where Harold was, and nearly succeeded in burning him alive. Later on +Harold all but caught Sweyn off Kirkwall, but Sweyn gave him the slip, +by running his ship into a tidal cave in Ellarholm, off Elwick in +Shapinsay, in 1155, and disappearing till the coast was clear, when he +got away in a small boat. + +Afterwards Sweyn and Earl Harold were reconciled, and Sweyn and +Thorbiorn Klerk and Eric Stagbrellir went on a viking cruise to the +Hebrides, and, after a great victory at the Scilly Isles, returned +with much booty to Orkney.[36] + +In the year 1157 or 1158, Sweyn defeated Gilli Odran, steward of Earl +Ragnvald's lands in Caithness, who had fled to the west and was caught +in Murkfjord (possibly Loch Glendhu at Kylestrome in Eddrachilles) and +was slain there with fifty of his men by Sweyn.[37] + +In 1158, Ragnvald and Harold went, as they did every year, to hunt +red deer and reindeer[38] in Caithness, their hunting ground being +probably near the Ben-y-griams, which lay on the way to Kildonan, or +Strathnaver, where Eric probably lived; and some think there are still +remains of walls used as a pen for driven deer on Ben-y-griam +Beg, though these are more probably the ancient ramparts of a +hill-fort.[39] When they landed at Thurso, they heard that Thorbiorn +Klerk was hiding and lying in wait in Thorsdale[40] in order to make +an onslaught on Ragnvald, if he got a chance. After riding with a band +of a hundred men, twenty of them mounted, they spent the night at a +place where there was what the Celts call an "erg" (_airigh_) but +the Norse call "setr," the modern sheiling. Next day, as they rode +up along Calfdale, Ragnvald was in advance of the party, and, at +a homestead called Force,[41] Halvard hailed him loudly by name. +Thorbiorn was inside the house, and burst out through an old doorway, +and dealt Ragnvald a great wound, and the jarl fell, his foot sticking +in his stirrup, when Stephen, an accomplice, gave him a spear thrust; +whereupon Thorbiorn, after dealing him another wound, and receiving +a spear thrust in the thigh himself, fled to the moor. Earl Harold at +first would not interfere; and though Magnus son of Havard Gunni's son +insisted, Earl Harold again declined to pursue Thorbiorn to the death, +but left Magnus to besiege him at Asgrim's Ergin or Shielings,[42] now +Assary, near Loch Calder, where, by setting fire to the hut in which +he was, his pursuers succeeded in smoking him out and killing him. +They then brought the jarl's body from Force to Thurso, and thence +took it over to Orkney, to be buried in the choir of St. Magnus' +Cathedral, which he had founded and built in his uncle's honour. + +"Jarl Ragnvald's death was a very great grief, for he was very much +beloved there in the Isles, and far and wide elsewhere." It took place +on the 20th August 1158. + +"He had been a very great helper," the Saga adds, "to many men, +bountiful of money, gentle, and a steadfast friend; a great man for +feats of strength, and a good skald" or poet. In 1192 he was canonised +as St. Ragnvald[43] with, it is said, full Papal sanction. Save during +Harold Maddadson's minority he was never Earl of Caithness, and then +had the title only as guardian of his ward Harold. + +Ragnvald left a daughter, his only surviving child, Ingirid or +Ingigerd, whom as we have seen, Audhild's son, Eric Stagbrellir had +married four years before her father's death; and their children, who +come into the story afterwards, were three sons, Harald Ungi or Harald +the Young, Magnus nick-named Mangi, and Ragnvald, and three daughters, +Ingibiorg, Elin[44] and Ragnhild, all of whom, so far as the Saga +relates, died childless save Ragnhild, whose son by her second husband +Gunni, was Snaekoll Gunni's son, who about 1230 claimed the Ragnvald +lands in Orkney from Earl John, son of Earl Harold Maddadson,[45] +and complained that Earl John was keeping him out of his rights in +Caithness to Ragnvald's share of the earldom lands there. + +After Thorbiorn Klerk's death, Olvir Rosta being "out of the story," +Eric's children, who were mainly Norse in blood, were the only heirs +left in Caithness not only for Jarl Ragnvald's lands, but also for the +upper parts of the river valleys of Strathnavern and Ness, which the +Moddan family had held through the whole Norse occupation of Caithness +and Sutherland, along with the hill country in Halkirk and Latheron +and Strathnavern and probably also in Sutherland, lands on which few +Norse place-names are found, and which came to Eric through Audhild +his mother on the deaths of Earls Ottar and Erlend Haraldson without +issue. These lands would of right descend to Eric's eldest son, Harald +Ungi, and on his death without issue, to his brothers if alive, and, +failing them, to his sisters and their heirs, as happened in the case +of Ragnhild and her son Snaekoll Gunni's son, neither Ingibiorg +nor Elin receiving any share of this property, for reasons now +undiscoverable, but which we shall endeavour to explain later, by +presuming that one of them had died unmarried, or had married abroad, +while the other and her descendants were amply provided for otherwise +by marriage with Gilchrist, Earl of Angus. + + + + +CHAPTER VII. + +_Harold Maddadson and the Freskyns._ + + +After the death of Jarl Ragnvald in 1158, Harold Maddadson at the age +of twenty-five "took all the isles under his rule, and became sole +chief over them."[1] Ever since 1139 he had been sole Earl of Cat save +for Erlend Haraldson's grant,[2] though Jarl Ragnvald seems to have +had a share of its lands and managed the Earldom of Caithness for +Harold during his minority, bearing the title of his ward till the +latter attained his majority in 1154. Harold had married Afreka, +daughter of Duncan, Earl of Fife, one of the most loyal supporters +of the Scottish kings, and their children were two sons, Henry, who +afterwards claimed Ross, and of whom we hear no more, and Hakon, Sweyn +Asleifarson's foster-child, and two daughters, Helena and Margret, of +whom we hear nothing save their names. Hakon, from boyhood, went with +Sweyn on all his spring and autumn "vikings" or piratical cruises, +undertaken every year to the Hebrides, Man, and Ireland, in one of +which Sweyn took two English ships near Dublin, and returned to Orkney +laden with broadcloth, wine, and English mead.[3] Sweyn's life is +thus described in c. 114 of the _Orkneyinga Saga_. "He sat through the +winter at home in Gairsay, and there he kept always about him eighty +men at his beck. He had so great a drinking-hall that there was not +another as great in all the Orkneys. Sweyn had in the spring hard +work, and made them lay down very much seed, and looked much after it +himself. But when that toil was ended, he fared away every spring on a +Viking-voyage, and harried about among the southern isles and Ireland, +and came home after midsummer. That he called spring-viking. Then he +was at home until the cornfields were reaped down, and the grain seen +to and stored. Then he fared away on a viking-voyage, and then he did +not come home till the winter was one month spent, and that he called +his autumn-viking." At last, in a cruise to Dublin, which he captured, +Sweyn was killed by stratagem on landing to receive payment of its +ransom from the town, and the boy Hakon probably fell there with him +in 1171. "And," the Saga adds, "it is the common saying of Sweyn that +he was the most masterful man in the western lands, both of yore and +now-a-days, among those men who had no higher rank than himself." +Sweyn was, in fact the greatest man of his time. For he robbed whom +he pleased, made and undid jarls and earls as he chose, and was the +friend or tool of more than one Scottish king. + +Earl Harold had put his wife Afreka away, and probably after Sweyn's +death formed a union, at a date which it seems impossible to fix, with +Hvarflod or Gormflaith, daughter of Malcolm MacHeth of Moray, who +was in rebellion in 1134, and was imprisoned in Roxburgh Castle +until 1157, when he was released and created Earl of Ross, so that +Gormflaith, who could hardly have been born during her father's +imprisonment, must have been born either before 1135 or after 1157. +Harold and Gormflaith's children were Thorfinn, who predeceased +him, and also David and John, both afterwards in succession earls +of Caithness and jarls of Orkney, and three daughters, Gunnhilda, +Herborga, and Langlif; and of the daughters the Saga-writers tell us +nothing, except that the Icelander Saemund, Magnus Barelegs' grandson, +wished to marry Langlif but did not do so;[4] and her son Jon +Langlifson, according to the Saga of Hakon was in 1263 a spy on the +Norse side. + +Here the _Orkneyinga Saga_ ends. But additions to its generally +received text are found in the _Flatey Book_,[5] and the additions +are by no means so trustworthy as the Saga proper. From these we learn +that of Eric Stagbrellir and Ingigerd's children, who were settled in +Sutherland, the sons, Harald Ungi, Magnus, and Ragnvald Eric's son, +fared east to Norway to King Magnus Erling's son, where young Magnus +Eric's son fell with that king in the battle of Norafjord in Sogn +in 1184.[6] Probably some of them were, on Eric Stagbrellir's death, +subjected to exactions in respect of their lands by Harold Maddadson. + +Having arrived, under the guidance of the _Orkneyinga_, at the +closing years of the 12th century, so far as the affairs of Orkney and +Shetland and Sutherland and Caithness are concerned, it remains for us +to turn and observe the tide of civilisation and order which under our +Scottish kings was now setting strongly northwards and ever further +north in each successive reign, the Catholic Church and the feudal +baron being the chosen instruments of national organisation and +discipline, and the charter being the method of establishing them in +the land. + +To this tide the Pictish and Columban Churches, and the Province of +Moray and its Maormors had formed the main barriers and obstacles; and +the Saxon nobility, introduced by the elder sons of Malcolm Canmore's +second queen, St. Margaret, had proved quite unable to break them +down. The Pict of Moray was obstinately hostile to the Scots, and +his leaders and rulers aspired to, and claimed the crown of Scotland +itself. Rebellion after rebellion took place, and it was not until +King David I had introduced the feudal baron with his mail-clad +tenants, and settled them on the land by charter, that any success in +establishing peace and civil order was achieved in the vast Pictish +province of Ross and Moray, which stretched across Scotland from the +North Sea to the Minch, and whose people resisted to the utmost. + +It is not part of our purpose to treat generally of the feudal and +largely Norman families, which gradually asserted their power over +the Picts in the north, and were accepted as Chiefs, such as were the +Umphraville Earls of Angus, the Roses of Kilravock, the Chisholms +of Strath Farrer, the Bissets and Fresels or Frasers of Beauly, the +Grants of Moray and Inverness, and the Comyns of Badenoch; for none +of these held land north of the Oykel. But later on in the thirteenth +century we shall have more particularly to note the Chens or Cheynes +in Caithness, and the Scottish or Pictish family of Freskyn of +Strabrock and Moray, in its two branches, that of Hugo of Sutherland +and that of his grandson Freskin the younger in Sutherland and +Caithness. + +Of Freskyn or Fretheskin I, the founder of the line, we have no +mention in any charter direct to him,[7] either of his Linlithgowshire +lands at Strabrock, or of his estate near Spynie in Moray with its +Castle at Duffus. + +To us he is as Melchizedek; for neither his father nor his mother is +known. We believe him to have been born before 1100, and so to have +been a contemporary of Frakark, Thorbiorn Klerk, and Olvir Rosta, of +Jarl Ragnvald, of Margret of Athole, Erlend Haraldson and Sweyn, and +also of Harold Maddadson; and to have won his Duffus estate, as an +addition to his lands at Strabrock, about 1120 or at latest 1130, +before or after the crushing defeat, at Stracathro, of the Picts of +Angus and Moray; and between these dates to have built the Castle of +Duffus on the bank of Loch Spynie, in order to check Norse raids on +the Moray coast while the Norse held Turfness or Burghead; and we +know that he entertained King David I there during the whole summer of +1150, while that king was superintending the building of the Abbey of +Kinloss. From notices in a charter of King William the Lion granting +and confirming to Freskyn's son, William, his father's lands of +Strabrock in West Lothian and of Duffus, Roseisle, Inchkeile, Macher +and Kintrai,[8] forming almost the whole parish of Spynie, we believe +him to have been dead by 1166, or, at the latest, 1171, the year of +Sweyn Asleifarson's death, and we know that he held all these lands +from David I, with probably many more in Moray. Contrary to the +general impression, it seems probable that Freskyn had not one son, +but two sons, William above mentioned and also Hugo, who witnessed a +charter, not necessarily spurious, granting Lohworuora, now Borthwick, +Church to Herbert, bishop of Glasgow, about 1150. But of this Hugo's +existence we have no definite record, and of him we know nothing more +than that he witnessed the document above referred to, and one other +about 1195, namely, a Charter of Strathyla, in which the words occur +"Willelmo filio Freskyn, Hugone filio Freskyn" quoted by Shaw, page +406, App. No. xxvii, in the edition of 1775. This Hugo thus seems to +have been uncle of, and not identical with Hugo de Moravia, grantee of +Sutherland, known as Hugo Freskyn. + +William, son of Freskyn, held those lands in West Lothian and Moray +probably until near the end of the twelfth century; and this William, +son of Freskyn, had at least three sons,[9] (1) Hugo Freskyn, the +ancestor of the de Moravias, or Murrays, of Sutherland, (2) William of +Petty, and (3) Andrew, parson[10] of Duffus, who appears in a writ as +a son of Freskyn, and as a brother of Hugo Freskyn of Sutherland.[11] +Andrew was alive in 1190, and lived probably till 1221, and has been +taken to have been the same person as Andrew Bishop of Moray who built +Elgin Cathedral. More probably he was that Bishop's uncle, and refused +the bishopric of Ross. He witnessed the great Charter of Bishop +Bricius founding the Cathedral at Spynie between 1208 and 1215. (Reg. +Morav. c. 39). + +William, son of Freskyn, probably had several other sons from one of +whom were descended the Earls of Atholl.[12] + +William, son of William, and so grandson of Freskyn, with whom, as he +was not interested in Caithness or Sutherland, we have nothing to do, +frequently appears as witness to charters in and after 1195 along +with his elder brother Hugo, whom in one charter, William being the +younger, is reported to call "his lord and brother."[13] This William, +son of William son of Freskyn, was lord of Petty, near Fort George, +and of Bracholy, Boharm, and Artildol, and died before 1226, leaving +an eldest son Walter of Petty, a cousin of Sir Walter of Duffus, and +from Walter of Petty are descended the great family, notorious in +Orkney, of Bothwell, his great-great-grandson having been Sir Andrew +of Bothwell, Wardane of Scotland, who died in 1338. William of Petty, +to whom and whose descendants we now bid adieu, was probably sheriff +of Invernarrin or Invernairn in 1204,[14] and uncle of another William +who became first earl of Sutherland. + +In Hugo, the elder son of William son of Freskyn, we are deeply +interested. For, if his father "William son of Freskyn" had no grant +of Sutherland, Hugo Freskyn certainly had not only such a grant but +possession as well. Two Charters, the _Carta de Suthirland_ and _Alia +Carta Suthirlandiae_ appear in the list of documents in the Treasury +of Edinburgh in 1282, and one or both of these may have been the +original grant or grants of his Sutherland estate.[15] They may, on +the other hand, have been the later grants of the earldom, or still +later charters relating to it. They have, however, disappeared. + +Notwithstanding their disappearance, ample evidence of the tenure of +the estate of Sutherland by Hugo Freskyn has been preserved until the +present day in the Charter-room at Dunrobin; and the documents are +happily as legible as they were over 700 years ago. + +By a charter,[16] dated about 1211, Hugo granted to Master Gilbert, +Archdeacon of Moray and to those heirs of his family whom he should +choose and their heirs, all his land of Skelbo in Sutherland and of +Fernebuchlyn and Inner-Schyn, and also his whole land of Sutherland +towards the west which lay between the aforenamed land and the marches +of Ross, to be held to himself and to his own heirs for ever from the +granter and his heirs, performing for such lands the service of one +bowman and the forinsec service due to the king in respect of such +lands; and this grant was confirmed by King William the Lion (who +died in December 1214) on the 29th of April, probably in 1212, at +Seleschirche, now Selkirk, and was also confirmed by Hugo's son +William, Lord of Sutherland, about 1214.[17] This renders it certain +that Hugo himself had died before December 1214, the latest possible +limit of the date of this charter. He was buried in the Church of +Duffus, as the Register of Moray states,[18] and he can hardly have +been the Hugo who witnessed the Charter of the Church of Lohworuora +sixty-two years at least before, to which Prince Henry, who died in +1152, was a witness.[19] For Hugo of Sutherland would then have been +too young to have been selected as a witness, and he was not Hugo, son +of Freskyn (Hug. filio Fresechin), but Freskyn's grandson. + +Hugo Freskyn of Sutherland had three sons, (1) William, great-grandson +of the original Freskyn, _dominus_ or Lord of Sutherland, and +afterwards first earl, (2) Walter, who succeeded to Strabrock in +Linlithgowshire and to Duffus and the family estates in Moray, which +were thus severed in ownership from Sutherland, and (3) Andrew. Walter +of Duffus married Euphamia, daughter of the most able and renowned +general of his time, Ferchar Mac-in-Tagart, Earl of Ross;[20] and +Walter was known as Sir Walter de Moravia, and lived till 1243, but +was dead by 1248, his widow surviving him, and later on we shall come +to another Freskin, their eldest son, (who was _dominus de Duffus_ +on 20th March 1248), in Strathnaver and Caithness. Hugo's third son, +Andrew, was the parson of Duffus[21] who became Bishop of Moray, +and moved the see from Spynie to Elgin, where he erected a specially +beautiful Cathedral, the predecessor of that whose splendid ruins +still stand. According to the Chronicle of Melrose he died in 1242. + +Hugo Freskyn's eldest son, William, Lord of Sutherland, was simply +"William de Sutherlandia" on the 31st August 1232, and "W. de +Suthyrland" appears as a witness to a grant of a mill on 10th October +1237. But William, Hugo's son, was by Alexander II created Earl of +Sutherland, as we hope to show, soon after 1237, probably as a reward +for long and loyal service to William the Lion and to Alexander II, +between the year 1200 and the date of his creation, in the various +difficulties and rebellions in Moray and Caithness, between which +two centres of disaffection his territory of Sutherland lay.[22] For +William's family had then its "three descents" and more, and its chief +had a sufficient body of retainers settled on the land to entitle +him to the dignity of an earldom. That he was earl there is no doubt, +because a deed of 1275 settling litigation between the Earl William +of that date and the Bishop of Caithness refers to William of glorious +memory and William his son, _earls of Sutherland, nobiles +viros, Willelmum clare memorie et Willelmum ejus filium, comites +Sutthirlandie_, (c.f. The Sutherland Book, p. 7). + +The first four generations of the Freskyn family seem to be also +clearly proved in one line of a grant by William the Lion to Gaufrid +Blundus, burgess of Inverness, of 2nd May (year omitted) which is +attested "Willelmo filio Freskin Hugone filio suo et Willelmo filio +ejus," which is strange Latin, but embraces all four generations. It +is quoted in the New Spalding Club's Records of Elgin, p. 4, as from +Act Parl. Scot, vol. 1, p. 79. The Charter is dated at Elgin probably +near the end of the twelfth century, when William Mac-Frisgyn, Hugo, +and William of Sutherland were all alive. Not a single member of the +family was, as every Fleming was, styled "Flandrensis" in any charter +or writ, and Fretheskin is probably a Gaelic name, of which the latter +part may mean "knife" or "dagger." The name does not mean Flemish or +Frisian. + +Having now introduced the various prominent persons in the north of +Scotland over seven hundred years ago, both on the Norse and on the +Scottish sides, let us now look more closely and in detail at the main +events which had been taking place there and elsewhere since the end +of the reign of David I, when his grandson Malcolm IV, known as The +Maiden, succeeded in 1153. + +The first event in the brilliant reign of this boy king was the +invasion and plundering of Aberdeen by Eystein king of Norway about +1153,[23] in repelling which the feudal Barons of Moray and Angus, +including the first Freskyn of Duffus and his son William MacFrisgyn, +must have been of service. In the same year Somarled of Argyll and the +sons of MacHeth engaged in a joint rebellion, which lasted three years +until the eldest of them, Donald, was taken and placed as a prisoner +with his father in Roxburgh Castle, leaving Somarled to continue +the war alone. This war was put an end to by the release of Malcolm +MacHeth, who was created Earl, probably of Ross,[24] after another +civil war in Somarled's own country had called Somarled back to the +Isles; and the young king Malcolm joined Henry II of England in his +wars in France. During King Malcolm's absence abroad Fereteth, Earl +of Stratherne, and five other earls, of whom Harold Maddadson was +probably one, rebelled in 1160; and, on failing in an attempt to +kidnap the young king, who had returned to quell the disturbance, +the six earls were reconciled to him; and in the same year he subdued +another rising in Galloway, and yet another in Moray. The subjugation +of Moray is said to have been carried out with the greatest severity. +According to Fordun[25] the king "removed the rebel nation of Moray +men and scattered them throughout the other districts of Scotland, +both beyond the hills and this side thereof," though Robertson in his +_Early Kings_ expresses the opinion that this clearance took place +in the reign of David his predecessor.[26] He is probably right, but +whenever it took place, it doubtless gave Sutherland the first of its +Mackays, originally MacHeths, who were at first refugees from Moray, +and ultimately in the thirteenth century are found settled in Durness +in the north-western parts of the modern county of Sutherland. It was +at this time, too, that the Innes family, afterwards so well known in +Caithness and Sutherland, were, in the person of Berowald the Fleming, +given their lands in Moray,[27] William MacFrisgyn, Freskyn's eldest +son, and father of Hugo Freskyn of Sutherland, witnessing the charter, +a neighbourly turn which has ever since caused some to believe wrongly +that the Freskyns were Flemings. + +Malcolm next defeated another rising by Somarled, who was killed in +1164, by treachery or surprise, in a skirmish at Renfrew,[28] and was +not Somarled the freeman, who is said in the _Orkneyinga Saga_ to have +been slain by Sweyn in the Isles, in his pursuit and defeat of Gilli +Odran in the Myrkfjord about seven years earlier.[29] + +Then King Malcolm, after a short but brilliant reign, died in his +24th year. He was succeeded by his brother William the Lion, who was +forthwith crowned at Scone on Christmas Eve 1165 in his twenty-second +year. + +We may now try to state how things stood in the north at the date +of his accession. Soon after this time his grandfather's friend, the +first Freskyn, died between 1166 and 1171, and was succeeded by his +son William MacFrisgyn, whose son Hugo would then be quite young. +Harold Maddadson had in 1165 been for twenty-six years Earl of +Caithness, and Jarl of Orkney and Shetland for nineteen years jointly +with Ragnvald, and for seven years sole jarl of those islands.[30] He +had probably put away his first wife Afreka of Fife about 1165, but he +afterwards lived with Gormflaith, the daughter of Malcolm MacHeth from +a date which cannot be fixed with certainty. Led by her, it is said, +Harold was openly hostile to the Scottish king, of whom, however, he +held the earldom of Caithness, which at that time included not only +the parishes of Creich, Dornoch, Rogart, Kilmalie or Golspie, Clyne, +Loth, and most of Kildonan and of Lairg, then called by the Norse +Sudrland, but also the districts of Strathnavern, Eddrachilles, and +Durness (where Mackay refugees had not yet permanently settled) as +well as Ness, which is now known as the County of Caithness. + +The diocese of Caithness, which then was co-terminous with the earldom +and comprised all the above districts which now form the modern +counties of Caithness and Sutherland, had in 1165 been in existence +for about thirty-five years; its chief church being at first at +Halkirk in Caithness and thereafter being the old Church of St. Bar +at Dornoch, but it was scantily endowed, and therefore its clergy were +but few.[31] Its Bishop was Andrew, a Culdean monk of Dunfermline, +and probably Abbot of Dunkeld, who had been promoted to the see of +Caithness before 1146, and died at Dunfermline on the 30th December +1184. Ingigerd, Earl Ragnvald's daughter, would at this time be +a young wife and mother living with some of the elder of her six +children, probably near Loch Naver, on part of the Moddan family lands +there with her husband, Audhild's son Eric Stagbrellir, until their +sons, Harald Ungi, Magnus, and Ragnvald, should grow up. But these +sons, possibly on their father's death, and certainly before 1184, +when young Magnus Mangi was killed[32] at the battle of Norafjord, +emigrated to Norway to obtain the Orkney jarldom about ten or fifteen +years after King William's accession; while of Ingigerd's daughters, +Ingibiorg, Elin, and Ragnhild, nothing is recorded at this time, +though Ragnhild appears later on, and one of her sisters is believed +to have married Gilchrist, Earl of Angus during the last twenty years +of the twelfth century. The other may have married in Norway, or died +young and unmarried. + +All these children and their descendants successively according to +sex and seniority would have claims as being of the line of Erlend +Thorfinnson, to half the Caithness earldom and Jarl Ragnvald's lands +there, claims which, however, it would be impracticable, while Harold +Maddadson lived, to enforce. + +Harold Maddadson's children by his first wife, namely Henry of Ross, +Hakon, Helena and Margaret would, in 1165, all be born, but would be +well under twenty-one, while of his second family, if Gormflaith was +born by 1135, which is unlikely, his eldest son, Thorfinn could have +been born, and some of the others. Thorfinn is mentioned by name in +a grant[33] of a silver mark per annum to the Church of Scone issuing +out of Harold's lands, of which the date is after 1166, but no one can +say how much before the 30th December 1184, the date of the death of +one of its witnesses, Andrew, Bishop of Caithness. + +If the union with Gormflaith took place after 1174, no child of that +union would exist until 1175. That this is in fact true is rendered +more probable because their union is not mentioned in the _Flatey +Book_ until after the death of Sweyn in 1171. But the passage is of +doubtful authenticity, (see Rolls Edition p. 224), and inconclusive +even if genuine. From the various allusions to Harold's union with +Gormflaith, it would seem that Harold lived with her before he married +her for many years, but married her legally after his first wife +Afreka's death after 1198 when William the Lion stipulated that he +should take Afreka back, and the subsequent legal marriage might +in those days, under the Canon and Roman law, suffice to make +Gormflaith's children, though born in adultery, legitimate and capable +of succeeding to the earldom (see Dalrymple's Collections, p. 221). + +In 1165 Sweyn Asleifarson, the great Viking, would be cruising on the +northern and western coasts with Harold's son, Hakon, on board, until +their deaths in Dublin in 1171. + +As for those in authority, Harold Maddadson would have as +contemporaries, Freskyn of Duffus till his death between 1166 and +1171, and his son William till his death near the end of the 12th +century, when Hugo, son of William, would succeed to the Morayshire +estates, though probably he had previously obtained a grant of the +land then known as Sudrland or Sutherland, which is defined above. +Hugo probably received this grant after William the Lion's first +conquest of Sutherland and Caithness in 1196, shortly before the time +when, as we shall see, Harald Ungi obtained in right of his mother a +grant of half Orkney from the Norse king, and another from the king of +Scotland of half Caithness, and probably a confirmation of his title +to the Moddan lands in Strathnaver and in Halkirk and Latheron, to +which he was heir in right of his father and grandmother Audhild of +the Moddan line. But this half of Caithness would be conferred on +Harald Ungi subject to the prior grant of Sudrland to Hugo Freskyn. +For Harold Maddadson must, in the opinion of so eminent an authority +as Lord Hailes, have been forfeited in 1196, if not earlier, for +both he and his son Thorfinn were then in open rebellion against the +Scottish Crown.[34] + +Further deprivations of lands, it is conjectured, must have attended +Harold Maddadson's later rebellions, and the events which must have +led to those deprivations may now be recounted, though it is very +difficult to reconcile Scottish and Norse records during the period. + +In 1179 King William the Lion had marched an army into Ross, and +subdued it to his sway; and, ere he left it, caused two castles of +Eddirdovir on the site of Redcastle in the Black Isle on the Beauly +Firth, and of Dunskaith[35] on the northern Suter of Cromarty, which +is full of Norse remains, to be built, to enable him to hold his +conquests. + +Two years later he made war on Donald Ban MacWilliam, who claimed the +Scottish Crown itself, as the third son of William FitzDuncan only +son of Duncan II, who was himself the eldest son of Malcolm Canmore by +Malcolm's first marriage, so productive of civil war in Scotland, with +Ingibjorg, widow of Earl Thorfinn. Civil war ensued, and lasted for +six or seven years, when, by good luck, Roland of Galloway fell in +with a force of the rebels at an unknown spot called Mamgarvie near +Inverness, and routed them, killing Donald Ban MacWilliam there on the +31st July 1187.[36] + +In 1196, Harold Maddadson, who through the ambition of Gormflaith +had, as we have seen, designs on Ross and Moray, sent an expedition +southwards to occupy those districts, of which probably Gormflaith's +father, Malcolm MacHeth, had been Earl at his death after 1160. But +William collected an army,[37] and, after defeating Harold's son +Thorfinn near Inverness, crossed the Oykel, entered Sutherland, +subdued it and Caithness, and pursued Harold up to his castle at +Thurso, and destroyed it in his sight. Harold then submitted, and +promised to surrender his son and heir, Thorfinn, as a hostage, with +others of his friends to be delivered to the king at Nairn. Harold +left all his hostages close by at Lochloy, and went alone to the king +at Nairn, and endeavoured to excuse himself by offering two grandsons +to the king and stating that Thorfinn was his heir[38] and could not +therefore be given up; but was taken prisoner himself and lodged in +Edinburgh Castle, till his son Thorfinn came to take his place. On +this occasion Harold Maddadson was deprived of Sudrland or Sutherland, +which had been given to Hugo Freskyn; and in the next year, or soon +after, half of the earldom of Caithness, which the _Flatey Book_ +states Jarl Ragnvald had held,[39] was conferred by King William the +Lion on Harald Ungi or The Young, as grandson of Jarl Ragnvald, and +son of Eric, who, however, had to make good the grant by conquest. +Harald Ungi had, as stated above, already obtained a grant from King +Sverri of half Orkney by a visit to the Norwegian Court. + +In order to enforce his rights under both these grants, Harald +Ungi collected a force, and, together with Sigurd Murt, and Lifolf +Baldpate, the first husband of his youngest sister Ragnhild, invaded +Orkney, while Harold the Old fled to the Isle of Man; but, on his +namesake following him thither, he doubled back to Orkney, and, +after killing all the adherents of his enemies there, crossed over to +Caithness with a strong force. In a pitched battle "near Wick," said +to have been fought at Clairdon near Thurso, he slew Harald Ungi, +and utterly defeated his army, in 1198.[40] Harold the Old then +endeavoured to make terms with the king, and offered him a large +sum for the redemption of Caithness. The king, however, attached as +conditions to any regrant, that the earl should put away Gormflaith, +the daughter of MacHeth, and take back his wife, Afreka of Fife, and +deliver up Laurentius, his priest, and Honaver, son of Ingemund, +as hostages.[41] The earl, on his part, refused the terms; and, +the earldom thus remaining forfeited, King William at once invited +Ragnvald Gudrodson, the great Viking king of the Sudreys and Man, and +then his friend and ally, to assemble a force and drive Harold out +of Caithness, promising to confer that earldom upon his general, if +successful in the campaign. + +Ragnvald Gudrodson, it may here be noted, had, if we pass over his own +illegitimacy, in the absence of direct male heirs of Earl Hakon since +Erlend Haraldson's death in 1156, probably the best title to receive +a grant of the jarldom of Orkney and Shetland and the earldom of +Caithness of all the surviving descendants of Earl Thorfinn Sigurd's +son. For Ragnvald Gudrodson was the grandson of Ingibjorg, Earl +Hakon's elder daughter, while Harold Maddadson was the son of +Ingibjorg's younger sister, Margret of Athole. Ragnvald Gudrodson's +title was, but for his own illegitimacy (in spite of which he held his +own kingdom) equal, if not superior to that of all survivors of the +Erlend Thorfinnson line, which was now represented in the male line +only by another Ragnvald the son of Eric Stagbrellir, who would claim, +in default of male heirs of Jarl St. Magnus, through the female line +of Erlend Thorfinnson, as being descended successively from Gunnhild, +Erlend's daughter, her son Ragnvald Jarl and Saint, and Ingigerd his +only child. And there is no proof that Ragnvald Ericson was alive at +this date, or that he ever returned from Norway to prefer his claim. + +Ragnvald Gudrodson forthwith collected a great army in Ireland and the +Sudreys and invaded Caithness,[42] and, meeting Harold Maddadson in +battle at Dalharrold,[43] where the River Naver issues from the loch, +drove him northwards down the strath to the coast, whence he escaped +to Orkney. The Saga says simply that Harold stayed in Orkney, and this +location of the battle near Achness rests solely on tradition, which, +however, in the Highlands, is often a solid enough foundation. + +King William next conferred the earldom on Ragnvald Gudrodson, for, +it is said, a considerable sum of money, reserving his own annual +tribute. + +On receiving the earldom, Ragnvald Gudrodson left in charge of +Caithness six[44] stewards, of whom Lagmann Rafn was the chief, +and went back to the Isle of Man. Harold had one of these stewards +murdered by an assassin, and returned with a large force to Thurso to +punish the Caithness folk; and, when Bishop John interceded for the +people of his diocese, Harold, whom he had irritated by refusing to +collect the Peter's Pence which the Earl had given to Rome, would not +listen to him, but mutilated him, probably in 1201, nearly blinding +him, and all but cutting out his tongue, though afterwards the bishop +regained his sight and speech in some measure, and may have lived to +administer his diocese till 1213. It is noteworthy that Pope Innocent +III, in his letter of 1202, does not directly blame Harold for the +illtreatment of the bishop, but Lumberd, a layman, whose penance the +letter prescribes. + +Harold then drove out the stewards, and they fled to the Scottish +king, who made the best amends he could to them,[45] and Rafn, the +Lawman, seems to have returned and to have lived and enforced the law +in Caithness until at least 1222.[46] + +To punish Earl Harold, King William at once had Harold's son Thorfinn +blinded and so mutilated in Roxburgh Castle that he died there. +William also collected a large army and marched in person to +Eysteinsdal or Ousedale near the Ord of Caithness, and Harold, though +he is said to have brought together seven thousand two hundred men, +avoided battle and evaded the king's pursuit.[47] Harold also began +negotiations with King John of England and received a safe conduct for +a journey to England to see him.[48] + +Later in the year Harold is said to have recovered his earldom through +the intercession of Bishop Roger of St. Andrews, for a payment of +two thousand pounds of silver, which Munch conjectures may have been +handed over to Ragnvald Gudrodson to replace the sum which he had paid +to the king for the earldom; and it is true that we hear no more of +Ragnvald in connection with Caithness, though he lived until 1229. At +the same time, we can hardly believe that Harold, as the _Flatey +Book_ says, received back "all Caithness as he had it before that +Earl Harald the Young took it from the Skot-king."[49] What happened +probably was, that Harold Maddadson, who had been stripped by King +Sverri of Shetland in 1195,[60] was allowed by King William in 1202 to +keep part of his Caithness earldom upon payment by its inhabitants of +a fine of every fourth penny they possessed. Otherwise his son David +could not have succeeded to any part of Caithness, as he undoubtedly +did, when, four years later, in 1206, his father's long and chequered +career of sixty-eight years in the earldom was closed by his death at +the age of seventy-three. + +Ugly of countenance, but of great bodily strength and stature, crafty, +self-seeking, treacherous and wholly unscrupulous, he is still known +in the North as "the wicked Earl Harold," yet the Saga classes him +with Sigurd Eysteinsson and Thorfinn Sigurdson as one of the three +greatest of the Jarls and Earls of Orkney and Caithness. + +On the mainland, no new earldom north of the Oykel was conferred on +anyone for a further period of thirty years. It was, in fact, neither +the policy nor, save in very exceptional cases, the practice of the +Scottish kings to grant earldoms to men with powerful followings +and vast territories;[51] for these made them, especially in remote +situations, almost independent rulers, and dangerous enemies, and it +was undesirable to increase their importance by additional dignities. +It was, on the contrary, usual by charter to create barons and other +military tenants, who should hold their lands, described in their +charters, by military service, in male succession direct from the +Scottish Crown, and liable to forfeiture for disloyal conduct. Nowhere +were military tenants so essential as they then were in the extreme +north of Scotland on lands immediately adjoining the territories of +Norse jarls owing double allegiance, and therefore of doubtful loyalty +to the Scottish Crown. For this reason also no part of the lands of +the Erlend line would be granted to the line of Paul, as an addition +to their own. + +From what has been above stated, it will appear that we have treated +the well known history, intituled _The Genealogie and Pedigree of the +Earles of Southerland_ and written down to 1630 by Sir Robert Gordon, +Baronet of Gordonstoun, and continued by Gilbert Gordon of Sallach[52] +until 1651, as mere fiction as regards all persons before William, +first Earl. "Alane Southerland, Thane of Southerland," Walter "first +Earle," Robert, second earl, who is alleged to have founded "Dounrobin +Castell" were purely fictitious persons. "Hugh Southerland, Earle of +Southerland nicknamed Freskin" existed, but never was an earl, as Sir +Robert well knew, because he quotes charters right up to his death, +in which he was styled simply Hugo Freskyn. The _Sutherland Book_ also +wholly omits William MacFrisgyn, second Lord of Duffus and Strabroc, +the son and heir of Freskyn I and the father of Hugo. A revised +pedigree of the early generations of Freskyn's family will be found +in an Appendix to this book, and it is believed to be correct. At the +same time it is in conflict as to the first three generations with +so high an authority as the late Cosmo Innes, and Sir William Fraser +followed him. However this may be, it is abundantly clear, from +contemporary and undoubtedly authentic records still happily extant, +that in the twelfth century Freskyn de Moravia and his immediate +successors were the guardians appointed by one Scottish king after +another to protect the fertile coast lands of Moray and Nairn alike +against the race of MacHeth from the hills and the Norse invader from +the sea; and that on the extensive territories which they possessed, +they built stately castles and endowed cathedrals and churches +with lands and tithes, providing from their family not only high +ecclesiastical dignitaries to serve them, but distinguished soldiers +and administrators to give them peace; services which their successors +in the thirteenth century were, in their turn, destined to repeat and +continue in Sutherland, Strathnavern and Caithness, when the old Norse +earldom there had been broken up and effectively incorporated in the +kingdom of Scotland. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. + +_Earls David and John._ + + +On the death of Earl Harold Maddadson in 1206, he was followed in +the earldom of Orkney, without Shetland, by his elder surviving +son, David, who also, it would seem, was allowed to succeed to the +Caithness earldom and some of its territory. But out of the Caithness +earldom there had been taken the lands forming the Lordship of +Sudrland or Sutherland held by Hugo Freskyn from about 1196, and this +comprised, as already stated, the parishes of Creich, (then including +Assynt), Dornoch, Rogart, Kilmalie (now Golspie), Clyne, Loth, and +by far the greater part of the parishes of Kildonan and Lairg. Out of +these lands Hugo granted, as already stated, to his relative Gilbert +de Moravia, Archdeacon of Moray from 1204 till 1222, and to his heirs +and assigns whomsoever, all Creich and much of Dornoch parish up to +the boundaries of Ross, and the date of this grant was probably +about 1211. The Mackays were beginning to occupy the western parts of +Strathnavern, their title being probably their swords, and they held +their lands "manu forti," their country being a refuge for their +Morayshire kinsmen, the MacHeths, who were in constant rebellion. The +eastern portion of Strathnavern, and particularly the neighbourhood +of Loch Coire and Loch Naver, and all the Strathnaver valley were +probably insecurely held by members of the Erlend and Moddan family +after Harald Ungi's death at the battle of Clairdon in 1198; and +Gunni, probably a grandson of Sweyn Asleifarson, who had married +Ragnhild, Harald Ungi's youngest sister, after the death in the same +battle of Lifolf Baldpate, her first husband, became chief of the +Moddan Clan there and in Caithness. After 1200 Ragnhild had by Gunni +a son called Snaekoll Gunni's son, who thus became, on his father's +death, the chief representative in Scotland, both of the Moddan family +and of the line of Jarls Erlend Thorfinnson, St. Magnus, and St. +Ragnvald, and of Eric Stagbrellir and of Earl and Jarl Harald Ungi; +and Snaekoll afterwards laid claim to their possessions in Orkney, +as the sole male representative of this line. Gunni and Ragnhild +must have held the Strathnaver lands, and the Moddan family lands +in Caithness, formerly Earl Ottar's estates, till their deaths, and +Snaekoll was their sole known male heir. The Harald Ungi share of the +Caithness earldom lands, which _The Flatey Book_ and _Torfaeus_ state +that Jarl Ragnvald had held, does not appear to have been granted to +David, or to any successor to the Caithness earldom of his line, or to +any other person at this time. Indeed, the line of Paul were the last +persons to whom such a grant would be made. + +It was, therefore, to a very much reduced territory and earldom that +David succeeded in 1206, as Earl of Caithness. We hear almost nothing +of him, save that for the latter part of the eight years of his +rule,[1] more or less inefficient probably through ill health, he +shared the earldom and what had been left to him of its lands with +his younger brother John. David died without issue in 1214[2] probably +soon after Hugo Freskyn, and David was succeeded by his brother John +in the jarldom of Orkney and in the reduced earldom of Caithness as +sole jarl and earl. + +Immediately after David's death, King William the Lion, who had, in +1211, suppressed a rebellion in Moray of the Thanes of Ross under +Guthred son of Donald Ban MacWilliam whom a few years later he +captured and beheaded,[3] came to Moray again; and, about the 1st +of August 1214, King William demanded, and received[4] Earl John's +daughter, whose name is not known, as a hostage for her father's +loyalty, and a guarantee of the peace then made, under which John was +probably recognised as earl and as entitled to his reduced territory. +His daughter may, at this time, have been her father's sole heiress, +although she did not remain so, because we find that he had a son who +lived till 1226, called Harald. Meantime Bishop Adam, after the death +in 1213 of Bishop John, his half-blinded and mutilated predecessor, +succeeded to the Episcopal See of Caithness,[5] and seems to have +reversed Bishop John's policy of leniency to his flock by exacting +from them heavier and heavier tithes, as years went by. + +In 1217, King Hakon's rival, Jarl Skuli, thought Earl John so +promising a traitor as to send him letters forged with the Norse +king's seal.[6] In 1218 John was present at Bergen to witness the +ordeal successfully undergone by King Hakon's mother in order to prove +that king, then a boy, to be her son by the late King Hakon Sverri's +son, and so rightly entitled to the Norwegian crown.[7] + +After Earl John's return from Norway, the bishop's exactions of tithes +of butter reached such a pitch that the Caithness folk met near his +house at Halkirk, and demanded that the earl should protect them +against the bishop's rapacity, and, either at the earl's suggestion +or without any opposition on his part, they attacked the bishop in his +house, which was close to _Breithivellir_ (now Brawl) Castle, +where John lived. The Saga gives the following description of this +affair:--[8] + +"They then held a Thing on the fell above the homestead where the earl +was. Rafn the Lawman was then with the bishop, and prayed the bishop +to spare the men; also he said he was afraid how things might go. Then +a message was sent to Earl John with a prayer that he would reconcile +the bishop and the freemen; but the earl would come never near the +spot. Then the freemen ran down from the fell and fared hotly and +eagerly. And when Rafn the Lawman saw that, he bade the bishop devise +some plan to save himself. He and the bishop were drinking in a loft, +and when the freemen came to the loft, the monk went out at the door; +and was straightway smitten across the face, and fell down dead inside +the loft. And when the bishop was told that, he answered, 'That had +not happened sooner than was likely, for he was always making our +matters worse.' Then the bishop bade Rafn tell the freemen that he +wished to be reconciled with them. But when this was told to the +freemen, all those among them who were wiser were glad to hear it. +Then the bishop went out and meant to be reconciled. But when the +worse kind of men saw that, those who were most mad, they seized +Bishop Adam, and brought him into a little house and set fire to +it. But the house burned so quickly that they who wished to save +the bishop could do nothing. Thus Bishop Adam died, and his body was +little burnt when it was found. Then a fitting grave was bestowed +on it,[9] and a worthy burial. But those who had been the greatest +friends of the bishop, then sent men to find the King of Scots. +Alexander was then King of Scots, the son of King William the Saint. +But when the king was ware of these tidings" (he took it) "so ill that +men have those miseries in mind which he wrought after the burning of +the bishop, in maiming of men and manslaying, and loss of goods and +banishment out of the land." + +From the above account of the matter, it appears that Earl John, who +was responsible for law and order in Caithness at the time, although +invited by Rafn the Lawman to intervene, and although he was on the +spot, did nothing, saying "he could give no advice" and "that he +thought it concerned him very little," and adding that "two bad things +were before them, that it was unbearable" and that "he could suggest +no other choice,"[10] that is, but to pay the bishop's tithes, however +exorbitant, or not pay them, or possibly to make an end of him. It is +clear also that the monk who was with the bishop was to blame for his +exactions. But there is some excuse in the fact that Bishop John had +been censured by Rome for his neglect in collecting the dues of Rome +or Peter's Pence as greatly as Bishop Adam was blamed by the people of +Caithness for his greediness. There is no need to brand Bishop Adam as +a voluptuary for excessive drinking and immorality.[11] + +These events took place in 1222, and King Alexander, urged by the +remainder of the bishops in Scotland, at once marched into Caithness +with an army, and took vengeance on the bishop's murderers by +mutilating a large number of those concerned and seizing their +lands,[12] while in 1223 the Pope excommunicated them and also +interdicted them from their lands. + +The Annals of Dunstable, however, paint Earl John in much blacker +colours, and state that he himself caused the bishop, who was escaping +from the fire, to be cast into it again, and the bodies of two others +previously slain, his nephew and the monk, to be thrown upon him, and +that King Alexander forfeited half John's earldom.[13] + +The Saga says that the king forfeited Earl John's lands for the murder +of the bishop. Wyntoun, however, states that afterwards, at Christmas +festivities at Forfar, + + "Thare borwyd that erle than his land + That lay unto the Kyngis hand + Fra that the byschape of Cateness, + As yhe before herd, peryst wes."[14] + +By this "borrowing," however, Earl John recovered only the reduced +earldom above described, that is without the Lordship of Sutherland, +to which William de Moravia, Hugo's son, had succeeded between 1211 +and 1214, and without that south-western portion of it, which, as +stated, had been given to Gilbert de Moravia by Hugo in 1211, and +without the Moddan family's lands near Loch Coire and in Strathnaver +and Caithness, and without Harald Ungi's moiety or half share of the +Caithness earldom; and, as already stated, the lands appertaining +to this share were probably occupied by his family as represented by +Gunni and Ragnhild, Eric Stagbrellir's youngest daughter, and by the +members of the Moddan clan, and the retainers of the Erlend line. + +In 1223, Earl John was again at Bergen, with Bishop Bjarni of Orkney +and others, to consider the rival claims of King Hakon and Jarl Skuli +to the Norse crown,[15] and in 1224 he went thither again to leave +his only son, Harald, as a hostage for his own loyalty.[16] In 1226, +Harald was drowned at sea, probably on his return voyage, thus leaving +John without any male heir, and save for his nameless hostage daughter +or her children, if any, without any direct lineal heirs for the +jarldom and earldom of Orkney and of Caithness respectively. + +In 1228 John sent presents to the Norse king, and received in return a +good long-ship and many other gifts; and in 1230 John is found aiding +Olaf, King of Man, a friend of the Norse king, by giving him a like +vessel, "The Ox," to enable him to complete his voyage back from +Norway to his own kingdom, and in the same year John rendered +assistance to the Norse expedition, which had attacked the South +Hebrides, by harbouring its ships in Orkney on their voyage back to +Norway.[17] + +From the above facts it is clear that Earl John, though he owed +allegiance to both kings, was more inclined to favour Norway than +Scotland, and that he was more constantly in attendance at the Norse, +than at the Scottish Court. At the same time it became more and more +likely that he would have to choose between his two masters, as war +for the Sudreyar or Hebrides was already certain to break out between +the two countries, and, save for civil war in Norway, would have +broken out at once. + +Snaekoll[18] Gunni's son, as the sole male representative of the +Erlend Thorfinnson, St. Magnus, St. Ragnvald, Eric Stagbrellir and +Harald Ungi line remaining in Scotland, who had probably about this +time succeeded, or at least was recognised as next heir to the Moddan +family estates in Strathnaver and Caithness, approached Earl John in +1231, and demanded from him Jarl Ragnvald's lands in Orkney. But the +earl, who held Orkney in its entirety as the representative of the +line of Paul and of Harold Maddadson, who had seized it when Jarl +St. Ragnvald died in 1158, refused to give Snaekoll any part of those +lands; and Snaekoll, failing to obtain any redress, sought the aid of +Hanef, formerly a page, but now Commissioner in Orkney, of the Norse +King, and demanded his help in recovering his lands there. Snaekoll +and Hanef with a large following accordingly crossed the Pentland +Firth to Thurso to enforce the claim, but the earl again angrily +refused to restore the lands in Orkney, and it would seem that he was +also unwilling to let Snaekoll have his rights in Caithness.[19] + +Each party occupied separate lodgings in Thurso with their separate +followings, and Hanef and his friends, warned by a messenger of the +earl's reported design of killing them, forestalled it by attacking +the earl first, and they slew him with nine wounds in the cellar of +his lodgings. After the affray they crossed over to Orkney, where they +fortified the small but massive castle[20] or tower of Kolbein Hruga +or Cobbie Row, in the Island of Vigr or Wyre, now called Veira, near +Rousay in Orkney, and provisioned it for a siege, which lasted the +whole winter, and was raised only after both sides had come to an +agreement that all questions arising out of the earl's death at +Thurso, should be referred, not to the Scottish courts, but to the +Norse king, Hakon, in Bergen. + +Both parties, with their witnesses, accordingly crossed the North +Sea in 1232, and Hakon heard the case, and punished the partisans +of Snaekoll, some with death and others with imprisonment. Snaekoll +himself, who, as the heir of Jarl Ragnvald, was too valuable a pawn to +be sacrificed, was retained, and lived long in Norway with Earl Skuli, +and afterwards with King Hakon.[21] It is noteworthy that a _gaedinga_ +ship (no Jewish Ship,[22] as Torfaeus states, but a ship of the +_gaedingar_ or _lendirmen_ of the Earl of Orkney) was, on the return +voyage, lost at sea; and, bearing in mind the large number of Orkney +notables who had been slain at the battle of Floruvagr in Norway in +1194, men of means and standing must have been scarce in Orkney for +long after this time. + +There is a tradition mentioned by Alexander Pope of Reay,[23] the +translator of the _Orcades_ of Torfaeus, that Snaekoll, being deprived +of his rights in Orkney by King Hakon, returned late in life to +Caithness, where the Norse King could not deprive him of anything, and +lived in that county at Ulbster. If so, why did he return? + +The answer brings us to a mysterious lady, who is known to us through +a charter[24] of May 1269 preserved in the _Registrum Episcopatus +Moraviensis_ or Chartulary of the Bishopric of Moray, and who is +called therein _nobilis mulier domina Johanna_, the then deceased wife +of Freskin de Moravia, Lord of Duffus, who had died before her. From +her name of Johanna this lady is stated to have been a daughter of +Earl John, amongst others by so eminent an authority as the late Mr. +William F. Skene in a paper "on the Earldom of Caithness," first read +to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland on the 11th March 1878, +which is reprinted as Appendix V to the Third Volume of his _Celtic +Scotland_ at pages 448 to 453, and the lady is generally known as Lady +Johanna de Strathnavir; and on her descent much subsequent history +depends. + +Skene's conclusion is that the half of Caithness which afterwards +belonged to the Angus earls was that half usually possessed by the +line of Erlend Thorfinnson, and that Joanna (or Johanna) was Earl +John's daughter, and, as such, inherited the Paul share of the earldom +and brought it to Freskin de Moravia, when he married her, without the +title. + +We doubt the accuracy of this conclusion, for reasons which, however, +rest not on direct evidence, but, like those given in Mr. Skene's +paper, on mere probabilities; and we hold that the converse is true, +and that Johanna was no daughter of John, and that it was the Erlend +half of the Caithness earldom lands that went to her and her husband +Freskin de Moravia of Duffus, while the moiety of Paul, in our +opinion, remained with a nameless daughter of John, and went along +with the title of Earl of Caithness, to her husband Magnus, and so to +the Angus earls of Caithness, though the lands which went with it were +then much curtailed in extent. + +But it must be remembered that, in the absence of records, any +solution of this difficult problem at present rests on mere +speculation and guesswork, and the opinions expressed here must +be accepted as mere conjectures unsupported by direct contemporary +evidence, and based only upon reasonable probability. + +We propose to attempt to deal with this difficult subject in the next +chapter. + + + + +CHAPTER IX. + +_The Succession to the Caithness Earldom._ + + +After the death of Earl John in 1231, we come to a most perplexing +time, and it is almost impossible to discover a way out of the maze +of genealogical difficulties in which we find ourselves involved. Not +only is there no chronicle of the period, but there are hardly any +records at all to help us. The pedigree of the descendants of Earl +Harold Maddadson, and particularly of his daughters, who are named in +the _Orkneyinga Saga_, ceases;[1] and that of Earl John's family and +of Harald Ungi and his sisters downwards stops also, save in the case +of Ragnhild, the youngest of them, whose son Snaekoll Gunni's son +is mentioned as claimant in 1231 from Earl John of certain lands in +Orkney and in Caithness as well. + +Attempts to clear up the mystery have been made,[2] but none of them +have resulted in any certain or trustworthy conclusions. Nor can +anyone now expect to fare much better; for not only are authentic +pedigrees of the Caithness earls and the materials for framing them +undiscovered or non-existent, but yet another pedigree, namely that of +the Angus line, which provided, from its male members, successors to +the title and to a moiety of the Caithness earldom, is very obscure. + +This chapter, therefore, is largely conjectural, and must be accepted +as such. It deserves, and will doubtless receive, severe criticism. + +So far as the Angus pedigree can be ascertained, it appears that Earl +Gillebride died about 1187, leaving two sons, Adam and Gilchrist, who +succeeded in turn to that earldom, and Gillebride also left a third +son, Gilbert,[3] a fourth, William, and a fifth, Angus, who had a son +Gillebert or Gillebryd. Gilchrist died about 1204, leaving an eldest +son, Duncan, Earl of Angus, and another son called Magnus, by his two +wives respectively, his second wife, from the name of Magnus given to +her eldest son and to many subsequent earls of that son's line, being +assumed with considerable probability to have been, not a sister of +Earl John, but a sister of Harald Ungi, either Ingibiorg or Elin. +Duncan died about 1214, and left a son, Malcolm, Earl of Angus, whose +sole heiress was a daughter, Matilda, who, about 1240, married, first, +John Comyn, who was killed in France shortly after the marriage, +without leaving issue to inherit. As her second husband, Matilda, +Countess of Angus married Gilbert d'Umphraville, Lord of Prudhoe and +Redesdale in Northumberland in 1243; and their son, also named Gilbert +d'Umphraville, was born about 1244, and succeeded his father as Earl +of Angus in 1267, and though both these Gilberts became successively +Earls of Angus,[4] neither of them ever became Earl of Orkney. +Robertson's contention in his _Early Kings of Scotland_, (vol. II, p. +23 note) that they were grafted on the wrong pedigree seems justified +by the discrepancy in dates; for the Icelandic Annals give only one +Gibbon who died in 1256, and we know that Magnus III was earl in 1263 +and till 1273. Indeed little confidence can be reposed in the Diploma +of the Orkney Earls, the only authority for the existence of two +Orkney Earls called Gilbert, and in the period covered by the +_Orkneyinga Saga_, we can prove many errors in the Diploma. + +Of Magnus son of Gilchrist, Earl of Angus, we know something. He was +alive in 1227, when he attested the record of the perambulation of the +boundaries of the lands of the Abbey of Aberbrothock,[5] and in the +List of the Oliphant family charters dated 1594 in the Register House +in Edinburgh there is an entry of "Ane charter under the Great Seill +made be Alexr to Magnus sone to Gylcryst sometime Earle of Angus of +the Erledome of South Caithness" which included Berridale and lands +which Magnus' granddaughter's great-grandson Malise II conveyed to +Reginald Chen III, known as "Morar na Shein," after 1340. + +It has been suggested that after Earl John's death in 1231, the +successor to the earldom of Caithness was a minor, which Earl +Gilchrist's son, Magnus, could not have been in 1231, and that this +minor and ward was a son of Magnus, and bore the same name as his +father. + +The wardship seems at first sight to be proved in Robertson's _Early +Kings_,[6] and the proof is to the following effect:--Malcolm of Angus +attested a charter in Earl John's lifetime on 22nd April 1231, using +his own title of "Angus" only. After John's death, Malcolm attested +another charter on 7th October 1232 as "M. Comite de Anegus et +Katania,"[7] using, in addition to his own title of Angus, as was +customary, the title of a ward, who was heir to another earldom, in +this case that of Caithness. But on 3rd July 1236, Malcolm Earl of +Angus, who lived till 1237 if not longer, attested a third charter +using his own title of "Angus" only, without the addition "and of +Caithness." These facts can be explained by his ward's having attained +his majority and entered upon his earldom of Caithness between 7th +October 1232 and 3rd July 1236. They cannot be explained by saying +that "M" was not Malcolm, but Magnus, and that "M" stands for +Gilchrist's son Magnus, who had become Earl of Caithness. For there +was no "M. Comes de Angus" at the time save Malcolm, and Malcolm was +therefore for about four years Earl of Caithness as well as of Angus. + +Robertson's explanation is that Malcolm was Earl of Caithness only as +guardian of a ward entitled to that earldom. The question then +arises, as Robertson puts it, "who was the heir?" and he answers it, +"certainly not his[8] uncle Magnus, son of Gillebride,[9] but very +probably the son of Magnus by Earl John's daughter; the supposed grant +of the Earldom to this Magnus being probably grounded upon his real +marriage with the heiress," and he adds "If, on the death of Earl John +in 1231, his grandson was an orphan and a minor, his wardship would +naturally have been granted to the next of kin, his cousin the Earl of +Angus." + +One further charter has to be dealt with. In _Reg. Hon. de Morton_, +vol. I, p. xxxv, cited in _Origines Parochiales_ vol. II, p. 805, a +grant by King Alexander II, to Patrick Earl of Dunbar dated 7th July +1235 is attested by a witness, whose name or initial is illegible, but +who is styled ... _Earl_ ... _Katanay_, ... _Comite_ ... _Katanay_, +and a confident opinion is expressed in a note to the citation that +the witness was Magnus, Earl of Caithness. Now, Earl John's daughter +was taken as a hostage on August 1, 1214, and, if she was then +marriageable and was married at once, her eldest child could have been +born about May 1215, and would attain twenty-one about May 1236, but +to suppose her son of the name of Magnus to have been the ward for +whom the Earldom of Caithness was being kept till 7th July 1235 from +1232 and that he had become Earl of Caithness on the 7th July 1235 +seems impossible. If the blank should be filled up with "de Anegus +et," then Malcolm Earl of Angus must still have been the guardian, and +the ward's father and mother must both have been dead by 7th October +1232. This involves three unproved assumptions, of two unrecorded +deaths and one unrecorded birth. + +On the whole, therefore, we believe that there is another and simpler +explanation, and it seems probable that there was in this case no +wardship, or if there was, that there was a great deal more, and that +Malcolm held the earldom of Caithness as _Custos_ or administrator or +trustee for the Crown for four years after Earl John's death till the +succession was settled, and till all Caithness except Sutherland was +parcelled out among three claimants, namely the two heirs, each of one +of two sisters of Harald Ungi, and the hostage daughter of Earl John. + +When all this was settled, Magnus, as the son of one of the two +elder sisters of Harald Ungi, and also as the husband of Earl John's +daughter, would be entitled on Earl John's death, _jure maritae_, +in Orkney, to a grant from the Norse king of the Orkney jarldom, +and also, in Caithness, _first, jure maritae_, to a grant from the +Scottish king in or after 3rd July 1236, of the North Caithness +earldom and lands held by Earl John, which Dalrymple in his +Collections (p. lxxiii) states positively, without quoting his +authority, that Magnus had for a payment of L10 per annum, and, +_secondly, jure matris_ (Ingibiorg or Elin) to a grant, also from the +Scottish king, of the earldom of South Caithness, which by the Charter +of Alexander "under the greit Seill," above alluded to, Magnus also +got. + +The other moiety of the Caithness earldom lands would be fairly given +to Johanna as heiress of Ragnhild, Harald Ungi's youngest sister, and +we know that Johanna got that other moiety, because we find that her +descendants inherited it, and conveyed it or parts of it by writs +still extant, by the description of "half Caithness." + +There are, however, other views. Skene's opinion on the subject of the +succession, in his very able paper (given in Appendix V, vol. iii, pp. +449-50 of his _Celtic Scotland_), is as follows:-- + +"Earl Harald died in 1206, and was succeeded by his son David, +who died in 1214, when his brother John became Earl of Orkney and +Caithness. Fordun tells us that King William made a treaty of peace +with him in that year, and took his daughter as a hostage, but the +burning of Bishop Adam in 1222 brought King Alexander II down upon +Earl John, who was obliged to give up part of his lands into the hands +of the king, which, however, he redeemed the following year by paying +a large sum of money, and by his death in 1231 the line of Paul again +came to an end. + +"In 1232, we find Magnus, son of Gillebride, Earl of Angus, called +Earl of Caithness, and the earldom remained in this family till +between 1320 and 1329, when Magnus Earl of Orkney and Caithness, died; +but during this time it is clear that these earls only possessed one +half of Caithness and the other half appears in the possession of the +De Moravia family, for Freskin, Lord of Duffus, who married Johanna, +who possessed Strathnaver in her own right, and died before 1269, had +two daughters, Mary, married to Sir Reginald Cheyne, and Christian, +married to William de Fedrett; and each of these daughters had one +fourth part of Caithness, for William de Fedrett resigns[11] his +fourth to Sir Reginald Cheyne,[12] who then appears in possession +of one-half of Caithness (Chart. of Moray; Robertson's Index). These +daughters probably inherited the half of Caithness through their +mother Johanna. Gillebride[13] having called one of his sons by the +Norwegian name of Magnus, indicates that he had a Norwegian mother. +This is clear from his also becoming Earl of Orkney, which the king of +Scots could not have given him. Gillebride died in[14] 1200, so that +Magnus must have been born before that date, and about the time of +Earl Harald Ungi, who had half of Caithness, and died in 1198. Magnus +is a name peculiar to this line, as the great Earl Magnus belonged to +it, and Harald Ungi had a brother Magnus. The probability is that the +half of Caithness which belonged to the Angus family was that half +usually possessed by the earls of the line of Erlend,[15] and was +given by King Alexander with the title of Earl to Magnus, as the son +of one of Earl Harald Ungi's sisters, while Johanna, through whom the +Moray family inherited the other half, was, as indicated by her name, +the daughter of John, Earl of Caithness of the line of Paul, who had +been kept by the king as a hostage, and given in marriage to Freskin +de Moravia." + +Sir William Fraser[16] in a note to the _Sutherland Book_--a mere +_obiter dictum_, however--doubts Skene's suggestions "that Johanna, +Lady of Strathnaver, who married Freskin de Moravia, Lord of Duffus, +about 1240, was the daughter of John Haraldson," that is Earl John, +and that "Magnus of Angus was the son of a sister of a former Earl +of Caithness," and states that "Skene's arguments are plausible, but +there is no very good evidence in support of them." Skene's argument +rests mainly on the names "Johanna" and "Magnus," by itself an +insecure foundation, and one which it is hoped to explain or remove, +adopting the argument from "Magnus," a name which constantly recurs, +and rejecting the argument from "Johanna," a name which never again +appears, in this family. + +A century or more after the death in 1231 of Earl John, we find +Reginald Chen III, known as Morar na Shein or "Lord" Schen, in +possession of a moiety of the Caithness earldom, without the title, +and living in Latheron and Halkirk parishes, while the other moiety +was held by the Caithness Earls of the line of Angus, and in 1340 we +find Reginald More, Chamberlain of Scotland, ancestor of the Crichton +or Sinclair Earls of Caithness, acquiring from Malise II, one of the +Stratherne Earls of Caithness and a descendant of the line of Paul +and also of the line of Erlend, part of south Caithness (including +Berridale), which therefore Reginald Chen III did not then own or +acquire, though he owned half Caithness. But Reginald Chen III did +acquire Berridale and other lands later in David II's reign according +to _Origines Parochiales_, II, p. 764. + +Now it is known from other sources that Reginald Chen III was a +grandson of Johanna of Strathnaver, the mysterious lady of unrecorded +parentage already referred to, who owned land in "Strathnauir," and +who was dead in 1269, and who had married, at a date which we hope to +fix, Freskin de Moravia, Lord of Duffus, then also dead, and had +had by him two daughters, Mary and Christian, who were married +respectively to Reginald Chen II and William de Federeth I (whose sons +respectively were Reginald Chen III and William de Federeth II) +and these ladies succeeded each to one fourth of Caithness; and a +grant,[17] which was made in David II's time by William de Federeth II +in favour of Reginald Chen III, placed him in possession of William de +Federeth II's quarter of Caithness. Reginald Chen III thus had all the +half share of Caithness which was held by his grandmother, Johanna of +Strathnaver. We also know that by another grant in 1286[18] William +de Federeth I had already conveyed to Reginald Chen II four davachs of +land in Strathnaver and all his other lands there; and, besides these +grants, we have authentic record in May 1269, which recites that Lady +Johanna had before that date granted a considerable part of her lands +in Strathnaver to the Bishop of Moray for the maintenance of two +chaplains to minister in the Cathedral of Elgin. + +By the above record, which is a regrant of the Strathnaver lands by +Archebald Bishop of Moray in May 1269 to Reginald Chen II, not only is +his marriage before that date to Mary daughter of Johanna by Freskin +de Moravia proved, but the lands in Strathnaver are identifiable. They +were "Langeval and Rossewal, tofftys de Dovyr, Achenedess, Clibr', +Ardovyr and Cornefern," which now are known in part as Langdale, +Rossal, Achness, Clibreck and Coire-na-fearn, while "tofftys" are +"tofts," and "Dovyr" and "Ardovyr" are respectively old Gaelic for +"water" and for "upper water." "Dovyr" would denote the River Naver +and loch of that name, and "Ardovyr" would mean Loch Coire and the +Mallard River, that is the "Abhain 'a Mhail Aird" of the Ordnance Map +(whatever that may mean),[19] which rises in Loch Coire, and, after a +course of six miles from its upper valley, falls about 330 feet below +its source into the River Naver at Dalharrold. These lands of the Lady +Johanna lay partly to the south of Loch Naver, extended southwards +nearly to Ben Armine, and stretched westwards to Loch Vellich or +Bealach and the Crask and Mudale, eastwards to Loch Truderscaig, and +northwards down the valley of the Naver at least as far as Syre. +Part of them, close to Achness,[30] is to this day known locally as +Kerrow-na-Shein, or Chen's Quarter, either after Johanna's son-in-law, +Sir Reginald Chen II, or after her grandson of the same name, the +great "Morar na Shein," about whom so many legends still survive in +Cat. These lands in Strathnaver are roughly hatched on the map of Cat +in this volume, and, as she gave them away in charitable trust, +they probably formed only a small part of her whole estate after her +marriage with Freskin de Moravia, which probably comprised the old +Parish of Farr, now divided into Tongue, Farr, and Reay. + +It is suggested that the ownership of these lands in Strathnaver and +of the other upland territories in Halkirk and Latheron parishes, held +by her descendants and sequels in all her estate, the Chens, connects +the Lady Johanna with the family of Moddan "in dale" in Caithness +and with Earl Ottar, and with Frakark and Audhild her niece, and that +Johanna was entitled to these lands in their entirety in her own right +as the sole descendant remaining in Scotland after 1232 of Harald +Ungi's younger surviving sister Ragnhild, possibly through her son +Snaekoll by Gunni, and that Snaekoll was next heir to these lands +before he went abroad, and either that he was Johanna's father, or +that she became Ragnhild's heir in his place. In this way Johanna +would have a good right, especially if Magnus, son of Gilchrist, had +been compensated for his mother's share by receiving a grant of South +Caithness and its earldom, to receive a grant of the rest of the +Harald Ungi half share of the Caithness earldom, lands previously held +by Jarls and Earls St. Magnus and Erlend Thorfinn's son or some lands +of equal value, and the reason why she had such very large estates as +those which she brought to her husband and the Chen family as their +successors would be made clear. For she would have completed her title +to a large share of the Erlend lands, and also to the Moddan lands +which Gunni and Ragnhild had entered upon and held after the elder +sister of Ragnhild had left Caithness on her marriage with Gilchrist +Earl of Angus. + +In support of Johanna's title it is to be observed that neither +Magnus II, nor his wife, is recorded to have claimed any part of +the Strathnaver lands, a fact which indicates that Johanna and her +predecessors had acquired an independent title to them, and that, too, +a title not derived through Earl John. Again, (though in a time when +records fail us, the argument proves little) Johanna, although from +her probable date she might have been so, is not recorded to have +been a daughter of John. Further, to be of suitable age[21] to marry +Freskin she must have been born long after any known child of Earl +John, even his son Harald who had died in 1226. Lastly, neither +Johanna nor her husband Freskin nor any descendant of hers ever +claimed either the whole of or any share in the Orkney jarldom,[22] +which Earls Harald Maddadson, David and John had held in its entirety, +and to which Johanna, had she been Earl John's only daughter, or her +husband Freskin would have been entitled to claim to succeed as sole +heir; while if John had had two daughters, and Johanna had been one of +them, she or her husband Freskin would have been entitled to claim a +grant of some share at least of the lands appertaining to the Orkney +jarldom. + +It was, however, Earl Magnus who made such claims, and with success, +and he may well have obtained the Orkney jarldom and lands, and part +of the Caithness earldom as well, with the title, not only as being +the son of the elder of Harald Ungi's sisters, but as the husband of +Earl John's nameless daughter, while his name of Magnus, afterwards +so often repeated in the Angus line, came into that line obviously +through his mother at his baptism, and not through his wife at his +marriage. + +The name of Johanna, on which Skene mainly founds his assertion that +Johanna of Strathnaver was Earl John's daughter, is just as easily +explicable, and with equal verisimilitude, if she was not. Snaekoll +went to Norway in 1232, leaving behind him, on our hypothesis, one +child, an infant daughter of tender years, or possibly as yet unborn. +The child of a younger child of Ragnhild would probably be still +younger. Heiress to very large landed estates and justly entitled to +claim a moiety of the Erlend Thorfinnson half of Caithness and all the +Moddan territories, this child would be made by the king of Scotland +a ward, to be married, if female, in due course to a suitable husband. +The Queen of Scotland, who in 1232 had been childless for eleven years +and never had any children afterwards, was an English princess who was +married to Alexander II on 19th June 1221, and lived till 4th March +1237-8, a period which would cover all Johanna's early years. The +queen's name was Joanna, and Johanna of Strathnaver may have been +called after her, as Earl John had possibly been called after her +father King John of England, the friend of Earl John's father, Harold +Maddadson. + +We now have to fix the date of Freskin de Moravia, nephew of William, +_dominus Sutherlandiae_ since about 1214. Freskin, as stated, was +undoubtedly the husband of Johanna of Strathnaver, and became on +his marriage owner of her lands there as well as of a moiety of the +Caithness earldom lands. + +Freskin was, as also stated, the eldest son of Walter de Moravia of +Duffus, second son of Hugo Freskyn of Strabrock, Duffus and Sutherland +by Walter's marriage with Euphamia, probably, from her name, a +daughter of Ferchar Mac-in-tagart, who became Earl of Ross.[23] As +Ferchar granted[24] certain lands at Clon in Ross about the year 1224 +to Freskin's father Walter de Moravia of Duffus without pecuniary +or other valuable consideration, it has been concluded, probably +correctly, that this grant was made on the occasion of the marriage +of Walter to Ferchar's daughter Euphamia; and Freskin, their heir, was +born in or after 1225, and had become _dominus_ de Duffus by 1248 on +his father's death. Johanna, on our hypothesis, would have to be born +by 1232 at latest, that is, before or soon after her supposed father +Snaekoll went to Norway, and from her supposed father's date she could +hardly have been born before 1225. Snaekoll's date can be ascertained +with comparative accuracy. For his mother lost her first husband, +Lifolf Baldpate, only in 1198, at the battle of Clairdon, and she can +hardly have married Snaekoll's father, Gunni, much before 1200. From +these dates Snaekoll could have been born by 1201, and married in +Scotland between 1224 and 1231, and Freskin and Johanna would thus +be of very suitable ages to marry each other, and their marriage +therefore would take place after 1245, or possibly as late as 1250. If +Johanna was the daughter of a younger child of Ragnhild, she might be +born later than 1225. + +This would involve a long minority for Johanna, and by reason of her +marriage with Freskin de Moravia in 1245 or later, we suspect that +Freskin's uncle, William _dominus Sutherlandiae_, whose territories +were bounded on the north and east by her lands, was her guardian, +an office whose duties the head of the powerful and loyal House +of Sutherland alone could efficiently perform in the troublous and +turbulent times of her minority. + +From Bain's _Calendar of Documents_ relating to Scotland[25] we know +that Freskin was one of the signatories of the National Bond of mutual +alliance and friendship with Sir Llewelin son of Griffin, Prince of +Wales, and other leading Welshmen on the 18th of March 1259. Freskin +would not have been asked to sign a document of such international +importance unless, like another of its signatories, Sir Reginald Chen +I (whose son of the same name, Reginald Chen II, married Freskin's +daughter, Mary of Duffus, later on) he had been one of the leading men +of his time in Scotland. We also find that his rights were saved in a +charter of 11th April 1260 and that on 13th October 1260 he was one of +the three vice-gerents of Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan, Justiciar +of Scotland, present in Court at Perth on that date.[26] + +On the 16th March 1262-3 from a grant of two chaplains[27] for the +weal of the soul of the deceased Freskin of Moray, Lord of Duffus, we +know that he had died before that date, that is, probably before his +fortieth year. Freskin, then, died after 13th October 1260 and before +16th March 1262-3, and was buried in the chapel of St. Lawrence in the +Church of Duffus, which he had founded and endowed with lands at +Dawey in Strath Spey, and Duffus. His wife Johanna ("quondam sponsa" +"quondam Friskyni de Moravia") was certainly dead in May 1269 (Reg. +Morav., ch. 126, p. 139). + +They left no male heir, but they left two daughters, Mary and +Christian, both minors at their father's death and probably too young +to have been married in August 1263, when, as we shall find, their +lands and their half share of the Caithness earldom sadly needed +defenders from Norse invaders. + +Owing to subsequent additions of territory, it is impossible at the +present time to say exactly what all the lands owned by an independent +title by Lady Johanna of Strathnaver were, but some guidance towards +the further identification of her lands in Caithness is found in the +fact that later charters give the names of the lands which her sequel +in all her estate, Reginald Chen III, known as "Lord Schein" or "Morar +na Shein" held,[28] and that he lived in and hunted from a castle at +the exit of the river Thurso from Loch More above Dirlot or Dilred +in Strathmore in Halkirk parish, but never owned Brawl, a capital +residence of the Caithness earls, but did own to the end of his life +"half Caithness," and acquired South Caithness after 1340 by purchase. +Adding to this the facts, indications, and probabilities alluded to in +this and preceding chapters as to the position of lands in Caithness +variously owned, we are able to venture to come to a general +conclusion as to the devolution of the Caithness earldom and lands. + +This conclusion is, that what may be termed the shares of the +respective lines of Paul and Erlend, the sons of Earl Thorfinn and +others, in the Caithness earldom lands probably went respectively +between 1231 and 1239 and afterwards in the following manner. + +The right to succeed to the share of Paul passed, on his descendant +Earl John's death in 1231, to Earl John's only child then alive, the +nameless hostage daughter, who, according to our theory, had after +1st August 1214 married Magnus, son of Earl Gilchrist of Angus by his +second marriage with either Ingibiorg or Elin, both sisters of Harald +Ungi, and both older than Ragnhild. But the title of Earl of Caithness +and the enjoyment of the whole earldom was on Earl John's death +temporarily conferred, in addition to his title of Earl of Angus, on +Malcolm, Earl of Angus, and nephew of Magnus the husband of John's +hostage daughter, as being the head of the Angus family and one of the +most powerful earls in Scotland, pending a general settlement of the +affairs of Sutherland and Caithness; and Malcolm held his own Earldom +of Angus, and, in addition, for the Crown, as _Custos_, trustee, or +administrator _pendente lite_, held Caithness after 22nd April 1231 +and certainly at 7th October 1232, possibly till 3rd July 1236, when +the following settlement was made. + +Caithness, without Sutherland, was with the title of Earl of +Caithness, North and South, confirmed to Earl Magnus II by two grants, +the one of North Caithness in right of his wife and the other of South +Caithness in right of his mother. The estate of Sutherland was after +10th October 1237 erected into an earldom in the person of William, +who was the eldest son of Hugo Freskyn, and was then owner of the +estate, this earldom being, as stated in the Diploma of the Orkney +Earls, "taken away from Magnus II" in his lifetime, possibly out of +South Caithness, by Alexander II. + +On Magnus' death in 1239, Gillebryd or Gillebride, called in the +Icelandic Annals Gibbon, who was either a son or younger brother of +Magnus, succeeded Magnus II in the Orkney and Caithness titles and in +the Paul share of the Caithness earldom, and it appears from a +grant of the advowson of Cortachy on 12th December 1257 that Matilda +daughter of Gillebert, "then late Earl of Orkney," married Malise +Earl of Stratherne. On Gillebride's death in 1256, his son Magnus III +succeeded to Orkney and to the share of Paul in the Caithness earldom, +as held by Earl Magnus II and Earl Gillebride his successor, that +is without the Sutherland earldom, and without Freskin and Johanna's +share of Caithness. + +The right to succeed to the other share of Caithness, that of Erlend +Thorfinnson, which, according to _The Flatey Book_ had belonged to +Jarl Ragnvald, and had been conferred on Harald Ungi by William the +Lion in 1197, passed through Ragnhild, another and the youngest sister +of Harald Ungi, and then through a child of hers, possibly Snaekoll +Gunni's son, the only known male representative of this line at the +time, or through Snaekoll's younger brother or sister, along with +the Moddan estates in Strathnaver and in various highland and Celtic +parishes in Caithness, to Johanna of Strathnaver as Ragnhild's heir; +but this share did not carry with it the title of Countess. It +was held for her in wardship, but it was not formally granted and +confirmed by the Crown to her or her husband Freskin de Moravia, who +had become Lord of Duffus by 1248, until their marriage, in or after +1245, or even later, and when the settlement was made, possibly South +Caithness was taken partly out of it. + +If Earl John had left no daughter at all, the result in Caithness +might well have been much the same; for in that case the Caithness +title and lands might well have been conferred as to the title and +a share of the earldom lands on the elder surviving sister of Harald +Ungi, Ingibiorg or Elin, and her heir, while the other share without +the title would go to the heir of the younger sister Ragnhild. But +Magnus, if he had not married John's daughter, would not have got +North Caithness, and it seems essential that Magnus should have +married into the line of Earl John, in order to found a claim on his +part to the Jarldom of Orkney, which Harold Maddadson, David, and John +(with whom Magnus had no relationship at all, so far as is known) +had held in its entirety, in spite of the grant of a moiety of it +to Harald Ungi, ever since Harald Ungi's death in 1198, and to the +exclusion of the Erlend line from all share in Orkney, (save for +Harald Ungi's grant) ever since Jarl Ragnvald's death in 1158. + +But who will find _evidence to prove_ our conjectures to be even +approximately true? + +Till this is done, these matters rest upon mere conjecture, based +mainly upon known Scottish policy, the name of "Magnus," and the +probable situation of the lands owned by the parent lines and the +families known afterwards to have held them, namely, the families of +Cheyne, Federeth, Sutherland, Keith, Oliphant, and Sinclair, among +whose writs or inventories of them search might be made. + + + + +CHAPTER X. + +_King Hakon and the North of Scotland._ + + +We can now turn with some sense of relief from the intricate maze +of the genealogy of the Caithness earls to the more open ground of +Scottish history, which we left at the date of the death of William +the Lion in December 1214, when he was succeeded on the throne of +Scotland by his son, Alexander II, a youth who had then just entered +his seventeenth year. We can then work the results of our genealogical +conjectures into the general history of the northern counties. + +Alexander II, like his predecessors, was in the year after his +accession immediately confronted with a revolt headed by Donald Ban +MacWilliam the younger, another of the descendants of Ingibjorg of +Orkney, widow of Earl Thorfinn and first wife of Malcolm Canmore. The +scene of the rising was, as usual, Moray; and Donald was aided not +only by the inhabitants of that province, but also by a large force +of Irish mercenaries. This rebellion, however, was speedily crushed by +Ferchar Mac-in-tagart of the family of the Lay Abbots of Applecross +in the west of Ross, a county to which Henry, the eldest son of Harold +Maddadson had in vain laid claim. + +Differences which threatened to break out between Scotland and England +were speedily settled, and the young king, as we have seen, married +Joanna, sister of King Henry III of England, in 1221. Alexander next +conquered the district of Argyll in 1222, and in the same year reduced +Caithness to subjection on the occasion of Bishop Adam's murder, and +he shortly afterwards put down two rebellions, the one in Moray, as +above stated, and the other in Galloway, a district which, however, he +did not finally conquer till 1235, although Mac-in-tagart was knighted +for a victory there in 1215, and soon after, by 1226, became Earl of +Ross.[1] In 1236, as a punishment for burning to death the Earl of +Atholl, in revenge for the defeat of a member of their family at a +tournament, the Bissets were deprived of their estates near Beauly, +and fled to England, where they endeavoured to embroil that country +again with Scotland. In this they failed, and a treaty was signed +between the two nations that neither should make war on the other +unless it were first attacked itself.[2] + +Argyll, Galloway, and Moray being subdued and settled, and the old +Earldom of Caithness broken up, and divided among trustworthy feudal +tenants holding their lands by military service from the Scottish +king, the whole of the mainland of Scotland may now be said to have +been effectively incorporated into one kingdom under the Scottish +Crown. Ecclesiastically, also, the whole realm was divided into +dioceses, whose bishops were appointed by consent of the king. + +The dream of Malcolm II at last was realised. + +The western islands of the Hebrides, however, still owed allegiance to +the king of Norway, who was till 1240 engaged in civil war with Duke +Skuli in his own kingdom. Alexander II therefore equipped a naval +expedition to reduce the islands, but, soon after he had embarked, +he sickened and died on the island of Kerrera, near Oban, in 1249, +leaving as his successor, his son Alexander III, then only in his +eighth year, who was married in 1251, before his eleventh year, to +Margaret, daughter of Henry III of England, then a child of about +the same age as himself. The marriage was followed by a nine years' +struggle between the rival factions of Alan Durward, Justiciar of +Scotland, and of Walter Comyn, Earl of Menteith, in which England +constantly interfered, till the Comyn, or Scottish, faction finally +gained the upper hand. In 1261, Alexander III's only child Margaret, +who afterwards became Queen of Norway, was born. + +Between 1242 and 1245 two Scottish bishops had been sent to Norway by +Alexander II to induce King Hakon to give up the Hebrides to Scotland, +and now his son Alexander III sent another embassy of an Archdeacon +and a Scot, called in the Saga Misel, but more probably Frisel or +Fraser, who, being found to be spies, tried to escape, but were caught +and made to witness the young King Magnus' coronation in his father's +lifetime.[3] These embassies, though backed by offers of money +compensation, were wholly unsuccessful. + +Meantime affairs in Sutherland and Caithness had been pursuing an +orderly course for nearly forty years. William, eldest son of Hugo +Freskyn, had succeeded his father in Sutherland before 1214, the year +of Earl David's death, and had in or after 1237 become its first Earl, +and three years afterwards, according to tradition, though probably +this event happened later, with the aid of Richard of Moray, Bishop +Gilbert's brother, a Norse landing at Unes or Little Ferry is said to +have been repulsed in a battle at Embo, near Dornoch in Sutherland. +In this battle Richard fell, and the Norse Prince was also killed, +the Ri-Crois at Embo, which has disappeared long ago, being erected in +memory of the latter.[4] Earl William had died in 1248, and had been +buried in the Cathedral at Dornoch, which Bishop Gilbert had founded +close to and west of the site of the older Church of St. Bar, and +which he had dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary in or after 1222. + +The Bishop had given to his diocese of Caithness[5] the Constitution +which is still extant at Dunrobin. This Constitution, like that of +Elgin, was in the main based on that of Lincoln. But the Bishop was to +be _Primus_ and above all other dignitaries of the Cathedral. For +it was ordained that instead of the one priest who had previously +officiated, there should be ten Canons with the Bishop as their head, +five of them holding the dignities of Dean, Precentor, Chancellor, +Treasurer, and Archdeacon, each of them during residence to minister +there daily, as well as the Abbot of Scone, who was a Canon, but had a +Vicar to perform his duties in his absence. The teinds (or tithes) +of certain parishes were allocated to each member of the Chapter; and +lands, residences, and prebends were assigned to them, provision also +being made from the teinds of other parishes for the lighting and +services of the Church. Bishop Gilbert built and completed the +Cathedral, making, it is said, the glass for its windows at Sidera, +from sand taken from near the howe of the first Jarl Sigurd, a +worshipper of Odin.[6] + +Bishop Gilbert had also translated the Psalms into Gaelic; and, +having set his diocese of Caithness, comprising the modern counties of +Sutherland and Caithness, in good working order, and having re-buried +his predecessor Adam, with a stately funeral, at Dornoch in 1239, had +made his will in 1242, and died in the episcopal palace at Scrabster, +near Thurso, in 1245. It was probably during his episcopate that +King Alexander II gave his open letter,[7] directed to the sheriffs, +bailies, and other good men of Moray and Caithness, and enjoining them +to protect the ship of the Abbot and Convent of Scone and their men +and goods from injury, molestation or damage in their journeys to +the north. Bishop Gilbert was buried at Dornoch, and was succeeded by +Bishop William,[8] and he in his turn, in 1261, by Bishop Walter de +Baltroddi, who doubtless suffered from King Hakon's fines levied in +Caithness in 1263, and whose daughter the Chief of the Mackays is said +to have married after that date. + +In 1261 the Hebrides had been harried by William, MacFerchar, Earl of +Ross and uncle of Freskin de Moravia the younger, with great cruelty +and barbarity, and King Hakon in 1263 began to collect and equip a +fleet with a view to revenging the injury done to his subjects in the +west.[9] In the preparation for this in the spring of 1263, we find +Jon Langlifson, whose mother Langlif was Harold Maddadson's youngest +daughter, and who was thus himself a nephew of Earl John, sent over +with Henry Skot to Shetland to obtain pilots for King Hakon,[10] while +Dougal of the Isles met them in Orkney, and was let into the secret of +Hakon's intended expedition. + +Meantime Earl Magnus II, being, according to our conjectures, a member +of the Angus line, whose mother was an elder sister of Harald Ungi, +and being also the husband of Earl John's daughter, had become +entitled to the earldom of Orkney soon after Earl John's death in +1231, and probably since 1236 had held part of Caithness as Earl, by +heirship, and by charter from the Scottish King. Magnus II, soon after +the earldom of Sutherland had been taken away from him, had died +in 1239. Gillebride had then succeeded to both the reduced Scottish +earldom of Caithness and the whole of the Orkney jarldom as successor +in the Angus line of Magnus II; and Gillebride had died in 1256 +leaving a son Magnus III. Like his predecessors, Magnus III seems to +have found himself in the awkward position of being bound to serve two +masters who were rapidly approaching a state of war with each other. +Freskin de Moravia, _dominus_ de Duffus by 1248, who about that date +had married the Lady Johanna, had with her obtained not only her lands +in Strathnaver and Caithness, but also the bulk of the Erlend share +of the earldom lands of Caithness, while Magnus held the rest of +Caithness, and William, second Earl of Sutherland, then a mere boy, +had succeeded to that earldom on his father's death in 1248.[11] + +As already stated, Alexander II's attempt on the Sudreys had proved +abortive through his death in 1249, and the further attacks on them +in Alexander III's reign by William, son of Ferchar Mac-in-tagart, and +Earl of Ross, had been made in 1261; and by 1262 or 1263, Freskin +had died, leaving two daughters Mary and Christian, both minors and +unmarried, to inherit his share of Caithness, as co-parceners, each +entitled to one quarter of that county. + +Early in 1263 Magnus III of Orkney and Caithness, was in Bergen with +King Hakon. For the Saga says,[12] "with him from Bergen came Magnus, +Jarl of Orkney, and the king gave him a good long-ship." + +Sailing from Norway in the end of July 1263, King Hakon found a +fair wind, and crossed in two days to Shetland, where he lay for a +fortnight assembling his fleet in Bressay Sound off Lerwick. While he +was here Jon Langlifson, son of Langlif, the youngest daughter of Earl +Harold Maddadson, brought the disappointing news that King John of the +Sudreys had gone over to the side of the Scottish king, but the news +was disbelieved, and Hakon, at the time, had every reason to think +that, while he was sure of the support of the Orkneymen and their +earl, the western islanders would support him to a man. Quitting +Shetland, therefore, he sailed to Orkney, and his fleet lay first at +Ellidarvik or Ellwick in The String off the south of Shapinsay, a few +miles from Kirkwall. While it was here, King Hakon conceived the idea +of sending a squadron of his ships to raid the shores of the Moray +Firth, and there is little doubt that this project was aimed at the +lands of the families of De Moravia in Sutherland and Moray. The +question, however, was submitted to a council of the freemen of the +fleet, who proved to be unwilling that any of them should leave their +king and decided that the fleet should not be divided, but that the +original object of the expedition, the reconquest of the Western Isles +and West of Scotland, should be adhered to instead. What Earl Magnus' +feelings on the subject were is not recorded, but it can hardly have +been pleasing to him to find that his people in Caithness were to be +subjected to a fine by his suzerain in Orkney, though, probably by his +advice, the Caithness folk paid the fine exacted from them,[13] and +had hostages taken from them, in consequence, by the Scottish king. + +Hakon's fleet then sailed round the Mull of Deerness into the +roadstead of Ragnvaldsvoe, in the north of South Ronaldsay, which is +now known either as St. Margaret's Hope or possibly as Widewall Bay in +Scapa Flow, and it was while it was there that the annular eclipse +of the sun, ascertained by astronomical calculation[14] to have taken +place on the 5th August 1263, was reported by the writer of the Saga +to have been seen by him. While the fleet was here, it appeared that +the Orkney contingent of ships which Hakon had commanded to join him, +were not "boun" or ready for sea, and Jarl Magnus accordingly "stayed +behind" with his people in Orkney under orders to follow the main +fleet. + +On St. Lawrence's day, the 10th of August 1263, Hakon weighed anchor +without the jarl, or his men, and the fleet, the largest then ever +seen in these waters, sailed from Ragnvaldsvoe into the Pentland +Firth, and, rounding Cape Wrath on the same day, anchored in +Asleifarvik, now corruptly called Aulsher-beg or Old-shore, on the +west coast of the parish of Durness[15] in Sutherland. Thence the +fleet ran across to the Lewis, whence it proceeded on a southerly +course by Rona, into the Sound of Skye, and brought up at the Carline, +now the Cailleach, Stone, in Kyleakin or the Kyle of Hakon. The Norse +King was soon joined by King Magnus of Man, and Erling Ivar's son, and +Andres Nicholas' son, and Halvard and Nicholas Tart, the last having +made no land since he left Norway till he sighted the Lewis. Dougal, +king of the Sudreys also joined King Hakon, and the fleet shortly +afterwards reached Kerrera, near Oban in the Sound of Mull. The events +which followed are recounted, in considerable detail and with much +exaggeration on both sides, by Scottish and Norse chroniclers, but it +is impossible to reconcile their different versions of the story of +the battle of Largs. Nor does such detail, save in the result, affect +Sutherland or Caithness. Suffice it to say, then, that after much +fruitless negotiation between the two kings, purposely prolonged by +the Scottish monarch, a severe and protracted October storm drove many +of the Norse ships ashore near Largs, where the Scots attacked their +crews; and five days later King Hakon withdrew, and sailed with the +remnants of his starving and shattered fleet northwards by the Sound +of Mull and Rum and Loch Snizort in Skye, and thence round Cape +Wrath, to the Goa-fiord or Hoanfiord, which we know as Loch Erriboll, +reaching it on Sunday, October 28th, 1263, in a profound calm. + +On their way south, Erling Ivar's son, Andrew Nicolas' son, and +Harvard the Red had[16] "sailed into Scotland under Dyrnes, from which +they went up country, and destroyed a castle and more than twenty +hamlets." But on the return voyage the children of Heth were waiting +for the invaders, and on the day[17] "of St. Simon and St. Jude, when +Mass had been sung, some Scottish men, whom the Northmen had taken, +came. King Hakon gave them peace and sent them up into the country; +and they promised to come down with cattle to[18] him; but one of them +stayed behind as a hostage. It happened that day that eleven men of +the ship of Andrew Kuzi landed in a boat to fetch water. A little +after, it was heard that they called out. Then men rowed to them from +the ships, and there two of them were taken up, swimming much wounded, +but nine were found on land all slain. The Scots had come down on +them, but they all ran to the boat, and it was high and dry, and they +were all weaponless, and there was no defence. But as soon as the +Scots saw the boats were rowing up, they ran to the woods, but the +Northmen took the bodies with them. + +"On Monday King Hakon sailed out of the Goa-fiord and let the Scottish +man be put on shore, and gave him peace."[19] + +Such is the story, so far as Sutherland and Caithness are concerned, +of Hakon's expedition as told in his Saga, which adds that after +losing one ship in the Pentland Firth, while another was all but sunk +in the Swelchie near Stroma, he sheltered for the night in the Sound +north of Osmundwall, and finally landed again near Ragnvaldsvoe and +went to Kirkwall. Retaining twenty of his ships, he let such of the +rest of them as had not already gone home sail for Norway. + +Deserted by his Jarl, the aged king found a home in the Palace of the +faithful bishop, Henry of Orkney, who, alone of all Orkney men, had +followed the fortunes of the fleet. Then King Hakon's health gradually +failed, and after laying up his ships in Scapa Flow, and seeing to the +welfare of his men, he lay down to die of a broken heart, listening as +he sank to Masses indeed, but afterwards with greater joy to the Sagas +of the Norse kings. "Near midnight" on the 15th of December "Sverri's +Saga was read through. But just as midnight was past Almighty God +called King Hakon from this world's life." + +His body lay in state, first in the Palace and then in the Cathedral +of St. Magnus, where after a Solemn Mass it was temporarily buried +in the Choir, and it was removed in his flag-ship to Christ Church in +Bergen three months afterwards.[20] + +The consequence of King Hakon's failure was the immediate conquest of +the Isle of Man and of the Hebrides by Alexander III. + +Sutherland and Caithness were saved for Scotland, it would seem, only +by the vote of King Hakon's freemen before sailing for Largs, while +the defeat of his fleet there led directly to the cession by King +Magnus, his successor, under the treaty of Perth in 1266, of all the +Western Highlands and Islands, for a payment of 4000 marks down and +of 100 marks a year, and the treaty also secured their permanent +political union with Scotland. + +Orkney and Shetland, however, remained part of Norway for two hundred +years more, and have since 1468 been held by Scotland and afterwards +by the United Kingdom only under a wadset or mortgage securing 58,000 +crowns, the unpaid balance of the dower of Margaret, wife of James +III of Scotland and daughter of King Christian of Norway. The right +to redeem them was frequently though fruitlessly claimed by Norway and +Denmark in succession until the reign of Charles II and even later; +and possibly this right remains, to the legal mind, open until the +present day. + +On the 20th February 1471 the Earldom of Orkney and Lordship of +Shetland were, by an Act of the Scottish Parliament, finally annexed +to the Scottish Crown. But Norse law and usages and the Norse language +long lived on in Orkney and longer still in Shetland. + + + + +CHAPTER XI. + +_Results and Conclusion._ + + +Restless energy, and a religion that taught its followers that death +in combat alone conferred on the happy warrior a title to immortal +glory and a perpetual right to the unbroken joy of battle daily +renewed in Valhalla drove the Viking to war. + +Headed off on the south by the vast army and feudal system of +Charlemagne, this energy in war could be exercised, and its religious +aims achieved, solely on the sea, which skill in shipbuilding and in +navigation as well had converted from a barrier into a highway to the +west. + +As already stated, over-population in the sterile lands of Norway, +and famine probably increased by immigration from the east and south, +drove its people "at times in piracy and at times in commerce"[1] +forth from the western fjords and The Vik across the North Sea to +the opposite coasts of Scotland, and so to its western lochs and to +Ireland, where they found cattle to slaughter on the nesses, stores of +grain, and other booty. + +War, in fact, paid; and, after generations of harrying, many of the +raiders concluded that the western lands in Britain were fairer and +more fertile than their native shores, and desired to settle in the +west. + +Finally the feudalism of Charlemagne was imitated by Harald Harfagr in +Norway; and, against that, Norse independence revolted and rebelled. +The true Viking would be no other man's man, and to secure Harald's +feudal power he was driven forth from Norway by an organised navy +manned by those of his countrymen who had agreed to accept King Harald +as feudal overlord and to pay him tribute. Defeated, as we have seen, +at the naval battle of Hafrsfjord in 872, the rebel remnant of the +Vikings found their return to Norway barred; and those of them who +became pirates in Orkney and Shetland and raided Norway as such, +were, in their turn, assailed in these islands by King Harald, and +destroyed. Others of them colonised Ireland, the Hebrides, and the +Faroes; and from all these islands as well as from Scotland and Norway +issued the swarms that settled in Iceland, and afterwards gave us a +code of law, our system of trial by jury, much of our legal procedure, +and, when crossed with Gaelic blood, produced the glorious literature +of the Sagas. But in their exodus, whencesoever they started, what +all alike sought was liberty; which, for them, meant the right to do +exactly as they pleased to others, and freedom from paying "scat" or +dues to a superior lord. + +When the Vikings came, they came as worshippers of Thor and Odin and +the old Teutonic gods. To them the Christianity of the Pict was "a +weak effeminate creed." They, therefore, slew its followers, plundered +its shrines, and drove its clergy south from Orkney, from north-east +Caithness and the coasts of Sutherland, and from the seaboard of Ross +and Moray, and for a century and a half Christianity was uprooted +and almost wholly expelled. No jarl before Sigurd Hlodverson was a +Christian, and he was baptized by force, and died fighting for Odin +at Clontarf. With all "the fury of an expiring faith, its last lambent +flickering flame, against a creed that seemed to contradict every +article of the old belief,"[2] wherever they came, they destroyed the +cult and culture of Columba, which it had taken several centuries to +establish in the north and west of Alban. + +When the conquerors settled in the land, they enslaved such of its +inhabitants as remained among them for a time, and gave to the best +coastal lands and lower valley farms the Norse names which they still +bear, but they left the heads of the river valleys and the hills +mainly to the Moddan family and their Pictish followers and clansmen, +who held them tenaciously and extended their holdings, as the Norse +became less hostile through inter-marriage, or less strong. Once +settled, the Norse exerted such steady pressure on their southern +Pictish neighbours in Ross and Moray, and kept them so fully occupied +in war or by the constant menace of it from the north, that successive +Scottish kings were in their turn left comparatively free, on their +own northern frontier, from Pictish attacks, and were therefore +enabled to consolidate their own kingdom in the south of Scotland and +to beat the English back to the line of the Tweed. Afterwards they +were able to turn their attention to the consolidation of the mainland +north of the Grampians,[3] by first overcoming the Picts in Moray, +and then the Norse in Cat, and establishing the feudal system and the +Catholic Church. + +Worshipping, as the Vikings did, amongst others, the "fair white god +Baldr of golden beauty," and accounting as base-born "hellskins" those +of darker hue, it seems strange that they should so soon have taken +to themselves Celtic wives. But we have seen that they came by sea and +that no Norse women were allowed in Viking ships,[4] and thus it was +Celtic mothers alone that perpetuated the race. They also taught the +children the Gaelic tongue, and, on the mainland in all Sutherland and +Caithness save the north-eastern portions of the latter, Gaelic soon +became again the only spoken language. + +But the language was Gaelic with a difference. As already stated, it +contained, especially in connection with the sea, and ships, gear, and +tackle, many old Norse words,[5] and, in the Gaelic of Sutherland, as +in the English of Orkney and Shetland and of Caithness and Moray +the Old Norse roots remain. Nor need we believe that every Magnus or +Sweyn, or Ragnvald was a pure Norseman. For their Celtic mothers often +preferred to give their children Old Norse names. + +The Norse place-names,[6] too, have been faithfully preserved by +Gaelic inhabitants, and are still with us; and despite their varying +spellings in documents of title and maps of different dates, these +names generally yield up the secret of their original meanings when +they can be traced back to the earliest charters, especially if they +can be compared with the corresponding Gaelic versions of them in use +at the present time. For Gaelic was ever a trustworthy vehicle of the +original Norse. The Norse place-names too are found in the same spots +on which the remains of brochs exist, that is, on the best land at the +lowest levels which the Picts had already cultivated, and which the +Norse invaders seized. Such names are also found on the eastern coast +as far south as Dingwall, both in Ross and Cromarty. They were never +imposed on the Moray seaboard, which was not permanently held by the +Norse. Freskyn and his descendants saw to that. His fortress at Duffus +checked all raids from their fort at Burghead. + +Of outward and visible monuments, save here and there a howe or +grave-mound, the Vikings, unlike their Pictish predecessors, have +left us little or nothing on the mainland. In Iceland the skali[7] or +farm-house of the Norseman was built with some stone and turf below, +and a superstructure of wood which has long ago perished,[8] and but +slight traces of foundations are visible on the surface there. From +the frequent burnings in the Saga we know that such houses were of +highly inflammable materials which would soon perish. The place-name, +"Skaill," remains both in Sutherland and Caithness. But no skilled +antiquary, has as yet laid bare by excavation the secrets of likely +sites of Norse dwellings in these counties, as Mr. A.W. Johnston has +done at The Jarls' Bu at Orphir, in Orkney.[9] And yet, if Drumrabyn +or Dunrabyn, Rafn's Ridge or Broch, be the true derivation of Dunrobin +(and the name is found at a time when as yet no Robin had inhabited +the place) possibly the Norse Lawman Rafn had a house of consequence +there like his Pictish predecessors, if, indeed, he did not inhabit +the Pictish broch whose foundations were found on or under the present +castle's site. There was also a castle of note on the northern shore +of the modern port of Helmsdale, which is probably the castle of +Sorlinc of Mr. Collingwood's _William the Wanderer_, also called +Surclin, both words being a corrupt form, it is suggested, of +Scir-Illigh, the old name of the parish of Kildonan. + +In Caithness especially, we have many a Norse castle site, such as +Earl Harold's borg at Thurso, and Lambaborg, the modern Freswick, +which we know to have been inhabited by noted Norsemen, while, in +Sutherland, Borve near Farr, and Seanachaistel on the Farrid Head near +Durness seem to be ideal Viking sites. _Breithivellir_[10] or Brawl +Castle was a known residence of Earl John and later earls, and search +for foundations might well be made on the coasts of Caithness, and +round Tongue and at the mouths of the Naver and of the Borgie and +other rivers, and at or near Unes or Little Ferry, possibly at Skelbo, +(Skail-bo) and in Kildonan at Helmsdale. That the Norsemen used many +of the Pictish brochs as dwelling-places is more than probable, and +is proved by the Sagas in certain instances.[11] At the same time few +articles used distinctively by Norsemen have been found in them. + +No stately church like the Cathedral of St. Magnus at Kirkwall, itself +the finest specimen of Norman architecture in Scotland, survives on +the mainland from Viking days; nor, so far as is known, was any such +edifice built there by any Norseman; but the original High Church of +Halkirk, and also the old church of St. Bar at Dornoch, which preceded +and is believed to have occupied a site immediately to the east of St. +Gilbert's later Cathedral, may have been used by the later jarls, and +a few miles south of Halkirk are the foundations of the Spittal of St. +Magnus,[12] part of which, and of St. Peter's Church at Thurso may be +Norse. + +Though the towns of Wick and Thurso[13] are frequently mentioned +in the _Orkneyinga Saga_, and earls and jarls stayed at both, no +Sutherland village (if any save Dornoch existed) is named in it; but +the site of modern Golspie (Gol's-by) appears in ancient charters as +Platagall, "the Flat of the Stranger."[14] + +If in his outward and visible man the Norseman has all but faded away +in Sutherland, he remains more in evidence in Caithness, in spite of +Celtic mothers and successive waves of Scottish immigration. The high +Norse skull, the tall frame with broad shoulders and narrow hips,[15] +the fair hair and skin, the sea-blue eyes and sound teeth are still +to be seen; and from time to time, amid greatly preponderating Celtic +types, we are startled by coming across some perfect living specimen +of the pure Viking type almost always on or near the coast. + +But, if the outward type is rarely seen, its inward qualities remain. +What were those qualities? + +The late Professor York Powell summed up the character of the Viking +emigrant folk in his introduction to Mr. Collingwood's _Scandinavian +Britain_, as follows:-- + +"A sturdy, thrifty, hardworking, law-loving people, fond of good cheer +and strong drink, of shrewd, blunt speech, and a stubborn reticence, +when speech would be useless or foolish; a people clean-living, +faithful to friend and kinsman, truthful, hospitable, liking to make a +fair show, but not vain or boastful; a people with perhaps little +play of fancy or great range of thought, but cool-thinking, resolute, +determined, able to realise the plainer facts of life clearly, and +even deeply."[16] + +Blend these qualities with those of the Gael, and what infinite +possibilities appear; for the characteristics of the two races +supplement each other. Fuse them together in proper proportions for +a few generations, the improvident and dreamy with the thrifty and +energetic, the voluble with the reticent, the romantic and humorous +with the truthful and blunt of speech, the fiery and impulsive with +the sober of thought, and how greatly is the type improved in the new +race evolved from the union of both. + +Turning from eugenics to more practical matters, it was the brain and +the manual skill of the Viking that invented and perfected our modern +sailing ship. Stripped of its barbaric excrescences at stem and stern, +and of its rows of shields and ornaments, the lines of the Viking ship +of Gokstad[17] found there buried but entire, are the lines of our +herring boats of fifty years ago. Sharp and partly decked at stem and +stern only, like those boats, the Viking ship could live, head to the +waves, even in the roughest sea. It was, too, a living thing, a new +type of vessel handy to row or sail, and far in advance not only of +the early British ship and Pictish coracle[18] but also of the Roman +galley with lines like those of a canal barge, and also far in advance +of the Saxon ship of war or merchandise. The only points of difference +between the older type of herring boat and the Viking ship were the +stepping of the mast further forward and the use of the fixed rudder +in the modern vessel. + +Not only did the Viking brain invent our modern ship, but it was +the Viking spirit that impelled us as a nation to use the ocean as +a highway. The Norseman had discovered America and West Africa many +centuries before Columbus or Vasco di Gama. The Norse colonised[19] +Greenland, Labrador, and possibly even Massachusetts, and it was on a +voyage to Iceland that Jean Cabot heard of America, on whose continent +he was the first modern sailor to land, and it is said that it was +through him that Columbus, after he had discovered the West Indian +Islands, first heard that North America had been proved to be a +continent by Cabot's coasting voyage along its shore from Maine to +Florida. The Vikings, too, taught us the discipline without which no +ship can live through an ocean storm. Their spirit, too, when piracy +had died out, led us into trade; for, as we have seen, the Viking was +no mere pirate, but ever a trader as well.[20] Their sea-fights live +in story, though their traders found no skald or bard, and it is thus +that we hear less of their trading or of their civic or domestic life. + +This spirit of theirs, like their blood, is ever with us still. It has +gone into our race, and it keeps coming out in unexpected quarters. +Hidden under Celtic colouring and Highland dress, the Viking warrior +is there in spirit, glorying in battle, though often apparently no +more of a real "Barelegs" by race than was kilted King Magnus. The +Berserk fury and stubborn tenacity of our Highland regiments derive +their origin from the Viking as well as from the Celtic strain.[21] +Our sailors too, had they been Celts, would not readily have left +smooth water. It was Viking not Celtic blood that drove them to the +open sea. It was Viking skill that built the ships, managed them in +storms through Viking discipline, navigated them across the ocean, and +gave us the naval and commercial supremacy which founded and preserves +our empire overseas. + +They came to us not only from Norway direct, westwards across the sea. +They came to us also from Normandy northwards through England. The +first swarms of Norsemen had brought with them rapine and disorder. +Later on the Norman came to the north to curb such evils, and to +organise, administer, and rule the land. The Normans succeeded in +this as signally as the Saxon barons, introduced under Saint Margaret, +Malcolm Canmore's Saxon queen, had failed. David I was by education a +Norman knight. At heart he was an ecclesiastic. As Scotland's king, +he was, in theory, owner of Scotland's soil from the Tweed to the +Pentland Firth, and he disposed of it to his feudal barons, mainly +Norman, and to religious foundations on Norman lines, as the Norman +kings of England had done there before him, in order to organise and +consolidate his kingdom; and his successors did the same. + +Thus, as Professor Hume Brown puts it--[22] + +"Directly and indirectly the Norman conquest influenced Scotland only +less profoundly than England itself. In the case of Scotland it was +less immediate and obtrusive, but in its totality it is a fact of the +first importance in the national history." + +It affected Scotland in the latter part of the times which we have +considered right up to John o' Groats. Moray was divided among +Normans and "trustworthy natives," and the scattering of its Pictish +population gave the Mackays to Sutherland, and, largely blended with +the Norse, they still occupy the greater part of it. The Freskyns, as +"trustworthy natives," were introduced into Sutherland, after many +a fight for it, by charter doubtless in Norman form; and Normans won +Caithness in the persons of the earlier Cheynes and Oliphants and St. +Clairs, who, by inter-marriage with the descendants in the female +line of a branch of the Freskyns, possessed themselves not only of the +lands of the family of Moddan but of most of the mainland territories +of the Erlend line, through Johanna of Strathnaver's daughters and +great-grand-daughters. + +At a time and in an age when liberty meant licence, the order which +the Norman introduced into the north made more truly for real liberty +and the supremacy of law, than the individual independence which +the Norseman had left his native land to preserve; and though both +feudalism and the blind obedience to authority then enjoined by the +Catholic Church are no longer approved or required, and have long +been rightly discarded, yet they served their purpose in their day, +by evolving from the wild blend of Gaels and Norsemen, which held the +land, a civilised people free from many of the worse, and endowed with +many of the better qualities of either race. + + + + +NOTES + + +_The following abbreviations are used: + +H.B. for Hume Brown's History of Scotland. + +O.S. for Orkneyinga Saga. + +O.P. for Origines Parochiales. + +F.B. for Flatey Book. + +O. and S. for Tudor's Orkney and Shetland. + +B.N. Burnt Njal. + + And see List of Authorities (ante) for full titles of Books referred + to. Save where otherwise stated the references to the Sagas + are to the chapters not pages_. + + + + +NOTES + + + +CHAPTER I. + + +[Footnote 1: _Rhind Lectures_ 1883 and 1886, and see _The County of +Caithness_, pp. 273-307.] + +[Footnote 2: _Royal Commission 2nd Report, 1911_, and _3rd Report, +1911_; see also Laing and Huxley's _Prehistoric Remains of Caithness_, +1866.] + +[Footnote 3: _Survivals in Belief among the Celts_, 1911.] + +[Footnote 4: _Tacitus, Agricola_ 22-28.] + +[Footnote 5: Coille-duine, or Kelyddon-ii.] + +[Footnote 6: _H.B._, vol. i, p. 5.] + +[Footnote 7: Anderson, _Scotland in Pagan Times_, p. 222. Two plates +of brass found in Craig Carrill Broch. Copper 84%, tin 16%.] + +[Footnote 8: See Laing and Huxley's _Prehistoric Remains in +Caithness_, Laing ascribes a much greater antiquity to the _Burgs_, +pp. 60-61. See Skene, _Chron. Picts and Scots_, pp. 157-160 as to a +legend of their Scythian origin, and p. xcvi and p. 58.] + +[Footnote 9: See Reeves' Life, and see _H.B._, vol. i, pp. 12-15; also +Dr. Joseph Anderson's _Scotland in Early Christian Times_, 1879, p. +139.] + +[Footnote 10: _H.B._, vol. i, pp. 10-17.] + + + +CHAPTER II. + + +[Footnote 1: See MacBain's note at p. 157 of Skene's _Highlanders of +Scotland_.] + +[Footnote 2: For the boundaries of Sutherland, see Sir R. Gordon's +_Genealogie of the Earles_, pp. i and 2, and map hereto.] + +[Footnote 3: In Ness the subjacent stone is too near the surface to +have ever admitted of the growth of large trees.] + +[Footnote 4: Scrope, _Days of Deerstalking_, 3rd edit., pp. 374-377.] + +[Footnote 5: Curie's _Inventories of Monuments, &c._, 1911 (Caithness) +1911 (Sutherland), and see his maps. Why are there no brochs in Moray, +Aberdeenshire and the Mearns? Did the Picts come there from the west +and south-west coast after the age of broch-building, driven before +the Scots, first eastward, then north into the Grampians?] + +[Footnote 6: For example in Loch Naver.] + +[Footnote 7: Anderson's _Scotland in Pagan Times_, pp. 174-259.] + +[Footnote 8: See Munro's _Prehistoric Scotland_, p. 356.] + +[Footnote 9: Often spelt Mormaor. See Ritson, _Annals of the +Caledonians_, pp. 62-3.] + +[Footnote 10: See _Scotland in Early Christian Times_ (Anderson), pp. +141-2.] + +[Footnote 11: Despite _The Pictish Nation_, pp. 69 and 401. But see +Skene, _Chron. Picts and Scots (Annals of Tighernac_) p. 75, where 150 +Pictish ships are said to have been wrecked in 729 A.D.] + +[Footnote 12: See Du Chaillu, _The Viking Age_, vol. ii. pp. 65-101.] + +[Footnote 13: Worsaae, _The Prehistory of the North_, pp. 184-7. +_Scandinavian Britain_, pp. 34-42.] + +[Footnote 14: Viking Society's _Orkney and Shetland Folk_, 1914.] + +[Footnote 15: Robertson, _Early Kings_, vol. i, p. 105, and ii, p. +469.] + +[Footnote 16: Dun-bretan, or the fort of the Britons; Alcluyd, the +rock of the Clyde.] + + + +CHAPTER III. + + +[Footnote 1: _H.B._, vol. i, p. 22.] + +[Footnote 2: _Chron. Hunt._ Skene, _Chron. Picts and Scots_, p. 209.] + +[Footnote 3: See also Rhys, _Celtic Britain_, p. 198.] + +[Footnote 4: _Flatey Book_, vol. i, ch. 218.] + +[Footnote 5: _H.B._, vol. i, p. 27.] + +[Footnote 6: Haroldswick in Unst is said to have been called after +King Harald. Tudor, _O. and S._, p. 570.] + +[Footnote 7: _Ekkjals-bakki_ is clearly Oykel's Bank, the high bank or +[Greek: ochthe hypsele] of Ptolemy. "Ochill" is the same word. As for +Bakke, see Coldbackie and Hysbackie near Tongue.] + +[Footnote 8: _O.S._, ch. 4, 5.] + +[Footnote 9: The late Dr. Joass had identified the site of the burial +mound. It is said to be Croc Skardie on the S.E. bank of the River +Evelix, near Sidera. Skardi is a Norse word, and probably means a gap, +or a twin-topped hillock, which it is.] + +[Footnote 10: _H.B._, i, p. 28.] + +[Footnote 11: See Skene's _Chronicles of the Picts and Scots_, pp. 8, +9 and lxxv, and _Celtic Scotland_, vol. i, 339, note.] + +[Footnote 2: An able paper on this subject by the late Mr. R.L. +Bremner was read to the Viking Society, and it is hoped may be +printed. But Brunanburgh is usually located south of the Humber, or in +the Wirral in Cheshire. See _Scandinavian Britain_, pp. 131-4 where it +is located on the west coast, and on this coast it probably was.] + +[Footnote 13: See _Genealogie of the Earles_, pp. 1 and 2, as to the +"boundaries of Southerland."] + +[Footnote 14: _F.B._, vol. i, pp. 221-9. See Trans. of _O.S._, +Hjaltalin and Goudie, App. pp. 203-212. See also _St. Olaf's Saga_, c. +cix. See also generally Vigfusson's _Prolegomena to Sturlunga Saga_, +Introduction, p. xcii, vol. i.] + +[Footnote 15: The "scurvy Kalf" and "tree-bearded Thorir."] + +[Footnote 16: _O.S._, ch. 6, 7.] + +[Footnote 17: _O.S._, ch. 8, on Rinar's Hill. Tudor, _O. and S._, p. +364.] + +[Footnote 18: _O.S._, ch. 80. But see _Heimskringla_, Saga Library, i, +96 and _St. Olaf's Saga_, ch. cv and cvii.] + +[Footnote 19: See _Blackwood's Magazine_, April 1920; an able and +interesting article intituled _A Branch of the Family_, by J. Storer +Clouston.] + +[Footnote 20: _F.B._, ch. 183, 184.] + +[Footnote 21: Tudor, _Orkney and Shetland_, p. 336.] + +[Footnote 22: _Torf. Orc._, p. 25, "facile de alieno largientis."] + +[Footnote 23: _F.B._, 115. _O.P._, 783. _F.B._, 186. _O.S._, 10, 11. +_O.S._, 8. Skene, _Celtic Scotland_, i, 374-9.] + +[Footnote 24: Dalrymple, _Collections_, p. 99.] + +[Footnote 25: Viking Society, _Orkney and Shetland Folk_, 1914, p. 5.] + +[Footnote 26: _O.P._, (Canisbay), vol. ii, 794, 816.] + +[Footnote 27: _O.S._, 11.] + +[Footnote 28: _B.N._, c. 85.] + +[Footnote 29: _O.S._, 12. _F.B._, 187. The _F.B._ makes the scene of +this battle Skitten Moor.] + +[Footnote 30: _F.B._, 187.] + +[Footnote 31: _Thorgisl_, I, 4. (_Orig. Islandicae_, ii, p. 635.) In +_The Old Statistical Account_ (Tongue) there is a tradition of such a +fight on Eilean nan Gall at the entrance to the Bay of Tongue, then in +Caithness.] + +[Footnote 32: p. 23.] + +[Footnote 33: See Sir Wm. Fraser's _Book of Sutherland_, and Pedigree +in Appendix. There is a Craig Amlaiph (Olaf) above Torboll and +Cambusmore (both in Cat) near the Mound in Sudrland. There were no +Thanes of the De Moravia line in Sutherland.] + +[Footnote 34: See _The Pictish Nation and Church_, pp. 129-32, and +341.] + +[Footnote 35: See _Darratha-liod_, published by the Viking Club, +1910.] + +[Footnote 36: _Burnt Njal_, c. 151.] + +[Footnote 37: Iceland accepted Christianity by a vote of its Thing in +1000 A.D. "Blood" often fell in Iceland; after a volcanic eruption, +rain was tinged with red.] + +[Footnote 38: Tudor, _O. and S._, p. 20.] + +[Footnote 39: Rods used for dividing and pressing downwards.] + +[Footnote 40: See _Scandinavian Britain_ (Collingwood), p. 256-7, +where Mr. Gilbert Goudie's _Antiquities of Shetland_ is referred to.] + + + +CHAPTER IV. + + +[Footnote 1: _Reg. Morav._, p. xxiv, and _Charter_ No. 264, p. 342.] + +[Footnote 2: Dunbar, _Scottish Kings_, pp. 4-7.] + +[Footnote 3: Some authorities hold that Macbeth was the son of a +sister of Malcolm. His property was probably in Ross and Cromarty. See +also Rhys' _Celtic Britain_, p. 196.] + +[Footnote 4: Skuli was first Earl of Caithness, which then included +Sutherland, see _ante_, but he was Norse.] + +[Footnote 5: _O.S._, 16.] + +[Footnote 6: Trithing--the same word as Riding in Yorkshire, +one-third. See _Scot. Hist. Review_, Oct. 1918. J. Storer Clouston. +Ulfreksfirth is Larne Bay.] + +[Footnote 7: _O.S._, 17, 18.] + +[Footnote 8: _O.S._, 20, 21, and _St. Olaf's Saga_, cix.] + +[Footnote 9: _O.S._, 22.] + +[Footnote 10: _O.S._, 22. See _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_, vol. ii, pp. +180-3, 195 and notes.] + +[Footnote 11: _O.S._, 22. Dunbar, _Scottish Kings_, p. 15 and note +22. The Standing Stane was removed to Altyre about 1820. See Romilly +Allen, _Early Christian Monuments of Scotland_, p. 136, "removed from +the College field at the village of Roseisle."] + +[Footnote 12: _O.S._, 22.] + +[Footnote 13: _O.S._, 22, 23.] + +[Footnote 14: Robertson, _Early Kings_, vol. i, p. 116 and note, 116 +and 117.] + +[Footnote 15: _O.S._, 23, 24, 25, 26. _St. Olaf's Saga_, c. cviii, +ccxlv.] + +[Footnote 16: _O.S._, 27. These raids are unknown to English +historians.] + +[Footnote 17: _O.S._, 30.] + +[Footnote 18: _O.S._, 31.] + +[Footnote 19: _O.S._, 33, 34. See Tudor's _Orkney and Shetland_, p. +356. "Roland's Geo" is at the N. end of Papa Stronsay.] + +[Footnote 20: "Christ Church" in the Sagas denotes a Cathedral +Church.] + +[Footnote 21: _O.S._, 37. See _Chronicles of the Picts and Scots_ +(Skene), p. 78.] + +[Footnote 22: _O.S._, 13-39.] + +[Footnote 23: Pope, _Torf._ (Trans.), p. 62 note. See _Genealogie of +the Earles_, p. 135.] + + + +CHAPTER V. + + +[Footnote 1: _Short Magnus Saga_, I. _O.S._, 37.] + +[Footnote 2: _O.S._, 38.] + +[Footnote 3: See _Orkney and Shetland Folk_ (Viking Society, 1914), +A.W. Johnston's note, p. 35. See Dunbar's _Scottish Kings_, p. 7.] + +[Footnote 4: See _Dalrymple's Collections_ (1705), p. 153 for the date +of Malcolm's marriage with St. Margaret, p. 157, where he puts the +marriage in 1070, after three years' courtship. See also pp. 163 and +164. Sir Archibald Dunbar puts Ingibjorg's marriage in 1059, as stated +above, and if Thorfinn was an Earl from his birth in 1008, he would +have been 50 years earl in 1058. As a king's grandson he might well +have been an earl from his birth.] + +[Footnote 5: Rolls Edition _O.S._, p. 45, c. 30. She must have died +before 1068 when Malcolm Canmore married Margaret, daughter of Edward +Atheling, sister of Edgar Atheling. Dunbar, _Scottish Kings_, p. +27. Was Ingibjorg's marriage within the prohibited degrees, and so +dissolved? See also Henderson, _Norse Influence, &c._, p. 25-26, +which is not correct. Earl Orm married Sigrid, d. of Finn Arneson not +Ingibjorg. See Table ix, _Saga Library_, vol. 6, Earls of Ladir, and +Table xi.] + +[Footnote 6: The _O.S._ mentions only Duncan. The other sons seem +doubtful. But see Dunbar, _Scottish Kings_, p. 31 and notes, and p. +38.] + +[Footnote 7: _O.S._, 40.] + +[Footnote 8: As to the Bishop, see _Orkney and Shetland Records_, +pp. 3-8; and as to their quarrels, see _O.S._, 40.; _Magnus Saga +the Longer_, 6 and 8. For St. Magnus, see Pinkerton's _Lives of +the Scottish Saints_, revised by W.M. Metcalfe (Paisley, Alexander +Gardner, 1889), p. xlii, and pp. 213-266.] + +[Footnote 9: So called because he wore the kilt, in its original form, +not the philabeg.] + +[Footnote 10: _Magnus Saga_, 10, 11 and 20. The story of this time +is confused and difficult. _Torfaeus_, trans., p. 85 and _Torfaeus +Orcades_, c. xviii. From c. 20 of _Magnus Saga the Longer_ it is clear +that Hakon in 1112 took Paul's share of Caithness also and Magnus took +Erlend's share, and that they divided that earldom and lands.] + +[Footnote 11: _O.S._, 45.] + +[Footnote 12: _Magnus Saga the Longer_, c. 10 to 28. _O.S._, c. 46 to +55. There is little doubt but that Magnus was the Scottish candidate +for Caithness, and Hakon the Norse favourite, and Hakon had to conquer +Cat.] + +[Footnote 13: Who was Dufnjal? What does "_firnari en broethrungr_" +mean? Who was Duncan the Earl? Possibly the Norse expression +means half first cousin, and if Dufnjal was Earl Duncan's son, the +relationship was through Malcolm III, and Dufnjal was a son of King +Duncan II, called "Duncan the Earl," of whom, however, the _O.S._ +and _Longer Magnus Saga_ say nothing in this connection. But see +Henderson, _Norse Influence, &c._, p. 26 contra.] + +[Footnote 14: Paplay, Thora's home, was probably in Firth Parish in +mainland, near Finstown. _Short Magnus Saga_, c. 18, not "twenty," but +twenty-one years after his death. See _O.S._, c. 60. But vide Tudor +_O. and S._, pp. 251-2 and 348. See also Anderson's Introduction, p. +xc, to Hjaltalin and Goudie's _O.S. contra._] + +[Footnote 15: _Viking Club Miscellany_, vol. i, pp. 43-65 (J. +Stefansson), but the authorship is disputed.] + +[Footnote 16: _O.S._, 47] + +[Footnote 17: _O.S._, 48. Both Hakon and Magnus were about five-sixths +Norse.] + +[Footnote 18: _O.S._, c. 55; _Magnus Saga_, 30.] + +[Footnote 19: _O.S._, 56.] + +[Footnote 20: See _Reg. Dunfermelyn_, No. 1 and 23 (p. 14); Lawrie, +_Scot. Charters_, pp. 100, 179; Viking Club, _Caithness and Sutherland +Records_, p. 18, the note to which seems correct. "The Earl" was +Ragnvald, who ruled as Harold's guardian at this time, in Caithness +also. Durnach is now Dornoch.] + +[Footnote 21: _Reg. Dunfermelyn_, No. 24 (p. 14). Supposed to be the +Huchterhinche of St. Gilbert's Charter to the Cathedral of Durnach. +_Sutherland Book_, iii, p. 4.] + +[Footnote 22: Dunbar, _Scot. Kings_, pp. 51, 60, 61, 63. The name is +spelt "Fretheskin" also.] + +[Footnote 23: Possibly 1120.] + +[Footnote 24: See _History and Antiq. of the Parish of Uphall_ by the +Rev. J. Primrose (1898).] + +[Footnote 25: _Family of Kilravoch_, p. 61. Robertson, _Early Kings_, +ii, 497, note.] + +[Footnote 26: See _Familie of Innes_ (Spalding Club), pp. 2. 51, 52.] + +[Footnote 27: _Sutherland Book_, vol. I, p. 7, and see map of Cat.] + +[Footnote 28: See Pedigree in Appendix. _Reg. Morav._, c. 99, p. 114. +Freskyn I was his _attavus_, or great-great-grandfather.] + +[Footnote 29: _Reg. Morav._ p. 139, ch. 126.] + + + +CHAPTER VI. + + +[Footnote 1: _O.S._, 57, 58.] + +[Footnote 2: _O.S._, 56, 57.] + +[Footnote 3: _O.S._, 58.] + +[Footnote 4: _O.S._, 58.] + +[Footnote 5: Pope, _Torfaeus_ (trans.), note p. 133.] + +[Footnote 6: Can she have inhabited the Broch at Feranach, which had +six chambers in the thickness of the wall, (Curle's _Inventory_, +No. 314), or is the site of her homestead (probably of wood) now +undiscoverable? She was burnt in her homestead, not in her residence. +The Saga account points to a site on the west bank of the river.] + +[Footnote 7: _O.S._, 58.] + +[Footnote 8: _O.S._, 59.] + +[Footnote 9: _O.S._, 61, 62, 63, 65, c.f. the modern phrase "a young +hopeful."] + +[Footnote 10: _O.S._, 66.] + +[Footnote 11: _O.S._, 68.] + +[Footnote 12: _O.S._, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73-80.] + +[Footnote 13: See Tudor, _Orkney and Shetland_, pp. 35 and 375.] + +[Footnote 14: See note to Hjaltalin and Goudie _O.S._, p. 107, where +Atjokl's-bakki is suggested as an emendation, and also p. 115.] + +[Footnote 15: Maiming made a Northman impossible.] + +[Footnote 16: _O.S._, 81.] + +[Footnote 17: _O.S._, 81.] + +[Footnote 18: _O.S._, 82.] + +[Footnote 19: Guides would be easily got from Elgin. For the MacHeths, +constantly fled to the wilds of Cat for refuge, before, in 1210 or +later, they settled there, getting land in Durness after 1263.] + +[Footnote 20: i.e. The Minch. It is said that he was the ancestor of +the Macaulays of the Lewis, but Macaulay means son of Olaf, not of +Olvir.] + +[Footnote 21: _O.S._, 88. Earl Waltheof must have been a neighbour of +Freskyn in Moray.] + +[Footnote 22: _O.S._, 86.] + +[Footnote 23: _O.S._, 89. Ragnvald's verses are collected in _Corpus +Poet Boreale_, vol. ii, pp. 276-7. See Tudor, _O. and S._ p., 471.] + +[Footnote 24: Whence the English expression "bound" for a destination +by sea, i.e. "equipped," which is also a Norse word which has nothing +to do with the Latin "equus" a horse.] + +[Footnote 25: _O.S._, 91. Bilbao=the sea-borg on the River Nervion, +not Narbonne, see Rolls Ed., p. 163, note, and _Introduction_, p. +lix.] + +[Footnote 26: _O.S._, 89-99.] + +[Footnote 27: _O.S._, 99 and 100.] + +[Footnote 28: He was grandson of Hacon Paulson, a grandson of +Thorfinn, and he was also a grandson of Helga, Moddan's daughter.] + +[Footnote 29: _O.S._, 100.] + +[Footnote 30: See Tudor, _O. and S._, p. 344.] + +[Footnote 31: _O.S._, 101. Who this Erlend the Young was is unknown, +but he can hardly have been Jarl Erlend Haraldson, Margret's nephew. +Dasent, Rolls Edit., trans., p. xi. Tudor, _O. and S._, p. 445.] + +[Footnote 32: _O.S._, 102. Ingigerd would thus be born not later than +1136. She is possibly the "Ingigerthr, of women the most beautiful" in +the Runes of Maeshowe.] + +[Footnote 33: _O.S._, 102, not "from Beruvik," but "from the bridal" +(brudkaupi) probably.] + +[Footnote 34: This may be another headland. Brimsness is suggested. +_O.P._, ii, 801, contra.] + +[Footnote 35: _O.S._, 103, 104.] + +[Footnote 36: _O.S._, 105. See as to Ellar-holm (Helliar-holm) Tudor, +_O. and S._, 283.] + +[Footnote 37: _O.S._, 110, 111.] + +[Footnote 38: _O.S._, 111.] + +[Footnote 39: Curle, _Early Mon. Suthd._, p. 108 No. 316; and note +that the horns of the elk or reindeer have been found in Sutherland. +See _Proceedings of Scot. Antiq._, viii, p. 186; and ix, p. 324.] + +[Footnote 40: Thorsdale is the valley of the Thurso River. Calfdale is +the Calder Valley.] + +[Footnote 41: Force; possibly Forsie, or some waterfall said to be +near Achavarn on Loch Calder at the S.E. end of it. Halvard is in the +_Flatey Book_ called Hoskuld. _O.P._, ii, 761, at a ruin of a castle, +Tulloch-hoogie.] + +[Footnote 42: _O.S._, 112, 113. "Ergin" is the plural of airidh, +airidhean or "sheilings."] + +[Footnote 43: _Torfaeus._ Lib. 1, c. 36, _sub. fin._, with Papal +authority (_sed quaere_).] + +[Footnote 44: Ingibiorg or Elin possibly married Gilchrist, Earl of +Angus, as his second wife. But as to this the Sagas are silent.] + +[Footnote 45: _O.S._, 113. See _O.S._, Dasent trans., p. 225. _Hakon +Saga_, 169, Rolls edition.] + + + +CHAPTER VII. + + +[Footnote 1: _O.S._, 114. There is a Mac William Earl of Caithness on +record in 1129. _Seats Peerage_ (Paul).] + +[Footnote 2: _O.S._, 81. _O.S._, Dasent trans., p. 225.] + +[Footnote 3: _O.S._, 115-118.] + +[Footnote 4: _Torf. Orc._, p. 153. He declined to come and fetch her.] + +[Footnote 5: _O.S. Addenda_, p. 225. Rolls edition, trans.] + +[Footnote 6: _Sverri Saga_, 90-93.] + +[Footnote 7: _Scottish Peerage_, vol. viii, p. 318 sqq.] + +[Footnote 8: Quoted by Nisbet, _Heraldry_, App. p. 183, and +_Dalrymple's Collections_, 1705, pp. 66-7 "quas terras pater suus +Friskin tenuit tempore regis David." Felix, Bishop of Moray, who is a +witness to it, was appointed in 1162 and died not later than 1171. As +to David's visit to Duffus, see _Chron. Mailros_, 74.] + +[Footnote 9: Shaw's _Moray_, Edit. 1775, p. 75, "several sons." _Reg. +Morav._ p. 10, and Nos. 12, 13, 19. See _Records of the Monastery of +Kinloss_, p. 112 and _Reg. Morav._, p. 456 "W. filius Frisekin. Hugo +filius ejus." Lohworuora--see Lawrie, _Early Scottish Charters_, pp. +185-6 and 429-30.] + +[Footnote 10: See _Lawrie Annals_, p. 389 and _Chron. Mailros_, +p, 113. See _Records of Kinloss_, p. 113, "Andreas filius Willelmi +Fresekin."] + +[Footnote 11: _Reg. Morav._, No. 1 charter of Skelbo to Gilbert. Hugo +grants it "Testibus Willielmo fratre meo, Andrea fratre meo." See also +_Reg. Morav._, p. 43, No. 40, rector of St. Peter's, Duffus, and No. +119, p. 131.] + +[Footnote 12: Shaw's _Moray_, edit. 1775, p. 75, and note ante, and p. +407, No. xxviii, "Willelmi filii Willelmi filii Freskini."] + +[Footnote 13: Paul, _Scot. Peerage_ (Sutherland), quotes Reg. Mag. +Sigil. Augt. 1452.] + +[Footnote 14: See _Robertson's Index_, p. xix. _O.P._, ii, p. 543.] + +[Footnote 15: _O.P._ II, ii, 655. _Acta Parl. Scot._, 1, p. 606, +_Robertson's Index_, p. xxiv.] + +[Footnote 16: _Sutherland Book_, vol. iii, p. 1. It may have been +hoped that Gilbert would succeed the maimed Bishop John, _Reg. Morav._ +p. xxxiii, note.] + +[Footnote 17: _Sutherland Book_, vol. iii, p. 2. The tenure was thus +by Scottish service of these lands, and so also of Sutherland itself. +It was no grant for religious or charitable purposes.] + +[Footnote 18: _Reg. Morav._ xxxv, a late marginal note.] + +[Footnote 19: Lawrie, _Early Scot. Charters_, pp. 185 and 430, note, +which puts the date at 1147-1150. Children, however, did witness +charters, and Hugo attests last.] + +[Footnote 20: _O.P._, ii, 486. _Reg. Morav._, xxxv, note q. Nos. 259, +215, 216; and _O.P._ ii, 482; and as to Freskin's succession, see No. +99 _Reg. Morav._, p. 113.] + +[Footnote 21: _Reg. Morav._ xiii, and No. 211.] + +[Footnote 22: See _Early Pedigree of the Freskyns_ at the end of this +book. See _Reg. Morav._, p. 89 (No. 80) and p. 133 (No. 121).] + +[Footnote 23: This may have happened a year earlier.] + +[Footnote 24: Skene, _Celtic Scotland_, vol. i, p. 470, quotes _Will. +Newburgh Chron._, b. 1, c. xxiv. Malcolm was personated by Wemund the +monk of Furness. See Note pp. 48-9 of _Viking Society's Year Book_, +vol. iv, 1911-2.] + +[Footnote 25: Fordun, _Annals 4._ Mackay, _Book of Mackay_, p. 24.] + +[Footnote 26: Robertson, _Early Kings_, vol. i, pp. 360-1. As to the +name Macheth and Macbeth, see _Scottish Hist. Rev._ 1920-1. We believe +the names to be distinct, not identical, Mackay being the son of Aedh, +in Gaelic MacAoidh.] + +[Footnote 27: Shaw's _Moray_, edit. 1775, p. 391, No. xiv. Innes says +Berowald was no Fleming.] + +[Footnote 28: See _Viking Club's Year Book_, iv, 1911-12, notes pp. +18-20.] + +[Footnote 29: _O.S._ III. This may be a translation of Loch Glendhu.] + +[Footnote 30: _F.B._, Addenda to _O.S._, trans. Dasent, Rolls edit.] + +[Footnote 31: Charter of St. Gilbert's Cathedral. _Sutherland Book_, +vol. iii, p. 3, No. 4. _Robertson's Index_, p. 16. _Reg. Dunfermelyn_, +7. See _O.P._ ii, p. 598. _Dalrymple's Collections_, p. 248.] + +[Footnote 32: _Sverri's Saga_ (Sephton, pp. 114 to 117), c. 90-93.] + +[Footnote 33: _O.P._, 11, ii, pp. 598 and 735. _Lib. Eccles. de Scon_, +p. 37, No. 58. Viking Club, _Caithness and Sutherland Records_, p. 2. +(_Chron. Mailros_), _Lawrie's Annals_, p. 257. A penny per house for +Peter's Pence was paid in his lifetime, _Viking Club Records_, p. 3, +4; _O.P._ says (p. 598) before 1181.] + +[Footnote 34: _The Sutherland Book_ quotes this opinion, vol. 1, p. +9, and Lord Hailes had special knowledge, see _Annals of Scotland_ +(Hailes), vol. 1, p. 148, anno 1222.] + +[Footnote 35: _O.P. Preface_, p. xxi, and pp. 458 and 529; and 413-4.] + +[Footnote 36: _Scottish Kings_, Dunbar, p, 80.] + +[Footnote 37: _Lib. Pluscard_, xxxvi, 1197-8. _Chron. Mailros_, 1197.] + +[Footnote 38: If it were true, as his son Hakon had died in 1171, it +would prove the death of Henry of Ross, Harold's eldest son by his +first marriage, before 1196. The grandsons would be sons of Harold's +daughter.] + +[Footnote 39: _O.S._ (Dasent trans.), p. 225. _Torfaeus Orcades_, i, +c. 38.] + +[Footnote 40: _O.S._ (Rolls Ed.), pp. 226-231. It was nearer, and +close to Thurso.] + +[Footnote 41: See _Hoveden Chron._, vol. iv, pp. 10-12, and _Scottish +Annals from English Chroniclers_, pp. 316-8. (Alan O. Anderson.)] + +[Footnote 42: _O.P._ ii, 803.] + +[Footnote 43: Dalharrold afterwards belonged to Johanna of +Strathnaver. _Reg. Morav._, p. 139, No. 126. Pope, _Torfaeus_, trans., +Note p. 169. This battle is also said to have been fought by William +the Lion himself, not by Reginald Gudrodson.] + +[Footnote 44: Only three are named, but six are afterwards referred +to. For Pope Innocent's letter see _O. and S. Records_, vol. 1, p. +25.] + +[Footnote 45: _O.S._, Dasent, Rolls edit., pp. 228-30. It is not +clear that the bishop lived till 1213. See _Two Ancient Records of the +Bishopric_, Bannatyne Club, pp. 6 and 7.] + +[Footnote 46: He was there when Bishop Adam was murdered in that +year.] + +[Footnote 47: This is a very large number and hardly credible. It was +not 6000. Can Eystein be the Island Stone, the Man of the Ord?] + +[Footnote 48: Bain, _Calendar of Documents_, Nos. 321 and 324.] + +[Footnote 49: _O.S._, Rolls edit., p. 230.] + +[Footnote 50: _Sverri Saga_, 118, 119, 125.] + +[Footnote 51: _Lord Hailes' Addional Case of Elizabeth, claimant of +the Earldom of Sutherland_, p. 8, and see Robertson, _Early Kings_, +vol. ii, p. 446; App. N. esp. p. 494.] + +[Footnote 52: One of the Gordons of Garty in Sutherland.] + + + +CHAPTER VIII. + + +[Footnote 1: See Peter Clauson Undal's Translation of the lost Inga +Saga, _O.S._, Dasent's trans., Rolls ed., pp. 234-6, from which David +and John appear as joint earls in Orkney and Shetland also, on payment +of a large sum, only after King Sverri's death.] + +[Footnote 2: _O.S._, Rolls edit., p. 231.] + +[Footnote 3: _Scotichronicon_, VIII, clxxvi.] + +[Footnote 4: _Fordun Gesta Annal._, xxviii, _Lawrie Annals_, p. 397, +"circa festum S. Petri ad vincula", i.e., Augt. 1. 1214. There is no +evidence whatever that her name was Matilda.] + +[Footnote 5: _Chron. Mailros_, p. 114; _Lawrie_, p. 395.] + +[Footnote 6: _Hakon Saga_, c. 20.] + +[Footnote 7: Do. c. 45.] + +[Footnote 8: _Flatey Book_; Rolls edit., _O.S._ p. 232. +_Breithivellir_ means Broadfield.] + +[Footnote 9: At Skinnet first; then, in 1239, at Dornoch even more +worthily and in state.] + +[Footnote 10: _Flatey Book_; Rolls edit. _O.S._, p. 232.] + +[Footnote 11: _Province of Cat_, p. 73; see _Wyntoun Chron._, vii, c. +9.] + +[Footnote 12: See _Robertson's Index_, p. xxv.] + +[Footnote 13: See _Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers_, Alan O. +Anderson, pp. 336-7, where the _Chronicle of Melrose_, 139, (1222) is +quoted, Lib. Pluscard, vii, 9.] + +[Footnote 14: _Wyntoun Chron._ vii, c. 9.] + +[Footnote 15: _Hakon Saga_, c. 86.] + +[Footnote 16: Do. c. 101. The Iceland Annals prove Harald's drowning.] + +[Footnote 17: _Hakon Saga_, c. 162, 165 and 167.] + +[Footnote 18: Snaekollr means Snowball. Being largely of Norse blood, +he was probably a fair Viking.] + +[Footnote 19: _Hakon Saga_, 169.] + +[Footnote 20: See Tudor's _Orkney and Shetland_, p. 344 and p. 53, and +_Hakon Saga_, 169-171.] + +[Footnote 21: _Hakon Saga_, 173.] + +[Footnote 22: Not _gydinga. Flatey Book_, iii, p. 528; _Torf. Orc._, +ii, p. 163.] + +[Footnote 23: Pope, _Torfaeus_ (trans.), p. 184, note.] + +[Footnote 24: No. 126.] + + + +CHAPTER IX. + + +[Footnote 1: One daughter married Olaf, who was killed at Floruvagr in +battle in 1194, see _O.S._, Rolls edit., pp. 230-1 (trans.) Dasent.] + +[Footnote 2: Notably in Paul's _Scottish Peerage_ sub _Angus_ and +_Caithness_.] + +[Footnote 3: Ancestor of the Ogilvies, Earls of Airlie.] + +[Footnote 4: _Scots Peerage_ (Cokayne & Gibbs), sub _Angus_ and +_Caithness_. Dalrymple, _Collections_, p. 220.] + +[Footnote 5: _Reg. Aberbrothoc_, pp. 163 and 262, 1227, Jan. 16, +"Magno filio comitis de Anegus."] + +[Footnote 6: Robertson, _Early Kings_, vol. ii, p. 23 (note), who +quotes _Reg. Dunfermelyn_, No. 80, _Reg. Morav._ 110; _Lib. Holyrood_, +58, in support.] + +[Footnote 7: Shaw, _Moray_, 1775, p. 387, No. iv.] + +[Footnote 8: i.e., Malcolm's.] + +[Footnote 9: Surely an error for "Gilchrist."] + +[Footnote 10: See _Dalrymple's Collections_, 1705, pp. lxxiii-iv, +where "North Caithness" is distinguished from Sutherland +conjecturally. Probably, however, it was distinguished rather from the +southern part of modern Caithness, viz. Latheron and Wick parishes.] + +[Footnote 11: This was William de Federeth II, son of Christian, not +her husband of the same name.] + +[Footnote 12: This was Sir Reginald Cheyne III.] + +[Footnote 13: "Gilchrist" not "Gillebride" all through this +quotation.] + +[Footnote 14: Gilchrist, however, died in 1204.] + +[Footnote 15: Not, we think, of Erlend, but of Paul. But South +Caithness probably belonged to the Erlend share, i.e., Latheron and +Wick parishes.] + +[Footnote 16: _Sutherland Book_, vol. 1, p. 12, note.] + +[Footnote 17: _Robertson's Index_, p. 62.] + +[Footnote 18: _Reg. Morav._, p. 341. _O.P._, vol. ii, 709.] + +[Footnote 19: Can the Mallard or Mallart be _Abhainn na mala airde_, +"the river of the high brow"? Another interpretation, _Abhain na +malairte_, "river of the excambion" has been suggested.] + +[Footnote 20: Achness--_Ach-an-eas_ or the field of the waterfall, old +Gaelic _Achanedes_.] + +[Footnote 21: Marriages, however, of persons of unsuitable ages were +freely made in these old times.] + +[Footnote 22: Norse jarldoms were not given to females, but the +jarldom of Orkney was, failing sons, given to the sons of daughters of +preceding jarls, such as Ragnvald, son of Gunnhild, and Harald Ungi, +son of Jarl Ragnvald's daughter.] + +[Footnote 23: _Reg. Morav._, 215, 216; _O.P._, vol. ii, p. 486.] + +[Footnote 24: _O.P._, ii, p. 482. Euphamia or Eufemia is a Ross family +name for centuries. _Reg. Morav._, p. 333.] + +[Footnote 25: _Bain_, vol. 1, year 1258-9.] + +[Footnote 26: _St. Andrew's_, pp. 346 and 347; and for the charter see +_Reg. Morav._, p. 138.] + +[Footnote 27: _Reg. Morav._, p. xxxvi. We do not lay stress upon this +argument from the endowment of _two_ chaplains; but it may import that +Freskin died a violent death, unshriven.] + +[Footnote 28: We can, however, trace many parts of "Lord" Chen's +lands. For they are called the lands of "Lord" Chen in the +descriptions in later charters quoted in _Origines Parochiales_, vol. +ii, pp. 745 Reay, 749 Thurso, 760 Halkirk, 764 Latheron, 774 Wick, +787-8 Olrig, 790 Dunnet, and 814 Canisbay. His lands in all these +parishes were of considerable extent. They included probably the whole +modern estate of Langwell and most of the parish of Latheron, and +Wick up to Keiss Bay and beyond Ackergill and Riess. In Watten they +comprised Lynegar, Dunn, Bilbster, and others: in Halkirk Parish, +Sibster, Leurary, Gerston, Baillecaik, Scots Calder, North Calder, and +Banniskirk; in Reay Parish, Lybster, Borrowstoun, Forss, and part of +Skaill and Brawlbin: in Thurso, Clairdon, Murkle, Sordale, Amster, +Ormelie and the Thurso fishings; in Dunnet Parish, Rattar, Haland, +Hollandmaik, Corsbach, Ham, and Swiney; while in Canisbay Parish, +Brabstermyre, Duncansby, and Sleiklie belonged to Lord Chen. But +neither "Lord" Chen nor Johanna ever owned Brawl, the principal seat +of the Earls of Caithness; and the Earls of the Angus line had +the rest, mainly in Canisbay, Bower, and the northern part of Wick +parishes. Johanna did not own any of the Chen lands in the Earldom of +South Caithness, which Reginald Chen III acquired after 1340, i.e. the +parishes of Latheron and Wick. She probably owned the old parish of +Far and Halkirk but not Latheron, though this is erroneously implied +in the text.] + + + +CHAPTER X. + + +[Footnote 1: _Reg. Morav._, pp. 88, 89, 99, 101, 333. Knighted 1215, +was earl in 1226, founded the Abbey of Fearn before 1230, died about +1251.] + +[Footnote 2: _Robertson's Index_, p. xxi.] + +[Footnote 3: _Hakon Saga_, 245 and 307.] + +[Footnote 4: _Genealogie of the Earles_, p. 30, and _Sutherland Book_, +vol. ii, p. 3 No. 4; _O.P._, ii, 647 note. This is not the Cross now +standing. See Macfarlane, _Geog. Collections_, vol. ii, pp. 450 and +467, where it is called Ri-crois. The story that Dornoch took its +name from the slaying of this Chief with the leg of a horse is quite +unfounded, for the name Durnach appears in a charter about a hundred +years earlier, and has nothing to do with a "horse's hoof." Its +derivation and meaning are alike obscure. Chalmers, _Caledonia_, v, p. +192, gives to Dornock in Dumfriesshire the derivation "Dur-nochd" or +the "bare" or "naked water." Its situation is like that of Dornoch, +with a wide expanse of tidal sands.] + +[Footnote 5: _Sutherland Book_, vol. iii, p. 3, No. 4. See also _Two +Ancient Records of Caithness_, Bannatyne Club. The bishop himself was +a Canon.] + +[Footnote 6: _Genealogie of the Earles_, pp. 6 and 31; _O.P._, ii, +601.] + +[Footnote 7: _Liber Eccles. de Scon_, p. 45, No. 73. Viking Club, +_Sutherland and Caithness Records_, No. 8, pp. 12 and 13.] + +[Footnote 8: _O.P._, ii, p. 603. As regards the marriage of Iye Mor +Mackay to the daughter of Walter de Baltroddi (Bishop), see _Book of +Mackay_, p. 37.] + +[Footnote 9: _Hakon Saga_, 312, 314.] + +[Footnote 10: Do. 317.] + +[Footnote 11: _Sutherland Book_, vol. 1, p. 15. _Genealogie of the +Earls_, p. 33.] + +[Footnote 12: _Hakon Saga_, 319.] + +[Footnote 13: _Hakon Saga_, 318. As to the hostages and their expenses +see _Compot. Camer._ 1-31. From additions to _Hakon's Saga_, Rolls +edition, it appears that Caithness was also fined and an army sent +there by the king of Scotland with a view to the conquest of Orkney.] + +[Footnote 14: _Hakon Saga_, 319. The calculation was made by Sir David +Brewster.] + +[Footnote 15: Also called Port Droman. Possibly Hals-eyar-vik = +neck-island-bay.] + +[Footnote 16: _Hakon Saga_, 318.] + +[Footnote 17: _Hakon Saga_, 327.] + +[Footnote 18: There is a tradition that Hakon slaughtered cattle on +Lechvuaies, a rock in Loch Erriboll.] + +[Footnote 19: _Hakon Saga_, 328-331. Goafiord--Eilean Hoan at the +entrance to Loch Erriboll still retains the name.] + +[Footnote 20: See Tudor, _Orkney and Shetland_, p. 307. What happened +to Earl Magnus III, who in July 1263 had been obliged to join his +overlord, King Hakon, and sail with him from Bergen? The Orkneymen +were far from Norway, but dangerously close to Scotland. Their jarl +had large possessions in Caithness, which he feared to lose if he made +war on the Scottish king. Magnus therefore "stayed behind" in Orkney, +and never went to Largs, but probably went to the Scottish king. +Caithness first suffered from levies of cattle and provisions at the +hands of Hakon, and afterwards from fines levied and hostages taken +by the Scottish King, who sent an army, no doubt under the Chens and +Federeths and others, to threaten Orkney and hold Caithness and levy +the fine. Dugald, king of the Sudreys, intercepted the fine, and +disappeared. Orkney had a Norse garrison, and the Scottish army never +went to Orkney, Magnus was reconciled to Alexander III, and after +the Treaty of Perth, in 1267, was reconciled also to King Magnus of +Norway, on terms that he should hold Orkney of him and his successors, +but that Shetland should remain a direct appanage of the Norse Crown, +as it had been ever since Harold Maddadson's punishment in 1195. (See +Munch's _History of Norway_; and _Torfaeus Orcades_, p. 172; and _King +Magnus Saga_, Rolls edition of _Hakon's Saga_, pp. 374-7).] + + + +CHAPTER XI. + + +[Footnote 1: _Scandinavian Britain_, p. 62. To Orkney and Shetland +they came mainly from the fjords north of Bergen.] + +[Footnote 2: _Oxford Essays_, 1858, p. 165, Dasent, an admirable +account of the Norsemen in Iceland.] + +[Footnote 3: _Hume Brown, History_, ante.] + +[Footnote 4: _Scandinavian Britain_, p. 35.] + +[Footnote 5: See _Norse Influence on Celtic Scotland_ (Henderson), +_passim_; and _Sutherland and the Reay Country_, (Rev. Adam Gunn), +chapter on "Language," p. 172.] + +[Footnote 6: Viking Club, _Old Lore Miscell._, vol. ii, 213; vol. iii, +14, 182, 234.] + +[Footnote 7: See _Burnt Njal_, (Dasent) for a plan and elevation of a +Skali. Skelpick may be Skaill-beg, or Little Hall.] + +[Footnote 8: _Ruins of Saga-time_ (in Iceland) by Thorsteinn +Erlingson, David Nutt (1899).] + +[Footnote 9: See his _Essay_ with plans in the _Saga Book of the +Viking Club_, vol. iii, pp. 174-216.] + +[Footnote 10: i.e. Broadfield; see _O.S._, Rolls edition, p. 232, +formerly Brathwell.] + +[Footnote 11: Mousa in Shetland was twice so used, by two honeymoon +pairs. See Tudor, _O. and S._, p. 481.] + +[Footnote 12: _O.P._, vol. ii, 758.] + +[Footnote 13: _O.S._, 84, 100 and 22; 58, 78, 100, 101, 102, 113, and +pp. 226, 227, 228, in Rolls edition. Hjalmundal is the strath, not the +village of Helmsdale.] + +[Footnote 14: We find in Latheron in Caithness "Golsary" the shieling +of Gol. Platagall, see _O.P._, ii, p. 680.] + +[Footnote 15: The bodily form often follows that of fathers of a fair +race, it is said.] + +[Footnote 16: See p. 21.] + +[Footnote 17: Frontispiece to vol. 1 of Du Chaillu's _Viking Age_.] + +[Footnote 18: See _Scotland in Early Christian Times_, Dr. Joseph +Anderson's _Rhind Lectures_ in 1879, pp. 141-2; _Scandinavian +Britain_, p. 29.] + +[Footnote 19: _Saga of Erik the Red_ and _St. Olaf's Saga_. See _Orig. +Islandicae_, vol. ii, Bk. v, pp. 588-756 "Explorers."] + +[Footnote 20: Yet see the Romance of _Guillaume le Roi_, Chroniques +Anglo-Normandes, vol. iii, Francisque Michel.] + +[Footnote 21: As witness the Seaforths (Sae-fjorthr) of the 51st +Division in France.] + +[Footnote 22: Vol. 1, p. 45. See also Burton's _History of Scotland_, +vol. i, chapter xi, and vol. ii, pp. 14 and 15.] + + + + +APPENDIX. + +EARLY PEDIGREE OF THE FRESKYNS. + + FRESKYN I + + of Strabrock and Duffus, b. about 1100, was granted Duffus about 1130; + entertained David I in 1150 there; died between 1166 and 1171. + | + .--------------------+--------------------. + | | +(1)William MacFrisgyn, Grantee of (2)Hugo Fresechin witnessed the +Strabrock, Duffus, &c., "_quas Charter of Lohworuora Church +terras pater suus Friskin tenuit (Borthwick) to Herbert, Bishop +tempore regis David_," 1165-1171. of Glasgow before 1152, (_Hug. +Witnessed Charter of Innes to filio Fresechin_). +Berowald the Fleming about 1160. + | + .--+-------------------------------+----------------------. + | | | +(1)Hugo Freskyn of Sutherland, (2)William filius Willelmi filii (3)Andrew, +father was William, son Freskin, who calls Hugo his parson +of Freskin, died before 1214. lord and brother, was Lord of + | of Petty, Bracholie, Boharm Duffus. + | and Artildol: d. before 1226. + | | + | +---------------------. + +------------------------------------+------------. | + | | | | +(1)William _dominus (2)Walter de Moravia (3)Andrew, Bishop Walter de +Sutherlandiae, b. ? d. before 20th of Moray. Moravia de +filius et heres March 1248, of Duffus Petty, +quondam Hugonis_, buried there guardian +cr. first Earl with his father of King +after 1237, died Hugo 'beatus,' m. Alexander +1248. | Euphamia, d. of Ferchar III and + | Macintagart, his + | Earl of Ross, circa Queen, + | 1224. | 1255 + | | | +William, 2nd Earl Freskinus II, who had a "proavus et Walter dominus +of Sutherland, attavus" in Moray and was _nepos_ de Bothwell, +1248-1307. (grandson) Hugonis, m. Lady Johanna m.d. of John + | of Strathnaver. He was born (?) Cumyn, d. circa + | about 1225, Lord of Duffus by 1248, 1294. | + | d. 1262-3 (Ch. 99 _Reg. Morav._) | + | | .------+--. + .--+----------. .---+----------. | | + | | | | | | +William, Kenneth, (1)Mary of (2)Christian, William, Andrew. +Third Fourth Duffus, William d.s.p. | +Earl of Earl of m. Federeth I. | +Sutherland, Sutherland, Reginald | | +1307-1327. 1327-1333, fell Chen II. | | + +--at Halidon Hill. | .----------+ .-----------.---+ + | .----------+ | | | + | | | | | + | Reginald Chen III William de Sir Andrew John of + | "Morar na Shein" Federeth II Bothwell, Abercairney. + | had half Caithness, granted one Wardane of + | one quarter by quarter of Scotland, + | grant. | Caithness d. 1338. + | | to Reginald + | | Chen III. + | | + .------+-------. +----.------------------. + | | | | +William Nicolas m. Mary Marjory +Fifth Earl of of | of m. 1 Sir John +Sutherland, Torboll | Duffus Douglas +1333. | m. 2 Sir John + | | Keith of + | Whence the Inverugie + | Duffus Family | + | and Peerage. | +(For rest of (For rest of pedigree | +pedigree see see Sutherland book.) | +Sutherland Book.) Andrew Keith + of Inverugie. + + +NOTE.--William MacFrisgyn is said by Shaw in his History of +Moray, 1775 edit., p. 75, to have had several sons, viz.:--Hugo of +Sutherland, (2) Sir John (whence the Atholl family), (3) William of +Petty, (4) Sir John of Moray (whence Abercairney), (5) Andrew, Bishop +of Moray, (6) Gilbert, Bishop of Caithness, and (7) Richard of Culbin: +_sed quaere_. + + + + +INDEX. + + + Aberbrothock. + + Aberdeen; + bishopric; + invaded. + + Aberdeenshire; + why no brochs? + + Achavarn. + + Achness. + + Acre. + + Adam, earl of Angus. + + Adam, bishop of Caithness; + buried. + + Adamnan. + + Aethelfrith. + + Afreka, dau. of earl of Fife, m. Earl Harold Maddadson, their children; + divorced by Harold. + + Agricola, Tacitus. + + Alane, thane of Sutherland. + + Alban; + its provinces; + common language; + ravaged by Irish Danes; + wars of kings of A. against Northmen; + Moray stretched across A.; + Caithness. + + Alcluyd (Dunbarton). + + Alexander I. + + Alexander II cr. Wm. Freskyn earl of Sutherland; + punished burners of Bishop Adam; + confiscated half Caithness; + grant of earldom of south Caithness to Magnus, earl of Angus; + Magnus II, or Malcolm witness to charter; + succession to throne; + revolt of Donald Ban MacWilliam; + Argyll conquered; + Caithness subdued (1222); + rebellions in Moray and Galloway; + embassy to Norway; + open letter for Scone; + died. + + Alexander III; + m. Margaret, dau. of Henry III; + his only child, Margaret; + embassy to Norway; + conquered Isle of Man and Hebrides. + + Altyre, Standing Stane of Duffus removed to. + + America, Norsemen discovered; + heard of by Jean Cabot in Iceland. + + Amlaiph (Olaf) Craig. + + Anderson, Alan O.; + _Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers_. + + Anderson, Joseph, 11; + O.S. trans.; + _Scotland in Pagan Times_, q.v.; + _Scotland in Early Christian Times_, q.v. + + Andres Nicholas' son. + + Andres, son of Sweyn. + + Andrew, Bishop of Caithness, had grant of Hoctor Common; + Culdean monk; + abbot of Dunkeld; + died at Dunfermline; + a witness. + + Andrews, St., bishopric founded; + Roger, bishop of. + + Anglo-Normandes, Chroniques, (F. Michel). + + Angus, earls of (see also under names), + Gillebride; + Adam, son of Gillebride; + Gilchrist, son of Gillebride, and father of Magnus II, earl of Orkney + and Caith., + Duncan, son of Gilchrist; + Malcolm, earl of Caithness and Angus; + Matilda, countess of, dau. of Malcolm; + Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of A., husband of Matilda, + Gilbert d'Umphraville, son of Matilda. + Pedigree. + + Angus, son of Gillebride, earl of Angus. + + Anlaf, or Olaf, earl in C. + + Applecross, in Ross, lay abbots. + + Archibald, bishop of Moray. + + Ardovyr (Gael., upper water), identified as Loch Coire and Mallard River, + i.e., "Abhain 'a Mhail Aird" of Ord. Map, part of Johanna's estate in + Strathnaver. + + Argyll; + St. Columba landed from Ulster; + Scots king; + Dalriadic territory; + known as Airergaithel; + Galgaels; + Somerled of; + conquered by king Alexr. + + Arnfinn Thorfinnson, earl, m. Ragnhild, Eric's dau. + + Arnkell Torf-Einarson, earl, slain in England. + + Artildol. + + Asgrim's Ergin, now Assary. + + Asleif, mother of Sweyn. + + Asleifarvik (now Old-shore, also called Port Droman). + + Assynt; + included in Creich (q.v.); + Store Point. + + Athelstan. + + Atholl (Atjokl); + Ath-Fodla, a Pictish province; + Picts absorbed by Scots; + earls of; + Sweyn Asleifarson visits; + earl Paul died; + bishop John. + + Atholl, earls of; + Maddad, m. Margret dau. of Hakon; + earl of A., in 1236, burned to death; + earls descended from Freskyn. + + Aud the deeply wise, in Caith., settled in Iceland. + + Audhild, dau. of Thorleif, mistress of Sigurd Slembi-diakn; + m. Eric Streita; + her son, Eric Stagbrellir; + Johanna of Strathnaver, a connection. + + Audna, or Edna, dau. of Kiarval, m. Hlodver, jarl. + + + Backies, Norse derivation. + + Bakke, in place-names. + + Baltroddi, Walter de, bishop of C. + + Bard, next of kin of Ulf the Bad, Orkney. + + Barelegs, nickname of king Magnus, because he wore the kilt. + + Barr, St., of Dornoch; + his Fair in Dornoch; + old church of St. Barr; + site. + + Barth, or Bard, Helgi's son, and St. Barr. + + Beauly, estate of Bissets. + + Beauly Firth; + site of Redcastle on. + + Ben-y-griams. + + Bergen, St. Ragnvald returned to, from Grimsby; + John, earl of Caithness, present at; + earl John left his son as hostage; + king Hakon buried in Christchurch; + k. Hakon and earl Magnus III sailed from. + + Berowald the Fleming (Innes q.v.), had grant in Moray. + + Berridale conveyed by Malise II, earl, to Reginald More, afterwards acquired + by Chens. + + Beruvik, misreading of. + + Berwick, North, raided by Sweyn. + + Bethoc, eld. dau. of Malcolm II, m. Crinan; + grandmother of earl Moddan. + + Bilbao, Spain; + Nervion. + + Birrenswark, near Ecclefechan, was Brunanburg. + + Birsay, Orkney, earl Thorfinn's Hall; + cathedral built by Thorfinn; + but replaced by St. Magnus' Cathedral. + + Bisset, a Norman family; + at Beauly. + + Bjarni, bishop of Orkney, probable author of _Orkneyinga Saga_; + his parents; + relative of Sweyn; + at Bergen. + + Blood-eagle. + + Blood-rain in Iceland. + + Blundus, Gaufrid, burgess of Inverness. + + Boar, wild, in Cat. + + Boece. + + Boreale, Corpus Poeticum. + + Borrobol. + + Borve, rock-castle. + + Bothgowanan, or Pitgavenny. + + Bothwell, family of, descended from Freskyn. + + Bothwell, Sir Andrew of. + + Boun, whence Eng. bound, i.e., equipped. + + Bracholy. + + Brawl, formerly Brathwell (Breithivellir), Castle; + deriv. + + Breithifjorthr, i.e., Broad-firth, Moray Firth. + + Bressay Sound. + + Brewster, Sir David. + + Brian Borumha, king of Ireland. + + Brichan, Jas.; + _Orig. Paroch. Scot._. + + Bricius, bishop. + + Brochs, or Pictish towers; + Roman relics found in; + date, number, distribution, rise, construction, &c.; + Norse place-names near brochs; + at Dunrobin; + used by Norse as dwellings; + Craig Carrill, Roman tablets found; + Skene on origin of; + at Feranach. + + Broethrungr, firnari en, first cousin once removed. + + Broxburn, (Strabrock). + + Brunanburgh, site. + + Brusi Sigurdson, earl. + + Buchan, earl of. + + Burghead, Turfness of Saga; + Norse raids from B. checked by Duffus. + + Burnt Njal, Saga of; + transl. by Sir G.W. Dasent. + + + Cabot, Jean, in Iceland. + + Cailleach (Carline) Stone in Kyleakin. + + Cait, or Cat, Pictish province of, (now Caithness and Sutherland, q.v.), + in three parts, (1) Ness, (2) Strathnavern, and (3) Sudrland; + description of land; + unsuitable for trees in Ness; + west uninhabited in Viking times; + deer, etc., abounded; + Athelstan's naval demonstration; + held by earls of Orkney; + Duncan the maormor; + Picts and Norse; + map; + Pictish clergy driven from north-east by Norse; + land and people on arrival of Norse. + + Cat, maormors of; + Duncan, or Dungall; + Moldan or Moddan. + + Caithness (Ness), part of the ancient province of Cat, q.v.; + Norse occupied fertile parts; + ancient monuments; + writing; + _Orkneyinga Saga_ only record before 12th cent.; + earlier notices and later records; + earldom claimed by Sigurd Hlodverson; + Skuli Thorfinnson cr. earl; + C. people in Iceland; + sea battle between Ulf and Helgi; + Moddan, earl of C.; + his expedition to; + Norse earls; + Thorfinn returns to, after Scottish conquests; + "king of Catanesse," in "William the Wanderer"; + St. Magnus; + seized by earl Hakon; + earl Magnus favoured in; + earldom conferred on Ragnvald Gudrodson; + much of owned by Moddan's family; + Norse steadily lost hold on C.; + Norse driven outward and eastward; + bishopric founded; + bishop Andrew; + Norse earls; + family of Freskyn de Moravia; + earldom of David I; + robberies by Sweyn; + Malcolm IV granted half earldom to Erlend Haraldson; + red deer and reindeer hunting; + rebellions; + bishop's litigation with earls of Sutherland; + Innes family; + earldom held of Scottish crown; + diocese and cathedral; + bishop Andrew; + first conquest by King William; + subdued by King William; + earl Ragnvald's half conferred on Harald Ungi; + earl Harold slew earl Harald Ungi; + Caithness given to Ragnvald Gudrodson; + who defeated earl Harold at Dalharrold; + Ragnvald's stewards left in charge, their fate; + the lawman; + Ragnvald bought earldom; + extent of earl Harold's earldom; + Scottish policy in the north; + old Norse earldom broken up; + services of Freskyn family; + extent of earldom of earl David; + the burning of bishop Adam; + thingstead and lawman; + the earldom; + succession to earldom; + subjected by king Alexr. II, 1222; + king Hakon's fine; + escaped attack by Hakon; + Scottish subjection of Norse; + Norse adopted Gaelic; + Norse place-names; + Norse type still in evidence; + Normans, Cheynes, Oliphants and St. Clairs; + inheritance of Erlend lands by Normans; + inhabitants a blend of Gael and Norse. + + Caithness, church in; + bishopric founded; + cathedral at Halkirk, + at Dornoch; + bishop's palace at Thurso; + constitution of diocese; + records; + bishops: Andrew; + John; + Adam; + Gilbert; + William; + Walter de Baltroddi. + + Caithness, earldom of; + in the 14th cent. a moiety in the Angus earls and the Chen family; + South Caithness granted to earl Magnus II; + Brawl, a capital residence of the earls in C.; + devolution of earldom and tribal owners; + North and South divisions; + hostages taken by Scotland after Largs; + paid a fine to king Hakon. + + Caithness, earls of; + Thorfinn Sigurdson, first Scottish earl; + Skuli cr. earl by Scots king; + Moddan cr. earl by Scots king; + Crichton and Sinclair earls; + earl's office descended to females; + Norse and tribal land-owners; + Scottish policy in regard to succession in C. + + Caithness and Sutherland Records, Viking Society. + + Caithness, Inventory of Monuments and Constructions in the County of. + + Caithness, Prehistoric Remains of, (S. Laing and T.H. Huxley). + + Calder, Loch. + + Calder Valley, Calfdale of Saga. + + Caledonia, (G. Chalmers). + + Caledonians, Annals of the, (Ritson). + + Caledonians inhabited the Grampians; + Romans failed to conquer; + Roman wars effected union of; + St. Ninian, Christian mission, through Roman influence. + + Cantyre. + + Carham; victory of Malcolm II. + + Cat, Province of, (Angus Mackay). + + Ce, the province Keith, or Mar. + + Celtic Britain, (Rhys). + + Celtic Scotland, (W.F. Skene); + on succession to Caithness; + Sir W. Fraser's criticism. + + Celts, non-seafaring; + Norse influence; + Gall-gaels; + influence of Norse on Gaelic, and of Gael on Norse; + "P" and "Q" Celts; + kilted warriors of Norse extraction. + + Celts, Survival of Beliefs among the, (George Henderson). + + Chen, or Cheyne, family in Caithness; + descendants of Johanna of Strathnaver; + family lands. + + Chen II, Reginald; + signatory of National Bond with Wales; + father of Reginald Chen III; + m. Mary, dau. of Freskin and Johanna of Strathnaver, got one-fourth of + Caithness; + had regrant of Strathnaver lands; + Kerrow-na-Shein. + + Chen III, Reginald, known as "Morar na Shein," acquired Berridale in south + Caithness from Malise II; + owned a moiety of earldom of Caith., lived in parish of Halkirk; + grandson of Johanna; + Kerrow-na-Shein; + his estate; + acquired south Caithness lands after 1340; + acquired Christian (Freskyn's) fourth; + lands. + + Christ Church, Norse name for a cathedral. + + Christ Church, Bergen; + king Hakon buried. + + Christ's Kirk, Birsay; + burial of St. Magnus. + + Christian I, king of Norway; + mortgaged Orkney and Shetland to Scotland. + + Christiania Fjord, or the Vik. + + Church; + Pictish, Columban and Catholic; + Norse influence. + + Clairdon, near Thurso; + earl Harald Ungi defeated; + where Lifolf Baldpate fell. + + Clibreck (Clibr'), part of Johanna's estate. + + Clon, in Ross, granted by earl of Ross to Walter de Moravia. + + Clontarf, the battle of. + + Clouston, J. Storer; + _A Branch of the Family_; + Orkney trithing. + + Clyne. + + Cobbie Row, ruins of the castle of Kolbein Hruga, in Wyre. + + Coire, Loch; + lands probably held by Moddan family. + + Coire-na-fearn, (Cornefern) Strathnavern; + part of Johanna's estate. + + Collingwood, W.G., on Thorfinn as "king of Catanesse."; + see _Scandinavian Britain_, transl. _William the Wanderer_. + + Columba, St.; + Adamnan's Life of; + mission to Picts, settlement in Iona; + clergy removed to Dunkeld; + relics removed; + patron saint of Scot and Pict; + his cult and culture destroyed by Norse. + + Columban settlements of hermits and missionaries; + Columban church; + replaced by Catholic. + + Columbus; + discovered America long after Norsemen. + + Comyn, Alexr.; + see Buchan, earl of. + + Comyn, John, m. Matilda heiress of Malcolm, earl of Angus. + + Comyn, Walter; + earl of Menteith. + + Constantine I; + viking raids. + + Constantine II; + Norse seize C. and S. + + Constantine III; + Danish attacks. + + Constantinople (Micklegarth). + + Coracles, Pictish boats. + + Cortachy, advowson of. + + Craig Carrill Broch; + Roman tablets found. + + Crakaig, crooked bay, now drained. + + Creich, owned by Hugo Freskyn; + including Assynt; + granted by Hugo Freskyn to Gilbert while archdeacon of Moray. + + Crinan, Abthane of Dunkeld, m. Bethoc, dau. of Malcolm II. + + Croc Skardie; + (?) Sigurd's Howe. + + Cromarty; + northern Suter of; + Norse place-names; + Macbeth's property. + + Cruithne and his seven sons. + + Curle, A.O.; + early monuments of Caith. and Sutherland. + + Cyderhall, see Sigurd's Howe. + + + + Dale, Dalar or Dalr, C.; + earl Skuli slain; + home of Moddan. + + Dalharrold, on River Naver; + belonged to Johanna. + + Dalriadic kingdom. + + Dalrymple's Collections, on divorce; + on earl Magnus II. + + Damsey; + earl Erlend killed. + + Danes; + Irish Danes. + + Darratha-Liod. + + Dasent, Sir G.W.; + transl. _Orkneyinga Saga_, q.v.; + _Oxford Essays_, q.v.; + _Saga of Burnt Njal_, q.v. + + David I, king of Scotland; + church organisation; + earldom of Caithness held of him; + his tutor John, bishop of Glasgow; + visited by Sweyn Asleifarson; + introduced feudal barons and charters; + at Duffus Castle; + by education a Norman knight. + + David II. + + David Haraldson, earl of Orkney and Caith.; + did not have earl Ragnvald's share of Caith. earldom; + succeeded to a reduced territory; + sole earl of Orkney; + joint earl with earl John; + death. + + Dawey (Dalvey). + + Death in bed, a reproach among Norse. + + Deer; + earls Ragnvald and Harald hunted red deer and reindeer in + Caithness; + red deer abounded in Cat. + + Deerness, Mull of; + sea-fight between Thorfinn and Duncan I; + king Hakon's fleet passed. + + Deerstalking, days of, Scrope. + + De Moravia, see under Freskyn. + + Dingwall; + southern limit of Norse. + + Dirlot, or Dilred, in Strathmore, C. + + Dolfin, son of Maldred. + + Dollar; + Scots defeated by Danes. + + Donada, dau. of Malcolm II, m. Finnleac. + + Donald, supposed son of Malcolm III. + + Donald Bane, claimant to Scottish crown. + + Donald Ban MacWilliam; + claimant of Scottish crown; + his son Guthred slain; + descended from Ingibjorg, widow of Thorfinn and Malcolm Canmore. + + Dornoch (Durnach); + supposed dedication of Cathedral; + monks to be protected; + owned by Hugo Freskyn; + in earldom of Caithness; + cathedral of St. Barr; + excluded from earldom of earl David; + part granted by Hugo Freskyn to Gilbert; + Embo near D., Norse defeated; + existed in Norse times; + Durnach; + cathedral lands; + bishop Adam buried in; + traditional origin of name. + + Dornock, Dumfriesshire, deriv. + + Dorruthar. + + Dougal of the Isles, in Orkney; + joined Hakon's expedition. + + Douglas, family of. + + Dovyr, tofftys de; + part of Johanna's estate; + from Gael. for water, identified as River and Loch Naver. + + Draughts; + played by St. Ragnvald. + + Dublin; + Sweyn killed at. + + Dufeyra. + + Duffus; + near Burghead or Turfness; + castle built by Freskyn de Moravia; + estates owned by Hugo Freskyn; + Freskyn, lord of; + estate succeeded to by Walter Freskyn; + church; + William MacFrisgyn second lord of; + chapel of St. Lawrence; + Freskyn's fortress checked Norse raids; + king David's visit; + rector of St. Peter's. + + Dufnjal. + + Dugald, king of Sudreys; + intercepted the Scotch fine on C. + + D'Umphraville, Gilbert--earl of Angus; + m. Matilda, countess of Angus. + + D'Umphraville, Gilbert--earl of Angus; + son of Matilda. + + Dunadd. + + Dunbar, Sir Archibald; _Scottish Kings_, q.v. + + Dunbarton, Dun-bretan, fort of the Britons. + + Duncan I; + parentage; + Karl Hundason; + at North Berwick; + defeated by earl Thorfinn off Deerness; + and at Turfness; + his death and age; + created Moddan, his sister's son, earl of Caithness. + + Duncan II, king of Scotland; + son of Malcolm and Ingibjorg. + + Duncan, earl; + father of Dufnjal. + + Duncan, earl of Angus. + + Duncan, maormor of Duncansby; + m. Groa; + his dau. Grelaud. + + Duncan, earl of Fife; + dau. Afreka m. Harald Maddadson. + + Duncansby or Dungallsby. + + Dundas, Sir David. + + Dunfermelyn, Reg. + + Dunfermline; + Bishop Andrew a Culdean monk of. + + Dungal's Noep, C.; + battle. + + Dunkeld; + clergy of Iona removed to, eccl. capital for Scots and Picts; + capital of southern Picts; + bishopric founded; + Andrew, bishop of Caith., abbot of. + + Dunnet Head. + + Dunrobin; + glen; + charter room; + Robert, legendary 2nd earl of Sutherland, founder (?); + MS. of Constitution of diocese; + Norse derivation. + + Dunskaith, Castle of. + + Dunstable, Annals of. + + Durness (Dyrness); + clan Mackay; + in old earldom of Caithness; + Asleifarvik, anchorage of Hakon's fleet; + raided by Norse in retreat from Largs; + Seanachaistel, chaistel; + MacHeth settlement. + + + Egilsay; + martyrdom of St. Magnus; + bishop John from Athole visited. + + Einar Oily-tongue; + slew Havard jarl. + + Eindridi; + wrecked off Shetland; + sailed with earl Ragnvald to the East; + his treachery; + and desertion. + + Ekkjal, Norse name of Oykel. + + Ekkjals-bakki; + southern limit of conquest of earl Sigurd I; + indentification disputed; + earl Paul's journey to Athole; + in Sweyn's track to burn Frakark; + Atjokl's bakki. + + Eclipse of sun in Orkney, Augt. 5th, 1263. + + Eddirdovir, castle of, at Redcastle. + + Eddrachilles. + + Edgar, claimant to Scottish crown. + + Einar Sigurdson, earl; + his slaughter. + + Elgin; + cathedral, built by Andrew, bishop of Moray; + records; + Johanna granted lands in Strathnaver for the cathedral; + constitution of diocese based on Lincoln; + guides for Sweyn. + + Elin, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir; + at home near Loch Naver; + she, or sister, m. Gilchrist, earl of Angus, and was mother of + Magnus II, earl of Caithness. + + Elk; + abounded in Cat; + horns found. + + Ellarholm. + + Ellwick (Ellidarvik). + + Embo, near Dornoch; + Norse defeated and their "prince" slain, to whom the Ri-Crois erected. + + Erde-houses, of Pictish times. + + Erg (Gaelic, airigh), a sheiling, Norse, setr; + pl. ergin, sheilings, in Asgrim's Ergin. + + Eric bloody-axe. + + Erik the Red, Saga of. + + Eric Stagbrellir, son of Audhild, brought up in Kildonan by Frakark; + sole male survivor of Moddan line; + m. Ingigerd, dau. of earl St. Ragnvald, united the Erlend and Moddan + estates; + tried to reconcile earls Ragnvald and Harold; + probably got earl Ottar's lands on the death of earl Erlend; + viking raid to Hebrides and Scilly Isles; + his son Harald Ungi made earl of Orkney and Caithness (excluding + Sutherland); + his son, Ragnvald; + line represented by Snaekoll Gunni's son. + + Eric Streita; + husband of Audhild, dau. of Thorleif. + + Erlend Haraldson, earl of Orkney and Caith.; + heir of earl Ottar; + granted half earldom of Caith.; + granted half earldom of Orkney; + supported by Sweyn; + in Shetland; + slain; + last of male line of Thorfinn Sigurdson; + nearest heir, Ragnvald Gudrodson, king of Man; + grandson of Hakon Paulson; + not Erlend Ungi. + + Erlend Torf-Einarson, earl; + slain in England. + + Erlend Thorfinnson; + joint earl of Orkney and Caith. with his brother Paul; + at battle of Stamford Bridge; + banished to Norway where he died; + his descendants; + his line of heirs; + Scottish policy as to succession; + Snaekoll Gunni's son, chief of line; + Skene's theory; + the converse theory that Magnus of Angus m. the nameless dau. of earl + John, through whom he got the title, and Paul's lands; + his share of earldom of Caithness; + inherited by Johanna of Strathnaver; + his line (excepting Harald Ungi) excluded from Orkney during rule + of earl Harold, David and John; + succession to Erlend lands in C. + + Erlend Ungi; + eloped with Margret, mother of earl Harold Maddadson, to Mousa Broch; + reconciled to earl Harold, with whom he went to Norway; + not earl Erlend. + + Erling Erlendson; + in Norwegian expedition to Wales; + probably killed in Ireland. + + Erling Ivar's son; + in Hakon's expedition; + in raid on Dyrnes. + + Erlingson, Thorsteinn; + _Ruins of Saga-time in Iceland_, (Viking Society, extra series). + + Ermengarde, queen. + + Erriboll, Loch; + the Goafiord, or Hoanfiord, Hakon's fleet in; + Lochvuaies. + + Euphemia, wife of Walter Freskin de Moravia of Duffus, dau. of + Ferchar Mac-in-Tagart, earl of Ross. + + Evelix, River; + + Eystein, king of Norway; + seized earl Harold Maddadson; + invaded Aberdeen. + + Eysteinsdal, or Ousedale, near the Ord of Caithness; + to which king William marched against earl Harold + + Eyvind Urarhorn. + + + Fair Isle; + + Faroes; + Picts. + + Farr; + old parish was Johanna's estate in Strathnaver; + Borve Castle. + + Federeth I (Fedrett), William de; + m. Christian, dau. of Freskin and Johanna, and got one fourth of + Caithness; + Caithness lands. + + Federeth II, William de; + son of W.F. and Christian Freskin, sold his fourth of C. to Sir + Reginald Chen III. + + Felix, bishop of Moray; + witness. + + Feranach, Broch at; + Frakark's residence (?). + + Fernebuchlyn. + + Feudalism; + introduced into Scotland by Alexander I and David I. + + Fib (Fife). + + Fidach (Moray). + + Fife; + conquests by earl Thorfinn. + + Finleac or Finlay MacRuari, maormor of Moray; + fought earl Sigurd at Skidamyre; + m. dau. of Malcolm II. + + Finn Arnason, father of Ingibjorg; + and of Sigrid. + + Firth par., Orkney; + Paplay, Thora's residence. + + Flandrensis, not applied to Freskin de Moravia. + + Flatey Book; + Thorstein the Red; + earls of Orkney; + story of Barth; + continuation of _Orkneyinga Saga_; + earl Ragnvald's half of Caith. earldom; + extent of Harold's later earldom; + battle of Skitten. + + Fleet, Loch; + no longer reaches to Pittentrail. + + Floruvoe, Floruvagr; + battle in 1135; + battle in 1194. + + Fordun; + rebellion in Moray; + earl John's hostage dau.; + Annals. + + Forfar. + + Forsie, Force of Saga. + + Fortrenn; + Menteith. + + Fotla, Ath-Fodla; + Athol. + + Frakark, or Frakok, dau. of Moddan; + m. Liot Nidingr; + earl Harald Slettmali with her in N. Kildonan; + banished from Orkney, went to her homesteads in Sutherland; + earl Ragnvald seeks her aid; + burnt alive; + Freskyn I her contemporary; + Johanna of Strathnaver a connection; + her residence. + + Fraser, or Fresel, of Beauly. + + Fraser, Sir William; + genealogy of Freskyn family; + on Johanna of Strathnaver; + _The Sutherland Book_, q.v. + + Freskyn de Moravia, and family; + the family the mainstay of Scottish rule in the north; + superintended building of Kinloss Abbey; + ancestor of earls of Sutherland; + built Duffus Castle; + not a Fleming; + a Pict or Scot, and ancestor of families of Athole, Bothwell, + Sutherland and probably Douglas; + his family in Caith.; + great-great-grandfather of Freskin the younger, husband of Johanna; + two branches of family settled north of the Oykel; + Freskyn, of Strabrock and Moray, its two branches in Sutherland + and Caith.; + founder of the family; + entertained king David I at Duffus Castle; + year of death; + his two sons; + father of William MacFriskyn, and Hugo the witness; + derivation of name; + revised pedigree; + he and successors appointed guardians of Moray and Nairn; + defended Moray against the Norse; + the family introduced into Sutherland; + no thanes of this line in Sutherland; + name also spelt Fretheskin; + his neighbour in Moray, earl Waltheof. + (See Appendix, Pedigree.) + + Freskin de Moravia, younger, lord of Duffus; + eld. son of Sir Walter de Moravia; + in Strathnaver and Caith.; + m. Johanna of Strathnaver; + his date fixed; + by marriage became owner of lands in Strathnaver and of a + moiety of earldom of Caith.; + lineage; + born in or after 1225, lord of Duffus by 1248; + m. 1245-1250; + nephew of William, earl of Sutherland; + signatory to National Bond; + d. 1260-1263; + buried in church of Duffus; + his maternal uncle, William MacFerchar, earl of Ross; + possible violent death. + (See Appendix, Pedigree.) + + Freskyn, Andrew, son of Hugo F. of Sutherland; + parson of Duffus, bishop of Moray. + + Freskyn, Andrew, son of William son of Freskyn; + parson of Duffus. + + Freskin, Christian; + dau. of Freskin younger and Johanna of Strathnaver, m. William + de Fedrett, had one fourth of Caithness, which their son + resigned to her sister's husband, Sir Reginald Chen III. + + Freskyn, Hugo, son of Freskyn; + the witness, uncle of Hugo de Moravia of Sutherland. + + Freskyn, Hugo, eld. son of William MacFreskyn; + his family settled north of the Oykel and owned Sutherland; + northern boundary of his estate; + ancestor of the de Moravias, or Murrays, of Sutherland; + called "my lord" by his younger brother, William; + his family; + burial place; + succession to Morayshire estates; + grant of Sutherland; + not earl; + his lordship of Sutherland, excluded from earldom of Caithness + as inherited by earl David; + grant to Gilbert, archdeacon of Moray; + of Strabrock, Duffus and Sutherland, father of Walter de Moravia + of Duffus, whose son m. Johanna of Strathnaver; + his eld. son, William; + a witness. + + Freskin, Mary; + dau. of Freskin, younger, and Johanna of Strathnaver, m. Sir + Reginald Chen II, had one fourth of Caithness. + + Freskyn, Walter, de Moravia of Duffus; + son of Hugo F. of Sutherland, succeeded to Strabrock and Duffus; + his wife; + known as Sir Walter de Moravia; + of Duffus; + his son, Freskin, m. Johanna of Strathnaver; + grant of land in Clon from earl of Ross. + + Freskyn, Walter, of Petty. + + Freskyn (MacFreskyn), William, eld. son of Freskyn de Moravia; + charter of Strabrock and other lands in Lothian and Moray; + his sons; + omitted in _Sutherland Book_; + second lord of Duffus and Strabroc; + his eldest son, Hugo of Sutherland. + + Freskyn, William, _dominus Sutherlandiae_, first earl of Sutherland; + eld. son of Hugo F.; + de Sutherland; + cr. earl of Sutherland: + _dominus Sutherlandiae_ from about 1214; + uncle of Freskyn the younger; + his lands bounded by those of Johanna on the north and east; + was probably Johanna's guardian; + cr. earl after 10th October 1237; + repulsed a Norse invasion (?) at Embo; + death. + + _N.B.--All these Freskyns' name was de Moravia, not Freskyn.--J.G._ + + Freskyn, William, of Petty, son of William son of Freskyn. + + Freswick (now Bucholie) Castle, (Lambaborg). + + Fretheskin, see Freskin. + + Frida, dau. of Kolbein Hruga, m. Andres, son of Sweyn Asleifarson. + + Furness; + Wemund, monk of. + + + Gaedingar, too, 152 (n. 22). + + Gaelic; + superseded Pictish; + in Sutherland full of Norse words; + Psalms translated into by Gilbert, bishop; + Gaelic blood crossed with Norse produced the Saga; + Gaelic in Sutherland and Caithness included many Norse words; + a trustworthy vehicle of Norse. + + Gairsay; + Sweyn's castle; + robbed by earl Harald; + Sweyn's life and large drinking hall. + + Gall, Eilean nan; + traditional combat. + + Gall-gaels, or Gaelic strangers; + mixed Gaelic-Norse; + held sea from Lewis to Isle of Man; + of Argyll. + + Galloway; + part of Valentia; + subdued by earl Thorfinn; + rebellion subdued; + Roland of, defeated Donald Ban MacWilliam; + rebellion put down by king Alexr. II. + + Geographical Collections, (W. Macfarlane). + + Gibbon, Gillebride or Gilbert, earl of Orkney and Caithness; + son or brother of earl Magnus II; + his dau. Matilda m. Malise, earl of Stratherne; + d. 1256, succ. by son Magnus III. + + Gilbert, alleged earl of Orkney. + + Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of Angus, m. Matilda, countess of Angus. + + Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of Angus; + son of Matilda. + + Gilbert de Moravia, archdeacon of Moray; + grant of Skelbo, etc.; + afterwards became bishop of C.; + founded cathedral at Dornoch, in which he was buried. + + Gilbert, son of Gillebride, earl of Angus, and uncle of Magnus, earl of + Caithness. + + Gilchrist, earl of Angus; + m. as 2nd wife, Ingibiorg or Elin, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir; + Skene's theory; + converse theory; + pedigree of Angus family; + charter of south Caith. to his son Magnus; + his death. + + Gildas. + + Gillebert, or Gillebryd, son of Angus. + + Gillebride, earl of Angus; + his sons; + grandson (not son) Magnus II, earl of Orkney and Caith.; + his death. + + Gilli Odran. + + Glasgow; + John bishop of, mission to Orkney; + Herbert, bishop of, grant of Borthwick Church. + + Glendhu, Loch; + identified as Murkfjord. + + Goa-fiord, or Hoanfiord, (now Loch Erriboll); + Hakon's fleet at; + Eilean Hoan retains the name. + + Gokstad; + viking ship. + + Golsary, the shelling of Gol, in Latheron, Caithness, cf. Golspie. + + Golspie (formerly Kilmalie); + owned by Hugo Freskyn; + (Gol's-by) formerly Platagall. + + Good men. + + Gormflaith. + + Gospatric, eld. son of Maldred. + + Goudie, Gilbert; + transl. _Orkneyinga Saga_; + _Antiquities of Shetland_. + + Grants, Normans. + + Gratiana, wife of William the Wanderer. + + Gray, Thomas; + _The Fatal Sisters_. + + Greenland. + + Grelaud, dau. of Duncan, maormor of C. + + Grimsby; + St. Ragnvald traded at, met Harald Gillikrist. + + Gritgard, son of Moldan. + + Groa, dau. of Thorstein the Red, m. Duncan of Duncansby. + + Groa, wife of Macbeth. + + Gudrun, sister of Anlaf, earl of C. + + Guillaume le Roi. + + Gulberwick. + + Gunn, in Darratha-Liod. + + Gunn family; + descent. + + Gunn, Adam; + _Sutherland and the Reay Country_. + + Gunnhild, wife of Eric Bloody-axe, in Orkney. + + Gunnhild, Erlend's daughter, sister of earl St. Magnus, m. Kol; + her descendants. + + Gunnhilda, dau. of earl Harold Maddadson and Hvarflod. + + Gunni, brother of Sweyn Asleifarson; + outlawed. + + Gunni; + m. (as 2nd husband) Ragnhild sister of earl Harald Ungi; + probably grandson of Sweyn Asleifarson; + became chief of Moddan family. + + Guthorm Sigurdson, earl. + + Guthred, son of Donald Ban MacWilliam; + led rebellion in Moray and slain. + + + Hadrian's Wall. + + Hafrsfjord; + battle, (872). + + Hailes, lord; + on forfeiture of earl Harold Maddadson; + _Annals of Scotland_, q.v.; + case of Elizabeth claimant of earldom of Sutherland. + + Hakon Hakonson, king of Norway; + his mother's ordeal; + expedition to Scotland; + account of his expedition (1263); + died in the bishop's palace, Kirkwall; + result of expedition. + + Hakon Sverri's son, king of Norway; + his son Hakon. + + Hakon Haroldson, son of Earl Harold Maddadson and Afreka; + foster-child of Sweyn Asleifarson; + probably fell with Sweyn at Dublin; + with Sweyn; + his death. + + Hakon Paulson, earl; + went to Norway; + in Norwegian expedition to Wales; + returned to Orkney; + slew the king's steward; + dispute with earl Magnus; + slew his cousin Dufnjal, and Thorbjorn in Burrafirth; + seized Magnus' share of earldom; + slew St. Magnus; + sole earl; + pilgrimage to Rome and Jerusalem, builder of the round church of + Orphir; + Helga and their children; + his son Paul by a lawful wife; + his descendant Ragnvald Godrodson; + Norse favourite for earldom of C., as against Magnus, had to + conquer C.; + mixed blood; + his grandson Erlend. + + Hakonar Saga; + record until 13th cent. + + Halfdan Halegg, or long-shanks; + slain by Torf-Einar. + + Halkirk; + source of Thurso River in; + Moddan lands; + first cathedral of bishopric; + bishop's house; + residence of Chen family inherited from Johanna of Strathnaver; + Johanna's estate; + castle of Reginald Chen III; + Spittal of St. Magnus. + + Hall o' Side, Iceland. + + Hallad Ragnvaldson, earl. + + Halvard, an Icelander. + + Halvard of Force; + called Hoskuld also. + + Halvard the Red. + + Hanef, Norse commissioner; + aids Snaekoll. + + Harald, of N. Ronaldsay; + slain by Ulf the Bad. + + Harald Gillikrist; + St. Ragnvald fought for him at Floruvoe. + + Harold Godwinson, king of England, defeated Harald Hardrada. + + Harald Hakonson Slettmali (smooth-talker), earl of Orkney and Caith.; + son of earl Hakon and Helga; + held Caithness; + his death; + his Moddan kinsmen. + + Harald Sigurdson Hardrada, king of Norway; + killed at Stamford Bridge. + + Harald Harfagr; + battle of Hafrsfjord, (872); + subdued Orkney and Shetland which he erected into an earldom; + cr. Torf-Einar earl of Orkney; + second expedition to Orkney; + imitated Charlemagne's feudalism. + + Harald Jonson; + son of John, earl of Caithness; + left as hostage at Bergen; + drowned, (1226). + + Harold Maddadson, earl; + son of Margret, Hakon's daughter and Maddad, earl of Atholl; + earl St. Ragnvald ruled Caith. as his guardian; + to Norway with earl Ragnvald; + seized at Thurso by king Eystein; + outlawed Gunni; + conflict with earl Erlend Haraldson; + reconciled to earl Ragnvald at Thurso; + quarrels with Sweyn and robbed his house; + annual deer hunt in Caith.; + present at earl Ragnvald's slaughter; + seized Ragnvald's share of earldom; + became sole earl; + contemporaries; + forfeited in 1196; + later rebellions and loss of lands; + expedition to Ross and Moray; + subdued by king William; + imprisoned for failure to deliver hostages; + deprived of Sutherland; + earl Ragnvald's half of Caith. conferred on Harald Ungi; + his grandsons; + his heir, Thorfinn; + fled to Isle of Man; + defeated earl Harald Ungi; + king William conferred Caith. on Ragnvald Gudrodson; + defeated in Caithness by Ragnvald; + had one of Ragnvald's stewards slain, mutilated the bishop, drove + the stewards out; + son Thorfinn mutilated and died in prison; + king William marched with an army to Caith., and Harold ultimately + came to terms; + negotiated with king John of England; + extent of his later earldom; + deprived of Shetland; + death; + character and personal appearance; + his two wives and descendants. + + Harald Ungi; + earl of Orkney and Caithness; + his parents; + heir of Moddan lands; + fared to Norway; + at home near Loch Naver; + grant of half earldom of Orkney; + grant of half of Caithness (exclusive of Sutherland); + Invaded Orkney, defeated and slain in Caithness; + line represented by Snaekoll Gunni's son; + his share of earldom of Caithness never granted to the Paul line; + probably held by Moddan line; + pedigree ceases; + sister m. earl of Angus; + date of death; + his half of Caithness earldom; + his heirs, earl Magnus II and Johanna; + succeeded to earldom through a female. + + Haroldswick, Unst; + said to have been called after king Harald. + + Havard Thorfinnson, earl; + m. Ragnhild, k. Eric's dau. + + Hebrides (see also Sudreys); + Vikings, subdued by king Harald Harfagr; + Norse influence on Gaelic; + under Norway; + raided by Sweyn; + Norse expedition against south H. assisted by earl John; + king Alexander's naval expedition; + king Alexr. II sent embassy to Norway to get cession of; + harried by earl of Ross; + king Hakon's expedition; + Scottish expedition; + ceded to Scotland; + conquered by Alexander III; + ceded by Norway to Scotland. + + Heimskringla. + + Helena, dau. of earl Harald Maddadson and Afreka. + + Helga, dau. of Moddan; + associated with Helgarie; + concubine of earl Hakon; + banished from Orkney; + her grandson, earl Erlend. + + Helga Ulfs-datter, Sanday, Orkney. + + Helgarie, near Helmsdale. + + Helgi, Harald's son, N. Ronaldsay, elopes with Helga Ulfsdatter. + + Helgi Njal's son. + + Helliar-holm, Ellar-holm. + + Helmsdale; + strath in Sutherland, Frakark; + H. Water; + Sorlinc; + Hjalmundal, the strath, not village. + + Henry I of England; + visited by earl St. Magnus. + + Henry II of England; + wars in France,. + + Henry III of England; + his sister Joanna, m. Alexr. II of Scotland; + his dau. Margaret m. Alexr. III of Scotland. + + Henry III, emperor of Germany; + earl Thorfinn's visit. + + Henry, prince; + son of king David I; + witness. + + Henry, son of Harold Maddadson by Afreka; + claimed Ross; + date of death. + + Henry, bishop of Orkney; + in whose palace, in Kirkwall, king Hakon died. + + Herbjorg, 3rd dau. of earl Paul Thorfinnson. + + Herbjorg, dau. of Sigrid; + m. Kolbein Hruga. + + Herborga, dau. of earl Harald Maddadson. + + High Church (ha-kirkja), Halkirk. + + Highlanders of Scotland (Skene). + + Hill fort; + Ben-y-griam Beg, Caithness. + + Hjaltalin, Jon; + transl. _Orkneyinga Saga_. + + Hlodver Thorfinnson, earl; + m. Audna. + + Hoanfiord, or Goa-fiord, (Loch Erriboll); + Hakon's fleet at; + Eilean Hoan. + + Hoctor Common; + granted to bishop of C. + + Hofn, Caithness; + Hlodver's howe. + + Holinshed. + + Honaver. + + Houses; + Norse skali described. + + House-burnings; + earl Moddan's burning, in Thurso; + Olaf Hrolfson, in Duncansby; + Frakark, in Sutherland; + earl Waltheof, in Moray. + + Hoxa, South Ronaldsay; + Thorfinn Hausa-kliufr buried. + + Hrolf the Ganger. + + Hrollaug Rognvaldsson. + + Hrossey, now Mainland, Orkney. + + Hundi (possibly Crinan). + + Hundi Sigurdson. + + Hut-circles of Pictish times. + + Hvarflod, or Gormflaith, dau. of Malcolm MacHeth, m. earl Harold + Maddadson. + date of birth. + + + Iceland; + Pictish mission; + Aud's settlement; + Hrollang Rognvaldsson settled; + viking settlement; + the skali described; + Jean Cabot first heard of America in; + Christianity accepted; + blood-rain, ib., Norsemen in; + ruins of Saga-time. + + Icelandic Annals; + earls of Orkney. + + Inga Saga, transl. + + Ingibjorg, Finn Arnason's daughter, m. earl Thorfinn Sigurdson; + after Thorfinn's death m. Malcolm III; + cousin of queen Thora of Norway; + her descendant, Donald Ban MacWilliam. + + Ingibiorg, daughter of earl Hakon and Helga; + m. Olaf Billing; + her grandson, Ragnvald Gudrodson, of Man. + + Ingibiorg, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir; + at home near Loch Naver; + she or her sister m. Gilchrist, earl of Angus. + + Ingirid or Ingigerthr, only dau. and child of earl Ragnvald, m. Eric + Stagbrellir; + her children; + date of birth; + probably the same Ingigerthr commemorated in Maeshowe runes. + + Ingirid, sister of Kali (St. Ragnvald), m. Jon Peterson. + + Ingirid, sister of Sweyn Asleifarson; + m. Thorbiorn Klerk. + + Inner-Schyn. + + Innes, Familie of. + + Innes family; + Berowald the Fleming. + + Innes, Cosmo; + _Orig. Par. Scot._, q.v.; + genealogy of Freskyn family. + + Invernairn; + sheriff. + + Iona; + St. Columba's settlement. + + Ireland; + Duncan I; + Sweyn Asleifarson's raids. + + Islandicae, Origines. + + Ivar Rognvaldsson. + + + Jerusalem; + pilgrimages to. + + Joanna, queen of Alexander II, possibly name-mother of Johanna of + Strathnaver; + dau. of king John, and sister of king Henry II of England. + + Johanna of Strathnaver, lady; + m. Freskin de Moravia of Duffus; + her estate; + her father; + relationship to Snaekoll Guuni's son; + supposed dau. of earl John; + Skene's theory that she inherited earl John's, i.e. earl Paul's, + half of the earldom without the title; + the opposite theory, that she inherited Erlend lands; + Skene's opinion; + her daughters; + Skene's suggestion that she was the hostage dau. of earl John, and + given in marriage to Freskin; + Fraser's criticism of Skene; + her grandson, Reginald Chen III, in possession of half of Caithness + and resided in Halkirk and Latheron; + granted land in Strathnaver to the bishop of Moray; + her estate in Strathnaver; + her connection with Moddan family and descent from Harald Ungi's + sister Ragnhild; + her inheritance of Moddan and Erlend lands; + her right to half share of Harald Ungi's half share of Caithness + earldom; + her title to Strathnaver lands not derived through earl John; + circumstantial evidence against her being a dau. of earl John, + never claimed any share of earldom of Orkney; + Skene's opinion that she was a dau. of earl John based on name + Johanna; + theory as to her being a dau. of Snaekoll, and, as such, heiress of + large estates, made a ward by the king, whose queen was Johanna; + her husband's lineage; + suggested born by 1232 at latest, when her supposed father, + Snaekoll, went to Norway, but not before 1225; + possibility of her being a dau. of a younger child of Ragnhild and + born later than 1225; + her guardian; + her lands bounded those of the lord of Sutherland; + d. ca. 1269; + her children and estates; + succ. to Erlend and Moddan lands in C.; + owned Dalharrold; + she did not own any lands in south C., which were acquired by + R. Chen III, i.e., Latheron and Wick; + she probably owned Far and Halkirk, but not Latheron. + + John, king of England. + + John, king of the Sudreys. + + John o' Groat's; + Huna. + + John, bishop of Caithness; + mutilated by earl Harald; + succeeded by Adam; + neglect to collect Peter's Pence; + date of death. + + John, bishop (of Glasgow). + + John Haroldson, earl of Orkney and Caithness; + from whom Snaekoll Gunni's son claimed Ragnvald lands in Orkney; + shared earldom with his brother, earl David; + succeeded David as sole earl of Orkney and of Caithness; + his dau. given as hostage; + letters from earl Skuli; + at Bergen; + at the burning of bishop Adam; + his castle at Brawl; + confiscated; + the lordship of Sutherland not in his earldom; + visited Bergen; + his hostage dau. his only heir; + assisted Norse against Hebrides; + favoured Norway; + representative of line of Paul and Harold Maddadson; + attacked and slain by Snaekoll; + his supposed dau. Johanna; + his nameless dau. m. Magnus of Angus; + succession to earldom; + theories as to his daughter's marriage; + treaty with king William; + lands confiscated and restored; + the last male of the Paul line; + Johanna's title not derived through him; + his nameless dau. probably wife of earl Magnus II; + reasons why Johanna was not his dau.; + probably named after king John of England; + his legal successor, his nameless dau.; + sole earl of O.; + his sister's son, Jon Langlifson, in 1263; + succeeded in earldom of Orkney by Magnus II; + his castle at Brawl; + joint earl with David; + Matilda not his daughter's name. + + Jon Langlifson. + + Jon Peterson, m. Ingirid, sister of St. Ragnvald. + + Jury trial. + + + Kalf Arnason. + + Kalf Skurfa. + + Kali Ragnvald Kolson. + + Kari Solmundarson. + + Karl Hundason, name of Duncan I, in Saga. + + Keith, or Mar; + Ce, Pictish province. + + Keiths. + + Kenneth, k. of Scots. + + Kentigern, or Mungo, St. + + Kerrera, near Oban. + + Kerrow-Garrow, (Eddrachilles). + + Kerrow-na-Shein, i.e. Chen's quarter. + + Kildonan; + Frakark's homesteads; + connection with Scone; + owned by Hugo Freskyn; + earl Ragnvald sends messengers to Frakark; + part of lordship of Sutherland; + old name Scir-Illigh. + + Kildonan, North; + earl Harald Slettmali brought up; + Frakark burnt. + + Kilmalie (now Golspie). + + Kilravock (Rose). + + Kinloss; + Cistercian abbey. + + Kinloss, Records. + + Kirkwall; + cathedral built; + earl Ragnvald Brusi-son resided at; + seized by earl Thorfinn; + relics of St. Magnus removed to cathedral; + king Hakon died in bishop's palace; + St. Magnus' cathedral. + + Kol. + + Kolbein Hruga; + m. Herbjorg; + his castle in Wyre. + + Kyleakin, or the Kyle of Hakon. + + + Lairg; + owned Hugo Freskyn; + in Sweyn's track to burn Frakark; + in old earldom of Caithness. + + Lambaborg (Freswick Castle). + + Langdale (Langeval). + + Langlif, dau. of earl Harold Maddadson; + marriage with Saemund, abandoned; + her son Jon. + + Largs, battle of; + earl Magnus III never went to L. + + Larne Bay, Ulfreksfirth of Saga. + + Latheron; + Latheron hills, source of Thurso River; + Moddan lands; + residence of Chens in 14th cent.; + in South C.; + not owned by Johanna; + Golsary. + + Lawman; + Rafn, of Caithness. + + Lawrence, chapel of St.; + at Duffus. + + Lechvuaies. + + Lewis, the; + passed by Hakon's fleet; + Macaulays of. + + Lifolf Baldpate. + + Ljot Thorfinnson, earl of Orkney and Caith., m. Ragnhild, Eric's dau.; + slew Skuli in C.; + fought earl Macbeth in C.; + buried at Stenhouse in Watten, C.. + + Liot Nidingr, m. Frakark. + + Little Ferry, or Unes; + Norse invasion; + site of Norse Castle. + + Lohworuora, now Borthwick; church granted to bishop of Glasgow. + + Loth; + water of; + owned by Hugo Freskyn. + + Lothians, formed part of Valentia; + Berenicians of. + + + MacBain, A.; + on seven Pictish provinces. + + Macbeth, king of Scotland; + son of Finlay MacRuari; + parentage; + property in Ross and Cromarty; + king of Scotland; + slain; + visited Rome; + MacHeth. + + MacFrisgyn, William; + (see Freskyn, William). + + MacHeth, or MacAoidh, see Mackay, deriv. of name. + + MacHeth, Donald. + + MacHeth, Malcolm; + earl of Ross; + dau. Gormflaith m. Harold Maddadson; + personated by Wemund. + + Mac-in-Tagart, Ferchar; + see Ross, earl of. + + Mackay (MacHeth) clan; + came from Moray to Sutherland; + Freskyns guardians of Moray against MacHeths; + occupation of Durness; + rebellion of MacHeths of Moray; + the chief m. dan. of bishop; + children of Heth attacked Hakon's expedition; + largely blended with Norse. + + Mackay, Iye Mor. + + Mackay, Book of, (Angus Mackay). + + MacWilliam, earl of Caithness (?) (Scots Peerage). + + Maddad, earl of Athole; + m. Margret, dau. of earl Hakon Paulson; + visited by Sweyn; + his death. + + Maeshowe, runes of. + + Magbiod, or Macbeth, earl; + fought at Skidamyre, C. + + Magnus the Good, king of Norway; + grants Orkney to Ragnvald Brusison; + Thorfinn's visit. + + Magnus Barelegs, king of Norway; + expeditions to Scotland; + father of Harald Gillikrist; + why called "barelegs". + + Magnus the Blind, king of Norway; + defeated by king Harald at Floruvoe. + + Magnus Erlingson, king of Norway; + fell at Norafjord. + + Magnus Hakonson, crowned king of Norway in his father's lifetime; + ceded Hebrides to Scotland. + + Magnus, king of Man; + joined Hakon's expedition. + + Magnus, or Mangi, son of Eric Stagbrellir; + fared to Norway, fell at Norafjord; + his home. + + Magnus Erlendson, St., earl and saint; + in expedition to Wales; + in England and Wales; + went to Caithness after king Magnus' death and received as earl there; + his steward in Orkney killed by earl Hakon; + dispute with earl Hakon; + slew his cousin, Dufnjal, and Thorbjorn in Burrafirth; + his marriage; + his share seized by Hakon, upon which he went to England; + martyrdom; + burial in Birsay, and removal of relics to St. Magnus' Cathedral, + Kirkwall; + legends, character and appearance; + his sister, Gunnhild, m. Kol; + his successor in estate; + cathedral built by his nephew, earl Ragnvald; + his heirs; + Snaekoll Gunni's son, representative of his line; + heirs of his share of Caithness earldom; + his sagas see below; + his life; + took Erlend share of earldom; + Scottish candidate for earldom of C.; + mixed blood. + + Magnus II, earl of Orkney and Caithness; + obscure pedigree; + parentage; + erroneously called son of Gillebride of Angus; + his name suggests a Norse mother of the line of earl Erlend; + perambulated lands of Arbroath Abbey; + not a minor on earl John's death; + regarding his supposed son, Magnus; + grant of earldom of south Caith.; + probably possessed by line of Erlend; + supposed marriage to the nameless dau. of earl John; + got earl John's earldom lands and title; + remainder of the earldom granted to him as son of a sister of earl + Harald Ungi; + neither he nor wife claimed any part of Strathnaver lands; + Sutherland excluded from earldom; + Erlend line excluded from Orkney since Ragnvald's death (excepting + Harald Ungi); + earl of Orkney; + Caith. lands of the Angus line of earls; + death, successor. + + Magnus III, Gibbonson, earl of Orkney and Caithness; + extent of his estate in Caithness; + in Bergen with king Hakon (1263); + his position as earl of C.; + stayed behind under orders to follow Hakon; + deserted him; + reconciled to Alexander III and to king of Norway. + + Magnus, son of Havard Gunni's son. + + Magnus' Cathedral, St., Kirkwall; + relics of saint were removed to; + erected by St. Ragnvald; + king Hakon temporarily buried in; + built by Norse. + + Magnus Saga, St. + + Magnus Saga the Longer. + + Magnus Saga the Short. + + Magnus Hakonson Saga. + + Magnus, Spittal of St., near Halkirk. + + Magnusson, Eirikr; + transl. of Darratha-liod. + + Maiming, made a Northman impossible. + + Mainland, Orkney; + Thorfinn's Hall; + meeting between earls Hakon and Magnus. + + Malbrigde of the buck-tooth. + + Malcolm I, (954). + + Malcolm II, king of Scotland; + dau. m. Sigurd Hlodverson; + kingdom of Scotland produced; + contemporary records begin; + defeated Norse at Mortlach; + his daughters; + Macbeth also supposed son of his sister; + policy in Caith. and Orkney; + death; + kinsman, Moldan, maormor of Caith.; + his dream of a consolidated kingdom realised. + + Malcolm III, Canmore, king of Scotland; + m. Ingibjorg, Thorfinn's widow; + m. 2nd, St. Margaret, introduced Saxon nobility; + his son Duncan II, whose descendant was Donald Ban MacWilliam. + + Malcolm IV, + granted half earldom of Caithness to Erlend Haraldson; + defeated Somarled; + his death. + + Malcolm, supposed son of Malcolm III. + + Malcolm, earl of Caithness and Angus; + earl of Caith. (1232-36); + earl of C. as guardian of a minor, as trustee or custos; + his dau. heiress, and successors. + + Maldred, of Cumbria. + + Malise, earl of Stratherne; + m. Matilda, dau. of Gibbon, earl. + + Malise II, earl of Orkney and Caithness; + heir of Matilda, dau. of earl Gibbon; + conveyed Berridale, to Reginald More, and Reginald Chen III; + descendant of the lines of Paul and Erlend. + + Mallard River; + see Ardovyr, + deriv. + + Mamgarvie, near Inverness. + + Man; + Sweyn's annual raids; + earl Harold Maddadson in; + Ragnvald Gudrodson, king of; + returned to Man; + king Magnus of M. joined Hakon's expedition; + conquered by Alexander III after Largs; + incorporated in Scotland. + + Maor and maormor, Pictish rulers. + + Margaret, St.; + 2nd wife of king Malcolm Canmore. + + Margaret's Hope, St.; + Orkney. + + Margret, earl Hakon's dau.; + brought up by Frakark in Kildonan; + m. Maddad, earl of Athole; + visited by Sweyn; + received her brother earl Paul, his fate; + returned to Orkney, had a child by Gunni, Sweyn's brother; + eloped with Erlend the Young; + contemporary of Freskyn I; + younger sister of Ingibiorg. + + Margret, dau. of earl Harold Maddadson and Afreka. + + Matilda, countess of Angus; heiress of Malcolm, earl of A., + m. (1) John Comyn; + m. (2) Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of A. + + Matilda, dau. of Gibbon, earl of Orkney and Caithness, m. Malise, + earl of Stratherne. + + Matilda. + + Mearns; + why no brochs?; + Cirig, for Magh-Circinn, or, Mearns, a Pictish province. + + Melrose, Chronicle of; + + Melsnati. + + Menteith; + Fortrenn, a Pictish province. + + Michel, Francisque; + _Chroniques Anglo-Normandes_. + + Minch, the, + or Skotlands-fiorthr. + + Missel (probably Frisel or Fraser), in embassy to Norway. + + Moddan, earl of C.; + parentage; + sister's son of Duncan I; + at North Berwick; + slain by Thorkel Fostri; + his family in Caithness. + + Moddan, in Dale, and family; + possible son of earl Moddan; + the clan and family; + held the hills and upper parts of valleys; + family and Pictish clansmen; + family plots; + clan harried by Sweyn; + his daughters and estates; + dau. Helga; + Eric Stagbrellir's children sole heirs; + family lands; + Harald Ungi's title to Moddan lands; + Gunni, Ragnhild's husband, became chief of M. clan; + estates left to earl Erlend Haraldson, then went to Eric Stagbrellir; + Snaekoll Gunni's son next heir to estates; + Johanna inherited Moddan lands; + estates passed to Norman families. + + Moldan, (see Moddan), of Duncansby; + kinsman of Scots king; + connection with Moddan family. + + Monuments of C. and S., early. + + Moravia, family, de; + see Freskin. + + Moraviensis, Registrum Episcopatus. + + Moray, province of; + Pictish province of Fidach including Ross; + northern limit of Roman penetration; + no brochs; + Norse influence; + last Pictish province subdued by Scots; + wars between kings of Alban and the Norsemen in; + Pictish clergy driven from seaboard by Norse; + Norse driven from laigh of M.; + taken from Norse; + Norse defeated at Mortlach; + ravaged by earl Thorfinn Sigurdson; + bishopric founded; + estate of Freskyn de Moravia; + earl Waltheof burnt in his house; + a barrier to Scottish civilisation; + Pictish province stretched across to the Minch; + defeat of Picts of M. at Stracathro; + Register of Moray; + Freskyn estate; + rebellions; + feudal barons repel Eystein's invasion; + rebellion subdued; + estates of Freskyn; + earl Harold Maddadson's expedition; + Freskyn family appointed guardians; + rebellion of MacHeths; + king William's expedition against thanes of Ross: + chartulary; + revolt of Donald Ban MacWilliam; + king Hakon's proposed raid (1263); + no Norse place-names on seaboard; + Pictish inhabitants scattered, the Mackays to Durness. + + Moray, bishops of; + Andrew Freskyn; + grant from Johanna of Strathnaver; + Archibald, regrant to Reginald Chen II; + Felix. + + Moray, Gilbert, archdeacon of and bishop of Caithness. + + Moray, Richard of; + brother of Gilbert; + fell repulsing Norse. + + Moray, Shaw's. + + More, Loch. + + More, Reginald; + chamberlain of Scotland. + + Morgan; + first name of clan Mackay, MacHeth, or MacAoidh. + + Mortlach, in Moray; + Norse defeated by Malcolm II. + + Morton, Reg. Hon. de, earl of Katanay. + + Mound, the; + Craig Amlaiph near. + + Mounth, or Grampians, home of Caledonians. + + Mousa Broch; + used by run-away honeymoon couples. + + Munch, P.A.; + _History of Norway_. + + Mungo, or Kentigern, St., in Strathclyde and Pictland. + + Murkfjord or Myrkfjord (possibly Loch Glendhu). + + Murkle, C. + + Mydalr, Iceland. + + + Nairn. + + Naver, Loch; + broch; + River Naver; + lands of Moddan family; + Dovyr. + + Naver, River; + Dalharrold; + see Dovyr. + + Nechtan. + + Nerbon, sae-borg on the; + Bilbao on the Nervion. + + Ness, now Caithness. + See Cait and Caithness. + + New Spalding Club; + _Records of Elgin_. + + Niorfa Sound (Straits of Gibraltar). + + Nisbet's Heraldry. + + Norafjord in Sogn. + + Normans; + Conquest; + families accepted as chiefs; + influence of, in Caithness and Sutherland. + + Norman architecture; + St. Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall. + + Norse mythology; + of early settlers in Britain. + + Norsemen; + occupation of Caith. and Sutherland; + no women brought; + early Norse rulers; + defeated at Mortlach; + raids on Moray coast; + Freskyns appointed guardians of Moray against; + expedition against south Hebrides; + invasion of Sutherland repulsed at Embo; + law and language in Orkney and Shetland; + intermarriage with Celts; + influence of, on British law; + religion of early settlers in British Isles; + destroyed culture of St. Columba; + enslaved aborigines in their colonies; + their place-names in Scotland; + settled on coasts and lower valleys; + subdued by Scots in north; + Gaelic language adopted by; + few monuments in Scotland; + domestic and ecclesiastical buildings of wood or stone; + York Powell on; + discovery of America, and Africa. + + Norse Influence on Celtic Scotland, (George Henderson). + + Northman and Pict. + + Norway; + viking raids on British Isles; + trade with Grimsby; + earl Ragnvald visited king Ingi; + earl Ragnvald returned from Jerusalem through Norway; + Margaret, queen of N.; + Scottish embassy to; + Hebrides ceded to Scotland. + + Norway, kings of; + Harald Harfagr, (860-933); + Eric Bloody-axe, (930-935); + Olaf Tryggvi's son, (995-1000); + Magnus the Good, (1035-1047); + Harald Sigurdson Hardrada, (1045-1066); + Olaf Haraldson, (1067-1093); + Magnus Barelegs, (1093-1103); + Sigurd Magnusson, (1103-1130); + Magnus the Blind, (1130-1135); + Harald Gilli, (1130-1136); + Eystein Haraldson, (1142-1157); + Ingi, (1136-1161); + Magnus Erlingson, (1162-1184); + Sverrir, (1184-1202); + Hakon, Sverri's son, (1202-1204); + Hakon Hakonson, (1217-1263); + Magnus Hakonson, (1263-1280); + Christian I, (1459-1481), q.v. + + Norway, History of, P.A. Munch. + + + Ochill, (Oykel). + + Odal lands; + in Orkney; + none in Cat. + + Odin; + blood-eagle rite; + worshipped by Norse in Britain; + Sigurd Hlodverson died fighting for; + and defeated at Clontarf. + + Olaf, king of Norway; + received Thorfinn Sigurdson, earl of Orkney and Caithness; + and Thorkel Fostri; + his award; + killed at Stiklastad. + + Olaf's Saga, St.; + account of earls of Orkney. + + Olaf Haraldson Kyrre, king of Norway. + + Olaf Tryggvi's-son; + conversion of Sigurd Hlodverson. + + Olaf Tryggvason Saga; + account of earls of Orkney. + + Olaf Bitling, king of the Sudreys; + m. Ingibiorg, daughter of earl Hakon. + + Olaf the White, king of Dublin; + invasion of Scotland. + + Olaf, king of Man. + + Olaf Hrolfson, father of Sweyn and Gunni. + + Olaf, son-in-law of earl Harold Maddadson. + + Old-Lore Miscellany (Viking Society); + Darratha-liod; + authorship O.S.; + _Orkney and Shetland Folk_. + + Old-shore (Asleifarvik). + + Oliphant family; + charters, earldom of Caithness. + + Olvir Rosta; + grandson of Frakark; + aid sought by earl Ragnvald; + defeated in sea fight; + burned Sweyn's father, Olaf; + fled before Sweyn and not heard of afterwards; + no direct heirs; + his contemporary, Freskyn I; + supposed ancestor of Macaulays. + + Orcades, of Torfaeus; + for transl. see Pope, Alex. + + Ord of Caithness; + king William marched his army to, against earl Harald; + Man of. + + Origines Parochiales Scotiae. + + Orkney; + St. Kentigern's mission; + Picts; + influence of Gael on Norse; + foundation of Norse earldom; + earls' attacks on north of Scotland; + succession of earls; + converted by Olaf Tryggvi's son; + under Norway; + first cathedral and bishop's seat at Birsay; + double bishops; + a contingent in expedition against Saxons; + trade with Grimsby; + the bishops; + Sweyn's viking life; + agriculture; + invasion of earl Harald Ungi; + earl Harold Maddadson, after defeat by Ragnvald Gudrodson, fled to; + Cobbie Row Castle, in; + the gaedingar of the earl of Orkney; + king Hakon at; + and died in Kirkwall, in the palace of bishop; + mortgaged to Scotland; + adopted English with many Norse words; + old Norse ballad sung in 18th cent.; + proposed Scot. conquest after Norse reverse at Largs; + annular eclipse of sun in 1263; + Orkney and Shetland colonised mainly from the fjords north of Bergen; + see also Orkney and Caithness, earls of. + + Orkney and Caithness, earls of; + (see also under their individual names); + Ragnvald; + Sigurd Eysteinson; + Guthorm Sigurdson; + Hallad Ragnvaldson; + Torf-Einar Ragnvaldson; + Arnkell, Erlend and Thorfinn Hausa-kliufr, sons of Torf-Einar; + Arnfinn, Havard, Hlodver, Ljot and Skuli, sons of Thorfinn; + Sigurd Hlodverson; + Somarled, Brusi, Einar and Thorfinn, sons of Sigurd; + Ragnvald Brusi's son; + Paul Thorfinnson; + Erlend Thorfinnson; + Sigurd Magnusson, son of k. Magnus Barelegs; + Hakon Paulson; + St. Magnus Erlendson; + Paul Hakonson the Silent; + Harald Hakonson Slettmali; + Erlend Haraldson; + St. Ragnvald Kolson; + Harald Ungi; + Harold Maddadson; + David Haroldson; + John Haroldson; + no pedigree of earls after John; + diploma of earls unreliable; + various theories as to genealogy of the earls after John; + no claim to earldom of Orkney by Johanna of Strathnaver; + diploma on earldom of Sutherland; + Malcolm, earl of C. and Angus; + Magnus II, son of Gilchrist, earl of Angus; + Gibbon; + Magnus III Gibbonson; + Malise II, heir of Matilda, dau. of earl Gibbon; + the earldom acquired through females; + unknown earls; + MacWilliam; + Gilbert; + Olaf. + + Orkney and Shetland Folk, (Viking Society, Old-lore Miscellany and + reprint), A.W. Johnston. + + Orkney and Shetland, (Tudor); + Ellar-holm. + + Orkney and Shetland Records, (Viking Society). + + + Orkneyinga Saga (Rolls text and transl.); + historical record until 12th cent.; + battle of Turfness; + Thorfinn's life; + St. Magnus; + authorship; + Ragnvald and Sweyn Saga; + its end; + Somarled the Freeman slain; + earl Harold Maddadson's family; + earls; + Wick and Thurso; + transl. by Hjaltalin and Goudie; + Thorfinn's residence in C; + residence of Frakark; + Atjokl's Bakki. + + Orm, earl; + m. Sigrid, not Ingibjorg, dau. of Finn Arnason. + + Orphir; + the earl's hall burned; + round church; + incident of the poisoned shirt; + earl Paul's Yule feast, Sweyn slew Sweyn; + Jarls' Bu; + earl Ragnvald at. + + Orphir; + The Round Church and Earl's Bu of, (Viking Society Saga-Book), + A.W. Johnston. + + Osmundwall, or Kirk Hope, Orkney; + conversion of Sigurd Hlodverson; + king Hakon's fleet in. + + Oswy, king. + + Ottar, earl in Thurso; + his heir; + son of Moddan in Dale; + probably owned Thurso valley; + paid wergeld to Sweyn; + his lands left to earl Erlend Haraldson, and afterwards went to + Eric Stagbrellir; + his estates, forming the Moddan lands in Caith., held by Ragnhild + and Gunni; + Johanna of Strathnaver a connection. + + Ottar, son of Snaekoll Gunnison. + + Ousedale, or Eysteinsdal. + + Oxford Essays, (Sir G.W. Dasent); + Norsemen in Iceland. + + Oykel; + boundary between Cat and Ross; + identified as the Norse Ekkjal; + family of Freskyn de Moravia settled north of the; + in Sweyn's track to burn Frakark; + crossed by king William. + + + Papa Stronsay. + + Papa Westray. + + Paplay; + location. + + Paul Hakonson, the Silent, earl of Orkney and Caith.; + his mother, 52; + lived in Orkney, 58; + banished Frakark and Helga from Orkney, 59; + sole earl, 60; + not a speaker at things, 60; + refused to share earldom with St. Ragnvald, 61; + defeated earl Ragnvald, 62; + seized his fleet in Shetland, 62; + yule feast at Orphir, 62; + kidnapped by Sweyn, 62; + deported to Athole, his fate, 63. + + Paul Thorfinnson, earl of Orkney and Caith.; + joint earl of O. with his brother Erlend; + at battle of Stamford Bridge; + banished to Norway, where he died; + his descendants; + his daughters; + Scottish policy regarding later succession in Caithness; + Skene's theory as to Johanna of Strathnaver; + the converse theory; + John the last male of Paul's line; + his share of earldom of C., descended to daughter and Angus line + of C. earls. + + Pentland Firth. + + Perth; + court held (1260); + treaty of. + + Peter, St. + + Peter's church, St., Duffus. + + Peter's church, St., Thurso. + + Peter's pence. + + Petty, William Freskyn of. + + Picts; + settlements of hermits and missionaries; + chronicles; + Pictish church replaced by Catholic church; + driven eastward and northward by Scots; + seven provinces; + P. and Northmen; + hunters and fishers; + brochs for defence, arms, etc.; + clans; + non-seafaring Celts; + never conquered by Romans; + did not have mastery of sea in Norse times; + Christian missions and Columban church; + viking invasion; + Pictish language superseded by Gaelic; + never dispossessed of upper parts of valleys throughout Norse + occupation; + conquered by Scots; + language, "P" Celtic; + Picts of Athole, Moray, Ross and Cat; + Pictish church and Pictish province of Ross and Moray resisted + Scottish civilisation; + Normans accepted as chiefs; + their Christianity; + Norse drove clergy from Orkney, N.E. Caithness, coasts of + Sutherland and sea-board of Ross and Moray; + Norse attacks on Picts, effect of; + their lands seized by Norse. + + Pictish Nation and Church, The; + (Rev. A.B. Scott), Pictish navy. + + Pictland; + St. Ninian's mission; + St. Kentigern's mission. + + Picts and Scots, Chronicle of the; + origin of brochs; + (Tighernac); + the Pictish navy. + + Place-names; + Norse p.n. preserved; + near brochs. + + Plantula, dau. of Malcolm II, m. Sigurd, earl of Orkney. + + Platagall, "flat of the stranger," old name of Golspie. + + Pluscardensis, Liber. + + Pope, Alexander, of Reay; + a tradition of Snaekoll's return; + transl. Torf. + + Popes; + Innocent III, letter. + + Powell, York. + + Prehistoric races. + + Primrose J.; + _Hist, and Antiq. of the Parish of Uphall_. + + + Rafn the Lawman; + chief of stewards of Caithness; + remained as lawman; + at bishop Adam's burning; + in derivation of Dunrobin--Drum-Rafn. + + Ragnhild, dau. of Eric Bloody-axe. + + Ragnhild, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir; + sister of earl Harald Ungi; + m. (2) Gunni; + by whom she had a son, Snaekoll; + her children the only heirs of Ragnvald and of Moddan; + at home near Loch Naver; + m. (1) Lifolf Baldpate; + Johanna of Strathnaver, her sole descendant after 1232; + held Moddan lands. + + Ragnvald, jarl of Maeri; + made first Norse earl of Orkney; + slain in Norway. + + Ragnvald Brusi's son, earl of Orkney; + personal appearance; + at Stiklastad; + in Russia; + Thorfinn's claims and their sea fight; + escaped to Norway; + returned and burned Thorfinn's hall; + his slaughter; + his grave; + Kali Kolson named after him. + + Ragnvald, son of Eric Stagbrellir; + fared to Norway; + lived near Loch Naver; + sole male representative of Erlend Thorfinnson; + not known what became of him. + + Ragnvald Gudrodson, the viking; + his descent; + his title to earldom; + invaded Caithness. + + Ragnvald Kolson, St., earl of Orkney and Caith.; + sold odal lands back to bonder, to raise money for St. Magnus' + cathedral; + letter from David I; + re-named after Ragnvald Brusi's son; + estates in Caith. and Sutherland; + personal description; + accomplishments; + earldom grant confirmed by king Harald; + sought aid of Frakark to win earldom; + defeated by earl Paul in a sea fight; + earl Paul seized his fleet in Shetland; + escaped to Norway; + returned to Westray; + assisted Sweyn against Frakark; + welcomed Sweyn on his return from Frakark's burning; + reconciled Sweyn and Thorbiorn; + besieged Sweyn in Lambaborg; + reconciled to Sweyn; + visited king Ingi in Norway; + his eastern pilgrimage; + description of route, etc.; + visited queen Ermengerde at Bilbao; + visited Jordan, Jerusalem, Constantinople, etc.; + returned to Turfness; + in Shetland; + in Sutherland at his daughter's wedding; + reconciled to earl Harold at Thurso; + reconciled earl Harold and Sweyn; + annual deer-hunt in Caith.; + slain by Thorbiorn; + buried in St. Magnus' cathedral; + his only child; + had lands in Caith., + and managed earldom; + never earl of Caith.; + succeeded through a female; + his mother and dau.; + his half of Caith. earldom conferred on his grandson, + Harald Ungi; + his lands in Orkney claimed by Snaekoll; + who was representative of his line; + his share of Caith. earldom inherited by Johanna; + his poetry. + + Ragnvaldsvoe, South Ronaldsay. + + Rautharbiorg or Rattar Brough; + sea fight. + + Raven-banner of Sigurd, jarl. + + Redcastle is Eddirdovyr. + + Red deer and reindeer in C. and S. + + Redesdale, lord of. + + Reeves' _Life of St. Columba_. + + Register House, Edinburgh; + list of Oliphant charters. + + Reindeer, or elk; + horns found in Sutherland. + + Ri-Crois, at Embo. + + Rinansey, Rinarsey (Ninian's Island), now North Ronaldsay. + + Rinar's Hill. + + Robert, legendary second earl of Sutherland. + + Rogart. + + Roger, bishop of St. Andrews. + + Roland of Galloway. + + Roland's Geo, Papa Stronsay. + + Romans in Britain; + Caledonians not conquered. + + Ronaldsay, North; + Darratha-Liod recited. + + Roseisle. + + Ross; + northern part of Airergaithel; + Picts; + Pictish clergy; + subdued by Thorfinn; + bishopric founded; + claimed by Henry, son of earl Harold and Afreka; + Malcolm MacHeth cr. earl; + Pictish province; + bishopric refused by Andrew Freskyn; + marches; + earldom; + king William's expedition; + earl Harold Maddadson's expedition; + boundary; + king William's expedition against thanes of Ross; + Norse place-names; + Macbeth's property. + + Ross, earl of; + Ferchar Mac-in-Tagart; + granted land to Walter de Moravia on his daughter's marriage; + career; + lay abbot of Applecross; + knighted for a victory in Galloway; + cr. earl of Ross in 1226; + second earl, William MacFerchar, harried Hebrides. + + Ross, Euphemia of; + m. Walter de Moravia. + + Rossal (Rossewal). + + + Saemund, of Iceland\. + + Saga-Book of the Viking Society. + + Saga-time, Ruins of. + + Saga; + writer's historical accuracy; + Norse crossed with Gaelic blood produced the Saga. + + Sandvik, Deerness. + + Saxon nobility and Scotland; + St. Margaret. + + Scandinavian Britain, by (W.G. Collingwood). + + Scapa Flow. + + Scatt; + of Orkney. + + Scilly Isles. + + Scir-Illigh, old name of Kildonan parish. + + Scon, Lib. Eccles. de. + + Scone. + + Scotichronicon. + + Scotland. + + Scotland, Annals of, (Lord Hailes). + + Scotland, Annals of the Reigns of Malcolm and William, Kings of, + (Lawrie). + + Scotland, Bain's Calendar of Documents relating to; + Freskin signatory of National Bond. + + Scotland, Early Christian Monuments of, (J. Romilly Allen). + + Scotland, Early Chronicles relating to, (Sir Herbert Maxwell). + + Scotland, Early Kings of, (Robertson's); + on earls of Angus. + + Scotland, History of, (Hume Brown). + + Scotland in Early Christian Times, (Joseph Anderson). + + Scotland in Pagan Times, (Joseph Anderson). + + Scotland, Prehistoric, (Munro). + + Scotland, Register of the Great Seal of. + + Scotland, S.A., Proceedings. + + Scots. + + Scots Peerage, The, (Sir J.B. Paul); + MacWilliam, earl of C. + + Scott, A.B.; + The Pictish Nation and Church. + + Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers, (A.O. Anderson). + + Scottish Charters, Early, (Lawrie). + + Scottish Historical Review. + + Scottish Kings, (Sir A.H. Dunbar). + + Scrabster. + + Scrope; + Days of Deerstalking. + + Shakespeare. + + Shenachu, or Carn Shuin. + + Shaw's Moray. + + Shetland. + + Shetland, Antiquities of, (Gilbert Goudie). + + Ships; + Viking, British, Pictish, Roman; + Pictish coracles. + + Sidera; + Sigurd's Howe. + + Sigrid. + + Sigtrigg Silkbeard, king of Dublin. + + Sigurd Eysteinson, earl, conquered C. and S.; + Odin; + buried. + + Sigurd Hlodverson, jarl; + his conversion; + marriage; + in Darrath-Liod; + his wife, dau. of Malcolm II. + + Sigurd Magnuson; + prince of Orkney. + + Sigurd Marti. + + Sigurd Slembi-diakn. + + Sigurd's Howe, Cyderhall. + + Skaill, Norse skali. + + Skali, Norse farm-house. + + Skardi, a "gap" in place-names. + + Skelbo, (Skail-bo). + + Skelpick, deriv. + + Skene, W.F.; + _Chronicle of the Picts and Scots_, q.v. _Highlanders of_ + _Scotland_, q.v. _Celtic Scotland_, q.v. + + Skidamyre (Skitten in Watten) C. + + Skotlands-fiorthr, or Minch. + + Skuli, duke. + + Skuli Thorfinnson, cr. earl. + + Snaekolf, son of Moldan. + + Snaekoll Gunni's son; + parentage; + sole male representative of Erlend and Moddan lines, claimed earl + Ragnvald's lands from earl John; + heir of Erlend lands in Caith.; + killed earl John; + return to Caith.; + father of Johanna of Strathnaver; + deriv. of name. + + Somarled Sigurdson, earl of Orkney and Caith. + + Somarled the Freeman; + slain in the Isles by Sweyn Asleifarson. + + Somarled of Argyll, in rebellion. + + Sorlinc, or Surclin, castle of; + in William the Wanderer, at Helmsdale, Scir-Illigh. + + Southern Isles. + + Spalding Club. + + Spittal of St. Magnus. + + Spynie, near Elgin; + cathedral. + + Standing Stane, Duffus. + + Stenhouse, Watten. + + Stefansson, Jon. + + Store Point. + + Strabrock, now Uphall and Broxburn. + + Stracathro. + + Strathclyde. + + Stratherne, earls of; + Fereteth, in rebellion; + Malise, m. Matilda dau. of Gibbon; + see also Malise II. + + Strathmore, in Halkirk. + + Strathnaver; + lady Johanna of; + grant of lands for Elgin cathedral; + Johanna's estate. + + Strathnaver valley. + + Strathnavern; + lady; + Moddan lands; + Freskin of Duffus, in. + + Strathyla; + charter. + + String, The; + Orkney. + + Sturlunga Saga, Prolegomena by Vigfusson. + + Sudreys (see also Hebrides and Southern Isles). + + Sutherland (Sudrland); + part of ancient Pictish province of Cait, q.v.; + its boundaries; + outwardly much the same now as in Pictish times; + deer abounded; + Pictish clergy driven from coasts by Norse; + subdued by Thorfinn; + Norse earls; + seized by earl Hakon; + Liot Nidingr; + much owned by Moddan family; + Norse steadily lost hold of; + Celts kept their land; + Norse driven outwards and eastward; + family of Freskyn de Moravia; + Norse occupied fertile parts; + freed from Norse influence in 1266; + inventory of ancient monuments; + writing began in 12th cent.; + Orkneyinga Saga only record before 12th cent.; + earlier notices; + land and people at arrival of Norsemen, all owned by Hugo Freskyn; + earl Harald Slettmali seated in; + seldom visited by earl Paul; + Frakark burnt alive; + Strath Helmsdale; + Sweyn's raid; + earl Ragnvald at his daughter's wedding; + children of Eric Stagbrellir; + William de Sutherlandia; + Mackay settlement; + Innes family; + part of old earldom of Caithness; + granted to Hugo Freskyn; + excluded from grant of half of earldom of Caithness to Harald Ungi; + subdued by king William; + services of Freskyn family; + lordship of Sutherland; + erected into an earldom after 10th Oct. 1237; + escaped attack by king Hakon; + Norse adopted Gaelic language; + Norse place-names; + part settled by Mackays; + Freskyns introduced into; + inhabitants of Gael-Norse blend; + no thanes of Moravia line in; + horns of reindeer or elk found; + see also Orkney and Caithness. + + Sutherland, earls of; + fictitious earls, Alane, Walter and Robert; + Freskyn de Moravia ancestor of; + William Freskyn, first earl; + William (1275), litigation with bishop; + case of Elizabeth, claimant of earldom. + See also Freskyn. + + Sutherland, Genealogie of the Earles of, (Sir R. Gordon); + on Alane, thane of S.; + treated as fiction; + boundaries of Sutherland. + + Sutherland Book; + William MacFrisgyn omitted; + on Johanna of Strathnaver; + references. + + Sutherland and the Reay Country, (A. Gunn). + + Sutherland, Inventory of the Monuments in. + + Sutherland; + duke of. + + Sverrir, king of Norway. + + Sverri's Saga. + + Swart Ironhead. + + Swart Kell, or Cathal Dhu. + + Swelchie (whirl-pool) near Stroma. + + Sweyn; + ancestor of Gunn family; + his son, Andres; + his father, Olaf, burned at Ducansby, his mother, Asleif; + his character; + burned Frakark; + his brother, Gunni; + quarrels with earl Harold; + annual viking cruises and life described; + death at Dublin. + + Sweyn Breast-rope. + + Syre. + + + Tankerness. + + Templar church of Orphir. + + Thanes; + none of Moravia line in Sutherland. + + Thing (parliament), in Caithness. + + Thora, queen of Norway. + + Thora, mother of earl St. Magnus. + + Thorbiorn Klerk, grandson of Frakark; + tutor to earl Harold Maddadson; + m. Ingirid, sister of Sweyn; + his character; + burned Waltheof; + divorces Sweyn's sister; + instigated quarrel between earls in Thurso; + viking raid; + ambushed earl Ragnvald; + burnt alive; + no direct heirs. + + Thorbjorn in Burrafirth, Shetland. + + Thorfinn, son of Harold Maddadson; + in rebellion against Scotland; + promised as hostage to king William. + + Thorfinn, a farmer, C. + + Thorfinn Sigurdson, earl of Orkney and Caith.; + birth; + cr. earl of Caith. and Sutherland; + ancestor of all subsequent Norse earls; + established at Duncansby; + character; + claimed Orkney; + war with Duncan I; + at Deerness; + Turfness; + conquests in Fife; + Ragnvald Brusi-son co-earl; + raids on England; + his wife, Ingibjorg; + "king of Catanesse,"; + claimed two-thirds of Orkney; + sole earl; + visited Rome; + death; + chronology; + his widow m. king Malcolm Canmore; + earl Erlend his grandson's grandson. + + Thorfinn Torf-Einarson Hausa-kliufr (skull-cleaver), earl, m. Grelaud. + + Thorgisl. + + Thorgisl, Saga of. + + Thorir Rognvaldson. + + Thorir Treskegg. + + Thorkel Amundson, or Fostri; + at Sandvik, Deerness, slew Einar; + and Moddan; + and Ragnvald Brusi-son. + + Thorkel, son of Cathal Dhu of C. + + Thorleif, Frakark's sister. + + Thorolf, bishop of Orkney. + + Thorsdale; + valley of Thurso river. + + Thorstan the White. + + Thorstein the Red, seized C. and S.; + father of Groa, who m. Duncan, maormor of Cat. + + Thorstein, son of Hall O' Side. + + Thurso; + the river; + earl Moddan killed at; + Ottar, jarl in; + earl Harold Maddadson seized; + earls Ragnvald and Harold reconciled; + St. Peter's church; + earls' residence. + + Tighernac, The Annals of. + + Torfaeus, _Orcades_, q.v., for transl. see Pope, Alex. + + Torf-Einar Ragnvaldson, earl; + slew Halfdan Halegg. + + Turfness (probably Burghead), Moray; + battle; + Ragnvald Kali went to; + held by Norse. + + Tweed. + + + Ulbster. + + Ulern. + + Ulf the Bad. + + Ulfreksfirth (Larne Bay). + + Ulster. + + Undal, Peter Clauson. + + Unes, or Little Ferry. + + Uphall, History and Antiquities of, (J. Primrose). + + + Valentia. + + Valthiof, brother of Sweyn. + + Varangian Guard. + + Vallich, Loch, or Bealach. + + Vikings; + origin; + settlers as well as raiders; + settlements place-names, including the; + intermarriage, influence; + held and named most of coasts and valleys of Cat and Ross; + survival of place and personal names; + Valhalla influence; + ships; + traders. + + Viking Age, The, (Du Chaillu). + + Viking expeditions. + + Viking Society for Northern Research. Publications: + _Saga-Rook_ (Proceedings), The Round Church and Earl's Bu of Orphir; + _Year-Book_, 150 (ns. 24, 28); + _Old-Lore Miscell. of O.S.C. and S._, q.v.; + _Orkney and Shetland Records_, q.v.; + _Caithness and Sutherland Records_, q.v.; + _Ruins of Saga-Time_, q.v. + + + Wales. + + Walter de Baltroddi, bishop. + + Waltheof, earl. + + Wardships, granted by Crown. + + Wemund (monk). + + Wergeld, for Halfdan; + Olaf Hrolfson. + + Wick; + earl Harald Ungi defeated; + earls' residence. + + Widow. + + Will. Newburgh Chron. + + William the Lion; + charter of Strabrock; + confirmed charter in Sutherland; + service of Wm. Freskyn; + grant to Gaufrid Blundus; + crowned; + first conquest of Caithness, Sutherland granted to Hugo Freskyn; + with army in Ross; + war against Donald Ban MacWilliam; + defeated Thorfinn, Harold's son; + subdued Sutherland and Caithness; + conferred half of earldom of C. on Harald Ungi; + conferred it on Ragnvald Gudrodson; + came to terms with Harald; + war with thanes of Ross; + the dau. of John as hostage; + treaty with John, Caithness; + death. + + William, son of Gillebride, uncle of Magnus II. + + William FitzDuncan, son of Duncan II. + + William the Old, bishop of Orkney; + at Egilsay; + went to the east. + + William the Wanderer, transl. W.G. Collingwood; Thorfinn, "king of + Catanesse,". + + Wolves, in Cat. + + Worsae; + _The Prehistory of the North_. + + Wrath, Cape. + + Wyntoun's Chronicle. + + Wyre, Vigr, now called Veira; + Cobbie Row's Castle. + + + Yell Sound. + + Yorkshire ridings, trithings. + + Yuletide; + feasts. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Sutherland and Caithness in Saga-Time +by James Gray + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUTHERLAND AND CAITHNESS *** + +***** This file should be named 15856.txt or 15856.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/8/5/15856/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Alison Hadwin and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/15856.zip b/15856.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..68d9a88 --- /dev/null +++ b/15856.zip diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fc3fcfb --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #15856 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15856) |
